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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Protectorate	Chinese Protectorate	["1 The coolie trade","2 Goals of the Protectorate","3 See also","4 References"]	For administrative divisions controlling frontier zones in Han and Tang dynasties, see Protectorate (Duhu Fu). This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territory's British colonial period. Protectorates were established in each area of the Settlements, namely Singapore, Penang and Malacca. Each was headed by a Protector. The institution was established in 1877 to handle all matters related to the Straits Settlements' Chinese residents. In particular, it sought to mitigate the human rights violations of the coolie trade, which had expanded to notorious levels by the 1850s in the region. The coolie trade Perhaps the most significant goal of the British colonial administration in the founding of the entity was to regulate and humanize the coolie trade and lessen the misery of the coolies, who were subject to merciless exploitation. First, coolie agents were required to register with Protectorate. Policing by the Chinese Protectorate freed up the labour market and firms (mainly British-run) seeking to hire Chinese workers, who no longer had to go through coolie brokers and secret societies. As a result of this improvement in conditions, the number of Chinese arrivals increased dramatically from the 1880s onwards. Goals of the Protectorate Likewise, agents of the Chinese Protectorate often visited domestic servants. Those found to be subjected to especially inhumane conditions were sent to Singapore's Home for Girls. The Protectorate sought to have all Chinese social societies (including the kongsi) - many of which were secret societies or bodies of organized crime - register with the government. The institution also encouraged the Chinese to seek the government’s help instead of going to the secret societies, thus weakening the latter's influence among the Chinese. See also Old Ministry of Labour Building, site of the Chinese Protectorate in Singapore from 1930 until the outbreak of World War II References Law And Order Singapore History Forum - E-Journal : Historical Formation and the Growth of a Diversified Community Overseas Chinese in Singapore, 1819-1900 "The Protection of Chinese and Chinese Interpretation". The Straits Times. 15 December 1877. p. 1. The Chinese Protectorate \| Infopedia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protectorate (Duhu Fu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_(Duhu_Fu)"},{"link_name":"ethnic Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_race"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_(title)"},{"link_name":"coolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie"}],"text":"For administrative divisions controlling frontier zones in Han and Tang dynasties, see Protectorate (Duhu Fu).The Chinese Protectorate was an administrative body responsible for the well-being of ethnic Chinese residents of the Straits Settlements during that territory's British colonial period. Protectorates were established in each area of the Settlements, namely Singapore, Penang and Malacca. Each was headed by a Protector. The institution was established in 1877 to handle all matters related to the Straits Settlements' Chinese residents. In particular, it sought to mitigate the human rights violations of the coolie trade, which had expanded to notorious levels by the 1850s in the region.","title":"Chinese Protectorate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie"}],"text":"Perhaps the most significant goal of the British colonial administration in the founding of the entity was to regulate and humanize the coolie trade and lessen the misery of the coolies, who were subject to merciless exploitation. First, coolie agents were required to register with Protectorate. Policing by the Chinese Protectorate freed up the labour market and firms (mainly British-run) seeking to hire Chinese workers, who no longer had to go through coolie brokers and secret societies. As a result of this improvement in conditions, the number of Chinese arrivals increased dramatically from the 1880s onwards.","title":"The coolie trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_for_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kongsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsi"},{"link_name":"secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"}],"text":"Likewise, agents of the Chinese Protectorate often visited domestic servants. Those found to be subjected to especially inhumane conditions were sent to Singapore's Home for Girls. The Protectorate sought to have all Chinese social societies (including the kongsi) - many of which were secret societies or bodies of organized crime - register with the government. The institution also encouraged the Chinese to seek the government’s help instead of going to the secret societies, thus weakening the latter's influence among the Chinese.","title":"Goals of the Protectorate"}]	[]	[{"title":"Old Ministry of Labour Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ministry_of_Labour_Building"},{"title":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Protection of Chinese and Chinese Interpretation\". The Straits Times. 15 December 1877. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes18771215-1.2.4","url_text":"\"The Protection of Chinese and Chinese Interpretation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050405223255/http://library.thinkquest.org/12405/maintain.htm","external_links_name":"Law And Order"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20010124093300/http://www.knowledgenet.com.sg/singapore/shf/e_journal/articles/EJV1ART007.htm","external_links_name":"Singapore History Forum - E-Journal : Historical Formation and the Growth of a Diversified Community Overseas Chinese in Singapore, 1819-1900"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041113135011/http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/kahack/singapore%20specimen.doc","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes18771215-1.2.4","external_links_name":"\"The Protection of Chinese and Chinese Interpretation\""},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1346_2008-12-10.html","external_links_name":"The Chinese Protectorate \| Infopedia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957	List of shipwrecks in 1957	[]	The list of shipwrecks in 1957 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1957. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. table of contents ← 1956 1957 1958 → Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date References January 6 January List of shipwrecks: 6 January 1957 Ship State Description Vaila United Kingdom The fisheries protection vessel ran aground off the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides and sank with the loss of five of her twenty crew. 13 January List of shipwrecks: 13 January 1957 Ship State Description Sound Fisher United Kingdom The cargo ship sank in the North Sea after her cargo shifted. All fourteen crew were rescued. 14 January List of shipwrecks: 14 January 1957 Ship State Description Saint John Pilot Boat No. 1 Canada The pilot boat was struck by the inbound freighter Fort Avalon, off Mispec near the Saint John, New Brunswick harbour mouth, and sank. Three Harbour pilots and four crew lost their lives. 15 January List of shipwrecks: 15 January 1957 Ship State Description Janina Norway The tanker] caught fire in the Atlantic Ocean west of Lisbon, Portugal (41°33′N 9°33′W / 41.550°N 9.550°W / 41.550; -9.550). The ship was abandoned, she sank on 18 January. She was on a voyage from Odessa, Soviet Union to Turku, Finland. 17 January List of shipwrecks: 17 January 1957 Ship State Description Holdernith United Kingdom The coaster ran aground in the Humber Estuary and sank. She was on a voyage from Goole, Yorkshire to London. She was refloated two days later, returned to service. 21 January List of shipwrecks: 21 January 1957 Ship State Description Orkla Norway The cargo ship ran aground at Buhlomrasa Light and broke in two. Total loss. Scania Sweden The cargo ship was in collision with Chili ( France) and sank at Vlissingen, Netherlands. All crew were rescued. Valvadere United States The 10-gross register ton 40.2-foot (12.3 m) gasoline-powered wooden fishing vessel foundered at Kodiak, Territory of Alaska. 24 January List of shipwrecks: 24 January 1957 Ship State Description Minocher Cowasjee Pakistan The cargo ship reported in distress in position 25°18′S 68°00′E / 25.3°S 68.00°E / -25.3; 68.00, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, coming from Tianjin heading to Antwerp. All 51 crew members, mostly Pakistanis and at least one German, were killed. 25 January List of shipwrecks: 25 January 1957 Ship State Description HDMS Ternen Royal Danish Navy The cutter was reported missing off the coast of Greenland. Discovered on 3 February sunk at Ravns Storø with the loss of all eight crew. 27 January List of shipwrecks: 27 January 1957 Ship State Description Defender United Kingdom The cargo liner ran aground in the Crosby Channel, River Mersey whilst trying to avoid a collision with the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board dredger Leviathan. Refloated but then ran aground again. Refloated a second time and returned to port. Henrica Netherlands The cargo ship ran aground off Maryport, Cumberland, United Kingdom. She was later refloated. February 3 February List of shipwrecks: 3 February 1957 Ship State Description Roxanna Dawn United States The 24-gross register ton, 40.7-foot (12.4 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Back Bay (58°04′40″N 152°45′50″W / 58.07778°N 152.76389°W / 58.07778; -152.76389 (Back Bay)) off Afognak Island in the Kodiak Archipelago off the Territory of Alaska. 4 February List of shipwrecks: 4 February 1957 Ship State Description Izmir Turkey The passenger ship collided with Howell Lykes ( United States) in the Gulf of Smyrna and sank with the loss of one passenger and two crew. 5 February List of shipwrecks: 5 February 1957 Ship State Description Robert Limbrick United Kingdom The fishing vessel ran aground on Quinish Point, Mull with the loss of all 12 crew. 8 February List of shipwrecks: 8 February 1957 Ship State Description Stralsund West Germany The cargo ship sank off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. All 27 crew rescued. 10 February List of shipwrecks: 10 February 1957 Ship State Description Chelsea United States Carrying a cargo of fuel oil, the 170-foot (52 m), 556-gross register ton coastal tanker grounded on the Sandy Bay Breakwater off Rockport, Massachusetts, and sank in up to 60 feet (18 m) of water 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km; 0.6 mi) northeast of Thacher Island at 42°38′52″N 070°34′11″W / 42.64778°N 70.56972°W / 42.64778; -70.56972 (Chelsea). She broke in half after sinking. 20 February List of shipwrecks: 20 February 1957 Ship State Description Vittangi Sweden The ore carrier ran aground off Vlissingen, the Netherlands, and was wrecked. Refloated on 24 February and beached to enable salvage of her cargo of iron ore. 22 February List of shipwrecks: 22 February 1957 Ship State Description Christian Russ West Germany The coaster was in collision with Baltavia ( United Kingdom) and sank off the east coast of Denmark. All fifteen crew rescued. Clydesdale United States The 38-gross register ton, 55.6-foot (16.9 m) fishing vessel was lost in a storm at Slocum Arm (57°34′N 136°03′W / 57.567°N 136.050°W / 57.567; -136.050 (Slocum Arm)) on the west coast of Chichagof Island the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 26 February List of shipwrecks: 26 February 1957 Ship State Description Hydralock United Kingdom The cargo ship ran aground off Ockseu Island (Wuqiu), Republic of China (Taiwan). All 31 crew abandoned ship, but then disappeared. They were later discovered safe on Haitan Island. 27 February List of shipwrecks: 27 February 1957 Ship State Description Île de France France The ocean liner ran aground off Martinique. Refloated after several hours. The ship suffered a broken rudder and damaged propellers. She was towed to Newport News, Virginia, United States for repairs. March 1 March List of shipwrecks: 1 March 1957 Ship State Description Cheerio United States The 18-gross register ton, 37.2-foot (11.3 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Gnat Cove (55°23′00″N 131°19′40″W / 55.38333°N 131.32778°W / 55.38333; -131.32778 (Gnat Cove)) in Carroll Inlet (55°28′22″N 131°18′41″W / 55.4728°N 131.3114°W / 55.4728; -131.3114 (Carroll Inlet)) in Southeast Alaska. 6 March List of shipwrecks: 6 March 1957 Ship State Description Balto United States The 14-gross register ton, 36.9-foot (11.2 m) fishing vessel sank in Valdez Arm (60°53′N 146°54′W / 60.883°N 146.900°W / 60.883; -146.900 (Valdez Arm)) on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska. 7 March List of shipwrecks: 7 March 1957 Ship State Description USNS Mission San Francisco United States Navy The Type T2-SE-A3 tanker was in collision with Elna II ( Liberia) in the Delaware River at Pennsville, New Jersey. She was cut in two with the stern section being set on fire. Nine of her 44 crew were killed. 8 March List of shipwrecks: 8 March 1957 Ship State Description Thorpe Grange United Kingdom The cargo ship ran aground off Vlissingen, the Netherlands. She later was refloated. 9 March List of shipwrecks: 9 March 1957 Ship State Description Katherine T United States The 13-gross register ton, 34.7-foot (10.6 m) fishing vessel sank at Anchor Pass (55°59′N 131°24′W / 55.983°N 131.400°W / 55.983; -131.400 (Anchor Pass)) near Bell Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 19 March List of shipwrecks: 19 March 1957 Ship State Description Heimdal Sweden The cargo ship was wrecked on Stangskar Point, Landsort. 22 March List of shipwrecks: 22 March 1957 Ship State Description Harriet Turkey The cargo ship struck ice and sank at Hanko, Finland. All crew rescued. April 4 April List of shipwrecks: 4 April 1957 Ship State Description Lisbeth M United Kingdom The coaster collided with the collier Sir John Snell and sank off Margate, Kent with the loss of five of her fourteen crew. 12 April List of shipwrecks: 12 April 1957 Ship State Description General Aupick France The fishing trawler sprang a leak and sank in the Dogger Bank. Kitagawa Maru No 5. Japan According to Japanese Coast Guard official announced, a wooden passenger boat, from Ikuchi Island to Onomichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Seto Islands Sea, this boat 239 persons were on board, which were more than three times capacity, however, not stormy weather at this accident, 126 persons were rescued, 113 persons were lost to lives. 14 April List of shipwrecks: 14 April 1957 Ship State Description Lindesnaes Sweden The tanker, carrying 1,732 cubic metres (458,000 US gal) of kerosene on its way from Nynäshamn to Norrköping, sank off Oxelösund in a snowstorm. 16 April List of shipwrecks: 16 April 1957 Ship State Description Gunnard Netherlands The tug sank following a boiler explosion at Rotterdam. Three people were killed and fifteen injured by flying débris. 21 April List of shipwrecks: 21 April 1957 Ship State Description Collingwood United Kingdom The tug collided with Bittern ( United Kingdom) and sank in the River Mersey at Liverpool, Lancashire. All six crew rescued. 25 April List of shipwrecks: 25 April 1957 Ship State Description John Pratt Canada The tug capsized and sank at Montreal, Quebec with the loss of four crew. May 20 May List of shipwrecks: 20 May 1957 Ship State Description Birgitte Toft Denmark The cargo ship caught fire off Rangoon, Burma and was severely damaged. Subsequently repaired and returned to service. June 5 June List of shipwrecks: 5 June 1957 Ship State Description Pluto Australia The dredger was wrecked off Newcastle, New South Wales. 12 June List of shipwrecks: 12 June 1957 Ship State Description Maria Costa Rica Capsized and sank with the loss of 13 lives after an onboard explosion of her cargo, 10 nautical miles (19 km) north of Huasco, Chile. 14 June List of shipwrecks: 14 June 1957 Ship State Description HMS Sidon Royal Navy The decommissioned S-class submarine was sunk for use as an ASDIC target. 19 June List of shipwrecks: 19 June 1957 Ship State Description Ioannis Greece Collided with Stony Point ( United States) 15 nautical miles (28 km) off Ouessant, Finistère, France. Both ships caught fire with the loss of eleven lives and 40 injured, twenty seriously. Stony Point United States The T2 tanker collided with Ioannis ( Greece) 15 nautical miles (28 km) off Ouessant and caught fire. Declared a constructive total loss, she was consequently scrapped. 20 June List of shipwrecks: 20 June 1957 Ship State Description D S S Co. No. 1 United States The 84-gross register ton, 110.2-foot (33.6 m) barge sank off Ocean Cape (59°32′30″N 139°51′30″W / 59.54167°N 139.85833°W / 59.54167; -139.85833 (Ocean Cape)) on the south-central coast of Alaska. Yakima III United States The 41-gross register ton, 60-foot (18 m) scow sank at Hoonah, Territory of Alaska. 28 June List of shipwrecks: 28 June 1957 Ship State Description HMS Cleveland Royal Navy The Hunt-class destroyer ran aground at Llangennith, Glamorgan whilst under tow to Llanelly for scrapping. July 8 July List of shipwrecks: 8 July 1957 Ship State Description Reina del Pacifico United Kingdom The ocean liner ran aground 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km) north of Ireland Island, Bermuda. Refloated on 11 July. 10 July List of shipwrecks: 10 July 1957 Ship State Description Nefco 17 United States The 128-gross register ton, 75.9-foot (23.1 m) barge was destroyed by fire at Ketchikan, Alaska. 15 July List of shipwrecks: 15 July 1957 Ship State Description Clarisse Panama The cargo ship sank in heavy seas in the Indian Ocean at 08°04′N 051°10′E / 8.067°N 51.167°E / 8.067; 51.167 ("SS Clarisse"). 16 July List of shipwrecks: 16 July 1957 Ship State Description Aleutian United States The 57-gross register ton, 62.6-foot (19.1 m) fishing vessel was wrecked on Chiniak Rock – presumably a feature of or reference to Chiniak Island (57°37′35″N 52°09′00″W / 57.62639°N 52.15000°W / 57.62639; -52.15000 (Chiniak Island)) near Cape Chiniak (57°37′N 152°10′W / 57.617°N 152.167°W / 57.617; -152.167 (Cape Chiniak)) – off the coast of Kodiak Island near Kodiak, Territory of Alaska, during a storm. Tweed Breeze United Kingdom Typhoon Wendy: The cargo ship was blown ashore on Stonecutters Island, Hong Kong. Refloated on 25 July. 19 July List of shipwrecks: 19 July 1957 Ship State Description Charisse Panama The cargo ship sank off Aden in a storm. 23 July List of shipwrecks: 23 July 1957 Ship State Description Amicus United Kingdom The cargo ship ran aground at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. August 1 August List of shipwrecks: 1 August 1957 Ship State Description HNLMS Jan van Brakel Royal Netherlands Navy The frigate/survey vessel was stricken from the Navy List and expended as a target at Biak, Netherlands New Guinea. 3 August List of shipwrecks: 3 August 1957 Ship State Description Sea Otter United States The 17-gross register ton, 40.2-foot (12.3 m) fishing vessel sank in Montague Strait (60°00′N 147°45′W / 60.000°N 147.750°W / 60.000; -147.750 (Montague Strait)) in Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska. 7 August List of shipwrecks: 7 August 1957 Ship State Description Chignik 6 United States The 8-gross register ton, 31.2-foot (9.5 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Chignik Lagoon, Territory of Alaska. 11 August List of shipwrecks: 11 August 1957 Ship State Description George H United States The 11-gross register ton, 34.2-foot (10.4 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Wide Bay (57°22′N 156°11′W / 57.367°N 156.183°W / 57.367; -156.183 (Wide Bay)) on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in the Territory of Alaska. Redoubt United States The 13-gross register ton, 39.8-foot (12.1 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Chatham (57°30′50″N 134°55′30″W / 57.51389°N 134.92500°W / 57.51389; -134.92500 (Chatham)), Territory of Alaska. 16 August List of shipwrecks: 16 August 1957 Ship State Description Glacier United States The 17-gross register ton, 38.9-foot (11.9 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Ketchikan, Territory of Alaska. 21 August List of shipwrecks: 21 August 1957 Ship State Description World Splendour Liberia The tanker exploded 35 nautical miles (65 km) east of Gibraltar and sank. All crew rescued by the tug Confident ( United Kingdom). 22 August List of shipwrecks: 22 August 1957 Ship State Description M-351 Soviet Navy The submarine sank off Balaklava. She was refloated on 26 August. Her crew survived. 26 August List of shipwrecks: 26 August 1957 Ship State Description USS Tarpon United States Navy The decommissioned Porpoise-class submarine foundered in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, while under tow to the scrapyard. 28 August List of shipwrecks: 28 August 1957 Ship State Description Cuidad de Buenos Aires Argentina The ferry collided with Mormacsurf ( United States in the Paraná River and sank. Of the 231 passengers and crew on board, 94 were reported missing. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description Hassel Norway Collided with a French ship in the Strait of Dover. Northern Ranger Canada The coaster ran aground in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Refloated on 26 August having been aground for "nearly a week". September 1 September List of shipwrecks: 1 September 1957 Ship State Description Flint United States The 35-gross register ton, 51.9-foot (15.8 m) fishing vessel was wrecked in the Territory of Alaska on the coast of Kodiak Island outside Womens Bay (57°43′N 152°31′W / 57.717°N 152.517°W / 57.717; -152.517 (Womens Bay)) Channel. 4 September List of shipwrecks: 4 September 1957 Ship State Description HMS Decoy Royal Navy The Daring-class destroyer ran aground at Portland Harbour, Dorset, England, due to failure of her steering gear. HDMS Flyvefisken, andHDMS Høgen Royal Danish Navy The torpoedo boat HDMS Høgen collided with the Flyvefisken-class torpedo boat HDMS Flyvefisken and sank in the Great Belt. HDMS Flyvefisken was severely damaged. 15 September List of shipwrecks: 15 September 1957 Ship State Description Aida Egypt The transport ran aground on Big Brothers Island in the Red Sea and sank. A tug rescued 77 passengers and crew and others also made it to shore. 17 September List of shipwrecks: 17 September 1957 Ship State Description Akwe United States The 15-gross register ton, 36.2-foot (11.0 m) fishing vessel was lost after she collided with an iceberg in Stephens Passage in Southeast Alaska 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) south of Juneau, Territory of Alaska, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Midway Island (57°59′50″N 135°36′35″W / 57.9972222°N 135.6097222°W / 57.9972222; -135.6097222 (Midway)), and 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) west of Coke Point. 21 September List of shipwrecks: 21 September 1957 Ship State Description Pamir West Germany Hurricane Carrie: The barque capsized and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 600 nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi) west-southwest of the Azores at 35°57′N 40°20′W / 35.950°N 40.333°W / 35.950; -40.333 (Pamir) with the loss of 80 lives. There were six survivors. S-81 Soviet Navy The Type VIIC submarine was severely damaged in the Barents Sea off Novaja Semla during an atomic bomb test. Consequently stricken on 16 October and subsequently scrapped. 24 September List of shipwrecks: 24 September 1957 Ship State Description Belleville Norway The 4,946-gross register ton cargo ship ran aground in fog just west of Seal Rock at the entrance to the harbor at Newport, Rhode Island, and sank in up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of water at 41°26′38″N 071°20′51″W / 41.44389°N 71.34750°W / 41.44389; -71.34750 (Belleville). Margaret J United States The 28-gross register ton, 49-foot (14.9 m) fishing vessel was wrecked at Sunny Cove (55°15′N 132°15′W / 55.250°N 132.250°W / 55.250; -132.250 (Sunny Cove)) in Chomley Sound (55°17′N 132°04′W / 55.283°N 132.067°W / 55.283; -132.067 (Chomley Sound)) in Southeast Alaska. 25 September List of shipwrecks: 25 September 1957 Ship State Description Hildebrand United Kingdom The cargo liner ran aground off Cascais, Portugal. 26 September List of shipwrecks: 26 September 1957 Ship State Description Lady Adriana United Kingdom The passenger ship ran aground in the Rhine at Oberwesel, West Germany. M-256 Soviet Navy The Quebec-class submarine sank in the Gulf of Finland after a fire, with 28 crew members killed and seven saved. 27 September List of shipwrecks: 27 September 1957 Ship State Description Frontier South Africa Frontier During a voyage from Durban to Port Elizabeth, the cargo ship ran aground on the coast of South Africa at the mouth of the Ncera River, 23 nautical miles (43 km; 26 mi) east of East London. She broke up on 29 September and was declared a total loss. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description Nazarene United Kingdom The fishing vessel ran aground on Pedn-e-Vurnow beach, Porthcurnow. All crew safe, vessel destroyed. October 3 October List of shipwrecks: 3 October 1957 Ship State Description Hogh Swörd Norway The tanker ran aground at Hoedenskerke, Zeeland, Netherlands. Later refloated with the aid of eleven tugs. 7 October List of shipwrecks: 7 October 1957 Ship State Description Nanki Maru No.8 Japan The tanker collided with Hai Ming ( Taiwan) off Kobe and sank. 8 October List of shipwrecks: 8 October 1957 Ship State Description USNS Mission San Miguel United States Navy The tanker ran aground on Maro Reef, Hawaii. All crew saved. 10 October List of shipwrecks: 10 October 1957 Ship State Description S-84 Soviet Navy The Type VIIc/41 submarine was sunk in the Barents Sea off Novaja Zemlja during the test of an atomic bomb. 16 October List of shipwrecks: 16 October 1957 Ship State Description Captain George Panama The Liberty ship ran aground in the Cape Verde Islands. She was declared a constructive total loss and scrapped. Sea Prince United Kingdom The TID-class tug was run into by Cato ( United Kingdom), which she was towing. Sea Prince capsized and sank off Avonmouth, Somerset. 17 October List of shipwrecks: 17 October 1937 Ship State Description Ciscar Spanish Navy The Churruca-class destroyer was wrecked in fog on rocks at El Ferrol, Spain. 19 October List of shipwrecks: 19 October 1957 Ship State Description Swinomish United States The 18-gross register ton, 40.9-foot (12.5 m) fishing vessel sank in Pavlof Bay on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in the Territory of Alaska. 21 October List of shipwrecks: 21 October 1957 Ship State Description Phoenix X United States The 70-gross register ton, 79.6-foot (24.3 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire off Sukkwan Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 22 October List of shipwrecks: 22 October 1957 Ship State Description Plan V West Germany The coaster collided in the Scheldt with Winnetou ( West Germany) and sank. All crew were rescued. Shillong United Kingdom The cargo ship collided in the Gulf of Suez with Purfina Congo ( Belgium) and sank with the loss of three lives. Thirteen racehorses were drowned. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description Eifuku Maru Japan The cargo ship ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, 300 nautical miles (560 km) east of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Abandoned on 15 October as a total loss. All 47 crew rescued by the tug Fearless ( Australia). November 4 November List of shipwrecks: 4 November 1957 Ship State Description Cordova Salvor United States The 180-gross register ton, 99.9-foot (30.4 m) motor cargo vessel was wrecked at Cape Sarichef (54°35′50″N 164°55′30″W / 54.59722°N 164.92500°W / 54.59722; -164.92500 (Cape Sarichef)) on the western coast of Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands. Iano Italy The cargo ship was driven aground in a gale at Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight. 5 November List of shipwrecks: 5 November 1957 Ship State Description Corale Netherlands Rammed by Nikolai Bauman ( Soviet Union) and sunk off Vlissingen. All eleven crew rescued. 6 November List of shipwrecks: 6 November 1957 Ship State Description Korso Finland The coaster sank 35 nautical miles (65 km) west of Aveiro, Portugal with the loss of three of her eleven crew. 11 November List of shipwrecks: 11 November 1957 Ship State Description Deutschland West Germany The train ferry ran aground at Grossenbrode, West Germany. Refloated later that day. 26 November List of shipwrecks: 26 November 1957 Ship State Description Lena F United States The 6-gross register ton, 29.1-foot (8.9 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Wrangell, Territory of Alaska. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description Mercurius H Netherlands Ran aground at Dungeness, Kent. December 1 December List of shipwrecks: 1 December 1957 Ship State Description Nikitas K Panama The cargo ship foundered in the Black Sea with the loss of six of her fourteen crew. 2 December List of shipwrecks: 2 December 1957 Ship State Description Pioneer No. 4 United States The 30-gross register ton, 54-foot (16.5 m) cargo scow was wrecked in Windy Bay (59°13′30″N 151°27′30″W / 59.22500°N 151.45833°W / 59.22500; -151.45833 (Windy Bay)) in Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska. 3 December List of shipwrecks: 3 December 1957 Ship State Description Dot United States The 15-gross register ton, 37.9-foot (11.6 m) fishing vessel destroyed by fire at Craig, Territory of Alaska. 8 December List of shipwrecks: 8 December 1957 Ship State Description Patria Netherlands The coaster was driven ashore in a gale at Sheephaven Bay, Northern Ireland. 9 December List of shipwrecks: 9 December 1957 Ship State Description Saba Netherlands The coaster was driven ashore in a gale at Mulroy Bay, Northern Ireland. All seven crew rescued by a helicopter from RNAS Eglington. 10 December List of shipwrecks: 10 December 1957 Ship State Description ZAS-10 Soviet Navy The S-class submarine was driven ashore on Paramushir, in the Kuril Islands whilst being towed from Vladivostok to Petropavlovsk by the icebreaker Dobrynya Nikitich ( Soviet Navy). She was later refloated and scrapped. 17 December List of shipwrecks: 17 December 1957 Ship State Description San Eduardo Panama The tanker ran aground north of Borneo, the Philippines. HMS Cossack ( Royal Navy) went to her aid. 20 December List of shipwrecks: 20 December 1957 Ship State Description Topeka Norway The cargo ship ran aground in the Karmsund, near Haugesund. All crew rescued. 22 December List of shipwrecks: 22 December 1957 Ship State Description Empire Wansbeck United Kingdom The troopship ran aground at Hook of Holland, Netherlands. Later refloated and returned to service. Narva United Kingdom The cargo ship foundered in the North Sea 150 nautical miles (280 km) west of Lindesnes, Norway (57°28′N 3°00′E / 57.467°N 3.000°E / 57.467; 3.000) with the loss of all hands. She was on a voyage from Sweden to Grangemouth, Stirlingshire. 24 December List of shipwrecks: 24 December 1957 Ship State Description Columbine United Kingdom The coaster ran aground at Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. 25 December List of shipwrecks: 25 December 1957 Ship State Description Fish Mule United States The 34-gross register ton, 46.2-foot (14.1 m) tug sank at the entrance to Resurrection Bay on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska. 27 December List of shipwrecks: 27 December 1957 Ship State Description El Fletero Argentina The cargo ship ran aground at Tampico, Mexico. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description Continuity United Kingdom The coaster ran aground at Margate, Kent, England. USS YSD-40 United States Navy Carrying salvage equipment, the 132-foot (40 m) floating salvage derrick sank in up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of water off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, between Nomans Land and Old Man Rock at 41°16′24″N 070°49′08″W / 41.27333°N 70.81889°W / 41.27333; -70.81889 (YSD-40). Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957 Ship State Description HNLMS Jan van Brakel Royal Netherlands Navy The decommissioned frigate was sunk as a target bear Biak sometime after 1 August. USS LSM-15 United States Navy The LSM-1-class Landing Ship Medium (Transport) was raised sometime after 10 July and re-sunk in deep water off Okinawa. She had sunk in Typhoon Louise at the entrance to Buckner Bay, Okinawa, in 1945. St. Christopher Costa Rica The wreck of St. Christopher as it appeared on 20 December 2012.Laid up at Ushuaia, Argentina, since 1954 due to engine trouble and rudder damage, the tugboat was beached and abandoned there. References ^ "Five Men Lost in Wreck". The Times. No. 53732. London. 7 January 1957. col D, p. 8. ^ "14 Saved from Listing Ship". The Times. No. 53738. London. 14 January 1957. col A, p. 5. ^ "Pilot Boat, Freighter in Collision". Moncton Transcript. 14 January 1957. ^ "To Investigate Possibility?". The Moncton Daily Times. 4 July 1959. p. 1. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 392. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 237. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "WWI Standard Built Ships L - W". Mariners. Retrieved 9 May 2011. ^ "Swedish Ship Sinks After Collision". The Times. No. 53745. London. 22 January 1957. col E, p. 6. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (V) ^ "East & West Steamship Co". 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017. ^ "SS Minocher Cowasjee (+1957)". Retrieved 10 May 2017. ^ "Kalenderblatt 2017: 24. Januar)". Retrieved 10 August 2017. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53756. London. 4 February 1957. col G, p. 6. ^ a b "Sea Accidents and Losses". Danish Naval History. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ a b "Cargo Liner Aground Twice in Mersey". The Times. No. 53750. London. 28 January 1957. col D, p. 5. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (R) ^ "Turkish Steamer Sunk". The Times. No. 53757. London. 5 September 1957. col F, p. 6. ^ Johnson, Barry. "Robert Limbrick". Milford Trawlers. Retrieved 9 March 2010. ^ "German Ship Sinks in Gale". The Times. No. 53761. London. 9 February 1957. col D, p. 6. ^ "Chelsea". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ "Picture Gallery". The Times. No. 53771. London. 21 February 1957. col A-D, p. 16. ^ "Iron Ore Ship Saved". The Times. No. 53774. London. 25 February 1957. col D, p. 6. ^ "Ship Sinks After Collision". The Times. No. 53775. London. 23 February 1957. col A, p. 5. ^ a b c d alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (C) ^ "British Ship Feared Lost Near China". The Times. No. 53776. London. 27 February 1957. col D, p. 7. ^ "British Ship's Crew Safe in China". The Times. No. 53777. London. 28 February 1957. col A, p. 8. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53777. London. 28 February 1957. col G, p. 7. ^ "Damage to French Liner". The Times. No. 53779. London. 2 March 1957. col G, p. 6. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (B) ^ "Picture Gallery". The Times. No. 53784. London. 8 March 1957. col C, p. 10. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53785. London. 9 March 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (K) ^ "Kerma". The Yard. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53797. London. 23 March 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ "Five Lost in Fog Collision". The Times. No. 53808. London. 5 April 1957. col D, p. 10. ^ Gröner, Erich (1993). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German). Vol. 8/I: Flußfahrzeuge, Ujäger, Vorpostenboote, Hilfsminensucher, Küstenschutzverbände (Teil 1). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. p. 213. ISBN 3-7637-4807-5. ^ (Japanese language edition) Ritriveted date on 2 January 2021. ^ "Lindesnaes Wreck: SwAM undertakes colossal oil removal operation". Seanews.co.uk. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019. ^ "Three Killed in Tug Explosion". The Times. No. 53818. London. 17 April 1957. col G, p. 8. ^ "Mersey Tug Sunk in Collision". The Times. No. 53821. London. 22 April 1957. col B, p. 11. ^ "Sunken Tug Blocks Montreal". The Times. No. 53825. London. 26 April 1957. col F, p. 10. ^ Jordan, Roger (1999). The World's Merchant Ships 1939. London: Chatham House. p. 15. ISBN 1 86176 023 X. ^ "Pluto (5607700)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 19 October 2014. ^ "Maria". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2 July 2022. ^ a b "( Ship Collision in Brittany ) video newsreel film". Pathé. Retrieved 8 October 2010. ^ a b "11 Killed at Sea". The Times. No. 53872. London. 20 June 1957. col A, p. 10. ^ a b "Stony Point". Auke Visser. Retrieved 3 November 2016. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (D) ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (Y) ^ "Failure to Refloat Former Destroyer". The Times. No. 53930. London. 27 August 1957. col B, p. 4. ^ "British Liner Aground". The Times. No. 53888. London. 9 July 1957. col F, p. 10. ^ "Reina Del Pacifico Refloated". The Times. No. 53891. London. 12 July 1957. col F, p. 10. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (N) ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (A) ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53903. London. 26 July 1957. col D, p. 9. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53898. London. 20 July 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ "British Ship Aground". The Times. No. 53901. London. 24 July 1957. col E, p. 6. ^ "Jan van Brakel". netherlandsnavy.nl. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (S) ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (G) ^ "Fire-damaged Tanker Sinks". The Times. No. 53926. London. 22 August 1957. col D-E, p. 6. ^ a b Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв (in Russian). Veche. ^ "River Collision Near Buenos Aires". The Times. No. 53932. London. 29 August 1957. col E, p. 2. ^ "Argentine Ferry Disaster". The Times. No. 53933. London. 30 August 2011. col C, p. 7. ^ a b c Lane, Anthony (2009). Shipwrecks of Kent. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 33, 77, 100–01, 125. ISBN 978-0-7524-1720-2. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53929. London. 26 August 2011. col G, p. 6. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (F) ^ "Destroyer Aground in Harbour". The Times. No. 53938. London. 5 September 1957. col F, p. 2. ^ "Aida Cargo Ship (1911-1957)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 14 December 2018. ^ "U-1057". Uboat. Retrieved 27 April 2012. ^ "Belleville". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 27 January 2021. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (M) ^ "British Liner Aground". The Times. No. 53956. London. 26 September 1957. col D, p. 10. ^ "British Ship Aground in Rhine". The Times. No. 53957. London. 27 September 1957. col F, p. 8. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 453. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "1946-62". St. Ives Trust. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53963. London. 4 October 1957. col G, p. 9. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53966. London. 8 October 1957. col g, p. 8. ^ "U-1305". Uboat. Retrieved 28 April 2012. ^ "Liberty Ships - J to Ji". Mariners. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 338. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ Gardiner, Robert, ed., Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships 1947–1982 Part I: The Western Powers, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983, ISBN 0870219189, p. 109. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (P) ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53979. London. 23 October 1957. col G, p. 9. ^ "Ship Sinks After Collision". The Times. No. 53980. London. 24 October 1957. col F, p. 10. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 53982. London. 26 October 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ "Shillong". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2 July 2022. ^ "47 Rescued from Japanese Ship". The Times. No. 53973. London. 16 October 1957. col A, p. 7. ^ "Gales Strike New Town in Hertfordshire". The Times. No. 53990. London. 5 November 1957. col A-E, p. 18. ^ "Three Missing After Vessel Sinks". The Times. No. 53992. London. 7 November 1957. col F, p. 15. ^ "Railway Ferry Runs Aground". The Times. No. 53996. London. 12 November 1957. col F, p. 7. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (L) ^ "News in Brief". The Times. No. 54013. London. 2 December 1957. col D, p. 8. ^ a b "Helicopters Fly to Aid Dutch Ship". The Times. No. 54020. London. 10 December 1957. col C, p. 7. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 54027. London. 18 December 1957. col D, p. 6. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 54031. London. 23 December 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ "Troopship Aground". The Times. No. 54031. London. 23 December 1957. col A, p. 6. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 447. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "News in Brief". The Times. No. 54033. London. 27 December 1957. col E, p. 4. ^ "Telegrams in Brief". The Times. No. 54034. London. 28 December 1957. col G, p. 5. ^ "YSD". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ van Amstel, W.H.E. (1991). De schepen van de Koninklijke Marine vanaf 1945 (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. p. 38. ISBN 90-6013-997-6. ^ "USS LSM-15 (+1945)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 22 March 2023. See also vteShip events in 1957Ship launches 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Ship commissionings 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Ship decommissionings 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Shipwrecks 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of shipwrecks in 1957"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Isle of Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Outer Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times070157-1"}],"sub_title":"6 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nVaila\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe fisheries protection vessel ran aground off the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides and sank with the loss of five of her twenty crew.[1]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sound Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Sound_Fisher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times140157-2"}],"sub_title":"13 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSound Fisher\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship sank in the North Sea after her cargo shifted. All fourteen crew were rescued.[2]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"pilot boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_boat"},{"link_name":"Saint John, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harbour pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_pilot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"14 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSaint John Pilot Boat No. 1\n\n Canada\n\nThe pilot boat was struck by the inbound freighter Fort Avalon, off Mispec near the Saint John, New Brunswick harbour mouth, and sank.[3] Three Harbour pilots and four crew lost their lives.[4]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Janina_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_ship"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"41°33′N 9°33′W / 41.550°N 9.550°W / 41.550; -9.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=41_33_N_9_33_W_"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire392-5"}],"sub_title":"15 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 15 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nJanina\n\n Norway\n\nThe tanker] caught fire in the Atlantic Ocean west of Lisbon, Portugal (41°33′N 9°33′W / 41.550°N 9.550°W / 41.550; -9.550). The ship was abandoned, she sank on 18 January. She was on a voyage from Odessa, Soviet Union to Turku, Finland.[5]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holdernith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Holdernith"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel"},{"link_name":"Humber Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Goole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goole"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire237-6"}],"sub_title":"17 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHoldernith\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster ran aground in the Humber Estuary and sank. She was on a voyage from Goole, Yorkshire to London. She was refloated two days later, returned to service.[6]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orkla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Orkla_(1920)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StanL-7"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Scania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Chili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vlissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times220157-8"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"21 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nOrkla\n\n Norway\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground at Buhlomrasa Light and broke in two. Total loss.[7]\n\n\nScania\n\n Sweden\n\nThe cargo ship was in collision with Chili ( France) and sank at Vlissingen, Netherlands. All crew were rescued.[8]\n\n\nValvadere\n\n United States\n\nThe 10-gross register ton 40.2-foot (12.3 m) gasoline-powered wooden fishing vessel foundered at Kodiak, Territory of Alaska.[9]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minocher Cowasjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Minocher_Cowasjee_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"25°18′S 68°00′E / 25.3°S 68.00°E / -25.3; 68.00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=25.3_S_68_E_"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PakistanShippingPar19-10"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrecksite.eu-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeitOnline2017-24-01-12"}],"sub_title":"24 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMinocher Cowasjee\n\n Pakistan\n\nThe cargo ship reported in distress in position 25°18′S 68°00′E / 25.3°S 68.00°E / -25.3; 68.00, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, coming from Tianjin[10] heading to Antwerp.[11] All 51 crew members, mostly Pakistanis and at least one German, were killed.[12]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDMS Ternen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HDMS_Ternen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times040257-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNH-14"}],"sub_title":"25 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHDMS Ternen\n\n Royal Danish Navy\n\nThe cutter was reported missing off the coast of Greenland. Discovered on 3 February sunk at Ravns Storø with the loss of all eight crew.[13][14]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Defender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cargo liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_liner"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Mersey Docks and Harbour Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Docks_and_Harbour_Board"},{"link_name":"dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times280157-15"},{"link_name":"Henrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Henrica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Maryport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryport"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times280157-15"}],"sub_title":"27 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 January 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDefender\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo liner ran aground in the Crosby Channel, River Mersey whilst trying to avoid a collision with the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board dredger Leviathan. Refloated but then ran aground again. Refloated a second time and returned to port.[15]\n\n\nHenrica\n\n Netherlands\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground off Maryport, Cumberland, United Kingdom. She was later refloated.[15]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Back Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_Bay_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"58°04′40″N 152°45′50″W / 58.07778°N 152.76389°W / 58.07778; -152.76389 (Back Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=58_04_40_N_152_45_50_W_&title=Back+Bay"},{"link_name":"Afognak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak_Island"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksr-16"}],"sub_title":"3 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 3 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRoxanna Dawn\n\n United States\n\nThe 24-gross register ton, 40.7-foot (12.4 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Back Bay (58°04′40″N 152°45′50″W / 58.07778°N 152.76389°W / 58.07778; -152.76389 (Back Bay)) off Afognak Island in the Kodiak Archipelago off the Territory of Alaska.[16]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"passenger ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_ship"},{"link_name":"Howell Lykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Howell_Lykes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times050257-17"}],"sub_title":"4 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nIzmir\n\n Turkey\n\nThe passenger ship collided with Howell Lykes ( United States) in the Gulf of Smyrna and sank with the loss of one passenger and two crew.[17]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Limbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sir_Galahad_(T226)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milford-18"}],"sub_title":"5 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRobert Limbrick\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe fishing vessel ran aground on Quinish Point, Mull with the loss of all 12 crew.[18]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Stralsund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Flamborough Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamborough_Head"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times090257-19"}],"sub_title":"8 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nStralsund\n\n West Germany\n\nThe cargo ship sank off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. All 27 crew rescued.[19]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Chelsea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Rockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Thacher Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thacher_Island"},{"link_name":"42°38′52″N 070°34′11″W / 42.64778°N 70.56972°W / 42.64778; -70.56972 (Chelsea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=42_38_52_N_070_34_11_W_&title=%27%27Chelsea%27%27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"10 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nChelsea\n\n United States\n\nCarrying a cargo of fuel oil, the 170-foot (52 m), 556-gross register ton coastal tanker grounded on the Sandy Bay Breakwater off Rockport, Massachusetts, and sank in up to 60 feet (18 m) of water 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km; 0.6 mi) northeast of Thacher Island at 42°38′52″N 070°34′11″W / 42.64778°N 70.56972°W / 42.64778; -70.56972 (Chelsea). She broke in half after sinking.[20]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vittangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Vittangi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"ore carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_carrier"},{"link_name":"Vlissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times210257-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times250257-22"}],"sub_title":"20 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nVittangi\n\n Sweden\n\nThe ore carrier ran aground off Vlissingen, the Netherlands, and was wrecked. Refloated on 24 February and beached to enable salvage of her cargo of iron ore.[21][22]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Russ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Christian_Russ&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Baltavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Baltavia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times230257-23"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Slocum Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slocum_Arm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°34′N 136°03′W / 57.567°N 136.050°W / 57.567; -136.050 (Slocum Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_34_N_136_03_W_&title=Slocum+Arm"},{"link_name":"Chichagof Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichagof_Island"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksc-24"}],"sub_title":"22 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nChristian Russ\n\n West Germany\n\nThe coaster was in collision with Baltavia ( United Kingdom) and sank off the east coast of Denmark. All fifteen crew rescued.[23]\n\n\nClydesdale\n\n United States\n\nThe 38-gross register ton, 55.6-foot (16.9 m) fishing vessel was lost in a storm at Slocum Arm (57°34′N 136°03′W / 57.567°N 136.050°W / 57.567; -136.050 (Slocum Arm)) on the west coast of Chichagof Island the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[24]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hydralock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Hydralock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ockseu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockseu_Island"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times270257-25"},{"link_name":"Haitan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitan_Island"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times280257b-26"}],"sub_title":"26 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 26 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHydralock\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground off Ockseu Island (Wuqiu), Republic of China (Taiwan). All 31 crew abandoned ship, but then disappeared.[25] They were later discovered safe on Haitan Island.[26]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Île de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_%C3%8Ele_de_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times280257a-27"},{"link_name":"Newport News, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times020357-28"}],"sub_title":"27 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 February 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nÎle de France\n\n France\n\nThe ocean liner ran aground off Martinique. Refloated after several hours.[27] The ship suffered a broken rudder and damaged propellers. She was towed to Newport News, Virginia, United States for repairs.[28]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Gnat Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnat_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°23′00″N 131°19′40″W / 55.38333°N 131.32778°W / 55.38333; -131.32778 (Gnat Cove)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=55_23_00_N_131_19_40_W_&title=Gnat+Cove"},{"link_name":"Carroll Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Inlet_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°28′22″N 131°18′41″W / 55.4728°N 131.3114°W / 55.4728; -131.3114 (Carroll Inlet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=55.4728_N_131.3114_W_&title=Carroll+Inlet"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksc-24"}],"sub_title":"1 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCheerio\n\n United States\n\nThe 18-gross register ton, 37.2-foot (11.3 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Gnat Cove (55°23′00″N 131°19′40″W / 55.38333°N 131.32778°W / 55.38333; -131.32778 (Gnat Cove)) in Carroll Inlet (55°28′22″N 131°18′41″W / 55.4728°N 131.3114°W / 55.4728; -131.3114 (Carroll Inlet)) in Southeast Alaska.[24]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Valdez Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valdez_Arm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"60°53′N 146°54′W / 60.883°N 146.900°W / 60.883; -146.900 (Valdez Arm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=60_53_N_146_54_W_&title=Valdez+Arm"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksb-29"}],"sub_title":"6 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBalto\n\n United States\n\nThe 14-gross register ton, 36.9-foot (11.2 m) fishing vessel sank in Valdez Arm (60°53′N 146°54′W / 60.883°N 146.900°W / 60.883; -146.900 (Valdez Arm)) on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska.[29]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USNS Mission San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mission_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type T2-SE-A3 tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_tanker"},{"link_name":"Elna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Elna_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Pennsville, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times080357-30"}],"sub_title":"7 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSNS Mission San Francisco\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe Type T2-SE-A3 tanker was in collision with Elna II ( Liberia) in the Delaware River at Pennsville, New Jersey. She was cut in two with the stern section being set on fire. Nine of her 44 crew were killed.[30]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thorpe Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Thorpe_Grange&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Vlissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times090357-31"}],"sub_title":"8 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nThorpe Grange\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground off Vlissingen, the Netherlands. She later was refloated.[31]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Anchor Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchor_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°59′N 131°24′W / 55.983°N 131.400°W / 55.983; -131.400 (Anchor Pass)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=55_59_N_131_24_W_&title=Anchor+Pass"},{"link_name":"Bell Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Island_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksk-32"}],"sub_title":"9 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 9 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nKatherine T\n\n United States\n\nThe 13-gross register ton, 34.7-foot (10.6 m) fishing vessel sank at Anchor Pass (55°59′N 131°24′W / 55.983°N 131.400°W / 55.983; -131.400 (Anchor Pass)) near Bell Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[32]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heimdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Heimdal_(1928)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Landsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsort"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW830-33"}],"sub_title":"19 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHeimdal\n\n Sweden\n\nThe cargo ship was wrecked on Stangskar Point, Landsort.[33]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Harriet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Hanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko,_Finland"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times220357-34"}],"sub_title":"22 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 March 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHarriet\n\n Turkey\n\nThe cargo ship struck ice and sank at Hanko, Finland. All crew rescued.[34]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisbeth M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Lisbeth_M&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Snell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Sir_John_Snell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times050457-35"}],"sub_title":"4 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLisbeth M\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster collided with the collier Sir John Snell and sank off Margate, Kent with the loss of five of her fourteen crew.[35]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Aupick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_trawler_V_407_Dorum"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"fishing trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_trawler"},{"link_name":"Dogger Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogger_Bank"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groner-36"},{"link_name":"Kitagawa Maru No 5.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitagawa_Maru_No_5.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%9D%E4%B8%B8%E6%B2%88%E6%B2%A1%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ikuchi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuchi-jima"},{"link_name":"Onomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomichi"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"12 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 12 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGeneral Aupick\n\n France\n\nThe fishing trawler sprang a leak and sank in the Dogger Bank.[36]\n\n\nKitagawa Maru No 5. [ja]\n\n Japan\n\nAccording to Japanese Coast Guard official announced, a wooden passenger boat, from Ikuchi Island to Onomichi, Hiroshima Prefecture, Seto Islands Sea, this boat 239 persons were on board, which were more than three times capacity, however, not stormy weather at this accident, 126 persons were rescued, 113 persons were lost to lives.[37]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindesnaes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Lindesnaes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"Nynäshamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyn%C3%A4shamn"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"Oxelösund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxel%C3%B6sund"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"14 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLindesnaes\n\n Sweden\n\nThe tanker, carrying 1,732 cubic metres (458,000 US gal) of kerosene on its way from Nynäshamn to Norrköping, sank off Oxelösund in a snowstorm.[38]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Gunnard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times170457-39"}],"sub_title":"16 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGunnard\n\n Netherlands\n\nThe tug sank following a boiler explosion at Rotterdam. Three people were killed and fifteen injured by flying débris.[39]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Collingwood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bittern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Bittern&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times220457-40"}],"sub_title":"21 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCollingwood\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe tug collided with Bittern ( United Kingdom) and sank in the River Mersey at Liverpool, Lancashire. All six crew rescued.[40]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_John_Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times260457-41"}],"sub_title":"25 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 April 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nJohn Pratt\n\n Canada\n\nThe tug capsized and sank at Montreal, Quebec with the loss of four crew.[41]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birgitte Toft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Birgitte_Toft_(1937)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Rangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-independence_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchant15-42"}],"sub_title":"20 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 May 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBirgitte Toft\n\n Denmark\n\nThe cargo ship caught fire off Rangoon, Burma and was severely damaged. Subsequently repaired and returned to service.[42]","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Pluto_(1932)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"5 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPluto\n\n Australia\n\nThe dredger was wrecked off Newcastle, New South Wales.[43]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Maria_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Huasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huasco"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"12 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 12 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMaria\n\n Costa Rica\n\nCapsized and sank with the loss of 13 lives after an onboard explosion of her cargo, 10 nautical miles (19 km) north of Huasco, Chile.[44]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sidon_(P259)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"S-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_S-class_submarine_(1931)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"ASDIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASDIC"}],"sub_title":"14 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHMS Sidon\n\n Royal Navy\n\nThe decommissioned S-class submarine was sunk for use as an ASDIC target.","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ioannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Ioannis_(1957)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Stony Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Stony_Point_(1945)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ouessant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouessant"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathe-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times200657-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-47"},{"link_name":"Stony Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Stony_Point_(1957)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"T2 tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_tanker"},{"link_name":"Ioannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Ioannis_(1957)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pathe-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times200657-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-47"}],"sub_title":"19 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nIoannis\n\n Greece\n\nCollided with Stony Point ( United States) 15 nautical miles (28 km) off Ouessant, Finistère, France. Both ships caught fire with the loss of eleven lives and 40 injured, twenty seriously.[45][46][47]\n\n\nStony Point\n\n United States\n\nThe T2 tanker collided with Ioannis ( Greece) 15 nautical miles (28 km) off Ouessant and caught fire. Declared a constructive total loss, she was consequently scrapped.[45][46][47]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Ocean Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"59°32′30″N 139°51′30″W / 59.54167°N 139.85833°W / 59.54167; -139.85833 (Ocean Cape)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=59_32_30_N_139_51_30_W_&title=Ocean+Cape"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksd-48"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"scow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scow"},{"link_name":"Hoonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoonah,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksy-49"}],"sub_title":"20 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nD S S Co. No. 1\n\n United States\n\nThe 84-gross register ton, 110.2-foot (33.6 m) barge sank off Ocean Cape (59°32′30″N 139°51′30″W / 59.54167°N 139.85833°W / 59.54167; -139.85833 (Ocean Cape)) on the south-central coast of Alaska.[48]\n\n\nYakima III\n\n United States\n\nThe 41-gross register ton, 60-foot (18 m) scow sank at Hoonah, Territory of Alaska.[49]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cleveland_(L46)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Hunt-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Llangennith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangennith"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Llanelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelly"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times270857-50"}],"sub_title":"28 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 28 June 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHMS Cleveland\n\n Royal Navy\n\nThe Hunt-class destroyer ran aground at Llangennith, Glamorgan whilst under tow to Llanelly for scrapping.[50]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reina del Pacifico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Reina_del_Pacifico"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland Island, Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_Island,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times090757-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times120757-52"}],"sub_title":"8 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nReina del Pacifico\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ocean liner ran aground 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km) north of Ireland Island, Bermuda.[51] Refloated on 11 July.[52]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksn-53"}],"sub_title":"10 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nNefco 17\n\n United States\n\nThe 128-gross register ton, 75.9-foot (23.1 m) barge was destroyed by fire at Ketchikan, Alaska.[53]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Iron_Knob"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"08°04′N 051°10′E / 8.067°N 51.167°E / 8.067; 51.167 (\"SS Clarisse\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=08_04_N_051_10_E_&title=%22SS+%27%27Clarisse%27%27%22"}],"sub_title":"15 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 15 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nClarisse\n\n Panama\n\nThe cargo ship sank in heavy seas in the Indian Ocean at 08°04′N 051°10′E / 8.067°N 51.167°E / 8.067; 51.167 (\"SS Clarisse\").","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Chiniak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiniak_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°37′35″N 52°09′00″W / 57.62639°N 52.15000°W / 57.62639; -52.15000 (Chiniak Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_37_35_N_52_09_00_W_&title=Chiniak+Island"},{"link_name":"Cape Chiniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Chiniak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°37′N 152°10′W / 57.617°N 152.167°W / 57.617; -152.167 (Cape Chiniak)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_37_N_152_10_W_&title=Cape+Chiniak"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksa-54"},{"link_name":"Tweed Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Tweed_Breeze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Wendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Pacific_typhoon_season#Typhoon_Wendy"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times260757-55"}],"sub_title":"16 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAleutian\n\n United States\n\nThe 57-gross register ton, 62.6-foot (19.1 m) fishing vessel was wrecked on Chiniak Rock – presumably a feature of or reference to Chiniak Island (57°37′35″N 52°09′00″W / 57.62639°N 52.15000°W / 57.62639; -52.15000 (Chiniak Island)) near Cape Chiniak (57°37′N 152°10′W / 57.617°N 152.167°W / 57.617; -152.167 (Cape Chiniak)) – off the coast of Kodiak Island near Kodiak, Territory of Alaska, during a storm.[54]\n\n\nTweed Breeze\n\n United Kingdom\n\nTyphoon Wendy: The cargo ship was blown ashore on Stonecutters Island, Hong Kong. Refloated on 25 July.[55]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Charisse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times200757-56"}],"sub_title":"19 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCharisse\n\n Panama\n\nThe cargo ship sank off Aden in a storm.[56]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Amicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times240757-57"}],"sub_title":"23 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 23 July 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAmicus\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.[57]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HNLMS Jan van Brakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Jan_van_Brakel_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy"},{"link_name":"Biak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak"},{"link_name":"Netherlands New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"1 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHNLMS Jan van Brakel\n\n Royal Netherlands Navy\n\nThe frigate/survey vessel was stricken from the Navy List and expended as a target at Biak, Netherlands New Guinea.[58]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Montague Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montague_Strait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"60°00′N 147°45′W / 60.000°N 147.750°W / 60.000; -147.750 (Montague Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=60_00_N_147_45_W_&title=Montague+Strait"},{"link_name":"Prince William Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckss-59"}],"sub_title":"3 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 3 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSea Otter\n\n United States\n\nThe 17-gross register ton, 40.2-foot (12.3 m) fishing vessel sank in Montague Strait (60°00′N 147°45′W / 60.000°N 147.750°W / 60.000; -147.750 (Montague Strait)) in Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska.[59]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Chignik Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chignik_Lagoon,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksc-24"}],"sub_title":"7 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nChignik 6\n\n United States\n\nThe 8-gross register ton, 31.2-foot (9.5 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Chignik Lagoon, Territory of Alaska.[24]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Wide Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_Bay_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°22′N 156°11′W / 57.367°N 156.183°W / 57.367; -156.183 (Wide Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_22_N_156_11_W_&title=Wide+Bay"},{"link_name":"Alaska Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksg-60"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"57°30′50″N 134°55′30″W / 57.51389°N 134.92500°W / 57.51389; -134.92500 (Chatham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_30_50_N_134_55_30_W_&title=Chatham"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksr-16"}],"sub_title":"11 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGeorge H\n\n United States\n\nThe 11-gross register ton, 34.2-foot (10.4 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Wide Bay (57°22′N 156°11′W / 57.367°N 156.183°W / 57.367; -156.183 (Wide Bay)) on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in the Territory of Alaska.[60]\n\n\nRedoubt\n\n United States\n\nThe 13-gross register ton, 39.8-foot (12.1 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Chatham (57°30′50″N 134°55′30″W / 57.51389°N 134.92500°W / 57.51389; -134.92500 (Chatham)), Territory of Alaska.[16]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksg-60"}],"sub_title":"16 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGlacier\n\n United States\n\nThe 17-gross register ton, 38.9-foot (11.9 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Ketchikan, Territory of Alaska.[60]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Splendour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_World_Splendour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Confident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Confident&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times220857-61"}],"sub_title":"21 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nWorld Splendour\n\n Liberia\n\nThe tanker exploded 35 nautical miles (65 km) east of Gibraltar and sank. All crew rescued by the tug Confident ( United Kingdom).[61]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_M-351&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Balaklava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cherneyshev-62"}],"sub_title":"22 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nM-351\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe submarine sank off Balaklava. She was refloated on 26 August. Her crew survived.[62]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Tarpon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tarpon_(SS-175)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Porpoise-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Cape Hatteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"26 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 26 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Tarpon\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Porpoise-class submarine foundered in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, while under tow to the scrapyard.","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuidad de Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Cuidad_de_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mormacsurf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Mormacsurf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times290857-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times300857-64"}],"sub_title":"28 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 28 August 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCuidad de Buenos Aires\n\n Argentina\n\nThe ferry collided with Mormacsurf ( United States in the Paraná River and sank. Of the 231 passengers and crew on board,[63] 94 were reported missing.[64]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Hassel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Strait of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-65"},{"link_name":"Northern Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Northern_Ranger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Bonavista Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonavista_Bay"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times270857a-66"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHassel\n\n Norway\n\nCollided with a French ship in the Strait of Dover.[65]\n\n\nNorthern Ranger\n\n Canada\n\nThe coaster ran aground in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Refloated on 26 August having been aground for \"nearly a week\".[66]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Womens Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womens_Bay_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°43′N 152°31′W / 57.717°N 152.517°W / 57.717; -152.517 (Womens Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_43_N_152_31_W_&title=Womens+Bay"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksf-67"}],"sub_title":"1 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFlint\n\n United States\n\nThe 35-gross register ton, 51.9-foot (15.8 m) fishing vessel was wrecked in the Territory of Alaska on the coast of Kodiak Island outside Womens Bay (57°43′N 152°31′W / 57.717°N 152.517°W / 57.717; -152.517 (Womens Bay)) Channel.[67]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Ferr%C3%A9_(DM-74)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Daring-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daring-class_destroyer_(1949)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Portland Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times050957-68"},{"link_name":"HDMS Flyvefisken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HDMS_Flyvefisken_(P500)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HDMS Høgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HDMS_H%C3%B8gen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Flyvefisken-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flyvefisken-class_torpedo_boat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"Great Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNH-14"}],"sub_title":"4 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHMS Decoy\n\n Royal Navy\n\nThe Daring-class destroyer ran aground at Portland Harbour, Dorset, England, due to failure of her steering gear.[68]\n\n\nHDMS Flyvefisken, andHDMS Høgen\n\n Royal Danish Navy\n\nThe torpoedo boat HDMS Høgen collided with the Flyvefisken-class torpedo boat HDMS Flyvefisken and sank in the Great Belt. HDMS Flyvefisken was severely damaged.[14]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Aida_(1911)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Big Brothers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brothers_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"15 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 15 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAida\n\n Egypt\n\nThe transport ran aground on Big Brothers Island in the Red Sea and sank. A tug rescued 77 passengers and crew and others also made it to shore.[69]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"iceberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg"},{"link_name":"Stephens Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_Passage"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Midway Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midway_Island_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°59′50″N 135°36′35″W / 57.9972222°N 135.6097222°W / 57.9972222; -135.6097222 (Midway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57.9972222_N_135.6097222_W_&title=Midway"},{"link_name":"Coke Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coke_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksa-54"}],"sub_title":"17 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAkwe\n\n United States\n\nThe 15-gross register ton, 36.2-foot (11.0 m) fishing vessel was lost after she collided with an iceberg in Stephens Passage in Southeast Alaska 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) south of Juneau, Territory of Alaska, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Midway Island (57°59′50″N 135°36′35″W / 57.9972222°N 135.6097222°W / 57.9972222; -135.6097222 (Midway)), and 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) west of Coke Point.[54]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_(ship)"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Carrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Carrie"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"35°57′N 40°20′W / 35.950°N 40.333°W / 35.950; -40.333 (Pamir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=35_57_N_40_20_W_&title=%27%27Pamir%27%27"},{"link_name":"S-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_S-81&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type VIIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"},{"link_name":"Novaja Semla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novaja_Semla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S81-70"}],"sub_title":"21 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPamir\n\n West Germany\n\nHurricane Carrie: The barque capsized and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 600 nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi) west-southwest of the Azores at 35°57′N 40°20′W / 35.950°N 40.333°W / 35.950; -40.333 (Pamir) with the loss of 80 lives. There were six survivors.\n\n\nS-81\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe Type VIIC submarine was severely damaged in the Barents Sea off Novaja Semla during an atomic bomb test. Consequently stricken on 16 October and subsequently scrapped.[70]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"41°26′38″N 071°20′51″W / 41.44389°N 71.34750°W / 41.44389; -71.34750 (Belleville)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=41_26_38_N_071_20_51_W_&title=%27%27Belleville%27%27"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Sunny Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Cove"},{"link_name":"55°15′N 132°15′W / 55.250°N 132.250°W / 55.250; -132.250 (Sunny Cove)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=55_15_N_132_15_W_&title=Sunny+Cove"},{"link_name":"Chomley Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chomley_Sound&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°17′N 132°04′W / 55.283°N 132.067°W / 55.283; -132.067 (Chomley Sound)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=55_17_N_132_04_W_&title=Chomley+Sound"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksm-72"}],"sub_title":"24 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBelleville\n\n Norway\n\nThe 4,946-gross register ton cargo ship ran aground in fog just west of Seal Rock at the entrance to the harbor at Newport, Rhode Island, and sank in up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of water at 41°26′38″N 071°20′51″W / 41.44389°N 71.34750°W / 41.44389; -71.34750 (Belleville).[71]\n\n\nMargaret J\n\n United States\n\nThe 28-gross register ton, 49-foot (14.9 m) fishing vessel was wrecked at Sunny Cove (55°15′N 132°15′W / 55.250°N 132.250°W / 55.250; -132.250 (Sunny Cove)) in Chomley Sound (55°17′N 132°04′W / 55.283°N 132.067°W / 55.283; -132.067 (Chomley Sound)) in Southeast Alaska.[72]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Hildebrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times250957-73"}],"sub_title":"25 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHildebrand\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo liner ran aground off Cascais, Portugal.[73]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Adriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Lady_Adriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Oberwesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwesel"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times270957-74"},{"link_name":"M-256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_M-256"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Quebec-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"}],"sub_title":"26 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 26 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLady Adriana\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe passenger ship ran aground in the Rhine at Oberwesel, West Germany.[74]\n\n\nM-256\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe Quebec-class submarine sank in the Gulf of Finland after a fire, with 28 crew members killed and seven saved.","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Frontier_(1922)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frontier_on_Rocks_-_Original_Photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ncera River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ncera_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London,_Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_loss"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire453-75"}],"sub_title":"27 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 September 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFrontier\n\n South Africa\n\nFrontier During a voyage from Durban to Port Elizabeth, the cargo ship ran aground on the coast of South Africa at the mouth of the Ncera River, 23 nautical miles (43 km; 26 mi) east of East London. She broke up on 29 September and was declared a total loss.[75]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Porthcurnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcurnow"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives-76"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nNazarene\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe fishing vessel ran aground on Pedn-e-Vurnow beach, Porthcurnow. All crew safe, vessel destroyed.[76]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hogh Swörd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Hogh_Sw%C3%B6rd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hoedenskerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoedenskerke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times041057-77"}],"sub_title":"3 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 3 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHogh Swörd\n\n Norway\n\nThe tanker ran aground at Hoedenskerke, Zeeland, Netherlands. Later refloated with the aid of eleven tugs.[77]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanki Maru No.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Nanki_Maru_No.8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Hai Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Hai_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times081057-78"}],"sub_title":"7 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nNanki Maru No.8\n\n Japan\n\nThe tanker collided with Hai Ming ( Taiwan) off Kobe and sank.[78]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USNS Mission San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mission_San_Miguel"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Maro Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro_Reef"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"}],"sub_title":"8 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSNS Mission San Miguel\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe tanker ran aground on Maro Reef, Hawaii. All crew saved.","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_S-84&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type VIIc/41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"},{"link_name":"Novaja Zemlja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novaja_Zemlja"},{"link_name":"atomic bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U1305-79"}],"sub_title":"10 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nS-84\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe Type VIIc/41 submarine was sunk in the Barents Sea off Novaja Zemlja during the test of an atomic bomb.[79]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Captain_George_(1943)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"TID-class tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TID-class_tug"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Cato_(1946)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Avonmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire338-81"}],"sub_title":"16 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCaptain George\n\n Panama\n\nThe Liberty ship ran aground in the Cape Verde Islands. She was declared a constructive total loss and scrapped.[80]\n\n\nSea Prince\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe TID-class tug was run into by Cato ( United Kingdom), which she was towing. Sea Prince capsized and sank off Avonmouth, Somerset.[81]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_destroyer_Ciscar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Churruca-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churruca-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"El Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"17 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 October 1937\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCiscar\n\n Spanish Navy\n\nThe Churruca-class destroyer was wrecked in fog on rocks at El Ferrol, Spain.[82]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Pavlof Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlof_Bay"},{"link_name":"Alaska Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckss-59"}],"sub_title":"19 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSwinomish\n\n United States\n\nThe 18-gross register ton, 40.9-foot (12.5 m) fishing vessel sank in Pavlof Bay on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in the Territory of Alaska.[59]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Sukkwan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkwan_Island"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksp-83"}],"sub_title":"21 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPhoenix X\n\n United States\n\nThe 70-gross register ton, 79.6-foot (24.3 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire off Sukkwan Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[83]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plan V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Plan_V&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Winnetou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Winnetou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times231057-84"},{"link_name":"Shillong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Shillong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez"},{"link_name":"Purfina Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Purfina_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times241057-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times261057-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"22 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 October 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPlan V\n\n West Germany\n\nThe coaster collided in the Scheldt with Winnetou ( West Germany) and sank. All crew were rescued.[84]\n\n\nShillong\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship collided in the Gulf of Suez with Purfina Congo ( Belgium) and sank with the loss of three lives.[85] Thirteen racehorses were drowned.[86][87]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eifuku Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Eifuku_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"Rockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhampton"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Fearless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Fearless&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times161057-88"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nEifuku Maru\n\n Japan\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, 300 nautical miles (560 km) east of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Abandoned on 15 October as a total loss. All 47 crew rescued by the tug Fearless ( Australia).[88]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"cargo vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_vessel"},{"link_name":"Cape Sarichef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Sarichef_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"54°35′50″N 164°55′30″W / 54.59722°N 164.92500°W / 54.59722; -164.92500 (Cape Sarichef)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=54_35_50_N_164_55_30_W_&title=Cape+Sarichef"},{"link_name":"Unimak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimak_Island"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksc-24"},{"link_name":"Iano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Iano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sandown Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Bay"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times051157-89"}],"sub_title":"4 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 November 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCordova Salvor\n\n United States\n\nThe 180-gross register ton, 99.9-foot (30.4 m) motor cargo vessel was wrecked at Cape Sarichef (54°35′50″N 164°55′30″W / 54.59722°N 164.92500°W / 54.59722; -164.92500 (Cape Sarichef)) on the western coast of Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands.[24]\n\n\nIano\n\n Italy\n\nThe cargo ship was driven aground in a gale at Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight.[89]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Corale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Charlotte_Cords"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Vlissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"}],"sub_title":"5 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 November 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCorale\n\n Netherlands\n\nRammed by Nikolai Bauman ( Soviet Union) and sunk off Vlissingen. All eleven crew rescued.","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Korso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times071157-90"}],"sub_title":"6 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 November 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nKorso\n\n Finland\n\nThe coaster sank 35 nautical miles (65 km) west of Aveiro, Portugal with the loss of three of her eleven crew.[90]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Deutschland_(1953)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"train ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_ferry"},{"link_name":"Grossenbrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossenbrode"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times121157-91"}],"sub_title":"11 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 November 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDeutschland\n\n West Germany\n\nThe train ferry ran aground at Grossenbrode, West Germany. Refloated later that day.[91]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Wrangell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksl-92"}],"sub_title":"26 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 26 November 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLena F\n\n United States\n\nThe 6-gross register ton, 29.1-foot (8.9 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Wrangell, Territory of Alaska.[92]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercurius H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Mercurius_H&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dungeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeness_(headland)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-65"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMercurius H\n\n Netherlands\n\nRan aground at Dungeness, Kent.[65]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikitas K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Nikitas_K&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times021257-93"}],"sub_title":"1 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nNikitas K\n\n Panama\n\nThe cargo ship foundered in the Black Sea with the loss of six of her fourteen crew.[93]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"scow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scow"},{"link_name":"Windy Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windy_Bay_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"59°13′30″N 151°27′30″W / 59.22500°N 151.45833°W / 59.22500; -151.45833 (Windy Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=59_13_30_N_151_27_30_W_&title=Windy+Bay"},{"link_name":"Cook Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksp-83"}],"sub_title":"2 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 2 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPioneer No. 4\n\n United States\n\nThe 30-gross register ton, 54-foot (16.5 m) cargo scow was wrecked in Windy Bay (59°13′30″N 151°27′30″W / 59.22500°N 151.45833°W / 59.22500; -151.45833 (Windy Bay)) in Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska.[83]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksd-48"}],"sub_title":"3 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 3 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDot\n\n United States\n\nThe 15-gross register ton, 37.9-foot (11.6 m) fishing vessel destroyed by fire at Craig, Territory of Alaska.[48]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times101257-94"}],"sub_title":"8 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPatria\n\n Netherlands\n\nThe coaster was driven ashore in a gale at Sheephaven Bay, Northern Ireland.[94]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"RNAS Eglington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RNAS_Eglington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times101257-94"}],"sub_title":"9 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 9 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSaba\n\n Netherlands\n\nThe coaster was driven ashore in a gale at Mulroy Bay, Northern Ireland. All seven crew rescued by a helicopter from RNAS Eglington.[94]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZAS-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_ZAS-10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"S-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_S-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Paramushir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramushir"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Petropavlovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"Dobrynya Nikitich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrynya_Nikitich_(icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cherneyshev-62"}],"sub_title":"10 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nZAS-10\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe S-class submarine was driven ashore on Paramushir, in the Kuril Islands whilst being towed from Vladivostok to Petropavlovsk by the icebreaker Dobrynya Nikitich ( Soviet Navy). She was later refloated and scrapped.[62]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Eduardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_San_Eduardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"HMS Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cossack_(R57)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times181257-95"}],"sub_title":"17 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSan Eduardo\n\n Panama\n\nThe tanker ran aground north of Borneo, the Philippines. HMS Cossack ( Royal Navy) went to her aid.[95]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Topeka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Karmsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmsund"},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugesund"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times231257a-96"}],"sub_title":"20 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTopeka\n\n Norway\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground in the Karmsund, near Haugesund. All crew rescued.[96]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empire Wansbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Empire_Wansbeck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"troopship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"Hook of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times231257b-97"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Narva"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lindesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindesnes"},{"link_name":"57°28′N 3°00′E / 57.467°N 3.000°E / 57.467; 3.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=57_28_N_3_00_E_"},{"link_name":"Grangemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grangemouth"},{"link_name":"Stirlingshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire447-98"}],"sub_title":"22 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nEmpire Wansbeck\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe troopship ran aground at Hook of Holland, Netherlands. Later refloated and returned to service.[97]\n\n\nNarva\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe cargo ship foundered in the North Sea 150 nautical miles (280 km) west of Lindesnes, Norway (57°28′N 3°00′E / 57.467°N 3.000°E / 57.467; 3.000) with the loss of all hands. She was on a voyage from Sweden to Grangemouth, Stirlingshire.[98]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Columbine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times271257-99"}],"sub_title":"24 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nColumbine\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster ran aground at Peterhead, Aberdeenshire.[99]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Resurrection Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Bay"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksf-67"}],"sub_title":"25 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFish Mule\n\n United States\n\nThe 34-gross register ton, 46.2-foot (14.1 m) tug sank at the entrance to Resurrection Bay on the south-central coast of the Territory of Alaska.[67]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Fletero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_El_Fletero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times281257-100"}],"sub_title":"27 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 December 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nEl Fletero\n\n Argentina\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground at Tampico, Mexico.[100]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Continuity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-65"},{"link_name":"USS YSD-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_YSD-40&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"salvage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick"},{"link_name":"Martha's Vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Nomans Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomans_Land_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"41°16′24″N 070°49′08″W / 41.27333°N 70.81889°W / 41.27333; -70.81889 (YSD-40)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1957&params=41_16_24_N_070_49_08_W_&title=%27%27YSD-40%27%27"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nContinuity\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster ran aground at Margate, Kent, England.[65]\n\n\nUSS YSD-40\n\n United States Navy\n\nCarrying salvage equipment, the 132-foot (40 m) floating salvage derrick sank in up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of water off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, between Nomans Land and Old Man Rock at 41°16′24″N 070°49′08″W / 41.27333°N 70.81889°W / 41.27333; -70.81889 (YSD-40).[101]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HNLMS Jan van Brakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Jan_van_Brakel_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"Biak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"USS LSM-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LSM-15&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"LSM-1-class Landing Ship Medium (Transport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSM-1-class_Landing_Ship_Medium"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Louise_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"St. Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Justice_(W140)"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wreck_of_the_ST_Christopher_(8321674969).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ushuaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1957\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHNLMS Jan van Brakel\n\n Royal Netherlands Navy\n\nThe decommissioned frigate was sunk as a target bear Biak sometime after 1 August.[102]\n\n\nUSS LSM-15\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe LSM-1-class Landing Ship Medium (Transport) was raised sometime after 10 July and re-sunk in deep water off Okinawa. She had sunk in Typhoon Louise at the entrance to Buckner Bay, Okinawa, in 1945.[103]\n\n\nSt. Christopher\n\n Costa Rica\n\nThe wreck of St. Christopher as it appeared on 20 December 2012.Laid up at Ushuaia, Argentina, since 1954 due to engine trouble and rudder damage, the tugboat was beached and abandoned there.","title":"Unknown date"}]	[{"image_text":"Frontier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frontier_on_Rocks_-_Original_Photo.jpg/220px-Frontier_on_Rocks_-_Original_Photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"The wreck of St. Christopher as it appeared on 20 December 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wreck_of_the_ST_Christopher_%288321674969%29.jpg/220px-Wreck_of_the_ST_Christopher_%288321674969%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shipevents"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shipevents"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shipevents"},{"title":"Ship launches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_ship_launches"},{"title":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1952"},{"title":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1953"},{"title":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1954"},{"title":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1955"},{"title":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1956"},{"title":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1957"},{"title":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1958"},{"title":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1959"},{"title":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1960"},{"title":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1961"},{"title":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_launches_in_1962"},{"title":"Ship 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Men Lost in Wreck\". The Times. No. 53732. London. 7 January 1957. col D, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"14 Saved from Listing Ship\". The Times. No. 53738. London. 14 January 1957. col A, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pilot Boat, Freighter in Collision\". Moncton Transcript. 14 January 1957.","urls":[{"url":"https://da.tj.news/viewer?opub=Moncton_Transcript&date=19570114&page=1&search=pilot%20boat&filename=0695_MT_A7946","url_text":"\"Pilot Boat, Freighter in Collision\""}]},{"reference":"\"To Investigate Possibility?\". The Moncton Daily Times. 4 July 1959. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://da.tj.news/viewer?opub=The_Moncton_Daily_Times&date=19590704&page=2&search=pilot%20ship&filename=0541_MDT_A8289","url_text":"\"To Investigate Possibility?\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 392. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 237. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"WWI Standard Built Ships L - W\". Mariners. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/WWIStandardShipsL-W.htm#L-M-N","url_text":"\"WWI Standard Built Ships L - W\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish Ship Sinks After Collision\". The Times. No. 53745. London. 22 January 1957. col E, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"East & West Steamship Co\". 8 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakistan-national-shipping.blogspot.de/2013/05/east-west-steamship-co.html?m=1","url_text":"\"East & West Steamship Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"SS Minocher Cowasjee (+1957)\". Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?141260","url_text":"\"SS Minocher Cowasjee (+1957)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kalenderblatt 2017: 24. Januar)\". Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?141260","url_text":"\"Kalenderblatt 2017: 24. Januar)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53756. London. 4 February 1957. col G, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sea Accidents and Losses\". Danish Naval History. Retrieved 24 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://navalhistory.dk/English/Timeline/AccidentsAndLosses.htm","url_text":"\"Sea Accidents and Losses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cargo Liner Aground Twice in Mersey\". The Times. No. 53750. London. 28 January 1957. col D, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Steamer Sunk\". The Times. No. 53757. London. 5 September 1957. col F, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, Barry. \"Robert Limbrick\". Milford Trawlers. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.llangibby.eclipse.co.uk/accidents%20&%20incidents/robert_limbrick.htm","url_text":"\"Robert Limbrick\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Ship Sinks in Gale\". The Times. No. 53761. London. 9 February 1957. col D, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea\". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wreckhunter.net/DataPages/chelsea-dat.htm","url_text":"\"Chelsea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picture Gallery\". The Times. No. 53771. London. 21 February 1957. col A-D, p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Iron Ore Ship Saved\". The Times. No. 53774. London. 25 February 1957. col D, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship Sinks After Collision\". The Times. No. 53775. London. 23 February 1957. col A, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Ship Feared Lost Near China\". The Times. No. 53776. London. 27 February 1957. col D, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Ship's Crew Safe in China\". The Times. No. 53777. London. 28 February 1957. col A, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53777. London. 28 February 1957. col G, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Damage to French Liner\". The Times. No. 53779. London. 2 March 1957. col G, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Picture Gallery\". The Times. No. 53784. London. 8 March 1957. col C, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53785. London. 9 March 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kerma\". The Yard. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=830","url_text":"\"Kerma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53797. London. 23 March 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Five Lost in Fog Collision\". The Times. No. 53808. London. 5 April 1957. col D, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich (1993). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German). Vol. 8/I: Flußfahrzeuge, Ujäger, Vorpostenboote, Hilfsminensucher, Küstenschutzverbände (Teil 1). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. p. 213. ISBN 3-7637-4807-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4807-5","url_text":"3-7637-4807-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindesnaes Wreck: SwAM undertakes colossal oil removal operation\". Seanews.co.uk. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://seanews.co.uk/features/lindesnas-wreck-swam-undertakes-colossal-oil-removal-operation/","url_text":"\"Lindesnaes Wreck: SwAM undertakes colossal oil removal operation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Killed in Tug Explosion\". The Times. No. 53818. London. 17 April 1957. col G, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mersey Tug Sunk in Collision\". The Times. No. 53821. London. 22 April 1957. col B, p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sunken Tug Blocks Montreal\". The Times. No. 53825. London. 26 April 1957. col F, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jordan, Roger (1999). The World's Merchant Ships 1939. London: Chatham House. p. 15. ISBN 1 86176 023 X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1_86176_023_X","url_text":"1 86176 023 X"}]},{"reference":"\"Pluto (5607700)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 19 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5607700","url_text":"\"Pluto (5607700)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Maria\". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?192630","url_text":"\"Maria\""}]},{"reference":"\"( Ship Collision in Brittany ) video newsreel film\". Pathé. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=66702","url_text":"\"( Ship Collision in Brittany ) video newsreel film\""}]},{"reference":"\"11 Killed at Sea\". The Times. No. 53872. London. 20 June 1957. col A, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stony Point\". Auke Visser. Retrieved 3 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aukevisser.nl/t2tanker/id733.htm","url_text":"\"Stony Point\""}]},{"reference":"\"Failure to Refloat Former Destroyer\". The Times. No. 53930. London. 27 August 1957. col B, p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Liner Aground\". The Times. No. 53888. London. 9 July 1957. col F, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Reina Del Pacifico Refloated\". The Times. No. 53891. London. 12 July 1957. col F, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53903. London. 26 July 1957. col D, p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53898. London. 20 July 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Ship Aground\". The Times. No. 53901. London. 24 July 1957. col E, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jan van Brakel\". netherlandsnavy.nl. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/index.html","url_text":"\"Jan van Brakel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fire-damaged Tanker Sinks\". The Times. No. 53926. London. 22 August 1957. col D-E, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв [They died without a fight. Catastrophes of Russian ships of the XVIII-XX centuries] (in Russian). Veche.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read","url_text":"Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв"}]},{"reference":"\"River Collision Near Buenos Aires\". The Times. No. 53932. London. 29 August 1957. col E, p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Argentine Ferry Disaster\". The Times. No. 53933. London. 30 August 2011. col C, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lane, Anthony (2009). Shipwrecks of Kent. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 33, 77, 100–01, 125. ISBN 978-0-7524-1720-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1720-2","url_text":"978-0-7524-1720-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53929. London. 26 August 2011. col G, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Destroyer Aground in Harbour\". The Times. No. 53938. London. 5 September 1957. col F, p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Aida Cargo Ship (1911-1957)\". Wrecksite. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?14335","url_text":"\"Aida Cargo Ship (1911-1957)\""}]},{"reference":"\"U-1057\". Uboat. Retrieved 27 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/boats/u1057.htm","url_text":"\"U-1057\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belleville\". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wreckhunter.net/DataPages/belleville-dat.htm","url_text":"\"Belleville\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Liner Aground\". The Times. No. 53956. London. 26 September 1957. col D, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British Ship Aground in Rhine\". The Times. No. 53957. London. 27 September 1957. col F, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 453. 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Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/LibShipsJ-Ji.html","url_text":"\"Liberty Ships - J to Ji\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 338. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53979. London. 23 October 1957. col G, p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship Sinks After Collision\". The Times. No. 53980. London. 24 October 1957. col F, p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 53982. London. 26 October 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shillong\". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102829","url_text":"\"Shillong\""}]},{"reference":"\"47 Rescued from Japanese Ship\". The Times. No. 53973. London. 16 October 1957. col A, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gales Strike New Town in Hertfordshire\". The Times. No. 53990. London. 5 November 1957. col A-E, p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Three Missing After Vessel Sinks\". The Times. No. 53992. London. 7 November 1957. col F, p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Railway Ferry Runs Aground\". The Times. No. 53996. London. 12 November 1957. col F, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"News in Brief\". The Times. No. 54013. London. 2 December 1957. col D, p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Helicopters Fly to Aid Dutch Ship\". The Times. No. 54020. London. 10 December 1957. col C, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 54027. London. 18 December 1957. col D, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 54031. London. 23 December 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Troopship Aground\". The Times. No. 54031. London. 23 December 1957. col A, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 447. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"News in Brief\". The Times. No. 54033. London. 27 December 1957. col E, p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Telegrams in Brief\". The Times. No. 54034. London. 28 December 1957. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"YSD\". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wreckhunter.net/DataPages/ysd-dat.htm","url_text":"\"YSD\""}]},{"reference":"van Amstel, W.H.E. (1991). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikko_Hyyrynen	Mikko Hyyrynen	["1 Career","2 Notes","3 External links"]	Finnish footballer (born 1977) Mikko HyyrynenPersonal informationDate of birth (1977-11-01) 1 November 1977 (age 46)Place of birth Lappeenranta, FinlandHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) StrikerSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2001 FC Lahti 8 (0)2002–2006 TPS 104 (39)2007 MyPa 22 (4)2008–2009 FF Jaro 48 (15)2010–2011 JJK 46 (13)2012–2017 TPS 147 (31)Total 375 (102)International career2005 Finland 2 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals Mikko Hyyrynen (born 1 November 1977) is a Finnish former professional footballer who played as a striker. Career Born in Lappeenranta, Hyyrynen debuted in Veikkausliiga for FC Lahti in 2001 but did not make his real breakthrough into top-flight football until the 2003 season when he was playing for the newly promoted TPS. He stayed at TPS for five seasons before moving on to MyPa and then FF Jaro. In winter 2009 he signed a two-year contract with JJK. He guided his new team to the Finnish League Cup 2010 final, where they lost to FC Honka on penalties. He scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal in a 3–2 win over FC Honka on 23 August 2010. After the 2011 season his contract with JJK expired and he returned to Turku, to sign a one-year contract with TPS, a club which he presented between 2002–2006. Hyyrynen was capped twice for the Finland national team in friendly matches against Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in March 2005 but was not called up later. In October 2017, he announced he would retire from professional football at the end of the season and would play his final match on 21 October. Notes ^ Hyyrynen return to TPS Archived 9 July 2012 at archive.today (in Finnish) ^ International Friendly Matches 2005 RSSSF Retrieved 5 May 2018. ^ Metsälä, Jesse (13 October 2017). "Lappeenrantalaissyntyinen Mikko Hyyrynen lopettaa pelaajauransa". Etelä-Saimaa (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 May 2018. External links Mikko Hyyrynen at National-Football-Teams.com Mikko Hyyrynen at Soccerway Profile on the Veikkausliiga pages at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 September 2008) (in Finnish) Veikkausliiga Hall of Fame (in Finnish) Career stats at metro.co.uk at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 October 2011)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"}],"text":"Mikko Hyyrynen (born 1 November 1977) is a Finnish former professional footballer who played as a striker.","title":"Mikko Hyyrynen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lappeenranta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta"},{"link_name":"Veikkausliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"FC Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lahti"},{"link_name":"TPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"MyPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyPa"},{"link_name":"FF Jaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FF_Jaro"},{"link_name":"JJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Jalkapalloklubi"},{"link_name":"Finnish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"FC Honka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Honka"},{"link_name":"2011 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Finland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Lappeenranta, Hyyrynen debuted in Veikkausliiga for FC Lahti in 2001 but did not make his real breakthrough into top-flight football until the 2003 season when he was playing for the newly promoted TPS. He stayed at TPS for five seasons before moving on to MyPa and then FF Jaro. In winter 2009 he signed a two-year contract with JJK. He guided his new team to the Finnish League Cup 2010 final, where they lost to FC Honka on penalties. He scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal in a 3–2 win over FC Honka on 23 August 2010.After the 2011 season his contract with JJK expired and he returned to Turku, to sign a one-year contract with TPS, a club which he presented between 2002–2006.[1]Hyyrynen was capped twice for the Finland national team in friendly matches against Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in March 2005 but was not called up later.[2]In October 2017, he announced he would retire from professional football at the end of the season and would play his final match on 21 October.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hyyrynen return to TPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fc.tps.fi/hyyrynen_ja_ristola_palaavat.1655.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120709062548/http://fc.tps.fi/hyyrynen_ja_ristola_palaavat.1655.html"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"International Friendly Matches 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesf/friend-intres2005.html"},{"link_name":"RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lappeenrantalaissyntyinen Mikko Hyyrynen lopettaa pelaajauransa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//esaimaa.fi/uutiset/urheilu/7c04d729-720c-4d50-ae48-d0c75ceb89ec"}],"text":"^ Hyyrynen return to TPS Archived 9 July 2012 at archive.today (in Finnish)\n\n^ International Friendly Matches 2005 RSSSF Retrieved 5 May 2018.\n\n^ Metsälä, Jesse (13 October 2017). \"Lappeenrantalaissyntyinen Mikko Hyyrynen lopettaa pelaajauransa\". Etelä-Saimaa (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 May 2018.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Metsälä, Jesse (13 October 2017). \"Lappeenrantalaissyntyinen Mikko Hyyrynen lopettaa pelaajauransa\". Etelä-Saimaa (in Finnish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton_Records	Tetragrammaton Records	["1 History","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Defunct American record label co-founded by Bill Cosby This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Tetragrammaton Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) Tetragrammaton RecordsFounded1968FounderRoy Silver, Bruce Post Campbell, Marvin Deane & Bill CosbyDefunct1970Country of originUnited States Tetragrammaton Records was an American record label founded in 1968 by music industry executives Roy Silver, Bruce Post Campbell, Marvin Deane, and comedian Bill Cosby. Silver, at the time, was also Cosby's manager. The term "Tetragrammaton" refers to the Hebrew name of God considered by some to be unspeakable (YHWH, or "Yahweh", translated as "Jehovah" in English). The label's most successful act was rock band Deep Purple. History Tetragrammaton was also responsible for releasing the controversial 1968 Apple Records album, Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins in the United States. This avant-garde album was recorded by John Lennon and Yoko Ono and featured nude photos of the pair on the front and back cover. Tetragrammaton stepped in as distributor after Capitol Records, the usual US distributor for Apple and the Beatles, refused the album, citing a possible negative response from retailers. The Lennon/Ono album was also declared to be pornography by some authorities. Tetragrammaton went into financial difficulties, which may have been related to the distribution of the Lennon/Ono album. Approximately 30,000 copies of the record were seized by police at a warehouse in New Jersey. The records were held as evidence in a court case, which made it impossible for the label to sell them at the time. Bill Cosby's 1969 stand-up comedy album, 8:15 12:15, was also released by the label, as were two albums by comedian Murray Roman, You Can't Beat People Up & Have Them Say I Love You and A Blind Man's Movie. A number of the label's projects were left unissued. Among these were a second album by singer songwriter Elyse Weinberg, and an album by Memphis musician Captain Milk (real name, Edwin Hubbard) who described himself as a "flute picker". Tetragrammaton did however release a single of the Lennon/McCartney song "Hey Jude" from the Captain Milk recording sessions. An English rock band named Bodast also recorded an unreleased album for Tetragrammaton in 1968. The group featured guitarist Steve Howe, later a member of Yes. The Bodast recordings were first released in 1981 by Cherry Red Records. Despite having several popular artists on its roster, Tetragrammaton ceased trading after declaring bankruptcy in 1970. In 1972, Deep Purple's new label, Warner Bros. Records (also Cosby's former label), reissued various tracks from the group's first three Tetragrammaton albums on one compilation album entitled Purple Passages. In Canada, some of Tetragrammaton's releases were manufactured and distributed by the Canadian division of Polydor Records, which also issued several Canada-only Deep Purple compilations after Tetragrammaton's demise. Tetragrammaton's co-founder, Marvin Deane, died of heart failure on August 16, 2010, in Los Angeles, California, at age 79. Discography T-101 – You Can't Beat People Up and Have Them Say I Love You – Murray Roman T-102 – Shades of Deep Purple – Deep Purple T-103 – The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side – Biff Rose T-104 – Ivory – Ivory T-105 – Let Me Show You the Way – Bobby Paris T-106 – Together Again for the First Time – Carol Burnett & Martha Raye T-107 – The Book of Taliesyn – Deep Purple T-110 – Both Sides Now – Johnstons T-111 – Relight My Fire – Rhetta Hughes T-112 – Sweet Thursday – Sweet Thursday T-113 – Tom Ghent – Tom Ghent T-114 – Summerhill – Summerhill T-116 – Children of Light – Biff Rose T-117 – Elyse – Elyse Weinberg T-118 – Departure – Pat Boone T-119 – Deep Purple – Deep Purple T-120 – Blind Man's Movie – Murray Roman T-123 – The Mother of Us All – Steve Baron Quartet T-124 – Hello Love – Gene & Francesca T-125 – Joshua Fox – Joshua Fox T-12? – Greasepaint Smile – Elyse Weinberg T-131 – Concerto for Group and Orchestra – Deep Purple T-5000 – The Girl on a Motorcycle (Soundtrack) – Douglas Gamley & British Lion Orchestra Apple/Tetragrammaton T-5001 – Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins – John Lennon & Yoko Ono T-5002 – Quatrain – Quatrain T-5003 – Mark Slade's New Hat – Mark Slade T-5006 – Che! (soundtrack) – Lalo Schifrin T-5007 – The Chairman (Soundtrack) – Jerry Goldsmith TD-5100 – 8:15 12:15 – Bill Cosby TD-5101 – Once Upon a Time – Kingston Trio TDL 5200 – The Great White Hope (Original Cast) – Charles Gross & Cast See also List of record labels References ^ a b Thedeadrockstarsclub.com - accessed August 2010 External links Discography from BSN Pubs vteBill CosbyFilmographyDiscographyIn advertisingList of awardsList of honorary degreesSexual assault casesComedy albums Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow...Right! (1963) I Started Out as a Child (1964) Why Is There Air? (1965) Wonderfulness (1966) Revenge (1967) To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With (1968) 200 M.P.H. (1968) It's True! It's True! (1969) 8:15 12:15 (1969) Sports (1969) Live: Madison Square Garden Center (1970) When I Was a Kid (1971) For Adults Only (1971) Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby (1972) Fat Albert (1973) My Father Confused Me... What Must I Do? What Must I Do? (1977) Bill's Best Friend (1978) Bill Cosby: Himself (1982) Those of You with or Without Children, You'll Understand (1986) Oh, Baby! (1991) Music albums Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967) Bill Cosby Sings Hooray for the Salvation Army Band! (1968) Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band (1971) Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs (1971) Bill Cosby Presents Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band (1972) At Last Bill Cosby Really Sings (1974) Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days (1976) Disco Bill (1977) State of Emergency (2009) Compilations The Best of Bill Cosby (1969) More of the Best of Bill Cosby (1970) Bill (1973) Down Under (1975) Singles "Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)" (1967) Television The Bill Cosby Show (1969–71) The New Bill Cosby Show (1972-73) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (1972–85) Cos (1976) The Cosby Show (1984–92) A Different World (1987–93) The Cosby Mysteries (1994–95) Cosby (1996–2000) Little Bill (1999–2004) Fatherhood (2004–05) Stand-up comedyfilms and specials Himself (1983) Bill Cosby 77 (unreleased) Family Camille Cosby Ennis Cosby Erika Cosby Related articles Fatherhood (1986) Pound Cake speech (2004) Tetragrammaton Records Collection of African-American art Andrea Constand lawsuit Trial We Need to Talk About Cosby (2022) Authority control databases Artists MusicBrainz Other MusicBrainz label	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"name of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead-1"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"}],"text":"Tetragrammaton Records was an American record label founded in 1968 by music industry executives Roy Silver, Bruce Post Campbell, Marvin Deane, and comedian Bill Cosby. Silver, at the time, was also Cosby's manager. The term \"Tetragrammaton\" refers to the Hebrew name of God considered by some to be unspeakable (YHWH, or \"Yahweh\", translated as \"Jehovah\" in English). [1] The label's most successful act was rock band Deep Purple.","title":"Tetragrammaton Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records"},{"link_name":"Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Music_No._1:_Two_Virgins"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"8:15 12:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8:15_12:15"},{"link_name":"Murray Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Roman"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"Bodast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodast"},{"link_name":"Steve Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Howe_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Purple Passages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Passages"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dead-1"}],"text":"Tetragrammaton was also responsible for releasing the controversial 1968 Apple Records album, Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins in the United States. This avant-garde album was recorded by John Lennon and Yoko Ono and featured nude photos of the pair on the front and back cover. Tetragrammaton stepped in as distributor after Capitol Records, the usual US distributor for Apple and the Beatles, refused the album, citing a possible negative response from retailers.The Lennon/Ono album was also declared to be pornography by some authorities. Tetragrammaton went into financial difficulties, which may have been related to the distribution of the Lennon/Ono album. Approximately 30,000 copies of the record were seized by police at a warehouse in New Jersey. The records were held as evidence in a court case, which made it impossible for the label to sell them at the time.Bill Cosby's 1969 stand-up comedy album, 8:15 12:15, was also released by the label, as were two albums by comedian Murray Roman, You Can't Beat People Up & Have Them Say I Love You and A Blind Man's Movie.A number of the label's projects were left unissued. Among these were a second album by singer songwriter Elyse Weinberg, and an album by Memphis musician Captain Milk (real name, Edwin Hubbard) who described himself as a \"flute picker\". Tetragrammaton did however release a single of the Lennon/McCartney song \"Hey Jude\" from the Captain Milk recording sessions. An English rock band named Bodast also recorded an unreleased album for Tetragrammaton in 1968. The group featured guitarist Steve Howe, later a member of Yes. The Bodast recordings were first released in 1981 by Cherry Red Records.Despite having several popular artists on its roster, Tetragrammaton ceased trading after declaring bankruptcy in 1970. In 1972, Deep Purple's new label, Warner Bros. Records (also Cosby's former label), reissued various tracks from the group's first three Tetragrammaton albums on one compilation album entitled Purple Passages. In Canada, some of Tetragrammaton's releases were manufactured and distributed by the Canadian division of Polydor Records, which also issued several Canada-only Deep Purple compilations after Tetragrammaton's demise.Tetragrammaton's co-founder, Marvin Deane, died of heart failure on August 16, 2010, in Los Angeles, California, at age 79.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shades of Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"The Book of Taliesyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Taliesyn"},{"link_name":"Elyse Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyse_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple_(Deep_Purple_album)"},{"link_name":"Concerto for Group and Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_for_Group_and_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Che! (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che!_(1969_film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"8:15 12:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8:15_12:15"},{"link_name":"The Great White Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_White_Hope"}],"text":"T-101 – You Can't Beat People Up and Have Them Say I Love You – Murray Roman [1968]\nT-102 – Shades of Deep Purple – Deep Purple [7/68]\nT-103 – The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side – Biff Rose [1968]\nT-104 – Ivory – Ivory [1968]\nT-105 – Let Me Show You the Way – Bobby Paris [1968]\nT-106 – Together Again for the First Time – Carol Burnett & Martha Raye [1968]\nT-107 – The Book of Taliesyn – Deep Purple [11/68]\nT-110 – Both Sides Now – Johnstons [1968]\nT-111 – Relight My Fire – Rhetta Hughes [1969]\nT-112 – Sweet Thursday – Sweet Thursday [1969]\nT-113 – Tom Ghent – Tom Ghent [1969]\nT-114 – Summerhill – Summerhill [1968]\nT-116 – Children of Light – Biff Rose [1969]\nT-117 – Elyse – Elyse Weinberg [6/1/69]\nT-118 – Departure – Pat Boone [1969]\nT-119 – Deep Purple – Deep Purple [6/69]\nT-120 – Blind Man's Movie – Murray Roman [1969]\nT-123 – The Mother of Us All – Steve Baron Quartet [1969]\nT-124 – Hello Love [aka Gene and Francesca] – Gene & Francesca [1969]\nT-125 – Joshua Fox – Joshua Fox [1969]\nT-12? – Greasepaint Smile – Elyse Weinberg [unissued]\nT-131 – Concerto for Group and Orchestra – Deep Purple [1969]\nT-5000 – The Girl on a Motorcycle (Soundtrack) – Douglas Gamley & British Lion Orchestra [1969]\nApple/Tetragrammaton T-5001 – Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins – John Lennon & Yoko Ono [01/1969]\nT-5002 – Quatrain – Quatrain [1969]\nT-5003 – Mark Slade's New Hat – Mark Slade [1968]\nT-5006 – Che! (soundtrack) – Lalo Schifrin [1969]\nT-5007 – The Chairman (Soundtrack) – Jerry Goldsmith [1969]\nTD-5100 – 8:15 12:15 – Bill Cosby [1969]\nTD-5101 – Once Upon a Time – Kingston Trio [1969]\nTDL 5200 – The Great White Hope (Original Cast) – Charles Gross & Cast [1969]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetragrammaton_Records&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22","external_links_name":"\"Tetragrammaton Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tetragrammaton+Records%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2010b.html","external_links_name":"Thedeadrockstarsclub.com"},{"Link":"http://bsnpubs.com/la/tetragrammaton/tetragrammaton.html","external_links_name":"Discography from BSN Pubs"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/57769907-6610-45f1-bd10-d50547c09a43","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/67467bf0-26ce-4036-a4fa-a80c45eaf05e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_roller_coaster	Virtual reality roller coaster	["1 Background and history","2 Technical solutions","3 Experience","4 Operation","5 Appearances","6 References"]	Type of roller coaster A virtual reality roller coaster is a special kind of amusement park ride attraction, consisting of a roller coaster facility or ride that can be experienced with virtual reality headsets. The setup has been widely said to have been invented by Thomas Wagner, who has also produced most of the worldwide installations with his company VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG since late 2015. The concept of a "virtual reality" coaster was tested first in 2004 with the Galaxie Express at Space Park Bremen in Bremen, Germany. Since then, several theme parks all over the world have been adapting this technology to extend their existing coaster facilities. Background and history A train of the Superman – The Ride virtual reality roller coaster at the Six Flags New England theme park. Riders are wearing Gear VR virtual reality headsets.While virtual reality roller coaster simulations quickly became quite popular after the appearance of the Oculus Rift, it showed that dizziness and motion sickness, known as virtual reality sickness, would be a major problem. This was caused by the offset between the simulated motion in virtual reality and the lack of real motion, as the inner sense of balance wouldn't feel the appropriate forces and turns. In order to test if this could be overcome by synchronizing virtual reality movement to real motion, a research group of the University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, led by Thomas Wagner, together with roller coaster manufacturer Mack Rides and Europa-Park, has been conducting experiments on actual roller coaster facilities since early 2014. It showed that, with a precise synchronization, not only the nausea would disappear, but also a new kind of attraction was created as, for the first time, this setup allowed for a simulation ride to feature continuous G forces, zero gravity and drops (or so-called air time). Still, the technical setup of the 2014 experiments was not feasible yet for a permanent installation. Most of all, mounting a computer on a coaster train would not have worked due to the continuous heavy vibrations; also the usual cable connection of a classical virtual reality headset like the Oculus Rift would have meant a serious safety hazard. Wagner and his team could eventually overcome these problems by deploying so called mobile virtual reality headsets like the Samsung Gear VR, where the entire image generation happens directly inside of the actual headset. The very first virtual reality roller coaster installations have been opened to the public in late 2015, starting at Europa-Park, Germany, followed by Canada's Wonderland and Universal Studios Japan, all of them developed by the startup company VR Coaster, which originated from Wagners Research Group. In 2014, another startup called Astral Vision presented a wearable technology prototype for theme park rides that uses mobile phone sensors and does not require additional sensors. As of June 2016, 17 theme parks worldwide were operating virtual reality roller coasters. Technical solutions Key to a comfortable virtual reality experience on an actual moving ride attraction is a precise synchronization of the virtual ride animation. To achieve this, the coaster train is equipped with special hardware that monitors the position of the train in the track layout and then wirelessly transmits this information to the headsets of the riders. This is also crucial, as the virtual reality experience needs to run in absolute tracking mode (unlike relative tracking when used at home, where the virtual reality view automatically rotates with a virtual vehicle), so without a precise tracking solution, curves and turns would not be in the right place. In other words, a virtual cockpit must always turn and travel in exactly the same direction as the real coaster car, which would not be possible without an automated synchronization. Still, as the human sense of balance can't detect absolute velocities but only acceleration and turns, speed and dimensions can be altered in virtual reality. Even curves can be bent to different angles, as long as the relative direction of the turn is preserved (clockwise or counterclockwise). Experience As virtual reality allows for several modifications and extensions of the actual track layout, the size of the virtual reality track can be much larger than the real one. This of course means that speeds can be much faster and heights much taller, as these aspects also grow with the increased dimensions. Most of all, there is no need to show an actual track or rails (which would give away what element comes next), other than for dramaturgical reasons. As the rider is totally immersed in the virtual reality world, one can even be tricked by giving hints on a wrong track direction and then e.g. have a giant creature grabbing the virtual cockpit and carrying it into a different direction (which turns out to be the actual direction of the rails). Also, the effect of physical track elements like block brakes can be utilized in the virtual reality experience for dramatic elements like crashing through a virtual barrier or building. Riders report after their first virtual reality roller coaster ride that it is unlike anything they have ever experienced before. Operation Riders are provided with virtual reality headsets to wear whilst on the ride. These headsets may be portable, or permanently attached to the ride itself and will display a synchronised video to the riders who experience the motions of the ride combined with the alternate reality provided through the headsets. After the ride, headsets are sanitised and (where applicable) recharged for future use. In most cases, the virtual reality aspect of the ride is optional, and in some cases a supplement may be required for use. Appearances In Operation? Name Name of Roller Coaster Type Duration Length in Meters VR optional? Opening Roller Coaster Manufacturer VR Developer Park Country City, Region Note N Galaxie Express Galaxie Express Powered Coaster 499 February 2004 Mack Rides Germany Bremen, Bremen Test concept of a "virtual reality" coaster. Y Alpenexpress Coastiality Alpenexpress Enzian Powered Coaster 1:40 264 Y 5/19 VR-Rows September 17, 2015 Mack Rides MackMedia and VR Coaster Europa-Park Germany Rust, Baden-Württemberg Y Thunder Run VR Thunder Run Powered Coaster 1:24 330.1 Y October 3, 2015 Mack Rides VR Coaster Canada's Wonderland Canada Vaughan, Ontario Y VR Coaster Freedom Flyer Suspended Family Coaster 1:00 395 Y November 16, 2015 Vekoma VR Coaster Fun Spot America United States Orlando, Florida VR Demonstration at IAAPA 2015 Y Universal Studios Japan XR Rides Space Fantasy: The Ride Spinning Coaster 2:35 585 Y January 14, 2016 Mack Rides VR Coaster Universal Studios Japan Japan Osaka, Osaka Japan's first rollercoaster fully dedicated to Virtual Reality N Galactic Attack Virtual Reality Coaster Shock Wave Sit-Down Coaster 2:00 1097.3 Y March 10, 2016 Schwarzkopf VR Coaster Six Flags Over Texas United States Arlington, Texas N Galactic Attack Virtual Reality Coaster Dare Devil Dive Sit-Down Coaster 639.8 Y March 12, 2016 Gerstlauer Amusement Rides VR Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States Austell, Georgia N Pegasus Coastiality Pegasus Youngstar Coaster 1:30 400 Y 4/10 VR-Rows March 17, 2016 Mack Rides Ambient Entertainment, VR Coaster and MackMedia Europa-Park Germany Rust, Baden-Württemberg Y Dinolino's VR-Ride Familienachterbahn Sit-Down Coaster 1:25 222 Y March 19, 2016 Zierer VR Coaster Erlebnispark Schloss Thurn Germany Heroldsbach, Bayern N Galactica Air Flying Coaster 1:40 840 Y March 24, 2016 Bolliger & Mabillard Figment Productions Alton Towers Resort United Kingdom Alton, Staffordshire Moorlands N Galactic Attack Virtual Reality Coaster New Revolution Sit-Down Coaster 2:12 1053.7 Y March 25, 2016 Schwarzkopf VR Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States Valencia, California Y Mount Mara Revolution Sit-Down Coaster 2:20 720 Y March 26, 2016 Vekoma VR Coaster Bobbejaanland Belgium Lichtaart, Antwerp Y Linnunrata eXtra Linnunrata Sit-Down Coaster 0:50 360 Y May 1, 2016 Zierer VR Coaster Linnanmäki Finland Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland N The New Revolution Virtual Reality Coaster Goliath Hyper Coaster 1231 Y May 19, 2016 Bolliger & Mabillard VR Coaster La Ronde Canada Montréal, Québec N Iron Dragon Iron Dragon Suspended Coaster 2:00 853 Y May 24, 2016 Arrow Dynamics VR Coaster Cedar Point United States Sandusky, Ohio N Galactic Attack Virtual Reality Coaster Ninja Sit-Down Coaster 2:00 740.7 Y May 24, 2016 Vekoma VR Coaster Six Flags St. Louis United States Eureka, Missouri N SUPERMAN Ride of Steel Virtual Reality Coaster Superman - Ride of Steel Mega Coaster 2:10 1630.7 Y June 8, 2016 Intamin Amusement Rides VR Coaster Six Flags America United States Upper Marlboro, Maryland N SUPERMAN Krypton Coaster Virtual Reality Coaster Superman Krypton Coaster Floorless Coaster 2:35 1226.8 Y June 8, 2016 Bolliger & Mabillard VR Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas United States San Antonio, Texas N SUPERMAN The Ride Virtual Reality Coaster Superman the Ride Mega Coaster 2:35 1645.9 Y June 9, 2016 Intamin Amusement Rides VR Coaster Six Flags New England United States Agawam, Massachusetts N The New Revolution Virtual Reality Coaster Steamin' Demon Sit-Down Coaster 0:37 477 Y June 20, 2016 Arrow Dynamics VR Coaster Great Escape United States Queensbury, New York Y Olandese Volante Olandese Volante Mine Train 2.30 681 Y June 25, 2016 Vekoma Moviemex3D Rainbow Magic Land Italy Valmontone (Rome) First Italian VR Coaster N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Demon Sit-Down Coaster 1:45 649 Y August 10, 2016 Arrow Dynamics VR Coaster Six Flags Great America United States Gurnee, Illinois N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Skull Mountain Sit-Down Coaster 1:24 420 Y September 20, 2016 Intamin Amusement Rides VR Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States Jackson, New Jersey N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Kong Suspended Looping Coaster 1:36 689 Y September 22, 2016 Vekoma VR Coaster Six Flags Discovery Kingdom United States Vallejo, California N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Shock Wave Sit-Down Coaster 2:00 1097.3 Y Schwarzkopf VR Coaster Six Flags Over Texas United States Arlington, Texas N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Ninja Sit-Down Coaster 2:00 740.7 Y Vekoma VR Coaster Six Flags St. Louis United States Eureka, Missouri N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Dare Devil Dive Sit-Down Coaster 639.8 Y Gerstlauer Amusement Rides VR Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States Austell, Georgia N Rage of the Gargoyles: Virtual Reality Coaster Goliath Hyper Coaster 1231 Y Bolliger & Mabillard VR Coaster La Ronde Canada Montréal, Québec Y Freedom Flyer 2.0 Freedom Flyer Suspended Family Coaster 1:00 395 Y November 16, 2016 Vekoma VR Coaster Fun Spot America United States Orlando, Florida N Santa's Wild Sleigh Ride The New Revolution Sit-Down Coaster 2:12 1053.7 Y November 19, 2016 Schwarzkopf VR Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States Valencia, California Christmas Special N SHAMAN Magic Mountain (roller coaster) Sit-Down Coaster 2:00 700 Y 2017 Vekoma Figment Productions Gardaland Italy Castelnuovo del Garda, Veneto Y Arkham Asylum Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy Suspended Looping Coaster 1:42 765 Y 2016-17 Vekoma VR Coaster Warner Bros. Movie World Australia Gold Coast, Queensland Y Evangelion XR Ride Space Fantasy - The Ride Sit-Down Coaster 585 Y January 13, 2017 Mack Rides VR Coaster Universal Studios Japan Japan Osaka, Osaka This ride is a part of the "Universal Cool Japan 2017" event, concluded on June 25, 2017. Y Dæmonen Virtual Reality Dæmonen Floorless Coaster 1:46 564 Y April 6, 2017 Bolliger & Mabillard VR Coaster Tivoli Gardens Denmark Copenhagen Y Tren de la Mina VR Coaster Tren de la Mina Sit-Down Coaster 1:46 564 Y May 20, 2017 Gerstlauer Amusement Rides GmbH VR Coaster Parque de Atracciones de Madrid Spain Madrid Y Astral Vision WindstarZ Family Rides 2:01 480 Y March, 2017 Zamperla Astral Vision Luna Park United States New York N Master Thai VR Coaster Master Thai Sit-Down Coaster 2:10 Y May 20, 2017 Preston & Barbieri VR Coaster Mirabilandia Italy Savio Y Titan VR Coaster Titan Sit-Down Coaster 1:20 823 Y January 14, 2017 Sansei Technologies VR Coaster Selva Mágica Mexico Guadalajara N Galactic Attack: Mind Eraser Virtual Reality Coaster Mind Eraser Suspended Looping Coaster 1:36 689 Y May 20, 2017 Vekoma VR Coaster Six Flags New England United States Agawam N Galactic Attack: Mind Eraser Virtual Reality Coaster Mind Eraser Suspended Looping Coaster 1:36 689 Y May 20, 2017 Vekoma VR Coaster Six Flags America United States Upper Marlboro Y Joyride Virtual Reality Coaster Joyride Sit-Down Coaster 1:15 280 Y May 20, 2017 L&T Systems VR Coaster Powerland Finland Kauhava Y French Revolution 2.0 VR French Revolution Sit-Down Coaster 1:45 Y November 26, 2016 Vekoma VR Coaster Lotte World South Korea Seoul Y Batman: Arkham Asylum VR Coaster Batman: Arkham Asylum Inverted Coaster 1:20 823 Y May 20, 2017 Bolliger & Mabillard VR Coaster Parque Warner Madrid Spain Madrid Y Steampunk Hunters Western-Expressen Sit-Down Coaster 1:15 335 Y April 22, 2017 Vekoma VR Coaster Tusenfryd Norway Vinterbro, Akershus Y Gletscherblitz Gletscherblitz Powered Coaster Y March 24, 2018 Mack Rides VR Coaster Steinwasen Park Germany Oberried, Baden-Württemberg Y Dream Catcher VR Dream Catcher Swinging Turns 2:44 600 Y June 23, 2018 Vekoma VR Coaster Bobbejaanland Belgium Lichtaart, Antwerp Y Eurosat Coastiality Eurosat - CanCan Coaster Indoor roller coaster 3:20 900 Y September 13, 2018 Mack Rides MackMedia and VR Coaster Europa-Park Germany Rust, Baden-Württemberg Coaster features separate stations for VR and non VR ride on the same roller coaster. VR riders enter the coaster train with VR headset already on. Y Den Hemmelige Verden Viktor Vandorm Sit-Down Coaster 750 Y 2018 Zierer VR Coaster BonBon-Land Denmark Holme-Olstrup, Sjælland Y Virtual Express Tibidabo Express Powered Coaster N 2017 Zamperla VR Coaster Tibidabo Spain Barcelona Similar film about "Schloss Balthasar" as at Europa-Park Y Crazy Bats Crazy Bats Enclosed roller coaster 4:00 1300 Y June 25, 2019 Vekoma Ambient Entertainment Phantasialand Germany Brühl Film about the three bats from the German film Monster Family Y Wilde Maus Wilde Maus XXL Wild Mouse 2:30 585 Y Mack Rides VR Coaster Traveling Germany Y VR Rollercoaster (高空VR过山车) VR Rollercoaster (高空VR过山车) Junior Coaster 320 Y 1996 Vekoma Oriental Pearl Tower People's Republic of China Shanghai Y Hurricane 360 Hurricane 360 VR Youngstar Coaster 2:11 400 Y Mack Rides Ambient Entertainment, DOF Robotics, VR Coaster and MackMedia Chimelong Paradise People's Republic of China Guangzhou The same film which has formerly been used at Pegasus at Europa-Park References ^ "VR-Coaster wird zum Trend – in Europa und Übersee". Airtimers. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ "Espacenet - Bibliographic data". worldwide.espacenet.com. Retrieved 2020-12-28. ^ "Europa Park in Germany launches world's first VR Coaster". behind the thrills. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ MacDonald, Brady (17 September 2015). "Get ready for virtual reality coasters to become a real-world reality". La Times. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ "Space Park Bremen Opens in Germany". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 2024-02-11. ^ Parkes, Sarah (December 1, 2004). "A galactic letdown: The promise of leaving Earth for a day wasn't enough to save the Space Center Bremen". ^ Murphy, Mike (11 June 2016). "The future of fear: VR rollercoasters are coming". Quartz. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Clark, Kristen (23 March 2016). "Virtual Reality Roller Coasters Are Here (and Everywhere)". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ "Oculus Rift VR Motion Sickness". Rift Info. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Pappas, Stephanie (20 April 2016). "Why Does Virtual Reality Make Some People Sick?". Live Science. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Dent, Steve (29 August 2014). "Oculus Rift Turns Rollercoaster Into Virtual Shooter". Engadget. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Janssen, Jan-Keno (18 September 2015). "Ausprobiert: Mit VR-Brille auf dem Kopf Achterbahn fahren". c´t. Retrieved 12 June 2016. ^ MacDonald, Brady (15 December 2015). "Virtual reality rides set to invade theme parks in 2016". La Times. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Anstey, Tom (15 January 2016). "Universal debuts company's first VR coaster at Japanese park". Attractions Management. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "The VR Coaster Team". VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "Astral Vision". www.astral-v.com. Retrieved 2018-07-03. ^ Popper, Ben (15 June 2016). "Adding virtual reality to a roller coaster sounds dumb, but works amazingly well". The Verge. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ a b Pitcher, Jenna (28 August 2014). "Oculus Rift Melds With a Real-Life Roller Coaster Ride". IGN. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Levine, Arthur (24 March 2016). "Six Flags VR coasters: Watch how it works". USA Today. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ "Upgrade your Coaster". VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Sheikh, Knvul (1 April 2016). "Are You Ready for America's 1st Virtual-Reality Roller Coasters?". Live Science. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Clark, Patrick (24 May 2016). "Six Flags reinvents older roller coaster with new VR technology". FOX 2. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Hamasaki, Sonya (1 April 2016). "Take a ride on a virtual reality roller coaster". CNN. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ Franco, Michael (25 May 2016). "Here's what it's like to ride a virtual reality roller coaster". Gizmag. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "Superman The Ride VR Coaster Media Day Six Flags New England". Theme Park Review. 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "Alpenexpress Enzian - Europa Park (Rust, Baden Wuerttemberg, Germany)". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ epfans.info Team. "Offizieller Europa-Park Fanclub - Pressekonferenz/Premiere VR-Coaster Alpenexpress". www.epfans.de (in German). Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ "Virtual Reality \| Mack Media". www.mackmedia.de. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09. ^ "Thunder Run - Canada's Wonderland (Vaughan, Ontario, Canada)". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ a b "Freedom Flyer - Fun Spot America (Orlando, Florida, USA)". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu XR Ride - Universal Studios Japan (Osaka, Osaka, Japan)". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ "Universal Studios Japan Opens "Cool Japan"-Themed Attraction Set". Anime News Network (in German). Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン公式 (January 14, 2016). "明日スタート！【ユニバーサル・クールジャパン 2016】特命大使のきゃりーぱみゅぱみゅさんが開会宣言！世界に誇る5大ブランドのアトラクションがいよいよ登場！ #USJ" (Tweet) (in German). Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Twitter. ^ "Erlebnispark Schloss Thurn macht seine Achterbahn 2016 zum Virtual-Reality-Coaster". Parkerlebnis – Freizeitpark-Magazin (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-02-13. ^ "Galactica - Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England, UK)". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ^ "Bobbejaanland's VR Coaster Mount Mara and Immersive Storytelling" (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-06-19. ^ "Linnunrata eXtra – roller coaster". Linnanmäki (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-06-27. Retrieved 2016-06-19. ^ "Steampunk Hunters". Retrieved 25 May 2018. ^ VR Rollercoaster, RCDB. Retrieved 2021-10-03	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"virtual reality headsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Airtimers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wagner_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehindTheThrills-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaTimes1-4"},{"link_name":"Bremen, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEESpectrum-8"}],"text":"A virtual reality roller coaster is a special kind of amusement park ride attraction, consisting of a roller coaster facility or ride that can be experienced with virtual reality headsets.[1] The setup has been widely said to have been invented[2] by Thomas Wagner, who has also produced most of the worldwide installations with his company VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG since late 2015.[3][4] The concept of a \"virtual reality\" coaster was tested first in 2004 with the Galaxie Express at Space Park Bremen in Bremen, Germany.[5][6] Since then, several theme parks all over the world have been adapting this technology to extend their existing coaster facilities.[7][8]","title":"Virtual reality roller coaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VR_Coaster_Train_at_Six_Flags_New_England.jpg"},{"link_name":"Six Flags New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_New_England"},{"link_name":"Oculus Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_Rift"},{"link_name":"virtual reality sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiftInfo-9"},{"link_name":"sense of balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_balance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveScience2-10"},{"link_name":"University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Applied_Sciences,_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wagner_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Mack Rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Rides"},{"link_name":"Europa-Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa-Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget-11"},{"link_name":"air time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-time"},{"link_name":"Samsung Gear VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_VR"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VR_Alpenexpress-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Times-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AttractionsManagement-14"},{"link_name":"VR Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_Coaster"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VR_Coaster_Team-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"wearable technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology"}],"text":"A train of the Superman – The Ride virtual reality roller coaster at the Six Flags New England theme park. Riders are wearing Gear VR virtual reality headsets.While virtual reality roller coaster simulations quickly became quite popular after the appearance of the Oculus Rift, it showed that dizziness and motion sickness, known as virtual reality sickness, would be a major problem.[9] This was caused by the offset between the simulated motion in virtual reality and the lack of real motion, as the inner sense of balance wouldn't feel the appropriate forces and turns.[10] In order to test if this could be overcome by synchronizing virtual reality movement to real motion, a research group of the University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, led by Thomas Wagner, together with roller coaster manufacturer Mack Rides and Europa-Park, has been conducting experiments on actual roller coaster facilities since early 2014.[11] It showed that, with a precise synchronization, not only the nausea would disappear, but also a new kind of attraction was created as, for the first time, this setup allowed for a simulation ride to feature continuous G forces, zero gravity and drops (or so-called air time).Still, the technical setup of the 2014 experiments was not feasible yet for a permanent installation. Most of all, mounting a computer on a coaster train would not have worked due to the continuous heavy vibrations; also the usual cable connection of a classical virtual reality headset like the Oculus Rift would have meant a serious safety hazard. Wagner and his team could eventually overcome these problems by deploying so called mobile virtual reality headsets like the Samsung Gear VR, where the entire image generation happens directly inside of the actual headset. The very first virtual reality roller coaster installations have been opened to the public in late 2015,[12] starting at Europa-Park, Germany, followed by Canada's Wonderland[13] and Universal Studios Japan,[14] all of them developed by the startup company VR Coaster, which originated from Wagners Research Group.[15]In 2014, another startup called Astral Vision[16] presented a wearable technology prototype for theme park rides that uses mobile phone sensors and does not require additional sensors.As of June 2016, 17 theme parks worldwide were operating virtual reality roller coasters.","title":"Background and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Verge-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday2-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VRCoasterHardware-20"},{"link_name":"sense of balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_balance"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiveScience-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxNews-22"}],"text":"Key to a comfortable virtual reality experience on an actual moving ride attraction is a precise synchronization of the virtual ride animation.[17][18] To achieve this, the coaster train is equipped with special hardware that monitors the position of the train in the track layout and then wirelessly transmits this information to the headsets of the riders.[19][18][20] This is also crucial, as the virtual reality experience needs to run in absolute tracking mode (unlike relative tracking when used at home, where the virtual reality view automatically rotates with a virtual vehicle), so without a precise tracking solution, curves and turns would not be in the right place. In other words, a virtual cockpit must always turn and travel in exactly the same direction as the real coaster car, which would not be possible without an automated synchronization. Still, as the human sense of balance can't detect absolute velocities but only acceleration and turns, speed and dimensions can be altered in virtual reality.[21] Even curves can be bent to different angles, as long as the relative direction of the turn is preserved (clockwise or counterclockwise).[22]","title":"Technical solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-23"},{"link_name":"immersed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gizmag-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theme_Park_Review-25"}],"text":"As virtual reality allows for several modifications and extensions of the actual track layout, the size of the virtual reality track can be much larger than the real one.[23] This of course means that speeds can be much faster and heights much taller, as these aspects also grow with the increased dimensions. Most of all, there is no need to show an actual track or rails (which would give away what element comes next), other than for dramaturgical reasons. As the rider is totally immersed in the virtual reality world, one can even be tricked by giving hints on a wrong track direction and then e.g. have a giant creature grabbing the virtual cockpit and carrying it into a different direction (which turns out to be the actual direction of the rails). Also, the effect of physical track elements like block brakes can be utilized in the virtual reality experience for dramatic elements like crashing through a virtual barrier or building.[24] Riders report after their first virtual reality roller coaster ride that it is unlike anything they have ever experienced before.[25]","title":"Experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual reality headsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_headsets"}],"text":"Riders are provided with virtual reality headsets to wear whilst on the ride. These headsets may be portable, or permanently attached to the ride itself and will display a synchronised video to the riders who experience the motions of the ride combined with the alternate reality provided through the headsets. After the ride, headsets are sanitised and (where applicable) recharged for future use.In most cases, the virtual reality aspect of the ride is optional, and in some cases a supplement may be required for use.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"}]	[{"image_text":"A train of the Superman – The Ride virtual reality roller coaster at the Six Flags New England theme park. Riders are wearing Gear VR virtual reality headsets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/VR_Coaster_Train_at_Six_Flags_New_England.jpg/220px-VR_Coaster_Train_at_Six_Flags_New_England.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"VR-Coaster wird zum Trend – in Europa und Übersee\". Airtimers. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://airtimers.com/vr-coaster-wird-zum-trend-in-europa-und-ubersee/0034838/","url_text":"\"VR-Coaster wird zum Trend – in Europa und Übersee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Espacenet - Bibliographic data\". worldwide.espacenet.com. Retrieved 2020-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=3041591A2&KC=A2&FT=D&ND=3&date=20160713&DB=&locale=en_EP","url_text":"\"Espacenet - Bibliographic data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europa Park in Germany launches world's first VR Coaster\". behind the thrills. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://behindthethrills.com/2015/09/europa-park-in-germany-launches-worlds-first-vr-coaster/","url_text":"\"Europa Park in Germany launches world's first VR Coaster\""}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Brady (17 September 2015). \"Get ready for virtual reality coasters to become a real-world reality\". La Times. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/travel/themeparks/la-trb-vr-coaster-canadas-wonderland-20150917-story.html","url_text":"\"Get ready for virtual reality coasters to become a real-world reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Park Bremen Opens in Germany\". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 2024-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themeparkinsider.com/news/response.cfm?ID=1517","url_text":"\"Space Park Bremen Opens in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Sarah (December 1, 2004). \"A galactic letdown: The promise of leaving Earth for a day wasn't enough to save the Space Center Bremen\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/galactic-letdown-financial-disasters-4083","url_text":"\"A galactic letdown: The promise of leaving Earth for a day wasn't enough to save the Space Center Bremen\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Mike (11 June 2016). \"The future of fear: VR rollercoasters are coming\". Quartz. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://qz.com/704096/the-future-of-fear-vr-rollercoasters-are-coming/","url_text":"\"The future of fear: VR rollercoasters are coming\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Kristen (23 March 2016). \"Virtual Reality Roller Coasters Are Here (and Everywhere)\". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/reviews/virtual-reality-roller-coasters-are-here-and-everywhere","url_text":"\"Virtual Reality Roller Coasters Are Here (and Everywhere)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oculus Rift VR Motion Sickness\". Rift Info. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://riftinfo.com/oculus-rift-motion-sickness-11-techniques-to-prevent-it","url_text":"\"Oculus Rift VR Motion Sickness\""}]},{"reference":"Pappas, Stephanie (20 April 2016). \"Why Does Virtual Reality Make Some People Sick?\". Live Science. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/54478-why-vr-makes-you-sick.html","url_text":"\"Why Does Virtual Reality Make Some People Sick?\""}]},{"reference":"Dent, Steve (29 August 2014). \"Oculus Rift Turns Rollercoaster Into Virtual Shooter\". Engadget. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2014/08/29/oculus-rollercoaster-virtual-shooter/","url_text":"\"Oculus Rift Turns Rollercoaster Into Virtual Shooter\""}]},{"reference":"Janssen, Jan-Keno (18 September 2015). \"Ausprobiert: Mit VR-Brille auf dem Kopf Achterbahn fahren\". c´t. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Ausprobiert-Mit-VR-Brille-auf-dem-Kopf-Achterbahn-fahren-2821323.html","url_text":"\"Ausprobiert: Mit VR-Brille auf dem Kopf Achterbahn fahren\""}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Brady (15 December 2015). \"Virtual reality rides set to invade theme parks in 2016\". La Times. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/travel/themeparks/la-trb-vr-coasters-virtual-reality-rides-20151215-story.html/","url_text":"\"Virtual reality rides set to invade theme parks in 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Anstey, Tom (15 January 2016). \"Universal debuts company's first VR coaster at Japanese park\". Attractions Management. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.attractionsmanagement.com/detail.cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&codeID=320779","url_text":"\"Universal debuts company's first VR coaster at Japanese park\""}]},{"reference":"\"The VR Coaster Team\". VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vrcoaster.com/team.php/detail.cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&codeID=320779","url_text":"\"The VR Coaster Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astral Vision\". www.astral-v.com. Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astral-v.com/","url_text":"\"Astral Vision\""}]},{"reference":"Popper, Ben (15 June 2016). \"Adding virtual reality to a roller coaster sounds dumb, but works amazingly well\". The Verge. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/15/11940194/superman-vr-virtual-reality-roller-coaster-six-flags","url_text":"\"Adding virtual reality to a roller coaster sounds dumb, but works amazingly well\""}]},{"reference":"Pitcher, Jenna (28 August 2014). \"Oculus Rift Melds With a Real-Life Roller Coaster Ride\". IGN. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/29/oculus-rift-melds-with-a-real-life-roller-coaster-ride/","url_text":"\"Oculus Rift Melds With a Real-Life Roller Coaster Ride\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Arthur (24 March 2016). \"Six Flags VR coasters: Watch how it works\". USA Today. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/2016/03/03/six-flags-virtual-reality-roller-coasters-2016/81224838/","url_text":"\"Six Flags VR coasters: Watch how it works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upgrade your Coaster\". VR Coaster GmbH & Co. KG. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vrcoaster.com/technology.php","url_text":"\"Upgrade your Coaster\""}]},{"reference":"Sheikh, Knvul (1 April 2016). \"Are You Ready for America's 1st Virtual-Reality Roller Coasters?\". Live Science. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/54256-six-flags-virtual-reality-roller-coasters.html","url_text":"\"Are You Ready for America's 1st Virtual-Reality Roller Coasters?\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Patrick (24 May 2016). \"Six Flags reinvents older roller coaster with new VR technology\". FOX 2. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fox2now.com/2016/05/24/six-flags-reinvents-older-roller-coaster-with-new-vr-technology/","url_text":"\"Six Flags reinvents older roller coaster with new VR technology\""}]},{"reference":"Hamasaki, Sonya (1 April 2016). \"Take a ride on a virtual reality roller coaster\". CNN. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/01/travel/virtual-reality-roller-coasters/","url_text":"\"Take a ride on a virtual reality roller coaster\""}]},{"reference":"Franco, Michael (25 May 2016). \"Here's what it's like to ride a virtual reality roller coaster\". Gizmag. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gizmag.com/virtual-reality-coaster/43535/","url_text":"\"Here's what it's like to ride a virtual reality roller coaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superman The Ride VR Coaster Media Day Six Flags New England\". Theme Park Review. 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165837/http://www.themeparkreview.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1710014/","url_text":"\"Superman The Ride VR Coaster Media Day Six Flags New England\""},{"url":"http://www.themeparkreview.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1710014/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpenexpress Enzian - Europa Park (Rust, Baden Wuerttemberg, Germany)\". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090831063614/http://rcdb.com/975.htm","url_text":"\"Alpenexpress Enzian - Europa Park (Rust, Baden Wuerttemberg, Germany)\""},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/975.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"epfans.info Team. \"Offizieller Europa-Park Fanclub - Pressekonferenz/Premiere VR-Coaster Alpenexpress\". www.epfans.de (in German). Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epfans.de/index.php?id=4428,13&date=&year=2016&month=02&day=1&PHPSESSID=12ed31a051c8b1197f9cd1098d7b860c","url_text":"\"Offizieller Europa-Park Fanclub - Pressekonferenz/Premiere VR-Coaster Alpenexpress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virtual Reality \| Mack Media\". www.mackmedia.de. Archived from the original on 2016-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109082312/http://www.mackmedia.de/en/products/virtual-reality/","url_text":"\"Virtual Reality \| Mack Media\""},{"url":"http://www.mackmedia.de/en/products/virtual-reality/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thunder Run - Canada's Wonderland (Vaughan, Ontario, Canada)\". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060827072100/http://www.rcdb.com/63.htm","url_text":"\"Thunder Run - Canada's Wonderland (Vaughan, Ontario, Canada)\""},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/63.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom Flyer - Fun Spot America (Orlando, Florida, USA)\". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129021906/http://rcdb.com/10347.htm","url_text":"\"Freedom Flyer - Fun Spot America (Orlando, Florida, USA)\""},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/10347.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyary Pamyu Pamyu XR Ride - Universal Studios Japan (Osaka, Osaka, Japan)\". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208164519/http://www.rcdb.com/9034.htm","url_text":"\"Kyary Pamyu Pamyu XR Ride - Universal Studios Japan (Osaka, Osaka, Japan)\""},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/9034.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Studios Japan Opens \"Cool Japan\"-Themed Attraction Set\". Anime News Network (in German). Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2016-01-15/universal-studios-japan-opens-cool-japan-themed-attraction-set/.97622","url_text":"\"Universal Studios Japan Opens \"Cool Japan\"-Themed Attraction Set\""}]},{"reference":"ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパン公式 [@USJ_Official] (January 14, 2016). \"明日スタート！【ユニバーサル・クールジャパン 2016】特命大使のきゃりーぱみゅぱみゅさんが開会宣言！世界に誇る5大ブランドのアトラクションがいよいよ登場！ #USJ\" (Tweet) (in German). Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/USJ_Official/status/687605107148500992","url_text":"\"明日スタート！【ユニバーサル・クールジャパン 2016】特命大使のきゃりーぱみゅぱみゅさんが開会宣言！世界に誇る5大ブランドのアトラクションがいよいよ登場！ #USJ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Erlebnispark Schloss Thurn macht seine Achterbahn 2016 zum Virtual-Reality-Coaster\". Parkerlebnis – Freizeitpark-Magazin (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160214025720/http://www.parkerlebnis.de/erlebnispark-schloss-thurn-vr-coaster-2016_19473.html","url_text":"\"Erlebnispark Schloss Thurn macht seine Achterbahn 2016 zum Virtual-Reality-Coaster\""},{"url":"http://www.parkerlebnis.de/erlebnispark-schloss-thurn-vr-coaster-2016_19473.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Galactica - Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England, UK)\". rcdb.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2016-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808193332/http://rcdb.com/1458.htm","url_text":"\"Galactica - Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England, UK)\""},{"url":"http://rcdb.com/1458.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bobbejaanland's VR Coaster Mount Mara and Immersive Storytelling\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414075249/http://www.blooloop.com/features/bobbejaanland-vr-coaster-roland-kleve-storytelling/39981","url_text":"\"Bobbejaanland's VR Coaster Mount Mara and Immersive Storytelling\""},{"url":"http://www.blooloop.com/features/bobbejaanland-vr-coaster-roland-kleve-storytelling/39981","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Linnunrata eXtra – roller coaster\". Linnanmäki (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-06-27. Retrieved 2016-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160627224346/http://www.linnanmaki.fi/en/laitteet-ja-pelit/linnunrata","url_text":"\"Linnunrata eXtra – roller coaster\""},{"url":"http://www.linnanmaki.fi/en/laitteet-ja-pelit/linnunrata","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steampunk Hunters\". 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Universal Studios Japan (Osaka, Osaka, Japan)\""},{"Link":"http://rcdb.com/9034.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2016-01-15/universal-studios-japan-opens-cool-japan-themed-attraction-set/.97622","external_links_name":"\"Universal Studios Japan Opens \"Cool Japan\"-Themed Attraction Set\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/USJ_Official/status/687605107148500992","external_links_name":"\"明日スタート！【ユニバーサル・クールジャパン 2016】特命大使のきゃりーぱみゅぱみゅさんが開会宣言！世界に誇る5大ブランドのアトラクションがいよいよ登場！ #USJ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160214025720/http://www.parkerlebnis.de/erlebnispark-schloss-thurn-vr-coaster-2016_19473.html","external_links_name":"\"Erlebnispark Schloss Thurn macht seine Achterbahn 2016 zum Virtual-Reality-Coaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.parkerlebnis.de/erlebnispark-schloss-thurn-vr-coaster-2016_19473.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808193332/http://rcdb.com/1458.htm","external_links_name":"\"Galactica - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(disambiguation)	Accel	["1 See also"]	Look up accel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Accel may refer to: Accel (interbank network), an American payment network Accel Animation Studios, an Indian animation studio Accel Energy, Australian electricity generator Accel Frontline, an Indian IT services company Accel (company), an American venture capital company Altium, formerly Accel Technologies a former San-Diego based CAD vendor Accel TET, trade name for Disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism Accel Transmatic, an Indian research and development company Rolls-Royce ACCEL, a protypal airplane See also Search for "accel" on Wikipedia. Accell NV, Dutch bicycle company Accel World, a 2009 Japanese light-novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by HiMA Accel World: Infinite Burst, a Japanese animated film based on the novel series, released July 2016 Acceleration (disambiguation) Accelerator (disambiguation) Accelerate (disambiguation) ACELL (disambiguation) Acel (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Accel or Accels All pages with titles beginning with Accel Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Accel.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accel"},{"link_name":"Accel (interbank network)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(interbank_network)"},{"link_name":"Accel Animation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Accel Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Energy"},{"link_name":"Accel Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Frontline"},{"link_name":"Accel (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(company)"},{"link_name":"Altium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altium"},{"link_name":"Disulfiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram"},{"link_name":"Accel Transmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_Transmatic"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce ACCEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_ACCEL"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"}],"text":"Look up accel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Accel may refer to:Accel (interbank network), an American payment network\nAccel Animation Studios, an Indian animation studio\nAccel Energy, Australian electricity generator\nAccel Frontline, an Indian IT services company\nAccel (company), an American venture capital company\nAltium, formerly Accel Technologies a former San-Diego based CAD vendor\nAccel TET, trade name for Disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism\nAccel Transmatic, an Indian research and development company\nRolls-Royce ACCEL, a protypal airplane","title":"Accel"}]	[]	[{"title":"\"accel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22accel%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search"},{"title":"Accell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accell"},{"title":"Accel World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_World"},{"title":"Accel World: Infinite Burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_World:_Infinite_Burst"},{"title":"Acceleration (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Accelerator (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Accelerate (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerate_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"ACELL (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACELL_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Acel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acel_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Accel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Accel%22"},{"title":"Accels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Accels%22"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Accel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Accel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Accel&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=%22accel%22&ns0=1&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"\"accel\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Accel&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Saint_Paul_(1895)	SS Saint Paul (1895)	["1 Construction, acquisition, and commissioning","2 Incident with the RMS Campania","3 Service history","3.1 Spanish–American War","3.2 Collision","3.3 World War I","3.4 Post-war","3.5 Postage stamp","4 References","5 External links"]	For other ships with the same name, see USS Saint Paul. SS Saint Paul under steam History United States NameUSS Saint Paul BuilderWilliam Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia Yard number278 Launched10 April 1895 Acquiredby charter, 12 March 1898 Commissioned20 April 1898 Decommissioned2 September 1898 Recommissioned27 October 1917 Decommissioned14 January 1919 FateScrapped in 1923 NotesReturned to owner, 24 March 1919 General characteristics TypePassenger ship/Auxiliary cruiser Displacement14,910 long tons (15,150 t) Length553 ft 2 in (168.61 m) Beam63 ft (19 m) Draft28 ft (8.5 m) Speed22 kn (25 mph; 41 km/h) Capacity1,420 passengers (320 first class, 200 second class, 900 steerage) Complement381 officers and enlisted (as naval ship) Armament 6 × 5 in (130 mm) guns 6 × 6-pounder guns 6 × 3-pounder guns SS Saint Paul was a trans-Atlantic ocean liner named for the capital of Minnesota. Construction, acquisition, and commissioning Saint Paul was launched on 10 April 1895 by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, as a steel passenger liner. The ship later was chartered for United States Navy service as an auxiliary cruiser from her owner, International Navigation Company, by a board appointed on 12 March 1898; and commissioned on 20 April 1898 for Spanish–American War service, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee in command. Incident with the RMS Campania At about 2A.M. on January 25, 1896, the SS St. Paul, of the American line, went ashore while on its way toward New York Harbor. It was alleged that the steamship had been racing the RMS Campania, a British ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line, but that fog had caused the grounding. At the time, the St. Paul and her sister ship, the St. Louis, were the largest vessels ever constructed in America, with each able to carry 320 first class passengers, 200 second class passengers, and 900 emigrants. The RMS Campania was additionally the largest and fastest passenger liner afloat at the time. No one was hurt in the incident, with approximately 265 passengers (65 first class, 75 second class, and 125 steerage passengers) from the St. Paul successfully evacuated from the ship and ferried on to New York. The St. Paul, however, remained grounded for more than a week afterwards. In the aftermath, both captains and their respective companies denied allegations that a race had occurred just before the grounding, despite reports to the contrary from passengers and even crew members. Vernon H. Young, a representative of the Cunard Steamship Company (of which the Campania was a part), forbade the Campania’s captain, Capt. Walker, from speaking with the media about the incident. Captain Walker had already admitted to the race, however, saying in an interview: “We sighted the St. Paul at 8:30 o’clock Friday morning, when she was fifteen miles ahead of us on the port bow. Then we both went at it as hard as we could. We kept on at racing speed for four hours, and finally passed her.” Similarly, a crew member from the St. Paul, Mall Master Hart, told the media plainly: “We were racing when we struck.” At the time of the incident, the St. Paul had already been the scene of several other accidents. One of these accidents involved the death of several crewmembers on December 18, 1895 when the main steam pipe supplying one of the engines burst in two places, filling the engine room with steam and scalding 5 men to death while severely injuring 5 others, 4 of which subsequently died. Service history Spanish–American War Saint Paul in port. Departing Philadelphia on 5 May 1898, Saint Paul's first assignment was to cruise in search of Admiral Cervera's squadron between Morant Point, Jamaica, and western Haiti. She captured the British collier Restormel—bound for Cuba with a critical cargo of Cardiff coal—on 25 May and sent her into Key West under a prize crew. She cruised off Santiago de Cuba and Guantanamo Bay into mid-June, then sailed to join the force blockading San Juan, Puerto Rico. Saint Paul capsized at the pier in New York. Caption from Popular Science Magazine July 1918 edition Saint Paul arrived off San Juan on the morning of 22 June. Shortly after midday, in the second battle of San Juan, the Spanish cruiser Isabel II, emerged from the harbor and, remaining under protection of shore batteries, opened fire on Saint Paul at long range without success. Isabel II was joined shortly by the destroyer Terror, which attempted to close Saint Paul to launch torpedoes. Saint Paul took Terror under heavy fire, scoring at least one direct hit which heavily damaged the destroyer. Terror gave up the attack and returned to port, followed by Isabel II. Saint Paul was relieved by Yosemite off San Juan on the 26th and made for New York to coal. Saint Paul spent the remainder of her Spanish–American War service as a transport, operating for 48 days in July–August as a War Department vessel. She landed troops at Siboney, Cuba, and Arroyo, Puerto Rico, subsequently returning soldiers from Guantanamo Bay to New York City through 15 August. Entering the Cramp shipyard on 22 August for re-conversion to mercantile service, Saint Paul was decommissioned on 2 September and returned to her owner the same day. Collision On 25 April 1908, outward bound from Southampton, England, in a late snowstorm, Saint Paul was involved in a collision with the British cruiser HMS Gladiator in the Needles Channel. Gladiator foundered in shallow water with the loss of 27 crew, but Saint Paul was able to return to Southampton for repairs. World War I Image of one of Saint Paul's deck guns. Saint Paul was again taken over for wartime service on 27 October 1917. Operated by the United States Shipping Board as a transport on the War Department account, she retained her merchant crew and carried a naval armed guard on board. She made twelve voyages between New York and Liverpool, England. She was transferred to the Navy account in April 1918; designated SP-1643; and overhauled at New York. Then, while being towed to her berth from dry dock on 28 April with her ballast removed, she capsized in the North River. Righted on 11 September, she was subsequently turned over to the Commandant, 3rd Naval District, on 17 October. Saint Paul entered the New York Navy Yard the following day, but the end of World War I led to cancellation of plans to convert the ship to a troopship. Post-war Placed in temporary commission on 14 January 1919 for the purpose of fixing responsibility for her care outside the Navy Yard, Saint Paul soon began reconversion for mercantile service. Returned to her owner on 24 March 1919, Saint Paul was scrapped in Germany in 1923. Postage stamp As part of the celebrations surrounding the 1901 Pan-American Exposition a set of six commemorative postage stamps were issued. The highest value, 10 cents, shows Saint Paul under steam. While the three lowest stamps in the series include rare inverted printings, no errors are known for this issue. References ^ "Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race," The Journal, January 26, 1896 ^ The Great Ocean Liner Race of 1896 ^ "The Steamship St. Paul Off The Sand at Long Branch," The Sun, February 5, 1896 ^ "Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race," The Journal, January 26, 1896 ^ "Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race," The Journal, January 26, 1896 ^ "Disaster on a Big Steamship," The Semi-Weekly New Era, December 21, 1895 ^ "The Ill-Fated St. Paul," The News, January 27, 1896 ^ Medland, J. C. (2004).Shipwrecks of the Wight. Coach House Publications Ltd; 2nd Revised edition. ISBN 978-1899392285. ^ "US Stamps of 1901: Pan-American Issue - American Line Steamship Stamp". www.usstampstories.com. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Media related to USS Saint Paul (SP-1643) at Wikimedia Commons Photo gallery of USS Saint Paul at NavSource Naval History Video dedicated to the ocean liner SS St. Paul vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1908Shipwrecks 5 Feb: Favorite 14 Feb: Emily Reed 18 Feb: HMS Hero 17 Mar: USS Monongahela 2 Apr: HMS Tiger 25 Apr: HMS Gladiator 27 Apr: HMS Gala 30 Apr: Matsushima 7 Jun: City of Medicine Hat 18 Jul: Aeon 26 Aug: Dunearn 20 Sep: Star of Bengal 27 Oct: Yarmouth October (unknown date): Neustria 14 Nov: Falls of Halladale 25 Nov: Sardinia 4 Dec: USS Yankee 12 Dec: Ellen 25 Dec: Advance Other incidents 19 Jan: Finland February (unknown date): Magnus Mail 23 Mar: Sangola 2 Apr: HMS Berwick 9 Apr: Eva 25 Apr: Saint Paul 27 Apr: HMS Attentive, HMS Ribble 4 May: HMS Irresistible 13 Jun: HMS Revenge, HMS Vengeance 22 Jul: USS Mayflower 26 Jul: Sierra Blanca 12 Aug: Hebble 26 Aug: Etruria 23 Sep: USS Yankee 27 Sep: Oleg October (unknown date): Derwent Unknown date: Mataafa 1907 1909	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Saint Paul.SS Saint Paul was a trans-Atlantic ocean liner named for the capital of Minnesota.","title":"SS Saint Paul (1895)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Cramp & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"auxiliary cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser"},{"link_name":"International Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Charles D. Sigsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Sigsbee"}],"text":"Saint Paul was launched on 10 April 1895 by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, as a steel passenger liner. The ship later was chartered for United States Navy service as an auxiliary cruiser from her owner, International Navigation Company, by a board appointed on 12 March 1898; and commissioned on 20 April 1898 for Spanish–American War service, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee in command.","title":"Construction, acquisition, and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"RMS Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Campania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"At about 2A.M. on January 25, 1896, the SS St. Paul, of the American line, went ashore while on its way toward New York Harbor.[1][2] It was alleged that the steamship had been racing the RMS Campania, a British ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line, but that fog had caused the grounding. At the time, the St. Paul and her sister ship, the St. Louis, were the largest vessels ever constructed in America, with each able to carry 320 first class passengers, 200 second class passengers, and 900 emigrants. The RMS Campania was additionally the largest and fastest passenger liner afloat at the time. No one was hurt in the incident, with approximately 265 passengers (65 first class, 75 second class, and 125 steerage passengers) from the St. Paul successfully evacuated from the ship and ferried on to New York. The St. Paul, however, remained grounded for more than a week afterwards.[3]In the aftermath, both captains and their respective companies denied allegations that a race had occurred just before the grounding, despite reports to the contrary from passengers and even crew members. Vernon H. Young, a representative of the Cunard Steamship Company (of which the Campania was a part), forbade the Campania’s captain, Capt. Walker, from speaking with the media about the incident. Captain Walker had already admitted to the race, however, saying in an interview: “We sighted the St. Paul at 8:30 o’clock Friday morning, when she was fifteen miles ahead of us on the port bow. Then we both went at it as hard as we could. […] We kept on at racing speed for four hours, and finally passed her.”[4] Similarly, a crew member from the St. Paul, Mall Master Hart, told the media plainly: “We were racing when we struck.”[5]At the time of the incident, the St. Paul had already been the scene of several other accidents. One of these accidents involved the death of several crewmembers on December 18, 1895 when the main steam pipe supplying one of the engines burst in two places, filling the engine room with steam and scalding 5 men to death while severely injuring 5 others, 4 of which subsequently died.[6][7]","title":"Incident with the RMS Campania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SS_St._Paul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cervera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West"},{"link_name":"prize crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_law"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay,_Cuba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_St_Paul_Capsized_1917.JPG"},{"link_name":"Popular Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science"},{"link_name":"second battle of San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_San_Juan_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Isabel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Isabel_II"},{"link_name":"Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_destroyer_Terror"},{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yosemite_(1892)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Siboney, Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siboney,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Arroyo, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"sub_title":"Spanish–American War","text":"Saint Paul in port.Departing Philadelphia on 5 May 1898, Saint Paul's first assignment was to cruise in search of Admiral Cervera's squadron between Morant Point, Jamaica, and western Haiti. She captured the British collier Restormel—bound for Cuba with a critical cargo of Cardiff coal—on 25 May and sent her into Key West under a prize crew. She cruised off Santiago de Cuba and Guantanamo Bay into mid-June, then sailed to join the force blockading San Juan, Puerto Rico.Saint Paul capsized at the pier in New York. Caption from Popular Science Magazine July 1918 editionSaint Paul arrived off San Juan on the morning of 22 June. Shortly after midday, in the second battle of San Juan, the Spanish cruiser Isabel II, emerged from the harbor and, remaining under protection of shore batteries, opened fire on Saint Paul at long range without success. Isabel II was joined shortly by the destroyer Terror, which attempted to close Saint Paul to launch torpedoes. Saint Paul took Terror under heavy fire, scoring at least one direct hit which heavily damaged the destroyer. Terror gave up the attack and returned to port, followed by Isabel II. Saint Paul was relieved by Yosemite off San Juan on the 26th and made for New York to coal.Saint Paul spent the remainder of her Spanish–American War service as a transport, operating for 48 days in July–August as a War Department vessel. She landed troops at Siboney, Cuba, and Arroyo, Puerto Rico, subsequently returning soldiers from Guantanamo Bay to New York City through 15 August. Entering the Cramp shipyard on 22 August for re-conversion to mercantile service, Saint Paul was decommissioned on 2 September and returned to her owner the same day.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton,_England"},{"link_name":"HMS Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gladiator_(1896)"},{"link_name":"Needles Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Needles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medland-8"}],"sub_title":"Collision","text":"On 25 April 1908, outward bound from Southampton, England, in a late snowstorm, Saint Paul was involved in a collision with the British cruiser HMS Gladiator in the Needles Channel. Gladiator foundered in shallow water with the loss of 27 crew, but Saint Paul was able to return to Southampton for repairs.[8]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Saint_Paul_(SP-1643).jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"naval armed guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Armed_Guard"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"North River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_River_(Hudson_River)"},{"link_name":"3rd Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"troopship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"Image of one of Saint Paul's deck guns.Saint Paul was again taken over for wartime service on 27 October 1917. Operated by the United States Shipping Board as a transport on the War Department account, she retained her merchant crew and carried a naval armed guard on board. She made twelve voyages between New York and Liverpool, England. She was transferred to the Navy account in April 1918; designated SP-1643; and overhauled at New York. Then, while being towed to her berth from dry dock on 28 April with her ballast removed, she capsized in the North River. Righted on 11 September, she was subsequently turned over to the Commandant, 3rd Naval District, on 17 October.Saint Paul entered the New York Navy Yard the following day, but the end of World War I led to cancellation of plans to convert the ship to a troopship.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"sub_title":"Post-war","text":"Placed in temporary commission on 14 January 1919 for the purpose of fixing responsibility for her care outside the Navy Yard, Saint Paul soon began reconversion for mercantile service. Returned to her owner on 24 March 1919, Saint Paul was scrapped in Germany in 1923.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan-American Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition"},{"link_name":"postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"inverted printings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_invert"}],"sub_title":"Postage stamp","text":"As part of the celebrations surrounding the 1901 Pan-American Exposition a set of six commemorative postage stamps were issued. The highest value, 10 cents, shows Saint Paul under steam.[9] While the three lowest stamps in the series include rare inverted printings, no errors are known for this issue.","title":"Service history"}]	[{"image_text":"Saint Paul in port.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SS_St._Paul.jpg/220px-SS_St._Paul.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Paul capsized at the pier in New York. Caption from Popular Science Magazine July 1918 edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/USS_St_Paul_Capsized_1917.JPG/220px-USS_St_Paul_Capsized_1917.JPG"},{"image_text":"Image of one of Saint Paul's deck guns.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USS_Saint_Paul_%28SP-1643%29.jpg/220px-USS_Saint_Paul_%28SP-1643%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"US Stamps of 1901: Pan-American Issue - American Line Steamship Stamp\". www.usstampstories.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usstampstories.com/us-stamps-1901/pan-american-american-line-steamship-stamp.html","url_text":"\"US Stamps of 1901: Pan-American Issue - American Line Steamship Stamp\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031792/1896-01-26/ed-1/?q=Herald&dl=page&sp=1&st=text&r=-0.027,0.676,0.289,0.357,0","external_links_name":"\"Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race,\" The Journal, January 26, 1896"},{"Link":"https://oceanlinersmagazine.com/2014/10/22/great-ocean-liner-race-1896/","external_links_name":"The Great Ocean Liner Race of 1896"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/374489914/?terms=%22st.%20paul%22%20%22jamison%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"The Steamship St. Paul Off The Sand at Long Branch,\" The Sun, February 5, 1896"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031792/1896-01-26/ed-1/?q=Herald&dl=page&sp=1&st=text&r=-0.027,0.676,0.289,0.357,0","external_links_name":"\"Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race,\" The Journal, January 26, 1896"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031792/1896-01-26/ed-1/?q=Herald&dl=page&sp=1&st=text&r=-0.027,0.676,0.289,0.357,0","external_links_name":"\"Ran Ashore in Fog After a Sea Race,\" The Journal, January 26, 1896"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/559746446/?terms=%22st.%20paul%22%20%22scalding%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"Disaster on a Big Steamship,\" The Semi-Weekly New Era, December 21, 1895"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/7108754/?terms=%22st.%20paul%22%20%22campania%22&match=1","external_links_name":"\"The Ill-Fated St. Paul,\" The News, January 27, 1896"},{"Link":"http://www.usstampstories.com/us-stamps-1901/pan-american-american-line-steamship-stamp.html","external_links_name":"\"US Stamps of 1901: Pan-American Issue - American Line Steamship Stamp\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/saint-paul-i.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/04/stpaul2/stpaul2.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOZVLaDgx48","external_links_name":"Video dedicated to the ocean liner SS St. Paul"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Gallery	Void Gallery	["1 Programmes","2 Artists","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°59′54″N 7°19′17″W / 54.9984205°N 7.3214192°W / 54.9984205; -7.3214192Contemporary art gallery in Northern Ireland The VoidShown in DerryEstablished2003LocationWaterloo Place, DerryCoordinates54°59′54″N 7°19′17″W / 54.9984205°N 7.3214192°W / 54.9984205; -7.3214192Typecontemporary art galleryDirectorVivianna ChechiaWebsitederryvoid.com The Void (or VOID) gallery is a contemporary art gallery and events space in Waterloo Place, Derry, Northern Ireland. It began in 2003. Vivianna Chechia has been its director since May 2023, replacing Eamonn McCann. In 2021 it moved to a new location in Waterloo Place. It received a grant of over £123,000 in 2021 from the Arts Council of Northern Ireland. Programmes The gallery has hosted art events for toddlers, life drawing and film showings. It has staged art pieces outside of their buildings, including billboard exhibitions. Some of its exhibitions have been political in nature. Artists Artists exhibited at the Void have included: Amanda Coogan Uwe Wittwer John Gerrard Niamh O'Malley Andrei Molodkin Niamh McCann Margaret Tait Pádraig Timoney Helen Cammock George Shaw References ^ "Art galleries safely reopen to the public across Northern Ireland \| Belfast News Letter". ^ "Void presents 'Re_sett_ing_s' – a collaboration between Jaki Irvine and Locky Morris". DerryJournal.com. ^ "Viviana Checchia new director of Void Gallery". DerryNow.com. ^ a b "Void Gallery announces move to new location at Waterloo Place \| Derry Journal". ^ "New Void gallery to host talented Turkish artist in Derry". DerryJournal.com. ^ Staff reporter. "Two Derry organisations secure funding of more than £300,000 from Arts Council of Northern Ireland". DerryNow.com. ^ a b "Coming up at Derry's Void gallery this February! \| Derry Journal". ^ "Shezad Dawood's Leviathan to feature at the Void Gallery \| Derry Journal". ^ "Londonderry: New artwork for blown-up statue site". 26 June 2020 – via www.bbc.com. ^ McAree, Anna (6 August 2021). "New Derry billboard exhibition explores 'The State We're In'". BelfastLive. ^ "Anger as image of Jesus Christ immersed in urine going on display in Derry". 29 September 2016 – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk. ^ Staff reporter. "Exhibition by renowned gay rights activist to open in Derry". www.derrynow.com. ^ "Events confirmed for Derry's Foyle Pride festival 2022 \| Derry Journal". External links Official website vteDerry Climate Coat of Arms People County Londonderry Places Altnagelvin Bogside Creggan Drumahoe Ebrington Square Free Derry Corner Waterside History Apprentice Boys of Derry Siege of Derry The Troubles Free Derry Derry Housing Action Committee Derry Citizens' Defence Association Battle of the Bogside Bloody Sunday (Narrative of events—Saville Inquiry) Operation Motorman Politics City Council Mayor Gerrymandering Guildhall, Derry Landmarks Ballyoan Cemetery Derry Gaol Derry city walls Derry Workhouse Austins Richmond Centre Foyleside Shopping Centre St Columb's Cathedral St Eugene's Cathedral Culture Bogside Artists Foyle Film Festival Field Day Theatre Company Maiden City Festival Millennium Forum Nerve Centre Void Gallery Education Magee College North West Regional College Media C9TV Q102.9 Radio Foyle Derry Journal Newspapers Derry Journal Derry News Londonderry Sentinel Sunday Journal Sport Beechgrove Cricket Club Brandywell Stadium Brigade Cricket Club City of Derry Rugby Football Club Celtic Park (Derry) Derry City Football Club Derry and District League Glendermott Cricket Club Institute Football Club Transport City of Derry Tramways Craigavon Bridge Peace Bridge Foyle Bridge This art-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an organisation in Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eamonn McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_McCann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewLocation-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewLocation-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Arts Council of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Contemporary art gallery in Northern IrelandThe Void (or VOID)[1] gallery is a contemporary art gallery and events space in Waterloo Place, Derry, Northern Ireland.[2] It began in 2003. Vivianna Chechia has been its director since May 2023,[3] replacing Eamonn McCann.[4]In 2021 it moved to a new location in Waterloo Place.[4][5] It received a grant of over £123,000 in 2021 from the Arts Council of Northern Ireland.[6]","title":"Void Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toddlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComingUp-7"},{"link_name":"life drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_drawing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComingUp-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The gallery has hosted art events for toddlers,[7] life drawing and film showings.[7][8] It has staged art pieces outside of their buildings,[9] including billboard exhibitions.[10] Some of its exhibitions have been political in nature.[11][12][13]","title":"Programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amanda Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Uwe Wittwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Wittwer"},{"link_name":"John Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerrard_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Niamh O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Andrei Molodkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Molodkin"},{"link_name":"Niamh McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_McCann_(Irish_artist)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tait"},{"link_name":"Pádraig Timoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Timoney"},{"link_name":"Helen Cammock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Cammock"},{"link_name":"George Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(artist)"}],"text":"Artists exhibited at the Void have included:Amanda Coogan\nUwe Wittwer\nJohn Gerrard\nNiamh O'Malley\nAndrei Molodkin\nNiamh McCann\nMargaret Tait\nPádraig Timoney\nHelen Cammock\nGeorge Shaw","title":"Artists"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Art galleries safely reopen to the public across Northern Ireland \| Belfast News Letter\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsletter.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/art-galleries-safely-reopen-to-the-public-across-northern-ireland-2976615","url_text":"\"Art galleries safely reopen to the public across Northern Ireland \| Belfast News Letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Void presents 'Re_sett_ing_s' – a collaboration between Jaki Irvine and Locky Morris\". DerryJournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/void-presents-resettings-a-collaboration-between-jaki-irvine-and-locky-morris-4046267","url_text":"\"Void presents 'Re_sett_ing_s' – a collaboration between Jaki Irvine and Locky Morris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DerryJournal.com","url_text":"DerryJournal.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Viviana Checchia new director of Void Gallery\". DerryNow.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/1162702/viviana-checchia-new-director-of-void-gallery.html","url_text":"\"Viviana Checchia new director of Void Gallery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DerryNow.com","url_text":"DerryNow.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Void Gallery announces move to new location at Waterloo Place \| Derry Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/news/environment/void-gallery-announces-move-to-new-location-at-waterloo-place-3146732","url_text":"\"Void Gallery announces move to new location at Waterloo Place \| Derry Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Void gallery to host talented Turkish artist in Derry\". DerryJournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/new-void-gallery-to-host-talented-turkish-artist-in-derry-3371575","url_text":"\"New Void gallery to host talented Turkish artist in Derry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DerryJournal.com","url_text":"DerryJournal.com"}]},{"reference":"Staff reporter. \"Two Derry organisations secure funding of more than £300,000 from Arts Council of Northern Ireland\". DerryNow.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/news/637206/two-derry-organisations-secure-funding-of-more-than-300-000-from-arts-council-of-northern-ireland.html","url_text":"\"Two Derry organisations secure funding of more than £300,000 from Arts Council of Northern Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DerryNow.com","url_text":"DerryNow.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Coming up at Derry's Void gallery this February! \| Derry Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/coming-up-at-derrys-void-gallery-this-february-4008738","url_text":"\"Coming up at Derry's Void gallery this February! \| Derry Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shezad Dawood's Leviathan to feature at the Void Gallery \| Derry Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/shezad-dawoods-leviathan-to-feature-at-the-void-gallery-4170104","url_text":"\"Shezad Dawood's Leviathan to feature at the Void Gallery \| Derry Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Londonderry: New artwork for blown-up statue site\". 26 June 2020 – via www.bbc.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-53180778","url_text":"\"Londonderry: New artwork for blown-up statue site\""}]},{"reference":"McAree, Anna (6 August 2021). \"New Derry billboard exhibition explores 'The State We're In'\". BelfastLive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/new-void-gallery-billboard-exhibition-21206520","url_text":"\"New Derry billboard exhibition explores 'The State We're In'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anger as image of Jesus Christ immersed in urine going on display in Derry\". 29 September 2016 – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/anger-as-image-of-jesus-christ-immersed-in-urine-going-on-display-in-derry/35088304.html","url_text":"\"Anger as image of Jesus Christ immersed in urine going on display in Derry\""}]},{"reference":"Staff reporter. \"Exhibition by renowned gay rights activist to open in Derry\". www.derrynow.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/491465/exhibition-by-renowned-gay-rights-activist-to-open-in-derry.html","url_text":"\"Exhibition by renowned gay rights activist to open in Derry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events confirmed for Derry's Foyle Pride festival 2022 \| Derry Journal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/lifestyle/outdoors/events-confirmed-for-derrys-foyle-pride-festival-2022-3800162","url_text":"\"Events confirmed for Derry's Foyle Pride festival 2022 \| Derry Journal\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Void_Gallery&params=54.9984205_N_7.3214192_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°59′54″N 7°19′17″W / 54.9984205°N 7.3214192°W / 54.9984205; -7.3214192"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Void_Gallery&params=54.9984205_N_7.3214192_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°59′54″N 7°19′17″W / 54.9984205°N 7.3214192°W / 54.9984205; -7.3214192"},{"Link":"http://derryvoid.com/","external_links_name":"derryvoid.com"},{"Link":"https://www.newsletter.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/art-galleries-safely-reopen-to-the-public-across-northern-ireland-2976615","external_links_name":"\"Art galleries safely reopen to the public across Northern Ireland \| Belfast News Letter\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/void-presents-resettings-a-collaboration-between-jaki-irvine-and-locky-morris-4046267","external_links_name":"\"Void presents 'Re_sett_ing_s' – a collaboration between Jaki Irvine and Locky Morris\""},{"Link":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/1162702/viviana-checchia-new-director-of-void-gallery.html","external_links_name":"\"Viviana Checchia new director of Void Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/news/environment/void-gallery-announces-move-to-new-location-at-waterloo-place-3146732","external_links_name":"\"Void Gallery announces move to new location at Waterloo Place \| Derry Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/new-void-gallery-to-host-talented-turkish-artist-in-derry-3371575","external_links_name":"\"New Void gallery to host talented Turkish artist in Derry\""},{"Link":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/news/637206/two-derry-organisations-secure-funding-of-more-than-300-000-from-arts-council-of-northern-ireland.html","external_links_name":"\"Two Derry organisations secure funding of more than £300,000 from Arts Council of Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/coming-up-at-derrys-void-gallery-this-february-4008738","external_links_name":"\"Coming up at Derry's Void gallery this February! \| Derry Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/arts-and-culture/art/shezad-dawoods-leviathan-to-feature-at-the-void-gallery-4170104","external_links_name":"\"Shezad Dawood's Leviathan to feature at the Void Gallery \| Derry Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-53180778","external_links_name":"\"Londonderry: New artwork for blown-up statue site\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/new-void-gallery-billboard-exhibition-21206520","external_links_name":"\"New Derry billboard exhibition explores 'The State We're In'\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/anger-as-image-of-jesus-christ-immersed-in-urine-going-on-display-in-derry/35088304.html","external_links_name":"\"Anger as image of Jesus Christ immersed in urine going on display in Derry\""},{"Link":"https://www.derrynow.com/news/home/491465/exhibition-by-renowned-gay-rights-activist-to-open-in-derry.html","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition by renowned gay rights activist to open in Derry\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryjournal.com/lifestyle/outdoors/events-confirmed-for-derrys-foyle-pride-festival-2022-3800162","external_links_name":"\"Events confirmed for Derry's Foyle Pride festival 2022 \| Derry Journal\""},{"Link":"https://www.derryvoid.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Void_Gallery&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Void_Gallery&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocotea_aciphylla	Ocotea aciphylla	["1 References"]	Species of plant Ocotea aciphylla Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Laurales Family: Lauraceae Genus: Ocotea Species: O. aciphylla Binomial name Ocotea aciphylla(Nees) Mez Synonyms Ocotea acypahilla (lapsus) Ocotea aciphylla is a species of Ocotea in the plant family Lauraceae. It forms a tree 12–18 m tall. It has small hermaphrodite flowers of 3–4 mm long. It is found in the Amazon River basin mostly to 1200 m. References ^ de Kok, R. (2022). "Ocotea aciphylla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T32487A138501212. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en. Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ a b "one". Cdc.lamolina.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-05-21. Taxon identifiersOcotea aciphylla Wikidata: Q254426 Wikispecies: Ocotea aciphylla CoL: 48H89 EoL: 5393505 GBIF: 7304296 iNaturalist: 441334 IPNI: 171499-2 IUCN: 32487 NCBI: 397188 Open Tree of Life: 714877 Plant List: kew-2386348 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171499-2 Tropicos: 17800041 WFO: wfo-0000382964 Oreodaphne aciphylla Wikidata: Q39101374 CoL: 6SST6 GBIF: 4180491 IPNI: 175992-2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:175992-2 Tropicos: 17804249 WFO: wfo-0000383098 This Laurales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocotea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocotea"},{"link_name":"Lauraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lamolina1-2"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lamolina1-2"}],"text":"Ocotea aciphylla is a species of Ocotea in the plant family Lauraceae. It forms a tree 12–18 m tall. It has small hermaphrodite flowers of 3–4 mm long.[2] It is found in the Amazon River basin mostly to 1200 m.[2]","title":"Ocotea aciphylla"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"de Kok, R. (2022). \"Ocotea aciphylla\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T32487A138501212. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32487/138501212","url_text":"\"Ocotea aciphylla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en"}]},{"reference":"\"one\". Cdc.lamolina.edu.pe. Retrieved 2012-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdc.lamolina.edu.pe/treediversity/ARBOLES%20UTILES%20de%20la%20amzonia.htm","url_text":"\"one\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32487/138501212","external_links_name":"\"Ocotea aciphylla\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T32487A138501212.en"},{"Link":"http://cdc.lamolina.edu.pe/treediversity/ARBOLES%20UTILES%20de%20la%20amzonia.htm","external_links_name":"\"one\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/48H89","external_links_name":"48H89"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5393505","external_links_name":"5393505"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7304296","external_links_name":"7304296"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/441334","external_links_name":"441334"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/171499-2","external_links_name":"171499-2"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/32487","external_links_name":"32487"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=397188","external_links_name":"397188"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=714877","external_links_name":"714877"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2386348","external_links_name":"kew-2386348"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A171499-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171499-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/17800041","external_links_name":"17800041"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000382964","external_links_name":"wfo-0000382964"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6SST6","external_links_name":"6SST6"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4180491","external_links_name":"4180491"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/175992-2","external_links_name":"175992-2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A175992-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:175992-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/17804249","external_links_name":"17804249"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000383098","external_links_name":"wfo-0000383098"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocotea_aciphylla&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_Management_and_Peace_Science	Conflict Management and Peace Science	["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]	Academic journal "CMPS" redirects here. For the singular of CMPs, see CMP (disambiguation). Academic journalConflict Management and Peace ScienceDisciplineInternational relations, peace and conflict studiesLanguageEnglishEdited byScott WolfordPublication detailsFormer name(s)Journal of Peace ScienceHistory1973-presentPublisherSAGE PublicationsFrequency6/yearImpact factor2.563 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Confl. Manag. Peace Sci.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0738-8942 (print)1549-9219 (web)LCCN83644168OCLC no.8055590Links Journal homepage Online access Online archive Conflict Management and Peace Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal appearing five times a year that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the field of international relations (specifically peace and conflict studies) on topics such as international conflict, arms races, international trade, foreign policy, international mediation, and conflict resolution. The journal is published under the auspices of the Peace Science Society. The journal includes original and review articles. Abstracting and indexing Conflict Management and Peace Science is abstracted and indexed in Current Abstracts, Scopus, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2016 impact factor is 1.608, ranking it 23rd out of 86 journals in the category "International Relations". References ^ "Publications". Homepage. Peace Science Society (International). Archived from the original on 2011-03-26. Retrieved 2010-11-25. ^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: International Relations". 2016 Journal Citation Reports (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2017. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMP (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMP_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"peace and conflict studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies"},{"link_name":"arms races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race"},{"link_name":"international trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis"},{"link_name":"mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation"},{"link_name":"conflict resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution"},{"link_name":"Peace Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_Science_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"CMPS\" redirects here. For the singular of CMPs, see CMP (disambiguation).Academic journalConflict Management and Peace Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal appearing five times a year that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the field of international relations (specifically peace and conflict studies) on topics such as international conflict, arms races, international trade, foreign policy, international mediation, and conflict resolution. The journal is published under the auspices of the Peace Science Society.[1] The journal includes original and review articles.","title":"Conflict Management and Peace Science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Current Abstracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO_Industries"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopus"},{"link_name":"Social Sciences Citation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-2"}],"text":"Conflict Management and Peace Science is abstracted and indexed in Current Abstracts, Scopus, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Astley_(1295)	Baron Astley (1295)	["1 See also","2 References","3 Notes"]	Baron Astley (1295) was created by writ of summons dated 23 June 1295 for a family which had lived at Astley, Warwickshire, England since the time of Henry I. Sir Thomas de Astley who was killed in the Battle of Evesham in 1265 married twice. From Sir Thomas's first marriage to Joan de Blois descended the Barons Astley. Andrew de Astley, 1st Baron Astley, (1295–1301) Nicholas de Astley, 2nd Baron Astley, (1301–c.1315) Sir Giles de Astley, younger brother of Nicholas, (died before 1316) Sir Thomas Astley, 3rd Baron Astley, son of Sir Giles, (c.1315–1370) William Astley, 4th Baron Astley (1370?) The 4th Baron left an only child and sole heiress Joan Astley, who married Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn and died in 1448. Their son Edward Grey (who was the second surviving son of his father) married Elizabeth Ferrers, 6th Baroness Ferrers of Groby and Edward was thereby summoned to Parliament as Baron Ferrers of Groby. He died on 18 December 1457. Elizabeth died in 1483. Whether the Barony of Astley passed to Joan Astley and her son Edward Grey is open to dispute. The Complete Peerage entries on the Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset and Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset and on Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk do not include Baron Astley with their other titles; indeed the last person listed as a holder of the title in the entry on Baron Astley is William Astley, 4th Baron Astley. The entry continues "After his death, the Barony of Astley, if an hereditary Peerage (there being no proof of any sitting) would have devolved on his only da. and h., Joan, and the heirs of her body ... Edward Grey (s. and h. to his mother), who was sum. to Parl, in 1446 as Lord Ferrers of Groby. The Barony of Astley (if then existing) would thenceforth have followed the course of that of Ferrers of Groby, and have been forfeited therewith on the attainder of Henry (Grey), Duke of Suffolk, &c, in 1554." On the other hand, Burke’s Dormant and Extinct Peerages of 1831 and 1978 extend the barony down to 1554 when it would have been forfeited along with all the other titles of the Duke of Suffolk following participation in Wyatt's Rebellion and his attainder and execution. This gives the following descent: Joan Astley, 5th Baroness Astley (died 1448) Sir Edward Grey, 5th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 18 December 1457); Sir John Grey of Groby, 6th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 17 February 1461)(died before his mother, so was never Baron Ferrers of Groby) Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 7th Baron Astley, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby (son of the previous)(died 20 September 1501) Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, 8th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 10 October 1530) and his son:, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 9th Baron Astley (executed 23 February 1554) See also Baron Astley of Reading Baron Astley (disambiguation) Astley baronets Baron Hastings References The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant; first edition by George Edward Cokayne, Clarenceux King of Arms; 2nd edition revised by the Hon. Vicary Gibbs et al. Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerages (1978) Notes ^ The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15 ^ Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Volume 5, page 359 ^ Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Vol 1, P284 ^ The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Grey,_3rd_Baron_Grey_de_Ruthyn"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Ferrers, 6th Baroness Ferrers of Groby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ferrers,_6th_Baroness_Ferrers_of_Groby"},{"link_name":"Baron Ferrers of Groby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Ferrers_of_Groby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Complete Peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Peerage"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wyatt's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"John Grey of Groby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grey_of_Groby"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"}],"text":"Andrew de Astley, 1st Baron Astley, (1295–1301)\nNicholas de Astley, 2nd Baron Astley, (1301–c.1315)\nSir Giles de Astley, younger brother of Nicholas, (died before 1316)\nSir Thomas Astley, 3rd Baron Astley, son of Sir Giles, (c.1315–1370)\nWilliam Astley, 4th Baron Astley (1370?)The 4th Baron left an only child and sole heiress Joan Astley, who married Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn and died in 1448. Their son Edward Grey (who was the second surviving son of his father) married Elizabeth Ferrers, 6th Baroness Ferrers of Groby and Edward was thereby summoned to Parliament as Baron Ferrers of Groby. He died on 18 December 1457.[2] Elizabeth died in 1483.Whether the Barony of Astley passed to Joan Astley and her son Edward Grey is open to dispute. The Complete Peerage entries on the Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset and Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset and on Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk do not include Baron Astley with their other titles; indeed the last person listed as a holder of the title in the entry on Baron Astley is William Astley, 4th Baron Astley. The entry continues \"After his death, the Barony of Astley, if an hereditary Peerage (there being no proof of any sitting) would have devolved on his only da. and \nh., Joan, and the heirs of her body ... Edward Grey (s. and h. to his mother), who was sum. to Parl, in 1446 as Lord Ferrers of Groby. The Barony of Astley (if then existing) would thenceforth have followed the course of that of Ferrers of Groby, and have been forfeited therewith on the attainder of Henry (Grey), Duke of Suffolk, &c, in 1554.\"[3] On the other hand, Burke’s Dormant and Extinct Peerages of 1831 [4] and 1978 extend the barony down to 1554 when it would have been forfeited along with all the other titles of the Duke of Suffolk following participation in Wyatt's Rebellion and his attainder and execution. This gives the following descent:Joan Astley, 5th Baroness Astley (died 1448)\nSir Edward Grey, 5th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 18 December 1457);\nSir John Grey of Groby, 6th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 17 February 1461)(died before his mother, so was never Baron Ferrers of Groby)\nThomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 7th Baron Astley, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby (son of the previous)(died 20 September 1501)\nThomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, 8th Baron Astley (son of the previous)(died 10 October 1530) and his son:,\nHenry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 9th Baron Astley (executed 23 February 1554)","title":"Baron Astley (1295)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aB0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Volume 5, page 359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/CokayneG.E.TheCompletePeerageSecondEditionVolume5EAGO/page/n189/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Vol 1, P284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/completepeerageo01coka/page/284/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aB0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491"}],"text":"^ The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15\n\n^ Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Volume 5, page 359\n\n^ Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Vol 1, P284\n\n^ The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Baron Astley of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Astley_of_Reading"},{"title":"Baron Astley (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Astley_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Astley baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astley_baronets"},{"title":"Baron Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Hastings"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aB0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491","external_links_name":"The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CokayneG.E.TheCompletePeerageSecondEditionVolume5EAGO/page/n189/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Volume 5, page 359"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completepeerageo01coka/page/284/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Complete Peerage, 2nd edition, Vol 1, P284"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aB0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA491","external_links_name":"The Peerages of England Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance by John Burke 1831: p.15"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Milwaukee_Bucks_season	2006–07 Milwaukee Bucks season	["1 Draft picks","2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Season standings","3.2 Record vs. opponents","3.3 Game log","4 Player statistics","4.1 Regular season","5 Awards and records","6 Transactions","6.1 Trades","6.2 Free agents","7 References"]	NBA professional basketball team season NBA professional basketball team season 2006–07 Milwaukee Bucks seasonHead coachTerry StottsLarry KrystkowiakOwnersHerb KohlArenaBradley CenterResultsRecord28–54 (.341)PlaceDivision: 5th (Central)Conference: 14th (Eastern)Playoff finishDid not qualifyLocal mediaTelevisionFSN Wisconsin, WCGV-TVRadioWFMR < 2005–06 2007–08 > The 2006-07 Milwaukee Bucks season was the team's 39th in the NBA. They began the season hoping to improve upon their 40-42 output from the previous season. However, they came twelve wins shy of tying it, finishing 28-54. Draft picks Main article: 2006 NBA draft Round Pick Player Position Nationality College 2 39 David Noel F United States North Carolina Roster 2006–07 Milwaukee Bucks roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB From PG 42 Bell, Charlie 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 1979–03–12 Michigan State C 6 Bogut, Andrew 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 260 lb (118 kg) 1984–11–28 Utah G 11 Boykins, Earl 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) 133 lb (60 kg) Eastern Michigan C 50 Gadzuric, Dan 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 245 lb (111 kg) UCLA G 3 Greer, Lynn 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Temple F 19 Ilyasova, Ersan 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Turkey F 52 Markota, Damir 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Croatia F 34 Noel, David 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 230 lb (104 kg) North Carolina G/F 23 Patterson, Ruben 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 223 lb (101 kg) Cincinnati SG 22 Redd, Michael 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 215 lb (98 kg) 1979–08–24 Ohio State C 55 Reiner, Jared 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Iowa F/C 54 Skinner, Brian 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 255 lb (116 kg) Baylor SF 21 Simmons, Bobby (IN) 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 235 lb (107 kg) DePaul F 31 Villanueva, Charlie 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 232 lb (105 kg) Connecticut PG 25 Williams, Mo 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Alabama Head coach Larry Krystkowiak (Montana) Assistant coach(es) Brian James (Illinois State) Mike Sanders (UCLA) Tony Brown (Arkansas) Legend (DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured Regular season Season standings Central Divisionvte W L PCT GB Home Road Div y-Detroit Pistons 53 29 .646 - 26–15 27–14 9–7 x-Cleveland Cavaliers 50 32 .610 3 30–11 20–21 10–6 x-Chicago Bulls 49 33 .598 4 31–10 18–23 12–4 Indiana Pacers 35 47 .427 18 22–19 13–28 8–8 Milwaukee Bucks 28 54 .341 25 18–23 10–31 1–15 # Eastern Conferencevte Team W L PCT GB 1 c-Detroit Pistons 53 29 .646 – 2 x-Cleveland Cavaliers 50 32 .610 3 3 y-Toronto Raptors 47 35 .573 6 4 y-Miami Heat 44 38 .537 9 5 x-Chicago Bulls 49 33 .598 4 6 x-New Jersey Nets 41 41 .500 12 7 x-Washington Wizards 41 41 .500 12 8 x-Orlando Magic 40 42 .488 13 9 Philadelphia 76ers 35 47 .427 18 10 Indiana Pacers 35 47 .427 18 11 New York Knicks 33 49 .402 20 12 Charlotte Bobcats 33 49 .402 20 13 Atlanta Hawks 30 52 .366 23 14 Milwaukee Bucks 28 54 .341 25 15 Boston Celtics 24 58 .293 29 Record vs. opponents 2006-07 NBA Records Team ATL BOS CHA CHI CLE DAL DEN DET GSW HOU IND LAC LAL MEM MIA MIL MIN NJN NOK NYK ORL PHI PHO POR SAC SAS SEA TOR UTA WAS Atlanta — 3–1 1–3 0–4 1–3 0–2 1–1 1–2 2–0 1–1 1–3 2–0 0–2 2–0 0–4 1–2 2–0 1–2 0–2 1–2 3–1 1–3 1–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 0–2 2–2 0–2 1–3 Boston 1–3 — 2–2 0–3 1–2 0–2 1–1 0–4 0–2 1–1 1–3 0–2 0–2 1–1 1–2 2–2 1–1 2–2 0–2 3–1 1–3 1–3 0–2 2–0 0–2 1–1 1–1 1–3 0–2 0–3 Charlotte 3–1 2–2 — 1–2 2–2 0–2 1–1 2–2 1–1 0–2 1–2 0–2 2–0 0–2 2–2 2–2 1–1 1–2 1–1 2–2 2–2 2–2 0–2 0–2 1–1 1–1 0–2 0–3 1–1 2–2 Chicago 4–0 3–0 2–1 — 2–2 1–1 1–1 3–1 1–1 0–2 3–1 0–2 1–1 1–1 3–1 4–0 0–2 1–3 2–0 3–1 1–2 2–1 1–1 2–0 0–2 1–1 2–0 2–2 0–2 3–1 Cleveland 3–1 2–1 2–2 2–2 — 0–2 0–2 1–3 2–0 1–1 3–1 2–0 2–0 2–0 1–3 4–0 2–0 2–1 1–1 2–2 1–2 3–1 0–2 1–1 2–0 2–0 1–1 3–1 1–1 2–1 Dallas 2–0 2–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 — 3–1 1–1 0–3 3–1 2–0 2–1 3–1 4–0 2–0 2–0 4–0 2–0 4–0 2–0 2–0 2–0 2–2 3–0 4–0 3–1 4–0 2–0 1–2 1–1 Denver 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 2–0 1–3 — 0–2 3–1 1–2 2–0 2–1 3–1 2–2 2–0 2–0 2–2 1–1 2–2 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–2 3–1 2–2 1–2 3–1 1–1 1–3 1–1 Detroit 2–1 4–0 2–2 1–3 3–1 1–1 2–0 — 0–2 1–1 2–2 2–0 2–0 2–0 2–1 3–1 1–1 4–0 1–1 2–1 4–0 3–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 2–0 2–1 0–2 2–2 Golden State 0–2 2–0 1–1 1–1 0–2 3–0 1–3 2–0 — 2–1 1–1 2–2 0–4 3–1 0–2 0–2 2–1 1–1 3–1 1–1 1–1 2–0 1–3 2–1 3–1 1–3 3–1 1–1 2–2 1–1 Houston 1–1 1–1 2–0 2–0 1–1 1–3 2–1 1–1 1–2 — 1–1 3–1 2–2 4–0 2–0 2–0 2–2 2–0 1–3 2–0 2–0 2–0 1–3 2–2 3–0 2–2 3–0 1–1 1–3 2–0 Indiana 3–1 3–1 2–1 1–3 1–3 0–2 0–2 2–2 1–1 1–1 — 1–1 1–1 2–0 2–2 4–0 0–2 0–4 1–1 2–1 2–2 2–2 0–2 2–0 0–2 1–1 0–2 1–2 0–2 0–3 L.A. Clippers 0–2 2–0 2–0 2–0 0–2 1–2 1–2 0–2 2–2 1–3 1–1 — 2–2 3–0 2–0 2–0 1–2 1–1 2–2 1–1 1–1 2–0 2–2 3–1 2–2 0–4 2–2 0–2 1–3 1–1 L.A. Lakers 2–0 2–0 0–2 1–1 0–2 1–3 1–3 0–2 4–0 2–2 1–1 2–2 — 2–2 1–1 0–2 3–1 2–0 1–2 0–2 2–0 1–1 1–3 1–2 3–1 2–1 3–1 1–1 2–1 1–1 Memphis 0–2 1–1 2–0 1–1 0–2 0–4 2–2 0–2 1–3 0–4 0–2 0–3 2–2 — 0–2 0–2 2–1 0–2 1–3 0–2 1–1 1–1 0–4 2–2 1–2 1–3 1–2 1–1 1–3 1–1 Miami 4–0 2–1 2–2 1–3 3–1 0–2 0–2 1–2 2–0 0–2 2–2 0–2 1–1 2–0 — 2–1 2–0 3–1 1–1 1–3 0–4 1–3 0–2 2–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 2–1 2–0 3–1 Milwaukee 2–1 2–2 2–2 0–4 0–4 0–2 0–2 1–3 2–0 0–2 0–4 0–2 2–0 2–0 1–2 — 2–0 1–2 0–2 1–3 1–3 2–1 0–2 1–1 1–1 2–0 1–1 1–3 0–2 1–3 Minnesota 0–2 1–1 1–1 2–0 0–2 0–4 2–2 1–1 1–2 2–2 2–0 2–1 1–3 1–2 0–2 0–2 — 1–1 1–3 2–0 1–1 2–0 1–3 2–2 2–2 1–2 1–3 0–2 1–3 1–1 New Jersey 2–1 2–2 2–1 3–1 1–2 0–2 1–1 0–4 1–1 0–2 4–0 1–1 0–2 2–0 1–3 2–1 1–1 — 1–1 4–0 2–2 2–2 0–2 0–2 1–1 0–2 0–2 2–2 2–0 4–0 New Orleans/Oklahoma City 2–0 2–0 1–1 0–2 1–1 0–4 2–2 1–1 1–3 3–1 1–1 2–2 2–1 3–1 1–1 2–0 3–1 1–1 — 2–0 1–1 0–2 0–3 1–2 3–1 0–4 2–2 0–2 1–2 1–1 New York 2–1 1–3 2–2 1–3 2–2 0–2 1–1 1–2 1–1 0–2 1–2 1–1 2–0 2–0 3–1 3–1 0–2 0–4 0–2 — 2–1 1–3 0–2 1–1 1–1 0–2 1–1 1–3 1–1 2–2 Orlando 1–3 3–1 2–2 2–1 2–1 0–2 1–1 0–4 1–1 0–2 2–2 1–1 0–2 1–1 4–0 3–1 1–1 2–2 1–1 1–2 — 2–1 0–2 2–0 1–1 1–1 2–0 0–4 2–0 2–2 Philadelphia 3–1 3–1 2–2 1–2 1–3 0–2 1–1 1–3 0–2 0–2 2–2 0–2 1–1 1–1 3–1 1–2 0–2 2–2 2–0 3–1 1–2 — 1–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 2–0 1–3 1–1 0–3 Phoenix 1–1 2–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 2–2 2–1 1–1 3–1 3–1 2–0 2–2 3–1 4–0 2–0 2–0 3–1 2–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 1–1 — 4–0 3–1 1–2 2–1 2–0 1–3 1–1 Portland 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–2 1–1 0–3 1–3 1–1 1–2 2–2 0–2 1–3 2–1 2–2 0–2 1–1 2–2 2–0 2–1 1–1 0–2 1–1 0–4 — 2–2 0–4 2–2 1–1 2–2 2–0 Sacramento 1–1 2–0 1–1 2–0 0–2 0–4 2–2 1–1 1–3 0–3 2–0 2–2 1–3 2–1 0–2 1–1 2–2 1–1 1–3 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–3 2–2 — 0–4 2–1 1–1 2–1 0–2 San Antonio 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 0–2 1–3 2–1 2–0 3–1 2–2 1–1 4–0 1–2 3–1 1–1 0–2 2–1 2–0 4–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 2–1 4–0 4–0 — 4–0 2–0 2–2 2–0 Seattle 2–0 1–1 2–0 0–2 1–1 0–4 1–3 0–2 1–3 0–3 2–0 2–2 1–3 2–1 0–2 1–1 3–1 2–0 2–2 1–1 0–2 0–2 1–2 2–2 1–2 0–4 — 1–1 2–2 0–2 Toronto 2–2 3–1 3–0 2–2 1–3 0–2 1–1 1–2 1–1 1–1 2–1 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–2 3–1 2–0 2–2 2–0 3–1 4–0 3–1 0–2 1–1 1–1 0–2 1–1 — 0–2 3–1 Utah 2–0 2–0 1–1 2–0 1–1 2–1 3–1 2–0 2–2 3–1 2–0 3–1 1–2 3–1 0–2 2–0 3–1 0–2 2–1 1–1 0–2 1–1 3–1 2–2 1–2 2–2 2–2 2–0 — 1–1 Washington 3–1 3–0 2–2 1–3 1–2 1–1 1–1 2–2 1–1 0–2 3–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–3 3–1 1–1 0–4 1–1 2–2 2–2 3–0 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–2 2–0 1–3 1–1 — Game log 2006–07 game logTotal: 28–54 (Home: 0–0; Road: 0–0) October: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record November: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record December: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record January: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record February: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record March: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record April: 0–0 (home: 0–0; road: 0–0) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists LocationAttendance Record 2006–07 schedule Player statistics Regular season Milwaukee Bucks statistics Player GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Charlie Bell 82 64 34.7 .437 .352 .780 2.9 3.0 1.2 .0 13.5 Steve Blake 33 2 17.7 .349 .279 .550 3.9 1.4 2.5 .3 3.6 Andrew Bogut 66 66 34.2 .553 .200 .577 8.8 3.0 .7 .5 12.3 Earl Boykins 35 19 33.0 .427 .419 .886 2.2 4.5 .9 .0 14.0 Dan Gadzuric 54 8 15.6 .474 .000 .467 4.6 .5 .4 .6 4.8 Lynn Greer 41 0 10.5 .433 .346 .844 .7 1.3 .4 .0 4.1 Julius Hodge 5 0 5.6 .571 . .500 1.0 .4 .2 .0 1.8 Ersan Ilyasova 66 14 14.7 .383 .365 .787 2.9 .7 .4 .3 6.1 Damir Markota 30 0 5.7 .365 .375 .636 1.0 .2 .1 .0 1.7 Chris McCray 5 0 2.4 .000 . . .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 David Noel 68 0 11.6 .367 .321 .860 1.8 1.0 .4 .1 2.7 Ruben Patterson 81 53 31.0 .548 .158 .641 5.4 2.9 1.4 .3 14.7 Michael Redd 53 53 38.4 .465 .382 .829 3.7 2.3 1.2 .2 26.7 Jared Reiner 27 2 9.0 .349 . .300 2.6 .5 .2 .2 1.2 Brian Skinner 67 44 22.7 .490 . .582 5.7 .9 .3 1.0 4.4 Charlie Villanueva 39 17 25.2 .470 .337 .820 5.8 .9 .6 .3 11.8 Mo Williams 68 68 36.4 .446 .346 .855 4.8 6.1 1.3 .1 17.3 Awards and records This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013) Transactions Trades June 28, 2006 To Milwaukee Bucks---- Damir Markota To San Antonio Spurs---- 2nd round draft pick (Marcus Williams) June 30, 2006 To Milwaukee Bucks---- Charlie Villanueva To Toronto Raptors---- T. J. Ford July 31, 2006 To Milwaukee Bucks---- Steve Blake Ha Seung-Jin Brian Skinner To Portland Trail Blazers---- Jamaal Magloire August 10, 2006 To Milwaukee Bucks---- Ruben Patterson To Denver Nuggets---- Joe Smith January 11, 2007 To Milwaukee Bucks---- Earl Boykins To Denver Nuggets---- Steve Blake Free agents Player Signed Former team Lynn Greer July 18, 2006 S. S. Basket Napoli Jared Reiner February 8, 2007 Sioux Falls Skyforce References ^ 2006-07 Milwaukee Bucks vteMilwaukee Bucks Founded in 1968 Based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Franchise All-time roster Draft history 1968 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas MECCA Arena Bradley Center Fiserv Forum Personnel Owner(s) Wes Edens Marc Lasry Jamie Dinan Mike Fascitelli President Peter Feigin General manager Jon Horst Head coach Doc Rivers G League affiliate Wisconsin Herd Retired numbers 1 2 4 8 10 14 16 32 33 NBA championships 1971 2021 Culture and lore Radio network Bally Sports Wisconsin The Big O Bango 1970–71 championship season 1974 NBA Finals MECCA Court Fear the Deer Herb Kohl vteMilwaukee Bucks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1968–691970s 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–791980s 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–891990s 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–992000s 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–092010s 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–192020s 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory vte2006–07 NBA season by team 2006 NBA draft All-Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions EasternAtlantic Boston New Jersey New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington WesternNorthwest Denver Minnesota Portland Seattle Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans/Oklahoma City San Antonio	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006-07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks"},{"link_name":"previous season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_Milwaukee_Bucks_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"NBA professional basketball team seasonThe 2006-07 Milwaukee Bucks season was the team's 39th in the NBA. They began the season hoping to improve upon their 40-42 output from the previous season. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_Tapes	The War Tapes	["1 External links","2 References"]	2006 American documentary film This article is about a documentary film. For the American rock band, see War Tapes. The War TapesFilm posterDirected byDeborah ScrantonProduced byRobert MaySteve JamesStarringZack Bazzi, Michael Moriarty, Stephen PinkCinematographyP.H. O'BrienPeter CiardelliEdited bySteve JamesLeslie SimmerMusic byNorman ArnoldRelease date April 29, 2006 (2006-04-29) Running time97 min.LanguageEnglish The War Tapes is a 2006 American war documentary film directed by Deborah Scranton. The film is the first documentary account of the 2003 invasion of Iraq to be produced by the soldiers themselves. The film follows three New Hampshire Army National Guard soldiers before, during, and after their deployment to Iraq about a year after the invasion. Their unit was Charlie Company, 3rd Battalion, 172nd Infantry Regiment (Mountain), which deployed from March 2004 to February 2005. The three soldiers with cameras featured in the film are SPC Michael Moriarty, SGT Stephen Pink, and SGT Zack Bazzi. Two other soldiers, SGT Duncan Domey and SPC Brandon Wilkins, also filmed their entire deployments for the film. In all, 17 soldiers were given cameras and recorded 800 hours of tape in Iraq. Stateside interviews with the soldiers and their families made up an additional 200 hours of tape. The "cast" was narrowed to three soldiers for the final feature-length film. The film won the prize for Best Documentary Feature at the Tribeca Film Festival in May 2006. External links The War Tapes at IMDb Operation Iraqi Footage at Seven Days (newspaper) References ^ "The War Tapes". Senart Films. Retrieved 2023-10-04. ^ "Q&A with Steve James & Zack Bazzi \| C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved 2023-10-04. ^ Norris, Michele (June 30, 2006). "'The War Tapes': Soldiers Tell Their Own Iraq Stories". NPR. ^ "Film sees war through soldiers' eyes". 2006-06-02. Retrieved 2023-10-04. ^ "Documentary Brings Real Iraq War Home - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2023-10-04. This article about a documentary film on the Iraq War (2003–2011) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Tapes"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Deborah Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Scranton"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(rank)"},{"link_name":"SGT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about a documentary film. 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Retrieved 2023-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/documentary-brings-real-iraq-war-home/","url_text":"\"Documentary Brings Real Iraq War Home - CBS News\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0775566/","external_links_name":"The War Tapes"},{"Link":"https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/operation-iraqi-footage/Content?oid=2135850","external_links_name":"Operation Iraqi Footage"},{"Link":"https://senartfilms.com/the-war-tapes/","external_links_name":"\"The War Tapes\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?193246-1/qa-steve-james-zack-bazzi","external_links_name":"\"Q&A with Steve James & Zack Bazzi \| C-SPAN.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2006/06/30/5524323/the-war-tapes-soldiers-tell-their-own-iraq-stories","external_links_name":"\"'The War Tapes': Soldiers Tell Their Own Iraq Stories\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5038172.stm","external_links_name":"\"Film sees war through soldiers' eyes\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/documentary-brings-real-iraq-war-home/","external_links_name":"\"Documentary Brings Real Iraq War Home - CBS News\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_War_Tapes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie	Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie	["1 History","2 Population","3 Personalities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°02′46″N 4°26′31″E / 44.046°N 4.442°E / 44.046; 4.442 For homonymy, see Saint-Quentin. Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-Quentin-la-PoterieCommuneTown hall Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie Saint-Quentin-la-PoterieShow map of FranceSaint-Quentin-la-PoterieShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 44°02′46″N 4°26′31″E / 44.046°N 4.442°E / 44.046; 4.442CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGardArrondissementNîmesCantonUzèsGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Yvon BonziArea124.06 km2 (9.29 sq mi)Population (2021)3,046 • Density130/km2 (330/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code30295 /30700Elevation82–272 m (269–892 ft) (avg. 115 m or 377 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Sent Quentin de la Terralha) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. The town is the home of the Museum of Mediterranean Pottery and has 25 ceramic workshops. In 2021 it hosted Terralha, the European festival of ceramic arts. History The suffix Poterie (English: pottery) was added to the town's name in 1886 following a decree signed by Jules Grévy, then President of the French Republic. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,356— 1975 1,510+1.55%1982 1,753+2.15%1990 2,290+3.40%1999 2,731+1.98%2007 2,892+0.72%2012 2,956+0.44%2017 3,054+0.65%Source: INSEE Personalities Joseph Monier, the inventor of reinforced concrete used in construction, was born in the village in 1823. The town's marketplace has a reinforced concrete covering. See also Communes of the Gard department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Mille, Catherine (17 July 2021). "Festival de la céramique à Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie" . Midi Libre (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "SAINT-QUENTIN-LA-POTERIE, UN VILLAGE CHARGE D'HISTOIRE" (in French). Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie. vte Communes of the Gard department Aigaliers Aigremont Aigues-Mortes Aigues-Vives Aiguèze Aimargues Alèssubpr Allègre-les-Fumades Alzon Anduze Les Angles Aramon Argilliers Arpaillargues-et-Aureillac Arphy Arre Arrigas Aspères Aubais Aubord Aubussargues Aujac Aujargues Aulas Aumessas Avèze Bagard Bagnols-sur-Cèze Barjac Baron La Bastide-d'Engras Beaucaire Beauvoisin Bellegarde Belvézet Bernis Bessèges Bez-et-Esparon Bezouce Blandas Blauzac Boisset-et-Gaujac Boissières Bonnevaux Bordezac Boucoiran-et-Nozières Bouillargues Bouquet Bourdic Bragassargues Branoux-les-Taillades Bréau-Mars Brignon Brouzet-lès-Alès Brouzet-lès-Quissac La Bruguière Cabrières La Cadière-et-Cambo Le Cailar Caissargues La Calmette Calvisson Campestre-et-Luc Canaules-et-Argentières Cannes-et-Clairan La Capelle-et-Masmolène Cardet Carnas Carsan Cassagnoles Castelnau-Valence Castillon-du-Gard Causse-Bégon Caveirac Cavillargues Cendras Chambon Chamborigaud Chusclan Clarensac Codognan Codolet Collias Collorgues Colognac Combas Comps Concoules Congénies Connaux Conqueyrac Corbès Corconne Cornillon Courry Crespian Cros Cruviers-Lascours Deaux Dions Domazan Domessargues Dourbies Durfort-et-Saint-Martin-de-Sossenac Estézargues L'Estréchure Euzet Flaux Foissac Fons Fons-sur-Lussan Fontanès Fontarèches Fournès Fourques Fressac Gagnières Gailhan Gajan Gallargues-le-Montueux Le Garn Garons Garrigues-Sainte-Eulalie Gaujac Générac Générargues Génolhac Goudargues La Grand-Combe Le Grau-du-Roi Issirac Jonquières-Saint-Vincent Junas Lamelouze Langlade Lanuéjols Lasalle Laudun-l'Ardoise Laval-Pradel Laval-Saint-Roman Lecques Lédenon Lédignan Lézan Liouc Lirac Logrian-Florian Lussan Les Mages Malons-et-Elze Mandagout Manduel Marguerittes Martignargues Le Martinet Maruéjols-lès-Gardon Massanes Massillargues-Attuech Mauressargues Méjannes-le-Clap Méjannes-lès-Alès Meynes Meyrannes Mialet Milhaud Molières-Cavaillac Molières-sur-Cèze Monoblet Mons Montagnac Montaren-et-Saint-Médiers Montclus Montdardier Monteils Montfaucon Montfrin Montignargues Montmirat Montpezat Moulézan Moussac Mus Nages-et-Solorgues Navacelles Ners Nîmespref Orsan Orthoux-Sérignac-Quilhan Parignargues Peyremale Peyrolles Le Pin Les Plans Les Plantiers Pommiers Pompignan Ponteils-et-Brésis Pont-Saint-Esprit Portes Potelières Pougnadoresse Poulx Pouzilhac Puechredon Pujaut Quissac Redessan Remoulins Revens Ribaute-les-Tavernes Rivières Robiac-Rochessadoule Rochefort-du-Gard Rochegude Rodilhan Rogues Roquedur Roquemaure La Roque-sur-Cèze Rousson La Rouvière Sabran Saint-Alexandre Saint-Ambroix Saint-André-de-Majencoules Saint-André-de-Roquepertuis Saint-André-de-Valborgne Saint-André-d'Olérargues Saint-Bauzély Saint-Bénézet Saint-Bonnet-de-Salendrinque Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard Saint-Brès Saint-Bresson Saint-Césaire-de-Gauzignan Saint-Chaptes Saint-Christol-de-Rodières Saint-Christol-lès-Alès Saint-Clément Saint-Côme-et-Maruéjols Saint-Denis Saint-Dézéry Saint-Dionisy Sainte-Anastasie Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge Sainte-Croix-de-Caderle Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm Saint-Étienne-des-Sorts Saint-Félix-de-Pallières Saint-Florent-sur-Auzonnet Saint-Geniès-de-Comolas Saint-Geniès-de-Malgoirès Saint-Gervais Saint-Gervasy Saint-Gilles Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas Saint-Hilaire-d'Ozilhan Saint-Hippolyte-de-Caton Saint-Hippolyte-de-Montaigu Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort Saint-Jean-de-Ceyrargues Saint-Jean-de-Crieulon Saint-Jean-de-Maruéjols-et-Avéjan Saint-Jean-de-Serres Saint-Jean-de-Valériscle Saint-Jean-du-Gard Saint-Jean-du-Pin Saint-Julien-de-Cassagnas Saint-Julien-de-la-Nef Saint-Julien-de-Peyrolas Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers Saint-Just-et-Vacquières Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze Saint-Laurent-de-Carnols Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres Saint-Laurent-la-Vernède Saint-Laurent-le-Minier Saint-Mamert-du-Gard Saint-Marcel-de-Careiret Saint-Martial Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues Saint-Maurice-de-Cazevieille Saint-Maximin Saint-Michel-d'Euzet Saint-Nazaire Saint-Nazaire-des-Gardies Saint-Paulet-de-Caisson Saint-Paul-la-Coste Saint-Paul-les-Fonts Saint-Pons-la-Calm Saint-Privat-de-Champclos Saint-Privat-des-Vieux Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie Saint-Roman-de-Codières Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu Saint-Sébastien-d'Aigrefeuille Saint-Siffret Saint-Théodorit Saint-Victor-de-Malcap Saint-Victor-des-Oules Saint-Victor-la-Coste Salazac Salindres Salinelles Les Salles-du-Gardon Sanilhac-Sagriès Sardan Saumane Sauve Sauveterre Sauzet Savignargues Saze Sénéchas Sernhac Servas Serviers-et-Labaume Seynes Sommières Soudorgues Soustelle Souvignargues Sumène Tavel Tharaux Théziers Thoiras Tornac Tresques Trèves Uchaud Uzès Vabres Val-d'Aigoual Vallabrègues Vallabrix Vallérargues Valliguières Vauvert Vénéjan Verfeuil Vergèze La Vernarède Vers-Pont-du-Gard Vestric-et-Candiac Vézénobres Vic-le-Fesq Le Vigansubpr Villeneuve-lès-Avignon Villevieille Vissec pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef This Gard geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ kɑ̃tɛ̃ la pɔtʁi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For homonymy, see Saint-Quentin.Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-Quentin-la-Poterie (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kɑ̃tɛ̃ la pɔtʁi]; Occitan: Sent Quentin de la Terralha) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. 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The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-30295","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Mille, Catherine (17 July 2021). \"Festival de la céramique à Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie\" [Ceramic Festival in Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie]. Midi Libre (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.midilibre.fr/2021/07/17/festival-de-la-ceramique-a-saint-quentin-la-poterie-9677865.php","url_text":"\"Festival de la céramique à Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi_Libre","url_text":"Midi Libre"}]},{"reference":"\"SAINT-QUENTIN-LA-POTERIE, UN VILLAGE CHARGE D'HISTOIRE\" (in French). Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hienadz_Kliauko	Hienadz Kliauko	["1 Biography","2 Creative activity","3 References","4 External links"]	Soviet Belarusian poet This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hienadz Kliauko" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hienadź KlaŭkoBelarusian: Генадзь КляўкоBornDecember 28, 1931village Varoničy, Puchavičy District, Minsk Voblast, Republic of BelarusDiedAugust 21, 1979Minsk, Republic of BelarusOccupationPoet and translatorNationalityBelarusianPeriod1949-1979 Hienadź Klaŭko (also: Gennady Klevko, Belarusian: Гена́дзь Кляўко́, Russian: Генна́дий Клевко́) (December 28, 1931 (officially May 1, 1932) – August 21, 1979) was a Soviet Belarusian poet and translator. Biography Hienadź Klaŭko was born on December 28, 1931, in the village of Varoničy, which is situated in Puchavičy District, Minsk Voblast, Republic of Belarus. After graduating from secondary school in 1950, he entered the Faculty of Philology of the Belarusian State University. After graduation in 1955 he started working for magazines and newspapers. From 1954 to 1963 he was the copy editor in the newspaper “Kałhasnaja praŭda”. From 1963 to 1973 he worked as a regular contributor and senior secretary in a popular Belarusian comic magazine “Vožyk”. In 1964 he became a member of the USSR Union of Writers. In 1973 Hienadź Klaŭko became the sub-editor of the Belarusian main literary magazine “Połymia” and worked there until his death in 1979. Creative activity The first poem of Hienadź Klaŭko was published in 1949. He authored about 10 books of poetry that described homeland and discussed the main events of the time: war and life after the war. Besides, he wrote humorous poems and poems for children. Some of his poems were set to music. Hienadź Klaŭko was also a noted translator of North Ossetian poetry into Belarusian, as well as numerous translations of poems of Polish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, and Russian poets. References ^ Belarusian Electronic Encyclopedia ^ Belarusian Soviet Encyclopedia External links Hienadz Kliauko poetry in Belarusian Vershy.ru Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland This article about a Belarusian poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"}],"text":"Hienadź Klaŭko (also: Gennady Klevko, Belarusian: Гена́дзь Кляўко́, Russian: Генна́дий Клевко́) (December 28, 1931 (officially May 1, 1932) – August 21, 1979) was a Soviet Belarusian poet and translator.","title":"Hienadz Kliauko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puchavičy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukhavichy_District"},{"link_name":"Minsk Voblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Voblast"},{"link_name":"Republic of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Belarusian State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_State_University"},{"link_name":"copy editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_editor"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"comic magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_magazine"},{"link_name":"USSR Union of Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Union_of_Writers"},{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Hienadź Klaŭko was born on December 28, 1931, in the village of Varoničy, which is situated in Puchavičy District, Minsk Voblast, Republic of Belarus. After graduating from secondary school in 1950, he entered the Faculty of Philology of the Belarusian State University. After graduation in 1955 he started working for magazines and newspapers. From 1954 to 1963 he was the copy editor in the newspaper “Kałhasnaja praŭda”. From 1963 to 1973 he worked as a regular contributor and senior secretary in a popular Belarusian comic magazine “Vožyk”. In 1964 he became a member of the USSR Union of Writers. In 1973 Hienadź Klaŭko became the sub-editor of the Belarusian main literary magazine “Połymia” and worked there until his death in 1979.[1][2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poems for children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"The first poem of Hienadź Klaŭko was published in 1949. He authored about 10 books of poetry that described homeland and discussed the main events of the time: war and life after the war. Besides, he wrote humorous poems and poems for children. Some of his poems were set to music.Hienadź Klaŭko was also a noted translator of North Ossetian poetry into Belarusian, as well as numerous translations of poems of Polish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, and Russian poets.","title":"Creative activity"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22","external_links_name":"\"Hienadz Kliauko\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hienadz+Kliauko%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://slounik.org/81096.html","external_links_name":"Belarusian Electronic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://vershy.ru/category/genadz-klyauko","external_links_name":"Hienadz Kliauko poetry in Belarusian"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3725154260561224480009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810641135705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hienadz_Kliauko&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_van_Rensburg	Patrick van Rensburg	["1 Life","2 Diplomatic and political activities","3 Botswana","4 Works","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	South African-Motswana anti-apartheid activist and educator Patrick van RensburgBorn(1931-12-03)3 December 1931Durban, Natal, Union of South AfricaDied(2017-05-23)23 May 2017Serowe, BotswanaOccupationWriterNationalitySouth AfricanNotable awardsRight Livelihood Award Patrick van Rensburg (3 December 1931 − 23 May 2017) was a South African-born anti-apartheid activist and educator. In the 1960s, he founded Swaneng Hill School in Serowe, Botswana, and the nationwide Brigades Movement in that country. In the 1980s, he founded the Mmegi national newspaper and the Foundation for Education with Production, which promoted his ideas in South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. In 1981, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award "for developing replicable educational models for the third world majority". Life Van Rensburg was born in Durban, South Africa. His parents separated when he was young, and he was raised by his Afrikaner grandmother and her French Mauritian husband. The family spoke English at home and were Roman Catholic: a big difference from the traditional Afrikaner upbringing. Van Rensburg attended St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College and Glenwood High School. He had three children: sons Mothusi van Rensburg and Thomas van Rensburg, and daughter Joanna Forbes. Diplomatic and political activities Van Rensburg was South African Vice-Consul in the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of Congo) from February 1956 till May 1957, when he resigned as a protest against South Africa's apartheid policies of racial discrimination. He joined the Liberal Party of South Africa, becoming the party's organising secretary for the Transvaal province in September 1958. In 1959, he moved to the UK, where he almost immediately began helping organise the 1960 campaign to boycott South African goods in the UK and the Netherlands. Other organisers and supporters of the campaign included Julius Nyerere, Trevor Huddleston, Canon John Collins and Tennyson Makiwane. The Boycott Movement soon grew into the British Anti-Apartheid Movement. Van Rensburg was vilified by Afrikaners for his part in the campaign, and when he returned to South Africa in 1960, his passport was confiscated and he fled over the border to the Swaziland Protectorate. Botswana One of the original staff houses at Swaneng Hill School, Serowe, Botswana In 1962, he moved to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana), where he undertook many educational and social initiatives. In the 1980s, he founded the Foundation for Education with Production. Van Rensburg is the founder of Mmegi newspaper, Botswana's leading private newspaper. The newspaper began as a Swaneng Hill School’s newsletter called “Mmegi wa Dikgang” in Serowe. Towards the end of his life, he was one of Botswana's elder statesmen, having written a regular column for years for Mmegi, the independent daily newspaper. Van Rensburg died on 23 May 2017 in Serowe. Works Guilty Land. London: Penguin, 1962. ISBN B0000CL9AT Report from Swaneng Hill. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1974. ISBN 91-85214-01-9 The Serowe brigades: Alternative education in Botswana. Macmillan for the Bernard van Leer Foundation, 1978. ISBN 0-333-23594-0 With Andrew Boyd. Atlas of African Affairs. London: Methuen, 1962. ISBN 0-416-64770-7. Van Rensburg, P. (1971). A new approach to rural development. Botswana Notes & Records, 3(1), 201–215. Van Rensburg, P. (1980). Another look at the Serowe Brigades. Prospects, 10(4), 379–391. Van Rensburg, P. (1978). Education and production as a lever for another development. Development dialogue, 2, 81–88. Van Rensburg had written a number of titles for the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. Awards 1981 Right Livelihood Award, with Bill Mollison and Mike Cooley References ^ a b c "Patrick van Rensburg Memorial Service" (PDF). 24 June 2017. ^ a b c Dingake, Michael (24 May 2017). "Van Rensburg, founder of Mmegi dies". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "Patrick van Rensburg". Geo Cities. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2017. ^ Gurney, Christabel (June 1959 – March 1960). "A Great Cause". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 30 August 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2017. ^ Staff (24 May 2017). "Van Rensburg, founder of Mmegi dies". Mmegi Online. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. "Patrick van Rensburg in Botswana". Contact Vol 5, No 13, 28 June 1962. Retrieved 19 April 2006. Right Livelihood Award: Roll of honour. Biography of Patrick van Rensburg. Retrieved 19 April 2006. External links Dag Hammarskjold Foundation. Biography Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Swaneng Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaneng_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Serowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serowe"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Mmegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmegi"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Right Livelihood Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award"}],"text":"Patrick van Rensburg (3 December 1931 − 23 May 2017) was a South African-born anti-apartheid activist and educator.[1] In the 1960s, he founded Swaneng Hill School in Serowe, Botswana, and the nationwide Brigades Movement in that country. In the 1980s, he founded the Mmegi national newspaper and the Foundation for Education with Production, which promoted his ideas in South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe.[2] In 1981, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award \"for developing replicable educational models for the third world majority\".","title":"Patrick van Rensburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner"},{"link_name":"Mauritian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Henry%27s_Marist_Brothers%27_College"},{"link_name":"Glenwood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_High_School_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Van Rensburg was born in Durban, South Africa. His parents separated when he was young, and he was raised by his Afrikaner grandmother and her French Mauritian husband. The family spoke English at home and were Roman Catholic: a big difference from the traditional Afrikaner upbringing. Van Rensburg attended St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College and Glenwood High School.[3] He had three children: sons Mothusi van Rensburg and Thomas van Rensburg, and daughter Joanna Forbes.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaal_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Julius Nyerere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere"},{"link_name":"Trevor Huddleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Huddleston"},{"link_name":"Canon John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_John_Collins"},{"link_name":"Tennyson Makiwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennyson_Makiwane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Apartheid Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Swaziland Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Van Rensburg was South African Vice-Consul in the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of Congo) from February 1956 till May 1957, when he resigned as a protest against South Africa's apartheid policies of racial discrimination. He joined the Liberal Party of South Africa, becoming the party's organising secretary for the Transvaal province in September 1958.[1]In 1959, he moved to the UK, where he almost immediately began helping organise the 1960 campaign to boycott South African goods in the UK and the Netherlands. Other organisers and supporters of the campaign included Julius Nyerere, Trevor Huddleston, Canon John Collins and Tennyson Makiwane. The Boycott Movement soon grew into the British Anti-Apartheid Movement.[4]Van Rensburg was vilified by Afrikaners for his part in the campaign, and when he returned to South Africa in 1960, his passport was confiscated and he fled over the border to the Swaziland Protectorate.[1]","title":"Diplomatic and political activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staff_house,_Swaneng.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bechuanaland Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Mmegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmegi"},{"link_name":"Swaneng Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaneng_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Serowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serowe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"One of the original staff houses at Swaneng Hill School, Serowe, BotswanaIn 1962, he moved to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana), where he undertook many educational and social initiatives. In the 1980s, he founded the Foundation for Education with Production. Van Rensburg is the founder of Mmegi newspaper, Botswana's leading private newspaper. The newspaper began as a Swaneng Hill School’s newsletter called “Mmegi wa Dikgang” in Serowe.[2] Towards the end of his life, he was one of Botswana's elder statesmen, having written a regular column for years for Mmegi, the independent daily newspaper.Van Rensburg died on 23 May 2017 in Serowe.[5][2]","title":"Botswana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"91-85214-01-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85214-01-9"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-23594-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-23594-0"},{"link_name":"Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-416-64770-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-64770-7"},{"link_name":"Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Foundation"}],"text":"Guilty Land. London: Penguin, 1962. ISBN B0000CL9AT\nReport from Swaneng Hill. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1974. ISBN 91-85214-01-9\nThe Serowe brigades: Alternative education in Botswana. Macmillan for the Bernard van Leer Foundation, 1978. ISBN 0-333-23594-0\nWith Andrew Boyd. Atlas of African Affairs. London: Methuen, 1962. ISBN 0-416-64770-7.\nVan Rensburg, P. (1971). A new approach to rural development. Botswana Notes & Records, 3(1), 201–215.\nVan Rensburg, P. (1980). Another look at the Serowe Brigades. Prospects, 10(4), 379–391.\nVan Rensburg, P. (1978). Education and production as a lever for another development. Development dialogue, 2, 81–88.Van Rensburg had written a number of titles for the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Right Livelihood Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award"},{"link_name":"Bill Mollison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mollison"},{"link_name":"Mike Cooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cooley_(engineer)"}],"text":"1981 Right Livelihood Award, with Bill Mollison and Mike Cooley","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"One of the original staff houses at Swaneng Hill School, Serowe, Botswana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Staff_house%2C_Swaneng.jpg/220px-Staff_house%2C_Swaneng.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Patrick van Rensburg Memorial Service\" (PDF). 24 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://theswanengstory.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/pvr-programme-2017-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Patrick van Rensburg Memorial Service\""}]},{"reference":"Dingake, Michael (24 May 2017). \"Van Rensburg, founder of Mmegi dies\". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmegi.bw/news/van-rensburg-founder-of-mmegi-dies/news","url_text":"\"Van Rensburg, founder of Mmegi dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick van Rensburg\". Geo Cities. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041013100008/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/1266/historical-Patrick.htm","url_text":"\"Patrick van Rensburg\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/1266/historical-Patrick.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gurney, Christabel (June 1959 – March 1960). \"A Great Cause\". African National Congress. Archived from the original on 30 August 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000830082702/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/aam/aam_origins.html","url_text":"\"A Great Cause\""},{"url":"http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/aam/aam_origins.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (24 May 2017). \"Van Rensburg, founder of Mmegi dies\". Mmegi Online. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Silberman	Charles E. Silberman	["1 Awards","2 References"]	American journalist Charles E. SilbermanBornCharles Eliot Silberman(1925-01-31)January 31, 1925Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.DiedFebruary 5, 2011(2011-02-05) (aged 86)Sarasota, Florida, U.S.Occupation Journalist author EducationColumbia University (BA)Notable awardsGerald Loeb Award (1966)Children4 Charles Eliot Silberman (January 31, 1925 – February 5, 2011) was an American journalist and author. Silberman was born in Des Moines, Iowa. After service in the Pacific during World War II, he gained a B.A. in Economics from Columbia University in 1946 and also undertook graduate studies at Columbia. Subsequently, he taught at Columbia and City College of New York before joining Fortune magazine in 1953 where he remained until the early 1970s. He was the author of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (1978), a study of crime and the American criminal justice system. Silberman used econometric methods to measure the effectiveness in terms of criminal deterrence of two factors: the degree of punishment; and the probability of apprehension. A simple "expected loss" model would predict that deterrent effect would depend only on the result of multiplying the penalty by the probability of it occurring. Silberman concluded that contrary to this model, the likelihood of punishment had a greater effect in most situations. Silberman also stated, "Crime does more than expose the weakness in social relationships; it undermines the social order itself, by destroying the assumptions on which it is based." Silberman's book Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education is regarded as one of the leading investigations into and critiques of the performance of the American educational system and has been praised for its scope and insight. He was also the author of Crisis in Black and White and A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today. Silberman died on February 5, 2011, in Sarasota, Florida, aged 86. He had four sons and seven grandchildren. Awards 1966 Gerald Loeb Award for Magazines for "Technology and the Labor Market" References ^ a b Margalit Fox (13 February 2011). "Charles E. Silberman, Who Wrote About Racism in the U.S., Dies at 86". New York Times. ^ "Charles E. Silberman". Harper's magazine. ^ Rodney P. Smith. "Crisis in the Classroom: A Critique" (PDF). ^ "Charles E. Silberman (1925–2011)". ^ "Loeb Awards announced for editor and professor". The New York Times. April 27, 1966. p. 94. Retrieved February 6, 2019. vteGerald Loeb Award winners for Magazines(1958–1959) 1958: Werner Renberg 1959: Ernest Havermann (1960–1969) 1960: John A. Conway 1961: Leonard S. Silk 1962: Richard Austin Smith 1962 (SA): John Chamberlain 1962 (SA): Daniel M. Friedenberg 1963: Sandford Brown 1963 (SA): Gilbert H. Clee 1963 (SA): Robert W. Murray, Jr. 1964: John Brooks 1964 (SA): John Maughan 1964 (SA): Max Ways 1965: Lee Silberman 1966: Charles E. Silberman 1967: Max Ways 1968: Michael Laurence 1969: John Brooks (1970–1979) 1970: John F. Lyons 1971: Chris Welles 1972: Kenneth Auchincloss 1973: Everett Mattlin 1974: Carol J. Loomis 1975: Marshall Loeb 1976: Gordon Williams 1977: Lawrence Minard, David Warsh 1978: Lewis Lapham 1978 (HM): William Tucker 1979: William Tucker 1979 (HM): Robert Heilbroner (1980–1989) 1980: Walter Guzzardi Jr. 1981: William Tucker 1982: L. J. Davis 1983: Joseph Nocera 1984: Andrew Tobias 1985 (tie): Richard L. Stern 1985 (tie): Howard Rudnitsky, Allan Sloan 1986: Barbara Donnelly 1987: William C. Symonds 1988: Robert Heilbroner 1989 (tie): Eric Schurenberg, Lani Luciano 1989 (tie): Carol J. Loomis (1990–1999) 1990: Peter Brimelow, Leslie Spencer 1991 (tie): Connie Bruck 1991 (tie): Joseph S. Coyle, Frank Lalli, Elizabeth MacDonald, Denise Topolnicki, Robert Wool 1992 (tie): Jonathan Beaty, S. C. Gwynne 1992 (tie): Richard Behar 1993: Brian O'Reilly 1994: Bryan Burrough 1995: Phillip Longman 1996: Joseph Nocera 1997: Mark Maremont, Jane Sasseen 1998: Dean Foust, Michael Mandel 1999: Shane Tritsch (2000–2009) 2000: Jeff Blyskal 2001: Gary Rivlin 2002: Nanette Byrnes, David Henry 2003: Hal Lux 2004: Aaron Bernstein, Pete Engardio, Manjeet Kripalani 2005 (tie): Charles Fishman 2005 (tie): Clifton Leaf 2006: Carol Loomis 2007: Charles Fishman 2008 (tie): Michael Lewis 2008 (tie): Allan Sloan 2009: David Leonhardt (2010–2014) 2010: James Bandler 2011: Charles R. Babcock, Amanda Bennett 2012: Doris Burke, Peter Elkind, Jennifer Reingold 2013 (tie): Connie Bruck 2013 (tie): Robert Capps 2014: Cam Simpson Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef This biography of an American academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-1"},{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-1"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"criminal justice system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)"},{"link_name":"social relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"social order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sarasota, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"}],"text":"Charles Eliot Silberman (January 31, 1925 – February 5, 2011)[1] was an American journalist and author.Silberman was born in Des Moines, Iowa. After service in the Pacific during World War II, he gained a B.A. in Economics from Columbia University in 1946 and also undertook graduate studies at Columbia. Subsequently, he taught at Columbia and City College of New York before joining Fortune magazine in 1953 where he remained until the early 1970s.[1]He was the author of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (1978), a study of crime and the American criminal justice system.[2]Silberman used econometric methods to measure the effectiveness in terms of criminal deterrence of two factors: the degree of punishment; and the probability of apprehension. A simple \"expected loss\" model would predict that deterrent effect would depend only on the result of multiplying the penalty by the probability of it occurring. Silberman concluded that contrary to this model, the likelihood of punishment had a greater effect in most situations. Silberman also stated, \"Crime does more than expose the weakness in social relationships; it undermines the social order itself, by destroying the assumptions on which it is based.\"Silberman's book Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education is regarded as one of the leading investigations into and critiques of the performance of the American educational system and has been praised for its scope and insight.[3]He was also the author of Crisis in Black and White and A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today.[4]Silberman died on February 5, 2011, in Sarasota, Florida, aged 86. He had four sons and seven grandchildren.","title":"Charles E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Ice_Cream_Suit	The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Background and release","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]	1998 filmRay Bradbury's The Wonderful Ice Cream SuitPromotional release posterDirected byStuart GordonWritten byRay Bradbury (play and screenplay)Produced by Roy E. Disney Stuart Gordon Laura J. Medina Starring Clifton Collins Jr. Joe Mantegna Esai Morales Gregory Sierra Edward James Olmos CinematographyMac AhlbergEdited byAndy HorvitchMusic byMaderProductioncompanyTouchstone Home VideoDistributed byBuena Vista Home VideoRelease date January 23, 1998 (1998-01-23) Running time77 minutesLanguageEnglish Ray Bradbury's The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, also known as The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, is a 1998 American fantasy comedy film directed by Stuart Gordon, written by Ray Bradbury and starring Edward James Olmos, Joe Mantegna, Esai Morales, Clifton Collins Jr. (credited as Clifton Gonzalez Gonzalez), Sid Caesar, Howard Morris and Gregory Sierra. It is set in East Los Angeles. Despite some well-known actors and the writing credit of Bradbury, having been intended for a theatrical release, the film was released direct-to-video by Touchstone Home Video. Years later in an interview, Roy E. Disney of the Disney Studios, explained that while he was enamored with the stage play on which the film is based, the studio balked at paying feature film big budget prices to bring the material to the big screen. Eager to get "the thing made", Roy E. Disney went along with having the play made as a made-for-TV-movie, with a much lower budget. The trouble with that, he found out, was that under contractual duties he could not bring the made-for-TV movie to the big screen without going back and re-paying all those who worked on the original television movie a second time. So the television movie was released direct to video and not theatrically. Plot Jose Martinez is a poor young man living in East Los Angeles who is in love with the girl next door. He encounters a strange man eyeing him and runs off, throwing away his wallet with his last $20 to escape. When cornered in the alley, he is given back his money where the man measures his body frame. This man is Gómez who introduces himself and whisks Martinez off to a run-down bar. There he meets two other similarly sized Latinos: Dominguez, a wandering guitar player, and Villanazul, a burgeoning philosopher and speaker for the people. Barely letting the dust settle, Gómez shows them that they all have the same measurements, height, and weight. It is at that moment that Gómez shares his vision. The most beautiful, exquisite, vanilla-ice-cream-white summer suit is for sale at the downtown suit emporium. It is one of a kind and costs only $100. Alone, none of them have enough to purchase the suit, but by combining their money, they may be able to own the one-of-a-kind suit together. Each of the four has only $20, leaving them with $80 – just $20 short. They need one more person to complete their dream. In their haste, they choose to go along with an unwashed bum outside, Vámonos, who has the last $20 they need. Once they buy the suit, they work out a system to decide who will wear it. Each partner will get to wear it for the entire night, one night a week. However, on the first night, they will each wear it for one hour, then return to the bar. Dominguez goes first, and stirs up a parade with his guitar playing, inspiring those who hear it to ¡Muévete! Villanazul is second, and during his hour he interrupts a politician on a soapbox to perform a poem he has written. Martinez, third in line, returns to the balcony where he first saw the girl next door. While she had previously not noticed him (because she did not have her glasses on), this time the bright white suit attracts her attention and Martinez gets her name: Celia Obregon. Gómez is next. Acting on an earlier hunch that Gómez's plan was a scam to get the money from the others to buy the suit and leave town, Villanazul reminds Gómez to "go with God." This was indeed the plan all along, but on the way to the bus station, Gómez encounters a mural of five men, each resembling a member of their group. Gómez decides not to leave, and returns. Finally, it is Vámonos's turn. Gómez is infuriated that the filthy Vámonos did not clean himself before his turn. Along with the others, they force Vámonos to take a bath, something he hadn't done in years. Once clean, Gómez lays down a series of rules, aimed at keeping the suit clean: no eating juicy tacos, drinking wine, smoking cigars, or even standing under trees with birds. Furthermore, he insists that Vámonos avoid meeting with a woman named Ruby Escadrío, whose boyfriend, Toro, would ruin the suit in a fight. Vámonos heads off to a club. He is followed by the other four members, who watch him ignore every one of Gómez's rules. Ruby Escadrío shows up, and she and Vámonos dance. Toro, predictably, is angry. The others protect Vámonos from Toro, Gómez even going so far as to insist Toro hit him instead of Vámonos. The fight ends after Toro hits Vámonos with his car. His leg is broken, but Vámonos insists that they quickly take off the suit before the ambulance arrives, because the paramedics would cut the suit off and ruin it. They do, and Vámonos is rushed to the hospital. In the final scene, Dominguez has ironed the suit and placed it on a mannequin. As the scene continues, it becomes apparent that the suit is one of the few things the group has left: they are sleeping on a rooftop, with only a few hammocks between them. Vámonos is fine, though his leg is still in a cast. Martinez contemplates that if they were rich, they would never have had the great time they have spent together, before Villanazul tells him to get some sleep. Cast Clifton Collins Jr. (credited as Clifton Gonzalez Gonzalez) as Martinez Joe Mantegna as Gomez Esai Morales as Dominguez Gregory Sierra as Villanazul Edward James Olmos as Vámonos Sid Caesar as Sid Zellman Howard Morris as Leo Zellman Mercedes Ortega as Celia Obregon Liz Torres as Ruby Escadrillo Mike Moroff as Toro Lisa Vidal as Ramona Tony Plana as Victor Medina (soapbox politician) Background and release The story's life and inspiration comes from Ray Bradbury's 1958 Saturday Evening Post short story "The Magic White Suit". The story was later renamed "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit" and was adapted into a short play published in The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays (ISBN 0-552-67297-1), a 1972 collection of three plays by Ray Bradbury: The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, The Veldt, and To the Chicago Abyss. All are adaptations from short stories of the same names. The story has gone on to see numerous incarnations as a television drama, a stage musical, and play. The first screen adaptation of The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit was a television version broadcast. A Los Angeles production of the play featured the debut of actor F. Murray Abraham. The 1998 version of the film was originally shown at that year's Sundance Film Festival. Ray Bradbury wrote the screenplay. He has called that film version "the best film I've ever made". The film was director Stuart Gordon's first departure from science fiction and horror genres. He had previously directed a stage adaptation of The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit. Awards Nomination: Annie Awards – 1998; Nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Interstitial, Promotional Production or Title Sequence" Fantasporto – 1998; Nominated for "International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film" Winner: Fantafestival – 1998; Won for "Best Direction" Stuart Gordon References ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVNt96nOL2Y at the 53 second mark ^ Klein, Joshua (1999-06-16). "Interview: Ray Bradbury". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2010-06-09. External links The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit at IMDb The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Stuart Gordon Re-Animator (1985) From Beyond (1986) Dolls (1987) Kid Safe: The Video (1988) Robot Jox (1990) Daughter of Darkness (1990) The Pit and the Pendulum (1991) Fortress (1992) Castle Freak (1995) Space Truckers (1996) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit (1998) Dagon (2001) King of the Ants (2003) "H. P. Lovecraft's Dreams in the Witch-House" (TV, 2005) Edmond (2005) "The Black Cat" (TV, 2007) Stuck (2007) "Eater" (TV, 2008) vteRay BradburyBibliography (Short fiction)Novels The Martian Chronicles (1950) Fahrenheit 451 (1953) Dandelion Wine (1957) Something Wicked This Way Comes (1962) The Halloween Tree (1972) Death Is a Lonely Business (1985) A Graveyard for Lunatics (1990) Green Shadows, White Whale (1992) From the Dust Returned (2001) Let's All Kill Constance (2002) Farewell Summer (2006) Short stories "Hollerbochen's Dilemma" (1938) "The Scythe" (1943) "I, Rocket" (1944) "The Lake" (1944) "Frost and Fire" (1946) "The Million Year Picnic" (1946) "The Small Assassin" (1946) "I See You Never" (1947) "Fever Dream" (1948) "The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl" (1948) "The Long Years" (1948) "Mars Is Heaven!" (1948) "Dark They Were, and Golden-Eyed" (1949) "The Exiles" (1949) "Marionettes, Inc." (1949) "The Long Rain" (1950) "The Rocket" (1950) "There Will Come Soft Rains" (1950) "The Veldt" (1950) "Ylla" (1950) "Embroidery" (1951) "The Fog Horn" (1951) "Here There Be Tygers" (1951) "The Pedestrian" (1951) "The April Witch" (1952) "A Sound of Thunder" (1952) "The Wilderness" (1952) "The Flying Machine" (1953) "The Golden Kite, the Silver Wind" (1953) "The Meadow" (1953) "The Murderer" (1953) "Sun and Shadow" (1953) "All Summer in a Day" (1954) "The Dragon" (1955) "The Aqueduct" (1979) "Banshee" (1984) "The Toynbee Convector" (1984) "Is That You, Herb?" (2003) Collections Dark Carnival (1947) The Illustrated Man (1951) The Golden Apples of the Sun (1953) The October Country (1955) A Medicine for Melancholy (1959) The Day It Rained Forever (1959) The Small Assassin (1962) R Is for Rocket (1962) The Machineries of Joy (1964) The Vintage Bradbury (1965) S Is for Space (1966) Twice 22 (1966) I Sing the Body Electric! (1969) Ray Bradbury (1975) Long After Midnight (1976) The Fog Horn & Other Stories (1979) The Last Circus and the Electrocution (1980) The Stories of Ray Bradbury (1980) The Fog Horn and Other Stories (1980) Dinosaur Tales (1983) A Memory of Murder (1984) The Toynbee Convector (1988) Classic Stories 1 (1990) Classic Stories 2 (1990) The Parrot Who Met Papa (1991) Selected from Dark They Were, and Golden-Eyed (1991) Quicker Than the Eye (1996) Driving Blind (1997) Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories (2001) One More for the Road (2002) Bradbury Stories: 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales (2003) The Cat's Pajamas: Stories (2004) A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories (2005) The Dragon Who Ate His Tail (2007) Summer Morning, Summer Night (2007) A Pleasure to Burn (2010) The Collected Stories of Ray Bradbury (2011, 2014) Plays The Meadow (1947) The Flying Machine: A One-Act Play for Three Men (1953) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays (1972) Pillar of Fire and Other Plays (1975) The Martian Chronicles (1986) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit (1986) Fahrenheit 451 (1986) Dandelion Wine (1988) The Veldt (1988) Adaptations It Came from Outer Space (1953) Moby Dick (1956 screenplay) "I Sing the Body Electric" (1962) The Autumn People (1965) Tomorrow Midnight (1966) Fahrenheit 451 (1966) The Picasso Summer (1969) The Illustrated Man (1969) The Martian Chronicles (1980 miniseries) The Electric Grandmother (1982) Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983) Bradbury 13 (radio series, 1983–84) Fahrenheit 451 (1984) "The Burning Man" (1985) The Veldt (1987) The Ray Bradbury Theater (TV series, 1985–86, 1988-1992) The Halloween Tree (1993) Dandelion Wine (1997) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit (1998) A Sound of Thunder (2005) Ray Bradbury's Chrysalis (2008) The Whispers (2015) Fahrenheit 451 (2018) Miscellaneous Futuria Fantasia (1939–1940) The Mummies of Guanajuato (1978) Zen in the Art of Writing (1990) It Came from Outer Space (2003 book) Characters Guy Montag Related Bettina F. Bradbury (daughter) Spaceship Earth Bradbury Landing Ray Bradbury Award Fuck Me, Ray Bradbury Dandelion crater	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"Joe Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Esai Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esai_Morales"},{"link_name":"Clifton Collins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Collins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Sid Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Howard Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morris"},{"link_name":"Gregory Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Sierra"},{"link_name":"East Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"Touchstone Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ray Bradbury's The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, also known as The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, is a 1998 American fantasy comedy film directed by Stuart Gordon, written by Ray Bradbury and starring Edward James Olmos, Joe Mantegna, Esai Morales, Clifton Collins Jr. (credited as Clifton Gonzalez Gonzalez), Sid Caesar, Howard Morris and Gregory Sierra. It is set in East Los Angeles.Despite some well-known actors and the writing credit of Bradbury, having been intended for a theatrical release, the film was released direct-to-video by Touchstone Home Video. Years later in an interview, Roy E. Disney of the Disney Studios, explained that while he was enamored with the stage play on which the film is based, the studio balked at paying feature film big budget prices to bring the material to the big screen. Eager to get \"the thing made\", Roy E. Disney went along with having the play made as a made-for-TV-movie, with a much lower budget. The trouble with that, he found out, was that under contractual duties he could not bring the made-for-TV movie to the big screen without going back and re-paying all those who worked on the original television movie a second time. So the television movie was released direct to video and not theatrically.[1]","title":"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jose Martinez is a poor young man living in East Los Angeles who is in love with the girl next door. He encounters a strange man eyeing him and runs off, throwing away his wallet with his last $20 to escape. When cornered in the alley, he is given back his money where the man measures his body frame. This man is Gómez who introduces himself and whisks Martinez off to a run-down bar. There he meets two other similarly sized Latinos: Dominguez, a wandering guitar player, and Villanazul, a burgeoning philosopher and speaker for the people.Barely letting the dust settle, Gómez shows them that they all have the same measurements, height, and weight. It is at that moment that Gómez shares his vision. The most beautiful, exquisite, vanilla-ice-cream-white summer suit is for sale at the downtown suit emporium. It is one of a kind and costs only $100. Alone, none of them have enough to purchase the suit, but by combining their money, they may be able to own the one-of-a-kind suit together. Each of the four has only $20, leaving them with $80 – just $20 short. They need one more person to complete their dream. In their haste, they choose to go along with an unwashed bum outside, Vámonos, who has the last $20 they need.Once they buy the suit, they work out a system to decide who will wear it. Each partner will get to wear it for the entire night, one night a week. However, on the first night, they will each wear it for one hour, then return to the bar. Dominguez goes first, and stirs up a parade with his guitar playing, inspiring those who hear it to ¡Muévete! Villanazul is second, and during his hour he interrupts a politician on a soapbox to perform a poem he has written. Martinez, third in line, returns to the balcony where he first saw the girl next door. While she had previously not noticed him (because she did not have her glasses on), this time the bright white suit attracts her attention and Martinez gets her name: Celia Obregon.Gómez is next. Acting on an earlier hunch that Gómez's plan was a scam to get the money from the others to buy the suit and leave town, Villanazul reminds Gómez to \"go with God.\" This was indeed the plan all along, but on the way to the bus station, Gómez encounters a mural of five men, each resembling a member of their group. Gómez decides not to leave, and returns.Finally, it is Vámonos's turn. Gómez is infuriated that the filthy Vámonos did not clean himself before his turn. Along with the others, they force Vámonos to take a bath, something he hadn't done in years. Once clean, Gómez lays down a series of rules, aimed at keeping the suit clean: no eating juicy tacos, drinking wine, smoking cigars, or even standing under trees with birds. Furthermore, he insists that Vámonos avoid meeting with a woman named Ruby Escadrío, whose boyfriend, Toro, would ruin the suit in a fight. Vámonos heads off to a club. He is followed by the other four members, who watch him ignore every one of Gómez's rules.Ruby Escadrío shows up, and she and Vámonos dance. Toro, predictably, is angry. The others protect Vámonos from Toro, Gómez even going so far as to insist Toro hit him instead of Vámonos. The fight ends after Toro hits Vámonos with his car. His leg is broken, but Vámonos insists that they quickly take off the suit before the ambulance arrives, because the paramedics would cut the suit off and ruin it. They do, and Vámonos is rushed to the hospital.In the final scene, Dominguez has ironed the suit and placed it on a mannequin. As the scene continues, it becomes apparent that the suit is one of the few things the group has left: they are sleeping on a rooftop, with only a few hammocks between them. Vámonos is fine, though his leg is still in a cast. Martinez contemplates that if they were rich, they would never have had the great time they have spent together, before Villanazul tells him to get some sleep.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifton Collins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Collins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Joe Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Esai Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esai_Morales"},{"link_name":"Gregory Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"Sid Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Howard Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morris"},{"link_name":"Liz Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Torres"},{"link_name":"Lisa Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Tony Plana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Plana"}],"text":"Clifton Collins Jr. (credited as Clifton Gonzalez Gonzalez) as Martinez\nJoe Mantegna as Gomez\nEsai Morales as Dominguez\nGregory Sierra as Villanazul\nEdward James Olmos as Vámonos\nSid Caesar as Sid Zellman\nHoward Morris as Leo Zellman\nMercedes Ortega as Celia Obregon\nLiz Torres as Ruby Escadrillo\nMike Moroff as Toro\nLisa Vidal as Ramona\nTony Plana as Victor Medina (soapbox politician)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Ice_Cream_Suit_and_Other_Plays"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-552-67297-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-67297-1"},{"link_name":"F. Murray Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gordon"}],"text":"The story's life and inspiration comes from Ray Bradbury's 1958 Saturday Evening Post short story \"The Magic White Suit\". The story was later renamed \"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit\" and was adapted into a short play published in The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays (ISBN 0-552-67297-1), a 1972 collection of three plays by Ray Bradbury: The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, The Veldt, and To the Chicago Abyss. All are adaptations from short stories of the same names.The story has gone on to see numerous incarnations as a television drama, a stage musical, and play. The first screen adaptation of The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit was a television version broadcast. A Los Angeles production of the play featured the debut of actor F. Murray Abraham.The 1998 version of the film was originally shown at that year's Sundance Film Festival. Ray Bradbury wrote the screenplay. He has called that film version \"the best film I've ever made\".[2] The film was director Stuart Gordon's first departure from science fiction and horror genres. He had previously directed a stage adaptation of The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit.","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Fantasporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasporto"},{"link_name":"Fantafestival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantafestival"}],"text":"Nomination:Annie Awards – 1998; Nominated for \"Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Interstitial, Promotional Production or Title Sequence\"\nFantasporto – 1998; Nominated for \"International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film\"Winner:Fantafestival – 1998; Won for \"Best Direction\" Stuart Gordon","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Klein, Joshua (1999-06-16). \"Interview: Ray Bradbury\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2010-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/ray-bradbury,13605/","url_text":"\"Interview: Ray Bradbury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVNt96nOL2Y","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVNt96nOL2Y"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/ray-bradbury,13605/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Ray Bradbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0129634/","external_links_name":"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wonderful_ice_cream_suit","external_links_name":"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Welsh	Christie Welsh	["1 Early life","1.1 Penn State University","2 Playing career","2.1 New York Power","2.2 Los Angeles Sol & Saint Louis Athletica","2.3 Washington Freedom","2.4 D.C. United","2.5 International","3 Coaching career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American soccer player For other people with similar names, see Christine Welsh (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Christie Welsh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Christie WelshPersonal informationFull name Christie Renee WelshDate of birth (1981-02-27) February 27, 1981 (age 43)Place of birth Massapequa Park, New York, United StatesHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) ForwardCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1999–2002 Penn State Nittany Lions 97 (82)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2000 Long Island Lady Riders 2 (1)2001–2002 Hampton Roads Piranhas 8 (12)2003 New York Power 12 (6)2004 Karlslunds IF DFF 2005 Olympique Lyonnais 2005 New Jersey Wildcats 2 (2)2007–2008 Washington Freedom 20 (18)2009 Los Angeles Sol 3 (0)2009 Saint Louis Athletica 11 (3)2010 Washington Freedom 2011–2013 D.C. United Women 6 (3)International career2000–2006 United States 39 (20)Managerial career2004–2006 Penn State Nittany Lions (assistant)2011 Wisconsin Badgers (assistant)2012 Saint Joseph's Hawks (assistant)2013–2015 Oregon Ducks (assistant)2016–2019 Montclair Kimberley Cougars Club domestic league appearances and goals Christie Renee Welsh (born February 27, 1981) is an American former soccer player who played as a forward. She previously played for the New York Power of Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) as well as the Los Angeles Sol, Saint Louis Athletica, and Washington Freedom of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS). She is also a former member of the United States women's national soccer team. Early life Born in Massapequa Park, New York, Welsh attended Massapequa High School on Long Island in Massapequa, New York. She was a two-time Parade All-American and a 1999 NSCAA All-American. Welsh was the 1998 Gatorade Circle of Champions National High School Girls' Soccer Player of the Year. She led Massapequa to the 1997 New York State Championship. Welsh played club soccer with the Northport Cow Harbor Piranha where she won two national titles. Penn State University Welsh attended Penn State University and ended her collegiate career as one of the most decorated athletes in the school's history. In her freshman campaign, Welsh piloted the Lions to their first ever Final Four, led the team and was tied nationally for goals scored (27), and earned Penn State's first College Cup all-tournament honor. Her junior year, Welsh's received the Hermann Trophy, the sport's most prestigious award given to the nation's top player. She was also honored with the 2001 Missouri Athletic Club Player of the Year award. She finished her career amassing four NSCAA All-America honors, three consecutive Soccer America Collegiate MVP's, and three Big Ten Player of the Year honors. She is still the Big Ten's leading scorer and was part of four Big Ten title teams and two College Cup squads during her time at Penn State. Her 2002 season at Penn State yielded a Final Four appearance in the Division I NCAA Championship and were Big Ten Champions. Welsh ended her collegiate career at Penn State with 82 goals and 52 assists plus 27 game-winning goals which are all Big 10 records. Playing career New York Power Welsh was drafted second overall by the New York Power of the now-defunct WUSA professional league. She scored six goals in 12 games during her rookie season. Los Angeles Sol & Saint Louis Athletica In 2009, Welsh was selected with the 5th pick of the second round (12th overall) by the Los Angeles Sol in the WPS General Player Draft. She appeared in three games for Los Angeles before being traded to the Saint Louis Athletica on May 9, 2009. She finished the 2009 season with three goals in 11 games for St. Louis. Washington Freedom Welsh was acquired by the Washington Freedom before the start of the 2010 season. D.C. United After the Freedom was moved to Florida under new ownership for the 2011 season, Welsh joined D.C. United Women originally as an assistant coach, but has attained a second role as a substitute forward. International Amidst top U.S. players out for wage boycotts after their 1999 World Cup the national team called up the Nittany Lion striker for the Australian Cup. In January 2000 Welsh made her National Team debut scoring against the Czech Republic in a 8-1 rout in Melbourne, Australia. Welsh took a leave of absence from school and college soccer to establish a residency with the United States Women's National Team in Florida to train. Welsh scored 11 goals in 15 games for the United States in her first significant season with the full national team. She scored 10 goals faster than any other player in American soccer history. In 2004, Welsh was a member of the U.S. Olympic Residency Training Camp. In 2005, Welsh won the Golden Boot Award as top scorer in the prestigious Algarve Cup tournament with five goals, including the game-winning goal in the championship match against Germany. Coaching career Welsh is currently an assistant coach at University of Oregon. She previously served as a volunteer assistant coach for Penn State from 2004–2006 and Wisconsin in 2011. She is also head coach and director of the U16 FC Bucks Revolution club team. See also List of Pennsylvania State University Olympians References ^ "Christie Welsh". United States Soccer Federation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2022. ^ "2002 NCAA Women's Division I Soccer Tournament schedule, results". web.archive.org. September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "FC Gold Pride vs. Washington Freedom: A Play-By-Play (and Other Miscellany)". Bleacher Report. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "Freedom sign forward Christie Welsh". ESPN. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "Christie Welsh, Demian Brown make first W-League appearances of season". Our Game Magazine. May 26, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2013. ^ "Welsh scores a goal for national team". Centre Daily Times. January 8, 2000. p. 13. Retrieved March 3, 2022. ^ Latsch, Nate (January 19, 2000). "Welsh savors soccer opportunity". Centre Daily Times. p. 9. Retrieved March 3, 2022. ^ "Welsh takes leave of absence". Centre Daily Times. January 13, 2000. p. 12. Retrieved March 3, 2022. ^ "Christie Welsh Named Women's Soccer Assistant Coach". Saint Joseph's University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013. External links Christie Welsh – FIFA competition record (archived) US Soccer player profile Washington Freedom player profile New Jersey Wildcats player profile vteBig Ten Conference Women's Soccer Player of the YearPlayer of the Year 1994: Winslow 1995: Walek 1996: McElmury 1997: McElmury 1998: Westrich 1999: Welsh 2000: Welsh 2001: Welsh 2002: Crumpton 2003: Lohman Offensive Player of the Year 2004: Weimer 2005: Weimer 2006: Masar 2007: Eyorokon 2008: Heyboer 2009: Schoepfer 2010: Maxwell Defensive Player of the Year 2004: Jacobs 2005: Bach & Karniski 2006: Krieger & Zurrer 2007: Naeher 2008: Hood 2009: Naeher 2010: Dickerson Forward of the Year 2011: Hayes 2012: Hayes 2013: Flaws 2014: Flaws 2015: Kolander 2016: Kolander 2017: Williams 2018: Bockin 2019: Rhodes 2020: Schlegel 2021: Griffith 2022: DeBeau 2023: Dale Midfielder of the Year 2011: DiBernardo 2012: Nairn 2013: Jackson 2014: R. Rodríguez 2015: Lavelle 2016: Lavelle 2017: Walts 2018: Ogle 2019: Stratigakis 2020: Coffey 2021: Tagliaferri 2022: Jaskaniec 2023: Gaynor Defender of the Year 2011: Carosio 2012: Church 2013: Romero 2014: Church 2015: Skroski 2016: Beal 2017: Wolcott 2018: Riehl 2019: Biegalski 2020: I. Rodriguez 2021: Provenzano 2022: Diodati 2023: Dyke Goalkeeper of the Year 2011: Dalton 2012: Kopmeyer 2013: Hobbs 2014: Richard 2015: Murphy 2016: Clem 2017: Murphy 2018: Kerr 2019: Bloomer 2020: Bloomer 2021: Kozal 2022: Kozal 2023: Gerstenberg vteBig Ten Athlete of the Year winners1980s 1982: Jim Spivey 1983: Ed Banach and Judi Brown 1984: Sunder Nix and Lisa Ishikawa 1985: Barry Davis and Cathy Branta 1986: Chuck Long and Stephanie Herbst 1987: Steve Alford and Jennifer Averill 1988: Jim Abbott and Suzy Favor 1989: Glen Rice and Suzy Favor 1990s 1990: Anthony Thompson and Suzy Favor 1991: Mike Barrowman and Julie Farrell-Ovenhouse / Joy Holmes 1992: Desmond Howard and MaChelle Joseph 1993: John Roethlisberger and Lara Hooiveld 1994: Glenn Robinson and Kristy Gleason 1995: Tom Dolan and Laura Davis 1996: Eddie George and Olga Kalinovskaya 1997: Blaine Wilson and Gretchen Hegener / Kathy Butler 1998: Charles Woodson and Sara Griffin 1999: Luke Donald and Stephanie White-McCarty 2000s 2000: Ron Dayne and Lauren Cacciamani 2001: Ryan Miller and Katie Douglas 2002: Jordan Leopold and Christie Welsh 2003: Amer Delić / Matt Lackey and Perdita Felicien 2004: Damion Hahn and Kelly Mazzante 2005: Luis Vargas and Jennie Ritter 2006: Peter Vanderkaay and Tiffany Weimer 2007: Cole Konrad and Jessica Davenport 2008: Brent Metcalf and Hannah Nielsen 2009: Jake Herbert and María Hernández 2010s 2010: Evan Turner and Megan Hodge 2011: David Boudia and Shannon Smith 2012: Draymond Green and Christina Manning 2013: Derek Drouin and Amanda Kessel 2014: David Taylor and Daniella Hill 2015: Logan Stieber and Taylor Cummings 2016: Denzel Valentine and Rachel Banham 2017: Kyle Snyder and Lilly King 2018: Kyle Snyder and Lilly King 2019: Bo Nickal and Megan Gustafson 2020s 2020: Chase Young and Dana Rettke 2021: Luka Garza and Sarah Bacon 2022: Gable Steveson and Dana Rettke 2023: Zach Edey and Caitlin Clark vteHermann Trophy Recipients (women's) 1988: Akers 1989: Higgins 1990: Kater 1991: Lilly 1992: Hamm 1993: Hamm 1994: Venturini 1995: MacMillan 1996: Daws 1997: Parlow 1998: Parlow 1999: Clemens 2000: Mäkinen 2001: Welsh 2002: Wagner 2003: Reddick 2004: Sinclair 2005: Sinclair 2006: Hanks 2007: Yamaguchi 2008: Hanks 2009: O'Hara 2010: Press 2011: Noyola 2012: Dunn 2013: Brian 2014: Brian 2015: Rodríguez 2016: Buchanan 2017: Sullivan 2018: Macario 2019: Macario 2020: Howell 2021: Howell 2022: Cooper 2023: Echegini vteGatorade High School Soccer Player of the Year AwardBoys 1986: Hundelt 1987: Gwin 1988: Yorks 1989: C. Henderson 1990: Haskins 1991: Reyna 1992: McKeon 1993: Fisher 1994: Shapowal 1995: Venditti 1996: Kirk 1997: Garcia 1998: Downing 1999: Martino 2000: Eskandarian 2001: Grabavoy 2002: Harvey 2003: Dalby 2004: Phelan 2005: Nguyen 2006: Alexander 2007: Martínez 2008: Agorsor 2009: Powers 2010: Saad 2011: Rendon 2012: Boateng 2013: Roldan 2014: Danladi 2015: Harrison 2016: Mendes 2017: Osman 2018: Bouda 2019: Hernandez 2020: Muñoz 2021: Boneau 2022: Murrell 2023: Gyan Girls 1998: Wagner 1999: Pruzinsky & Welsh 2000: Cramer 2001: McDowell 2002: Oakes 2003: O'Reilly 2004: Harris 2005: Rodriguez 2006: Cheney 2007: M. Henderson 2008: Noyola 2009: Quon 2010: Pathman 2011: Brian 2012: Andrews 2013: Andrews 2014: Cousins 2015: Pugh 2016: Stevens 2017: Wesley 2018: D'Aquila 2019: Jones 2020: Mason 2021: Thompson 2022: Jackson 2023: Fuller	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christine Welsh (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Welsh_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"New York Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Power"},{"link_name":"Women's United Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_United_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sol"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Athletica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Athletica"},{"link_name":"Washington Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Women's Professional Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer"},{"link_name":"United States women's national soccer team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Christine Welsh (disambiguation).Christie Renee Welsh (born February 27, 1981) is an American former soccer player who played as a forward. She previously played for the New York Power of Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) as well as the Los Angeles Sol, Saint Louis Athletica, and Washington Freedom of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS). She is also a former member of the United States women's national soccer team.","title":"Christie Welsh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massapequa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massapequa_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Massapequa High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massapequa_High_School"},{"link_name":"Massapequa, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massapequa,_New_York"}],"text":"Born in Massapequa Park, New York, Welsh attended Massapequa High School on Long Island in Massapequa, New York. She was a two-time Parade All-American and a 1999 NSCAA All-American. Welsh was the 1998 Gatorade Circle of Champions National High School Girls' Soccer Player of the Year. She led Massapequa to the 1997 New York State Championship. Welsh played club soccer with the Northport Cow Harbor Piranha where she won two national titles.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermann Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Missouri Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Athletic_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Penn State University","text":"Welsh attended Penn State University and ended her collegiate career as one of the most decorated athletes in the school's history. In her freshman campaign, Welsh piloted the Lions to their first ever Final Four, led the team and was tied nationally for goals scored (27), and earned Penn State's first College Cup all-tournament honor.Her junior year, Welsh's received the Hermann Trophy, the sport's most prestigious award given to the nation's top player. She was also honored with the 2001 Missouri Athletic Club Player of the Year award. She finished her career amassing four NSCAA All-America honors, three consecutive Soccer America Collegiate MVP's, and three Big Ten Player of the Year honors. She is still the Big Ten's leading scorer and was part of four Big Ten title teams and two College Cup squads during her time at Penn State. Her 2002 season at Penn State yielded a Final Four appearance in the Division I NCAA Championship and were Big Ten Champions.[2] Welsh ended her collegiate career at Penn State with 82 goals and 52 assists plus 27 game-winning goals which are all Big 10 records.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New York Power","text":"Welsh was drafted second overall by the New York Power of the now-defunct WUSA professional league. She scored six goals in 12 games during her rookie season.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Sol & Saint Louis Athletica","text":"In 2009, Welsh was selected with the 5th pick of the second round (12th overall) by the Los Angeles Sol in the WPS General Player Draft. She appeared in three games for Los Angeles before being traded to the Saint Louis Athletica on May 9, 2009. She finished the 2009 season with three goals in 11 games for St. Louis.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Washington Freedom","text":"Welsh was acquired by the Washington Freedom before the start of the 2010 season.[3]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D.C. United Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United_Women"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"D.C. United","text":"After the Freedom was moved to Florida under new ownership for the 2011 season, Welsh joined D.C. United Women originally as an assistant coach, but has attained a second role as a substitute forward.[4][5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Cup_(1999%E2%80%932004)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Algarve_Cup"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Amidst top U.S. players out for wage boycotts after their 1999 World Cup the national team called up the Nittany Lion striker for the Australian Cup. In January 2000 Welsh made her National Team debut scoring against the Czech Republic in a 8-1 rout in Melbourne, Australia.[6][7] Welsh took a leave of absence from school and college soccer to establish a residency with the United States Women's National Team in Florida to train.[8]Welsh scored 11 goals in 15 games for the United States in her first significant season with the full national team. She scored 10 goals faster than any other player in American soccer history. In 2004, Welsh was a member of the U.S. Olympic Residency Training Camp. In 2005, Welsh won the Golden Boot Award as top scorer in the prestigious Algarve Cup tournament with five goals, including the game-winning goal in the championship match against Germany.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Welsh is currently an assistant coach at University of Oregon. She previously served as a volunteer assistant coach for Penn State from 2004–2006 and Wisconsin in 2011. She is also head coach and director of the U16 FC Bucks Revolution club team.[9]","title":"Coaching career"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Pennsylvania State University Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_State_University_Olympians"}]	[{"reference":"\"Christie Welsh\". United States Soccer Federation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821180041/http://www.ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_5909.html","url_text":"\"Christie Welsh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation","url_text":"United States Soccer Federation"},{"url":"http://www.ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_5909.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2002 NCAA Women's Division I Soccer Tournament schedule, results\". web.archive.org. September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103255/http://www.soccertimes.com/ncaa/2002/womentourney.htm","url_text":"\"2002 NCAA Women's Division I Soccer Tournament schedule, results\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Gold Pride vs. Washington Freedom: A Play-By-Play (and Other Miscellany)\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/418874-fc-gold-pride-vs-washington-a-play-by-play-and-other-miscellany","url_text":"\"FC Gold Pride vs. Washington Freedom: A Play-By-Play (and Other Miscellany)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom sign forward Christie Welsh\". ESPN. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espnfc.com/news/story?id=414514&cc=5901","url_text":"\"Freedom sign forward Christie Welsh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christie Welsh, Demian Brown make first W-League appearances of season\". Our Game Magazine. May 26, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ourgamemagazine.wordpress.com/2011/05/25/christie-welsh-demian-brown-make-first-w-league-appearances-of-season/","url_text":"\"Christie Welsh, Demian Brown make first W-League appearances of season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh scores a goal for national team\". Centre Daily Times. January 8, 2000. p. 13. Retrieved March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96811065/welsh-scores-a-goal-for-national-team/","url_text":"\"Welsh scores a goal for national team\""}]},{"reference":"Latsch, Nate (January 19, 2000). \"Welsh savors soccer opportunity\". Centre Daily Times. p. 9. Retrieved March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96811605/welsh-savors-soccer-opportunity/","url_text":"\"Welsh savors soccer opportunity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh takes leave of absence\". Centre Daily Times. January 13, 2000. p. 12. Retrieved March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96813048/welsh-takes-leave-of-absence/","url_text":"\"Welsh takes leave of absence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christie Welsh Named Women's Soccer Assistant Coach\". Saint Joseph's University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Chronicle	News Chronicle	["1 Daily Chronicle","2 Politics","3 Folding","4 Notable contributors","5 Editors","6 See also","7 Notes","8 External links"]	British daily newspaper News ChronicleTypeDaily newspaperOwner(s)Cadbury familyFounded2 June 1930 (1930-06-02)LanguageEnglishCeased publication17 October 1960 (1960-10-17)CityLondonCountryUnited KingdomSister newspapersThe StarMedia of the United KingdomList of newspapers The News Chronicle was a British daily newspaper. Formed by the merger of The Daily News and the Daily Chronicle in 1930, it ceased publication on 17 October 1960, being absorbed into the Daily Mail. Its offices were at 12/22, Bouverie Street, off Fleet Street, London, EC4Y 8DP, England. Daily Chronicle Main article: Daily Chronicle The Daily Chronicle was founded in 1872. Purchased by Edward Lloyd for £30,000 in 1876, it achieved a high reputation under the editorship of Henry Massingham and Robert Donald, who took charge in 1904. Owned by the Cadbury family, with Laurence Cadbury as chairman, the News Chronicle was formed by the merger of the Daily News and the Daily Chronicle on 2 June 1930, with Walter Layton appointed as editorial director. Politics With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the paper took an anti-Franco stance and sent three correspondents to Spain in 1936-37: Denis Weaver, who was captured and nearly shot before being released; Arthur Koestler (to Málaga); and, later, Geoffrey Cox (to Madrid). The paper's editorial staff took an active part in campaigning for the release of Koestler, who was captured by Franco's forces at the fall of Málaga and was in imminent danger of being executed. Following Koestler's release, the paper sent him to Mandatory Palestine, then convulsed by the Arab revolt. In a series of articles in the paper, Koestler urged adoption of the Peel Commission's recommendation for partition of Palestine, as "the only practical way of ending the bloodshed". In his autobiography Koestler notes that en route to Palestine he had stopped in Athens and had clandestine meetings with Communists and Liberals opposing the then Metaxas dictatorship, but the News Chronicle refused to publish his resulting strongly worded anti-Metaxas articles. In 1956, the News Chronicle opposed the UK's military support of Israel in invading the Suez canal zone, a decision which cost it circulation. According to Geoffrey Goodman, a journalist on the newspaper at the time, it was "one of British journalism's prime casualties of the Suez crisis". Folding On 17 October 1960, the News Chronicle "finally folded, inappropriately, into the grip" of the right-wing Daily Mail despite having a circulation of over a million. The News Chronicle's editorial position was considered at the time to be in broad support of the British Liberal Party, in marked contrast to that of the Daily Mail. As part of the same takeover, the London evening paper The Star was incorporated into the Evening News. Notable contributors Notable contributors to the News Chronicle and its predecessors included: Stephen G. Barber - foreign correspondent, World War II, Greek Civil War, Korean War, Indochina, Cyprus Crisis, Sharpeville Massacre, decolonization in Africa. Also worked for The Daily Telegraph in India and Bureau Chief in Washington, D.C. 1963-1980 Frank D. Barber - foreign correspondent, later Head of Central Current Affairs & Talks, BBC World Service, and father of Financial Times editor Lionel Barber Vernon Bartlett – diplomatic correspondent Ritchie Calder - science editor, who broke the story of the discovery of DNA structure in 1953 James Cameron – war correspondent G.K. Chesterton – weekly opinion column in the Daily News Norman Clark - war correspondent; foreign editor Geoffrey Cox – war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War (in Madrid); former editor and chief executive of ITN. Began his career with the News Chronicle in 1932 E. S. Dallas – Paris correspondent Sir Arthur Conan Doyle – war correspondent for the Daily Chronicle during World War I William ("Willie") Forrest - war correspondent in Spain and World War II; foreign correspondent Philip Jordan – war correspondent, World War II Thomas Kettle – war correspondent for the Daily News during the early part of World War I Arthur Koestler – writer and war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War Joseph Lee - artist and poet who worked as a sub-editor for News Chronicle Patrick Maitland, (later MP for Lanark and Earl of Lauderdale) - war correspondent for News Chronicle, Pacific, 1941 to 1944 Richard Moore - leader writer and father of journalist Charles Moore Louise Morgan - American-born editor and journalist, writer of News Chronicle articles from 1933 to the late 1950s, and author of Inside Yourself: A New Way to Health Based on the Alexander Technique C.W.A. Scott - aviation editor John Segrue – foreign correspondent; twice expelled by the Nazis, he was eventually captured and interned in a German prisoner-of-war camp, where he died in 1942. Sir Patrick Sergeant - later Daily Mail City Editor, founder and owner of Euromoney David Esdaile Walker – war correspondent, chief leader writer 1955-1959 H.G. Wells – contributor to the Daily News Editors 1930: Tom Clarke 1933: Aylmer Vallance 1936: Gerald Barry 1948: Robin Cruikshank 1954: Michael Curtis 1957: Norman Cursley See also Get Ahead: BBC TV programme broadcast from 1958 to 1962 which was sponsored by the paper. "Brief history of the Enterprise Class": The News Chronicle sponsored Jack Holt in 1955 to design the Enterprise (dinghy) The Cricket Annual: A cricket annual which for many years was published as the News Chronicle Cricket Annual. Notes ^ a b c Liberal Democrat News 15 October 2010, accessed 15 October 2010 ^ a b Dennis Griffiths (ed.) The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422–1992, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, p.437 ^ a b Timeline of UK newspapers Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today ^ a b c Obituary of Sir Geoffrey Cox The Times 4 April 2008 ^ Arthur Koestler, "The Invisible Writing", Ch.34 ^ Arthur Koestler, op.cit., Ch.37 ^ a b Geoffrey Goodman "Suez and Fleet Street", BBC News, 1 November 2006. Accessed: 3 May 2010 ^ "Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee". Archive Services Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ Hunter, Fred (2009). "Clarke, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32433. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Barry, Gerald; Brodie, Marc (23 September 2004). "Cruikshank, Robert James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32652. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Concise History of British Newspaper in the 20th Century – www.bl.uk History of the Daily News – Spartacus Educational History of the Daily Chronicle – Spartacus Educational vteDefunct newspapers of the United KingdomNationalDailies British Gazette British Worker The Bullionist Daily Chronicle Daily Citizen The Daily Courant Daily Dispatch Daily Express Daily Gazette Daily Gazetteer Daily Herald The Independent Daily News Daily Sketch Daily Sport The Day Financial News Financier and Bullionist Greyhound Express The Hour Indicator Jewish Times The Morning Chronicle Morning Herald Morning Leader The Morning Post Morning Standard Morning Star New Daily News Chronicle The Post Sporting Chronicle Sporting Life The Sportsman (1865) The Sportsman (2006) Today Sundays Empire News Independent on Sunday Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper National News News of the World News on Sunday The Planet on Sunday Reynold's News Sunday Business Sunday Chronicle The Sunday Correspondent Sunday Dispatch Sunday Evening Telegram Sunday Graphic Sunday Illustrated Sunday Referee Sunday Special Sunday Sportsman Sunday Today Sunday Worker Weeklies Action Athletic News The Age Black and White The Blackshirt Early Times The Era The European The Examiner The Fascist Week The Graphic The Illustrated London News The Leader Mark Lane Express Shurey's Illustrated Shurey's Pictorial Budget The Sphere The Weekly True Sun The Whirlwind RegionalLondon eveningnewspapers The Echo Evening News Evening Post Evening Times The Globe Jewish Evening News London Evening News London Evening Post London Lite The Pall Mall Gazette St James's Gazette The Star (1788–1831) The Sun (1792–1876) The Star (1888–1960) The Sun (1893–1906) True Sun The Westminster Gazette Whitehall Evening Post Dailies Birmingham Evening Despatch Bristol Mercury Bristol Evening World Burnley Evening Star Chatham Evening Post Chelmsford Evening Herald Daily Post Darlington Evening Dispatch Doncaster Evening Post Edinburgh Evening Dispatch Evening Citizen (Glasgow) Hereford Evening News Huddersfield Daily Chronicle Eastern Morning News (Hull) Glasgow Evening News Jewish Post and Gazette (London) Jewish Times (London) Kent Today Leicester Daily Post Leicester Evening Mail Liverpool Courier Liverpool Daily Post Liverpool Evening Express Liverpool Mercury London Daily News The London Paper Luton Evening Post Manchester Evening Chronicle Northern Whig (Belfast) Nottingham Daily Express Nottingham Evening News Nottingham Journal Nottingham Mercury Nottingham Review Shields Evening News Southern Daily Mail (Portsmouth) Slough Evening Mail Surrey Daily Advertiser Watford Evening Echo Yorkshire Evening News Sundays Sunday News (Belfast) Sunday Pink (Manchester) Sunday Sentinel (Stoke) Western Independent (Plymouth) Yorkshire on Sunday The Atlas Weeklies Brighton Herald Leeds Mercury Trewman's Exeter Flying Post Other British Journal Caledonian Mercury (thrice weekly) Edinburgh Evening Courant (thrice weekly) The New Day Scottish Daily News Scottish Leader (daily) Related Burney Collection of Newspapers Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"The Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Daily Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibDemNews-1"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Bouverie Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouverie_Street"},{"link_name":"Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibDemNews-1"}],"text":"The News Chronicle was a British daily newspaper. Formed by the merger of The Daily News and the Daily Chronicle in 1930, it ceased publication on 17 October 1960,[1] being absorbed into the Daily Mail. Its offices were at 12/22, Bouverie Street, off Fleet Street, London, EC4Y 8DP, England.[1]","title":"News Chronicle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Chronicle_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Edward Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Cadbury family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_Griffiths_1992,_p.437-2"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurocosm-3"},{"link_name":"Walter Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Layton,_1st_Baron_Layton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_Griffiths_1992,_p.437-2"}],"text":"The Daily Chronicle was founded in 1872. Purchased by Edward Lloyd for £30,000 in 1876, it achieved a high reputation under the editorship of Henry Massingham and Robert Donald, who took charge in 1904.Owned by the Cadbury family, with Laurence Cadbury as chairman,[2] the News Chronicle was formed by the merger of the Daily News and the Daily Chronicle on 2 June 1930,[3] with Walter Layton appointed as editorial director.[2]","title":"Daily Chronicle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"fall of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Arab revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Peel Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodman-7"}],"text":"With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the paper took an anti-Franco stance and sent three correspondents to Spain in 1936-37: Denis Weaver, who was captured and nearly shot before being released; Arthur Koestler (to Málaga);[4] and, later, Geoffrey Cox[4] (to Madrid). The paper's editorial staff took an active part in campaigning for the release of Koestler, who was captured by Franco's forces at the fall of Málaga and was in imminent danger of being executed.[5]Following Koestler's release, the paper sent him to Mandatory Palestine, then convulsed by the Arab revolt. In a series of articles in the paper, Koestler urged adoption of the Peel Commission's recommendation for partition of Palestine, as \"the only practical way of ending the bloodshed\". In his autobiography Koestler notes that en route to Palestine he had stopped in Athens and had clandestine meetings with Communists and Liberals opposing the then Metaxas dictatorship, but the News Chronicle refused to publish his resulting strongly worded anti-Metaxas articles.[6]In 1956, the News Chronicle opposed the UK's military support of Israel in invading the Suez canal zone, a decision which cost it circulation. According to Geoffrey Goodman, a journalist on the newspaper at the time, it was \"one of British journalism's prime casualties of the Suez crisis\".[7]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodman-7"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibDemNews-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurocosm-3"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(1888)"},{"link_name":"Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_News_(London)"}],"text":"On 17 October 1960, the News Chronicle \"finally folded, inappropriately, into the grip\"[7] of the right-wing Daily Mail despite having a circulation of over a million.[1][3] The News Chronicle's editorial position was considered at the time to be in broad support of the British Liberal Party, in marked contrast to that of the Daily Mail. As part of the same takeover, the London evening paper The Star was incorporated into the Evening News.","title":"Folding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Vernon Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Calder"},{"link_name":"James Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"G.K. Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Cox_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"E. S. Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Dallas"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kettle"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lee_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeeArchive-8"},{"link_name":"Patrick Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Maitland,_17th_Earl_of_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"Richard Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Moore_(Liberal_politician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Technique"},{"link_name":"C.W.A. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._W._A._Scott"},{"link_name":"John Segrue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Segrue"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Euromoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromoney_Institutional_Investor"},{"link_name":"David Esdaile Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Esdaile_Walker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"H.G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"}],"text":"Notable contributors to the News Chronicle and its predecessors included:Stephen G. Barber - foreign correspondent, World War II, Greek Civil War, Korean War, Indochina, Cyprus Crisis, Sharpeville Massacre, decolonization in Africa. Also worked for The Daily Telegraph in India and Bureau Chief in Washington, D.C. 1963-1980\nFrank D. Barber - foreign correspondent, later Head of Central Current Affairs & Talks, BBC World Service, and father of Financial Times editor Lionel Barber\nVernon Bartlett – diplomatic correspondent\nRitchie Calder - science editor, who broke the story of the discovery of DNA structure in 1953\nJames Cameron – war correspondent\nG.K. Chesterton – weekly opinion column in the Daily News\nNorman Clark - war correspondent; foreign editor\nGeoffrey Cox – war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War (in Madrid); former editor and chief executive of ITN. Began his career with the News Chronicle in 1932\nE. S. Dallas – Paris correspondent\nSir Arthur Conan Doyle – war correspondent for the Daily Chronicle during World War I\nWilliam (\"Willie\") Forrest - war correspondent in Spain and World War II; foreign correspondent\nPhilip Jordan – war correspondent, World War II\nThomas Kettle – war correspondent for the Daily News during the early part of World War I\nArthur Koestler – writer and war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War\nJoseph Lee - artist and poet who worked as a sub-editor for News Chronicle[8]\nPatrick Maitland, (later MP for Lanark and Earl of Lauderdale) - war correspondent for News Chronicle, Pacific, 1941 to 1944\nRichard Moore - leader writer and father of journalist Charles Moore\nLouise Morgan - American-born editor and journalist, writer of News Chronicle articles from 1933 to the late 1950s, and author of Inside Yourself: A New Way to Health Based on the Alexander Technique\nC.W.A. Scott - aviation editor\nJohn Segrue – foreign correspondent; twice expelled by the Nazis, he was eventually captured and interned in a German prisoner-of-war camp, where he died in 1942.\nSir Patrick Sergeant - later Daily Mail City Editor, founder and owner of Euromoney\nDavid Esdaile Walker – war correspondent, chief leader writer 1955-1959\nH.G. Wells – contributor to the Daily News","title":"Notable contributors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clarke_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNBTomClarke-9"},{"link_name":"Aylmer Vallance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer_Vallance"},{"link_name":"Gerald Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Barry_(British_journalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Robin Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Cruikshank&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNBCruikshank-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curtis_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Norman Cursley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Cursley&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1930: Tom Clarke[9]\n1933: Aylmer Vallance\n1936: Gerald Barry[4]\n1948: Robin Cruikshank[10]\n1954: Michael Curtis\n1957: Norman Cursley","title":"Editors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LibDemNews_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LibDemNews_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LibDemNews_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dennis_Griffiths_1992,_p.437_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dennis_Griffiths_1992,_p.437_2-1"},{"link_name":"Dennis Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eurocosm_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eurocosm_3-1"},{"link_name":"Timeline of UK newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurocosm.com/Application/Products/Original-newspapers/newspaper-history-GB.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120730190716/http://www.eurocosm.com/Application/Products/Original-newspapers/newspaper-history-GB.asp"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times_4-2"},{"link_name":"Obituary of Sir Geoffrey Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3677157.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Writing"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodman_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goodman_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Suez and Fleet Street\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6082076.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LeeArchive_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.dundee.ac.uk/ms-88"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNBTomClarke_9-0"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32433"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNBCruikshank_10-0"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32652"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"^ a b c Liberal Democrat News 15 October 2010, accessed 15 October 2010\n\n^ a b Dennis Griffiths (ed.) The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422–1992, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, p.437\n\n^ a b Timeline of UK newspapers Archived 2012-07-30 at archive.today\n\n^ a b c Obituary of Sir Geoffrey Cox The Times 4 April 2008\n\n^ Arthur Koestler, \"The Invisible Writing\", Ch.34\n\n^ Arthur Koestler, op.cit., Ch.37\n\n^ a b Geoffrey Goodman \"Suez and Fleet Street\", BBC News, 1 November 2006. Accessed: 3 May 2010\n\n^ \"Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee\". Archive Services Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 8 November 2023.\n\n^ Hunter, Fred (2009). \"Clarke, Thomas\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32433. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Barry, Gerald; Brodie, Marc (23 September 2004). \"Cruikshank, Robert James\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32652. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Get Ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Ahead"},{"title":"\"Brief history of the Enterprise Class\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/187239/Brief-history-of-the-Enterprise-Class"},{"title":"Jack Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Holt_(dinghy_designer)"},{"title":"Enterprise (dinghy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(dinghy)"},{"title":"The Cricket Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cricket_Annual"}]	[{"reference":"\"Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee\". Archive Services Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 8 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.dundee.ac.uk/ms-88","url_text":"\"Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Fred (2009). \"Clarke, Thomas\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32433","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32433"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Gerald; Brodie, Marc (23 September 2004). \"Cruikshank, Robert James\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32652.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32652","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32652"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/187239/Brief-history-of-the-Enterprise-Class","external_links_name":"\"Brief history of the Enterprise Class\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurocosm.com/Application/Products/Original-newspapers/newspaper-history-GB.asp","external_links_name":"Timeline of UK newspapers"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120730190716/http://www.eurocosm.com/Application/Products/Original-newspapers/newspaper-history-GB.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3677157.ece","external_links_name":"Obituary of Sir Geoffrey Cox"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6082076.stm","external_links_name":"\"Suez and Fleet Street\""},{"Link":"https://archives.dundee.ac.uk/ms-88","external_links_name":"\"Collection MS 88 - Joseph Johnston Lee\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32433","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32433"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32652","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32652"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/news/concisehistbritnews/britnews20th/index.html","external_links_name":"Concise History of British Newspaper in the 20th Century"},{"Link":"http://www.spartacus-educational.com/Jnews.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Daily News"},{"Link":"http://www.spartacus-educational.com/JchronicleD.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Daily Chronicle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_Below	The Beast Below	["1 Plot","1.1 Synopsis","1.2 Continuity","2 Production","3 Broadcast and reception","3.1 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]	Episode of Doctor Who 2010 Doctor Who episode204 – "The Beast Below"Doctor Who episodeCastDoctor Matt Smith – Eleventh Doctor Companion Karen Gillan – Amy Pond Guest Sophie Okonedo – Liz 10 Terrence Hardiman – Hawthorne Hannah Sharp – Mandy Alfie Field – Timmy Christopher Good – Morgan David Ajala – Peter Catrin Richards – Poem Girl Jonathan Battersby – Winder Chris Porter – Voice of Smilers/Winder Ian McNeice – Churchill ProductionDirected byAndrew GunnWritten bySteven MoffatScript editorBrian MinchinProduced byPeter BennettExecutive producer(s)Steven MoffatPiers WengerBeth WillisMusic byMurray GoldProduction code1.2SeriesSeries 5Running time45 minutesFirst broadcast10 April 2010 (2010-04-10)Chronology ← Preceded by"The Eleventh Hour" Followed by →"Victory of the Daleks" List of episodes (2005–present) "The Beast Below" is the second episode of the fifth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was written by executive producer and head writer Steven Moffat and broadcast on BBC One and BBC HD on 10 April 2010. In the episode, the Eleventh Doctor—a time travelling alien played by Matt Smith—and his new companion Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) arrive in the distant future aboard the Starship UK, a ship constructed to transport the population and major cultural artefacts of the United Kingdom (apart from Scotland, who "wanted their own ship") away from Earth to escape the deadly solar flares that made Earth uninhabitable. However, they discover that the government of the ship secretly tortures a Star Whale that guides the ship, the abandonment of which is believed will destroy the ship and kill everyone on board. The episode, which featured the first time Amy was away from her home world, was designed to show how important she was to the Doctor and his need for a companion. As part of the second production block of the series, the episode's production took place in Autumn 2009. "The Beast Below" was seen by 8.42 million viewers on BBC One and BBC HD, the fifth most-watched programme in the week it was broadcast. It was met with a generally positive reception from critics; many praised the chemistry between Smith and Gillan, but some thought that there were too many imaginative concepts that did not make a satisfying conclusion, or that the message of the episode was not as strong as it should have been. Plot Synopsis The Eleventh Doctor and Amy arrive on Starship UK, a colony ship in the future which the population of the United Kingdom evacuated in to escape deadly solar flares. Amy is taken by the monk-like Winders to one of many voting booths set up on the ship when she investigates a hole containing a tentacled creature. She is shown a video about the truth of Starship UK, and then asked if she wants to protest the truth or forget it, the latter causing her short-term memory to be wiped. Amy chooses to forget, and creates a video to herself to prevent the Doctor from learning the truth, before the mind wipe. The Doctor is curious as to what "protest" will cause and activates it, sending him and Amy into the maw of a giant creature below the ship. The Doctor induces the creature to vomit, allowing them to escape back to the ship. The Doctor and Amy meet Queen Elizabeth X, known as Liz 10, the ruler of the ship. A Winder with a Smiler face on as shown at the Doctor Who Experience. The Winders eventually capture the group, and they are taken to the Tower of London. The Doctor discovers that Starship UK rides atop a giant Star Whale, controlled by sending painful electrical impulses to its brain via a control panel in the Tower. Liz 10 finds a message from her younger self telling her that she ordered this, and is given the option either to forget and keep the Star Whale piloting the ship, or to abdicate and cause the ship’s destruction. The Doctor decides to make the Whale brain-dead, allowing it to continuing travelling. As the Doctor starts the process, Amy recalls hearing the Winders' leader Hawthorne stating the Whale would not eat the children. She forces Liz 10 to hit the abdicate control; to everyone's surprise, the Whale continues travelling, at a faster speed. Amy posits that like the Doctor, the Whale had come to Earth willingly to help save the remaining children, and is helping Starship UK. After the Doctor and Amy return to the TARDIS, they receive a call from Winston Churchill at the Cabinet War Rooms, where the shadow of a Dalek appears. Continuity It is noted that the Earth was abandoned in the 29th century due to solar flares; this was a central plot point of the classic serials The Ark in Space and The Sontaran Experiment. Liz 10 mentions the Doctor's previous encounters with British monarchs, including Victoria ("Tooth and Claw"), Elizabeth I (seen in "The Shakespeare Code" and referenced in "The End of Time") and Elizabeth II (Silver Nemesis). Liz 10 herself is seen again in "The Pandorica Opens" confronting an intruder in the Royal Collection in the 52nd century. The workman's tent investigated by Amy is in front of a shop called "Magpie Electricals"; a shop that first appears in "The Idiot's Lantern". The episode also continues the story arc of the crack pattern, where it appears at the end of the episode on the side of the Starship UK. Production The episode was intended to show the importance of the Doctor's companion Amy Pond, played by Karen Gillan (pictured). Executive producer and head writer Steven Moffat wrote the episode as an introduction for Amy to the role of the Doctor's companion. The episode showcases her first adventure away from her home world and her first time in space. The climax of the episode, where the Doctor decides the best thing he can do is kill the Star Whale as painlessly as possible but Amy comes up with an alternative solution that is more humane, was designed to stand out in the Doctor's memory as a failure of a huge scale. It also reinforced the Doctor's need for a companion and showed how important Amy would be to him. "The Beast Below" was in the second production block of the series. The read-through for the episode took place 20 August 2009. Scenes set in Liz 10's Buckingham Palace were filmed at Margam Country Park, Port Talbot on a night shoot on 22 September 2009. The interior of the orangery was used as the Palace. The room in the Tower of London where the climax takes place was filmed at Neath Abbey. The industrial streets of Starship UK were filmed in a disused factory in Mamhilad, with the art department designing it in accordance with Moffat's specific description in the script. Gillan put some of her own wonder at the set into Amy's actions when she admires the street for the first time. The set for the whale's tongue was challenging for both the art department and the actors. With guidance from the stunt co-ordinator, Smith and Gillan were required to slide down a short slide before dropping six feet. Gillan stated that this was the "most bizarre" moment of filming for her. For the opening scene in which the Doctor holds Amy's ankle while she is suspended in space, Gillan was hoisted on wires above the TARDIS prop in front of a greenscreen while a wind machine created the effects of being in space. Both Sophie Okonedo and Terrence Hardiman, who played Liz 10 and government head Hawthorne respectively, have had experience in Doctor Who related roles. Okonedo previously portrayed Alison Cheney, a companion of the alternate Ninth Doctor known as the Shalka Doctor in the online flash-animated serial Scream of the Shalka. Hardiman later voiced King Sitric in the Big Finish audio play The Book of Kells. Broadcast and reception "The Beast Below" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 10 April 2010. Unofficial overnight viewing figures stated that 6.4 million viewers watched on BBC One with an additional 330,000 watching a simulcast on BBC HD. This meant that the show was the most watched show of the day. When time-shifted figures were added, the viewing figures on BBC One were 7.93 million while BBC HD's ratings rose to 494,000, making the final consolidated figures for the episode 8.42 million. It was the fifth most-watched programme on BBC One for the week ending 11 April 2010 and the 11th for the week across all UK channels. The episode received an Appreciation Index of 86, considered "excellent". "The Beast Below" was released in Region 2 on DVD and Blu-ray with the episodes "The Eleventh Hour" and "Victory of the Daleks" and special features on 7 June 2010. It was then re-released as part of the complete series five DVD on 8 November 2010. Critical reception The episode received generally positive reviews by television critics. Andrew Billen, writing in The Times, awarded the episode five stars, praising Matt Smith's "mercurial" Doctor, Sophie Okonedo's acting, and the concept of the episode. However, he worried that Moffat "may not be as interested in the Time Lord as the rest of his fans", referring to a scene in which the Doctor dismisses the death of his people as a "bad day". Keith Watson in Metro praised the developing relationship between the Doctor and Amy. Sam Wollaston in The Guardian noted the parallels between the future UK and modern Britain, and also confessed to "being in love with Amy Pond". SFX Magazine's Russell Lewin gave "The Beast Below" four out of five stars, calling it "immensely satisfying". He particularly praised the two lead performances and Amy's characterisation as companion, as well as the writing and dialogue. Dan Martin, also of The Guardian, praised the story for testing the characters' relationships rather than being just a visit to the Starship UK to make it better, though he commented that the "anti-vivisection message" seemed to be lost along the way. He praised the way the Doctor was portrayed in terms of his more inhumane instincts in contrast to the Tenth Doctor and rated the episode as "four out of five". Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern said that the episode "neither moved to wave a Save the Starwhale banner nor reach for the nearest harpoon" and made him feel "out of the loop" as it seemed more directed at children than adults. However, he praised the acting of Smith, Gillan, and Sophie Okonedo, as well as the creation of the robotic Smilers. IGN's Matt Wales had a more mixed opinion about the episode, rating it a "good" 7 out of 10. He considered it imaginative with "more brilliant ideas...than most other shows can muster in an entire season", but he thought the episode "never quite brought its cacophony of ideas together to form a satisfying whole", and the conclusion "failed to resonate effectively against the hodgepodge of insane ideas and action". Because of the large number of ideas, Wales also pointed out that the characterisation was "scant", especially on Liz 10 and the Smilers. However, he praised Smith's and Gillan's chemistry and Moffat's "crackling dialogue". In February 2013, Moffat cited "The Beast Below" as his least-favourite among the episodes he wrote, describing it as "a bit of a mess". References ^ a b "Shooting on Matt Smith's first series enters its final stages ...". Doctor Who Magazine (417). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Panini Comics: 6. 7 January 2010. ^ "Get ready for the thirty-first amazing series of Doctor Who". Doctor Who Magazine (419). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Panini Comics: 6–7. 4 March 2010. ^ a b Lewin, Russell (10 April 2010). "TV Review Doctor Who 5.02 "The Beast Below"". SFX. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ a b c "The Beast Below – The Fourth Dimension". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ a b c Golder, Dave (21 April 2010). "Doctor Who "The Beast Below" In-Depth Review". SFX. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Edwards, Richard (19 June 2010). "TV Review Doctor Who 5.12 "The Pandorica Opens"". GamesRadar. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Steven Moffat (writer), Toby Haynes (director), Peter Bennett (producer) (19 June 2010). "The Pandorica Opens". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One. ^ a b c d e "All About the Girl". Doctor Who Confidential. Series 5. Episode 2. 10 April 2010. BBC. BBC Three. ^ "Walesarts, Margam Country Park, Port Talbot". BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2010. ^ "Neath Abbey". Doctor Who Locations Guide. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ "Doctor Who's Karen Gillan describes strangest moments". The Daily Telegraph. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Smith, Matt; Karen Gillan (2010). The Video Diaries: Part 2 (DVD). Doctor Who: The Complete Fifth Series: BBC. Event occurs at 6:30-9:07. ^ "Scream of the Shalka". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ McEwan, Cameron K. "Doctor Who: The Beast Below gallery". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ "Doctor Who: The Book of Kells". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 1 August 2011. ^ "Network TV BBC Week 15: Saturday 10 April 2010" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010. ^ "UK TV Ratings: Doctor Who down but still top; Winner a ratings loser for ITV1". TV by the Numbers. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes : BBC1 : w/e 18 Apr 2010". BARB. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ "The Beast Below – AI and Sunday ratings". Doctor Who News Page. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ "Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (DVD)". BBCShop. Retrieved 3 March 2010. ^ "Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (Blu-ray)". BBCshop. Retrieved 17 October 2010. ^ "Doctor Who: The Complete Series 5 (DVD)". BBCshop. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ Billen, Andrew (12 April 2010). "A Passionate Woman; Doctor Who". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Watson, Keith (12 April 2010). "Doctor Who: The tale of the Time Lord is officially hot". Metro. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Wollaston, Sam (12 April 2010). "Doctor Who and A Passionate Woman". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Martin, Dan (10 April 2010). "Doctor Who: The Beast Below – series 31, episode two". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ Mulkern, Patrick (11 April 2010). "Doctor Who: The Beast Below". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Wales, Matt (12 April 2010). "Doctor Who: "The Beast Below" Review". IGN. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Stradling, Ed (20 February 2013). "Gallifrey One 2013 - Steven Moffat interview". YouTube. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2013. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Eleventh Doctor. "The Beast Below" at the BBC Doctor Who homepage "The Beast Below" at IMDb vteDoctor Who episodes Original series (1963–1989, 1996) Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Film Missing episodes Revived series (2005–present) Series 1 2 3 4 2008–2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 12 13 2022 specials 2023 specials 14 15 Series 5Series "The Eleventh Hour" "The Beast Below" "Victory of the Daleks" "The Time of Angels" / "Flesh and Stone" "The Vampires of Venice" "Amy's Choice" "The Hungry Earth" / "Cold Blood" "Vincent and the Doctor" "The Lodger" "The Pandorica Opens" / "The Big Bang" Links to related articles vteDoctor Who episodes by Steven MoffatNinth Doctor "The Empty Child" / "The Doctor Dances" Tenth Doctor "The Girl in the Fireplace" "Blink" "Silence in the Library" / "Forest of the Dead" Eleventh DoctorSeries 5 "The Eleventh Hour" "The Beast Below" "The Time of Angels" / "Flesh and Stone" "The Pandorica Opens" / "The Big Bang" Series 6 "A Christmas Carol" "The Impossible Astronaut" / "Day of the Moon" "A Good Man Goes to War" "Let's Kill Hitler" "The Wedding of River Song" Series 7 "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe" "Asylum of the Daleks" "The Angels Take Manhattan" "The Snowmen" "The Bells of Saint John" "The Name of the Doctor" Specials "The Day of the Doctor" "The Time of the Doctor" Twelfth DoctorSeries 8 "Deep Breath" "Into the Dalek" "Listen" "Time Heist" "The Caretaker" "Dark Water" / "Death in Heaven" Series 9 "Last Christmas" "The Magician's Apprentice" / "The Witch's Familiar" "The Girl Who Died" "The Zygon Inversion" "Heaven Sent" "Hell Bent" "The Husbands of River Song" Series 10 "The Return of Doctor Mysterio" "The Pilot" "Extremis" "The Pyramid at the End of the World" "World Enough and Time" / "The Doctor Falls" "Twice Upon a Time" Fifteenth Doctor "Boom" Mini episodes "Time Crash" Meanwhile, in the TARDIS "Space" / "Time" Night and the Doctor "The Night of the Doctor" "The Last Day" See also The Curse of Fatal Death vteDoctor Who: Eleventh Doctor storiesTelevisionSeries 5 "The Eleventh Hour" "The Beast Below" "Victory of the Daleks" "The Time of Angels" / "Flesh and Stone" "The Vampires of Venice" "Amy's Choice" "The Hungry Earth" / "Cold Blood" "Vincent and the Doctor" "The Lodger" "The Pandorica Opens" / "The Big Bang" Series 6 "A Christmas Carol" "The Impossible Astronaut" / "Day of the Moon" "The Curse of the Black Spot" "The Doctor's Wife" "The Rebel Flesh" / "The Almost People" "A Good Man Goes to War" "Let's Kill Hitler" "Night Terrors" "The Girl Who Waited" "The God Complex" "Closing Time" "The Wedding of River Song" Series 7 "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe" "Asylum of the Daleks" "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" "A Town Called Mercy" "The Power of Three" "The Angels Take Manhattan" "The Snowmen" "The Bells of Saint John" "The Rings of Akhaten" "Cold War" "Hide" "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS" "The Crimson Horror" "Nightmare in Silver" "The Name of the Doctor" 2013 specials "The Day of the Doctor" "The Time of the Doctor" Other appearancesMajor Death of the Doctor Minor "The End of Time" "Deep Breath" Mini episodes Meanwhile, in the TARDIS "Space" / "Time" "Death Is the Only Answer" Night and the Doctor "Good as Gold" Pond Life "Rain Gods" "The Inforarium" See also "P.S." AudioAudiobooks The Runaway Train The Hounds of Artemis The Time Machine Audio drama The Churchill Years Books Apollo 23 Night of the Humans The Forgotten Army Nuclear Time The King's Dragon The Glamour Chase The Coming of the Terraphiles Dead of Winter The Way Through the Woods Hunter's Moon Touched by an Angel Paradox Lost The Silent Stars Go By The Dalek Generation Video games The Adventure Games Evacuation Earth Return to Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Legacy Lego Dimensions Stage Doctor Who Live vteDoctor Who: Dalek storiesTelevisionFirst Doctor The Daleks The Dalek Invasion of Earth The Chase "Mission to the Unknown" The Daleks' Master Plan Second Doctor The Power of the Daleks The Evil of the Daleks Third Doctor Day of the Daleks Planet of the Daleks Death to the Daleks Fourth Doctor Genesis of the Daleks Destiny of the Daleks Fifth Doctor Resurrection of the Daleks Sixth Doctor Revelation of the Daleks Seventh Doctor Remembrance of the Daleks Ninth Doctor "Dalek" "Bad Wolf" / "The Parting of the Ways" Tenth Doctor "Army of Ghosts" / "Doomsday "Daleks in Manhattan" / "Evolution of the Daleks" "The Stolen Earth" / "Journey's End" Eleventh Doctor "Victory of the Daleks" "Asylum of the Daleks" "The Time of the Doctor" Twelfth Doctor "Into the Dalek" "The Magician's Apprentice" / "The Witch's Familiar" Thirteenth Doctor "Resolution" "Revolution of the Daleks" "Eve of the Daleks" "The Power of the Doctor" Minor appearances The Space Museum The Wheel in Space The War Games The Mind of Evil Frontier in Space Logopolis The Five Doctors Doctor Who "The Waters of Mars" "The Beast Below" "The Pandorica Opens" / "The Big Bang" "The Wedding of River Song" "The Day of the Doctor" "Hell Bent" "The Pilot" "Twice Upon a Time" "Once, Upon Time" / "The Vanquishers" See also The Curse of Fatal Death Tardisode 13 – "Doomsday" "The Last Day" Daleks! "Destination: Skaro" FilmsDr. Who films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. See also The Lego Batman Movie AudioThe Monthly Adventures The Genocide Machine The Apocalypse Element The Mutant Phase The Time of the Daleks Jubilee The Juggernauts Terror Firma Return of the Daleks Renaissance of the Daleks Brotherhood of the Daleks Patient Zero Enemy of the Daleks Plague of the Daleks The Curse of Davros Daleks Among Us Dalek Empire Invasion of the Daleks The Human Factor Death to the Daleks! Project Infinity Dalek War The Exterminators The Healers The Survivors The Demons The Warriors The Future The Fearless I, Davros Innocence The Davros Mission Other Death and the Daleks Masters of War The Lost Stories The Four Doctors The Five Companions Energy of the Daleks Dark Eyes The War Doctor Living History Blood of the Daleks The Tenth Doctor Adventures After the Daleks Nightmare of the Daleks The Final Beginning Minor appearances Seasons of Fear Dust Breeding Eyes of the Master BooksNovelisations Doctor Who in an Exciting Adventure with the Daleks The Dalek Invasion of Earth The Chase The Daleks' Master Plan Part I: Mission to the Unknown The Daleks' Master Plan Part II: The Mutation of Time The Power of the Daleks The Evil of the Daleks Day of the Daleks Doctor Who and the Space War Planet of the Daleks Death to the Daleks Doctor Who and the Genesis of the Daleks Doctor Who and the Destiny of the Daleks Resurrection of the Daleks Revelation of the Daleks Remembrance of the Daleks Eighth Doctor Adventures War of the Daleks Legacy of the Daleks New Series Adventures I Am a Dalek Prisoner of the Daleks The Dalek Generation Engines of War Other The Dalek Factor Video games Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps "City of the Daleks" Evacuation Earth Return to Earth The Mazes of Time The Eternity Clock Legacy Lego Dimensions Stage The Evil of the Daleks The Daleks' Master Plan Doctor Who Prom Doctor Who Live	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fifth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_5)"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Steven Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"BBC HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_HD"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"time travelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Matt Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Smith"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Amy Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pond"},{"link_name":"Karen Gillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Gillan"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"wanted their own ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_independence"},{"link_name":"Star Whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_universe_creatures_and_aliens_(Q%E2%80%93Z)#Star_Whale"},{"link_name":"production block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_blocking"}],"text":"Episode of Doctor Who2010 Doctor Who episode\"The Beast Below\" is the second episode of the fifth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was written by executive producer and head writer Steven Moffat and broadcast on BBC One and BBC HD on 10 April 2010.In the episode, the Eleventh Doctor—a time travelling alien played by Matt Smith—and his new companion Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) arrive in the distant future aboard the Starship UK, a ship constructed to transport the population and major cultural artefacts of the United Kingdom (apart from Scotland, who \"wanted their own ship\") away from Earth to escape the deadly solar flares that made Earth uninhabitable. However, they discover that the government of the ship secretly tortures a Star Whale that guides the ship, the abandonment of which is believed will destroy the ship and kill everyone on board.The episode, which featured the first time Amy was away from her home world, was designed to show how important she was to the Doctor and his need for a companion. As part of the second production block of the series, the episode's production took place in Autumn 2009. \"The Beast Below\" was seen by 8.42 million viewers on BBC One and BBC HD, the fifth most-watched programme in the week it was broadcast. It was met with a generally positive reception from critics; many praised the chemistry between Smith and Gillan, but some thought that there were too many imaginative concepts that did not make a satisfying conclusion, or that the message of the episode was not as strong as it should have been.","title":"The Beast Below"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pond"},{"link_name":"solar flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doctor_Who_Experience_(6502001861).jpg"},{"link_name":"Star Whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_universe_creatures_and_aliens_(Q%E2%80%93Z)#Star_Whale"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Cabinet War Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_War_Rooms"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"The Eleventh Doctor and Amy arrive on Starship UK, a colony ship in the future which the population of the United Kingdom evacuated in to escape deadly solar flares. Amy is taken by the monk-like Winders to one of many voting booths set up on the ship when she investigates a hole containing a tentacled creature. She is shown a video about the truth of Starship UK, and then asked if she wants to protest the truth or forget it, the latter causing her short-term memory to be wiped. Amy chooses to forget, and creates a video to herself to prevent the Doctor from learning the truth, before the mind wipe. The Doctor is curious as to what \"protest\" will cause and activates it, sending him and Amy into the maw of a giant creature below the ship. The Doctor induces the creature to vomit, allowing them to escape back to the ship. The Doctor and Amy meet Queen Elizabeth X, known as Liz 10, the ruler of the ship.A Winder with a Smiler face on as shown at the Doctor Who Experience.The Winders eventually capture the group, and they are taken to the Tower of London. The Doctor discovers that Starship UK rides atop a giant Star Whale, controlled by sending painful electrical impulses to its brain via a control panel in the Tower. Liz 10 finds a message from her younger self telling her that she ordered this, and is given the option either to forget and keep the Star Whale piloting the ship, or to abdicate and cause the ship’s destruction.The Doctor decides to make the Whale brain-dead, allowing it to continuing travelling. As the Doctor starts the process, Amy recalls hearing the Winders' leader Hawthorne stating the Whale would not eat the children. She forces Liz 10 to hit the abdicate control; to everyone's surprise, the Whale continues travelling, at a faster speed. Amy posits that like the Doctor, the Whale had come to Earth willingly to help save the remaining children, and is helping Starship UK.After the Doctor and Amy return to the TARDIS, they receive a call from Winston Churchill at the Cabinet War Rooms, where the shadow of a Dalek appears.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ark in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ark_in_Space"},{"link_name":"The Sontaran Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sontaran_Experiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFX-3"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Tooth and Claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_and_Claw_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"The Shakespeare Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shakespeare_Code"},{"link_name":"The End of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Time_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Silver Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Nemesis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4thdimension-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indepth-5"},{"link_name":"The Pandorica Opens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pandorica_Opens"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Idiot's Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot%27s_Lantern"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4thdimension-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indepth-5"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indepth-5"}],"sub_title":"Continuity","text":"It is noted that the Earth was abandoned in the 29th century due to solar flares; this was a central plot point of the classic serials The Ark in Space and The Sontaran Experiment.[3] Liz 10 mentions the Doctor's previous encounters with British monarchs, including Victoria (\"Tooth and Claw\"), Elizabeth I (seen in \"The Shakespeare Code\" and referenced in \"The End of Time\") and Elizabeth II (Silver Nemesis).[4][5] Liz 10 herself is seen again in \"The Pandorica Opens\" confronting an intruder in the Royal Collection in the 52nd century.[6][7] The workman's tent investigated by Amy is in front of a shop called \"Magpie Electricals\"; a shop that first appears in \"The Idiot's Lantern\".[4][5] The episode also continues the story arc of the crack pattern, where it appears at the end of the episode on the side of the Starship UK.[5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karen_Gillan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-8"},{"link_name":"production block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_blocking"},{"link_name":"read-through","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-through"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4thdimension-4"},{"link_name":"Margam Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margam_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot"},{"link_name":"orangery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Neath Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mamhilad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamhilad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confidential-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sophie Okonedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Okonedo"},{"link_name":"Terrence Hardiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Hardiman"},{"link_name":"Alison Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Ninth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Shalka Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalka_Doctor"},{"link_name":"flash-animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation"},{"link_name":"Scream of the Shalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_of_the_Shalka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Big Finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"The Book of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Kells_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The episode was intended to show the importance of the Doctor's companion Amy Pond, played by Karen Gillan (pictured).Executive producer and head writer Steven Moffat wrote the episode as an introduction for Amy to the role of the Doctor's companion. The episode showcases her first adventure away from her home world and her first time in space. The climax of the episode, where the Doctor decides the best thing he can do is kill the Star Whale as painlessly as possible but Amy comes up with an alternative solution that is more humane, was designed to stand out in the Doctor's memory as a failure of a huge scale. It also reinforced the Doctor's need for a companion and showed how important Amy would be to him.[8]\"The Beast Below\" was in the second production block of the series. The read-through for the episode took place 20 August 2009.[4] Scenes set in Liz 10's Buckingham Palace were filmed at Margam Country Park, Port Talbot on a night shoot on 22 September 2009. The interior of the orangery was used as the Palace.[9] The room in the Tower of London where the climax takes place was filmed at Neath Abbey.[8][10] The industrial streets of Starship UK were filmed in a disused factory in Mamhilad, with the art department designing it in accordance with Moffat's specific description in the script.[8] Gillan put some of her own wonder at the set into Amy's actions when she admires the street for the first time.[8]The set for the whale's tongue was challenging for both the art department and the actors. With guidance from the stunt co-ordinator, Smith and Gillan were required to slide down a short slide before dropping six feet.[8] Gillan stated that this was the \"most bizarre\" moment of filming for her.[11] For the opening scene in which the Doctor holds Amy's ankle while she is suspended in space, Gillan was hoisted on wires above the TARDIS prop in front of a greenscreen while a wind machine created the effects of being in space.[12]Both Sophie Okonedo and Terrence Hardiman, who played Liz 10 and government head Hawthorne respectively, have had experience in Doctor Who related roles. Okonedo previously portrayed Alison Cheney, a companion of the alternate Ninth Doctor known as the Shalka Doctor in the online flash-animated serial Scream of the Shalka.[13][14] Hardiman later voiced King Sitric in the Big Finish audio play The Book of Kells.[15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-16"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"BBC HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_HD"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Appreciation Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appreciation_Index"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Region 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#Region_codes_and_countries"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Victory of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_of_the_Daleks"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"The Beast Below\" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 10 April 2010.[16] Unofficial overnight viewing figures stated that 6.4 million viewers watched on BBC One with an additional 330,000 watching a simulcast on BBC HD. This meant that the show was the most watched show of the day.[17] When time-shifted figures were added, the viewing figures on BBC One were 7.93 million while BBC HD's ratings rose to 494,000, making the final consolidated figures for the episode 8.42 million. It was the fifth most-watched programme on BBC One for the week ending 11 April 2010 and the 11th for the week across all UK channels.[18] The episode received an Appreciation Index of 86, considered \"excellent\".[19]\"The Beast Below\" was released in Region 2 on DVD and Blu-ray with the episodes \"The Eleventh Hour\" and \"Victory of the Daleks\" and special features on 7 June 2010.[20][21] It was then re-released as part of the complete series five DVD on 8 November 2010.[22]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"the death of his people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_War_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"SFX Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFX_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFX-3"},{"link_name":"Tenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The episode received generally positive reviews by television critics. Andrew Billen, writing in The Times, awarded the episode five stars, praising Matt Smith's \"mercurial\" Doctor, Sophie Okonedo's acting, and the concept of the episode. However, he worried that Moffat \"may not be as interested in the Time Lord as the rest of his fans\", referring to a scene in which the Doctor dismisses the death of his people as a \"bad day\".[23] Keith Watson in Metro praised the developing relationship between the Doctor and Amy.[24] Sam Wollaston in The Guardian noted the parallels between the future UK and modern Britain, and also confessed to \"being in love with Amy Pond\".[25]SFX Magazine's Russell Lewin gave \"The Beast Below\" four out of five stars, calling it \"immensely satisfying\". He particularly praised the two lead performances and Amy's characterisation as companion, as well as the writing and dialogue.[3] Dan Martin, also of The Guardian, praised the story for testing the characters' relationships rather than being just a visit to the Starship UK to make it better, though he commented that the \"anti-vivisection message\" seemed to be lost along the way. He praised the way the Doctor was portrayed in terms of his more inhumane instincts in contrast to the Tenth Doctor and rated the episode as \"four out of five\".[26] Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern said that the episode \"neither moved [him] to wave a Save the Starwhale banner nor reach for the nearest harpoon\" and made him feel \"out of the loop\" as it seemed more directed at children than adults. However, he praised the acting of Smith, Gillan, and Sophie Okonedo, as well as the creation of the robotic Smilers.[27]IGN's Matt Wales had a more mixed opinion about the episode, rating it a \"good\" 7 out of 10. He considered it imaginative with \"more brilliant ideas...than most other shows can muster in an entire season\", but he thought the episode \"never quite brought its cacophony of ideas together to form a satisfying whole\", and the conclusion \"failed to resonate effectively against the hodgepodge of insane ideas and action\". Because of the large number of ideas, Wales also pointed out that the characterisation was \"scant\", especially on Liz 10 and the Smilers. However, he praised Smith's and Gillan's chemistry and Moffat's \"crackling dialogue\".[28] In February 2013, Moffat cited \"The Beast Below\" as his least-favourite among the episodes he wrote, describing it as \"a bit of a mess\".[29]","title":"Broadcast and reception"}]	[{"image_text":"A Winder with a Smiler face on as shown at the Doctor Who Experience.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Doctor_Who_Experience_%286502001861%29.jpg/220px-Doctor_Who_Experience_%286502001861%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The episode was intended to show the importance of the Doctor's companion Amy Pond, played by Karen Gillan (pictured).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karen_Gillan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/160px-Karen_Gillan_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Shooting on Matt Smith's first series enters its final stages ...\". Doctor Who Magazine (417). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Panini Comics: 6. 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine","url_text":"Doctor Who Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells,_Kent","url_text":"Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_Comics","url_text":"Panini Comics"}]},{"reference":"\"Get ready for the thirty-first amazing series of Doctor Who\". Doctor Who Magazine (419). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Panini Comics: 6–7. 4 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine","url_text":"Doctor Who Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells,_Kent","url_text":"Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_Comics","url_text":"Panini Comics"}]},{"reference":"Lewin, Russell (10 April 2010). \"TV Review Doctor Who 5.02 \"The Beast Below\"\". SFX. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-beast-below-review/","url_text":"\"TV Review Doctor Who 5.02 \"The Beast Below\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Beast Below – The Fourth Dimension\". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs69w/features/the-beast-below-fourth-dimension","url_text":"\"The Beast Below – The Fourth Dimension\""}]},{"reference":"Golder, Dave (21 April 2010). \"Doctor Who \"The Beast Below\" In-Depth Review\". SFX. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-beast-below-in-depth-review/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who \"The Beast Below\" In-Depth Review\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Richard (19 June 2010). \"TV Review Doctor Who 5.12 \"The Pandorica Opens\"\". GamesRadar. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/review-the-pandorica-opens-review/","url_text":"\"TV Review Doctor Who 5.12 \"The Pandorica Opens\"\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Moffat (writer), Toby Haynes (director), Peter Bennett (producer) (19 June 2010). \"The Pandorica Opens\". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat","url_text":"Steven Moffat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Haynes","url_text":"Toby Haynes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bennett_(producer)","url_text":"Peter Bennett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pandorica_Opens","url_text":"The Pandorica Opens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who","url_text":"Doctor Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"}]},{"reference":"\"All About the Girl\". Doctor Who Confidential. Series 5. Episode 2. 10 April 2010. BBC. BBC Three.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential","url_text":"Doctor Who Confidential"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three","url_text":"BBC Three"}]},{"reference":"\"Walesarts, Margam Country Park, Port Talbot\". BBC. Retrieved 30 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/arts/sites/doctor-who-wales/alllocations/port-talbot-margam-country-park","url_text":"\"Walesarts, Margam Country Park, Port Talbot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neath Abbey\". Doctor Who Locations Guide. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/neathabbey","url_text":"\"Neath Abbey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who's Karen Gillan describes strangest moments\". The Daily Telegraph. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/doctor-who/7613660/Doctor-Whos-Karen-Gillan-describes-strangest-moments.html","url_text":"\"Doctor Who's Karen Gillan describes strangest moments\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Matt; Karen Gillan (2010). The Video Diaries: Part 2 (DVD). Doctor Who: The Complete Fifth Series: BBC. Event occurs at 6:30-9:07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Matt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Gillan","url_text":"Karen Gillan"}]},{"reference":"\"Scream of the Shalka\". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/webcasts/shalka/","url_text":"\"Scream of the Shalka\""}]},{"reference":"McEwan, Cameron K. \"Doctor Who: The Beast Below gallery\". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100408213328/http://www.denofgeek.com/television/457394/doctor_who_the_beast_below_gallery.html","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Beast Below gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.denofgeek.com/television/457394/doctor_who_the_beast_below_gallery.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Book of Kells\". Big Finish Productions. Retrieved 1 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigfinish.com/404-Doctor-Who-The-Book-of-Kells","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Book of Kells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions","url_text":"Big Finish Productions"}]},{"reference":"\"Network TV BBC Week 15: Saturday 10 April 2010\" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2010/wk15/sat.shtml#sat_drwho","url_text":"\"Network TV BBC Week 15: Saturday 10 April 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK TV Ratings: Doctor Who down but still top; Winner a ratings loser for ITV1\". TV by the Numbers. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100417005442/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/13/uk-tv-ratings-doctor-who-down-but-still-top-winner-a-ratings-loser-for-itv1/48261","url_text":"\"UK TV Ratings: Doctor Who down but still top; Winner a ratings loser for ITV1\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/13/uk-tv-ratings-doctor-who-down-but-still-top-winner-a-ratings-loser-for-itv1/48261","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Top 30 Programmes : BBC1 : w/e 18 Apr 2010\". BARB. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-10?_s=4","url_text":"\"Weekly Top 30 Programmes : BBC1 : w/e 18 Apr 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Beast Below – AI and Sunday ratings\". Doctor Who News Page. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2010/04/beast-below-ai-and-sunday-ratings.html","url_text":"\"The Beast Below – AI and Sunday ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (DVD)\". BBCShop. Retrieved 3 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbcshop.com/Doctor-Who-Series-5-Volume-1-DVD/invt/bbcdvd3213","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (DVD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (Blu-ray)\". BBCshop. Retrieved 17 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbcshop.com/matt-smith/doctor-who-series-5-volume-1-blu-ray/invt/bbcbd0082/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Series 5 - Volume 1 (Blu-ray)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctor Who: The Complete Series 5 (DVD)\". BBCshop. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbcshop.com/doctor-who/doctor-who-the-complete-series-5-dvd/invt/bbcdvd3285/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Complete Series 5 (DVD)\""}]},{"reference":"Billen, Andrew (12 April 2010). \"A Passionate Woman; Doctor Who\". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092238/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article7093515.ece","url_text":"\"A Passionate Woman; Doctor Who\""},{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-passionate-woman-doctor-who-qt3gk0chsq6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Keith (12 April 2010). \"Doctor Who: The tale of the Time Lord is officially hot\". Metro. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2010/04/11/doctor-who-tv-review-232382/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The tale of the Time Lord is officially hot\""}]},{"reference":"Wollaston, Sam (12 April 2010). \"Doctor Who and A Passionate Woman\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/apr/12/doctor-who-a-passionate-woman","url_text":"\"Doctor Who and A Passionate Woman\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Dan (10 April 2010). \"Doctor Who: The Beast Below – series 31, episode two\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2010/apr/10/doctor-who-the-beast-below","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Beast Below – series 31, episode two\""}]},{"reference":"Mulkern, Patrick (11 April 2010). \"Doctor Who: The Beast Below\". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/doctor-who-the-beast-below/","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: The Beast Below\""}]},{"reference":"Wales, Matt (12 April 2010). \"Doctor Who: \"The Beast Below\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/04/12/doctor-who-the-beast-below-review","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: \"The Beast Below\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Stradling, Ed (20 February 2013). \"Gallifrey One 2013 - Steven Moffat interview\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7VQrnMzjrU","url_text":"\"Gallifrey One 2013 - Steven Moffat interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/h7VQrnMzjrU","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-beast-below-review/","external_links_name":"\"TV Review Doctor Who 5.02 \"The Beast Below\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs69w/features/the-beast-below-fourth-dimension","external_links_name":"\"The Beast Below – The Fourth Dimension\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-beast-below-in-depth-review/","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who \"The Beast Below\" In-Depth Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/review-the-pandorica-opens-review/","external_links_name":"\"TV Review Doctor Who 5.12 \"The Pandorica Opens\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/arts/sites/doctor-who-wales/alllocations/port-talbot-margam-country-park","external_links_name":"\"Walesarts, Margam Country Park, Port Talbot\""},{"Link":"http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/neathabbey","external_links_name":"\"Neath Abbey\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/doctor-who/7613660/Doctor-Whos-Karen-Gillan-describes-strangest-moments.html","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who's Karen Gillan describes strangest moments\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/webcasts/shalka/","external_links_name":"\"Scream of the Shalka\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100408213328/http://www.denofgeek.com/television/457394/doctor_who_the_beast_below_gallery.html","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who: The Beast Below gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.denofgeek.com/television/457394/doctor_who_the_beast_below_gallery.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bigfinish.com/404-Doctor-Who-The-Book-of-Kells","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who: The Book of Kells\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/2010/wk15/sat.shtml#sat_drwho","external_links_name":"\"Network TV BBC Week 15: Saturday 10 April 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100417005442/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/04/13/uk-tv-ratings-doctor-who-down-but-still-top-winner-a-ratings-loser-for-itv1/48261","external_links_name":"\"UK TV Ratings: Doctor Who down but still top; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving-cup	Loving cup	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Shared drinking container traditionally used at weddings and banquets This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024) For the song by the Rolling Stones, see Loving Cup (song). Porcelain loving cup for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee (1897) A loving cup is a large cup with two arching handles. It can describe a shared drinking container traditionally used at weddings and banquets, often made of silver. Loving cups are also given as trophies to winners of games or competitions. History Loving cups found in several European cultures, including the Celtic quaich and the French coupe de mariage. The Russian bratina ("fraternity cup" or "brotherhood cup") is a wine bowl also used for banquets. It is considered the "Russian version of the loving cup". It is often without handles. See also Lovespoon The Emperor, a chamber pot now used as a loving cup References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loving cups. ^ "Loving cup \| British, Nottingham (Derbyshire)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 11, 2024. ^ "Loving cup". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved March 23, 2009. ^ "Loving Cup Ceremony". CelebrateIntimateWeddings.com. Retrieved March 23, 2009. ^ Peter Andrews (1983). The Rulers of Russia. Stonehenge. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-86706-051-5. Another exceptional vessel was the bratina. This Russian version of the loving cup, or toasting bowl, was passed from person to person, uniting all who drank from it in etemal brotherhood. External links Promotional Gifts vteWeddings Collective Elopement Handfasting Same-sex White Pre-wedding Marriage proposal planner Marriage proposal Engagement Banns of marriage Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage license Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas ClothingWestern dress codes Formal White tie Morning dress Semi-formal Black tie Black lounge suit Informal Suit Wedding dress Contemporary Bridal crown Dress Evening gown Ball gown Debutante Opera gloves Cocktail dress Garters CasualObjects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance "Indian" Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lychgate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Kolach (bread) Korovai Loving cup Place card By religionor culture Anand Karaj (Sikh) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Hindu Bengali Muslim Brunei Malay Chinese Pre-wedding customs Catholic Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mandaean Mormon Odia Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Timorese Vőfély (Hungary) Zoroastrian By country Ethiopia Vőfély (Hungary) Iceland India Myanmar (Burma) Pakistan Philippines Russia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States and Canada United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Black wedding Elopement Maiden and married names Marriage vows Newlywed Royal weddings Self-uniting marriage Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding vow renewal ceremony Womanless wedding This article about an item of drinkware or tool used in preparation or serving of drink is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loving Cup (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_Cup_(song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_1897_loving_cup_wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"diamond jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_jubilee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"banquets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquet"},{"link_name":"trophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the song by the Rolling Stones, see Loving Cup (song).Porcelain loving cup for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee (1897)A loving cup is a large cup with two arching handles.[1] It can describe a shared drinking container traditionally used at weddings and banquets, often made of silver. Loving cups are also given as trophies to winners of games or competitions.[2]","title":"Loving cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bratina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Loving cups found in several European cultures, including the Celtic quaich and the French coupe de mariage.[3]The Russian bratina (\"fraternity cup\" or \"brotherhood cup\") is a wine bowl also used for banquets. It is considered the \"Russian version of the loving cup\".[4] It is often without handles.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Porcelain loving cup for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee (1897)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Painted_1897_loving_cup_wiki.jpg/220px-Painted_1897_loving_cup_wiki.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Lovespoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovespoon"},{"title":"The Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Hussars#The_Emperor"},{"title":"chamber pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pot"}]	[{"reference":"\"Loving cup \| British, Nottingham (Derbyshire)\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved March 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/746095","url_text":"\"Loving cup \| British, Nottingham (Derbyshire)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loving cup\". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved March 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349630/loving-cup","url_text":"\"Loving cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Loving Cup Ceremony\". CelebrateIntimateWeddings.com. Retrieved March 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.celebrateintimateweddings.com/lovingcup.html","url_text":"\"Loving Cup Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Andrews (1983). The Rulers of Russia. Stonehenge. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-86706-051-5. Another exceptional vessel was the bratina. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.D.G.	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Westmount Adjacent area","3 Demographics","4 Cityscape","5 Sports and recreation","6 Transportation","6.1 Rapid transit","6.2 Streetscape","7 Street names","8 Education","8.1 Elementary schools","8.2 High schools","8.3 Universities","8.4 Public libraries","9 Notable residents","10 Geographic location","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°28′36″N 73°36′52″W / 45.47675°N 73.61432°W / 45.47675; -73.61432This article is about the neighbourhood of Montreal. For the federal electoral district, see Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (federal electoral district). For the provincial electoral district, see Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district). For the Cambrai Madonna (Notre-Dame de Grâce), see Cambrai Madonna. This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighbourhood in Montreal, Quebec, CanadaNotre-Dame-de-GrâceNeighbourhoodNotre-Dame-de-Grâce LibraryNickname: NDGNotre-Dame-de-GrâceLocation of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in MontrealCoordinates: 45°28′36″N 73°36′52″W / 45.47675°N 73.61432°W / 45.47675; -73.61432CountryCanadaProvinceQuebecCityMontrealBoroughCôte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-GrâceEstablished1876Incorporated1906Merged1910Area • Land8.8 km2 (3.4 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total166,520 • Density7,667.6/km2 (19,859/sq mi)Postal CodeH3X, H4A, H4BArea code(s)514, 438 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (English: Our Lady of Grace), commonly known as NDG, is a residential neighbourhood of Montreal in the city's West End, with a population of 166,520 (2016). An independent municipality until annexed by the City of Montreal in 1910, NDG is today one half of the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. It comprises two wards, Loyola to the west and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce to the east. NDG is bordered by four independent enclaves; its eastern border is shared with the City of Westmount, Quebec, to the north and west it is bordered by the cities of Montreal West, Hampstead and Côte-Saint-Luc. NDG plays a pivotal role in serving as the commercial and cultural hub for Montreal's predominantly English-speaking West End, with Sherbrooke Street West running the length of the community as the main commercial artery. The community is roughly bounded by Claremont Avenue to the east, Côte-Saint-Luc Road to the north, Brock Avenue in the west, and Highway 20 and the Saint-Jacques Escarpment to the south. History The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1948 At the time of Montreal's founding in 1642 most of the land stretching past Mount Royal to the northwest was a vast forest running the length of a long, narrow ridge known as the Saint Jacques Escarpment. The area that was to become Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was founded along that ridge, near a since-drained Lac Saint-Pierre. The first Europeans settled the area eight years after the founding of the colony of Ville Marie, on November 18, 1650. They were Jean Descarries (or Descaris) dit le Houx and Jean Leduc, from Igé, Perche, France. Both settlers received 30 acres (12 ha) of land in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, a vast territory that stretched from what would become Atwater Avenue to Lachine. The eastern part of the territory split off in 1874 as the village of Côte-Saint-Antoine, later renamed Westmount; a section then split off the western edge in 1897 to become Montreal West. In 1853, construction of the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was completed. In December 1876, the Municipality of the Village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was established through proclamation. In 1906, the village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was incorporated as a town. On June 4, 1910, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was annexed to the city of Montreal. It was during this period that the long-established Descarries family reached its peak. Daniel-Jérémie Décarie (1836-1904) was mayor of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce from 1877 to 1904 and his son, lawyer Jérémie-Louis Décarie (1870-1927), was a Quebec parliamentarian. In May 1912, Décarie Boulevard was officially designated, running north–south from Côte-des-Neiges and the Town of Mount Royal in the north to Saint-Henri and Côte-Saint-Paul in the south (a section of the road was already known as Décarie Avenue). In 1908, the first tramway made its appearance in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, running around the north side of Mount Royal from Snowdon Station to the intersection of Mount Royal and Parc avenues. Gradually the village developed around the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce which was the head church of the seven parishes on the western part of the Island of Montreal. It was around 1920 that Anglophones began settling in NDG, resulting in the construction of numerous schools and churches. The Décarie Expressway opened to motorists in 1966, in time for Expo 67. Since 2002, the area has been administratively attached to Côte-des-Neiges as the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. Geography Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is bounded on the east by the border with Westmount and Côte-des-Neiges, the south by the Saint-Jacques Escarpment, and the north by Côte-Saint-Luc Road, extending west to the border with Montreal West. Westmount Adjacent area "Westmount Adjacent" is a term applied by realtors to a district along the eastern edge of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, located in between the city of Westmount to the east, the Décarie Expressway to the west, De Maisonneuve Boulevard to the south, and the lands of Villa Maria private Catholic girls school to the north. Both of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce's metro stations, Vendôme and Villa-Maria, are located in the area. The construction of the Décarie Expressway forced the displacement of 285 families and had a major impact on the neighbourhood, severing the easternmost part from the whole and leading to the area being referred to as Westmount Adjacent — a term implying housing costs and lifestyles more on par with Westmount, one of the most affluent communities in North America, rather than NDG which as a whole is more middle income. Demographics Shops along Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. Broadly speaking Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is a middle class first-ring residential suburb with a culturally and linguistically diverse urban population. The cityscape and history of the community is rooted firmly in NDG's role as a home for an upwardly-mobile French Canadian middle class that developed much of the land roughly between Confederation and the First World War. The neighbourhood is characterized by traditional Quebecois housing styles - notably the detached or semidetached duplex - as well as being organized along the historic land division system developed by for agricultural purposes during Quebec's colonial period (i.e. long, rectangular city blocks running perpendicular to a river or ridge). It is a predominantly residential neighbourhood with considerable appeal to a wide variety of Montrealers, owing principally to its local cultural cachet, proximity to the urban core of the city, and wide variety of commercial and public services. NDG is a community of communities, as there are several somewhat distinct neighbourhoods within it. Officially the community is divided into an eastern and western ward with Cavendish Boulevard serving as the bisecting line. The eastern part of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is itself split in two parts by the Décarie Expressway (running north–south), which was built in the late 1950s and resulted in the destruction of many hundreds of homes. The eastern ward is focused around the parish church at the intersection of Décarie and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce avenue, with many of the neighbourhood's oldest buildings being found nearby. Owing to its history, the eastern ward is primarily francophone, middle class and has a strong French and Quebecois cultural and aesthetic character. The western ward developed during the interwar and post-WW2 era and is more varied in terms of housing styles, income levels, cultural representation and spoken languages. Generally speaking NDG is associated with Montreal's multi-ethnic middle-class Anglophone community, given the presence of major Anglophone institutions like Loyola College of Concordia University and the MUHC super-hospital, but despite this association many residents are bilingual in French and English and speak both on a regular, if not daily, basis. Affordable housing and proximity to major Anglophone post-secondary educational institutions, particularly Dawson College and Concordia University, has resulted in a large and consistent student population residing in NDG. The visible minority population of the neighbourhood is 33%, with the ethnic breakdown of the neighbourhood varied over the territory of NDG. There is also a sizeable Afro-Canadian and immigrant community, concentrated mostly around the parts of the district north of Somerled Avenue as well as south of Sherbrooke Street, and a 'Little Italy' located south of the Canadian Pacific line, colloquially referred to as Saint Raymond. Saint Raymond, with a population of 5915, has a black population of 18% and a Chinese population of 12%, both notably higher than Montreal as a whole. In recent years, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce has developed into a highly desirable neighbourhood for young professionals, though little gentrification has occurred outside of the Monkland Village. Cityscape The Empress Theatre located along Sherbrooke Street West. Geographically NDG is situated on a long plateau extending southwest from Mount Royal, cascading in wide terraces down from Côte-Saint-Luc Road (côte being the French word for ridge) towards the far steeper Saint-Jacques Escarpment. The land is divided, as is traditional in Quebec, in long narrow strips, an evolution of the seigneurial land division system of the province's colonial era. Thus, NDG has many avenues running north–south, but far fewer running east–west. As such, the community is characterized by several prominent boulevards where commercial activity is concentrated. This design element also traces its history back to the earliest urban design planning native to Canada. NDG is almost exclusively residential and institutional in nature, defined in part by major Anglophone civic institutions anchoring its eastern and western ends. These are the MUHC hospital at the Glen Yards, adjacent to the Vendôme intermodal station and the Loyola campus of Concordia University (situated next to the Montreal-West commuter rail station, respectively). Public schools, libraries, places of worship, parks, playgrounds, and public athletic facilities, including a local chapter of the Montreal YMCA, are distributed throughout the area. Housing tends towards the antique, with much of the construction occurring between 1910 and 1940 and providing a unique mix of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Beaux-Arts influences on traditional Quebecois architectural styles. There a variety of housing styles found in the borough, though the dominant and favoured style remains the red brick duplex row-house. Adding to its residential appeal, the community is well known for its tree-lined streets and general walkability. An important housing project is situated near the geographical centre of NDG on Cavendish Boulevard, which bisects the borough into its eastern and western halves. The Benny Farm housing project was built to serve the needs of veterans returning from Second World War service, though was later designated as subsidized housing. The housing and surrounding landscaping was rehabilitated in the early 2000s, with new low-cost housing and additional public facilities built, such as the Benny Farm CLSC (a community centre with many social services including a clinic run by the provincial health ministry). The Décarie Expressway trench and the mainline of the Canadian Pacific railway each forms barriers that arguably disrupt the cohesiveness of the borough. As such, sections of NDG have unique characteristics and be characterized as well-defined neighbourhoods. As an example, the sliver of NDG running between the rail line and the Saint-Jacques Escarpment (from Cavendish Boulevard to the Décarie Expressway) is known as St. Raymond's and has a strong association with Montreal's Italian community. Another section, separated from the rest of NDG by a highway trench and sharing a border with Westmount, is closer to where the village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was founded, and as such is occasionally referred to as 'Old NDG'. NDG first rose to prominence as an important middle-class suburb towards the end of the 19th century, initially populated by the (then) new white-collar workforce of the Canadian metropolis and accessible via tramways running to and from the city centre. As widespread suburbanization developed in the post-WW2 period, NDG became home to successive waves of immigrants, first from Eastern Europe (including a sizeable Jewish population), then from the Caribbean, and more recently from Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Concurrently, Anglophone Montrealers consolidated in the West End broadly speaking, with Montreal's Irish and Black communities shifting away from their traditional neighbourhoods (Griffintown and Little Burgundy respectively) and taking a more prominent position within the demographics of the area. Today NDG is a cosmopolitan mixed-income urban neighbourhood highly sought after by young professionals. The multitude of services, including parks and other green spaces, schools, clinics, and major institutions, make it an ideal neighbourhood to raise a family close to the centre of the city of Montreal and its Central Business District. The vintage and antique housing is generally well kept and the aesthetic of the early 20th-century first-ring suburb has been preserved. Additionally, NDG is well-served by public transit, including numerous bus lines, two Métro, and two commuter train stations, allowing the area to be one of the most 'walkable' in the entire city. Sports and recreation NDG is well known for many large parks including NDG Park (known as Girouard Park), Loyola Park, Trenholme Park, Benny Park, Somerled Park, and Parc de la Confédération. The area has three indoor hockey arenas: the public Doug Harvey Arena (formerly Confederation Arena) and the private Lower Canada College High School and Concordia University (Ed Meagher Arena) rinks. NDG is also home to the NDG YMCA, which includes a pool, gym, and recreation programs for youth and adults. The community is home to several sports organizations for both children and adults, with NDG Hockey and NDG Baseball being the most well-known and respected organizations. NDG Baseball joined Baseball Québec in 2022 after many years and several championships as part of Little League Quebec. NDG is home to the Montreal Exiles Rugby Football club (www.montrealexiles.com) who have mini-rugby teams (NDG Dragons) at U-6, U-8, U-10 U-12 and U-14 levels, Junior rugby at U-18 and senior men's rugby. Founded in 2011, the senior men's side featured in the provincial finals in 2011, losing to Westmount in the semi-final, and again in 2012 winning the Division C league and Cup. Their home field is Confederation Park. Transportation Villa-Maria Montreal Metro station. The public transport agency that operates transit bus and rapid transit services in Montreal is the Société de transport de Montréal (STM). Rapid transit The orange line of Montreal's Metro runs through the borough, following the Décarie Expressway with Villa Maria and Vendôme located on the eastern side of the autoroute trench. NDG is also served by a variety of STM bus lines offering various service levels: 10-minute maximum (6:00-21:00) 24 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Décarie Boulevard in NDG, Villa Maria metro station is its western terminus. 51 Édouard-Montpetit: East-West local bus serving Fielding Avenue. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station is its western terminus. 105 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Sherbrooke street in NDG. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station and Vendôme metro station are its western and eastern termini, respectively. 10-minute maximum (6:00-14:00 East)(14:00-21:00 West) Tracks and platforms at the Vendome metro station. 90 Saint-Jacques: East-west local bus serving Saint-Jacques Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station. 103 Monkland: East-West local bus serving Monkland, Grand Boulevard in NDG. Villa Maria metro station serves as its eastern terminus. Local (day) 17 Décarie: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station. 63 Girouard: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG.Autoroute 15 looking north from Monkland avenue in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. 102 Somerled: East-West local bus serving Somerled Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Vendôme metro station. 104 Cavendish: East-West local bus serving Cavendish Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station. 138 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce: East-West local bus serving Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Cavendish in NDG. 162 Westminster: East-West local bus serving Monkland Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Villa Maria metro station. Express (day) 420 Notre-Dame-De-Grâce Express: Commuter express bus that stops along Cavendish Boulevard and Sherbrooke before it goes to Downtown Montreal. All night 356: Night bus that serves Sherbrooke street in NDG. Operates from 2:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. Streetscape The major commercial streets are Monkland Avenue, Somerled Avenue and Sherbrooke Street West. Monkland Village comprises a cluster of businesses on the eastern part of Monkland Avenue that was revitalized in the 1990s. The Décarie Expressway is a major sunken urban highway that runs north–south and splits eastern NDG into two segments. Several bridges connect both sides of the borough for both vehicles and pedestrians. Street names The following is a list of street names in the area and what/who they're named after: Trenholme Street named after the founder of Elmhurst Dairy Thomas Anderson Trenholme Bessborough: Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough, 14th Governor General of Canada Borden: Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada Cavendish: Most likely the British House of Cavendish Connaught: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 10th Governor General of Canada Décarie: One or many of several prominent members of the Décarie family; possibly specifically Jérémie-Louis Décarie, who was born in NDG Fielding: William Stevens Fielding, 7th Premier of Nova Scotia and federal Minister of Finance, editor Montreal Daily Telegraph Girouard: Désiré Girouard, Canadian lawyer, politician, and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada Harvard: Given the fact that Harvard Ave. is located one block West of Oxford Ave., it's likely that the two neighbouring streets were named together for the two world famous educational institutions, Harvard and Oxford. Hingston: William Hales Hingston, a Canadian senator & Mayor of Montreal Marcil: Georges Marcil, last mayor of NDG before its annexation into the city of Montreal. Monkland: James Monk, former Chief Justice of Lower Canada; landowner Notre-Dame-de-Grâce: NDG — the community in which the street is situated Old Orchard: The orchards that used to make up large parts of modern-day NDG; Oxford: Harvard: Given the fact that Oxford Ave. is located one block East of Harvard Ave., it's likely that the two neighbouring streets were named together for the two world famous educational institutions, Harvard and Oxford. Sherbrooke: John Coape Sherbrooke, Governor General of British North America, circa 1816 Somerled: 12th-century Scottish leader Terrebonne: A French seigniory near what is now the city of Terrebonne Wilson: Named for former Montreal mayor Charles Wilson Education The Administration Building at Concordia University's Loyola campus. The Centre de services scolaire de Montréal (CSSDM) operates Francophone public schools. The administrative offices of the English Montreal School Board (ESMB), which operates Anglophone public schools in this borough, are located in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. The EMSB operates 40 primaries, 17 secondaries and 32 other learning institutions with a total student population of 38,000. There are numerous private and public educational institutions within the community: Elementary schools French schools (CSSDM) École internationale de Montréal (primaire) École Marc-Favreau L'Étoile Filante École Notre-Dame-de-Grâce École Anne-Hébert École Rudolph-Steiner de Montréal The Administration Building of the English Montreal School Board in NDG. English Schools Royal Vale Willingdon School Herbert Symonds (Closed 1981) St. Monica School High schools Private Centennial Academy Greaves Adventist Academy Lower Canada College Loyola High School Villa Maria Kells Academy Public Marymount Academy Royal Vale School (K-11) West Hill High School (Montreal)(closed 1992) École Saint-Luc Universities Concordia University (Loyola Campus) Public libraries The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates libraries. Notable residents An outdoor ice hockey rink located at Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Park. L’Église Sainte-Augustine de Canterbury, now known as River's Edge Community Church, is in the background. Actors, musicians, artists Hubert Aquin, novelist, essayist, filmmaker, editor Jay Baruchel, actor Constance Beresford-Howe, writer Anne Dorval, actress Paterson Ewen, painter Charles Gagnon, painter, photographer, filmmaker Ida Haendel, violinist Corky Laing, drummer Irving Layton, poet Laurence Leboeuf, actress Émile Ollivier (writer), writer Jessica Paré, actress Michel Rivard, French Canadian singer William Shatner, actor Françoise Sullivan, dancer, sculptor, photographer, painter Athletes and sports officials/personalities Mauro Biello, former professional soccer player Steven Fletcher (ice hockey), NHL player Frank Greenleaf, president of the Canadian and Quebec Amateur Hockey Associations Doug Harvey, former NHL player Fleming Mackell, former NHL player Russell Martin, major league baseball catcher Jim McKean, former CFL player and MLB umpire Ian Mofford, former CFL player and Grey Cup champion Sergio Momesso, former NHL player and current sports commentator Gabriel Morency, sports-talk radio personality Ken Mosdell, former NHL player Sam Pollock, General Manager; Montreal Canadiens Marco Scandella, NHL player Geographic location Places adjacent to Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Côte Saint-Luc Hampstead Côte-des-Neiges (Montreal) Montreal West Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (Montreal) Westmount Le Sud-Ouest See also List of former towns in Quebec Oxford Park, Montreal References ^ "PROFILS DES DISTRICTS ÉLECTORAUX DE L'ARRONDISSEMENT DE CÔTE-DESNEIGES–NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE" (PDF). Ville de Montréal (in French). August 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017. ^ Pelland, Yvan. "OUR COMMUNITY'S HISTORY AND PEOPLE". Discover NDG. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ Rachel Louise, Barry (2006–2009). "Notre-Dame-de-Grace". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-08. ^ "Back to the future in NDG". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2024-05-23. ^ "Population Density". censusmapper.ca. ^ http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-597/P3.cfm?Lang=E&CTCODE=4759&CACODE=462&PRCODE=24&PC=h4a2n3 ^ "Overview - YMCA". www.ymcaquebec.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. ^ http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=213651 Commission de la toponymie du Québec ^ http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=213749 Commission de la toponymie du Québec ^ "Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine." English Montreal School Board. Retrieved on December 20, 2012. "A: The EMSB's Administration Building is located at 6000 Fielding Avenue, corner Côte St. Luc Road, in the Montreal District of N.D.G." Version in French Archived 2013-01-03 at the Wayback Machine - French address: "A: The EMSB's Administration Building is located at 6000 Fielding Avenue, corner Côte St. Luc Road, in the Montreal District of N.D.G." ^ "École primaire \| École internationale de Montréal (primaire) \| CSSDM". École internationale de Montréal (primaire). ^ http://marc-favreau.csdm.ca/ "l’école Marc-Favreau est une belle école du quartier Notre-Dame-de-Grâce" ^ "École primaire \| Commission scolaire de Montréal". Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-08. "Anne-Hébert est une magnifique petite école du quartier Notre-Dame-de-Grâce." ^ "Les bibliothèques par arrondissement." Montreal Public Libraries Network. Retrieved on December 7, 2014. ^ 1911 Census of Canada, Hochelaga Sub-district, Montreal, Quebec: Government of Canada, 1911, p. 18 External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Westmount–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. Borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce vteUrban agglomeration of MontrealMunicipalities Côte Saint-Luc Hampstead Montreal Montréal-Est Montreal West Mount Royal Westmount West Island Baie-D'Urfé Beaconsfield Dollard-des-Ormeaux Dorval Kirkland L'Île-Dorval Pointe-Claire Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Senneville Boroughs of Montreal Ahuntsic-Cartierville Anjou Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève Lachine LaSalle Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve Montréal-Nord Outremont Pierrefonds-Roxboro Le Plateau-Mont-Royal Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie Le Sud-Ouest Saint-Laurent Saint-Léonard Verdun Ville-Marie Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension NeighbourhoodsCity of Montreal Ahuntsic Benny Farm Bois-Franc Cartierville Centre-Sud Chinatown Cité du Havre Cité Multimédia Côte-de-Liesse Côte-des-Neiges Côte-Saint-Paul Darlington Downtown Faubourg à m'lasse Faubourg Saint-Laurent Garment District Gay Village Glenmount Golden Square Mile Goose Village Greektown Griffintown Historic Jewish Quarter Hochelaga-Maisonneuve L'Île-Bizard Îlot-Trafalgar-Gleneagles Little Burgundy Little Italy Little Maghreb Little Portugal Mercier (Tétreaultville, Longue-Pointe) Mile End Milton Park Monkland Village Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Nouveau-Bordeaux Nuns' Island Old Montreal Overdale Park Extension La Petite-Patrie Pierrefonds Pointe-Saint-Charles Pointe-aux-Trembles Quad Windsor Quartier Bonaventure Quartier Concordia Quartier International Quartier Latin Quartier du Musée Quartier des spectacles Red-Light District Rivière-des-Prairies Rosemont Roxboro Saint-Henri Sainte-Marie Saint-Michel Sainte-Geneviève Saraguay Sault-au-Récollet Shaughnessy Village Snowdon Le Triangle Viauville Ville-Émard Ville Saint-Pierre Villeray Other municipalities Pointe-Claire: Valois Westmount: Victoria Village Former municipalitiesof Montreal Island Cartierville Longue-Pointe Mercier New Bordeaux Pierrefonds Roxboro Saint-Laurent Saraguay Tétreaultville Former boroughsof Montreal Island Beaconsfield–Baie-D'Urfé Dollard-Des Ormeaux–Roxboro Dorval–L'Île-Dorval L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève–Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Pierrefonds-Senneville Administrative divisions of Quebec Urban agglomerations of Quebec Municipal reorganization in Quebec Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (federal electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Cambrai Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges%E2%80%93Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"Westmount, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount"},{"link_name":"Montreal West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_West"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Côte-Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Saint-Luc"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Street West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street"},{"link_name":"Côte-Saint-Luc Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Saint-Luc_Road"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jacques Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jacques_Escarpment"}],"text":"This article is about the neighbourhood of Montreal. For the federal electoral district, see Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (federal electoral district). For the provincial electoral district, see Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (provincial electoral district). For the Cambrai Madonna (Notre-Dame de Grâce), see Cambrai Madonna.Neighbourhood in Montreal, Quebec, CanadaNotre-Dame-de-Grâce (English: Our Lady of Grace), commonly known as NDG, is a residential neighbourhood of Montreal in the city's West End, with a population of 166,520 (2016).[1] An independent municipality until annexed by the City of Montreal in 1910, NDG is today one half of the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. It comprises two wards, Loyola to the west and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce to the east. NDG is bordered by four independent enclaves; its eastern border is shared with the City of Westmount, Quebec, to the north and west it is bordered by the cities of Montreal West, Hampstead and Côte-Saint-Luc. NDG plays a pivotal role in serving as the commercial and cultural hub for Montreal's predominantly English-speaking West End, with Sherbrooke Street West running the length of the community as the main commercial artery. The community is roughly bounded by Claremont Avenue to the east, Côte-Saint-Luc Road to the north, Brock Avenue in the west, and Highway 20 and the Saint-Jacques Escarpment to the south.","title":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eglise_Notre-Dame-de-Grace_Montreal_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feature._Duplexes._NDG_BAnQ_P48S1P16537.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Royal"},{"link_name":"Igé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ig%C3%A9,_Orne"},{"link_name":"Perche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche"},{"link_name":"Atwater Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Lachine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Westmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_West"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daniel-Jérémie Décarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_D%C3%A9carie"},{"link_name":"Jérémie-Louis Décarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie-Louis_D%C3%A9carie"},{"link_name":"Décarie Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Saint-Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Henri,_Montreal"},{"link_name":"tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdon,_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Island of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Décarie Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges%E2%80%93Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce"}],"text":"The Church of Notre-Dame-de-GrâceNotre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1948At the time of Montreal's founding in 1642 most of the land stretching past Mount Royal to the northwest was a vast forest running the length of a long, narrow ridge known as the Saint Jacques Escarpment. The area that was to become Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was founded along that ridge, near a since-drained Lac Saint-Pierre. The first Europeans settled the area eight years after the founding of the colony of Ville Marie, on November 18, 1650. They were Jean Descarries (or Descaris) dit le Houx and Jean Leduc, from Igé, Perche, France.Both settlers received 30 acres (12 ha) of land in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, a vast territory that stretched from what would become Atwater Avenue to Lachine. The eastern part of the territory split off in 1874 as the village of Côte-Saint-Antoine, later renamed Westmount; a section then split off the western edge in 1897 to become Montreal West.In 1853, construction of the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was completed.In December 1876, the Municipality of the Village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was established through proclamation. In 1906, the village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was incorporated as a town. On June 4, 1910, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was annexed to the city of Montreal.[2]It was during this period that the long-established Descarries family reached its peak. Daniel-Jérémie Décarie (1836-1904) was mayor of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce from 1877 to 1904 and his son, lawyer Jérémie-Louis Décarie (1870-1927), was a Quebec parliamentarian.In May 1912, Décarie Boulevard was officially designated, running north–south from Côte-des-Neiges and the Town of Mount Royal in the north to Saint-Henri and Côte-Saint-Paul in the south (a section of the road was already known as Décarie Avenue).In 1908, the first tramway made its appearance in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, running around the north side of Mount Royal from Snowdon Station to the intersection of Mount Royal and Parc avenues.Gradually the village developed around the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce which was the head church of the seven parishes on the western part of the Island of Montreal.It was around 1920 that Anglophones began settling in NDG, resulting in the construction of numerous schools and churches. The Décarie Expressway opened to motorists in 1966, in time for Expo 67.Since 2002, the area has been administratively attached to Côte-des-Neiges as the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jacques Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jacques_Escarpment"},{"link_name":"Côte-Saint-Luc Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Saint-Luc_Road"},{"link_name":"Montreal West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_West"}],"text":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is bounded on the east by the border with Westmount and Côte-des-Neiges, the south by the Saint-Jacques Escarpment, and the north by Côte-Saint-Luc Road, extending west to the border with Montreal West.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Décarie Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Expressway"},{"link_name":"De Maisonneuve Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Maisonneuve_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(school)"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biz_kit-3"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_station"},{"link_name":"Villa-Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa-Maria_station"}],"sub_title":"Westmount Adjacent area","text":"\"Westmount Adjacent\" is a term applied by realtors to a district along the eastern edge of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, located in between the city of Westmount to the east, the Décarie Expressway to the west, De Maisonneuve Boulevard to the south, and the lands of Villa Maria private Catholic girls school to the north.[3] Both of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce's metro stations, Vendôme and Villa-Maria, are located in the area.The construction of the Décarie Expressway forced the displacement of 285 families and had a major impact on the neighbourhood, severing the easternmost part from the whole and leading to the area being referred to as Westmount Adjacent — a term implying housing costs and lifestyles more on par with Westmount, one of the most affluent communities in North America, rather than NDG which as a whole is more middle income.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherbrooke_NDG_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Décarie Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9carie_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"},{"link_name":"MUHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUHC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"visible minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Afro-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Canadian"},{"link_name":"immigrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Monkland Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkland_Village"}],"text":"Shops along Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.Broadly speaking Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is a middle class first-ring residential suburb with a culturally and linguistically diverse urban population. The cityscape and history of the community is rooted firmly in NDG's role as a home for an upwardly-mobile French Canadian middle class that developed much of the land roughly between Confederation and the First World War.[citation needed] The neighbourhood is characterized by traditional Quebecois housing styles[citation needed] - notably the detached or semidetached duplex - as well as being organized along the historic land division system developed by for agricultural purposes during Quebec's colonial period (i.e. long, rectangular city blocks running perpendicular to a river or ridge). It is a predominantly residential neighbourhood with considerable appeal to a wide variety of Montrealers, owing principally to its local cultural cachet, proximity to the urban core of the city, and wide variety of commercial and public services.NDG is a community of communities, as there are several somewhat distinct neighbourhoods within it. Officially the community is divided into an eastern and western ward with Cavendish Boulevard serving as the bisecting line. The eastern part of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce is itself split in two parts by the Décarie Expressway (running north–south), which was built in the late 1950s and resulted in the destruction of many hundreds of homes. The eastern ward is focused around the parish church at the intersection of Décarie and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce avenue, with many of the neighbourhood's oldest buildings being found nearby. Owing to its history, the eastern ward is primarily francophone, middle class and has a strong French and Quebecois cultural and aesthetic character.The western ward developed during the interwar and post-WW2 era and is more varied in terms of housing styles, income levels, cultural representation and spoken languages. Generally speaking NDG is associated with Montreal's multi-ethnic middle-class Anglophone community, given the presence of major Anglophone institutions like Loyola College of Concordia University and the MUHC super-hospital, but despite this association many residents are bilingual in French and English and speak both on a regular, if not daily, basis.Affordable housing and proximity to major Anglophone post-secondary educational institutions, particularly Dawson College and Concordia University, has resulted in a large and consistent student population residing in NDG.[4]The visible minority population of the neighbourhood is 33%, with the ethnic breakdown of the neighbourhood varied over the territory of NDG.[5]There is also a sizeable Afro-Canadian and immigrant community, concentrated mostly around the parts of the district north of Somerled Avenue as well as south of Sherbrooke Street, and a 'Little Italy' located south of the Canadian Pacific line, colloquially referred to as Saint Raymond. Saint Raymond, with a population of 5915, has a black population of 18% and a Chinese population of 12%, both notably higher than Montreal as a whole.[6] In recent years, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce has developed into a highly desirable neighbourhood for young professionals, though little gentrification has occurred outside of the Monkland Village.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empress_Theatre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Theatre_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"seigneurial land division system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"MUHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Health_Centre"},{"link_name":"Vendôme intermodal station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Loyola campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Montreal-West commuter rail station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Ouest_(AMT)"},{"link_name":"Montreal YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montreal_YMCA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"walkability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkability"},{"link_name":"Cavendish Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Cavendish&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benny Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Farm"}],"text":"The Empress Theatre located along Sherbrooke Street West.Geographically NDG is situated on a long plateau extending southwest from Mount Royal, cascading in wide terraces down from Côte-Saint-Luc Road (côte being the French word for ridge) towards the far steeper Saint-Jacques Escarpment. The land is divided, as is traditional in Quebec, in long narrow strips, an evolution of the seigneurial land division system of the province's colonial era. Thus, NDG has many avenues running north–south, but far fewer running east–west. As such, the community is characterized by several prominent boulevards where commercial activity is concentrated. This design element also traces its history back to the earliest urban design planning native to Canada.NDG is almost exclusively residential and institutional in nature, defined in part by major Anglophone civic institutions anchoring its eastern and western ends. These are the MUHC hospital at the Glen Yards, adjacent to the Vendôme intermodal station and the Loyola campus of Concordia University (situated next to the Montreal-West commuter rail station, respectively). Public schools, libraries, places of worship, parks, playgrounds, and public athletic facilities, including a local chapter of the Montreal YMCA, are distributed throughout the area. Housing tends towards the antique, with much of the construction occurring between 1910 and 1940 and providing a unique mix of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Beaux-Arts influences on traditional Quebecois architectural styles. There a variety of housing styles found in the borough, though the dominant and favoured style remains the red brick duplex row-house. Adding to its residential appeal, the community is well known for its tree-lined streets and general walkability.An important housing project is situated near the geographical centre of NDG on Cavendish Boulevard, which bisects the borough into its eastern and western halves. The Benny Farm housing project was built to serve the needs of veterans returning from Second World War service, though was later designated as subsidized housing. The housing and surrounding landscaping was rehabilitated in the early 2000s, with new low-cost housing and additional public facilities built, such as the Benny Farm CLSC (a community centre with many social services including a clinic run by the provincial health ministry).The Décarie Expressway trench and the mainline of the Canadian Pacific railway each forms barriers that arguably disrupt the cohesiveness of the borough. As such, sections of NDG have unique characteristics and be characterized as well-defined neighbourhoods. As an example, the sliver of NDG running between the rail line and the Saint-Jacques Escarpment (from Cavendish Boulevard to the Décarie Expressway) is known as St. Raymond's and has a strong association with Montreal's Italian community. Another section, separated from the rest of NDG by a highway trench and sharing a border with Westmount, is closer to where the village of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce was founded, and as such is occasionally referred to as 'Old NDG'.NDG first rose to prominence as an important middle-class suburb towards the end of the 19th century, initially populated by the (then) new white-collar workforce of the Canadian metropolis and accessible via tramways running to and from the city centre. As widespread suburbanization developed in the post-WW2 period, NDG became home to successive waves of immigrants, first from Eastern Europe (including a sizeable Jewish population), then from the Caribbean, and more recently from Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Concurrently, Anglophone Montrealers consolidated in the West End broadly speaking, with Montreal's Irish and Black communities shifting away from their traditional neighbourhoods (Griffintown and Little Burgundy respectively) and taking a more prominent position within the demographics of the area.Today NDG is a cosmopolitan mixed-income urban neighbourhood highly sought after by young professionals. The multitude of services, including parks and other green spaces, schools, clinics, and major institutions, make it an ideal neighbourhood to raise a family close to the centre of the city of Montreal and its Central Business District. The vintage and antique housing is generally well kept and the aesthetic of the early 20th-century first-ring suburb has been preserved. Additionally, NDG is well-served by public transit, including numerous bus lines, two Métro, and two commuter train stations, allowing the area to be one of the most 'walkable' in the entire city.","title":"Cityscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doug Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Harvey_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_College"},{"link_name":"Ed Meagher Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Meagher_Arena"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baseball Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Qu%C3%A9bec"}],"text":"NDG is well known for many large parks including NDG Park (known as Girouard Park), Loyola Park, Trenholme Park, Benny Park, Somerled Park, and Parc de la Confédération. The area has three indoor hockey arenas: the public Doug Harvey Arena (formerly Confederation Arena) and the private Lower Canada College High School and Concordia University (Ed Meagher Arena) rinks. NDG is also home to the NDG YMCA, which includes a pool, gym, and recreation programs for youth and adults.[7]The community is home to several sports organizations for both children and adults, with NDG Hockey and NDG Baseball being the most well-known and respected organizations. NDG Baseball joined Baseball Québec in 2022 after many years and several championships as part of Little League Quebec.NDG is home to the Montreal Exiles Rugby Football club (www.montrealexiles.com) who have mini-rugby teams (NDG Dragons) at U-6, U-8, U-10 U-12 and U-14 levels, Junior rugby at U-18 and senior men's rugby. Founded in 2011, the senior men's side featured in the provincial finals in 2011, losing to Westmount in the semi-final, and again in 2012 winning the Division C league and Cup. Their home field is Confederation Park.","title":"Sports and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edicule_Station_Villa-Maria_Metro_Montreal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa-Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa-Maria_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Metro"},{"link_name":"Société de transport de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al"}],"text":"Villa-Maria Montreal Metro station.The public transport agency that operates transit bus and rapid transit services in Montreal is the Société de transport de Montréal (STM).","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orange line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Montreal's Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Metro"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"STM bus lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al_bus_routes"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Montreal-Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Ouest_(AMT)"},{"link_name":"Montreal-Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Ouest_(AMT)"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vendome_Montreal_Metro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vendome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AutorouteDecarie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(Montreal_Metro)"}],"sub_title":"Rapid transit","text":"The orange line of Montreal's Metro runs through the borough, following the Décarie Expressway with Villa Maria and Vendôme located on the eastern side of the autoroute trench.NDG is also served by a variety of STM bus lines offering various service levels:10-minute maximum (6:00-21:00)24 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Décarie Boulevard in NDG, Villa Maria metro station is its western terminus.\n51 Édouard-Montpetit: East-West local bus serving Fielding Avenue. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station is its western terminus.\n105 Sherbrooke: East-West local bus serving Sherbrooke street in NDG. Montreal-Ouest commuter rail station and Vendôme metro station are its western and eastern termini, respectively.10-minute maximum (6:00-14:00 East)(14:00-21:00 West)Tracks and platforms at the Vendome metro station.90 Saint-Jacques: East-west local bus serving Saint-Jacques Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.\n103 Monkland: East-West local bus serving Monkland, Grand Boulevard in NDG. Villa Maria metro station serves as its eastern terminus.Local (day)17 Décarie: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.\n63 Girouard: North-South local bus serving Girouard Boulevard in NDG.Autoroute 15 looking north from Monkland avenue in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.\n102 Somerled: East-West local bus serving Somerled Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Vendôme metro station.\n104 Cavendish: East-West local bus serving Cavendish Boulevard in NDG. Connections with Vendôme metro station.\n138 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce: East-West local bus serving Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Cavendish in NDG.\n162 Westminster: East-West local bus serving Monkland Avenue in NDG. Its eastern terminus is Villa Maria metro station.Express (day)420 Notre-Dame-De-Grâce Express: Commuter express bus that stops along Cavendish Boulevard and Sherbrooke before it goes to Downtown Montreal.All night356: Night bus that serves Sherbrooke street in NDG. Operates from 2:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monkland Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkland_Avenue_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke_Street"}],"sub_title":"Streetscape","text":"The major commercial streets are Monkland Avenue, Somerled Avenue and Sherbrooke Street West. Monkland Village comprises a cluster of businesses on the eastern part of Monkland Avenue that was revitalized in the 1990s. The Décarie Expressway is a major sunken urban highway that runs north–south and splits eastern NDG into two segments. Several bridges connect both sides of the borough for both vehicles and pedestrians.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough"},{"link_name":"Robert Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden"},{"link_name":"House of Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Jérémie-Louis Décarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie-Louis_D%C3%A9carie"},{"link_name":"William Stevens Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Désiré Girouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Girouard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"William Hales Hingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hales_Hingston"},{"link_name":"James Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monk"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Coape Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coape_Sherbrooke"},{"link_name":"Somerled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerled"},{"link_name":"Terrebonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrebonne,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(Quebec_politician)"}],"text":"The following is a list of street names in the area and what/who they're named after:Trenholme Street named after the founder of Elmhurst Dairy Thomas Anderson Trenholme\nBessborough: Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough, 14th Governor General of Canada\nBorden: Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada\nCavendish: Most likely the British House of Cavendish\nConnaught: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, 10th Governor General of Canada\nDécarie: One or many of several prominent members of the Décarie family; possibly specifically Jérémie-Louis Décarie, who was born in NDG\nFielding: William Stevens Fielding, 7th Premier of Nova Scotia and federal Minister of Finance,[8] editor Montreal Daily Telegraph\nGirouard: Désiré Girouard, Canadian lawyer, politician, and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada[9]\nHarvard: Given the fact that Harvard Ave. is located one block West of Oxford Ave., it's likely that the two neighbouring streets were named together for the two world famous educational institutions, Harvard and Oxford.\nHingston: William Hales Hingston, a Canadian senator & Mayor of Montreal\nMarcil: Georges Marcil, last mayor of NDG before its annexation into the city of Montreal.\nMonkland: James Monk, former Chief Justice of Lower Canada; landowner\nNotre-Dame-de-Grâce: NDG — the community in which the street is situated\nOld Orchard: The orchards that used to make up large parts of modern-day NDG;\nOxford: Harvard: Given the fact that Oxford Ave. is located one block East of Harvard Ave., it's likely that the two neighbouring streets were named together for the two world famous educational institutions, Harvard and Oxford.\nSherbrooke: John Coape Sherbrooke, Governor General of British North America, circa 1816\nSomerled: 12th-century Scottish leader\nTerrebonne: A French seigniory near what is now the city of Terrebonne\nWilson: Named for former Montreal mayor Charles Wilson","title":"Street names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loyola_College_Building_10.JPG"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"},{"link_name":"Loyola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Centre de services scolaire de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_services_scolaire_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"English Montreal School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Montreal_School_Board"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Administration Building at Concordia University's Loyola campus.The Centre de services scolaire de Montréal (CSSDM) operates Francophone public schools.The administrative offices of the English Montreal School Board (ESMB), which operates Anglophone public schools in this borough, are located in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.[10] The EMSB operates 40 primaries, 17 secondaries and 32 other learning institutions with a total student population of 38,000.There are numerous private and public educational institutions within the community:","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSSDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_services_scolaire_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Montreal_School_Board_Administrative_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"English Montreal School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Montreal_School_Board"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"French schools (CSSDM)École internationale de Montréal (primaire)[11]\nÉcole Marc-Favreau[12]\nL'Étoile Filante\nÉcole Notre-Dame-de-Grâce\nÉcole Anne-Hébert[13]\nÉcole Rudolph-Steiner de MontréalThe Administration Building of the English Montreal School Board in NDG.English SchoolsRoyal Vale\nWillingdon School\nHerbert Symonds (Closed 1981)\nSt. Monica School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centennial Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greaves Adventist Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greaves_Adventist_Academy"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_College"},{"link_name":"Loyola High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_High_School_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Villa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_(school)"},{"link_name":"Kells Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kells_Academy"},{"link_name":"Marymount Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Vale School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Vale_School"},{"link_name":"West Hill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hill_High_School"},{"link_name":"École Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecole_Saint-Luc&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"PrivateCentennial Academy\nGreaves Adventist Academy\nLower Canada College\nLoyola High School\nVilla Maria\nKells AcademyPublicMarymount Academy\nRoyal Vale School (K-11)\nWest Hill High School (Montreal)(closed 1992)\nÉcole Saint-Luc","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"}],"sub_title":"Universities","text":"Concordia University (Loyola Campus)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal Public Libraries Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Public_Libraries_Network"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Public libraries","text":"The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates libraries.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiversEdge_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Hubert Aquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Aquin"},{"link_name":"Jay Baruchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Baruchel"},{"link_name":"Constance Beresford-Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Beresford-Howe"},{"link_name":"Anne Dorval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Dorval"},{"link_name":"Paterson Ewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Ewen"},{"link_name":"Charles Gagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gagnon"},{"link_name":"Ida Haendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Haendel"},{"link_name":"Corky Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corky_Laing"},{"link_name":"Irving Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Layton"},{"link_name":"Laurence Leboeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Leboeuf"},{"link_name":"Émile Ollivier (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Paré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Par%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Michel Rivard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rivard_(musician)"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"Françoise Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Mauro Biello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Biello"},{"link_name":"Steven Fletcher (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Frank Greenleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Greenleaf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Doug Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Harvey_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Fleming Mackell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Mackell"},{"link_name":"Russell Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Martin_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McKean"},{"link_name":"Ian Mofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mofford"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sergio Momesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Momesso"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Morency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Morency"},{"link_name":"Ken Mosdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mosdell"},{"link_name":"Sam Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Marco Scandella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Scandella"}],"text":"An outdoor ice hockey rink located at Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Park. L’Église Sainte-Augustine de Canterbury, now known as River's Edge Community Church, is in the background.Actors, musicians, artistsHubert Aquin, novelist, essayist, filmmaker, editor\nJay Baruchel, actor\nConstance Beresford-Howe, writer\nAnne Dorval, actress\nPaterson Ewen, painter\nCharles Gagnon, painter, photographer, filmmaker\nIda Haendel, violinist\nCorky Laing, drummer\nIrving Layton, poet\nLaurence Leboeuf, actress\nÉmile Ollivier (writer), writer\nJessica Paré, actress\nMichel Rivard, French Canadian singer\nWilliam Shatner, actor\nFrançoise Sullivan, dancer, sculptor, photographer, painterAthletes and sports officials/personalitiesMauro Biello, former professional soccer player\nSteven Fletcher (ice hockey), NHL player\nFrank Greenleaf, president of the Canadian and Quebec Amateur Hockey Associations[15]\nDoug Harvey, former NHL player\nFleming Mackell, former NHL player\nRussell Martin, major league baseball catcher\nJim McKean, former CFL player and MLB umpire\nIan Mofford, former CFL player and Grey Cup champion\nSergio Momesso, former NHL player and current sports commentator\nGabriel Morency, sports-talk radio personality\nKen Mosdell, former NHL player\nSam Pollock, General Manager; Montreal Canadiens\nMarco Scandella, NHL player","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Côte Saint-Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_Saint-Luc"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead,_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montreal.svg"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Montreal West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_West,_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montreal.svg"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Westmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Le Sud-Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sud-Ouest"}],"text":"Places adjacent to Notre-Dame-de-Grâce\nCôte Saint-Luc\nHampstead\n Côte-des-Neiges (Montreal)\n\n\n\n\n\nMontreal West\n\n Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (Montreal)\n\nWestmount\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLe Sud-Ouest","title":"Geographic location"}]	[{"image_text":"The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eglise_Notre-Dame-de-Grace_Montreal_07.jpg/170px-Eglise_Notre-Dame-de-Grace_Montreal_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Feature._Duplexes._NDG_BAnQ_P48S1P16537.jpg/220px-Feature._Duplexes._NDG_BAnQ_P48S1P16537.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shops along Sherbrooke Street West in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sherbrooke_NDG_1.jpg/220px-Sherbrooke_NDG_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Empress Theatre located along Sherbrooke Street West.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Empress_Theatre.jpg/220px-Empress_Theatre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Villa-Maria Montreal Metro station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Edicule_Station_Villa-Maria_Metro_Montreal.jpg/220px-Edicule_Station_Villa-Maria_Metro_Montreal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tracks and platforms at the Vendome metro station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vendome_Montreal_Metro.jpg/220px-Vendome_Montreal_Metro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Autoroute 15 looking north from Monkland avenue in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/AutorouteDecarie.jpg/220px-AutorouteDecarie.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Administration Building at Concordia University's Loyola campus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Loyola_College_Building_10.JPG/220px-Loyola_College_Building_10.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Administration Building of the English Montreal School Board in NDG.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/English_Montreal_School_Board_Administrative_Building.jpg/220px-English_Montreal_School_Board_Administrative_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"An outdoor ice hockey rink located at Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Park. L’Église Sainte-Augustine de Canterbury, now known as River's Edge Community Church, is in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RiversEdge_Church.jpg/220px-RiversEdge_Church.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of former towns in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_in_Quebec"},{"title":"Oxford Park, Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Park,_Montreal"}]	[{"reference":"\"PROFILS DES DISTRICTS ÉLECTORAUX DE L'ARRONDISSEMENT DE CÔTE-DESNEIGES–NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE\" (PDF). Ville de Montréal (in French). August 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/C%D4TE-DES-NEIGES%96NOTRE-DAME-DE-GR%C2CE_2017.PDF","url_text":"\"PROFILS DES DISTRICTS ÉLECTORAUX DE L'ARRONDISSEMENT DE CÔTE-DESNEIGES–NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE\""}]},{"reference":"Pelland, Yvan. \"OUR COMMUNITY'S HISTORY AND PEOPLE\". Discover NDG. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124041339/http://www.n-d-g.ca/english/?page_id=3","url_text":"\"OUR COMMUNITY'S HISTORY AND PEOPLE\""},{"url":"http://www.n-d-g.ca/english/?page_id=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rachel Louise, Barry (2006–2009). \"Notre-Dame-de-Grace\". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621235600/http://www.montreal-business-kit.com/notre-dame-de-grace.html","url_text":"\"Notre-Dame-de-Grace\""},{"url":"http://www.montreal-business-kit.com/notre-dame-de-grace.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Back to the future in NDG\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2024-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103305/https://www.concordia.ca/now/community-engagement/outreach-initiatives/20110503/imagining-ndg-1.php","url_text":"\"Back to the future in NDG\""},{"url":"https://www.concordia.ca/now/community-engagement/outreach-initiatives/20110503/imagining-ndg-1.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population Density\". censusmapper.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusmapper.ca/","url_text":"\"Population Density\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview - YMCA\". www.ymcaquebec.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123002/http://www.ymcaquebec.org/en/Find-a-Y/Notre-Dame-de-Grace-YMCA/Overview","url_text":"\"Overview - YMCA\""},{"url":"https://www.ymcaquebec.org/en/Find-a-Y/Notre-Dame-de-Grace-YMCA/Overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"École primaire \| École internationale de Montréal (primaire) \| CSSDM\". École internationale de Montréal (primaire).","urls":[{"url":"https://ecole-internationale-primaire.cssdm.gouv.qc.ca/","url_text":"\"École primaire \| École internationale de Montréal (primaire) \| CSSDM\""}]},{"reference":"\"École primaire \| Commission scolaire de Montréal\". Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141222160328/http://anne-hebert.csdm.ca/","url_text":"\"École primaire \| Commission scolaire de Montréal\""},{"url":"http://anne-hebert.csdm.ca/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"1911 Census of Canada, Hochelaga Sub-district, Montreal, Quebec: Government of Canada, 1911, p. 18","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce&params=45.47675_N_73.61432_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(166520)","external_links_name":"45°28′36″N 73°36′52″W / 45.47675°N 73.61432°W / 45.47675; -73.61432"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce&params=45.47675_N_73.61432_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(166520)","external_links_name":"45°28′36″N 73°36′52″W / 45.47675°N 73.61432°W / 45.47675; -73.61432"},{"Link":"http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/C%D4TE-DES-NEIGES%96NOTRE-DAME-DE-GR%C2CE_2017.PDF","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/C%D4TE-DES-NEIGES%96NOTRE-DAME-DE-GR%C2CE_2017.PDF","external_links_name":"\"PROFILS DES DISTRICTS ÉLECTORAUX DE L'ARRONDISSEMENT DE CÔTE-DESNEIGES–NOTRE-DAME-DE-GRÂCE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124041339/http://www.n-d-g.ca/english/?page_id=3","external_links_name":"\"OUR COMMUNITY'S HISTORY AND PEOPLE\""},{"Link":"http://www.n-d-g.ca/english/?page_id=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621235600/http://www.montreal-business-kit.com/notre-dame-de-grace.html","external_links_name":"\"Notre-Dame-de-Grace\""},{"Link":"http://www.montreal-business-kit.com/notre-dame-de-grace.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103305/https://www.concordia.ca/now/community-engagement/outreach-initiatives/20110503/imagining-ndg-1.php","external_links_name":"\"Back to the future in NDG\""},{"Link":"https://www.concordia.ca/now/community-engagement/outreach-initiatives/20110503/imagining-ndg-1.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://censusmapper.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Population Density\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-597/P3.cfm?Lang=E&CTCODE=4759&CACODE=462&PRCODE=24&PC=h4a2n3","external_links_name":"http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-597/P3.cfm?Lang=E&CTCODE=4759&CACODE=462&PRCODE=24&PC=h4a2n3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123002/http://www.ymcaquebec.org/en/Find-a-Y/Notre-Dame-de-Grace-YMCA/Overview","external_links_name":"\"Overview - YMCA\""},{"Link":"https://www.ymcaquebec.org/en/Find-a-Y/Notre-Dame-de-Grace-YMCA/Overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=213651","external_links_name":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/Fiche.aspx?no_seq=213651"},{"Link":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=213749","external_links_name":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=213749"},{"Link":"http://www.emsb.qc.ca/en/about_en/pages/frequentlyaskedquestions_en.asp","external_links_name":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301060611/http://www.emsb.qc.ca/en/about_en/pages/frequentlyaskedquestions_en.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.emsb.qc.ca/fr/about_fr/pages/frequentlyaskedquestions_fr.asp","external_links_name":"Version in French"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103063752/http://www.emsb.qc.ca/fr/about_fr/pages/frequentlyaskedquestions_fr.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ecole-internationale-primaire.cssdm.gouv.qc.ca/","external_links_name":"\"École primaire \| École internationale de Montréal (primaire) \| CSSDM\""},{"Link":"http://marc-favreau.csdm.ca/","external_links_name":"http://marc-favreau.csdm.ca/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141222160328/http://anne-hebert.csdm.ca/","external_links_name":"\"École primaire \| Commission scolaire de Montréal\""},{"Link":"http://anne-hebert.csdm.ca/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=4276,6695558&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","external_links_name":"Les bibliothèques par arrondissement"},{"Link":"http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=7657,84239601&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","external_links_name":"Borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/c030c8b2-0c75-45ad-8d6f-c23cb4433800","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_for_Mac	MonoDevelop	["1 History","2 Features","2.1 UI Builder","2.2 Xamarin Studio","2.3 Visual Studio for Mac","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Integrated development environment, discontinued for macOS MonoDevelopDeveloper(s)Xamarin (a Microsoft subsidiary) and the Mono communityStable release7.6.9.22 / September 21, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-09-21) Repositorygithub.com/mono/monodevelop Written inC#Operating systemWindows, macOS, LinuxAvailable inMultilingualTypeIntegrated development environmentLicensecore: LGPLv2, portions of the code and add-ins: MIT X11Websitewww.monodevelop.com MonoDevelop (also known as Xamarin Studio) was an open-source integrated development environment for Linux, macOS, and Windows. Its primary focus is development of projects that use Mono and .NET Framework. MonoDevelop integrates features similar to those of NetBeans and Microsoft Visual Studio, such as automatic code completion, source control, a graphical user interface (GUI), and Web designer. MonoDevelop integrates a Gtk# GUI designer called Stetic. It supports Boo, C, C++, C#, CIL, D, F#, Java, Oxygene, Vala, JavaScript, TypeScript, and Visual Basic.NET. Although there is no word from the developers that it has been discontinued, nonetheless, it hasn't been updated in 4 years and is no longer installable on major operating systems, such as Ubuntu 22.04 and above. Its parent Microsoft seems to have shifted focus to Visual Studio Code and the .NET Framework, which runs on many operating systems, including Linux. MonoDevelop can be used on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Officially supported Linux distributions include CentOS, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, SUSE Linux Enterprise, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Ubuntu, with many other distributions providing their own unofficial builds of MonoDevelop in their repositories. macOS and Windows have been officially supported since version 2.2. MonoDevelop has included a C# compiler (an alternative to MSBuild and CSC) since its earliest versions. It currently includes a compiler that supports C# 1.0, C# 2.0, C# 3.0, C# 4.0, C# 5.0, and C# 6.0. A customized version of MonoDevelop formerly shipped with Windows and Mac versions of Unity, the game engine by Unity Technologies. It enabled advanced C# scripting, which was used to compile cross-platform video games by the Unity compiler. It has since been replaced by Visual Studio Community, except on Linux versions. History In late 2003, a group of developers from the Mono community began migrating SharpDevelop, a successful .NET open source IDE from Windows Forms on Windows to the GNOME toolkit (Gtk#) on Linux. The fork was also to target the Mono framework instead of the Microsoft .NET Framework implementation. Being an early fork of SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop architecturally differs from recent SharpDevelop releases. Over time, the MonoDevelop project was absorbed into the rest of the Mono project and as of 2016, is actively maintained by Xamarin and the Mono community. Since Mono 1.0 Beta 2, MonoDevelop is bundled with Mono releases. Starting with version 4.x, Xamarin rebranded MonoDevelop as Xamarin Studio, but only for the Windows version of the IDE. As of 2016, Xamarin Studio also runs on macOS. In October 2021, it was announced in the issue tracker that the project would be archived because it's no longer maintained. Features MonoDevelop is an IDE for the .NET platform with features comparable to Microsoft Visual Studio. Highlights include: Multi-platform IDE and user projects (Linux, Windows and macOS) Multi-language (C#, F#, Visual Basic .NET, C/C++, Vala, JavaScript, TypeScript) Project templates for C#, Visual Basic, Boo, Java (IKVM) and C/C++ Code completion support for C#, code templates, code folding Customizable window layouts, user defined key bindings, external tools Integrated Debugger for debugging Mono and native applications Integrated Compiler (supports up to C# 6.0) GTK# Visual Designer to graphically build GTK# user interfaces ASP.NET web projects with code completion support and testing on XSP (Mono web server). Source control, makefile integration, unit testing, packaging and deployment, localization UI Builder MonoDevelop has included a GTK# GUI designer called Stetic since version 0.1. to develop GTK+ user interfaces in C#. Stetic is very similar to Glade Interface Designer but is integrated into MonoDevelop with features such as drag and drop. It has been criticized for being more difficult to work with than the likes of Qt Designer and the Microsoft Visual Studio Windows Forms Editor when the programmer does not yet have a concrete layout in mind. Xamarin Studio Xamarin offers a rebranded version of MonoDevelop 4.0 as Xamarin Studio which now uses platform-specific code in various places to enhance the look and feel. While Mono provides a package for Solaris 10 running on SPARC, MonoDevelop packages for OpenSolaris are only provided by groups from the OpenSolaris community. MonoDevelop on FreeBSD is likewise supported only by the FreeBSD community. Visual Studio for Mac Another rebranded version of MonoDevelop is Visual Studio for Mac. Visual Studio for Mac employs many of the same tools as its Windows counterpart: for example, the Roslyn .NET Compiler Platform is used for refactoring and IntelliSense. Its project system and build engine use MSBuild; and its source editor supports TextMate bundles. It uses the same debugger engines for Xamarin and .NET Core apps, and the same designers for Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android. On August 30, 2023, Microsoft announced that Visual Studio for Mac is in the process of discontinuation, with 17.6 being the last version supported until August 31, 2024. See also Free and open-source software portal Mono (software) Comparison of integrated development environments Glade Interface Designer Qt Creator Xamarin SharpDevelop Visual Studio Visual Studio Code JetBrains Rider References ^ "Blog post on Xamarin Releases". Xamarin. Retrieved 2018-03-20. ^ "Languages". MonoDevelop. Ohloh. Retrieved 2014-01-27. ^ a b "MonoDevelop Download". monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28. ^ "Monodevelop FAQ". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "MonoDevelop on Mac OS X - Miguel de Icaza". Tirania.org. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "MonoDevelop 2.2 Beta 1: We go cross platform. - Miguel de Icaza". Tirania.org. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ a b "Stetic Gui Designer". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "Feature List". MonoDevelop. 2008-02-05. Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ Embarcadero Technologies. "Delphi Prism \| Cross Platform .NET and Mono IDE". Embarcadero.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "How to Install Mono-D". dlang.org. Retrieved 2014-08-25. ^ "monodevelop/README.md at main · mono/monodevelop". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-03-08. ^ "What's new in MonoDevelop 2.2". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-10-15. ^ C# Compiler, Mono Docs ^ Chu, Philip (2013-08-04). Learn Unity 4 for iOS Game Development. Apress. ISBN 978-1430248767. ^ "MonoDevelop". Unity documentation. Unity Technologies. Retrieved 9 June 2014. ^ Lukosek, Greg (2016-03-31). Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 5.x. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1785287855. ^ "Replacing MonoDevelop-Unity with Visual Studio Community starting in Unity 2018.1". Unity Technologies. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018. ^ a b Avery, James (2007-06-26). Windows Developer Power Tools. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0596527549. monodevelop. ^ a b Mamone, Mark (2006-11-08). Practical Mono. Apress. ISBN 1430200979. ^ Vasiliev, Sergey (30 December 2015). "Looking for Bugs in MonoDevelop". Medium. ^ Cogswell, Jeff (4 June 2009). "MonoDevelop 2.0 Rivals Microsoft Visual Studio". eWeek. ^ Paul, Ryan (31 March 2009). "MonoDevelop 2.0 and Mono 2.4 officially released. The Mono project has announced the official release of Mono 2.4 and …". Ars Technica. ^ de Icaza, Miguel (February 22, 2013). "The Making of Xamarin Studio". Xamarin. Archived from the original on Feb 27, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Ellis, Dean (15 May 2013). "From XNA to MonoGame". Game Developer. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on Aug 25, 2021. ^ "System Requirements". Xamarin. Archived from the original on Jan 29, 2018. ^ Sanchez, Lluis (2021-10-04). "THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN ARCHIVED". Retrieved 2022-02-23. ^ MonoDevelop Features ^ MonoDevelop Feature List ^ MonoDeveloper Project: Release notes for MonoDevelop 0.10. ^ MonoDevelop Project: Feature List. ^ Taft, Darryl K. (14 March 2008). "Novell Ships Mono Development Tool". eWeek. ^ "First info about Mono's Stetic, the new RAD tool", OSNews, 16 March 2005. ^ De Icaza, Miguel (2013-02-22). "The Making of Xamarin Studio". blog.xamarin.com. Retrieved 2014-01-27. ^ "Mono Downloads". Go-mono.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15. ^ "OpenSolaris Forums - Mono .NET available on GNU/OpenSolaris!". Opensolaris.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "Mono:FreeBSD - The BSD# Project". Mono-project.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ Cangialosi, Anthony (August 30, 2023). "Visual Studio for Mac Retirement Announcement". Visual Studio Blog. ^ "What's happening to Visual Studio for Mac?". Visual Studio for Mac documentation. ^ Hall, Zac (August 30, 2023). "Microsoft is discontinuing Visual Studio for Mac after major overhaul". 9to5Mac.com. ^ Toulas, Bill (September 1, 2023). "Microsoft retires Visual Studio for Mac, support ends in a year". Bleeping Computer. ^ "Microsoft to discontinue this service on Mac, here's what it means for users". the Times of India. August 31, 2023. ^ Krill, Paul (August 31, 2023). "Microsoft axes Visual Studio for Mac". InfoWorld.com. ^ Hale, Craig (August 31, 2023). "Microsoft is pulling Visual Studio for Mac". TechRadar.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to MonoDevelop. Official website Xamarin Studio Visual Studio for Mac vteIntegrated development environmentsC, C++Open source Arduino IDE Code::Blocks CodeLite Dev-C++ Eclipse Emacs Geany GNOME Builder KDevelop NetBeans TheIDE QDevelop Qt Creator Vi–Vim Visual Studio Code OpenWatcom Freeware Oracle Developer Studio Visual Studio Community Xcode DevEco Studio Retail C++Builder Eclipse-based CodeWarrior MyEclipse Visual Studio By JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA AppCode CLion LabWindows/CVI IBM Rational Software Architect Understand SlickEdit Discontinued Anjuta VisualAge Visual C++ Express MonoDevelop SharpDevelop Borland Turbo C, C++ QuickC JavaOpen source Anjuta BlueJ DrJava Eclipse Geany Greenfoot IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition Android Studio NetBeans DevEco Studio Freeware jGRASP JDeveloper Retail JCreator MyEclipse JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA SlickEdit Understand Discontinued Metrowerks CodeWarrior Pro for Java JBuilder Sun Java Studio Creator (superseded by NetBeans) VisualAge (superseded by Eclipse) Visual 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Microsoft Reciprocal License Forges CodePlex GitHub Related .NET Foundation F# Software Foundation Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open Letter to Hobbyists Open Source Security Foundation Outercurve Foundation Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"integrated development environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)"},{"link_name":".NET 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Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book3-16"},{"link_name":"Visual Studio Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Community"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"MonoDevelop (also known as Xamarin Studio) was an open-source integrated development environment for Linux, macOS,[5] and Windows.[6] Its primary focus is development of projects that use Mono and .NET Framework. MonoDevelop integrates features similar to those of NetBeans and Microsoft Visual Studio, such as automatic code completion, source control, a graphical user interface (GUI), and Web designer. MonoDevelop integrates a Gtk# GUI designer called Stetic.[7] It supports Boo, C, C++, C#, CIL, D, F#, Java, Oxygene, Vala, JavaScript, TypeScript, and Visual Basic.NET.[8][9][10] Although there is no word from the developers that it has been discontinued, nonetheless, it hasn't been updated in 4 years[11] and is no longer installable on major operating systems, such as Ubuntu 22.04 and above. Its parent Microsoft seems to have shifted focus to Visual Studio Code and the .NET Framework, which runs on many operating systems, including Linux.MonoDevelop can be used on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Officially supported Linux distributions include CentOS, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, SUSE Linux Enterprise, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Ubuntu, with many other distributions providing their own unofficial builds of MonoDevelop in their repositories.[3] macOS and Windows have been officially supported since version 2.2.[12]MonoDevelop has included a C# compiler (an alternative to MSBuild and CSC) since its earliest versions. It currently includes a compiler that supports C# 1.0, C# 2.0, C# 3.0, C# 4.0, C# 5.0, and C# 6.0.[13]A customized version of MonoDevelop formerly shipped with Windows and Mac versions of Unity, the game engine by Unity Technologies.[14][15] It enabled advanced C# scripting, which was used to compile cross-platform video games by the Unity compiler.[16] It has since been replaced by Visual Studio Community,[17] except on Linux versions.","title":"MonoDevelop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)"},{"link_name":"SharpDevelop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharpDevelop"},{"link_name":"Windows Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Forms"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book1-18"},{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medium-Looking-for-bugs-in-Xamarin-MonoDevelop-20"},{"link_name":"Xamarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamarin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eWeek-Xamarin-MonoDevelop-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ars-Technica-Xamarin-MonoDevelop-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra-Xamarin-MonoDevelop-Xamarin-Studio-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-This-Project-Is-Archived-26"}],"text":"In late 2003, a group of developers from the Mono community began migrating SharpDevelop, a successful .NET open source IDE from Windows Forms on Windows to the GNOME toolkit (Gtk#) on Linux.[18] The fork was also to target the Mono framework instead of the Microsoft .NET Framework implementation.[19] Being an early fork of SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop architecturally differs from recent SharpDevelop releases.[20]Over time, the MonoDevelop project was absorbed into the rest of the Mono project and as of 2016, is actively maintained by Xamarin and the Mono community. Since Mono 1.0 Beta 2, MonoDevelop is bundled with Mono releases.[21][22]Starting with version 4.x, Xamarin rebranded MonoDevelop as Xamarin Studio, but only for the Windows version of the IDE.[23][24] As of 2016, Xamarin Studio also runs on macOS.[25]In October 2021, it was announced in the issue tracker that the project would be archived because it's no longer maintained.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Visual Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book2-19"},{"link_name":"code folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_folding"},{"link_name":"XSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSP_(software)"}],"text":"MonoDevelop is an IDE for the .NET platform with features comparable to Microsoft Visual Studio. Highlights include:[27][28][18][19]Multi-platform IDE and user projects (Linux, Windows and macOS)\nMulti-language (C#, F#, Visual Basic .NET, C/C++, Vala, JavaScript, TypeScript)\nProject templates for C#, Visual Basic, Boo, Java (IKVM) and C/C++\nCode completion support for C#, code templates, code folding\nCustomizable window layouts, user defined key bindings, external tools\nIntegrated Debugger for debugging Mono and native applications\nIntegrated Compiler (supports up to C# 6.0)\nGTK# Visual Designer to graphically build GTK# user interfaces\nASP.NET web projects with code completion support and testing on XSP (Mono web server).\nSource control, makefile integration, unit testing, packaging and deployment, localization","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GTK#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gtk_Sharp"},{"link_name":"GUI designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stetic-7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eWeek-Xamarin-MonoDevelop-Stetic-31"},{"link_name":"GTK+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Glade Interface Designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glade_Interface_Designer"},{"link_name":"drag and drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_and_drop"},{"link_name":"Qt Designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Designer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"UI Builder","text":"MonoDevelop has included a GTK# GUI designer called Stetic since version 0.1.[29][7][30][31] to develop GTK+ user interfaces in C#. Stetic is very similar to Glade Interface Designer but is integrated into MonoDevelop with features such as drag and drop. It has been criticized for being more difficult to work with than the likes of Qt Designer and the Microsoft Visual Studio Windows Forms Editor when the programmer does not yet have a concrete layout in mind.[32]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xamarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamarin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Xamarin Studio","text":"Xamarin offers a rebranded version of MonoDevelop 4.0 as Xamarin Studio which now uses platform-specific code in various places to enhance the look and feel.[33] While Mono provides a package for Solaris 10 running on SPARC,[34] MonoDevelop packages for OpenSolaris are only provided by groups from the OpenSolaris community.[35] MonoDevelop on FreeBSD is likewise supported only by the FreeBSD community.[36]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roslyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)"},{"link_name":".NET Compiler Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compiler_Platform"},{"link_name":"IntelliSense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliSense"},{"link_name":"TextMate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TextMate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Visual Studio for Mac","text":"Another rebranded version of MonoDevelop is Visual Studio for Mac. Visual Studio for Mac employs many of the same tools as its Windows counterpart: for example, the Roslyn .NET Compiler Platform is used for refactoring and IntelliSense. Its project system and build engine use MSBuild; and its source editor supports TextMate bundles. It uses the same debugger engines for Xamarin and .NET Core apps, and the same designers for Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android.On August 30, 2023, Microsoft announced that Visual Studio for Mac is in the process of discontinuation, with 17.6 being the last version supported until August 31, 2024.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]","title":"Features"}]	[]	[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"Mono (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)"},{"title":"Comparison of integrated development environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments"},{"title":"Glade Interface Designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glade_Interface_Designer"},{"title":"Qt Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Creator"},{"title":"Xamarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamarin"},{"title":"SharpDevelop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharpDevelop"},{"title":"Visual Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio"},{"title":"Visual Studio Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code"},{"title":"JetBrains Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBrains_Rider"}]	[{"reference":"\"Blog post on Xamarin Releases\". Xamarin. Retrieved 2018-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monodevelop.com/download//","url_text":"\"Blog post on Xamarin Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Languages\". MonoDevelop. Ohloh. Retrieved 2014-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohloh.net/p/monodevelop/analyses/latest/languages_summary","url_text":"\"Languages\""}]},{"reference":"\"MonoDevelop Download\". monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://monodevelop.com/Download","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop Download\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monodevelop FAQ\". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://monodevelop.com/FAQ","url_text":"\"Monodevelop FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"MonoDevelop on Mac OS X - Miguel de Icaza\". Tirania.org. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2009/May-05-1.html","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop on Mac OS X - Miguel de Icaza\""}]},{"reference":"\"MonoDevelop 2.2 Beta 1: We go cross platform. - Miguel de Icaza\". Tirania.org. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2009/Sep-09.html","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop 2.2 Beta 1: We go cross platform. - Miguel de Icaza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stetic Gui Designer\". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monodevelop.com/Stetic_GUI_Designer","url_text":"\"Stetic Gui Designer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feature List\". MonoDevelop. 2008-02-05. Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160221092336/http://www.monodevelop.com/Feature_List","url_text":"\"Feature List\""},{"url":"http://monodevelop.com/Feature_List","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Embarcadero Technologies. \"Delphi Prism \| Cross Platform .NET and Mono IDE\". Embarcadero.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628194422/http://www.embarcadero.com/products/delphi-prism","url_text":"\"Delphi Prism \| Cross Platform .NET and Mono IDE\""},{"url":"http://www.embarcadero.com/products/delphi-prism","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Install Mono-D\". dlang.org. Retrieved 2014-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.dlang.org/Mono-D#How_to_install_Mono-D","url_text":"\"How to Install Mono-D\""}]},{"reference":"\"monodevelop/README.md at main · mono/monodevelop\". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/mono/monodevelop/blob/main/README.md","url_text":"\"monodevelop/README.md at main · mono/monodevelop\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's new in MonoDevelop 2.2\". Monodevelop.com. Retrieved 2010-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://monodevelop.com/Download/What%27s_new_in_MonoDevelop_2.2","url_text":"\"What's new in MonoDevelop 2.2\""}]},{"reference":"Chu, Philip (2013-08-04). Learn Unity 4 for iOS Game Development. Apress. ISBN 978-1430248767.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kVRrAAAAQBAJ&q=monodevelop","url_text":"Learn Unity 4 for iOS Game Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1430248767","url_text":"978-1430248767"}]},{"reference":"\"MonoDevelop\". Unity documentation. Unity Technologies. Retrieved 9 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/MonoDevelop.html","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Technologies","url_text":"Unity Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Lukosek, Greg (2016-03-31). Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 5.x. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1785287855.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7TjCwAAQBAJ&q=monodevelop","url_text":"Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 5.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785287855","url_text":"978-1785287855"}]},{"reference":"\"Replacing MonoDevelop-Unity with Visual Studio Community starting in Unity 2018.1\". Unity Technologies. 5 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.unity3d.com/2018/01/05/discontinuing-support-for-monodevelop-unity-starting-in-unity-2018-1","url_text":"\"Replacing MonoDevelop-Unity with Visual Studio Community starting in Unity 2018.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Technologies","url_text":"Unity Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Avery, James (2007-06-26). Windows Developer Power Tools. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0596527549. monodevelop.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/windowsdeveloper0000aver","url_text":"Windows Developer Power Tools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0596527549","url_text":"978-0596527549"}]},{"reference":"Mamone, Mark (2006-11-08). Practical Mono. Apress. ISBN 1430200979.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YpIAry7MNCcC&q=monodevelop","url_text":"Practical Mono"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1430200979","url_text":"1430200979"}]},{"reference":"Vasiliev, Sergey (30 December 2015). \"Looking for Bugs in MonoDevelop\". Medium.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@CPP_Coder/looking-for-bugs-in-monodevelop-521e8aca5593#.d1awpzp23","url_text":"\"Looking for Bugs in MonoDevelop\""}]},{"reference":"Cogswell, Jeff (4 June 2009). \"MonoDevelop 2.0 Rivals Microsoft Visual Studio\". eWeek.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Application-Development/Mono-Develop-20-Rivals-Microsoft-Visual-Studio-314772","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop 2.0 Rivals Microsoft Visual Studio\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, Ryan (31 March 2009). \"MonoDevelop 2.0 and Mono 2.4 officially released. The Mono project has announced the official release of Mono 2.4 and …\". Ars Technica.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/03/monodevelop-20-and-mono-24-officially-released","url_text":"\"MonoDevelop 2.0 and Mono 2.4 officially released. The Mono project has announced the official release of Mono 2.4 and …\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"}]},{"reference":"de Icaza, Miguel (February 22, 2013). \"The Making of Xamarin Studio\". Xamarin. Archived from the original on Feb 27, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170227165230/https://blog.xamarin.com/the-making-of-xamarin-studio/","url_text":"\"The Making of Xamarin Studio\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Dean (15 May 2013). \"From XNA to MonoGame\". Game Developer. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on Aug 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210825035719/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/192209/from_xna_to_monogame.php","url_text":"\"From XNA to MonoGame\""},{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/192209/from_xna_to_monogame.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"System Requirements\". Xamarin. Archived from the original on Jan 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://developer.xamarin.com/guides/cross-platform/getting_started/requirements","url_text":"\"System Requirements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129033449/https://developer.xamarin.com/guides/cross-platform/getting_started/requirements/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Lluis (2021-10-04). \"THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN ARCHIVED\". Retrieved 2022-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/mono/monodevelop/issues/9691","url_text":"\"THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN ARCHIVED\""}]},{"reference":"Taft, Darryl K. (14 March 2008). \"Novell Ships Mono Development Tool\". eWeek.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eweek.com/servers/Novell-Ships-Mono-Development-Tool","url_text":"\"Novell Ships Mono Development Tool\""}]},{"reference":"De Icaza, Miguel (2013-02-22). \"The Making of Xamarin Studio\". blog.xamarin.com. Retrieved 2014-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza","url_text":"De Icaza, Miguel"},{"url":"http://blog.xamarin.com/the-making-of-xamarin-studio","url_text":"\"The Making of Xamarin Studio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mono Downloads\". Go-mono.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100623065245/http://www.go-mono.com/mono-downloads/download.html","url_text":"\"Mono Downloads\""},{"url":"http://www.go-mono.com/mono-downloads/download.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenSolaris Forums - Mono .NET available on GNU/OpenSolaris!\". Opensolaris.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054321/http://www.opensolaris.org/jive/thread.jspa?threadID=4962","url_text":"\"OpenSolaris Forums - Mono .NET available on GNU/OpenSolaris!\""},{"url":"http://www.opensolaris.org/jive/thread.jspa?threadID=4962","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mono:FreeBSD - The BSD# Project\". Mono-project.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mono-project.com/Mono:FreeBSD","url_text":"\"Mono:FreeBSD - The BSD# Project\""}]},{"reference":"Cangialosi, Anthony (August 30, 2023). \"Visual Studio for Mac Retirement Announcement\". Visual Studio Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/visual-studio-for-mac-retirement-announcement","url_text":"\"Visual Studio for Mac Retirement Announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's happening to Visual Studio for Mac?\". Visual Studio for Mac documentation.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/visualstudio/mac/what-happened-to-vs-for-mac","url_text":"\"What's happening to Visual Studio for Mac?\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Zac (August 30, 2023). \"Microsoft is discontinuing Visual Studio for Mac after major overhaul\". 9to5Mac.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://9to5mac.com/2023/08/30/microsoft-visual-studio-mac-discontinued","url_text":"\"Microsoft is discontinuing Visual Studio for Mac after major overhaul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9to5Mac.com","url_text":"9to5Mac.com"}]},{"reference":"Toulas, Bill (September 1, 2023). \"Microsoft retires Visual Studio for Mac, support ends in a year\". Bleeping Computer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/microsoft-retires-visual-studio-for-mac-support-ends-in-a-year","url_text":"\"Microsoft retires Visual Studio for Mac, support ends in a year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeping_Computer","url_text":"Bleeping Computer"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft to discontinue this service on Mac, here's what it means for users\". the Times of India. August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/microsoft-to-discontinue-this-service-on-mac-heres-what-it-means-for-users/articleshow/103257108.cms","url_text":"\"Microsoft to discontinue this service on Mac, here's what it means for users\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"the Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Krill, Paul (August 31, 2023). \"Microsoft axes Visual Studio for Mac\". InfoWorld.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/3706050/microsoft-axes-visual-studio-for-mac.html","url_text":"\"Microsoft axes Visual Studio for Mac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld","url_text":"InfoWorld"}]},{"reference":"Hale, Craig (August 31, 2023). \"Microsoft is pulling Visual Studio for Mac\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sykes	Charlie Sykes	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Writing","2.2 Radio and podcasting","2.3 Television","2.4 Political Arc","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	American political commentator (born 1954) For persons of a similar name, see Charles Sykes. Charlie SykesSykes in March 2019BornCharles Jay Sykes (1954-11-11) November 11, 1954 (age 69)Seattle, Washington, U.S.EducationUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (BA)Occupation(s)Radio talk show host, authorEmployer(s)WTMJ (1993–2016)WNYC (2017)The Weekly Standard (2018)The Bulwark (2019–2024)Spouses Christine Libbey (m. 1975; div. 1978) Diane Schwerm (m. 1980; div. 1999) Janet Riordan (m. 2000) Children3 Charles Jay Sykes (born November 11, 1954) is an American political commentator who was editor-in-chief of the website The Bulwark. From 1993 to 2016, Sykes hosted a conservative talk show on WTMJ in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was also the editor of Right Wisconsin which was co-owned with WTMJ's then-parent company E. W. Scripps. Sykes is a frequent commentator on MSNBC. Early life and education Charles Jay Sykes was born in Seattle, Washington, and grew up in New York and Fox Point, Wisconsin. He is the son of Katherine "Kay" Border and Jay G. Sykes, a lawyer who later worked as a journalist for several small newspapers in New York before joining the Milwaukee Sentinel in 1962. Jay later became a lecturer in journalism at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union Wisconsin chapter, and ran for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin unsuccessfully against Martin J. Schreiber in the 1970 Democratic primary. After graduating from Nicolet High School, Sykes enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where in 1975 he graduated summa cum laude with a bachelor's degree in English. While at Milwaukee, Sykes was a member of the Young Democrats, and following a nonreligious upbringing, Sykes converted to Roman Catholicism at age 18. In 1974, using the slogan "A Different Kind of Democrat" due to his opposition to abortion, Sykes challenged Republican incumbent Jim Sensenbrenner for Wisconsin State Assembly and lost. As Milwaukee Magazine profiled, "his pro-life campaign signaled a growing crack in his liberalism. And as elements within the antiwar movement became violent, he became increasingly disillusioned." Career Writing Sykes began his career as a journalist, starting in 1975 with West Allis, Wisconsin, weekly The Northeast Post for a year. In 1976, Sykes joined The Milwaukee Journal, starting with reporting on stories in the North Shore suburbs, before being promoted to the Milwaukee City Hall beat during the administration of Mayor Henry Maier. After seven years of reporting in the Milwaukee area, Sykes moved to Cleveland in 1982 as a staff writer for Cleveland Magazine, but the magazine went out of business by the end of the year. In 1983 Sykes returned to Milwaukee as managing editor at Milwaukee Magazine and moved up to editor-in-chief in January 1984. Sykes wrote features, investigative articles, and commentary for Milwaukee Magazine. Sykes is a published author, primarily concerning education. He made his book debut in 1988 with Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education, inspired by his father's essay published posthumously in the October 1985 Milwaukee Magazine recalling his experience teaching at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. In addition, Sykes has written commentary for Imprimis, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and has edited WI Interest, the magazine of the Badger Institute (formerly the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute) and the website Right Wisconsin. From December 2018 through February 2024, Sykes was editor-in-chief of The Bulwark. Radio and podcasting In an era when the national success of Rush Limbaugh was inspiring similar call-in talk radio shows around the U.S., Sykes started hosting talk radio in 1989 as a substitute host for Mark Belling at WISN in Milwaukee. Sykes got his own show on WISN by 1992. Lacking a contract with WISN, Sykes jumped to WTMJ within a year and hosted a morning show there until December 19, 2016. In 2002, Sykes and fellow WTMJ host Jeff Wagner gained prominence in leading a campaign to recall Milwaukee County Executive Tom Ament, who was embroiled in scandal for changing the county pension policy to give himself and close aides large payouts; Ament controversially retired at the end of February 2002, rather than resign, to retain his pension. In a 2005 speech, Jay Heck, executive director of the Wisconsin branch of the liberal political advocacy group Common Cause referred to Sykes' influence on local politicians. "The Sykes Republicans from southeastern Wisconsin are worried that he will castigate them by calling them RINOs, 'Republicans in name only.' So (he makes it) very difficult for Republicans to be independent of the party line on any issue." On July 26, 2005, WTMJ settled a libel lawsuit against Sykes for $5,000 with Spanish Journal editor Robert Miranda, over a November 2004 blog post by Sykes that alleged that Miranda in 1991 organized a protest that became violent in opposition to a "pro-American" rally at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, information that Sykes later retracted. Sykes did not support Donald Trump's 2016 presidential bid, campaigning against him and instead choosing to cast a write-in vote for independent conservative candidate Evan McMullin. In October 2016, Sykes announced that he had decided late in 2015 to quit his radio show for unspecified personal reasons. In December 2016, Sykes wrote an op-ed for The New York Times suggesting that the conservative movement had lost its way during the 2016 campaign, saying "...as we learned this year, we had succeeded in persuading our audiences to ignore and discount any information from the mainstream media. Over time, we'd succeeded in delegitimizing the media altogether — all the normal guideposts were down, the referees discredited." From January to April 2017, Sykes was part of a rotating set of hosts of Indivisible, a call-in talk show distributed by WNYC public radio in New York City, along with Brian Lehrer of WNYC and Kerri Miller of Minnesota Public Radio among others. The show analyzed and discussed the first 100 days of Trump's presidency. In February 2018, Sykes became the new host of The Daily Standard, the revived podcast of The Weekly Standard magazine. Sykes was the founder and editor-at-large of The Bulwark and hosted of "The Bulwark Podcast" from 2018 to 2023. Sykes left The Bulwark February 9, 2024. At the time he stated that he will continue writing and giving commentary, including at MSNBC, but at a more measured pace. Television Sykes was an investigative reporter at WISN-TV in 1983. From 1993 to 2016, he hosted the local Sunday morning talk show Sunday Insight for WTMJ-TV. In 1994, Sykes contributed an essay to the ITVS series "Declarations: Essays on American Ideals", which was broadcast on PBS stations. Political Arc Over the course of his public life, Sykes has gone from mainstream liberal, to conservative Democrat, to strongly conservative Republican, to libertarian, and is currently (2024) featured as a vehemently anti-Trump voice on the network MSNBC. Personal life In May 1975, at age 19, Sykes married 18 year old Christine Libbey. Five months later their daughter was born. The marriage ended in divorce in early 1978. In August 1980, Sykes married Diane Schwerm, who became known as Diane S. Sykes when she went on to become first a Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice, and then a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Before remarrying, Sykes had his first marriage, which had ended in divorce two years prior, annulled by the Catholic Church. Sykes and Diane had two sons. They divorced in 1999, while retaining a positive relationship. Several years before that marriage ended, as early as 1996, rumors abounded about a relationship Sykes had developed with Janet Riordan, an opera singer seven years his junior. One year after his divorce from Diane, Sykes married Janet Riordan. Bibliography External videos Booknotes interview with Sykes on A Nation of Victims, September 30, 1992, C-SPAN Presentation by Sykes on A Nation of Moochers, March 1, 2012, C-SPAN After Words interview with Sykes on How the Right Lost Its Mind, October 7, 2017, C-SPAN Interview with Sykes on How the Right Lost Its Mind, November 19, 2007, C-SPAN Presentation by Sykes on How the Right Lost Its Mind, November 19, 2007, C-SPAN Sykes, Charles J. (1988). Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education. Washington: Regnery. ISBN 0895265591. Sykes, Charles J. (1990). The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education. Washington: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 0895265397. Sykes, Charles J. (1992). A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312098820. Sykes, Charles J. (1995). Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, Or Add. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312148232. Sykes, Charles J. (1999). The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-Line, and in Court. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312268300. Sykes, Charles J. (2007). 50 Rules Kids Won't Learn in School: Real-World Antidotes to Feel-Good Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1466831278. Sykes, Charles J. (2012). A Nation of Moochers: America's Addiction to Getting Something for Nothing. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1429951074. Sykes, Charles J. (2016). Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250091765. Sykes, Charles J. (2017). How the Right Lost Its Mind. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250147172. See also List of Republicans opposing Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 References ^ Darcy, Oliver (January 4, 2019). "Former Weekly Standard staffers find new home at The Bulwark, a conservative site unafraid to take on Trump". CNN Business. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chandler, Kurt (July 2000). "Charlie's bully pulpit". Milwaukee Magazine. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ a b Sherman, Jeff (April 12, 2005). "Milwaukee Talks: Charlie Sykes". OnMilwaukee.com. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ "Katherine B. "Kay" Sykes". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. May 4, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2017 – via Legacy.com. ^ ^ Fain, Paul (August 18, 2016). "Calling Out the Professoriate". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ "Charles Sykes, Author at Imprimis". Imprimis. Hillsdale College. Retrieved September 22, 2017. ^ a b Syke, Charles J. (December 15, 2016). "Charlie Sykes on Where the Right Went Wrong". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ Sykes, Charles J. (February 4, 2017). "Why Nobody Cares the President Is Lying". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017. ^ "Charlie Sykes". Right Wisconsin. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. ^ Glauber, Bill (December 19, 2016). "Paul Ryan thanks Charlie Sykes for lifting conservative ideas". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ Kissinger, Meg (February 9, 2002). "Radio hosts take center stage in recall drive". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002. Retrieved December 26, 2016. ^ Borowski, Greg J.; Johnson, Mike (February 22, 2002). "Ament quits". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 14, 2002. Retrieved December 26, 2016. ^ Drew, Mike (May 11, 2005). "Getting crowded, getting right". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2016. ^ Barton, Gina (July 27, 2005). "Talk-radio host, Spanish Journal editor settle libel lawsuit". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2016. ^ Nunnally, Derrick (January 4, 2005). "Activist sues Sykes over essay". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 6, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2016. ^ Weissmann, Shoshana (May 10, 2016). "Sykes: If You Embrace Trump, You Embrace Every Slur, Insult, Outrage, Falsehood". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved August 26, 2016. ^ "Conservative Radio Host: You Embrace Trump, "You Embrace Every Slur, Every Insult, Every Outrage, Every Falsehood"". Media Matters for America. May 9, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016. Charlie Sykes: "He's A Narcissist And A Bully, A Man With No Fixed Principles Who Has The Vocabulary Of An Emotionally Insecure 9-Year-Old" ^ Sykes, Charles (27 September 2016). "Why I'm Voting for Evan McMullin". RightWisconsin.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ Gold, Hadas (2016-10-04). "Charlie Sykes to end his radio show". Politico. ^ Sutton, Kelsey (13 January 2016). "Charlie Sykes returns to radio as co-host of WNYC show". Politico. Retrieved 23 January 2017. ^ "The Daily Standard Podcast Returns!". The Weekly Standard. February 13, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018. ^ Sykes, Charlie (February 1, 2024). "Getting Off the Daily Hamster Wheel of Crazy". ^ Hope Karnopp (February 1, 2024). "Wisconsin commentator Charlie Sykes leaving The Bulwark, anti-Trump website he co-founded". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. ^ "Declarations: Essays on American Ideals". ITVS. May 17, 1994. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ "Sykes 'certainly not proud' of past contributions to Wisconsin's 'hyperpartisanship'". 24 January 2021. ^ "Charlie's Bully Pulpit". July 2000. ^ a b c d Chandler, Kurt (July 1, 2000). "Charlie's Bully Pulpit". Milwaukee Magazine. Retrieved March 11, 2024. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). www.wisopinion.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Further reading Murphy, Bruce. "Back in the News: Sykes Is No Longer a Republican". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 2021-03-10. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Charlie Sykes. Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sykes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"WTMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTMJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"}],"text":"For persons of a similar name, see Charles Sykes.Charles Jay Sykes (born November 11, 1954) is an American political commentator who was editor-in-chief of the website The Bulwark.[1] From 1993 to 2016, Sykes hosted a conservative talk show on WTMJ in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was also the editor of Right Wisconsin which was co-owned with WTMJ's then-parent company E. W. Scripps. Sykes is a frequent commentator on MSNBC.","title":"Charlie Sykes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fox Point, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Point,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee_Talks-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Martin J. 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Sykes,[4] a lawyer who later worked as a journalist for several small newspapers in New York before joining the Milwaukee Sentinel in 1962. Jay later became a lecturer in journalism at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,[5] a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union Wisconsin chapter, and ran for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin unsuccessfully against Martin J. Schreiber in the 1970 Democratic primary.[2]After graduating from Nicolet High School, Sykes enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where in 1975 he graduated summa cum laude with a bachelor's degree in English.[2] While at Milwaukee, Sykes was a member of the Young Democrats, and following a nonreligious upbringing, Sykes converted to Roman Catholicism at age 18. In 1974, using the slogan \"A Different Kind of Democrat\" due to his opposition to abortion, Sykes challenged Republican incumbent Jim Sensenbrenner for Wisconsin State Assembly and lost. As Milwaukee Magazine profiled, \"his pro-life campaign signaled a growing crack in his liberalism. And as elements within the antiwar movement became violent, he became increasingly disillusioned.\"[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Allis, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Allis,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"The Milwaukee Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal-Sentinel"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Henry Maier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Maier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee_Talks-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHE_2016-6"},{"link_name":"Imprimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-went_wrong-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Badger Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_Institute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-10"},{"link_name":"The Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Sykes began his career as a journalist, starting in 1975 with West Allis, Wisconsin, weekly The Northeast Post for a year. In 1976, Sykes joined The Milwaukee Journal, starting with reporting on stories in the North Shore suburbs, before being promoted to the Milwaukee City Hall beat during the administration of Mayor Henry Maier.[2][3]After seven years of reporting in the Milwaukee area, Sykes moved to Cleveland in 1982 as a staff writer for Cleveland Magazine, but the magazine went out of business by the end of the year.[2] In 1983 Sykes returned to Milwaukee as managing editor at Milwaukee Magazine and moved up to editor-in-chief in January 1984. Sykes wrote features, investigative articles, and commentary for Milwaukee Magazine.[2]Sykes is a published author, primarily concerning education. He made his book debut in 1988 with Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education, inspired by his father's essay published posthumously in the October 1985 Milwaukee Magazine recalling his experience teaching at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.[2][6]In addition, Sykes has written commentary for Imprimis,[7] The New York Times,[8][9] The Wall Street Journal and has edited WI Interest, the magazine of the Badger Institute (formerly the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute) and the website Right Wisconsin.[10]From December 2018 through February 2024, Sykes was editor-in-chief of The Bulwark.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rush Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh"},{"link_name":"Mark Belling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Belling"},{"link_name":"WISN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WTMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTMJ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_Ryan_thanks-11"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Milwaukee_County_executives"},{"link_name":"Tom Ament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Common Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Cause"},{"link_name":"Republicans in name only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_In_Name_Only"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"2016 presidential bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016"},{"link_name":"Evan McMullin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_McMullin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-went_wrong-8"},{"link_name":"WNYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC"},{"link_name":"Brian Lehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lehrer"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SuttonCoHost-21"},{"link_name":"The Weekly Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Radio and podcasting","text":"In an era when the national success of Rush Limbaugh was inspiring similar call-in talk radio shows around the U.S., Sykes started hosting talk radio in 1989 as a substitute host for Mark Belling at WISN in Milwaukee. Sykes got his own show on WISN by 1992. Lacking a contract with WISN, Sykes jumped to WTMJ within a year and hosted a morning show there until December 19, 2016.[2][11]In 2002, Sykes and fellow WTMJ host Jeff Wagner gained prominence in leading a campaign to recall Milwaukee County Executive Tom Ament, who was embroiled in scandal for changing the county pension policy to give himself and close aides large payouts; Ament controversially retired at the end of February 2002, rather than resign, to retain his pension.[12][13]In a 2005 speech, Jay Heck, executive director of the Wisconsin branch of the liberal political advocacy group Common Cause referred to Sykes' influence on local politicians. \"The Sykes Republicans from southeastern Wisconsin are worried that he will castigate them by calling them RINOs, 'Republicans in name only.' So (he makes it) very difficult for Republicans to be independent of the party line on any issue.\"[14]On July 26, 2005, WTMJ settled a libel lawsuit against Sykes for $5,000 with Spanish Journal editor Robert Miranda, over a November 2004 blog post by Sykes that alleged that Miranda in 1991 organized a protest that became violent in opposition to a \"pro-American\" rally at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, information that Sykes later retracted.[15][16]Sykes did not support Donald Trump's 2016 presidential bid, campaigning against him and instead choosing to cast a write-in vote for independent conservative candidate Evan McMullin.[17][18][19]In October 2016, Sykes announced that he had decided late in 2015 to quit his radio show for unspecified personal reasons.[20] In December 2016, Sykes wrote an op-ed for The New York Times suggesting that the conservative movement had lost its way during the 2016 campaign, saying \"...as we learned this year, we had succeeded in persuading our audiences to ignore and discount any information from the mainstream media. Over time, we'd succeeded in delegitimizing the media altogether — all the normal guideposts were down, the referees discredited.\"[8]From January to April 2017, Sykes was part of a rotating set of hosts of Indivisible, a call-in talk show distributed by WNYC public radio in New York City, along with Brian Lehrer of WNYC and Kerri Miller of Minnesota Public Radio among others. The show analyzed and discussed the first 100 days of Trump's presidency.[21]In February 2018, Sykes became the new host of The Daily Standard, the revived podcast of The Weekly Standard magazine.[22]Sykes was the founder and editor-at-large of The Bulwark and hosted of \"The Bulwark Podcast\" from 2018 to 2023. \nSykes left The Bulwark February 9, 2024.[23] At the time he stated that he will continue writing and giving commentary, including at MSNBC, but at a more measured pace.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"investigative reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism"},{"link_name":"WISN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WISN-TV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bully_pulpit-2"},{"link_name":"Sunday morning talk show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_show"},{"link_name":"WTMJ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTMJ-TV"},{"link_name":"ITVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVS"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Sykes was an investigative reporter at WISN-TV in 1983.[2] From 1993 to 2016, he hosted the local Sunday morning talk show Sunday Insight for WTMJ-TV. In 1994, Sykes contributed an essay to the ITVS series \"Declarations: Essays on American Ideals\", which was broadcast on PBS stations.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Political Arc","text":"Over the course of his public life, Sykes has gone from mainstream liberal, to conservative Democrat, to strongly conservative Republican, to libertarian, and is currently (2024) featured as a vehemently anti-Trump voice on the network MSNBC.[26][27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chandler-28"},{"link_name":"Diane S. Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_S._Sykes"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisopinion-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chandler-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chandler-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisopinion-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chandler-28"}],"text":"In May 1975, at age 19, Sykes married 18 year old Christine Libbey. Five months later their daughter was born. The marriage ended in divorce in early 1978.[28]In August 1980, Sykes married Diane Schwerm, who became known as Diane S. Sykes when she went on to become first a Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice, and then a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.[29] Before remarrying, Sykes had his first marriage, which had ended in divorce two years prior, annulled by the Catholic Church.[28]Sykes and Diane had two sons. They divorced in 1999, while retaining a positive relationship.[28][29]Several years before that marriage ended, as early as 1996, rumors abounded about a relationship Sykes had developed with Janet Riordan, an opera singer seven years his junior. One year after his divorce from Diane, Sykes married Janet Riordan.[28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xrpsJcLSXUIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0895265591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895265591"},{"link_name":"The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pRmcAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0895265397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895265397"},{"link_name":"A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nationofvictimsd00syke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312098820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312098820"},{"link_name":"Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, Or Add","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dumbingdownourki00syke_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312148232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312148232"},{"link_name":"The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-Line, and in Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/endofprivacy00syke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312268300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312268300"},{"link_name":"50 Rules Kids Won't Learn in School: Real-World Antidotes to Feel-Good Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/50ruleskidswontl0000syke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1466831278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466831278"},{"link_name":"A Nation of Moochers: America's Addiction to Getting Something for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nationofmoochers00syke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1429951074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429951074"},{"link_name":"Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mK5nCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1250091765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250091765"},{"link_name":"How the Right Lost Its Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=c161DQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1250147172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250147172"}],"text":"Sykes, Charles J. (1988). Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education. Washington: Regnery. ISBN 0895265591.\nSykes, Charles J. (1990). The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education. Washington: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 0895265397.\nSykes, Charles J. (1992). A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312098820.\nSykes, Charles J. (1995). Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, Or Add. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312148232.\nSykes, Charles J. (1999). The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-Line, and in Court. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312268300.\nSykes, Charles J. (2007). 50 Rules Kids Won't Learn in School: Real-World Antidotes to Feel-Good Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1466831278.\nSykes, Charles J. (2012). A Nation of Moochers: America's Addiction to Getting Something for Nothing. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1429951074.\nSykes, Charles J. (2016). Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250091765.\nSykes, Charles J. (2017). How the Right Lost Its Mind. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250147172.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Back in the News: Sykes Is No Longer a Republican\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//urbanmilwaukee.com/2021/02/09/back-in-the-news-sykes-is-no-longer-a-republican/"}],"text":"Murphy, Bruce. \"Back in the News: Sykes Is No Longer a Republican\". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 2021-03-10.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Republicans opposing Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Republicans_opposing_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016"}]	[{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (1988). Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education. Washington: Regnery. ISBN 0895265591.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xrpsJcLSXUIC","url_text":"Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895265591","url_text":"0895265591"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (1990). The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education. Washington: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 0895265397.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pRmcAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895265397","url_text":"0895265397"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (1992). A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312098820.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationofvictimsd00syke","url_text":"A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312098820","url_text":"0312098820"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (1995). Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, Or Add. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312148232.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dumbingdownourki00syke_0","url_text":"Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, Or Add"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312148232","url_text":"0312148232"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (1999). The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-Line, and in Court. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312268300.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/endofprivacy00syke","url_text":"The End of Privacy: The Attack on Personal Rights at Home, at Work, On-Line, and in Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312268300","url_text":"0312268300"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (2007). 50 Rules Kids Won't Learn in School: Real-World Antidotes to Feel-Good Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1466831278.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/50ruleskidswontl0000syke","url_text":"50 Rules Kids Won't Learn in School: Real-World Antidotes to Feel-Good Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466831278","url_text":"978-1466831278"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (2012). A Nation of Moochers: America's Addiction to Getting Something for Nothing. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1429951074.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationofmoochers00syke","url_text":"A Nation of Moochers: America's Addiction to Getting Something for Nothing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429951074","url_text":"978-1429951074"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (2016). Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250091765.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mK5nCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fail U.: The False Promise of Higher Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250091765","url_text":"978-1250091765"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (2017). How the Right Lost Its Mind. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250147172.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c161DQAAQBAJ","url_text":"How the Right Lost Its Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250147172","url_text":"978-1250147172"}]},{"reference":"Darcy, Oliver (January 4, 2019). \"Former Weekly Standard staffers find new home at The Bulwark, a conservative site unafraid to take on Trump\". CNN Business. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/04/media/weekly-standard-the-bulwark/index.html","url_text":"\"Former Weekly Standard staffers find new home at The Bulwark, a conservative site unafraid to take on Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Business","url_text":"CNN Business"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Kurt (July 2000). \"Charlie's bully pulpit\". Milwaukee Magazine. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106115014/https://www.milwaukeemag.com/2000/07/01/charlies-bully-pulpit/","url_text":"\"Charlie's bully pulpit\""},{"url":"https://www.milwaukeemag.com/2000/07/01/charlies-bully-pulpit/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Jeff (April 12, 2005). \"Milwaukee Talks: Charlie Sykes\". OnMilwaukee.com. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/sykes.html","url_text":"\"Milwaukee Talks: Charlie Sykes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katherine B. \"Kay\" Sykes\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. May 4, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2017 – via Legacy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/jsonline/obituary.aspx?n=katherine-b-sykes-kay&pid=87753505","url_text":"\"Katherine B. \"Kay\" Sykes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy.com","url_text":"Legacy.com"}]},{"reference":"Fain, Paul (August 18, 2016). \"Calling Out the Professoriate\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/08/18/charles-sykes-takes-higher-education-task-once-again-new-book","url_text":"\"Calling Out the Professoriate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Sykes, Author at Imprimis\". Imprimis. Hillsdale College. Retrieved September 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/author/charlessykes/","url_text":"\"Charles Sykes, Author at Imprimis\""}]},{"reference":"Syke, Charles J. (December 15, 2016). \"Charlie Sykes on Where the Right Went Wrong\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/opinion/sunday/charlie-sykes-on-where-the-right-went-wrong.html","url_text":"\"Charlie Sykes on Where the Right Went Wrong\""}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles J. (February 4, 2017). \"Why Nobody Cares the President Is Lying\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/opinion/sunday/why-nobody-cares-the-president-is-lying.html","url_text":"\"Why Nobody Cares the President Is Lying\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Sykes\". Right Wisconsin. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328203936/http://www.rightwisconsin.com/about-us/charlie-sykes","url_text":"\"Charlie Sykes\""},{"url":"http://www.rightwisconsin.com/about-us/charlie-sykes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Glauber, Bill (December 19, 2016). \"Paul Ryan thanks Charlie Sykes for lifting conservative ideas\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2016/12/19/paul-ryan-thanks-charlie-sykes-lifting-conservative-ideas/95609786/","url_text":"\"Paul Ryan thanks Charlie Sykes for lifting conservative ideas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal-Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Kissinger, Meg (February 9, 2002). \"Radio hosts take center stage in recall drive\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002. Retrieved December 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020803171440/http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/feb02/18968.asp","url_text":"\"Radio hosts take center stage in recall drive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal-Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel"},{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/feb02/18968.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Borowski, Greg J.; Johnson, Mike (February 22, 2002). \"Ament quits\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 14, 2002. Retrieved December 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020914071427/http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/feb02/22347.asp","url_text":"\"Ament quits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal-Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel"},{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/feb02/22347.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Drew, Mike (May 11, 2005). \"Getting crowded, getting right\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2005. 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Retrieved December 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121027/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=344033","url_text":"\"Talk-radio host, Spanish Journal editor settle libel lawsuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal-Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel"},{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=344033","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nunnally, Derrick (January 4, 2005). \"Activist sues Sykes over essay\". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 6, 2005. 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Charlie Sykes: \"He's A Narcissist And A Bully, A Man With No Fixed Principles Who Has The Vocabulary Of An Emotionally Insecure 9-Year-Old\"","urls":[{"url":"http://mediamatters.org/video/2016/05/09/conservative-radio-host-you-embrace-trump-you-embrace-every-slur-every-insult-every-outrage-every/210319","url_text":"\"Conservative Radio Host: You Embrace Trump, \"You Embrace Every Slur, Every Insult, Every Outrage, Every Falsehood\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America","url_text":"Media Matters for America"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Charles (27 September 2016). \"Why I'm Voting for Evan McMullin\". RightWisconsin.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. 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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2024/02/01/charlie-sykes-leaving-the-bulwark-anti-trump-website-he-helped-found/72436911007/","url_text":"\"Wisconsin commentator Charlie Sykes leaving The Bulwark, anti-Trump website he co-founded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Declarations: Essays on American Ideals\". ITVS. May 17, 1994. Retrieved March 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://itvs.org/films/declarations","url_text":"\"Declarations: Essays on American Ideals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVS","url_text":"ITVS"}]},{"reference":"\"Sykes 'certainly not proud' of past contributions to Wisconsin's 'hyperpartisanship'\". 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wispolitics.com/2021/sykes-certainly-not-proud-of-past-contributions-to-wisconsins-hyperpartisanship/","url_text":"\"Sykes 'certainly not proud' of past contributions to Wisconsin's 'hyperpartisanship'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie's Bully Pulpit\". July 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milwaukeemag.com/charlies-bully-pulpit/","url_text":"\"Charlie's Bully Pulpit\""}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Kurt (July 1, 2000). \"Charlie's Bully Pulpit\". Milwaukee Magazine. Retrieved March 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milwaukeemag.com/charlies-bully-pulpit/","url_text":"\"Charlie's Bully Pulpit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Magazine","url_text":"Milwaukee Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). www.wisopinion.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319122120/http://www.wisopinion.com/blogs/eyeonwi/sykes002.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.wisopinion.com/blogs/eyeonwi/sykes002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Bruce. \"Back in the News: Sykes Is No Longer a Republican\". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 2021-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2021/02/09/back-in-the-news-sykes-is-no-longer-a-republican/","url_text":"\"Back in the News: Sykes Is No Longer a Republican\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?35197-1/a-nation-victims","external_links_name":"Booknotes interview with Sykes on A Nation of Victims, September 30, 1992"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?305093-1/a-nation-moochers","external_links_name":"Presentation by Sykes on A Nation of Moochers, March 1, 2012"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?433923-2/after-words-charles-sykes","external_links_name":"After Words interview with Sykes on How the Right Lost Its Mind, October 7, 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?436774-28/open-phones-charles-sykes","external_links_name":"Interview with Sykes on How the Right Lost Its Mind, November 19, 2007"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?436774-25/charles-sykes-discusses-how-lost-mind","external_links_name":"Presentation by 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_North	Toward North	["1 History","1.1 Background and foundation","1.2 Enlargement to other regions","1.3 From Future Italy to Civic Choice","2 Leadership","3 References","4 External links"]	Political party Toward North (Italian: Verso Nord, VN) is a liberal and federalist political association based in Veneto, Italy. The group, which seeks to represent all the North by enlarging itself outside Veneto, is a keen proponent of federalism, fiscal reform, free market, competition, private enterprise and justice reform. Its main leader is Massimo Cacciari. History Background and foundation Between 2008 and 2010 Massimo Cacciari, three times mayor of Venice and leading figure of the centre-left in Veneto, called his Democratic Party (PD) to organize itself as a federalist party, with an autonomous northern wing. Giancarlo Galan, President of Veneto from 1995 to 2010, made similar calls to The People of Freedom (PdL). None of these calls were welcomed by the two main Italian parties and Lega Nord became a major electoral force at the 2008 general election. At the 2010 regional election Liga Veneta–Lega Nord became the largest party in Veneto and Luca Zaia was elected President of the region. Following the rout of Rome-based parties in Veneto, a manifesto for a new liberal party representing the North was launched on 23 July 2010 in Mogliano Veneto. The ten proponents of Toward North. Italy closer to Europe were: Massimo Cacciari (PD), Giuseppe Bortolussi (PD, 2010 candidate for President of Veneto), Achille Variati (PD, mayor of Vicenza), Diego Bottacin (PD, regional councillor), Maurizio Fistarol (PD, senator and former mayor of Belluno), Alessio Vianello (ApV, ex-PD, former deputy mayor of Venice), Franco Miracco (PdL, spokesman of Giancarlo Galan), Mario Bertolissi (PdL, professor of constitutional law at the University of Padua), Maria Gomierato (UDC, former mayor of Castelfranco Veneto), Francesco Giuliari (ApV, former deputy), Enrico Zardini (PD) and Enrico Zanetti (PD). Enlargement to other regions In October 2012 Vianello was elected president of VN, which started to be organized as a party. At the same time Bottacin left the PD in order to concentrate himself to the new party. Bortolussi, Bottacin, Mariangelo Foggiato (North-East Union) and the three regional councillors of the Union of the Centre formed a cross-group alliance. In December Fistarol left the group of the PD in the Senate in order to become a full representative of VN. A third regional councillor, Andrea Causin, left the PD and joined VN soon. The party made inroads also in Piedmont, where MEP Gianluca Susta left the PD and became regional leader of VN. After having dropped the idea of becoming the regional section of Alliance for Italy in order to replace Alliance for Veneto, Cacciari hinted that VN may become the regional section of Future Italy (Italia Futura), a think-tank and would-be party led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo. Between September 2011 and March 2012 the party formed regional wings in Piedmont (Piedmont at the Centre, led by Gianluca Susta), Lombardy (Lombards Toward North), and Emilia-Romagna. In Lombardy VN was joined by three well-known former members of Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord: Alessandro Cè (a former party leader in the Chamber of Deputies and regional minister of Health), Sergio Rossi (a former senator), and Marisa Bedoni (a former deputy mayor of Milan under Marco Formentini). A former leader and senator of Lega Nord Emilia, Pierluigi Copercini, joined the party in Emilia–Romagna. From Future Italy to Civic Choice In March 2012 several members of VN took part to the founding of the Venetian section of Montezemolo's Future Italy. Causin was appointed regional coordinator, along with Manfredi Ravetto and Jacopo Silva, while Vianello, Bottacin and Gomierato were appointed to the regional committee. Between November 2012 and January 2013 VN, through IF, took part to the founding of Toward the Third Republic (VTR) and was instrumental to the foundation of Mario Monti's Civic Choice (SC). At the 2013 general election SC garnered 8.3% of the vote. Several VN leading members, notably including Causin, Zanetti and Susta, were elected to the Italian Parliament, while others, like Fistarol, failed re-election. Leadership Coordinator: Alessio Vianello (2010–...) References ^ a b "Manifesto anti-Carroccio firmano Bortolussi e Gomierato". Corriere del Veneto. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ a b "Nasce "Verso Nord" Pronto il manifesto anti-Lega". Corriere del Veneto. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Rassegna Stampa". Rassegna.camera.it. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ Giancarlo Galan, Il Nord sono io, Marsilio, Venice 2008 ^ http://www.versonord.eu/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/MANIFESTO_VERSO_NORD.pdf ^ ^ "Bottacin si dimette dal Pd ŤČ fallito, scelgo Verso Nordť". Corriere del Veneto. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Anticipo di Ťterzo poloť: in consiglio asse tra Udc-Bortolussi-Verso Nord". Corriere del Veneto. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Fistarol verso un nuovo polo "Addio al Pd"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 5 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Fistarol al Pd: al Senato mezzo gruppo può fare come me". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 6 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Effetto domino nei democratici Dopo Causin, via anche Vianello". Corriere del Veneto. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Il mio impegno e' \| Andrea Causin". Andreacausin.it. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Gianluca Susta » Blog Archive » Precari: le proposte di Italia Futura una sfida per il governo ma anche per la sinistra conservatrice". Gianlucasusta.it. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Verso Nord ammicca a Italia Futura Cacciari vuole Montezemolo premier". Corriere del Veneto. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ "Montezemolo prepara una lista Aspetta di sapere quando si vota". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 4 April 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. ^ Verso Nord si espande in Lombardia ^ Camera dei Deputati ^ Il nuovo coordinatore di Verso Nord in Emilia Romagna ^ Italia Futura, arriva in Veneto il partito di Montezemolo - Corriere del Veneto ^ Montezemolo candida Monti (senza Monti) "Daremo base democratica ed elettorale" - Corriere.it ^ A Montecitorio spazio solo alla società civile Le "quote" del Senato ^ La sorpresa di Monti in Veneto, piace al Nord-est Archived 21 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Eligendo Archivio - Ministero dell'Interno DAIT". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013. ^ Camera.it - XVII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi Parlamentari - Composizione gruppi Parlamentari ^ senato.it - Composizione del Gruppo Per l'Italia External links Official website Manifesto of Toward North Lombards Toward North – Regional section in Lombardy Piedmont at the Center – Regional section in Piedmont vtePolitical parties in ItalyChamber of Deputies Brothers of Italy (118) Democratic Party (69) (incl. DemoS and CD) Lega (66) Five Star Movement (52) Forza Italia (45) (incl. NPSI) Action (13) Italia Viva (9) Greens and Left Alliance Green Europe Italian Left Progressive Party Us Moderates Us with Italy Italy in the Centre Coraggio Italia Union of the Centre More Europe (2) South Tyrolean People's Party (3) Animalist Movement (1) Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (1) South calls North (1) Valdostan Union (1) Senate of the Republic Brothers of Italy (66) Democratic Party (38) Lega (29) (incl. Fassa) Five Star Movement (28) Forza Italia (17) Italia Viva (7) Action (4) Greens and Left Alliance Italian Left Green Europe Us Moderates Coraggio Italia Union of the Centre South Tyrolean People's Party (2) Associative Movement of Italians Abroad (1) Campobase (1) European Parliament Lega (24) Democratic Party (15) (incl. DemoS) Forza Italia (10) Brothers of Italy (8) Five Star Movement (6) Italia Viva (1) Action (1) South Tyrolean People's Party (1) Other parties in Regional councils Aosta Valley Civic Network Edelweiss For Our Valley For Autonomy Mouv' Valdostan Alliance Piedmont Moderates Lombardy Renaissance Trentino Autonomy House La Civica Futura Trentino Popular Autonomists Trentino Project Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party Union for Trentino South Tyrol Team K Greens Die Freiheitlichen For South Tyrol with Widmann JWA List South Tyrolean Freedom La Civica Vita Veneto Liga Veneta Repubblica Friuli-Venezia Giulia Pact for Autonomy Slovene Union Abruzzo Political Action Molise Building Democracy Populars for Italy Campania Italy Is Popular Italian Socialist Party Us of the Centre Apulia Popular Apulia Basilicata Identity and Action Sicily Christian Democracy Sicily Movement for Autonomy Sicilia Vera Sardinia Civic Sardinia Sardinia 20Twenty Sardinian Action Party Sardinian Reformers Possible Historical Italian political parties 19th-century Italian political groups Early 20th-century Italian political parties 1950s–1990s Italian political parties	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"political association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CorriereVeneto1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CorriereVeneto2-2"},{"link_name":"Massimo Cacciari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Cacciari"}],"text":"Toward North (Italian: Verso Nord, VN) is a liberal and federalist political association based in Veneto, Italy.The group, which seeks to represent all the North by enlarging itself outside Veneto, is a keen proponent of federalism, fiscal reform, free market, competition, private enterprise and justice reform.[1][2] Its main leader is Massimo Cacciari.","title":"Toward North"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massimo Cacciari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Cacciari"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Galan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Galan"},{"link_name":"President of Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Veneto"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lega Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord"},{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Venetian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"Liga Veneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Veneta"},{"link_name":"Luca Zaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Zaia"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Mogliano Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogliano_Veneto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manifesto-5"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Bortolussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Bortolussi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Achille Variati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Variati"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Diego Bottacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Bottacin"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Fistarol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Fistarol"},{"link_name":"Belluno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belluno"},{"link_name":"Alessio Vianello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessio_Vianello&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ApV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Franco Miracco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco_Miracco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mario Bertolissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Bertolissi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Maria Gomierato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Gomierato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Castelfranco Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelfranco_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Francesco Giuliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Giuliari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enrico Zardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Zardini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enrico Zanetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Zanetti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CorriereVeneto1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CorriereVeneto2-2"}],"sub_title":"Background and foundation","text":"Between 2008 and 2010 Massimo Cacciari, three times mayor of Venice and leading figure of the centre-left in Veneto, called his Democratic Party (PD) to organize itself as a federalist party, with an autonomous northern wing.[3] Giancarlo Galan, President of Veneto from 1995 to 2010, made similar calls to The People of Freedom (PdL).[4] None of these calls were welcomed by the two main Italian parties and Lega Nord became a major electoral force at the 2008 general election. At the 2010 regional election Liga Veneta–Lega Nord became the largest party in Veneto and Luca Zaia was elected President of the region.Following the rout of Rome-based parties in Veneto, a manifesto for a new liberal party representing the North was launched on 23 July 2010 in Mogliano Veneto.[5] The ten proponents of Toward North. Italy closer to Europe were: Massimo Cacciari (PD), Giuseppe Bortolussi (PD, 2010 candidate for President of Veneto), Achille Variati (PD, mayor of Vicenza), Diego Bottacin (PD, regional councillor), Maurizio Fistarol (PD, senator and former mayor of Belluno), Alessio Vianello (ApV, ex-PD, former deputy mayor of Venice), Franco Miracco (PdL, spokesman of Giancarlo Galan), Mario Bertolissi (PdL, professor of constitutional law at the University of Padua), Maria Gomierato (UDC, former mayor of Castelfranco Veneto), Francesco Giuliari (ApV, former deputy), Enrico Zardini (PD) and Enrico Zanetti (PD).[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mariangelo Foggiato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariangelo_Foggiato"},{"link_name":"North-East Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East_Union"},{"link_name":"Union of the Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2008)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Andrea Causin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Causin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Gianluca Susta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca_Susta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Italy"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Future Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Italy"},{"link_name":"Luca Cordero di Montezemolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Cordero_di_Montezemolo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Piedmont at the Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piedmont_at_the_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Lombards Toward North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombards_Toward_North&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lega Lombarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Lombarda"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Cè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_C%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Sergio Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Rossi_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marisa Bedoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marisa_Bedoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Marco Formentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Formentini_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lega Nord Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Nord_Emilia"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Copercini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierluigi_Copercini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Enlargement to other regions","text":"In October 2012 Vianello was elected president of VN, which started to be organized as a party.[6] At the same time Bottacin left the PD in order to concentrate himself to the new party.[7] Bortolussi, Bottacin, Mariangelo Foggiato (North-East Union) and the three regional councillors of the Union of the Centre formed a cross-group alliance.[8] In December Fistarol left the group of the PD in the Senate in order to become a full representative of VN.[9][10] A third regional councillor, Andrea Causin, left the PD and joined VN soon.[11][12] The party made inroads also in Piedmont, where MEP Gianluca Susta left the PD and became regional leader of VN.[13]After having dropped the idea of becoming the regional section of Alliance for Italy in order to replace Alliance for Veneto, Cacciari hinted that VN may become the regional section of Future Italy (Italia Futura), a think-tank and would-be party led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo.[14][15]Between September 2011 and March 2012 the party formed regional wings in Piedmont (Piedmont at the Centre, led by Gianluca Susta), Lombardy (Lombards Toward North), and Emilia-Romagna.[16] In Lombardy VN was joined by three well-known former members of Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord: Alessandro Cè (a former party leader in the Chamber of Deputies and regional minister of Health), Sergio Rossi (a former senator), and Marisa Bedoni (a former deputy mayor of Milan under Marco Formentini).[17] A former leader and senator of Lega Nord Emilia, Pierluigi Copercini, joined the party in Emilia–Romagna.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manfredi Ravetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredi_Ravetto"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Silva"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Toward the Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_the_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Civic Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Choice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2013 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Italian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"From Future Italy to Civic Choice","text":"In March 2012 several members of VN took part to the founding of the Venetian section of Montezemolo's Future Italy. Causin was appointed regional coordinator, along with Manfredi Ravetto and Jacopo Silva, while Vianello, Bottacin and Gomierato were appointed to the regional committee.[19]Between November 2012 and January 2013 VN, through IF, took part to the founding of Toward the Third Republic (VTR)[20] and was instrumental to the foundation of Mario Monti's Civic Choice (SC).[21][22] At the 2013 general election SC garnered 8.3% of the vote.[23] Several VN leading members, notably including Causin, Zanetti and Susta, were elected to the Italian Parliament,[24][25] while others, like Fistarol, failed re-election.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessio Vianello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessio_Vianello&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Coordinator: Alessio Vianello (2010–...)","title":"Leadership"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Manifesto anti-Carroccio firmano Bortolussi e Gomierato\". Corriere del Veneto. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2010/22-luglio-2010/manifesto-anti-carroccio-firmano-bortolussi-gomierato-1703439511840.shtml","url_text":"\"Manifesto anti-Carroccio firmano Bortolussi e Gomierato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nasce \"Verso Nord\" Pronto il manifesto anti-Lega\". Corriere del Veneto. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneziamestre/notizie/politica/2010/19-luglio-2010/nasce-verso-nord-pronto-manifesto-anti-lega-1703405040316.shtml","url_text":"\"Nasce \"Verso Nord\" Pronto il manifesto anti-Lega\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rassegna Stampa\". Rassegna.camera.it. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rassegna.camera.it/chiosco_new/pagweb/immagineFrame.asp?comeFrom=rassegna&currentArticle=K1QLR","url_text":"\"Rassegna Stampa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bottacin si dimette dal Pd ŤČ fallito, scelgo Verso Nordť\". Corriere del Veneto. 16 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2010/16-ottobre-2010/bottacin-si-dimette-pd-fallito-scelgo-nord-1703965599680.shtml","url_text":"\"Bottacin si dimette dal Pd ŤČ fallito, scelgo Verso Nordť\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anticipo di Ťterzo poloť: in consiglio asse tra Udc-Bortolussi-Verso Nord\". Corriere del Veneto. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2010/28-ottobre-2010/anticipo-terzo-polo-consiglio-asse-udc-bortolussi-verso-nord-1804044854911.shtml","url_text":"\"Anticipo di Ťterzo poloť: in consiglio asse tra Udc-Bortolussi-Verso Nord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fistarol verso un nuovo polo \"Addio al Pd\"\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 5 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/dicembre/05/Fistarol_verso_nuovo_polo_Addio_co_9_101205018.shtml","url_text":"\"Fistarol verso un nuovo polo \"Addio al Pd\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fistarol al Pd: al Senato mezzo gruppo può fare come me\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 6 December 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/dicembre/06/Fistarol_Senato_mezzo_gruppo_puo_co_8_101206026.shtml","url_text":"\"Fistarol al Pd: al Senato mezzo gruppo può fare come me\""}]},{"reference":"\"Effetto domino nei democratici Dopo Causin, via anche Vianello\". Corriere del Veneto. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2011/21-marzo-2011/effetto-domino-democratici-causin-via-anche-vianello-190269372708.shtml","url_text":"\"Effetto domino nei democratici Dopo Causin, via anche Vianello\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il mio impegno e' \| Andrea Causin\". Andreacausin.it. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andreacausin.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3:il-mio-impegno-e&catid=14:spot","url_text":"\"Il mio impegno e' \| Andrea Causin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gianluca Susta » Blog Archive » Precari: le proposte di Italia Futura una sfida per il governo ma anche per la sinistra conservatrice\". Gianlucasusta.it. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928221452/http://www.gianlucasusta.it/2011/04/precari-le-proposte-di-italia-futura-una-sfida-per-il-governo-ma-anche-per-la-sinistra-conservatrice/","url_text":"\"Gianluca Susta » Blog Archive » Precari: le proposte di Italia Futura una sfida per il governo ma anche per la sinistra conservatrice\""},{"url":"http://www.gianlucasusta.it/2011/04/precari-le-proposte-di-italia-futura-una-sfida-per-il-governo-ma-anche-per-la-sinistra-conservatrice/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Verso Nord ammicca a Italia Futura Cacciari vuole Montezemolo premier\". Corriere del Veneto. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/veneto/notizie/politica/2010/4-novembre-2010/verso-nord-ammicca-italia-futura-cacciari-vuole-montezemolo-premier-1804094113083.shtml","url_text":"\"Verso Nord ammicca a Italia Futura Cacciari vuole Montezemolo premier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montezemolo prepara una lista Aspetta di sapere quando si vota\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 4 April 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2011/aprile/04/Montezemolo_prepara_una_lista_Aspetta_co_9_110404010.shtml","url_text":"\"Montezemolo prepara una lista Aspetta di sapere quando si vota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eligendo Archivio - Ministero dell'Interno DAIT\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rymill	John Rymill	["1 Early life","2 Polar career","3 Honours","4 Family","5 Bibliography","6 References"]	Australian explorer (1905–1968) John Riddoch Rymill (13 March 1905 – 7 September 1968) was an Australian polar explorer, who had the rare second clasp added to his Polar Medal. Early life Rymill was born at Penola, South Australia, the second son of Robert Rymill (7 July 1869 – 14 May 1906) and Mary Edith Rymill (née Riddoch), owners of Penola Station, and grandson of Frank Rymill. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School, where he first developed his love of polar literature, and at the Royal Geographical Society in London, where he studied surveying and navigation. Polar career Rymill prepared himself for polar exploration with alpine experience in Europe, flying lessons at the de Havilland Aircraft Co. Ltd, Hendon and courses at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, under Professor Frank Debenham. In 1931 he was appointed to the British Arctic Air Route Expedition to Greenland (1930–31) as surveyor and pilot. He also joined the subsequent 1932-33 East Greenland Expedition led by Gino Watkins and which he led after Watkins' death in Tuttilik Fjord. As a result of these Arctic experiences, Rymill determined to mount an Antarctic expedition to South Graham Land and the Weddell Sea south of Cape Horn, South America. After some difficulties securing sponsorship, he purchased an old sail training ship which he renamed Penola and with volunteer staff from Cambridge University and nine crew supplied by the Royal Navy, sailed to the South Atlantic, where their first base was South Georgia. His British Graham Land Expedition (1934–37) discovered a southern, permanently frozen channel, later named George VI Sound, extending to the Bellingshausen Sea. Honours Rymill Coast in Palmer Land and Rymill Bay in Graham Land, Antarctica, were named after him. The British Service Polar Medal with Arctic bar (1930–31) Antarctic (1934–37) bars Murchison Award (1934) of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal (1938) of the Royal Geographical Society David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society of New York (1939).'The survey work of this expedition constitutes probably the largest contribution of accurately detailed surveys of the Antarctic Continent made by an expedition'. Citation of David Livingstone Centenary Gold Medal Family In 1938, after completing the official account of the expedition Southern Lights, Rymill married Dr. Eleanor Mary Francis (17 June 1911 – 14 April 2003), a geographer whom he had met at Cambridge. They returned to Australia to live at and manage the Old Penola Estate, and Rymill served as a district councillor. During World War II he was commissioned in the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve. He died on 7 September 1968, like his father, as the result of a car accident, survived by his wife and their two sons and was buried at New Penola cemetery. Bibliography Bertram, G.G.L. Antarctica sixty years ago: a reappraisal of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37 Polar Record, 1996, 32 Chapman, F. S., Northern Lights (Lond., 1932) Chapman, F. S. Watkin's Last Expedition (Lond., 1934) Roberts, B.B. The British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37: scientific papers, London, British Museum (Natural History), 1940–41, Vol. 1 Rymill, J.R. et al. Papers, diaries of expedition members (Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge 1937) Rymill, J.R. Southern Lights Malvern, The Knell Press, 1986 References ^ "Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)". Bright Sparcs. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ a b c Béchervaise, John (1988). "Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ East Greenland Expedition (Pan Am) 1932 -33 ^ "Mr Watkins' Expedition to East Greenland, 1932–33". Polar Record. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press: 28–30. 1933. doi:10.1017/S0032247400030138. S2CID 251051734. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Antarctic Exploration". The Border Watch. Mount Gambier, SA: National Library of Australia. 6 June 1953. p. 10. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ "British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37". Scott Polar Research Institute. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ "Perennial Pastures on Old Penola Estate". The Chronicle. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 December 1954. p. 23. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ "Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ^ "Antarctic Obituaries". The Antarctic Circle. Retrieved 19 October 2008. vtePolar explorationArctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest NorthNorth Pole Barentsz Heemskerck Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North magnetic pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris expedition Polaris C. F. Hall Bessels British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard Nansen's Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo Andrée's balloon expedition S. A. Andrée F. Cook SS Roosevelt Peary Henson Sedov Byrd Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen Ellsworth Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov Drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 Georgiy Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov IcelandGreenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Garðar Ingólfr Norse colonization of North America Gunnbjörn Snæbjörn galti Erik the Red Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest PassageNorthern Canada Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East PassageRussian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Heemskerck Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenshtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander Jeannette expedition USS Jeannette De Long Melville Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov expedition Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers Lenin Arktika-class icebreaker Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Antarctic/Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross Abernethy) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen "Heroic Age" Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest IPY · IGYModern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest SouthSouth Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South magnetic pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Cherry-Garrard Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility research station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Netherlands People Australia Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Rymill.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"polar explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_explorer"},{"link_name":"Polar Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Medal"}],"text":"John Riddoch Rymill (13 March 1905 – 7 September 1968) was an Australian polar explorer, who had the rare second clasp added to his Polar Medal.","title":"John Rymill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penola, South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penola,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Frank Rymill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rymill"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"}],"text":"Rymill was born at Penola, South Australia, the second son of Robert Rymill (7 July 1869 – 14 May 1906) and Mary Edith Rymill (née Riddoch), owners of Penola Station, and grandson of Frank Rymill. He was educated at Melbourne Grammar School, where he first developed his love of polar literature, and at the Royal Geographical Society in London, where he studied surveying and navigation.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de Havilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland"},{"link_name":"Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon"},{"link_name":"Scott Polar Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Frank Debenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Debenham"},{"link_name":"British Arctic Air Route Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Arctic_Air_Route_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"1932-33 East Greenland Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932-33_East_Greenland_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Gino Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Watkins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_Am-3"},{"link_name":"Tuttilik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttilik"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJ-4"},{"link_name":"Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Weddell Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Penola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penola_(yacht)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British Graham Land Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Graham_Land_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George VI Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_Sound"},{"link_name":"Bellingshausen Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"}],"text":"Rymill prepared himself for polar exploration with alpine experience in Europe, flying lessons at the de Havilland Aircraft Co. Ltd, Hendon and courses at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, under Professor Frank Debenham. In 1931 he was appointed to the British Arctic Air Route Expedition to Greenland (1930–31) as surveyor and pilot. He also joined the subsequent 1932-33 East Greenland Expedition led by Gino Watkins[3] and which he led after Watkins' death in Tuttilik Fjord.[4]As a result of these Arctic experiences, Rymill determined to mount an Antarctic expedition to South Graham Land and the Weddell Sea south of Cape Horn, South America. After some difficulties securing sponsorship, he purchased an old sail training ship which he renamed Penola and with volunteer staff from Cambridge University and nine crew supplied by the Royal Navy, sailed to the South Atlantic, where their first base was South Georgia.[5] His British Graham Land Expedition (1934–37)[6] discovered a southern, permanently frozen channel, later named George VI Sound, extending to the Bellingshausen Sea.[2]","title":"Polar career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rymill Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymill_Coast"},{"link_name":"Palmer Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Land"},{"link_name":"Rymill Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymill_Bay"},{"link_name":"Graham Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Land"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Polar Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Medal"},{"link_name":"Murchison Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_Award"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"David Livingstone Centenary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone_Centenary_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Rymill Coast in Palmer Land and Rymill Bay in Graham Land, Antarctica, were named after him.The British Service Polar Medal with Arctic bar (1930–31)\nAntarctic (1934–37) bars\nMurchison Award (1934) of the Royal Geographical Society\nFounder's Medal (1938) of the Royal Geographical Society\nDavid Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society of New York (1939).'The survey work of this expedition constitutes probably the largest contribution of accurately detailed surveys of the Antarctic Continent made by an expedition'. Citation of David Livingstone Centenary Gold Medal","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1938, after completing the official account of the expedition Southern Lights, Rymill married Dr. Eleanor Mary Francis (17 June 1911 – 14 April 2003), a geographer whom he had met at Cambridge. They returned to Australia to live at and manage the Old Penola Estate,[7] and Rymill served as a district councillor. During World War II he was commissioned in the Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve. He died on 7 September 1968, like his father, as the result of a car accident, survived by his wife and their two sons and was buried at New Penola cemetery.[2][8][9]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapman, F. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Spencer_Chapman"}],"text":"Bertram, G.G.L. Antarctica sixty years ago: a reappraisal of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37 Polar Record, 1996, 32\nChapman, F. S., Northern Lights (Lond., 1932)\nChapman, F. S. Watkin's Last Expedition (Lond., 1934)\nRoberts, B.B. The British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37: scientific papers, London, British Museum (Natural History), 1940–41, Vol. 1\nRymill, J.R. et al. Papers, diaries of expedition members (Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge 1937)\nRymill, J.R. Southern Lights Malvern, The Knell Press, 1986 [reprint of 1939 edition]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/John_Rymill.jpeg/220px-John_Rymill.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\". Bright Sparcs. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P002031b.htm","url_text":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\""}]},{"reference":"Béchervaise, John (1988). \"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110511b.htm","url_text":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Watkins' Expedition to East Greenland, 1932–33\". Polar Record. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press: 28–30. 1933. doi:10.1017/S0032247400030138. S2CID 251051734. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5615156","url_text":"\"Mr Watkins' Expedition to East Greenland, 1932–33\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Record","url_text":"Polar Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400030138","url_text":"10.1017/S0032247400030138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251051734","url_text":"251051734"}]},{"reference":"\"Antarctic Exploration\". The Border Watch. Mount Gambier, SA: National Library of Australia. 6 June 1953. p. 10. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78649641","url_text":"\"Antarctic Exploration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Border_Watch","url_text":"The Border Watch"}]},{"reference":"\"British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37\". Scott Polar Research Institute. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/expeditions/bgl/","url_text":"\"British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perennial Pastures on Old Penola Estate\". The Chronicle. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 December 1954. p. 23. Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93983618","url_text":"\"Perennial Pastures on Old Penola Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rymill-john-riddoch-8318","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Antarctic Obituaries\". The Antarctic Circle. Retrieved 19 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antarctic-circle.org/obitsPR.htm","url_text":"\"Antarctic Obituaries\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P002031b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\""},{"Link":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110511b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rymill, John Riddoch (1905–1968)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"http://www.freezeframe.ac.uk/resources/expeditions/arctic/east-greenland-expedition-pan-am-1932/east-greenland-expedition-1932","external_links_name":"East Greenland Expedition (Pan Am) 1932 -33"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5615156","external_links_name":"\"Mr Watkins' Expedition to East Greenland, 1932–33\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400030138","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0032247400030138"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251051734","external_links_name":"251051734"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78649641","external_links_name":"\"Antarctic Exploration\""},{"Link":"http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/expeditions/bgl/","external_links_name":"\"British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-37\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93983618","external_links_name":"\"Perennial Pastures on Old Penola Estate\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rymill-john-riddoch-8318","external_links_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.antarctic-circle.org/obitsPR.htm","external_links_name":"\"Antarctic Obituaries\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/432892/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006398110X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/121149294329080521846","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310282505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99031096","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p157363988","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rymill-john-riddoch-8318","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/964711","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz2bv3","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/094531846","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_web_hosting	Shared web hosting service	["1 Description","2 Shared web hosting services","3 Implementation","3.1 IP-based","3.2 Name-based","3.3 DNS and name servers","4 See also","5 References"]	Type of web hosting service This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shared web hosting service" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onInternet hosting service Full-featured hosting Virtual private server Dedicated hosting Colocation centre Cloud computing Peer-to-peer Web hosting Shared Clustered Application-specific web hosting Blog (comments) Guild hosting service Image Video Wiki farms Application Social network By content format File Image Video Music Other types Remote backup Game server Home server DNS Email vte A shared web hosting service is a web hosting service where many websites reside on one web server connected to the Internet. The overall cost of server maintenance is spread over many customers. By using shared hosting, the website will share a physical server with one or more other websites. Description The service usually includes system administration as it is shared by many users. This is a benefit for users who do not want to deal with it, but a hindrance to power users who want more control. In general, shared hosting will be inappropriate for users who require extensive software development outside what the hosting provider supports. Generally, most applications intended to be on a standard web server work well with a shared web hosting service. On the other hand, shared hosting is cheaper than other types of hosting such as dedicated server hosting. Shared hosting usually has usage limits and hosting providers should have extensive reliability features in place. Shared hosting services typically offer basic web statistics support, email and webmail services, auto script installations, updated PHP and MySQL, and basic after-sale technical support that is included with a monthly subscription. It also typically uses a web-based control panel system. Most of the large hosting companies use their custom-developed control panel or cPanel. Control panels and web interfaces can cause controversy however since web hosting companies sometimes sell the right to use their control panel system to others. Attempting to recreate the functionality of a specific control panel is common, which leads to many lawsuits over patent infringement. Shared web hosting services In shared hosting, the provider is generally responsible for managing servers, installing server software, security updates, technical support, and other aspects of the service. Most servers are based on the Linux operating system (OS) and LAMP. Some providers offer Microsoft Windows-based or FreeBSD-based solutions. Server-side facilities for either operating system have similar functionality (for example: MySQL (database) and many server-side programming languages (such as the widely used PHP programming language) under Linux, or the proprietary SQL Server (database) and ASP.NET programming language under Microsoft Windows. There are thousands of shared hosting providers in the world. They range from "mom-and-pop shops" and small design firms to multimillion-dollar providers with hundreds of thousands of customers. Shared web hosting can also be done privately by sharing the cost of running a server in a colocation center; this is called cooperative hosting. Implementation Shared web hosting can be accomplished in two ways: name-based and Internet Protocol-based (IP-based), although some control panels allow a mix of name-based and IP-based on one server. IP-based In IP-based virtual hosting, also called dedicated IP hosting, each virtual host has a different IP address. The web server is configured with multiple physical network interfaces or virtual network interfaces on the same physical interface. The web server software uses the IP address the client connects to, to determine which website to show the user. Name-based In name-based virtual hosting, also called shared IP hosting, the virtual hosts serve multiple hostnames on a single machine with a single IP address. This is possible because when a web browser requests a resource from a web server using HTTP/1.1 it includes the requested hostname as part of the request. The server uses this information to determine which website to show the user. DNS and name servers Showing how name servers are connected DNS stands for "Domain Name System". The domain name system acts like a large telephone directory and within is the master database, which associates a domain name such with the appropriate IP number. When the domain name is registered/purchased on a particular registrar's "name server", the DNS settings are kept on their server, and in most cases point the domain to the name server of the hosting provider. This name server is where the IP number (currently associated with the domain name) resides. See also Dedicated hosting service Virtual machine Virtual private server Web hosting service Web server References	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web hosting service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"web server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"A shared web hosting service is a web hosting service where many websites reside on one web server connected to the Internet. The overall cost of server maintenance is spread over many customers. By using shared hosting, the website will share a physical server with one or more other websites.","title":"Shared web hosting service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator"},{"link_name":"power users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_user"},{"link_name":"software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"dedicated server hosting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service"},{"link_name":"web statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"webmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmail"},{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"technical support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_support"},{"link_name":"cPanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPanel"}],"text":"The service usually includes system administration as it is shared by many users. This is a benefit for users who do not want to deal with it, but a hindrance to power users who want more control. In general, shared hosting will be inappropriate for users who require extensive software development outside what the hosting provider supports. Generally, most applications intended to be on a standard web server work well with a shared web hosting service. On the other hand, shared hosting is cheaper than other types of hosting such as dedicated server hosting. Shared hosting usually has usage limits and hosting providers should have extensive reliability features in place. Shared hosting services typically offer basic web statistics support, email and webmail services, auto script installations, updated PHP and MySQL, and basic after-sale technical support that is included with a monthly subscription. It also typically uses a web-based control panel system. Most of the large hosting companies use their custom-developed control panel or cPanel. Control panels and web interfaces can cause controversy however since web hosting companies sometimes sell the right to use their control panel system to others. Attempting to recreate the functionality of a specific control panel is common, which leads to many lawsuits over patent infringement.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"LAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"SQL Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server"},{"link_name":"ASP.NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"colocation center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocation_center"}],"text":"In shared hosting, the provider is generally responsible for managing servers, installing server software, security updates, technical support, and other aspects of the service. Most servers are based on the Linux operating system (OS) and LAMP. Some providers offer Microsoft Windows-based or FreeBSD-based solutions. Server-side facilities for either operating system have similar functionality (for example: MySQL (database) and many server-side programming languages (such as the widely used PHP programming language) under Linux, or the proprietary SQL Server (database) and ASP.NET programming language under Microsoft Windows.[citation needed]There are thousands of shared hosting providers in the world.[citation needed] They range from \"mom-and-pop shops\" and small design firms to multimillion-dollar providers with hundreds of thousands of customers.Shared web hosting can also be done privately by sharing the cost of running a server in a colocation center; this is called cooperative hosting.","title":"Shared web hosting services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"}],"text":"Shared web hosting can be accomplished in two ways: name-based and Internet Protocol-based (IP-based), although some control panels allow a mix of name-based and IP-based on one server.","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"}],"sub_title":"IP-based","text":"In IP-based virtual hosting, also called dedicated IP hosting, each virtual host has a different IP address. The web server is configured with multiple physical network interfaces or virtual network interfaces on the same physical interface. The web server software uses the IP address the client connects to, to determine which website to show the user.","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual hosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_hosting"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"web server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"},{"link_name":"HTTP/1.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"}],"sub_title":"Name-based","text":"In name-based virtual hosting, also called shared IP hosting, the virtual hosts serve multiple hostnames on a single machine with a single IP address. This is possible because when a web browser requests a resource from a web server using HTTP/1.1 it includes the requested hostname as part of the request. The server uses this information to determine which website to show the user.","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Showcase_of_nameservers.png"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"telephone directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_directory"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"IP number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"}],"sub_title":"DNS and name servers","text":"Showing how name servers are connectedDNS stands for \"Domain Name System\". The domain name system acts like a large telephone directory and within is the master database, which associates a domain name such with the appropriate IP number. When the domain name is registered/purchased on a particular registrar's \"name server\", the DNS settings are kept on their server, and in most cases point the domain to the name server of the hosting provider. This name server is where the IP number (currently associated with the domain name) resides.","title":"Implementation"}]	[{"image_text":"Showing how name servers are connected","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Showcase_of_nameservers.png/220px-Showcase_of_nameservers.png"}]	[{"title":"Dedicated hosting service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service"},{"title":"Virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"title":"Virtual private server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server"},{"title":"Web hosting service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service"},{"title":"Web server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22","external_links_name":"\"Shared web hosting service\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shared+web+hosting+service%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cass	Edward Cass	["1 Military career","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]	British Army officer (1898–1968) For the British miner, banker and folklorist, see Edward Fletcher Cass. Edward Earnshaw Eden CassNickname(s)"Copper"Born3 March 1898Ravenglass, Cumberland, EnglandDied31 August 1968 (aged 70)AllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1916–1949RankBrigadierService number11988UnitKing's Own Yorkshire Light InfantryCommands held1st Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry11th Infantry Brigade8th Infantry Brigade3rd Infantry Division184th Infantry Brigade114th Infantry BrigadeBattles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsCommander of the Order of the British EmpireDistinguished Service Order & BarMilitary Cross Brigadier Edward Earnshaw Eden Cass CBE, DSO*, MC (3 March 1898 – 31 August 1968) was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War and the Second World War. He was briefly acting General Officer Commanding the 3rd Infantry Division just after the Normandy landings. Military career Educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Cass was commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry on 27 October 1916 during the First World War. He was awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order for his actions on the Western Front. The citation for his MC reads: For conspicuous gallantry and leadership. This officer led his company in the attack straight to its objective, rushing and capturing many machine guns and prisoners. On arrival he reorganised his company, and with another on his right secured a further 400 yards of ground, which he skilfully held and consolidated, repulsing repeated bombing attacks. He set a personal example of the highest order to his company. Promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel, Cass became commanding officer of 1st Battalion The King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in April 1940 and was deployed to Norway in command of his regiment at an early stage of the Second World War. He went on to command the 11th Infantry Brigade in February 1942 and saw action in North Africa, Sicily and Italy. He then became commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade in October 1943 and, having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 23 March 1944, he went ashore with his brigade as part of the 3rd Infantry Division during the Normandy landings. After Major-General Tom Rennie was wounded in action, he briefly served as acting General Officer Commanding the 3rd Division from 13 to 23 June 1944. After that he became commander of 184th Infantry Brigade in February 1945 and then commander of 114th Infantry Brigade in June 1945. He left his command in August 1945 and retired in January 1949. In retirement he became secretary of the National Rifle Association at the National Shooting Centre in Bisley. Bibliography Collins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215. References ^ "No. 29803". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10407. ^ "No. 31219". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 March 1919. p. 3225. ^ "No. 31119". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 January 1919. p. 611. ^ a b c d e "Cass, Edward Earnshaw Eden". Generals.dk. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ "No. 36436". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 March 1944. p. 1362. ^ Joslen, H. F. (2003) . Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1., p. 43 ^ "Edward Earnshaw Eden Cass". Dix Noonan Webb. Retrieved 12 January 2022. External links Generals of World War II	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Fletcher Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fletcher_Cass"},{"link_name":"Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_and_Bar"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"General Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"}],"text":"For the British miner, banker and folklorist, see Edward Fletcher Cass.Brigadier Edward Earnshaw Eden Cass CBE, DSO, MC (3 March 1898 – 31 August 1968) was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War and the Second World War. He was briefly acting General Officer Commanding the 3rd Infantry Division just after the Normandy landings.","title":"Edward Cass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-4"},{"link_name":"11th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Security_Force_Assistance_Brigade"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-4"},{"link_name":"8th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rennie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"184th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184th_(2nd_South_Midland)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"114th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dk-4"},{"link_name":"National Rifle Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Shooting Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Shooting_Centre"},{"link_name":"Bisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisley,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Cass was commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry on 27 October 1916 during the First World War.[1] He was awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order for his actions on the Western Front. The citation for his MC reads:[2]For conspicuous gallantry and leadership. This officer led his company in the attack straight to its objective, rushing and capturing many machine guns and prisoners. On arrival he reorganised his company, and with another on his right secured a further 400 yards of ground, which he skilfully held and consolidated, repulsing repeated bombing attacks. He set a personal example of the highest order to his company.[3]Promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel, Cass became commanding officer of 1st Battalion The King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in April 1940 and was deployed to Norway in command of his regiment at an early stage of the Second World War.[4] He went on to command the 11th Infantry Brigade in February 1942 and saw action in North Africa, Sicily and Italy.[4] He then became commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade in October 1943 and, having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 23 March 1944,[5] he went ashore with his brigade as part of the 3rd Infantry Division during the Normandy landings.[4] After Major-General Tom Rennie was wounded in action, he briefly served as acting General Officer Commanding the 3rd Division from 13 to 23 June 1944.[6] After that he became commander of 184th Infantry Brigade in February 1945 and then commander of 114th Infantry Brigade in June 1945.[4] He left his command in August 1945 and retired in January 1949.[4]In retirement he became secretary of the National Rifle Association at the National Shooting Centre in Bisley.[7]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collins, James Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chandler, David G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandler"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0132036215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0132036215"}],"text":"Collins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Collins, James Lawton; Chandler, David G. (1994). The D-Day Encyclopedia. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0132036215.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawton_Collins_Jr.","url_text":"Collins, James Lawton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Chandler","url_text":"Chandler, David G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0132036215","url_text":"0132036215"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29803\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10407.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29803/supplement/10407","url_text":"\"No. 29803\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31219\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatope	5-cell	["1 Alternative names","2 Geometry","2.1 Structure","2.2 As a configuration","2.3 Coordinates","2.4 Geodesics and rotations","2.5 Boerdijk–Coxeter helix","2.6 Projections","3 Irregular 5-cells","3.1 Orthoschemes","3.2 Isometries","4 Compound","5 Related polytopes and honeycombs","6 Notes","7 Citations","8 References","9 External links"]	Four-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron For the sequence of fifth element numbers of Pascal's triangle, see Pentatope number. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Eliminate explanatory footnotes. Screen readers can put these at the end of the article, which is confusingly out of context. Merge into main prose or drop where content is already covered by a linked article. Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 5-cell(4-simplex)Schlegel diagram(vertices and edges)TypeConvex regular 4-polytopeSchläfli symbol{3,3,3}Coxeter diagramCells5 {3,3} Faces10 {3} Edges10Vertices5Vertex figure(tetrahedron)Petrie polygonpentagonCoxeter groupA4, DualSelf-dualPropertiesconvex, isogonal, isotoxal, isohedralUniform index1 A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a simple rotation Net of five tetrahedra (one hidden) In geometry, the 5-cell is the convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3}. It is a 5-vertex four-dimensional object bounded by five tetrahedral cells. It is also known as a C5, pentachoron, pentatope, pentahedroid, or tetrahedral pyramid. It is the 4-simplex (Coxeter's α 4 {\displaystyle \alpha _{4}} polytope), the simplest possible convex 4-polytope, and is analogous to the tetrahedron in three dimensions and the triangle in two dimensions. The 5-cell is a 4-dimensional pyramid with a tetrahedral base and four tetrahedral sides. The regular 5-cell is bounded by five regular tetrahedra, and is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes (the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids). A regular 5-cell can be constructed from a regular tetrahedron by adding a fifth vertex one edge length distant from all the vertices of the tetrahedron. This cannot be done in 3-dimensional space. The regular 5-cell is a solution to the problem: Make 10 equilateral triangles, all of the same size, using 10 matchsticks, where each side of every triangle is exactly one matchstick, and none of the triangles and matchsticks intersect one another. No solution exists in three dimensions. Alternative names Pentachoron (5-point 4-polytope) Hypertetrahedron (4-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron) 4-simplex (4-dimensional simplex) Tetrahedral pyramid (4-dimensional hyperpyramid with a tetrahedral base) Pentatope Pentahedroid (Henry Parker Manning) Pen (Jonathan Bowers: for pentachoron) Geometry The 5-cell is the 4-dimensional simplex, the simplest possible 4-polytope. As such it is the first in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity). Regular convex 4-polytopes Symmetry group A4 B4 F4 H4 Name 5-cell Hyper-tetrahedron 5-point 16-cell Hyper-octahedron 8-point 8-cell Hyper-cube 16-point 24-cell 24-point 600-cell Hyper-icosahedron 120-point 120-cell Hyper-dodecahedron 600-point Schläfli symbol {3, 3, 3} {3, 3, 4} {4, 3, 3} {3, 4, 3} {3, 3, 5} {5, 3, 3} Coxeter mirrors Mirror dihedrals 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/4 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/4 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/3 𝝅/4 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/5 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/5 𝝅/3 𝝅/3 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 𝝅/2 Graph Vertices 5 tetrahedral 8 octahedral 16 tetrahedral 24 cubical 120 icosahedral 600 tetrahedral Edges 10 triangular 24 square 32 triangular 96 triangular 720 pentagonal 1200 triangular Faces 10 triangles 32 triangles 24 squares 96 triangles 1200 triangles 720 pentagons Cells 5 tetrahedra 16 tetrahedra 8 cubes 24 octahedra 600 tetrahedra 120 dodecahedra Tori 1 5-tetrahedron 2 8-tetrahedron 2 4-cube 4 6-octahedron 20 30-tetrahedron 12 10-dodecahedron Inscribed 120 in 120-cell 675 in 120-cell 2 16-cells 3 8-cells 25 24-cells 10 600-cells Great polygons 2 squares x 3 4 rectangles x 4 4 hexagons x 4 12 decagons x 6 100 irregular hexagons x 4 Petrie polygons 1 pentagon x 2 1 octagon x 3 2 octagons x 4 2 dodecagons x 4 4 30-gons x 6 20 30-gons x 4 Long radius 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} Edge length 5 2 ≈ 1.581 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}\approx 1.581} 2 ≈ 1.414 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.414} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 ϕ ≈ 0.618 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\phi }}\approx 0.618} 1 ϕ 2 2 ≈ 0.270 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{\phi ^{2}{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 0.270} Short radius 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}} 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} 1 2 ≈ 0.707 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2}}}\approx 0.707} ϕ 4 8 ≈ 0.926 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {\phi ^{4}}{8}}}\approx 0.926} ϕ 4 8 ≈ 0.926 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {\phi ^{4}}{8}}}\approx 0.926} Area 10 ( 5 3 8 ) ≈ 10.825 {\displaystyle 10\left({\tfrac {5{\sqrt {3}}}{8}}\right)\approx 10.825} 32 ( 3 4 ) ≈ 27.713 {\displaystyle 32\left({\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{4}}}\right)\approx 27.713} 24 {\displaystyle 24} 96 ( 3 16 ) ≈ 41.569 {\displaystyle 96\left({\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{16}}}\right)\approx 41.569} 1200 ( 3 4 ϕ 2 ) ≈ 198.48 {\displaystyle 1200\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {3}}{4\phi ^{2}}}\right)\approx 198.48} 720 ( 25 + 10 5 8 ϕ 4 ) ≈ 90.366 {\displaystyle 720\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {25+10{\sqrt {5}}}}{8\phi ^{4}}}\right)\approx 90.366} Volume 5 ( 5 5 24 ) ≈ 2.329 {\displaystyle 5\left({\tfrac {5{\sqrt {5}}}{24}}\right)\approx 2.329} 16 ( 1 3 ) ≈ 5.333 {\displaystyle 16\left({\tfrac {1}{3}}\right)\approx 5.333} 8 {\displaystyle 8} 24 ( 2 3 ) ≈ 11.314 {\displaystyle 24\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {2}}{3}}\right)\approx 11.314} 600 ( 2 12 ϕ 3 ) ≈ 16.693 {\displaystyle 600\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {2}}{12\phi ^{3}}}\right)\approx 16.693} 120 ( 15 + 7 5 4 ϕ 6 8 ) ≈ 18.118 {\displaystyle 120\left({\tfrac {15+7{\sqrt {5}}}{4\phi ^{6}{\sqrt {8}}}}\right)\approx 18.118} 4-Content 5 24 ( 5 2 ) 4 ≈ 0.146 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {5}}{24}}\left({\tfrac {\sqrt {5}}{2}}\right)^{4}\approx 0.146} 2 3 ≈ 0.667 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}\approx 0.667} 1 {\displaystyle 1} 2 {\displaystyle 2} Short × Vol 4 ≈ 3.863 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {{\text{Short}}\times {\text{Vol}}}{4}}\approx 3.863} Short × Vol 4 ≈ 4.193 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {{\text{Short}}\times {\text{Vol}}}{4}}\approx 4.193} A 5-cell is formed by any five points which are not all in the same hyperplane (as a tetrahedron is formed by any four points which are not all in the same plane, and a triangle is formed by any three points which are not all in the same line). Any such five points constitute a 5-cell, though not usually a regular 5-cell. The regular 5-cell is not found within any of the other regular convex 4-polytopes except one: the 600-vertex 120-cell is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells. Structure When a net of five tetrahedra is folded up in 4-dimensional space such that each tetrahedron is face bonded to the other four, the resulting 5-cell has a total of 5 vertices, 10 edges and 10 faces. Four edges meet at each vertex, and three tetrahedral cells meet at each edge. The 5-cell is self-dual (as are all simplexes), and its vertex figure is the tetrahedron. Its maximal intersection with 3-dimensional space is the triangular prism. Its dihedral angle is cos−1(1/4), or approximately 75.52°. The convex hull of two 5-cells in dual configuration is the disphenoidal 30-cell, dual of the bitruncated 5-cell. As a configuration This configuration matrix represents the 5-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 5-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. This self-dual polytope's matrix is identical to its 180 degree rotation. The k-faces can be read as rows left of the diagonal, while the k-figures are read as rows after the diagonal. Grünbaum's rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975 Element k-face fk f0 f1 f2 f3 k-figs ( ) f0 5 4 6 4 {3,3} { } f1 2 10 3 3 {3} {3} f2 3 3 10 2 { } {3,3} f3 4 6 4 5 ( ) All these elements of the 5-cell are enumerated in Branko Grünbaum's Venn diagram of 5 points, which is literally an illustration of the regular 5-cell in projection to the plane. Coordinates The simplest set of Cartesian coordinates is: (2,0,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,0,2), (𝜙,𝜙,𝜙,𝜙), with edge length 2√2, where 𝜙 is the golden ratio. While these coordinates are not origin-centered, subtracting ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) / ( 2 − 1 ϕ ) {\displaystyle (1,1,1,1)/(2-{\tfrac {1}{\phi }})} from each translates the 4-polytope's circumcenter to the origin with radius 2 ( ϕ − 1 / ( 2 − 1 ϕ ) ) = 16 5 ≈ 1.7888 {\displaystyle 2(\phi -1/(2-{\tfrac {1}{\phi }}))={\sqrt {\tfrac {16}{5}}}\approx 1.7888} , with the following coordinates: ( 2 ϕ − 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) / ( 1 ϕ − 2 ) {\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {2}{\phi }}-3,1,1,1\right)/({\tfrac {1}{\phi }}-2)} ( 1 , 2 ϕ − 3 , 1 , 1 ) / ( 1 ϕ − 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(1,{\tfrac {2}{\phi }}-3,1,1\right)/({\tfrac {1}{\phi }}-2)} ( 1 , 1 , 2 ϕ − 3 , 1 ) / ( 1 ϕ − 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(1,1,{\tfrac {2}{\phi }}-3,1\right)/({\tfrac {1}{\phi }}-2)} ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 ϕ − 3 ) / ( 1 ϕ − 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(1,1,1,{\tfrac {2}{\phi }}-3\right)/({\tfrac {1}{\phi }}-2)} ( 2 ϕ , 2 ϕ , 2 ϕ , 2 ϕ ) / ( 1 ϕ − 2 ) {\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {2}{\phi }},{\tfrac {2}{\phi }},{\tfrac {2}{\phi }},{\tfrac {2}{\phi }}\right)/({\tfrac {1}{\phi }}-2)} The following set of origin-centered coordinates with the same radius and edge length as above can be seen as a hyperpyramid with a regular tetrahedral base in 3-space: ( 1 , 1 , 1 , − 1 5 ) {\displaystyle \left(1,1,1,{\frac {-1}{\sqrt {5}}}\right)} ( 1 , − 1 , − 1 , − 1 5 ) {\displaystyle \left(1,-1,-1,{\frac {-1}{\sqrt {5}}}\right)} ( − 1 , 1 , − 1 , − 1 5 ) {\displaystyle \left(-1,1,-1,{\frac {-1}{\sqrt {5}}}\right)} ( − 1 , − 1 , 1 , − 1 5 ) {\displaystyle \left(-1,-1,1,{\frac {-1}{\sqrt {5}}}\right)} ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 4 5 ) {\displaystyle \left(0,0,0,{\frac {4}{\sqrt {5}}}\right)} Scaling these or the previous set of coordinates by 5 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {5}}{4}}} give unit-radius origin-centered regular 5-cells with edge lengths 5 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}} . The hyperpyramid has coordinates: ( 5 , 5 , 5 , − 1 ) / 4 {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {5}},-1\right)/4} ( 5 , − 5 , − 5 , − 1 ) / 4 {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {5}},-{\sqrt {5}},-{\sqrt {5}},-1\right)/4} ( − 5 , 5 , − 5 , − 1 ) / 4 {\displaystyle \left(-{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {5}},-{\sqrt {5}},-1\right)/4} ( − 5 , − 5 , 5 , − 1 ) / 4 {\displaystyle \left(-{\sqrt {5}},-{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {5}},-1\right)/4} ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle \left(0,0,0,1\right)} Coordinates for the vertices of another origin-centered regular 5-cell with edge length 2 and radius 8 5 ≈ 1.265 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {8}{5}}}\approx 1.265} are: ( 1 10 , 1 6 , 1 3 , ± 1 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {10}}},\ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {6}}},\ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}},\ \pm 1\right)} ( 1 10 , 1 6 , − 2 3 , 0 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {10}}},\ {\frac {1}{\sqrt {6}}},\ {\frac {-2}{\sqrt {3}}},\ 0\right)} ( 1 10 , − 3 2 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {10}}},\ -{\sqrt {\frac {3}{2}}},\ 0,\ 0\right)} ( − 2 2 5 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle \left(-2{\sqrt {\frac {2}{5}}},\ 0,\ 0,\ 0\right)} Scaling these by 5 8 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{8}}}} to unit-radius and edge length 5 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}} gives: ( 3 , 5 , 10 , ± 30 ) / ( 4 3 ) {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {3}},{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {10}},\pm {\sqrt {30}}\right)/(4{\sqrt {3}})} ( 3 , 5 , − 40 , 0 ) / ( 4 3 ) {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {3}},{\sqrt {5}},-{\sqrt {40}},0\right)/(4{\sqrt {3}})} ( 3 , − 45 , 0 , 0 ) / ( 4 3 ) {\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {3}},-{\sqrt {45}},0,0\right)/(4{\sqrt {3}})} ( − 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle \left(-1,0,0,0\right)} The vertices of a 4-simplex (with edge √2 and radius 1) can be more simply constructed on a hyperplane in 5-space, as (distinct) permutations of (0,0,0,0,1) or (0,1,1,1,1); in these positions it is a facet of, respectively, the 5-orthoplex or the rectified penteract. Geodesics and rotations A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a double rotation.The 5-cell has only digon central planes through vertices. It has 10 digon central planes, where each vertex pair is an edge, not an axis, of the 5-cell. Each digon plane is orthogonal to 3 others, but completely orthogonal to none of them. The characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 5-cell has, as pairs of invariant planes, those 10 digon planes and their completely orthogonal central planes, which are 0-gon planes which intersect no 5-cell vertices. There are only two ways to make a circuit of the 5-cell through all 5 vertices along 5 edges, so there are two discrete Hopf fibrations of the great digons of the 5-cell. Each of the two fibrations corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations which each rotate all 5 vertices in a circuit of period 5. The 5-cell has only two distinct period 5 isoclines (those circles through all 5 vertices), each of which acts as the single isocline of a right rotation and the single isocline of a left rotation in two different fibrations. Below, a spinning 5-cell is visualized with the fourth dimension squashed and displayed as colour. The Clifford torus is depicted in its rectangular (wrapping) form. Visualization of 4D rotations Simply rotating in X-Y plane Simply rotating in Z-W plane Double rotating in X-Y and Z-W planes with angular velocities in a 4:3 ratio Left isoclinic rotation Right isoclinic rotation Boerdijk–Coxeter helix A 5-cell can be constructed as a Boerdijk–Coxeter helix of five chained tetrahedra, folded into a 4-dimensional ring. The 10 triangle faces can be seen in a 2D net within a triangular tiling, with 6 triangles around every vertex, although folding into 4-dimensions causes edges to coincide. The purple edges form a regular pentagon which is the Petrie polygon of the 5-cell. The blue edges connect every second vertex, forming a pentagram which is the Clifford polygon of the 5-cell. The pentagram's blue edges are the chords of the 5-cell's isocline, the circular rotational path its vertices take during an isoclinic rotation, also known as a Clifford displacement. Projections Stereographic projection wireframe (edge projected onto a 3-sphere) The A4 Coxeter plane projects the 5-cell into a regular pentagon and pentagram. The A3 Coxeter plane projection of the 5-cell is that of a square pyramid. The A2 Coxeter plane projection of the regular 5-cell is that of a triangular bipyramid (two tetrahedra joined face-to-face) with the two opposite vertices centered. orthographic projections AkCoxeter plane A4 A3 A2 Graph Dihedral symmetry Projections to 3 dimensions The vertex-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a tetrahedral projection envelope. The closest vertex of the 5-cell projects to the center of the tetrahedron, as shown here in red. The farthest cell projects onto the tetrahedral envelope itself, while the other 4 cells project onto the 4 flattened tetrahedral regions surrounding the central vertex. The edge-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a triangular dipyramidal envelope. The closest edge (shown here in red) projects to the axis of the dipyramid, with the three cells surrounding it projecting to 3 tetrahedral volumes arranged around this axis at 120 degrees to each other. The remaining 2 cells project to the two halves of the dipyramid and are on the far side of the pentatope. The face-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions also has a triangular dipyramidal envelope. The nearest face is shown here in red. The two cells that meet at this face project to the two halves of the dipyramid. The remaining three cells are on the far side of the pentatope from the 4D viewpoint, and are culled from the image for clarity. They are arranged around the central axis of the dipyramid, just as in the edge-first projection. The cell-first projection of the 5-cell into 3 dimensions has a tetrahedral envelope. The nearest cell projects onto the entire envelope, and, from the 4D viewpoint, obscures the other 4 cells; hence, they are not rendered here. Irregular 5-cells In the case of simplexes such as the 5-cell, certain irregular forms are in some sense more fundamental than the regular form. Although regular 5-cells cannot fill 4-space or the regular 4-polytopes, there are irregular 5-cells which do. These characteristic 5-cells are the fundamental domains of the different symmetry groups which give rise to the various 4-polytopes. Orthoschemes A 4-orthoscheme is a 5-cell where all 10 faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 4-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of four perpendicular edges connecting all five vertices in a linear path that makes three right-angled turns. The elements of an orthoscheme are also orthoschemes (just as the elements of a regular simplex are also regular simplexes). Each tetrahedral cell of a 4-orthoscheme is a 3-orthoscheme, and each triangular face is a 2-orthoscheme (a right triangle). Orthoschemes are the characteristic simplexes of the regular polytopes, because each regular polytope is generated by reflections in the bounding facets of its particular characteristic orthoscheme. For example, the special case of the 4-orthoscheme with equal-length perpendicular edges is the characteristic orthoscheme of the 4-cube (also called the tesseract or 8-cell), the 4-dimensional analogue of the 3-dimensional cube. If the three perpendicular edges of the 4-orthoscheme are of unit length, then all its edges are of length √1, √2, √3, or √4, precisely the chord lengths of the unit 4-cube (the lengths of the 4-cube's edges and its various diagonals). Therefore this 4-orthoscheme fits within the 4-cube, and the 4-cube (like every regular convex polytope) can be dissected into instances of its characteristic orthoscheme. A 3-cube dissected into six 3-orthoschemes. Three are left-handed and three are right handed. A left and a right meet at each square face.A 3-orthoscheme is easily illustrated, but a 4-orthoscheme is more difficult to visualize. A 4-orthoscheme is a tetrahedral pyramid with a 3-orthoscheme as its base. It has four more edges than the 3-orthoscheme, joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 5-cell). Pick out any one of the 3-orthoschemes of the six shown in the 3-cube illustration. Notice that it touches four of the cube's eight vertices, and those four vertices are linked by a 3-edge path that makes two right-angled turns. Imagine that this 3-orthoscheme is the base of a 4-orthoscheme, so that from each of those four vertices, an unseen 4-orthoscheme edge connects to a fifth apex vertex (which is outside the 3-cube and does not appear in the illustration at all). Although the four additional edges all reach the same apex vertex, they will all be of different lengths. The first of them, at one end of the 3-edge orthogonal path, extends that path with a fourth orthogonal √1 edge by making a third 90 degree turn and reaching perpendicularly into the fourth dimension to the apex. The second of the four additional edges is a √2 diagonal of a cube face (not of the illustrated 3-cube, but of another of the tesseract's eight 3-cubes). The third additional edge is a √3 diagonal of a 3-cube (again, not the original illustrated 3-cube). The fourth additional edge (at the other end of the orthogonal path) is a long diameter of the tesseract itself, of length √4. It reaches through the exact center of the tesseract to the antipodal vertex (a vertex of the opposing 3-cube), which is the apex. Thus the characteristic 5-cell of the 4-cube has four √1 edges, three √2 edges, two √3 edges, and one √4 edge. The 4-cube can be dissected into 24 such 4-orthoschemes eight different ways, with six 4-orthoschemes surrounding each of four orthogonal √4 tesseract long diameters. The 4-cube can also be dissected into 384 smaller instances of this same characteristic 4-orthoscheme, just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 384 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the 4-cube. More generally, any regular polytope can be dissected into g instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that all meet at the regular polytope's center. The number g is the order of the polytope, the number of reflected instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that comprise the polytope when a single mirror-surfaced orthoscheme instance is reflected in its own facets. More generally still, characteristic simplexes are able to fill uniform polytopes because they possess all the requisite elements of the polytope. They also possess all the requisite angles between elements (from 90 degrees on down). The characteristic simplexes are the genetic codes of polytopes: like a Swiss Army knife, they contain one of everything needed to construct the polytope by replication. Every regular polytope, including the regular 5-cell, has its characteristic orthoscheme. There is a 4-orthoscheme which is the characteristic 5-cell of the regular 5-cell. It is a tetrahedral pyramid based on the characteristic tetrahedron of the regular tetrahedron. The regular 5-cell can be dissected into 120 instances of this characteristic 4-orthoscheme just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 120 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the regular 5-cell. Characteristics of the regular 5-cell edge arc dihedral 𝒍 5 2 ≈ 1.581 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}\approx 1.581} 104°30′40″ π − 2 𝜂 {\displaystyle \pi -2{\text{𝜂}}} 75°29′20″ π − 2 𝟁 {\displaystyle \pi -2{\text{𝟁}}} 𝟀 1 10 ≈ 0.316 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{10}}}\approx 0.316} 75°29′20″ 2 𝜂 {\displaystyle 2{\text{𝜂}}} 60° π 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{3}}} 𝝉 1 30 ≈ 0.183 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{30}}}\approx 0.183} 52°15′20″ π 2 − 𝜂 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}-{\text{𝜂}}} 60° π 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{3}}} 𝟁 2 15 ≈ 0.103 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{15}}}\approx 0.103} 52°15′20″ π 2 − 𝜂 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}-{\text{𝜂}}} 60° π 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{3}}} 0 R 3 / l {\displaystyle _{0}R^{3}/l} 3 20 ≈ 0.387 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{20}}}\approx 0.387} 75°29′20″ 2 𝜂 {\displaystyle 2{\text{𝜂}}} 90° π 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}} 1 R 3 / l {\displaystyle _{1}R^{3}/l} 1 20 ≈ 0.224 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{20}}}\approx 0.224} 52°15′20″ π 2 − 𝜂 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}-{\text{𝜂}}} 90° π 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}} 2 R 3 / l {\displaystyle _{2}R^{3}/l} 1 60 ≈ 0.129 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{60}}}\approx 0.129} 52°15′20″ π 2 − 𝜂 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}-{\text{𝜂}}} 90° π 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}} 0 R 4 / l {\displaystyle _{0}R^{4}/l} 4 25 = 0.4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{25}}}=0.4} 1 R 4 / l {\displaystyle _{1}R^{4}/l} 3 50 ≈ 0.245 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{50}}}\approx 0.245} 2 R 4 / l {\displaystyle _{2}R^{4}/l} 2 43 ≈ 0.216 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{43}}}\approx 0.216} 3 R 4 / l {\displaystyle _{3}R^{4}/l} 1 100 = 0.1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{100}}}=0.1} 𝜼 {\displaystyle {\text{𝜼}}} 37°44′40″ arc sec 4 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {{\text{arc sec }}4}{2}}} The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) of the regular 5-cell has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), which join the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 5-cell). If the regular 5-cell has unit radius and edge length 𝒍 = 5 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {5}{2}}}} , its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths 1 10 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{10}}}} , 1 30 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{30}}}} , 2 15 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{15}}}} around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁), plus 3 20 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{20}}}} , 1 20 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{20}}}} , 1 60 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{60}}}} (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the characteristic radii of the regular tetrahedron), plus 4 25 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{25}}}} , 3 50 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{50}}}} , 2 43 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{43}}}} , 1 100 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{100}}}} (edges which are the characteristic radii of the regular 5-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is 1 30 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{30}}}} , 2 15 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{15}}}} , 1 60 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{60}}}} , 1 100 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{100}}}} , first from a regular 5-cell vertex to a regular 5-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell face center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell tetrahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the regular 5-cell center. Isometries There are many lower symmetry forms of the 5-cell, including these found as uniform polytope vertex figures: Symmetry Order 120 Order 24 Order 12 Order 6 ~+Order 10 Name Regular 5-cell Tetrahedral pyramid Triangular pyramidal pyramid Schläfli {3,3,3} {3,3}∨( ) {3}∨{ } {3}∨( )∨( ) ExampleVertexfigure 5-simplex Truncated 5-simplex Bitruncated 5-simplex Cantitruncated 5-simplex Omnitruncated 4-simplex honeycomb The tetrahedral pyramid is a special case of a 5-cell, a polyhedral pyramid, constructed as a regular tetrahedron base in a 3-space hyperplane, and an apex point above the hyperplane. The four sides of the pyramid are made of triangular pyramid cells. Many uniform 5-polytopes have tetrahedral pyramid vertex figures with Schläfli symbols ( )∨{3,3}. Symmetry , order 24 Schlegeldiagram NameCoxeter { }×{3,3,3} { }×{4,3,3} { }×{5,3,3} t{3,3,3,3} t{4,3,3,3} t{3,4,3,3} Other uniform 5-polytopes have irregular 5-cell vertex figures. The symmetry of a vertex figure of a uniform polytope is represented by removing the ringed nodes of the Coxeter diagram. Symmetry , order 12 , order 6 , order 8 , order 4 Schläfli {3}∨{ } {3}∨( )∨( ) { }∨{ }∨( ) Schlegeldiagram NameCoxeter t12α5 t12γ5 t012α5 t012γ5 t123α5 t123γ5 Symmetry , order 2 , order 2 +, order 1 Schläfli { }∨( )∨( )∨( ) ( )∨( )∨( )∨( )∨( ) Schlegeldiagram NameCoxeter t0123α5 t0123γ5 t0123β5 t01234α5 t01234γ5 Compound The compound of two 5-cells in dual configurations can be seen in this A5 Coxeter plane projection, with a red and blue 5-cell vertices and edges. This compound has ] symmetry, order 240. The intersection of these two 5-cells is a uniform bitruncated 5-cell. = ∩ . This compound can be seen as the 4D analogue of the 2D hexagram {6/2} and the 3D compound of two tetrahedra. Related polytopes and honeycombs The pentachoron (5-cell) is the simplest of 9 uniform polychora constructed from the Coxeter group. Schläfli {3,3,3} t{3,3,3} r{3,3,3} rr{3,3,3} 2t{3,3,3} tr{3,3,3} t0,3{3,3,3} t0,1,3{3,3,3} t0,1,2,3{3,3,3} Coxeter Schlegel 1k2 figures in n dimensions Space Finite Euclidean Hyperbolic n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coxetergroup E3=A2A1 E4=A4 E5=D5 E6 E7 E8 E9 = E ~ 8 {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}_{8}} = E8+ E10 = T ¯ 8 {\displaystyle {\bar {T}}_{8}} = E8++ Coxeterdiagram Symmetry(order) ] Order 12 120 1,920 103,680 2,903,040 696,729,600 ∞ Graph - - Name 1−1,2 102 112 122 132 142 152 162 2k1 figures in n dimensions Space Finite Euclidean Hyperbolic n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coxetergroup E3=A2A1 E4=A4 E5=D5 E6 E7 E8 E9 = E ~ 8 {\displaystyle {\tilde {E}}_{8}} = E8+ E10 = T ¯ 8 {\displaystyle {\bar {T}}_{8}} = E8++ Coxeterdiagram Symmetry ] Order 12 120 384 51,840 2,903,040 696,729,600 ∞ Graph - - Name 2−1,1 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 It is in the {p,3,3} sequence of regular polychora with a tetrahedral vertex figure: the tesseract {4,3,3} and 120-cell {5,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the hexagonal tiling honeycomb {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space. {p,3,3} polytopes Space S3 H3 Form Finite Paracompact Noncompact Name {3,3,3} {4,3,3} {5,3,3} {6,3,3} {7,3,3} {8,3,3} ...{∞,3,3} Image Cells{p,3} {3,3} {4,3} {5,3} {6,3} {7,3} {8,3} {∞,3} It is one of three {3,3,p} regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells, along with the 16-cell {3,3,4} and 600-cell {3,3,5}. The order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb {3,3,6} of hyperbolic space also has tetrahedral cells. {3,3,p} polytopes Space S3 H3 Form Finite Paracompact Noncompact Name {3,3,3} {3,3,4} {3,3,5} {3,3,6} {3,3,7} {3,3,8} ... {3,3,∞} Image Vertexfigure {3,3} {3,4} {3,5} {3,6} {3,7} {3,8} {3,∞} It is self-dual like the 24-cell {3,4,3}, having a palindromic {3,p,3} Schläfli symbol. {3,p,3} polytopes Space S3 H3 Form Finite Compact Paracompact Noncompact {3,p,3} {3,3,3} {3,4,3} {3,5,3} {3,6,3} {3,7,3} {3,8,3} ... {3,∞,3} Image Cells {3,3} {3,4} {3,5} {3,6} {3,7} {3,8} {3,∞} Vertexfigure {3,3} {4,3} {5,3} {6,3} {7,3} {8,3} {∞,3} {p,3,p} regular honeycombs Space S3 Euclidean E3 H3 Form Finite Affine Compact Paracompact Noncompact Name {3,3,3} {4,3,4} {5,3,5} {6,3,6} {7,3,7} {8,3,8} ...{∞,3,∞} Image Cells {3,3} {4,3} {5,3} {6,3} {7,3} {8,3} {∞,3} Vertexfigure {3,3} {3,4} {3,5} {3,6} {3,7} {3,8} {3,∞} Notes ^ a b A 5-cell's 5 vertices form 5 tetrahedral cells face-bonded to each other, with a total of 10 edges and 10 triangular faces. ^ The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. Each greater polytope in the sequence is rounder than its predecessor, enclosing more content within the same radius. The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing configuration matrices or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 5-cell is the 5-point 4-polytope: first in the ascending sequence that runs to the 600-point 4-polytope. ^ The regular 120-cell has a curved 3-dimensional boundary surface consisting of 120 regular dodecahedron cells. It also has 120 disjoint regular 5-cells inscribed in it. These are not 3-dimensional cells but 4-dimensional objects which share the 120-cell's center point, and collectively cover all 600 of its vertices. ^ a b In a polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure, a geodesic path along edges does not lie on an ordinary great circle in a single central plane: each successive edge lies in a different central plane than the previous edge. Nonetheless the edge-path Clifford polygon is the skew chord set of a true geodesic great circle, circling through four dimensions rather than through only two dimensions: but it is not an ordinary "flat" great circle of circumference 2𝝅𝑟, it is an isocline. ^ a b c d e The Schlegel diagram of the 5-cell (at the top of this article) illustrates its tetrahedral vertex figure. Six of the 5-cell's 10 edges are the bounding edges of the Schlegel regular tetrahedron. The other four edges converge at the fifth vertex, at the center of volume of the tetrahedron. Consider any circular geodesic (shortest) path along edges. There are four ways to arrive at a vertex (such as that fifth "central" vertex) traveling along an edge. The 5-cell has exactly two distinct pentagonal geodesic circles in it, and the four arrival directions at a vertex correspond to arriving on one of two circuits, traveling in one of two rotational directions on a circuit. These two geodesic skew pentagons are the 5-cell's two distinct Petrie polygons. In the orthogonal projection graph one appears as the pentagon perimeter (vertex sequence 1 2 3 4 5), and one is the inscribed pentagram (vertex sequence 1 3 5 2 4), but in fact they are identical regular skew pentagons, each of which skews through all 4 dimensions. Each is a different sequence of 5 of the 10 edges, and there are only two such distinct sequences. ^ The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation, by a distinct angle in each of two completely orthogonal rotation planes. There are two special cases of the double rotation, the simple rotation (with one 0° rotation angle) and the isoclinic rotation (with two equal rotation angles). ^ a b c The 5-cell (4-simplex) is unique among regular 4-polytopes in that its isocline chords are its own edges. In the other regular 4-polytopes, the isocline chord is the longer edge of another regular polytope that is inscribed. Another aspect of this uniqueness is that the 5-cell's isocline Clifford polygon (a skew pentagram) and its zig-zag Petrie polygon (a skew pentagon) are exactly the same object; in the other regular 4-polytopes they are quite different. ^ Each edge intersects 6 others (3 at each end) and is disjoint from the other 3, to which it is orthogonal as the edge of a tetrahedron to its opposite edge. ^ a b Each isocline chord (blue pentagram edge) runs from one of the 5 vertices, through the interior volume of one of the 5 tetrahedral cells, through the cell's triangular face opposite the vertex, and then straight on through the volume of the neighboring cell that shares the face, to its vertex opposite the face. The isocline chord is a straight line between the two vertices through the volume of the two cells. As you can see in the illustration, the blue isocline chord does not pass through the exact center of the shared face, but rather through a point closer to one face vertex. There are in fact two different isocline pentagrams in the 5-cell, one of which appears as the blue pentagram in the illustration. Each of these two Clifford pentagrams is a different circular sequence of 5 of the 5-cell's 10 edges. All 10 edges are present in each of the 5 tetrahedral cells: each cell is bounded by 6 of the 10 edges, and has the other 4 of the 10 edges running through its volume as isocline chords, from its 4 vertices and through their 4 opposite faces. ^ A right triangle is a 2-dimensional orthoscheme; orthoschemes are the generalization of right triangles to n dimensions. A 3-dimensional orthoscheme is a tetrahedron with 4 right triangle faces (not necessarily similar). ^ The 4-cube (tesseract) contains eight 3-cubes (so it is also called the 8-cell). Each 3-cube is face-bonded to six others (that entirely surround it), but entirely disjoint from the one other 3-cube which lies opposite and parallel to it on the other side of the 8-cell. ^ The dissection of the 4-cube into 384 4-orthoschemes is 16 of the dissections into 24 4-orthoschemes. First, each 4-cube edge is divided into 2 smaller edges, so each square face is divided into 4 smaller squares, each cubical cell is divided into 8 smaller cubes, and the entire 4-cube is divided into 16 smaller 4-cubes. Then each smaller 4-cube is divided into 24 4-orthoschemes that meet at the center of the original 4-cube. ^ For a regular k-polytope, the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of the characteristic k-orthoscheme is the k-polytope's diagram without the generating point ring. The regular k-polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (k-1)-elements into g instances of its characteristic k-orthoscheme that surround its center, where g is the order of the k-polytope's symmetry group. ^ A regular polytope of dimension k has a characteristic k-orthoscheme, and also a characteristic (k-1)-orthoscheme. A regular 4-polytope has a characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) into which it is subdivided by its (3-dimensional) hyperplanes of symmetry, and also a characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme) into which its surface is subdivided by its cells' (2-dimensional) planes of symmetry. After subdividing its (3-dimensional) surface into characteristic tetrahedra surrounding each cell center, its (4-dimensional) interior can be subdivided into characteristic 5-cells by adding radii joining the vertices of the surface characteristic tetrahedra to the 4-polytope's center. The interior tetrahedra and triangles thus formed will also be orthoschemes. ^ The 120 congruent 4-orthoschemes of the regular 5-cell occur in two mirror-image forms, 60 of each. Each 4-orthoscheme is cell-bonded to 4 others of the opposite chirality (by the 4 of its 5 tetrahedral cells that lie in the interior of the regular 5-cell). If the 60 left-handed 4-orthoschemes are colored red and the 60 right-handed 4-orthoschemes are colored black, each red 5-cell is surrounded by 4 black 5-cells and vice versa, in a pattern 4-dimensionally analogous to a checkerboard (if checkerboards had right triangles instead of squares). ^ a b (Coxeter 1973) uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the golden ratio constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle. ^ The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of a regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets. ^ If the regular 5-cell has radius 2 5 ≈ 0.632 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{5}}}\approx 0.632} and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths 1 3 ≈ 0.577 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{3}}}\approx 0.577} , 1 4 = 0.5 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{4}}}{=}0.5} , 1 12 ≈ 0.289 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{12}}}\approx 0.289} (the exterior right triangle face, the characteristic triangle), plus 3 8 ≈ 0.612 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{8}}}\approx 0.612} , 1 8 ≈ 0.354 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{8}}}\approx 0.354} , 1 24 ≈ 0.204 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{24}}}\approx 0.204} (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron), plus 4 10 ≈ 0.632 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {4}{10}}}\approx 0.632} , 3 20 ≈ 0.387 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {3}{20}}}\approx 0.387} , 1 8.6 ≈ 0.341 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{8.6}}}\approx 0.341} , 1 40 ≈ 0.158 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{40}}}\approx 0.158} (edges that are the characteristic radii of the regular 5-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is 1 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{4}}}} , 1 12 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{12}}}} , 1 24 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{24}}}} , 1 40 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{40}}}} . Citations ^ N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5 Chapter 11: Finite Symmetry Groups, 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups, p.249 ^ Matila Ghyka, The geometry of Art and Life (1977), p.68 ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 120, §7.2. see illustration Fig 7.2A. ^ Category 1: Regular Polychora ^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {p,q,r} in four dimensions; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius. ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 305, Table VII: Regular Compounds in Four Dimensions. ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 12, §1.8. Configurations. ^ "Pen". ^ Coxeter 1991, p. 30, §4.2. The Crystallographic regular polytopes. ^ Banchoff 2013. ^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 198–202, §11.7 Regular figures and their truncations. ^ Kim & Rote 2016, pp. 17–20, §10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups. ^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 130–133, §7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope. ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 130, §7.6; "simplicial subdivision". ^ Coxeter 1973, §3.1 Congruent transformations. ^ a b Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(ii); "5-cell, 𝛼4". ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 139, §7.9 The characteristic simplex. ^ Coxeter 1973, p. 290, Table I(ii); "dihedral angles". References T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900 H.S.M. Coxeter: Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover. p. 120, §7.2. see illustration Fig 7.2A p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5) Coxeter, H.S.M. (1991), Regular Complex Polytopes (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, Kim, Heuna; Rote, G. (2016). "Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions". arXiv:1603.07269 . John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1n1) Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991) N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966) Banchoff, Thomas F. (2013). "Torus Decompostions of Regular Polytopes in 4-space". In Senechal, Marjorie (ed.). Shaping Space. Springer New York. pp. 257–266. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20. ISBN 978-0-387-92713-8. External links Weisstein, Eric W. "Pentatope". MathWorld. Klitzing, Richard. "4D uniform polytopes (polychora) x3o3o3o - pen". Der 5-Zeller (5-cell) Marco Möller's Regular polytopes in R4 (German) Jonathan Bowers, Regular polychora Java3D Applets pyrochoron vteRegular 4-polytopesConvex5-cell8-cell16-cell24-cell120-cell600-cell {3,3,3} pentachoron 4-simplex {4,3,3} tesseract 4-cube {3,3,4} hexadecachoron 4-orthoplex {3,4,3} icositetrachoron octaplex {5,3,3} hecatonicosachoron dodecaplex {3,3,5} hexacosichoron tetraplex Staricosahedral120-cellsmallstellated120-cellgreat120-cellgrand120-cellgreatstellated120-cellgrandstellated120-cellgreat grand120-cellgreaticosahedral120-cellgrand600-cellgreat grandstellated 120-cell {3,5,5/2} icosaplex {5/2,5,3} stellated dodecaplex {5,5/2,5} great dodecaplex {5,3,5/2} grand dodecaplex {5/2,3,5} great stellated dodecaplex {5/2,5,5/2} grand stellated dodecaplex {5,5/2,3} great grand dodecaplex {3,5/2,5} great icosaplex {3,3,5/2} grand tetraplex {5/2,3,3} great grand stellated dodecaplex vteFundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10 Family An Bn I2(p) / Dn E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2 Hn Regular polygon Triangle Square p-gon Hexagon Pentagon Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron Octahedron • Cube Demicube Dodecahedron • Icosahedron Uniform polychoron Pentachoron 16-cell • Tesseract Demitesseract 24-cell 120-cell • 600-cell Uniform 5-polytope 5-simplex 5-orthoplex • 5-cube 5-demicube Uniform 6-polytope 6-simplex 6-orthoplex • 6-cube 6-demicube 122 • 221 Uniform 7-polytope 7-simplex 7-orthoplex • 7-cube 7-demicube 132 • 231 • 321 Uniform 8-polytope 8-simplex 8-orthoplex • 8-cube 8-demicube 142 • 241 • 421 Uniform 9-polytope 9-simplex 9-orthoplex • 9-cube 9-demicube Uniform 10-polytope 10-simplex 10-orthoplex • 10-cube 10-demicube Uniform n-polytope n-simplex n-orthoplex • n-cube n-demicube 1k2 • 2k1 • k21 n-pentagonal polytope Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pentatope number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatope_number"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-cell.gif"},{"link_name":"simple rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(4)#Geometry_of_4D_rotations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-cell_net.png"},{"link_name":"Net of five tetrahedra (one hidden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_(polyhedron)"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"4-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-polytope"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"four-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elements-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120%C2%A77.2._see_illustration_Fig_7.2%3Csmall%3EA%3C/small%3E-4"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"4-dimensional pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyramid"},{"link_name":"regular tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"regular convex 4-polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_convex_4-polytope"},{"link_name":"Platonic solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solids"}],"text":"For the sequence of fifth element numbers of Pascal's triangle, see Pentatope number.A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a simple rotationNet of five tetrahedra (one hidden)In geometry, the 5-cell is the convex 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,3,3}. It is a 5-vertex four-dimensional object bounded by five tetrahedral cells.[a] It is also known as a C5, pentachoron,[1] pentatope, pentahedroid,[2] or tetrahedral pyramid. It is the 4-simplex (Coxeter's \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{4}}\n \n polytope),[3] the simplest possible convex 4-polytope, and is analogous to the tetrahedron in three dimensions and the triangle in two dimensions. The 5-cell is a 4-dimensional pyramid with a tetrahedral base and four tetrahedral sides.The regular 5-cell is bounded by five regular tetrahedra, and is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes (the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids). A regular 5-cell can be constructed from a regular tetrahedron by adding a fifth vertex one edge length distant from all the vertices of the tetrahedron. This cannot be done in 3-dimensional space. The regular 5-cell is a solution to the problem: Make 10 equilateral triangles, all of the same size, using 10 matchsticks, where each side of every triangle is exactly one matchstick, and none of the triangles and matchsticks intersect one another. No solution exists in three dimensions.","title":"5-cell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"hyperpyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyramid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pentachoron (5-point 4-polytope)\nHypertetrahedron (4-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron)\n4-simplex (4-dimensional simplex)\nTetrahedral pyramid (4-dimensional hyperpyramid with a tetrahedral base)\nPentatope\nPentahedroid (Henry Parker Manning)\nPen (Jonathan Bowers: for pentachoron)[4]","title":"Alternative names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"4-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-polytope"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polytopes_ordered_by_size_and_complexity-7"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120-cell"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope_compound"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The 5-cell is the 4-dimensional simplex, the simplest possible 4-polytope. As such it is the first in the sequence of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes (in order of size and complexity).[b]A 5-cell is formed by any five points which are not all in the same hyperplane (as a tetrahedron is formed by any four points which are not all in the same plane, and a triangle is formed by any three points which are not all in the same line). Any such five points constitute a 5-cell, though not usually a regular 5-cell. The regular 5-cell is not found within any of the other regular convex 4-polytopes except one: the 600-vertex 120-cell is a compound of 120 regular 5-cells.[c]","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dual_polytope"},{"link_name":"simplexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"vertex figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertex_figure-11"},{"link_name":"triangular prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"link_name":"dihedral angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"disphenoidal 30-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_5-cell#Disphenoidal_30-cell"},{"link_name":"bitruncated 5-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_5-cell#Bitruncated_5-cell"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"When a net of five tetrahedra is folded up in 4-dimensional space such that each tetrahedron is face bonded to the other four, the resulting 5-cell has a total of 5 vertices, 10 edges and 10 faces. Four edges meet at each vertex, and three tetrahedral cells meet at each edge.The 5-cell is self-dual (as are all simplexes), and its vertex figure is the tetrahedron.[e] Its maximal intersection with 3-dimensional space is the triangular prism. Its dihedral angle is cos−1(1/4), or approximately 75.52°.The convex hull of two 5-cells in dual configuration is the disphenoidal 30-cell, dual of the bitruncated 5-cell.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"configuration matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_4-polytope#As_configurations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter197312%C2%A71.8._Configurations-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"Branko Grünbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum"},{"link_name":"Venn diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram"},{"link_name":"projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Projections"}],"sub_title":"As a configuration","text":"This configuration matrix represents the 5-cell. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, and cells. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 5-cell. The nondiagonal numbers say how many of the column's element occur in or at the row's element. This self-dual polytope's matrix is identical to its 180 degree rotation.[7] The k-faces can be read as rows left of the diagonal, while the k-figures are read as rows after the diagonal.[8]Grünbaum's rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975All these elements of the 5-cell are enumerated in Branko Grünbaum's Venn diagram of 5 points, which is literally an illustration of the regular 5-cell in projection to the plane.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinates"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter199130%C2%A74.2._The_Crystallographic_regular_polytopes-14"},{"link_name":"circumcenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcenter"},{"link_name":"regular tetrahedral base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron#Coordinates_for_a_regular_tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"facet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facet_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"5-orthoplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-orthoplex"},{"link_name":"rectified penteract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified_penteract"}],"sub_title":"Coordinates","text":"The simplest set of Cartesian coordinates is: (2,0,0,0), (0,2,0,0), (0,0,2,0), (0,0,0,2), (𝜙,𝜙,𝜙,𝜙), with edge length 2√2, where 𝜙 is the golden ratio.[9] While these coordinates are not origin-centered, subtracting \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n (\n 2\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,1,1,1)/(2-{\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }})}\n \n from each translates the 4-polytope's circumcenter to the origin with radius \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n ϕ\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n (\n 2\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n )\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n 16\n 5\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 1.7888\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(\\phi -1/(2-{\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}))={\\sqrt {\\tfrac {16}{5}}}\\approx 1.7888}\n \n, with the following coordinates:(\n \n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }}-3,1,1,1\\right)/({\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}-2)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1,{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }}-3,1,1\\right)/({\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}-2)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 3\n ,\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1,1,{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }}-3,1\\right)/({\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}-2)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 3\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1,1,1,{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }}-3\\right)/({\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}-2)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n ϕ\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n ϕ\n \n \n \n −\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }},{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }},{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }},{\\tfrac {2}{\\phi }}\\right)/({\\tfrac {1}{\\phi }}-2)}The following set of origin-centered coordinates with the same radius and edge length as above can be seen as a hyperpyramid with a regular tetrahedral base in 3-space:(\n \n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1,1,1,{\\frac {-1}{\\sqrt {5}}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1,-1,-1,{\\frac {-1}{\\sqrt {5}}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-1,1,-1,{\\frac {-1}{\\sqrt {5}}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-1,-1,1,{\\frac {-1}{\\sqrt {5}}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n \n \n 4\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(0,0,0,{\\frac {4}{\\sqrt {5}}}\\right)}Scaling these or the previous set of coordinates by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {\\sqrt {5}}{4}}}\n \n give unit-radius origin-centered regular 5-cells with edge lengths \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {5}{2}}}}\n \n. The hyperpyramid has coordinates:(\n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\sqrt {5}},{\\sqrt {5}},{\\sqrt {5}},-1\\right)/4}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\sqrt {5}},-{\\sqrt {5}},-{\\sqrt {5}},-1\\right)/4}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-{\\sqrt {5}},{\\sqrt {5}},-{\\sqrt {5}},-1\\right)/4}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-{\\sqrt {5}},-{\\sqrt {5}},{\\sqrt {5}},-1\\right)/4}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(0,0,0,1\\right)}Coordinates for the vertices of another origin-centered regular 5-cell with edge length 2 and radius \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 8\n 5\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 1.265\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {8}{5}}}\\approx 1.265}\n \n are:(\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 10\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 6\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 3\n \n \n \n ,\n \n ±\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {10}}},\\ {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {6}}},\\ {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {3}}},\\ \\pm 1\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 10\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 6\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ,\n \n 0\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {10}}},\\ {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {6}}},\\ {\\frac {-2}{\\sqrt {3}}},\\ 0\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 10\n \n \n \n ,\n \n −\n \n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n \n 0\n ,\n \n 0\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {10}}},\\ -{\\sqrt {\\frac {3}{2}}},\\ 0,\\ 0\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n 5\n \n \n \n ,\n \n 0\n ,\n \n 0\n ,\n \n 0\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-2{\\sqrt {\\frac {2}{5}}},\\ 0,\\ 0,\\ 0\\right)}Scaling these by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {5}{8}}}}\n \n to unit-radius and edge length \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {5}{2}}}}\n \n gives:(\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 10\n \n \n ,\n ±\n \n \n 30\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n 4\n \n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\sqrt {3}},{\\sqrt {5}},{\\sqrt {10}},\\pm {\\sqrt {30}}\\right)/(4{\\sqrt {3}})}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 40\n \n \n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n 4\n \n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\sqrt {3}},{\\sqrt {5}},-{\\sqrt {40}},0\\right)/(4{\\sqrt {3}})}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n \n 45\n \n \n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n (\n 4\n \n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\sqrt {3}},-{\\sqrt {45}},0,0\\right)/(4{\\sqrt {3}})}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n −\n 1\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(-1,0,0,0\\right)}The vertices of a 4-simplex (with edge √2 and radius 1) can be more simply constructed on a hyperplane in 5-space, as (distinct) permutations of (0,0,0,0,1) or (0,1,1,1,1); in these positions it is a facet of, respectively, the 5-orthoplex or the rectified penteract.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-cell-orig.gif"},{"link_name":"double rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(4)#Double_rotations"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"digon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digon"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-non-planar_geodesic_circle_along_edges-10"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"isoclinic rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional_Euclidean_space#Double_rotations"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_circuit"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertex_figure-11"},{"link_name":"Hopf fibrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf_fibration"},{"link_name":"isoclines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges-16"},{"link_name":"Clifford torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus"},{"link_name":"Visualization of 4D rotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional_Euclidean_space#Visualization_of_4D_rotations"}],"sub_title":"Geodesics and rotations","text":"A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a double rotation.[f]The 5-cell has only digon central planes through vertices. It has 10 digon central planes, where each vertex pair is an edge, not an axis, of the 5-cell.[d] Each digon plane is orthogonal to 3 others, but completely orthogonal to none of them.[h] The characteristic isoclinic rotation of the 5-cell has, as pairs of invariant planes, those 10 digon planes and their completely orthogonal central planes, which are 0-gon planes which intersect no 5-cell vertices.There are only two ways to make a circuit of the 5-cell through all 5 vertices along 5 edges,[e] so there are two discrete Hopf fibrations of the great digons of the 5-cell. Each of the two fibrations corresponds to a left-right pair of isoclinic rotations which each rotate all 5 vertices in a circuit of period 5. The 5-cell has only two distinct period 5 isoclines (those circles through all 5 vertices), each of which acts as the single isocline of a right rotation and the single isocline of a left rotation in two different fibrations.[g]Below, a spinning 5-cell is visualized with the fourth dimension squashed and displayed as colour. The Clifford torus is depicted in its rectangular (wrapping) form.Visualization of 4D rotations\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSimply rotating in X-Y plane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSimply rotating in Z-W plane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDouble rotating in X-Y and Z-W planes with angular velocities in a 4:3 ratio\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft isoclinic rotation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRight isoclinic rotation","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boerdijk–Coxeter helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanchoff2013-18"},{"link_name":"triangular tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_tiling"},{"link_name":"regular pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon#Regular_pentagons"},{"link_name":"Petrie polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram"},{"link_name":"isoclinic rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional_Euclidean_space#Double_rotations"},{"link_name":"Clifford displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional_Euclidean_space#Isoclinic_rotations"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifford_polygon-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-cell_5-ring_net.png"}],"sub_title":"Boerdijk–Coxeter helix","text":"A 5-cell can be constructed as a Boerdijk–Coxeter helix of five chained tetrahedra, folded into a 4-dimensional ring.[10] The 10 triangle faces can be seen in a 2D net within a triangular tiling, with 6 triangles around every vertex, although folding into 4-dimensions causes edges to coincide. The purple edges form a regular pentagon which is the Petrie polygon of the 5-cell. The blue edges connect every second vertex, forming a pentagram which is the Clifford polygon of the 5-cell. The pentagram's blue edges are the chords of the 5-cell's isocline, the circular rotational path its vertices take during an isoclinic rotation, also known as a Clifford displacement.[i]","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stereographic_polytope_5cell.png"},{"link_name":"Stereographic projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_projection"},{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon"},{"link_name":"pentagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram"},{"link_name":"square pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_pyramid"},{"link_name":"triangular bipyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_bipyramid"}],"sub_title":"Projections","text":"Stereographic projection wireframe (edge projected onto a 3-sphere)The A4 Coxeter plane projects the 5-cell into a regular pentagon and pentagram. The A3 Coxeter plane projection of the 5-cell is that of a square pyramid. The A2 Coxeter plane projection of the regular 5-cell is that of a triangular bipyramid (two tetrahedra joined face-to-face) with the two opposite vertices centered.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"fundamental domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_domain"},{"link_name":"symmetry groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"}],"text":"In the case of simplexes such as the 5-cell, certain irregular forms are in some sense more fundamental than the regular form. Although regular 5-cells cannot fill 4-space or the regular 4-polytopes, there are irregular 5-cells which do. These characteristic 5-cells are the fundamental domains of the different symmetry groups which give rise to the various 4-polytopes.","title":"Irregular 5-cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"right triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle#By_internal_angles"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elements-1"},{"link_name":"orthoscheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_orthoscheme"},{"link_name":"simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"convex hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"3-orthoscheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron#Orthoschemes"},{"link_name":"characteristic simplexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoscheme#Characteristic_simplex_of_the_general_regular_polytope"},{"link_name":"generated by reflections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973198%E2%80%93202%C2%A711.7_Regular_figures_and_their_truncations-21"},{"link_name":"4-cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-cube"},{"link_name":"chord lengths of the unit 4-cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract#Radial_equilateral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"dissected into instances of its characteristic orthoscheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection_into_orthoschemes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triangulated_cube.svg"},{"link_name":"3-orthoschemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron#Orthoschemes"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyramid"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"long diameter of the tesseract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract#Radial_equilateral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"antipodal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodal_point"},{"link_name":"dissected into 24 such 4-orthoschemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_orthoscheme#Properties"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimRote201617%E2%80%9320%C2%A710_The_Coxeter_Classification_of_Four-Dimensional_Point_Groups-24"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"genetic codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code"},{"link_name":"Swiss Army knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyramid"},{"link_name":"characteristic tetrahedron of the regular tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron#Orthoschemes"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-characteristic_radii-35"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reversed_greek_symbols-34"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Orthoschemes","text":"A 4-orthoscheme is a 5-cell where all 10 faces are right triangles.[a] An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular.[j] In a 4-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of four perpendicular edges connecting all five vertices in a linear path that makes three right-angled turns. The elements of an orthoscheme are also orthoschemes (just as the elements of a regular simplex are also regular simplexes). Each tetrahedral cell of a 4-orthoscheme is a 3-orthoscheme, and each triangular face is a 2-orthoscheme (a right triangle).Orthoschemes are the characteristic simplexes of the regular polytopes, because each regular polytope is generated by reflections in the bounding facets of its particular characteristic orthoscheme.[11] For example, the special case of the 4-orthoscheme with equal-length perpendicular edges is the characteristic orthoscheme of the 4-cube (also called the tesseract or 8-cell), the 4-dimensional analogue of the 3-dimensional cube. If the three perpendicular edges of the 4-orthoscheme are of unit length, then all its edges are of length √1, √2, √3, or √4, precisely the chord lengths of the unit 4-cube (the lengths of the 4-cube's edges and its various diagonals). Therefore this 4-orthoscheme fits within the 4-cube, and the 4-cube (like every regular convex polytope) can be dissected into instances of its characteristic orthoscheme.A 3-cube dissected into six 3-orthoschemes. Three are left-handed and three are right handed. A left and a right meet at each square face.A 3-orthoscheme is easily illustrated, but a 4-orthoscheme is more difficult to visualize. A 4-orthoscheme is a tetrahedral pyramid with a 3-orthoscheme as its base. It has four more edges than the 3-orthoscheme, joining the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 5-cell). Pick out any one of the 3-orthoschemes of the six shown in the 3-cube illustration. Notice that it touches four of the cube's eight vertices, and those four vertices are linked by a 3-edge path that makes two right-angled turns. Imagine that this 3-orthoscheme is the base of a 4-orthoscheme, so that from each of those four vertices, an unseen 4-orthoscheme edge connects to a fifth apex vertex (which is outside the 3-cube and does not appear in the illustration at all). Although the four additional edges all reach the same apex vertex, they will all be of different lengths. The first of them, at one end of the 3-edge orthogonal path, extends that path with a fourth orthogonal √1 edge by making a third 90 degree turn and reaching perpendicularly into the fourth dimension to the apex. The second of the four additional edges is a √2 diagonal of a cube face (not of the illustrated 3-cube, but of another of the tesseract's eight 3-cubes).[k] The third additional edge is a √3 diagonal of a 3-cube (again, not the original illustrated 3-cube). The fourth additional edge (at the other end of the orthogonal path) is a long diameter of the tesseract itself, of length √4. It reaches through the exact center of the tesseract to the antipodal vertex (a vertex of the opposing 3-cube), which is the apex. Thus the characteristic 5-cell of the 4-cube has four √1 edges, three √2 edges, two √3 edges, and one √4 edge.The 4-cube can be dissected into 24 such 4-orthoschemes eight different ways, with six 4-orthoschemes surrounding each of four orthogonal √4 tesseract long diameters. The 4-cube can also be dissected into 384 smaller instances of this same characteristic 4-orthoscheme, just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 384 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the 4-cube.[l]More generally, any regular polytope can be dissected into g instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that all meet at the regular polytope's center.[12] The number g is the order of the polytope, the number of reflected instances of its characteristic orthoscheme that comprise the polytope when a single mirror-surfaced orthoscheme instance is reflected in its own facets.[m] More generally still, characteristic simplexes are able to fill uniform polytopes because they possess all the requisite elements of the polytope. They also possess all the requisite angles between elements (from 90 degrees on down). The characteristic simplexes are the genetic codes of polytopes: like a Swiss Army knife, they contain one of everything needed to construct the polytope by replication.Every regular polytope, including the regular 5-cell, has its characteristic orthoscheme.[n] There is a 4-orthoscheme which is the characteristic 5-cell of the regular 5-cell. It is a tetrahedral pyramid based on the characteristic tetrahedron of the regular tetrahedron. The regular 5-cell can be dissected into 120 instances of this characteristic 4-orthoscheme just one way, by all of its symmetry hyperplanes at once, which divide it into 120 4-orthoschemes that all meet at the center of the regular 5-cell.[o]The characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) of the regular 5-cell has four more edges than its base characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme), which join the four vertices of the base to its apex (the fifth vertex of the 4-orthoscheme, at the center of the regular 5-cell).[q] If the regular 5-cell has unit radius and edge length 𝒍 = \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {5}{2}}}}\n \n, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 10\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{10}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{30}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n 15\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {2}{15}}}}\n \n around its exterior right-triangle face (the edges opposite the characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝉, 𝟁),[p] plus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {3}{20}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{20}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 60\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{60}}}}\n \n (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron, which are the characteristic radii of the regular tetrahedron), plus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n 25\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {4}{25}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n 50\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {3}{50}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n 43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {2}{43}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 100\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{100}}}}\n \n (edges which are the characteristic radii of the regular 5-cell). The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{30}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n 15\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {2}{15}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 60\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{60}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 100\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{100}}}}\n \n, first from a regular 5-cell vertex to a regular 5-cell edge center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell face center, then turning 90° to a regular 5-cell tetrahedral cell center, then turning 90° to the regular 5-cell center.[r]","title":"Irregular 5-cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertex figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"polyhedral pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedral_pyramid"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"triangular pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_pyramid"},{"link_name":"uniform 5-polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_5-polytope"},{"link_name":"vertex figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"},{"link_name":"uniform polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_polytope"}],"sub_title":"Isometries","text":"There are many lower symmetry forms of the 5-cell, including these found as uniform polytope vertex figures:The tetrahedral pyramid is a special case of a 5-cell, a polyhedral pyramid, constructed as a regular tetrahedron base in a 3-space hyperplane, and an apex point above the hyperplane. The four sides of the pyramid are made of triangular pyramid cells.Many uniform 5-polytopes have tetrahedral pyramid vertex figures with Schläfli symbols ( )∨{3,3}.Other uniform 5-polytopes have irregular 5-cell vertex figures. The symmetry of a vertex figure of a uniform polytope is represented by removing the ringed nodes of the Coxeter diagram.","title":"Irregular 5-cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coxeter plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane"},{"link_name":"bitruncated 5-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitruncated_5-cell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compound_dual_5-cells_A5_coxeter_plane.png"},{"link_name":"hexagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram"},{"link_name":"compound of two tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_of_two_tetrahedra"}],"text":"The compound of two 5-cells in dual configurations can be seen in this A5 Coxeter plane projection, with a red and blue 5-cell vertices and edges. This compound has [[3,3,3]] symmetry, order 240. The intersection of these two 5-cells is a uniform bitruncated 5-cell. = ∩ .This compound can be seen as the 4D analogue of the 2D hexagram {6/2} and the 3D compound of two tetrahedra.","title":"Compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniform polychora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_polychoron"},{"link_name":"Coxeter group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"regular polychora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polychora"},{"link_name":"tetrahedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"vertex figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"tesseract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract"},{"link_name":"120-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120-cell"},{"link_name":"hexagonal tiling honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_tiling_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertex_figure-11"},{"link_name":"regular 4-polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_4-polytope"},{"link_name":"16-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-cell"},{"link_name":"600-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-cell"},{"link_name":"order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-6_tetrahedral_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"24-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell"},{"link_name":"palindromic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic"},{"link_name":"Schläfli symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_symbol"}],"text":"The pentachoron (5-cell) is the simplest of 9 uniform polychora constructed from the [3,3,3] Coxeter group.It is in the {p,3,3} sequence of regular polychora with a tetrahedral vertex figure: the tesseract {4,3,3} and 120-cell {5,3,3} of Euclidean 4-space, and the hexagonal tiling honeycomb {6,3,3} of hyperbolic space.[e]It is one of three {3,3,p} regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells, along with the 16-cell {3,3,4} and 600-cell {3,3,5}. The order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb {3,3,6} of hyperbolic space also has tetrahedral cells.It is self-dual like the 24-cell {3,4,3}, having a palindromic {3,p,3} Schläfli symbol.","title":"Related polytopes and honeycombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elements_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-elements_1-1"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-polytopes_ordered_by_size_and_complexity_7-0"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292%E2%80%93293Table_I(ii):_The_sixteen_regular_polytopes_{''p,q,r''}_in_four_dimensions-6"},{"link_name":"configuration matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#As_a_configuration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973305Table_VII:_Regular_Compounds_in_Four_Dimensions-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-non-planar_geodesic_circle_along_edges_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-non-planar_geodesic_circle_along_edges_10-1"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertex_figure-11"},{"link_name":"Clifford polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vertex_figure_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vertex_figure_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vertex_figure_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vertex_figure_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vertex_figure_11-4"},{"link_name":"Schlegel diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlegel_diagram"},{"link_name":"vertex figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-non-planar_geodesic_circle_along_edges-10"},{"link_name":"Petrie polygons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"orthogonal projection graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"general rotation in 4-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional_Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"double rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(4)#Double_rotations"},{"link_name":"simple rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(4)#Simple_rotations"},{"link_name":"isoclinic rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges_16-2"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifford_polygon-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clifford_polygon_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clifford_polygon_19-1"},{"link_name":"blue pentagram edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"the illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boerdijk%E2%80%93Coxeter_helix"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertex_figure-11"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4-simplex_isoclines_are_edges-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Coxeter-Dynkin diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter-Dynkin_diagram"},{"link_name":"generating point ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter-Dynkin_diagram#Application_with_uniform_polytopes"},{"link_name":"symmetry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973130%E2%80%93133%C2%A77.6_The_symmetry_group_of_the_general_regular_polytope-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973130%C2%A77.6-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973%C2%A73.1_Congruent_transformations-29"},{"link_name":"chirality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reversed_greek_symbols_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reversed_greek_symbols_34-1"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-characteristic_radii_35-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292%E2%80%93293Table_I(ii);_%225-cell,_%F0%9D%9B%BC%3Csub%3E4%3C/sub%3E%22-31"}],"text":"^ a b A 5-cell's 5 vertices form 5 tetrahedral cells face-bonded to each other, with a total of 10 edges and 10 triangular faces.\n\n^ The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius. Each greater polytope in the sequence is rounder than its predecessor, enclosing more content[5] within the same radius. The 4-simplex (5-cell) is the limit smallest case, and the 120-cell is the largest. Complexity (as measured by comparing configuration matrices or simply the number of vertices) follows the same ordering. This provides an alternative numerical naming scheme for regular polytopes in which the 5-cell is the 5-point 4-polytope: first in the ascending sequence that runs to the 600-point 4-polytope.\n\n^ The regular 120-cell has a curved 3-dimensional boundary surface consisting of 120 regular dodecahedron cells. It also has 120 disjoint regular 5-cells inscribed in it.[6] These are not 3-dimensional cells but 4-dimensional objects which share the 120-cell's center point, and collectively cover all 600 of its vertices.\n\n^ a b In a polytope with a tetrahedral vertex figure,[e] a geodesic path along edges does not lie on an ordinary great circle in a single central plane: each successive edge lies in a different central plane than the previous edge. Nonetheless the edge-path Clifford polygon is the skew chord set of a true geodesic great circle, circling through four dimensions rather than through only two dimensions: but it is not an ordinary \"flat\" great circle of circumference 2𝝅𝑟, it is an isocline.[g]\n\n^ a b c d e The Schlegel diagram of the 5-cell (at the top of this article) illustrates its tetrahedral vertex figure. Six of the 5-cell's 10 edges are the bounding edges of the Schlegel regular tetrahedron. The other four edges converge at the fifth vertex, at the center of volume of the tetrahedron. Consider any circular geodesic (shortest) path along edges.[d] There are four ways to arrive at a vertex (such as that fifth \"central\" vertex) traveling along an edge. The 5-cell has exactly two distinct pentagonal geodesic circles in it, and the four arrival directions at a vertex correspond to arriving on one of two circuits, traveling in one of two rotational directions on a circuit. These two geodesic skew pentagons are the 5-cell's two distinct Petrie polygons. In the orthogonal projection graph one appears as the pentagon perimeter (vertex sequence 1 2 3 4 5), and one is the inscribed pentagram (vertex sequence 1 3 5 2 4), but in fact they are identical regular skew pentagons, each of which skews through all 4 dimensions. Each is a different sequence of 5 of the 10 edges, and there are only two such distinct sequences.\n\n^ The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation, by a distinct angle in each of two completely orthogonal rotation planes. There are two special cases of the double rotation, the simple rotation (with one 0° rotation angle) and the isoclinic rotation (with two equal rotation angles).\n\n^ a b c The 5-cell (4-simplex) is unique among regular 4-polytopes in that its isocline chords[i] are its own edges. In the other regular 4-polytopes, the isocline chord is the longer edge of another regular polytope that is inscribed. Another aspect of this uniqueness is that the 5-cell's isocline Clifford polygon (a skew pentagram) and its zig-zag Petrie polygon (a skew pentagon) are exactly the same object; in the other regular 4-polytopes they are quite different.\n\n^ Each edge intersects 6 others (3 at each end) and is disjoint from the other 3, to which it is orthogonal as the edge of a tetrahedron to its opposite edge.\n\n^ a b Each isocline chord (blue pentagram edge) runs from one of the 5 vertices, through the interior volume of one of the 5 tetrahedral cells, through the cell's triangular face opposite the vertex, and then straight on through the volume of the neighboring cell that shares the face, to its vertex opposite the face. The isocline chord is a straight line between the two vertices through the volume of the two cells. As you can see in the illustration, the blue isocline chord does not pass through the exact center of the shared face, but rather through a point closer to one face vertex. There are in fact two different isocline pentagrams in the 5-cell, one of which appears as the blue pentagram in the illustration. Each of these two Clifford pentagrams is a different circular sequence of 5 of the 5-cell's 10 edges.[e] All 10 edges are present in each of the 5 tetrahedral cells: each cell is bounded by 6 of the 10 edges, and has the other 4 of the 10 edges running through its volume as isocline chords, from its 4 vertices and through their 4 opposite faces.[g]\n\n^ A right triangle is a 2-dimensional orthoscheme; orthoschemes are the generalization of right triangles to n dimensions. A 3-dimensional orthoscheme is a tetrahedron with 4 right triangle faces (not necessarily similar).\n\n^ The 4-cube (tesseract) contains eight 3-cubes (so it is also called the 8-cell). Each 3-cube is face-bonded to six others (that entirely surround it), but entirely disjoint from the one other 3-cube which lies opposite and parallel to it on the other side of the 8-cell.\n\n^ The dissection of the 4-cube into 384 4-orthoschemes is 16 of the dissections into 24 4-orthoschemes. First, each 4-cube edge is divided into 2 smaller edges, so each square face is divided into 4 smaller squares, each cubical cell is divided into 8 smaller cubes, and the entire 4-cube is divided into 16 smaller 4-cubes. Then each smaller 4-cube is divided into 24 4-orthoschemes that meet at the center of the original 4-cube.\n\n^ For a regular k-polytope, the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of the characteristic k-orthoscheme is the k-polytope's diagram without the generating point ring. The regular k-polytope is subdivided by its symmetry (k-1)-elements into g instances of its characteristic k-orthoscheme that surround its center, where g is the order of the k-polytope's symmetry group.[13]\n\n^ A regular polytope of dimension k has a characteristic k-orthoscheme, and also a characteristic (k-1)-orthoscheme. A regular 4-polytope has a characteristic 5-cell (4-orthoscheme) into which it is subdivided by its (3-dimensional) hyperplanes of symmetry, and also a characteristic tetrahedron (3-orthoscheme) into which its surface is subdivided by its cells' (2-dimensional) planes of symmetry. After subdividing its (3-dimensional) surface into characteristic tetrahedra surrounding each cell center, its (4-dimensional) interior can be subdivided into characteristic 5-cells by adding radii joining the vertices of the surface characteristic tetrahedra to the 4-polytope's center.[14] The interior tetrahedra and triangles thus formed will also be orthoschemes.\n\n^ The 120 congruent[15] 4-orthoschemes of the regular 5-cell occur in two mirror-image forms, 60 of each. Each 4-orthoscheme is cell-bonded to 4 others of the opposite chirality (by the 4 of its 5 tetrahedral cells that lie in the interior of the regular 5-cell). If the 60 left-handed 4-orthoschemes are colored red and the 60 right-handed 4-orthoschemes are colored black, each red 5-cell is surrounded by 4 black 5-cells and vice versa, in a pattern 4-dimensionally analogous to a checkerboard (if checkerboards had right triangles instead of squares).\n\n^ a b (Coxeter 1973) uses the greek letter 𝝓 (phi) to represent one of the three characteristic angles 𝟀, 𝝓, 𝟁 of a regular polytope. Because 𝝓 is commonly used to represent the golden ratio constant ≈ 1.618, for which Coxeter uses 𝝉 (tau), we reverse Coxeter's conventions, and use 𝝉 to represent the characteristic angle.\n\n^ The four edges of each 4-orthoscheme which meet at the center of a regular 4-polytope are of unequal length, because they are the four characteristic radii of the regular 4-polytope: a vertex radius, an edge center radius, a face center radius, and a cell center radius. The five vertices of the 4-orthoscheme always include one regular 4-polytope vertex, one regular 4-polytope edge center, one regular 4-polytope face center, one regular 4-polytope cell center, and the regular 4-polytope center. Those five vertices (in that order) comprise a path along four mutually perpendicular edges (that makes three right angle turns), the characteristic feature of a 4-orthoscheme. The 4-orthoscheme has five dissimilar 3-orthoscheme facets.\n\n^ If the regular 5-cell has radius \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n 5\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.632\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {2}{5}}}\\approx 0.632}\n \n and edge length 𝒍 = 1, its characteristic 5-cell's ten edges have lengths \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.577\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{3}}}\\approx 0.577}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n 0.5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{4}}}{=}0.5}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 12\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.289\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{12}}}\\approx 0.289}\n \n (the exterior right triangle face, the characteristic triangle), plus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n 8\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.612\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {3}{8}}}\\approx 0.612}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 8\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.354\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{8}}}\\approx 0.354}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 24\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.204\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{24}}}\\approx 0.204}\n \n (the other three edges of the exterior 3-orthoscheme facet the characteristic tetrahedron), plus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n 10\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.632\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {4}{10}}}\\approx 0.632}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n 20\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.387\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {3}{20}}}\\approx 0.387}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 8.6\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.341\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{8.6}}}\\approx 0.341}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 40\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.158\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{40}}}\\approx 0.158}\n \n (edges that are the characteristic radii of the regular 5-cell).[16] The 4-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{4}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{12}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{24}}}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 40\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\tfrac {1}{40}}}}\n \n.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"N.W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Johnson_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-10340-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10340-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120%C2%A77.2._see_illustration_Fig_7.2%3Csmall%3EA%3C/small%3E_4-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Category 1: Regular Polychora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.polytope.net/hedrondude/regulars.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292%E2%80%93293Table_I(ii):_The_sixteen_regular_polytopes_{''p,q,r''}_in_four_dimensions_6-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973305Table_VII:_Regular_Compounds_in_Four_Dimensions_8-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter197312%C2%A71.8._Configurations_12-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Pen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/pen.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter199130%C2%A74.2._The_Crystallographic_regular_polytopes_14-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanchoff2013_18-0"},{"link_name":"Banchoff 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBanchoff2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973198%E2%80%93202%C2%A711.7_Regular_figures_and_their_truncations_21-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimRote201617%E2%80%9320%C2%A710_The_Coxeter_Classification_of_Four-Dimensional_Point_Groups_24-0"},{"link_name":"Kim & Rote 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKimRote2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973130%E2%80%93133%C2%A77.6_The_symmetry_group_of_the_general_regular_polytope_25-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973130%C2%A77.6_27-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973%C2%A73.1_Congruent_transformations_29-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292%E2%80%93293Table_I(ii);_%225-cell,_%F0%9D%9B%BC%3Csub%3E4%3C/sub%3E%22_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973292%E2%80%93293Table_I(ii);_%225-cell,_%F0%9D%9B%BC%3Csub%3E4%3C/sub%3E%22_31-1"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973139%C2%A77.9_The_characteristic_simplex_32-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973290Table_I(ii);_%22dihedral_angles%22_33-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"}],"text":"^ N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) ISBN 978-1-107-10340-5 Chapter 11: Finite Symmetry Groups, 11.5 Spherical Coxeter groups, p.249\n\n^ Matila Ghyka, The geometry of Art and Life (1977), p.68\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 120, §7.2. see illustration Fig 7.2A.\n\n^ Category 1: Regular Polychora\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(ii): The sixteen regular polytopes {p,q,r} in four dimensions; An invaluable table providing all 20 metrics of each 4-polytope in edge length units. They must be algebraically converted to compare polytopes of unit radius.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 305, Table VII: Regular Compounds in Four Dimensions.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 12, §1.8. Configurations.\n\n^ \"Pen\".\n\n^ Coxeter 1991, p. 30, §4.2. The Crystallographic regular polytopes.\n\n^ Banchoff 2013.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 198–202, §11.7 Regular figures and their truncations.\n\n^ Kim & Rote 2016, pp. 17–20, §10 The Coxeter Classification of Four-Dimensional Point Groups.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 130–133, §7.6 The symmetry group of the general regular polytope.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 130, §7.6; \"simplicial subdivision\".\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, §3.1 Congruent transformations.\n\n^ a b Coxeter 1973, pp. 292–293, Table I(ii); \"5-cell, 𝛼4\".\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 139, §7.9 The characteristic simplex.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 290, Table I(ii); \"dihedral angles\".","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a simple rotation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/5-cell.gif/220px-5-cell.gif"},{"image_text":"Net of five tetrahedra (one hidden)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/5-cell_net.png/220px-5-cell_net.png"},{"image_text":"Grünbaum's rotationally symmetrical 5-set Venn diagram, 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg/220px-Symmetrical_5-set_Venn_diagram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 3D projection of a 5-cell performing a double rotation.[f]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/5-cell-orig.gif/220px-5-cell-orig.gif"},{"image_text":"Stereographic projection wireframe (edge projected onto a 3-sphere)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stereographic_polytope_5cell.png/240px-Stereographic_polytope_5cell.png"},{"image_text":"A 3-cube dissected into six 3-orthoschemes. Three are left-handed and three are right handed. A left and a right meet at each square face.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Triangulated_cube.svg/400px-Triangulated_cube.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pen\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/pen.htm","url_text":"\"Pen\""}]},{"reference":"Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter","url_text":"Coxeter, H.S.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Polytopes_(book)","url_text":"Regular Polytopes"}]},{"reference":"Coxeter, H.S.M. (1991), Regular Complex Polytopes (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter","url_text":"Coxeter, H.S.M."}]},{"reference":"Kim, Heuna; Rote, G. (2016). \"Congruence Testing of Point Sets in 4 Dimensions\". arXiv:1603.07269 [cs.CG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.07269","url_text":"1603.07269"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CG","url_text":"cs.CG"}]},{"reference":"Banchoff, Thomas F. (2013). \"Torus Decompostions of Regular Polytopes in 4-space\". In Senechal, Marjorie (ed.). Shaping Space. Springer New York. pp. 257–266. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20. ISBN 978-0-387-92713-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene","url_text":"Shaping Space"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene/page/n249","url_text":"257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-92714-5_20","url_text":"10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-92713-8","url_text":"978-0-387-92713-8"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Pentatope\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentatope.html","url_text":"\"Pentatope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Klitzing, Richard. \"4D uniform polytopes (polychora) x3o3o3o - pen\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/polychora.htm","url_text":"\"4D uniform polytopes (polychora) x3o3o3o - pen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.polytope.net/hedrondude/regulars.htm","external_links_name":"Category 1: Regular Polychora"},{"Link":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/incmats/pen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pen\""},{"Link":"http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471010030.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.07269","external_links_name":"1603.07269"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CG","external_links_name":"cs.CG"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene","external_links_name":"Shaping Space"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shapingspaceexpl00sene/page/n249","external_links_name":"257"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-92714-5_20","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-0-387-92714-5_20"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pentatope.html","external_links_name":"\"Pentatope\""},{"Link":"https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/polychora.htm","external_links_name":"\"4D uniform polytopes (polychora) x3o3o3o - pen\""},{"Link":"http://www.polytope.de/c5.html","external_links_name":"Der 5-Zeller (5-cell)"},{"Link":"http://polytope.net/hedrondude/regulars.htm","external_links_name":"Jonathan Bowers, Regular polychora"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202453/http://public.beuth-hochschule.de/~meiko/pentatope.html","external_links_name":"Java3D Applets"},{"Link":"http://hi.gher.space/wiki/Pyrochoron","external_links_name":"pyrochoron"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_with_stroke	K with stroke	["1 Computer encodings","2 See also","3 References"]	Letter of the Latin alphabet Not to be confused with K with stroke and diagonal stroke or Ka with stroke. Latin letter K with stroke K with stroke (Ꝁ, ꝁ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from K with the addition of a bar through the letter. It was used in Latin as an abbreviation for words that start with k. In Old Norse it was used for "konungr" (king) or to abbreviate the word "skulu" (shall) to "sꝁ". It was also found in Latin alphabets of languages in the Soviet Union. Computer encodings Capital and small K with stroke is encoded in Unicode as of version 5.1, at codepoints U+A740 and U+A741. See also Ҟ ҟ: Ka with stroke References ^ "Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). 30 January 2006. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011. ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH STROKE' (U+A740)". Fileformat.info. Retrieved 2 January 2011. ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE' (U+A741)". Fileformat.info. Retrieved 2 January 2011. vteLatin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter K with diacritics Ḱḱ Ǩǩ Ķķ Ḳḳ Ḵḵ Ƙƙ Ⱪⱪ ᶄ Ꝁꝁ Ꝃꝃ Ꝅꝅ Ꞣꞣ Letters using bar or stroke sign ( ◌̵ ,◌̶, ◌̷, ◌̸ ) Ⱥⱥ Ƀƀ Ꞓꞓ Ȼȼ Đđ Ɖɖ Ꟈꟈ Ɇɇ ꬳ Ꞙꞙ Ꞡꞡ Ǥǥ Ħħ Ɨ ɨ 𝼚 Ɉɉ Ꝃꝃ Ꞣꞣ Ꝁꝁ Ꝅꝅ Ƚƚ Ⱡⱡ Ꝉꝉ Łłᴌ Ꞥꞥ Ɵɵ Ꝋꝋ Øø Ᵽᵽ Ꝑꝑ Ꝙꝙ Ꝗꝗ Ꞧꞧ Ɍɍ Ꞩꞩ Ꟊꟊ Ⱦⱦ Ŧŧ Ʉʉ Ꞹꞹ Ꝟꝟ Ɏɏ Ƶƶ MultigraphsDigraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Standards ISO/IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography This article related to the Latin alphabet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This phonetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K with stroke and diagonal stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_with_stroke_and_diagonal_stroke"},{"link_name":"Ka with stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_with_stroke"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_letter_K_with_stroke.svg"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabets of languages in the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Not to be confused with K with stroke and diagonal stroke or Ka with stroke.Latin letter K with strokeK with stroke (Ꝁ, ꝁ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from K with the addition of a bar through the letter.It was used in Latin as an abbreviation for words that start with k. In Old Norse it was used for \"konungr\" (king) or to abbreviate the word \"skulu\" (shall) to \"sꝁ\".[1]It was also found in Latin alphabets of languages in the Soviet Union.","title":"K with stroke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Capital and small K with stroke is encoded in Unicode as of version 5.1, at codepoints U+A740 and U+A741.[2][3]","title":"Computer encodings"}]	[{"image_text":"Latin letter K with stroke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Latin_letter_K_with_stroke.svg/220px-Latin_letter_K_with_stroke.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Ka with stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_with_stroke"}]	[{"reference":"\"Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS\" (PDF). 30 January 2006. International Organization for Standardization. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer_framing	Application-layer framing	["1 References","2 See also"]	Protocols constructed at the application layer Application-layer framing or application-level framing (ALF) is a method of allowing an application to use its semantics for the design of its network protocols. This procedure was first proposed by D. D. Clark and David L. Tennenhouse. It works as follows: The application splits the data into useful segments. These segments are called ADUs (application data units). The ADUs can be processed in any order. The lower layers keep the ADU borders. This procedure simplifies the quality of service negotiation and provides a simpler method of error checking. The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an example of where the semantics of the real-time application are used to segment the data. References ^ Clark, D. D. and Tennenhouse, D. L. (1990). Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols. In: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review archive Volume 20, Issue 4 (September 1990), Pages 200 - 208, ISSN 0146-4833. See also Frame (networking) Head-of-line blocking Reliable byte stream This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"network protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocol"},{"link_name":"David L. Tennenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Tennenhouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"quality of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"error checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_checking"},{"link_name":"Real-time Transport Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol"}],"text":"Application-layer framing or application-level framing (ALF) is a method of allowing an application to use its semantics for the design of its network protocols.This procedure was first proposed by D. D. Clark and David L. Tennenhouse.[1] It works as follows:The application splits the data into useful segments.\nThese segments are called ADUs (application data units).\nThe ADUs can be processed in any order.\nThe lower layers keep the ADU borders.This procedure simplifies the quality of service negotiation and provides a simpler method of error checking.The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an example of where the semantics of the real-time application are used to segment the data.","title":"Application-layer framing"}]	[]	[{"title":"Frame (networking)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(networking)"},{"title":"Head-of-line blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking"},{"title":"Reliable byte stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable_byte_stream"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_network.png"},{"title":"computer networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Application-layer_framing&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Compu-network-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Compu-network-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Compu-network-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=99553","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Application-layer_framing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Barnes_(linebacker)	Reggie Barnes (linebacker)	["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 References"]	American football player (born 1969) This article is about the NFL linebacker. For the CFL running back, see Reggie Barnes (running back). American football player Reggie BarnesNo. 50, 56Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1969-10-23) October 23, 1969 (age 54)Arlington, Texas, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:235 lb (107 kg)Career informationHigh school:South Grand Prairie (Grand Prairie, Texas)College:OklahomaUndrafted:1993Career history Pittsburgh Steelers (1993) Dallas Cowboys (1995) Green Bay Packers (1996)* * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards First-team All-Big Eight (1991) Second-team All-Big Eight (1992) Career NFL statisticsGames played:23Tackles:16Fumbles recovered:1Player stats at PFR Reginald Keith Barnes (born October 23, 1969) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma. Early life Barnes attended South Grand Prairie High School. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma. As a freshman, he was a reserve linebacker and tallied 33 tackles. As a sophomore, he was switched from outside linebacker to defensive end, registering 43 tackles. As a junior, he became a full-time starter at defensive end, recording 73 tackles and 9 sacks. As a senior, he started in 9 games, posting 46 tackles and 7 sacks. Professional career Barnes was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers after the 1993 NFL draft. As a rookie, he was a reserve outside linebacker and finished second on the team with 13 special teams tackles. He also had 12 defensive tackles, one quarterback pressure and 2 passes defensed. He had 4 tackles in the eighth game against the Cleveland Browns after replacing an injured Jerry Olsavsky. He filled in at middle linebacker in place of an injured Greg Lloyd during the fifteenth game against the Seattle Seahawks and in the playoffs. He was waived on August 28, 1994. On February 13, 1995, he signed as a free agent with the Dallas Cowboys. He was a reserve player, registering 4 defensive tackles and 7 special teams tackles. He appeared in 7 games and was released on October 19, 1995. The team would go on to win Super Bowl XXX. On January 3, 1996, he was signed as a free agent by the Green Bay Packers. He was released on July 15, 1996. References ^ "Transactions". Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Transactions". Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Transactions". Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Transactions". Retrieved August 29, 2021. vteDallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX champions 8 Troy Aikman 10 Jon Baker 11 Wade Wilson 17 Jason Garrett 18 Chris Boniol 19 John Jett 20 Sherman Williams 21 Deion Sanders 22 Emmitt Smith 23 Robert Bailey 24 Larry Brown (MVP) 25 Scott Case 26 Kevin Smith 27 Greg Tremble 28 Darren Woodson 29 Alundis Brice 31 Brock Marion 36 Dominique Ross 38 David Lang 40 Bill Bates 42 Charlie Williams 43 Greg Briggs 47 Clayton Holmes 48 Daryl Johnston 52 Jim Schwantz 53 Ray Donaldson 54 Darryl Hardy 54 Anthony Fieldings 55 Robert Jones 56 Reggie Barnes 58 Dixon Edwards 59 Darrin Smith 60 Derek Kennard 61 Nate Newton 65 Ron Stone 67 Russell Maryland 68 Michael Batiste 69 George Hegamin 70 Dale Hellestrae 71 Mark Tuinei 73 Larry Allen 78 Leon Lett 79 Erik Williams 81 Ed Hervey 82 Cory Fleming 83 Kendell Watkins 84 Jay Novacek 85 Kevin Williams 86 Eric Bjornson 87 Billy Davis 88 Michael Irvin 90 Oscar Sturgis 91 Darren Benson 92 Tony Tolbert 94 Charles Haley 95 Chad Hennings 96 Shante Carver 98 Godfrey Myles 99 Hurvin McCormack Head coach: Barry Switzer Coaches: Hubbard Alexander Joe Avezzano John Blake Craig Boller Joe Brodsky Dave Campo Jim Eddy Robert Ford Steve Hoffman Hudson Houck Ernie Zampese Mike Zimmer Owner: Jerry Jones	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reggie Barnes (running back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Barnes_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"}],"text":"This article is about the NFL linebacker. For the CFL running back, see Reggie Barnes (running back).American football playerReginald Keith Barnes (born October 23, 1969) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.","title":"Reggie Barnes (linebacker)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Grand Prairie High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Grand_Prairie_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"outside linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"}],"text":"Barnes attended South Grand Prairie High School. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma. As a freshman, he was a reserve linebacker and tallied 33 tackles. As a sophomore, he was switched from outside linebacker to defensive end, registering 43 tackles.As a junior, he became a full-time starter at defensive end, recording 73 tackles and 9 sacks. As a senior, he started in 9 games, posting 46 tackles and 7 sacks.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"1993 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"outside linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"special teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_teams"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Jerry Olsavsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Olsavsky"},{"link_name":"middle linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_linebacker"},{"link_name":"Greg Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"special teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_teams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXX"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Barnes was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers after the 1993 NFL draft. As a rookie, he was a reserve outside linebacker and finished second on the team with 13 special teams tackles. He also had 12 defensive tackles, one quarterback pressure and 2 passes defensed. He had 4 tackles in the eighth game against the Cleveland Browns after replacing an injured Jerry Olsavsky. He filled in at middle linebacker in place of an injured Greg Lloyd during the fifteenth game against the Seattle Seahawks and in the playoffs. He was waived on August 28, 1994.[1]On February 13, 1995, he signed as a free agent with the Dallas Cowboys.[2] He was a reserve player, registering 4 defensive tackles and 7 special teams tackles. He appeared in 7 games and was released on October 19, 1995.[3] The team would go on to win Super Bowl XXX.On January 3, 1996, he was signed as a free agent by the Green Bay Packers. He was released on July 15, 1996.[4]","title":"Professional career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Transactions\". Retrieved August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-08-29-1994241127-story.html","url_text":"\"Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions\". Retrieved August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-03-11-1995070010-story.html","url_text":"\"Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions\". Retrieved August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/20/sports/transactions-769095.html","url_text":"\"Transactions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions\". Retrieved August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/16/sports/transactions-090107.html","url_text":"\"Transactions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/B/BarnRe20.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-08-29-1994241127-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-03-11-1995070010-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/20/sports/transactions-769095.html","external_links_name":"\"Transactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/16/sports/transactions-090107.html","external_links_name":"\"Transactions\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR	WSCR	["1 History","1.1 1920s","1.2 1930s","1.3 1940s","1.4 1950s","1.5 1960s","1.6 1970s","1.7 1980s and 1990s","1.8 The end of WMAQ and launch of \"The Score\"","1.9 WSCR","2 Programming","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	Clear-channel sports radio station in Chicago For other uses, see WSCR (disambiguation). WSCRChicago, IllinoisBroadcast areaChicago metropolitan areaFrequency670 kHzBranding670 The ScoreProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatSports radioAffiliationsBetQL NetworkInfinity Sports NetworkWestwood OneChicago CubsChicago BullsDePaul Blue DemonsIllinois Fighting IlliniOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsWBBM, WBBM-FM, WBMX, WCFS-FM, WUSN, WXRTHistoryFirst air dateApril 12, 1922; 102 years ago (1922-04-12)Former call signsWGU (1922)WMAQ (1922–2000)Call sign meaningScoreTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID25445ClassAPower50,000 wattsTransmitter coordinates41°56′3″N 88°4′24″W / 41.93417°N 88.07333°W / 41.93417; -88.07333 (main)41°56′7″N 88°4′27″W / 41.93528°N 88.07417°W / 41.93528; -88.07417 (auxiliary)Repeater(s)104.3 WBMX-HD2 (Chicago)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/670thescore WSCR (670 AM) – branded 670 The Score – is a commercial sports radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois, and the Chicago metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WSCR is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range in most of the Central United States and part of the Eastern United States. WSCR is the Chicago affiliate for the BetQL Network, Infinity Sports Network, the Fighting Illini Sports Network and the NFL on Westwood One Sports; the flagship station for the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bulls radio networks; and the home of radio personalities David Haugh and Matt Spiegel. The WSCR studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter is in suburban Bloomingdale, diplexed with co-owned WBBM. Besides its main analog transmission, WSCR transmits continuously over a single HD Radio channel using the in-band on-channel standard, simulcasts over the second digital subchannel of WBMX, and streams online via Audacy. Historically, this station carried the call letters WMAQ from October 1922 to August 2000. As the oldest surviving broadcast outlet in Chicago, it was co-founded and operated by the Chicago Daily News and became a charter affiliate of the CBS Radio Network upon their 1927 launch. Purchased by the National Broadcasting Company in 1931, WMAQ was a key station in the NBC Radio Network for nearly six decades, and later started affiliates WMAQ-TV (channel 5) and WMAQ-FM (101.1 FM). A sale to Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1988 resulted in WMAQ becoming an all-news radio station throughout the 1990s. Since 2000, the station has been the third in the Chicago market to use the WSCR call sign and "Score" branding, adopting a format that originated in 1992 on 820 AM, and was heard on 1160 AM from 1997 to 2000. History 1920s On April 12, 1922, the station first signed on as WGU. A joint venture between The Fair Department Store and the Chicago Daily News, WGU's first transmitter sat atop the department store. At the time, the station was broadcasting on 833 kilocycles with a transmitter power of about 100 watts. Just weeks before its inaugural broadcast Walter A. Strong, then business manager of the Daily News, realized the station would need a manager. Strong knew a young woman with some ad agency experience named Judith C. Waller. He called her and said, "I've just bought a radio station; come down and run it." Waller protested that she did not know anything about running a station. Strong replied "neither do I, but come down and we'll find out". Waller was hired in February 1922. She went on to have a long and distinguished career in broadcasting. There are questions as to whether anyone actually heard the station's initial half-hour broadcast, as technical problems forced WGU to shut down the following day. It remained off the air while a new transmitter was ordered. One of the problems with reception of the station was the interference of tall buildings in the area and that it had only about 100 watts of power. The City of Chicago also operated its own radio station with similar call letters, WBU, sharing a frequency with Westinghouse's KYW, which began in Chicago the year before. In an attempt to avoid confusion with the city's station, WGU was assigned the new call letters WMAQ, and to improve reception, its power was increased to 500 watts and it was assigned the clear channel frequency of 750 kilocycles. WMAQ's call letters were first broadcast October 2, 1922, with the inaugural show featuring comedian Ed Wynn. The station's longtime motto "We Must Answer Questions", was derived from this call sign. WMAQ broadcast towers atop La Salle Hotel, where the studios were also located – 1925. Early 1923 records show there were 20 radio stations on the air in Chicago alone. Most of these smaller radio stations faded out because of money issues. The Chicago stations that are or had been on the dial for many years usually had a store, newspaper or organization behind them which was willing and able to weather the early times when many radio stations did not make a profit. WMAQ had the financial backing of the Chicago Daily News and a very capable general manager in Judith Waller. Waller remained in charge of the station until it was purchased by NBC. At that point she became the director of public affairs programming for NBC's central division, holding that title until her retirement in 1957. By early 1923, the Daily News was convinced enough in the power of radio to buy out the Fair Store's 51% interest in the station. The Daily News moved the station and its transmitter to the tallest building in Chicago at the time—the La Salle Hotel on West Washington street in the West Loop. With a new location and new frequency of 670 kilohertz, WMAQ went on the air July 2, 1923. The new frequency however, was not at first clear channel. WMAQ had to share its schedule with another local station, WQJ, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company and the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom on North Clark Street. Rainbo was one of the country's top ballrooms and Calumet's broadcasts brought the company much publicity for its products. The Daily News was not able to buy out WQJ until 1927 to make the 670 frequency exclusively available for WMAQ. Within four weeks after its move, WMAQ obtained the exclusive Chicago rights from American Telephone & Telegraph to broadcast President Warren Harding's address from San Francisco. It also had the rights for his memorial services on August 10, 1923. At the time, it was AT&T's policy to sell the exclusive broadcasting rights for an event to one radio station per city. Shortly before the special event, AT&T would send telegrams to all radio stations, informing them of what event was to take place. The first radio station to respond was then granted the exclusive broadcast rights in that city. WMAQ later broadcast both the 1924 Republican and Democratic conventions by this same arrangement. By 1924, the station took an active interest in broadcasting sporting events, airing the 1924 World Series and convincing William Wrigley to carry all Chicago Cubs home games from Wrigley Field in 1925, the first time one station aired an entire season of Cubs games. Hal Totten, a Daily News sportswriter, was WMAQ's first sportscaster. Beginning in the fall of 1925, college football games from the University of Chicago were also broadcast. WMAQ was the first to carry an intercollegate football game in the United States. The former home of WMAQ and the Chicago Daily News WMAQ became a network affiliate of the NBC Red Network in January 1927. In September 1927, it severed its ties with NBC and joined the new Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) as a charter affiliate. It was one of the 16 stations that aired the first CBS network program on September 18, 1927. Wanting to expand its coverage area, WMAQ needed a new stronger transmitter. A site for it was purchased outside of the city. In 1928, the new station transmitter was constructed in Elmhurst. It was also time to move the studios from the La Salle Hotel. Walter Strong, who by then had become the publisher of the Daily News, had just finished construction of new building for his newspaper that included studio space for WMAQ. By September 1929, the station had moved to Daily News Building at 400 West Madison (today 2 North Riverside Plaza). In April 1930, WMAQ was organized as a subsidiary corporation with Walter Strong as its chairman of the board, and Judith Waller as vice president and station manager. A new radio show called Amos 'n' Andy aired for the first time on WMAQ on March 19, 1928. The actors were no strangers to Chicago radio as their program originally aired on WGN as Sam 'n' Henry. Their first appearance on Chicago radio is said to have been on WLS in the late 1920s. Charles Correll and Freeman Gosden broke with WGN over syndication rights. General manager Judith Waller saw the potential of the radio show and granted these rights to the duo as part of their WMAQ contract. Because WGN owned the rights to the characters Sam and Henry, Gosden and Correll made some revisions to their act and renamed the characters for their new program Amos and Andy. Since WMAQ was affiliated with CBS at the time, Waller tried to convince the network to make Amos 'n' Andy a network program, but there was no interest. NBC brought the program to its Blue Network in the fall of 1929, paying the duo a record $100,000 for the right to broadcast the program. 1930s By 1930, the Daily News began experimenting with mechanical television broadcasting. A published announcement of March 30, 1930, indicated the equipment would be installed and operable within two months. The video signal was to be sent by the shortwave radio station W9XAP, while the audio would be broadcast on the normal WMAQ radio frequency. WMAQ did not receive an experimental license from the Federal Radio Commission to operate station W9XAP until September 2, 1930. The first broadcast of the station actually occurred shortly before this was granted, on August 27, 1930. Only those with special receivers, primarily radio stores which had gotten them from the Daily News, could see the video portion of the broadcast. The station distributed 200 receivers in the city and suburbs. Those at the dealerships saw and heard Bill Hay, the announcer for Amos 'n' Andy, present a variety show, broadcast from the Daily News Building. The man behind this and other early Chicago television broadcasts was Ulises Armand Sanabria, who 2 years before used the WCFL Navy Pier transmitter to provide the video and radio station WIBO for the audio portions of the broadcast. Both the technical limitations and economic climate of the times brought an end to the station's experimental broadcasts in August 1933. It was the beginning of WMAQ-TV, which would not return until after World War II. The Merchandise Mart: WMAQ was here for the years it was owned by NBC. On November 1, 1931, the Daily News sold WMAQ to the National Broadcasting Company. The arrangement originally began as NBC becoming a partner in the station, co-owned with the Daily News. In May of the next year, NBC moved the station from the Daily News Building to the Merchandise Mart, where it had newly built a broadcasting center in 1930. WMAQ remained there until a 1989 move to the NBC Tower. WMAQ became a member of the NBC Red Network, later known as the NBC Radio Network, and remained affiliated with NBC well into the 1990s, even after the station was sold to Westinghouse Broadcasting. On September 15, 1935, WMAQ once again changed transmitter sites. It relocated to Bloomingdale, with its power increasing from 5,000 watts to the maximum 50,000 watts. Clear channels were reassigned in 1934, with Illinois losing a frequency and Pennsylvania gaining it. Preserving its clear channel frequency for KYW meant Westinghouse needed to move it out of Chicago. So Westinghouse moved KYW east to Philadelphia in late 1934, leaving an unneeded transmitter building and site behind, which is where WMAQ relocated its transmitter. WMAQ's new daytime signal provided secondary coverage to most of Illinois, including Peoria and Springfield. It also provided a strong signal to much of southern Wisconsin (with Milwaukee getting a city-grade signal) and almost half of Indiana. At night, it reached most of the eastern three-fourths of North America. Fibber McGee and Molly from Chicago, 1937 WMAQ carried original local and network programming. Marian and Jim Jordan started at WLS in 1927 with The Smith Family. They came to WMAQ, doing a local show called Smackout and later would move on to form Fibber McGee and Molly. The program was produced at WMAQ from 1935 to 1939, when the show moved to California. During its first months on the air, Fibber McGee and Molly was distributed over NBC's Blue Network, which meant that in Chicago the program was produced at WMAQ but heard over WLS, one of three NBC Blue Network affiliates in Chicago at the time. Amos 'n' Andy was also a popular program that continued being broadcast from Chicago until 1938, when the program moved to Hollywood. Both of these shows moved production to the new NBC West Coast Radio City. Edgar Bergen was initially turned down for a radio spot at WMAQ. The station manager felt ventriloquism would not work on radio. That turned out to be a mistake. Bergen received an offer from Rudy Vallee to become a part of his radio show in late 1936. By May 1937, Bergen and his puppet Charlie McCarthy had their own show on the NBC Red Network. Radio from the Merchandise Mart centered around the many studios on the 19th floor. Only one studio, Studio F, was on the 20th. Like its Radio City Rockefeller Center counterpart, there were NBC pages (Bob Sirott was one of them in the late 1960s) and a host of staff announcers. In 1947, Hugh Downs (Today Show and 20/20), Garry Moore (I've Got A Secret) and Durward Kirby (The Garry Moore Show) were on the WMAQ staff, as was Mike Wallace, later of 60 Minutes fame. Dave Garroway (1913–1982) also arrived on the NBC airwaves via WMAQ with his 1160 Club playing big band and jazz music in the 1940s. Garroway was also responsible for organizing a series of local jazz concerts and establishing a Chicago lounge "Jazz Circuit" in 1947 which revived interest in the music genre. In 1948 and 1949, Garroway was voted the nation's top Disk Jockey by his peers in Billboard's annual poll. Garroway would eventually host a number of television shows including the Today Show. 1940s WSCR's transmitter building in Bloomingdale Township In the 1940s, radio stations like WMAQ began playing recorded music during some hours. For many years due to union constraints, all music broadcast on the network was live. Stations in large cities had to maintain full-time orchestras on their payrolls. The organ music which was a part of many of the radio "soap operas" was provided by union musicians. When turntables entered studio control rooms, the musicians were replaced by the turntable operator or "record turner". It was the job of the turntable operator (a member of the American Federation of Musicians), to play any recorded music. The Musician's Union received jurisdiction over the turntables because it was reasoned that each turntable was responsible for five "live" musicians losing their employment. Not until the late 1960s did the union turntable operator leave the control rooms of NBC Chicago. For those who had aspirations of becoming broadcasters, WMAQ was a good place to get started in the medium, even if the job was not on the air. The station encouraged its young employees with dreams of working at a microphone by assisting with tuition for college broadcasting courses and holding workshops at the station where those with stars in their eyes were given the chance to display their skills in a "real world" setting. Herb Kent, a Chicago radio pioneer, first came to work in the mailroom at WMAQ as a young high school graduate in the late 1940s. He credits WMAQ and Hugh Downs, who was then a WMAQ staff announcer, with providing him with the tools and encouragement he needed. After getting some announcing experience, Kent returned to WMAQ, this time on the air as a radio actor. In the mid-1940s, the WMAQ Radio live studios in the Merchandise Mart were converted to TV studios for use by a new television station. Channel 5 signed on the air on October 8, 1948. Its call letters were WNBQ. Those letters combined the initials for National Broadcasting, plus the Q from WMAQ's call sign. That same year, WMAQ also signed on an FM station at 101.1. WMAQ-FM (today WKQX) largely simulcast AM 670 for its first two decades on the air. It broadcast with 24,000 watts with its transmitter atop the Civic Opera Building on North Wacker Drive. The popularity of the radio soap operas which began in Chicago made it necessary for NBC to construct six more radio studios on the 19th floor. WMAQ Radio moved to these smaller studios. Though the NBC Blue Network was sold to American Broadcasting System in 1943, it continued leasing Merchandise Mart space from NBC until its move to the Civic Opera House in 1952. This freed up more space for WMAQ. The station was a leader in the use of helicopters for traffic reports. In 1948, it used a two-man crew in the air to report traffic on the July 4 weekend. The traffic team covered the Chicago area by air, landing to phone in their reports, which were put on the air. In 1949, the station suffered what could have been a crippling blow. Its main antenna at the Bloomingdale transmitter site collapsed. WMAQ was able to stay on the air, but not at its normal 50,000–watt power. While the main antenna was out of service, NBC found a solution with some history to it to get WMAQ back broadcasting at full power. RCA had a tower in storage in one of its New Jersey facilities that was used as part of its 1939 New York World's Fair exhibit. The tower, which originally came from NBC-owned WTAM in Cleveland, was shipped to Chicago and became the acting main antenna. It remains standing today at Bloomingdale site. The station launched a new main antenna tower at Bloomingdale in 1951, which was considered to be one of the tallest tower structures in the U.S. at the time. 1950s In 1950, The Chez Show originated from the Chez Paree nightclub on North Fairbanks in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. It was one of Chicago's top night spots, as many popular celebrities could be found there, either as performers or as patrons. The original hosts of this weekday late-night interview program were Mike Wallace and his wife, Buff Cobb. In 1951, Jack Eigen (1913–1983) took over as host of the program, a position he held for most of the next 20 years. After the Chez Paree closed in the spring of 1960, the program became The Jack Eigen Show and the interviews continued from WMAQ's Studio G, where there was room enough for a small audience, and from Chicago's Sherman House Hotel. The hotel's College Inn was another popular local venue for entertainment and entertainers. Beginning in 1956, the overnight hours were the domain of Holmes "Daddy-O" Daylie (1920–2003), who brought his sense of humor, way with words and musical knowledge to WMAQ as he played cool jazz until dawn. "Daddy-O" was the first African-American hosting a regularly scheduled radio show on a Chicago network owned and operated station. It was WMAQ's Dave Garroway who discovered Daddy-O tending bar in 1947 and suggested he train for work in radio. By 1948, Daddy-O was on the air on Chicago's WAIT. When Garroway discovered Daylie, he was the host of the 1160 Club overnight on WMAQ, also playing jazz. Other performers who would go on to make their mark on local broadcasting got their "break" at WMAQ too. One of them was Ned Locke (1919–1992), who hosted a Saturday children's radio show, Uncle Ned's Flying Squadron, on the station in 1950. His radio work led to his being asked to substitute for the host of a popular weekday children's program on WMAQ-TV. He went on to WGN-TV, where he continued to participate in local children's television. Ned Locke is known best to Chicagoans as "Ringmaster Ned". He assumed that role on the successful and popular Chicago version of Bozo's Circus in 1961. 1960s On May 4, 1964, WMAQ switched from a beautiful music format to a MOR-pop standard format, featuring music by artists such as Andy Williams, Nat King Cole, and Jack Jones. The Jack Eigen Show continued to air late nights. A 1964 campaign asking listeners to vote for Elvis Presley or Chubby Checker was just a publicity stunt, but it was enough to start rumors in the broadcasting and record industries that the station was moving to a Top 40 format. On August 31, 1964, Channel 5 changed its call letters to WMAQ-TV to match WMAQ radio, as the stations emphasized their common NBC ownership. When Floyd Brown joined the staff in 1965, his photo wound up on the cover of the RCA Employee magazine next to one of Bill Cosby, who was starring in I Spy on NBC-TV. Floyd was the first African American hired as a network announcer. A radio veteran, having been involved at the start of Gordon McLendon's WYNR, his smooth voice, his upbeat personality, and his ability to discuss everything from Big Bands to Beatles to Chicago Bears, informed and entertained WMAQ listeners when he became a regular program host. 1970s During the early 1970s, WMAQ aired a format blending music, talk, news and sports, using the on-air name "67-Q". Although the station never shifted completely to Top 40, by the early 1970s, WMAQ's playlist had become comparable to today's hot adult contemporary format. One of WMAQ's first sports talk programs was Sound off on Sports, with Pat Sheridan (1920–2005). Many of the on-air personalities during this time period were well known to listeners from previous radio stations. Clark Weber, Jim Stagg (1935–2007), Joel Sebastian, Tom Murphy, and Howard Miller all spent some time working at WMAQ and previously at WCFL. A 1975 format change to country music saw WMAQ taking on WJJD. The entire WMAQ air staff was replaced. Jim Hill (1929–2005), long-time staff announcer and radio host, moved into the WMAQ-TV announcer's booth where he remained until retiring. The first song played under the new format was "Your Cheatin' Heart" by Hank Williams, Sr. The station's fortunes were helped in no small part by the "WMAQ Is Gonna Make Me Rich!" cash giveaway promotion. The giveaway was eventually used on other NBC-owned radio outlets. WMAQ also served as the flagship station for Chicago White Sox baseball broadcasts throughout the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the Chicago Blackhawks hockey team. This was the era of the "Good Morning Guys", including Pat Cassidy, Lee Sherwood, Bob Tracy, Jerry Taft, and Tim Weigel. 1980s and 1990s NBC Tower, where WMAQ moved in 1989. WSCR also broadcast here before moving to Two Prudential Plaza. By early 1986, WMAQ had begun phasing out country music in favor of talk programming, with the station completing its transition on November 17, 1986. Hosts on the station included Morton Downey Jr. and Chet Coppock. After 57 years, NBC disposed of all of the company's radio stations following RCA's merger with General Electric, with WMAQ being sold to Group W in 1988. This was Westinghouse's third stint at station ownership in the Chicago market, having founded KYW before relocating that station to Philadelphia in 1934, and later with WIND from 1955 to 1985. At 5 a.m. on March 1, 1988, Group W switched WMAQ to an all-news format, patterned after its successful all-news outlets in New York (WINS), Los Angeles (KFWB) and Philadelphia (KYW). The slogan was the same as those other stations: "You Give Us 22 Minutes, We'll Give You The World". Long-time WMAQ morning news anchor Pat Cassidy (later with WBBM) was on the air when the switch was made to all-news. The news staff included two veteran WMAQ reporters, Bill Cameron and Bob Roberts, holdover anchor Nancy Benson, Jay Congdon, Christopher Michael, Lisa Meyer, Larry Langford (son of the late Chicago Ald. Anna Langford), Dave Berner, Mike Doyle, Jim Gudas, Cisco Cotto, John Dempsey, Chris Robling, Mike Krauser, Corrie Wynns and crime reporter Doug Cummings. Chicago news veteran Jim Frank (formerly of WCFL and WIND) was hired as the news director, following a stint at WIOD in Miami. Other news directors included Bonnie Buck (daughter of sports broadcaster Jack Buck) and Krauser, who took the same position at rival WBBM after Viacom shuttered WMAQ and fired the staff. WMAQ was among the first Chicago AM stations to transmit using the Motorola C-QUAM AM stereo standard, even though its format was all-news, not music. The station moved to the new NBC Tower in 1990 with television station WMAQ-TV despite their being owned by different companies. The studios for both stations had been designed by NBC before the sale. Amid stagnant ratings, WMAQ added more long-form news programming and some assorted call-in shows in 1998 and 1999. Cameron and Langford, hosted by City Hall reporter Bill Cameron and police beat reporter Larry Langford, was cancelled in April 1999, but briefly returned in June 2000. An early harbinger of the future sports format was the evening WMAQ Sports Huddle, which premiered in 1993 and competed with all-sports WSCR and WMVP, as well as WGN's Sports Central program. Westinghouse merged with CBS in 1995, making WMAQ a sister station to its all-news rival, WBBM; the merger also paired former all-news rival stations in New York and Los Angeles. CBS' radio stations were spun off into Infinity Broadcasting in 1998; CBS retained an 80% stake in the new company. The end of WMAQ and launch of "The Score" Further information: WYLL and WCPT (AM) Viacom merged with CBS in the spring of 2000, which put the combined company over FCC limits on ownership in Chicago. To consummate the deal, Infinity decided to transfer the format, branding and call letters of WSCR (1160 AM) over to WMAQ, and concentrate exclusively on WBBM's all-news format, while the former WSCR was put up for sale. Despite lower ratings for WSCR, Infinity management wanted to use the move to elevate WSCR's revenue performance to that of their New York City sports outlet WFAN, which had become one of the highest-billing radio stations starting in 1995; a company spokesman also noted that WMAQ's annual billing of $20 million was "not functioning as a successful station" by comparison. While some WMAQ staffers were retained by Infinity and transferred to WBBM, up to 44 reporters, anchors, editors and writers were dismissed; this included Chet Coppock, who frequently sparred on-air with WSCR staff and incumbent morning host Mike North. On August 1, 2000, after 78 years, WMAQ broadcast for the last time with a live sign-off message from nighttime police beat reporter Larry Langford. The traditional NBC chimes were played with a late 50s-mid 60s historic ID that, although inaccurate with the current network association and sister station, was appropriate as it spoke, "This is NBC, the National Broadcasting Company. WMAQ and WMAQ-FM, NBC in Chicago." An announcer then said the official last words: "The final broadcast, the end of Radio 670, WMAQ, Chicago." After the NBC chimes were played one more time and a WMAQ jingle, the era for the station that was "First In Chicago" came to an end. Following the sign-off, WMAQ ran a loop of "Score" promos for six hours before starting a full simulcast of WSCR for a two-week transitional period. As part of this exchange, Infinity changed the WMAQ call sign to WSCR on August 15, 2000; changed the station's format to sports radio; and re-branded the station as "670 The Score". All on- and off-air personnel were concurrently transferred to the new WSCR. In effect, the new WSCR (670 AM) licensed to Chicago became the successor to the previous WSCR (1160 AM) licensed to Chicago—which concurrently changed their call sign to WXRT (AM), then was sold that November to Salem Communications, and now operates as WYLL. The "Score" format, branding and call letters had its origins on the former WSCR (820 AM), which launched on January 2, 1992; the second WSCR on the 1160 AM facility debuted on April 17, 1997. All three iterations of WSCR used the same studios at 4949 West Belmont Avenue in Chicago's Cragin neighborhood—shared with WXRT—from 1992 until moving to the NBC Tower in 2001, using the facilities that WMAQ had vacated a year earlier. WSCR WSCR's main and auxiliary towers in Bloomingdale; former ancient rival and now sister station WBBM moved their transmission to the site in 2019. From 2001 to 2008, the station was the flagship for Chicago Blackhawks hockey, until their move to WGN. WSCR was also the radio home for the Chicago White Sox baseball team from 2006 to 2015, until their departure to WLS at the conclusion of the 2015 season. Viacom, which had acquired the shares in Infinity Broadcasting it did not already own on February 21, 2001, split into two companies at the end of 2005; Infinity became part of CBS Corporation, and in preparation was renamed CBS Radio on December 14, 2005. In 2010, WSCR's studios were moved to Two Prudential Plaza, home to several other CBS Radio stations. The Chicago Cubs made WSCR the flagship of their radio network following the White Sox' departure to WLS. When the Cubs left WGN for CBS Radio following the 2014 season, the Cubs were heard on WBBM 780 AM. A clause in the Cubs' deal with CBS allowed a one-time move to WSCR in the event that the White Sox left the station. The move was officially announced on November 11, 2015. The Cubs' first year on WSCR paid immediate dividends, as the team won the 2016 World Series, its first world championship in 108 years, and the first since the birth of radio and modern communications. On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (the forerunner of present-day Audacy). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th. On January 31, 2018, Entercom announced that WSCR would become the new flagship station for the Chicago Bulls on February 3, 2018, after Cumulus Media nullified its contract with the team to carry games on WLS after Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Programming WSCR is the exclusive Chicago radio outlet for DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball, Chicago Cubs baseball on an extremely delayed broadcast, and Chicago Bulls basketball. WSCR also carries other live sports programming from Infinity Sports Network (formerly CBS Sports Radio) and Westwood One. The Score's long-time listeners, callers, and e-mailers are known as "Score Heads", and often use colorful monikers. The station has also done remote broadcasts from various locations. Starting in 2005, WSCR started airing Sporting News Radio programming overnights. Currently overnight, CBS Sports Radio programming is heard on AM 670. 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July 4, 1964. pp. 14, 44. Retrieved January 18, 2021. ^ a b "WMAQ In Swing to Top Pop". Billboard. May 9, 1964. pp. 3, 6. Retrieved April 26, 2010. ^ "Call Letters Switch". Billboard. September 5, 1964. p. 21. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Wolters, Larry. "WNBQ to Become WMAQ-TV Today", Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1964. Section 1A, p. 6. ^ "Floyd Brown". WGN Radio. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Sarakuskas, Susan (April 23, 2010). "Fox Valley inducts 8 into arts hall of fame". The Daily Herald. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "WMAQ's Floyd Brown Batting 1.000". Billboard. July 25, 1970. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Paige, Earl (October 9, 1971). "WMAQ Keeping Up With MOR; Uses Distinguishable Sound". Billboard. pp. 17, 19. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "Pat Sheridan recalls working with Lloyd Pettit (page 17)". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. November 17, 2003. ^ "Pat Sheridan obituary". Chicago Tribune. June 8, 2005. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "Pat Sheridan, a pioneering Chicago sports talk show host and evening personality on the old WMAQ in the 1970s". Radio Daily News. 2005. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "Jim Stagg obituary-original appeared in The Lake Forester, November 8, 2007". Pioneer Press. November 8, 2007. ^ "Jim Stagg". Life in Legacy. November 10, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2010. ^ "Joel Sebastian, radio disc jockey". Chicago Tribune. January 19, 1986. Retrieved July 31, 2010. ^ "Howard Miller". WMMB, Melbourne, FL. Retrieved March 7, 2010. ^ "WCFL On-Air Line-Ups 1965–1976". Rock Radio Scrapbook. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ "Howard Power". Time. January 31, 1969. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ "WJJD's Sam Hale describes the format change". ReelRadio. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "Vox Jox-WMAQ staff changes for new format". Billboard. December 7, 1974. p. 26. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "NBC Gears WMAQ-AM for Country". Billboard. October 19, 1974. p. 30. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Samuels, Rich. "WMAQ staff announcers". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ Samuels, Rich. "Mart Memories-passing of Jim Hill in 2005". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved April 27, 2010. ^ "Station Profiles", Radio & Records Special Edition: The Best in the Country. 1976. p. 20. Retrieved February 5, 2020. ^ Hurst, Jack. "WMAQ-AM's untimely country retreat", Chicago Tribune. February 4, 1986. Section 5, p. 5. ^ Sullivan, Paul. "As Sun sets on 'Urban Cowboy,' WMAQ talks itself up", Chicago Tribune. June 11, 1986. Section 5, p. 6. ^ Feder, Robert. "Once-mighty AM giants are falling on deaf ears", Chicago Sun-Times. October 21, 1986. p. 56. ^ Feder, Robert. "Ch. 2 backs Jacobson on Trib ad withdrawal", Chicago Sun-Times. November 13, 1986. p. 78. ^ Feder, Robert. "The toast of the town: Wally, Steve make up", Chicago Sun-Times. February 11, 1987. p. 50. ^ Feder, Robert. "WMAQ sale will leave big talkers speechless", Chicago Sun-Times. June 29, 1987. p. 44. ^ Ruane, John. "Sports TV Weekend", Chicago Sun-Times. December 25, 1987. p. 125. ^ Feder, Robert. "WMAQ enters battle in radio-news arena", March 1, 1988. p. 37. ^ "Group W going all-news in Chicago" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 21, 1987. p. 54. Retrieved March 6, 2014. ^ Wischnowsky, Dave (April 29, 2007). "Jim Frank: 1940 – 2007". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 30, 2010. ^ Feder, Robert. "WMAQ adds personality to drive-time news format", Chicago Sun-Times. February 4, 1998. p. 51. ^ Feder, Robert. "WMAQ-AM loosens up afternoon programs", Chicago Sun-Times. April 28, 1999. p. 59. ^ Kirk, Jim. "'Cameron and Langford' to Return", Chicago Tribune. June 20, 2000. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ Nidetz, Steve (September 17, 1993). "WMAQ-AM Joins Long Sports Huddle". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 13, 2017. ^ Johnson, Steve. "Multimedia Reporting Role for Marin", Chicago Tribune. July 15, 1997. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ Gaines, Sallie L. (August 28, 1998). "CBS plans spinoff to bolster its stock". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ "CBS And Viacom Complete Merger", CBS News. April 26, 2000. Retrieved January 25, 2020. ^ Rathbun, Elizabeth A. (August 7, 2000). "WMAQ Says So Long" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. p. 34. Retrieved March 6, 2014. ^ Samuels, Rich (August 1, 2000). "The Demise of WMAQ Radio". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ "audio file of WMAQ's last signoff". Westinghouse Broadcasting. August 1, 2000. Retrieved April 29, 2010. (RealPlayer) ^ Kirk, Jim. "WSCR Now in Pressure Cooker", Chicago Tribune. August 1, 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ Call Sign History, fcc.gov. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ Kilgore, Tomi. "Salem buys WXRT-AM from Infinity", MarketWatch. November 11, 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ Feder, Robert (April 2, 1997). "Score ready to move on Monday afternoon". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ a b Feder, Robert. "WXRT staffers packing up for another station break", WBEZ. February 25, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ Rosenthal, Phil. "Some static expected as 'XRT leaves home", Chicago Tribune. February 8, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Local sports talk radio station prepares to move downtown". The Times of Northwest Indiana. August 1, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ Feder, Robert (June 23, 2015). "WLS wins White Sox radio rights". robertfeder.com. Retrieved June 24, 2016. ^ "Viacom, Infinity seal broadcasting merger". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. February 22, 2001. Retrieved April 19, 2011. ^ "CBS, Viacom Formally Split". CBS News. January 3, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ Goldsmith, Jill (December 14, 2005). "Infinity erases Mel's memory". Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2020. ^ Neil (November 11, 2015). "Cubs Officially Move Radio Broadcasts to 670 The Score". chicagocubsonline.com. Retrieved June 24, 2016. ^ "Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official \| Chicago Sun-Times". Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ "CBS Radio To Merge With Entercom - RadioInsight". February 2, 2017. ^ "Press Archive". Audacy Inc. ^ "Entercom Completes CBS Radio Merger - RadioInsight". ^ "670 The Score Named The Bulls' New Flagship Station". January 31, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ Feder, Robert (January 31, 2018). "Done deal: Bulls pivot to The Score". Robert Feder. Retrieved February 1, 2018. ^ a b Mueller, Jim. "The Buddy System", Chicago Tribune. October 1, 1997. Retrieved January 22, 2020. ^ "Big Doug: Road To Indy", CBS 2 Chicago. October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2020. External links Official website WSCR in the FCC AM station database WSCR in Nielsen Audio's AM station database Old Radio pictures of WMAQ building Rich Samuels WMAQ page Scott Childers on WMAQ History. WMAQ Official Web site from 1999 WMAQ Tower Site of The Week vteRadio stations in Chicago, IllinoisBy AM frequency 560 6701 7201 7801 820 8901 950 10001 1080 1110 1160 1200 1240 1300 1330 1390 1450 1490 1570 1590 1690 By FM frequency 87.72 88.1 WCRX WLTL WNTH WTZI 88.3 WHCM WXAV WZRD 88.5 WGBK WHFH WHPK 88.7 88.9 WARG WIIT WRRG 89.3 WKKC WNUR-FM 90.1 90.7 91.5 92.7 93.1 93.9 94.7 95.5 96.3 97.1 97.9 98.7 99.5 100.3 101.1 101.9 102.7 103.5 104.3 105.1 105.9 106.3 106.7 107.5 107.9 LPFM 98.3 99.1 105.5 107.1 Translators 91.1 95.1 95.9 W240DE W240EH 96.7 97.5 100.7 101.5 103.1 103.9 104.7 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.1-1 89.3-1 89.3-2 90.1-1 90.1-2 90.1-3 90.7-1 91.5-1 91.5-2 93.1-1 93.9-1 93.9-2 94.7-1 94.7-2 95.5-1 95.5-2 96.3-1 96.3-2 97.1-1 97.1-2 98.7-1 99.5-1 100.3-1 100.3-2 101.1-1 101.1-2 101.9-1 101.9-2 102.7-1 102.7-2 103.5-1 103.5-2 104.3-1 104.3-2 105.1-1 105.1-2 105.1-3 105.9-1 105.9-2 106.3-1 106.7-1 107.5-1 107.5-2 By call sign KWO39 W216CL W236CF W240DE W240EH W244BQ W248BB W264BF W268AY W276BM W280EM W284DA WARG WBBM1 WBBM-FM HD2 WBEZ HD2 WBGX WBMX HD2 WCFS-FM HD2 WCGO WCHI-FM HD2 WCKL WCPT WCPY WCRX WCXP-LP WDRV HD2 WEUR WFMT WGBK WGCI-FM HD2 WGN1 WGRB WHFH WHPK WIIT WIND WKKC HD2 WKQX HD2 WKSC-FM HD2 WKTA WLEY-FM WLIT-FM HD2 WLPN-LP WLS1 WLS-FM HD2 WLTL WLUW WMBI-FM HD2 HD3 WMVP1 WNTD WNTH WNUR-FM WNWI WOJO HD2 HD3 WPPN HD2 WQEG-LP WRDZ WRLL WRME-LD2 WRRG WRTE WRTO WSBC WSCR1 WSRB WTBC-FM HD2 WTMX HD2 WTZI WUSN WVAZ HD2 WVON WXAV WXES WXRT WYLL WZQC-LP WZRD Defunct WCEV (1450 AM) WCFJ (1470 AM) WCGO (1600 AM) WCLM (101.9 FM) WCLR (88.3 FM) WCRW (1240 AM) WEDC (1240 AM) WENR WGHC-LP (98.3 FM) WJAZ WMBB-WOK WORD/WCHI (1490 AM) WRLL (1690 AM) WSSD (88.1 FM) WWHN-FM (88.9 FM) Satellite radio local traffic/weather XM Channel 217 Sirius Channel 151 Radio stations in the Chicago metropolitan area Chicago Aurora/Elgin/Wheaton DeKalb Joliet/Morris/Crete Kenosha/Waukegan Northwest Indiana Other nearby regions Benton Harbor-St. Joseph Kankakee LaSalle–Peru Milwaukee-Racine Rockford See also List of radio stations in Illinois Mass media in Chicago Radio stations TV stations Newspapers Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. 2. Audio from channel 6 TV station vteSports Radio Stations in the state of IllinoisStations: WCKG - Elmhurst WDZ - Decatur WFMB - Springfield WFRX - West Frankfort WFXN - Moline WGEM-FM - Quincy WHQQ - Neoga/Effingham WKRS - Waukegan WMVP - Chicago WRTO - Chicago WSCR - Chicago WTAY - Robinson WVIL - Virginia WVLN - Olney WXLT - Christopher WXOS- East St. Louis/St. Louis WYKT - Wilmington WZPN - Glasford/Peoria See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Illinois See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations KAMP KCBS KCSP KDKA KFH KFXX KIFM KIKK KILT KJCE KMBZ KMOX KMTT KNSS KNX KRLD KWOD KXNT KYW KYYS WAAF WAMO** WAOK WAXY WBBM WBEN WCBS WCCO WEEI WFAN WGR WHLL WILK WINS WJFK WJZ WLMZ WMC WMFS WORD WPHT WQAM WRNL WROC WRVA WSCR WSSP WTEM WTIC WVEI WWJ WWKB WWL WWWL WWWS WXYT WYRD FM radio stations KALC KALV-FM KAMX KBZT KCBS-FM KDGS KDKA-FM KEYN-FM KEZK-FM KFBZ KFRC-FM KFRG KFTK-FM KGMZ-FM KGON KHMX KHTP KILT-FM KISW KITS KJKK KKDO KKHH KKMJ-FM KKWF KLLC KLOL KLUC-FM KMBZ-FM KMLE KMNB KMVK KMXB KNDD KNRK KNSS-FM KNX-FM KOOL-FM KQKS KQMT KQRC-FM KRBQ KRBZ KRLD-FM KROQ-FM KRSK KRTH KRXQ KSEG KSFM KSON KSPF KSWD KTWV KUDL KVIL (HD2) KWFN KWJJ-FM KXFG KXQQ-FM KXSN KYCH-FM KYKY KYXY KZJK KZPT WBBM-FM WBEB WBEE-FM WBGB WBMX WBTJ WBZA WBZZ WCBS-FM WCFS-FM WCMF-FM WDAF-FM WDCH-FM† WDOK WDSY-FM WDZH WEEI-FM WEZB WFAN-FM WFBC-FM WFUN-FM WGGY WHHL WIAD WILK-FM WINS-FM WIP-FM WJFK-FM WJMH WJZ-FM WKBU WKIS WKRK-FM WKRZ WKSE WKTK WKXJ WLFP WLIF WLKK WLMG WLMZ-FM WLND WLYF WLZL WMAS-FM WMFS-FM WMHX WMJX WMMM-FM WMXJ WMYX-FM WNCX WNEW-FM WNVZ WOCL WOGL WOLX-FM WOMC WOMX-FM WPAW WPGC-FM WPHI-FM WPOW WPTE WPXY-FM WQAL WQMG WQMP WRCH WROQ WRVQ WRVR WRXL HD2 WRXR-FM WSFS WSKY-FM WSMW WSPA-FM WSTR WTDY-FM WTIC-FM WTPT WTVR-FM WUSN WUSY WVEE WVEI-FM WVKL WWBX WWDE-FM WWEI WWL-FM WWMX WXBK WXRT WXSS WXYT-FM WYCD WYRD-FM WZGC WZMX Radio Networks BetQL Network Infinity Sports Network* Sabres Hockey Network New York Yankees Radio Channel Q Digital properties Audacy Cadence13 Eventful Pineapple Street Studios Play.it See also CBS Radio List of radio stations * = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One. ** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group. † = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement. vteClear-channel stationsThese AM radio stations have a full-power nighttime skywave signal well beyond their daytime groundwave coverage, by international agreements.Canada CBEF CBK CBN CBR CBW CBY CFNV CFRB CFZM CJBC CKAC CKDO CKGM CKWX United States KAAY KBBI KBRW KBYR KCBF KCHU KDKA KDLG KENI KEX KFAB KFAR KFBK KFI KFQD KGO KICY KIRO KJNP KMOX KNBR KNOM KNWN KNX KNZR KOA KOAN KOKC KOTZ KRLD KSL KSTP KTSB KVNT KWKH KXEL KYUK KYW WABC WBAL WBAP WBBM WBBR WBT WBZ WCBS WCCO WCKY WFAN WFED WFME WGN WGY WHAM WHAS WHO WJR WLAC WLS WLW WMVP WOAI WOR WPHT WRVA WSB WSCR WSM WTAM WTIC WWKB WWL WWVA Mexico XEB XECPAE XEG XEMR XEPRS XEQ XERF XEROK XEW XEWA XEWK XEWW XEX Bahamas ZNS-1 By frequency 540 (SK) 540 (S.L.P.) 640 (NL) 640 (CA) 640 (AK) 650 (AK) 650 (TN) 660 (AK) 660 (NY) 670 (AK) 670 (IL) 680 (AK) 680 (CA) 690 (B.C.) 690 (QC) 700 (AK) 700 (OH) 710 (WA) 710 (NY) 720 (AK) 720 (IL) 730 (QC) 730 (CDMX) 740 (ON) 750 (AK) 750 (GA) 760 (MI) 770 (AK) 770 (NY) 780 (AK) 780 (IL) 800 (Chih.) 810 (CA) 810 (NY) 820 (AK) 820 (TX) 830 (MN) 840 (KY) 850 (AK) 850 (CO) 860 (ON) 870 (LA) 880 (NY) 890 (AK) 890 (IL) 900 (CDMX) 940 (CDMX) 940 (QC) 990 (MB) 990 (NL) 1000 (IL) 1000 (WA) 1010 (AB) 1010 (ON) 1020 (AK) 1020 (PA) 1030 (MA) 1040 (IA) 1050 (N.L.) 1060 (PA) 1060 (CDMX) 1070 (CA) 1080 (AK) 1080 (CT) 1080 (TX) 1090 (AR) 1090 (MD) 1090 (B.C.) 1100 (OH) 1110 (NC) 1110 (NE) 1120 (MO) 1130 (BC) 1130 (LA) 1130 (NY) 1140 (VA) 1140 (N.L.) 1160 (UT) 1170 (AK) 1170 (OK) 1170 (WV) 1180 (NY) 1190 (OR) 1190 (Jal.) 1200 (TX) 1210 (PA) 1220 (CDMX) 1500 (DC) 1500 (MN) 1510 (TN) 1520 (NY) 1520 (OK) 1530 (CA) 1530 (OH) 1540 (IA) 1540 (Bah.) 1550 (ON) 1560 (CA) 1560 (NY) 1570 (Coah.) 1580 (ON) See also Daytime-only radio stations vteChicago Cubs Established in 1874 Formerly the Chicago White Stockings, Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago, Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No-hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First-round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field History List of events Renovations Wrigley Rooftops Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Jerry Pritikin Yosh Kawano Life's Greatest Game Alibi Ike Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler The Curse: Cubs Win! Cubs Win! Or Do They? We Believe: Chicago and Its Cubs Arne Harris "Go, Cubs, Go" "Sweet Home Chicago" "All the Way" "Jump" Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street The Winning Team Elmer, the Great Ferris Bueller's Day Off Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural Taking Care of Business A League of Their Own The Cubs Fan's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth's called shot Steve Bartman incident Homer in the Gloamin' 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle's Boner College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident June 23, 1984 game 1998 NL Wild Card tie-breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series 2018 NL Central tie-breaker game 2019 MLB Little League Classic MLB at Field of Dreams 2023 MLB London Series Rivalries Chicago White Sox Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Key personnel Owner: Joe Ricketts family Chairman: Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations/General Manager: Jed Hoyer Manager: Craig Counsell World Series championships (3) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships (17) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 DivisionchampionshipsEast (2) 1984 1989 Central (6) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 2020 Wild Card (3) 1998 2015 2018 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs (Triple-A) Tennessee Smokies (Double-A) South Bend Cubs (High-A) Myrtle Beach Pelicans (Single-A) ACL Cubs (Rookie) DSL Cubs Blue (Rookie) DSL Cubs Red (Rookie) BroadcastingTelevision Marquee Sports Network Radio Radio network WSCR BroadcastersTelevision Jon Sciambi Jim Deshaies Joe Girardi Beth Mowins Radio Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Zach Zaidman Seasons (150)1870s 1870 · 1871 1872 · 1873 · 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteChicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago, Illinois Franchise All-time roster Draft history 1966 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner(s) Jerry Reinsdorf President Michael Reinsdorf General manager Marc Eversley Head coach Billy Donovan G League affiliate Windy City Bulls Retired numbers 4 10 23 33 NBA championships 1991 1992 1993 1996 1997 1998 Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons New York Knicks Culture and lore Broadcasters Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Ray Clay Benny the Bull Disputed Foul Against Scottie Pippen "Sirius" "I Believe I Can Fly" "Sweet Home Chicago" Bill Swerski's Superfans Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green/Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit (Michael Jordan statue) Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot NBA championship riots Bulls vs Lakers and the NBA Playoffs Bulls vs. Blazers and the NBA Playoffs Trent Tucker Rule The Calhoun Shot 72–10 Michael Jordan's last shot Space Jam The Last Dance	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WSCR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"clear-channel station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"BetQL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BetQL_Network"},{"link_name":"Infinity Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Fighting Illini Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Illini_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"NFL on Westwood One Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One_Sports"},{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(radio)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"David Haugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Haugh"},{"link_name":"Matt Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"Two Prudential Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Chicago Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Loop"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"diplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplexer"},{"link_name":"WBBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"analog transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmission"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"in-band on-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_on-channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"WBMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBMX"},{"link_name":"Audacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk711002-6"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"National Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"NBC Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-TV (channel 5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-FM (101.1 FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKQX_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"all-news radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"820 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPT_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&R13922-7"},{"link_name":"1160 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYLL"}],"text":"For other uses, see WSCR (disambiguation).WSCR (670 AM) – branded 670 The Score – is a commercial sports radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois, and the Chicago metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WSCR is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range in most of the Central United States and part of the Eastern United States. WSCR is the Chicago affiliate for the BetQL Network, Infinity Sports Network, the Fighting Illini Sports Network and the NFL on Westwood One Sports; the flagship station for the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bulls radio networks; and the home of radio personalities David Haugh and Matt Spiegel.The WSCR studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter is in suburban Bloomingdale, diplexed with co-owned WBBM. Besides its main analog transmission, WSCR transmits continuously[note 1] over a single HD Radio channel using the in-band on-channel standard,[4] simulcasts over the second digital subchannel of WBMX, and streams online via Audacy.Historically, this station carried the call letters WMAQ from October 1922 to August 2000.[5] As the oldest surviving broadcast outlet in Chicago, it was co-founded and operated by the Chicago Daily News and became a charter affiliate of the CBS Radio Network upon their 1927 launch. Purchased by the National Broadcasting Company in 1931, WMAQ was a key station in the NBC Radio Network for nearly six decades, and later started affiliates WMAQ-TV (channel 5) and WMAQ-FM (101.1 FM). A sale to Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1988 resulted in WMAQ becoming an all-news radio station throughout the 1990s. Since 2000, the station has been the third in the Chicago market to use the WSCR call sign and \"Score\" branding, adopting a format that originated in 1992 on 820 AM,[6] and was heard on 1160 AM from 1997 to 2000.","title":"WSCR"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-9"},{"link_name":"The Fair Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fair_Department_Store"},{"link_name":"Chicago Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Look2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-9"},{"link_name":"Walter A. Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_A._Strong"},{"link_name":"Judith C. Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_C._Waller"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"KYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"kilocycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocycle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee4-18"},{"link_name":"Ed Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wynn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee4-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1932ad-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMAQ_towers_LaSalle_hotel_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soared-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"La Salle Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"clear channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_channel_station"},{"link_name":"Calumet Baking Powder Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Baking_Powder_Company"},{"link_name":"the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown,_Chicago#The_Rainbo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee-33"},{"link_name":"American Telephone & Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Warren Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Harding"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962ad-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee_8-36"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"William Wrigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wrigley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Field"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962ad-35"},{"link_name":"Hal Totten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Totten"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962ad-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee_8-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvin_Meyer4.jpg"},{"link_name":"network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"Columbia Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gootee-33"},{"link_name":"Elmhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"Daily News Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Plaza_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"WGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Sam 'n' Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%27n%27_Henry"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barndance-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-person-49"},{"link_name":"Charles Correll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correll"},{"link_name":"Freeman Gosden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Gosden"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-person-49"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-person-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"1920s","text":"On April 12, 1922, the station first signed on as WGU.[7][8] A joint venture between The Fair Department Store and the Chicago Daily News, WGU's first transmitter sat atop the department store.[7][9][10] At the time, the station was broadcasting on 833 kilocycles with a transmitter power of about 100 watts.[8]Just weeks before its inaugural broadcast Walter A. Strong, then business manager of the Daily News, realized the station would need a manager. Strong knew a young woman with some ad agency experience named Judith C. Waller. He called her and said, \"I've just bought a radio station; come down and run it.\" Waller protested that she did not know anything about running a station. Strong replied \"neither do I, but come down and we'll find out\".[11] Waller was hired in February 1922. She went on to have a long and distinguished career in broadcasting.There are questions as to whether anyone actually heard the station's initial half-hour broadcast, as technical problems forced WGU to shut down the following day. It remained off the air while a new transmitter was ordered. One of the problems with reception of the station was the interference of tall buildings in the area and that it had only about 100 watts of power.[2][12][13]The City of Chicago also operated its own radio station with similar call letters, WBU, sharing a frequency with Westinghouse's KYW, which began in Chicago the year before.[14][15][16] In an attempt to avoid confusion with the city's station, WGU was assigned the new call letters WMAQ, and to improve reception, its power was increased to 500 watts and it was assigned the clear channel frequency of 750 kilocycles.[8][2][17] WMAQ's call letters were first broadcast October 2, 1922, with the inaugural show featuring comedian Ed Wynn.[2][17] The station's longtime motto \"We Must Answer Questions\", was derived from this call sign.[18]WMAQ broadcast towers atop La Salle Hotel, where the studios were also located – 1925.Early 1923 records show there were 20 radio stations on the air in Chicago alone. Most of these smaller radio stations faded out because of money issues. The Chicago stations that are or had been on the dial for many years usually had a store, newspaper or organization behind them which was willing and able to weather the early times when many radio stations did not make a profit.[19] WMAQ had the financial backing of the Chicago Daily News and a very capable general manager in Judith Waller. Waller remained in charge of the station until it was purchased by NBC. At that point she became the director of public affairs programming for NBC's central division, holding that title until her retirement in 1957.[20][21][22][23][24]By early 1923, the Daily News was convinced enough in the power of radio to buy out the Fair Store's 51% interest in the station.[2][8][25] The Daily News moved the station and its transmitter to the tallest building in Chicago at the time—the La Salle Hotel on West Washington street in the West Loop.[26][27][28][10] With a new location and new frequency of 670 kilohertz, WMAQ went on the air July 2, 1923. The new frequency however, was not at first clear channel. WMAQ had to share its schedule with another local station, WQJ, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company and the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom on North Clark Street.[29] Rainbo was one of the country's top ballrooms and Calumet's broadcasts brought the company much publicity for its products.[30] The Daily News was not able to buy out WQJ until 1927 to make the 670 frequency exclusively available for WMAQ.[8][31][32]Within four weeks after its move, WMAQ obtained the exclusive Chicago rights from American Telephone & Telegraph to broadcast President Warren Harding's address from San Francisco.[10] It also had the rights for his memorial services on August 10, 1923. At the time, it was AT&T's policy to sell the exclusive broadcasting rights for an event to one radio station per city. Shortly before the special event, AT&T would send telegrams to all radio stations, informing them of what event was to take place. The first radio station to respond was then granted the exclusive broadcast rights in that city.[33] WMAQ later broadcast both the 1924 Republican and Democratic conventions by this same arrangement.[34][35]By 1924, the station took an active interest in broadcasting sporting events, airing the 1924 World Series and convincing William Wrigley to carry all Chicago Cubs home games from Wrigley Field in 1925, the first time one station aired an entire season of Cubs games.[34] Hal Totten, a Daily News sportswriter, was WMAQ's first sportscaster.[36][37] Beginning in the fall of 1925, college football games from the University of Chicago were also broadcast. WMAQ was the first to carry an intercollegate football game in the United States.[34][35][38]The former home of WMAQ and the Chicago Daily NewsWMAQ became a network affiliate of the NBC Red Network in January 1927.[10] In September 1927, it severed its ties with NBC and joined the new Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) as a charter affiliate.[32] It was one of the 16 stations that aired the first CBS network program on September 18, 1927.[32]Wanting to expand its coverage area, WMAQ needed a new stronger transmitter. A site for it was purchased outside of the city. In 1928, the new station transmitter was constructed in Elmhurst.[39][40][10] It was also time to move the studios from the La Salle Hotel. Walter Strong, who by then had become the publisher of the Daily News, had just finished construction of new building for his newspaper that included studio space for WMAQ. By September 1929, the station had moved to Daily News Building at 400 West Madison (today 2 North Riverside Plaza).[41][42][43] In April 1930, WMAQ was organized as a subsidiary corporation with Walter Strong as its chairman of the board, and Judith Waller as vice president and station manager.[44]A new radio show called Amos 'n' Andy aired for the first time on WMAQ on March 19, 1928.[45] The actors were no strangers to Chicago radio as their program originally aired on WGN as Sam 'n' Henry. Their first appearance on Chicago radio is said to have been on WLS in the late 1920s.[46][47][48] Charles Correll and Freeman Gosden broke with WGN over syndication rights. General manager Judith Waller saw the potential of the radio show and granted these rights to the duo as part of their WMAQ contract.[49] Because WGN owned the rights to the characters Sam and Henry, Gosden and Correll made some revisions to their act and renamed the characters for their new program Amos and Andy.[48] Since WMAQ was affiliated with CBS at the time, Waller tried to convince the network to make Amos 'n' Andy a network program, but there was no interest. NBC brought the program to its Blue Network in the fall of 1929, paying the duo a record $100,000 for the right to broadcast the program.[48][50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanical television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_television"},{"link_name":"shortwave radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Federal Radio Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission"},{"link_name":"station W9XAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_television_stations"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early-56"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Ulises Armand Sanabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulises_Armand_Sanabria"},{"link_name":"WCFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Navy 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Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchandise_Mart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-44"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"NBC Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Tower"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Look-67"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB121512-11"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryCards-44"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Clear channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-72"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weems_fibber_molly_1937edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Jim Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jordan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barndance-47"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Smackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smackout"},{"link_name":"Fibber McGee and Molly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibber_McGee_and_Molly"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"NBC West Coast Radio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Radio_City_Studios#Live_from_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bergen"},{"link_name":"ventriloquism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquism"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee"},{"link_name":"Charlie McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_Shows-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Radio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Radio_City_Studios"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Center#30_Rockefeller_Plaza"},{"link_name":"NBC pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_page"},{"link_name":"Bob Sirott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sirott"},{"link_name":"Hugh Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Downs"},{"link_name":"Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(US_television_series)"},{"link_name":"Garry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Moore"},{"link_name":"I've Got A Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_A_Secret"},{"link_name":"Durward Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durward_Kirby"},{"link_name":"The Garry Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garry_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"Mike Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wallace"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_Shows-81"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Dave Garroway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Garroway"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"1930s","text":"By 1930, the Daily News began experimenting with mechanical television broadcasting. A published announcement of March 30, 1930, indicated the equipment would be installed and operable within two months. The video signal was to be sent by the shortwave radio station W9XAP, while the audio would be broadcast on the normal WMAQ radio frequency.[51][52] WMAQ did not receive an experimental license from the Federal Radio Commission to operate station W9XAP until September 2, 1930.[53][54] The first broadcast of the station actually occurred shortly before this was granted, on August 27, 1930. Only those with special receivers, primarily radio stores which had gotten them from the Daily News, could see the video portion of the broadcast. The station distributed 200 receivers in the city and suburbs.[55][56][57] Those at the dealerships saw and heard Bill Hay, the announcer for Amos 'n' Andy, present a variety show, broadcast from the Daily News Building.[55][58][59] The man behind this and other early Chicago television broadcasts was Ulises Armand Sanabria, who 2 years before used the WCFL Navy Pier transmitter to provide the video and radio station WIBO for the audio portions of the broadcast.[55][60] Both the technical limitations and economic climate of the times brought an end to the station's experimental broadcasts in August 1933.[61] It was the beginning of WMAQ-TV, which would not return until after World War II.[62]The Merchandise Mart: WMAQ was here for the years it was owned by NBC.On November 1, 1931, the Daily News sold WMAQ to the National Broadcasting Company.[10] The arrangement originally began as NBC becoming a partner in the station, co-owned with the Daily News.[63] In May of the next year, NBC moved the station from the Daily News Building to the Merchandise Mart, where it had newly built a broadcasting center in 1930.[43][64][10] WMAQ remained there until a 1989 move to the NBC Tower.[65][66] WMAQ became a member of the NBC Red Network, later known as the NBC Radio Network, and remained affiliated with NBC well into the 1990s, even after the station was sold to Westinghouse Broadcasting.On September 15, 1935, WMAQ once again changed transmitter sites. It relocated to Bloomingdale, with its power increasing from 5,000 watts to the maximum 50,000 watts.[10][43][67] Clear channels were reassigned in 1934, with Illinois losing a frequency and Pennsylvania gaining it. Preserving its clear channel frequency for KYW meant Westinghouse needed to move it out of Chicago. So Westinghouse moved KYW east to Philadelphia in late 1934, leaving an unneeded transmitter building and site behind, which is where WMAQ relocated its transmitter.[68][69][70][71] WMAQ's new daytime signal provided secondary coverage to most of Illinois, including Peoria and Springfield. It also provided a strong signal to much of southern Wisconsin (with Milwaukee getting a city-grade signal) and almost half of Indiana. At night, it reached most of the eastern three-fourths of North America.Fibber McGee and Molly from Chicago, 1937WMAQ carried original local and network programming. Marian and Jim Jordan started at WLS in 1927 with The Smith Family.[46][72] They came to WMAQ, doing a local show called Smackout and later would move on to form Fibber McGee and Molly. The program was produced at WMAQ from 1935 to 1939, when the show moved to California.[73][74][75][76] During its first months on the air, Fibber McGee and Molly was distributed over NBC's Blue Network, which meant that in Chicago the program was produced at WMAQ but heard over WLS, one of three NBC Blue Network affiliates in Chicago at the time. Amos 'n' Andy was also a popular program that continued being broadcast from Chicago until 1938, when the program moved to Hollywood. Both of these shows moved production to the new NBC West Coast Radio City.[77][78]Edgar Bergen was initially turned down for a radio spot at WMAQ. The station manager felt ventriloquism would not work on radio. That turned out to be a mistake. Bergen received an offer from Rudy Vallee to become a part of his radio show in late 1936. By May 1937, Bergen and his puppet Charlie McCarthy had their own show on the NBC Red Network.[79][80]Radio from the Merchandise Mart centered around the many studios on the 19th floor. Only one studio, Studio F, was on the 20th.[81][82][83] Like its Radio City Rockefeller Center counterpart, there were NBC pages (Bob Sirott was one of them in the late 1960s) and a host of staff announcers. In 1947, Hugh Downs (Today Show and 20/20), Garry Moore (I've Got A Secret) and Durward Kirby (The Garry Moore Show) were on the WMAQ staff, as was Mike Wallace, later of 60 Minutes fame.[80][84][85][86] Dave Garroway (1913–1982) also arrived on the NBC airwaves via WMAQ with his 1160 Club playing big band and jazz music in the 1940s.[87][88] Garroway was also responsible for organizing a series of local jazz concerts and establishing a Chicago lounge \"Jazz Circuit\" in 1947 which revived interest in the music genre.[89][90] In 1948 and 1949, Garroway was voted the nation's top Disk Jockey by his peers in Billboard's annual poll.[91][92] Garroway would eventually host a number of television shows including the Today Show.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSCR_WBBM_transmitter_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turner-96"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blue-100"},{"link_name":"Herb Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kent"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"WKQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKQX"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"Civic Opera Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Opera_Building"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour-83"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"NBC Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"American Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Civic Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blue-100"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"1939 New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"WTAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAM"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass-69"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-72"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"1940s","text":"WSCR's transmitter building in Bloomingdale TownshipIn the 1940s, radio stations like WMAQ began playing recorded music during some hours. For many years due to union constraints, all music broadcast on the network was live. Stations in large cities had to maintain full-time orchestras on their payrolls.[93][94] The organ music which was a part of many of the radio \"soap operas\" was provided by union musicians. When turntables entered studio control rooms, the musicians were replaced by the turntable operator or \"record turner\".[95] It was the job of the turntable operator (a member of the American Federation of Musicians), to play any recorded music.[96] The Musician's Union received jurisdiction over the turntables because it was reasoned that each turntable was responsible for five \"live\" musicians losing their employment.[97] Not until the late 1960s did the union turntable operator leave the control rooms of NBC Chicago.[98][99]For those who had aspirations of becoming broadcasters, WMAQ was a good place to get started in the medium, even if the job was not on the air. The station encouraged its young employees with dreams of working at a microphone by assisting with tuition for college broadcasting courses and holding workshops at the station where those with stars in their eyes were given the chance to display their skills in a \"real world\" setting. Herb Kent, a Chicago radio pioneer, first came to work in the mailroom at WMAQ as a young high school graduate in the late 1940s. He credits WMAQ and Hugh Downs, who was then a WMAQ staff announcer, with providing him with the tools and encouragement he needed.[100][101][102] After getting some announcing experience, Kent returned to WMAQ, this time on the air as a radio actor.[103]In the mid-1940s, the WMAQ Radio live studios in the Merchandise Mart were converted to TV studios for use by a new television station. Channel 5 signed on the air on October 8, 1948. Its call letters were WNBQ.[104] Those letters combined the initials for National Broadcasting, plus the Q from WMAQ's call sign. That same year, WMAQ also signed on an FM station at 101.1. WMAQ-FM (today WKQX) largely simulcast AM 670 for its first two decades on the air. It broadcast with 24,000 watts with its transmitter atop the Civic Opera Building on North Wacker Drive.The popularity of the radio soap operas which began in Chicago made it necessary for NBC to construct six more radio studios on the 19th floor. WMAQ Radio moved to these smaller studios.[82][105][106] Though the NBC Blue Network was sold to American Broadcasting System in 1943, it continued leasing Merchandise Mart space from NBC until its move to the Civic Opera House in 1952. This freed up more space for WMAQ.[99]The station was a leader in the use of helicopters for traffic reports. In 1948, it used a two-man crew in the air to report traffic on the July 4 weekend. The traffic team covered the Chicago area by air, landing to phone in their reports, which were put on the air.[107][108]In 1949, the station suffered what could have been a crippling blow. Its main antenna at the Bloomingdale transmitter site collapsed. WMAQ was able to stay on the air, but not at its normal 50,000–watt power. While the main antenna was out of service, NBC found a solution with some history to it to get WMAQ back broadcasting at full power. RCA had a tower in storage in one of its New Jersey facilities that was used as part of its 1939 New York World's Fair exhibit. The tower, which originally came from NBC-owned WTAM in Cleveland, was shipped to Chicago and became the acting main antenna. It remains standing today at Bloomingdale site.[68][71] The station launched a new main antenna tower at Bloomingdale in 1951, which was considered to be one of the tallest tower structures in the U.S. at the time.[109]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chez Paree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chez_Paree"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Buff Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff_Cobb"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Jack Eigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jack_Eigen_Show"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"The Jack Eigen Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jack_Eigen_Show"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G-106"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruse-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Holmes \"Daddy-O\" Daylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Daylie"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"owned and operated station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated_station"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"WAIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPT_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"overnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayparting"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Ned Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Locke"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"WGN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN-TV"},{"link_name":"Bozo's Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo%27s_Circus"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"In 1950, The Chez Show originated from the Chez Paree nightclub on North Fairbanks in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. It was one of Chicago's top night spots, as many popular celebrities could be found there, either as performers or as patrons.[110] The original hosts of this weekday late-night interview program were Mike Wallace and his wife, Buff Cobb.[111][112] In 1951, Jack Eigen (1913–1983) took over as host of the program, a position he held for most of the next 20 years.[113][114][115] After the Chez Paree closed in the spring of 1960, the program became The Jack Eigen Show and the interviews continued from WMAQ's Studio G, where there was room enough for a small audience, and from Chicago's Sherman House Hotel. The hotel's College Inn was another popular local venue for entertainment and entertainers.[105][116][117][118][119][120]Beginning in 1956, the overnight hours were the domain of Holmes \"Daddy-O\" Daylie (1920–2003), who brought his sense of humor, way with words and musical knowledge to WMAQ as he played cool jazz until dawn.[121] \"Daddy-O\" was the first African-American hosting a regularly scheduled radio show on a Chicago network owned and operated station.[122] It was WMAQ's Dave Garroway who discovered Daddy-O tending bar in 1947 and suggested he train for work in radio. By 1948, Daddy-O was on the air on Chicago's WAIT.[123][124] When Garroway discovered Daylie, he was the host of the 1160 Club overnight on WMAQ, also playing jazz.[125]Other performers who would go on to make their mark on local broadcasting got their \"break\" at WMAQ too. One of them was Ned Locke (1919–1992), who hosted a Saturday children's radio show, Uncle Ned's Flying Squadron, on the station in 1950. His radio work led to his being asked to substitute for the host of a popular weekday children's program on WMAQ-TV. He went on to WGN-TV, where he continued to participate in local children's television. Ned Locke is known best to Chicagoans as \"Ringmaster Ned\". He assumed that role on the successful and popular Chicago version of Bozo's Circus in 1961.[126]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"Andy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"Jack Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Jones_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruse-120"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TopPop-129"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruse-120"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Chubby Checker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubby_Checker"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruse-120"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TopPop-129"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"NBC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC-TV"},{"link_name":"Gordon McLendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_McLendon"},{"link_name":"WYNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGRB"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"On May 4, 1964, WMAQ switched from a beautiful music format to a MOR-pop standard format, featuring music by artists such as Andy Williams, Nat King Cole, and Jack Jones.[119][127][128] The Jack Eigen Show continued to air late nights.[119] A 1964 campaign asking listeners to vote for Elvis Presley or Chubby Checker was just a publicity stunt, but it was enough to start rumors in the broadcasting and record industries that the station was moving to a Top 40 format.[119][128]On August 31, 1964, Channel 5 changed its call letters to WMAQ-TV to match WMAQ radio, as the stations emphasized their common NBC ownership.[129][130]When Floyd Brown joined the staff in 1965, his photo wound up on the cover of the RCA Employee magazine next to one of Bill Cosby, who was starring in I Spy on NBC-TV. Floyd was the first African American hired as a network announcer. A radio veteran, having been involved at the start of Gordon McLendon's WYNR, his smooth voice, his upbeat personality, and his ability to discuss everything from Big Bands to Beatles to Chicago Bears, informed and entertained WMAQ listeners when he became a regular program host.[131][132][133]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"playlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Clark Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Weber"},{"link_name":"Jim Stagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stagg"},{"link_name":"WCFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCFL_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"WJJD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYLL"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Your Cheatin' Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Cheatin%27_Heart"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Jerry Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Taft"},{"link_name":"Tim Weigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weigel"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"During the early 1970s, WMAQ aired a format blending music, talk, news and sports, using the on-air name \"67-Q\". Although the station never shifted completely to Top 40, by the early 1970s, WMAQ's playlist had become comparable to today's hot adult contemporary format.[134] One of WMAQ's first sports talk programs was Sound off on Sports, with Pat Sheridan (1920–2005).[135][136][137] Many of the on-air personalities during this time period were well known to listeners from previous radio stations. Clark Weber, Jim Stagg (1935–2007), Joel Sebastian, Tom Murphy, and Howard Miller all spent some time working at WMAQ and previously at WCFL.[138][139][140][141][142][143] A 1975 format change to country music saw WMAQ taking on WJJD. The entire WMAQ air staff was replaced.[144][145][146]Jim Hill (1929–2005), long-time staff announcer and radio host, moved into the WMAQ-TV announcer's booth where he remained until retiring.[147][148] The first song played under the new format was \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" by Hank Williams, Sr. The station's fortunes were helped in no small part by the \"WMAQ Is Gonna Make Me Rich!\" cash giveaway promotion.[149] The giveaway was eventually used on other NBC-owned radio outlets. WMAQ also served as the flagship station for Chicago White Sox baseball broadcasts throughout the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the Chicago Blackhawks hockey team. This was the era of the \"Good Morning Guys\", including Pat Cassidy, Lee Sherwood, Bob Tracy, Jerry Taft, and Tim Weigel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NBC_Chicago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Two Prudential Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Morton Downey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Downey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chet Coppock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Coppock"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Group W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"KYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WIND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIND_(AM)"},{"link_name":"all-news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news"},{"link_name":"WINS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KFWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFWB"},{"link_name":"KYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"WBBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Anna Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Langford"},{"link_name":"Cisco Cotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Cotto"},{"link_name":"WIOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIOD"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frank-160"},{"link_name":"Jack Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Buck"},{"link_name":"C-QUAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-QUAM"},{"link_name":"AM stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Look-67"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder2498-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder42899-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"WMVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMVP"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Infinity Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-cbsinfinity-166"}],"sub_title":"1980s and 1990s","text":"NBC Tower, where WMAQ moved in 1989. WSCR also broadcast here before moving to Two Prudential Plaza.By early 1986, WMAQ had begun phasing out country music in favor of talk programming, with the station completing its transition on November 17, 1986.[150][151][152][153] Hosts on the station included Morton Downey Jr. and Chet Coppock.[154][155][156]After 57 years, NBC disposed of all of the company's radio stations following RCA's merger with General Electric, with WMAQ being sold to Group W in 1988. This was Westinghouse's third stint at station ownership in the Chicago market, having founded KYW before relocating that station to Philadelphia in 1934, and later with WIND from 1955 to 1985.At 5 a.m. on March 1, 1988, Group W switched WMAQ to an all-news format, patterned after its successful all-news outlets in New York (WINS), Los Angeles (KFWB) and Philadelphia (KYW).[157][158] The slogan was the same as those other stations: \"You Give Us 22 Minutes, We'll Give You The World\". Long-time WMAQ morning news anchor Pat Cassidy (later with WBBM) was on the air when the switch was made to all-news. The news staff included two veteran WMAQ reporters, Bill Cameron and Bob Roberts, holdover anchor Nancy Benson, Jay Congdon, Christopher Michael, Lisa Meyer, Larry Langford (son of the late Chicago Ald. Anna Langford), Dave Berner, Mike Doyle, Jim Gudas, Cisco Cotto, John Dempsey, Chris Robling, Mike Krauser, Corrie Wynns and crime reporter Doug Cummings. Chicago news veteran Jim Frank (formerly of WCFL and WIND) was hired as the news director, following a stint at WIOD in Miami.[159] Other news directors included Bonnie Buck (daughter of sports broadcaster Jack Buck) and Krauser, who took the same position at rival WBBM after Viacom shuttered WMAQ and fired the staff.WMAQ was among the first Chicago AM stations to transmit using the Motorola C-QUAM AM stereo standard, even though its format was all-news, not music.The station moved to the new NBC Tower in 1990 with television station WMAQ-TV despite their being owned by different companies. The studios for both stations had been designed by NBC before the sale.[66]Amid stagnant ratings, WMAQ added more long-form news programming and some assorted call-in shows in 1998 and 1999.[160][161] Cameron and Langford, hosted by City Hall reporter Bill Cameron and police beat reporter Larry Langford, was cancelled in April 1999, but briefly returned in June 2000.[162] An early harbinger of the future sports format was the evening WMAQ Sports Huddle, which premiered in 1993 and competed with all-sports WSCR and WMVP, as well as WGN's Sports Central program.[163]Westinghouse merged with CBS in 1995, making WMAQ a sister station to its all-news rival, WBBM; the merger also paired former all-news rival stations in New York and Los Angeles.[164] CBS' radio stations were spun off into Infinity Broadcasting in 1998; CBS retained an 80% stake in the new company.[165]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WYLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYLL"},{"link_name":"WCPT (AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPT_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(1971%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCC"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"the format, branding and call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk711002-6"},{"link_name":"WFAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFAN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Chet Coppock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Coppock"},{"link_name":"Mike North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_North"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk711002-6"},{"link_name":"NBC chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_chimes"},{"link_name":"WMAQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKQX_(FM)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk8100-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CallSign-172"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk711002-6"},{"link_name":"Salem Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Communications"},{"link_name":"WYLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYLL"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"WSCR (820 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPT_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&R13922-7"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Cragin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Cragin,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"WXRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXRT"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder22510-175"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal-176"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nwit-wscrnbctower-177"}],"sub_title":"The end of WMAQ and launch of \"The Score\"","text":"Further information: WYLL and WCPT (AM)Viacom merged with CBS in the spring of 2000, which put the combined company over FCC limits on ownership in Chicago.[166] To consummate the deal, Infinity decided to transfer the format, branding and call letters of WSCR (1160 AM) over to WMAQ, and concentrate exclusively on WBBM's all-news format, while the former WSCR was put up for sale.[5] Despite lower ratings for WSCR, Infinity management wanted to use the move to elevate WSCR's revenue performance to that of their New York City sports outlet WFAN, which had become one of the highest-billing radio stations starting in 1995; a company spokesman also noted that WMAQ's annual billing of $20 million was \"not functioning as a successful station\" by comparison.[167] While some WMAQ staffers were retained by Infinity and transferred to WBBM, up to 44 reporters, anchors, editors and writers were dismissed; this included Chet Coppock, who frequently sparred on-air with WSCR staff and incumbent morning host Mike North.[5]On August 1, 2000, after 78 years, WMAQ broadcast for the last time with a live sign-off message from nighttime police beat reporter Larry Langford. The traditional NBC chimes were played with a late 50s-mid 60s historic ID that, although inaccurate with the current network association and sister station, was appropriate as it spoke, \"This is NBC, the National Broadcasting Company. WMAQ and WMAQ-FM, NBC in Chicago.\" An announcer then said the official last words: \"The final broadcast, the end of Radio 670, WMAQ, Chicago.\" After the NBC chimes were played one more time and a WMAQ jingle, the era for the station that was \"First In Chicago\" came to an end.[168][169] Following the sign-off, WMAQ ran a loop of \"Score\" promos for six hours before starting a full simulcast of WSCR for a two-week transitional period.[170]As part of this exchange, Infinity changed the WMAQ call sign to WSCR on August 15, 2000;[171] changed the station's format to sports radio; and re-branded the station as \"670 The Score\".[5] All on- and off-air personnel were concurrently transferred to the new WSCR. In effect, the new WSCR (670 AM) licensed to Chicago became the successor to the previous WSCR (1160 AM) licensed to Chicago—which concurrently changed their call sign to WXRT (AM), then was sold that November to Salem Communications, and now operates as WYLL.[172] The \"Score\" format, branding and call letters had its origins on the former WSCR (820 AM), which launched on January 2, 1992;[6] the second WSCR on the 1160 AM facility debuted on April 17, 1997.[173] All three iterations of WSCR used the same studios at 4949 West Belmont Avenue in Chicago's Cragin neighborhood—shared with WXRT—from 1992 until moving to the NBC Tower in 2001,[174][175] using the facilities that WMAQ had vacated a year earlier.[176]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WSCR%27s_main_and_auxiliary_towers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bloomingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomingdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"WBBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"WGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shj-saletoviacomdone-179"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-viacomsplit-180"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v-infinitytocbs-181"},{"link_name":"Two Prudential Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feder22510-175"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"their radio network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"2016 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"}],"sub_title":"WSCR","text":"WSCR's main and auxiliary towers in Bloomingdale; former ancient rival and now sister station WBBM moved their transmission to the site in 2019.From 2001 to 2008, the station was the flagship for Chicago Blackhawks hockey, until their move to WGN. WSCR was also the radio home for the Chicago White Sox baseball team from 2006 to 2015, until their departure to WLS at the conclusion of the 2015 season.[177]Viacom, which had acquired the shares in Infinity Broadcasting it did not already own on February 21, 2001,[178] split into two companies at the end of 2005; Infinity became part of CBS Corporation,[179] and in preparation was renamed CBS Radio on December 14, 2005.[180] In 2010, WSCR's studios were moved to Two Prudential Plaza, home to several other CBS Radio stations.[174]The Chicago Cubs made WSCR the flagship of their radio network following the White Sox' departure to WLS. When the Cubs left WGN for CBS Radio following the 2014 season, the Cubs were heard on WBBM 780 AM. A clause in the Cubs' deal with CBS allowed a one-time move to WSCR in the event that the White Sox left the station.[181] The move was officially announced on November 11, 2015.[182] The Cubs' first year on WSCR paid immediate dividends, as the team won the 2016 World Series, its first world championship in 108 years, and the first since the birth of radio and modern communications.On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (the forerunner of present-day Audacy).[183] The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.[184][185]On January 31, 2018, Entercom announced that WSCR would become the new flagship station for the Chicago Bulls on February 3, 2018, after Cumulus Media nullified its contract with the team to carry games on WLS after Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[186][187]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_Blue_Demons_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Infinity Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One"},{"link_name":"monikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniker"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-189"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller-189"},{"link_name":"Sporting News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports_Radio"},{"link_name":"NFL on Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Westwood_One"}],"text":"WSCR is the exclusive Chicago radio outlet for DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball, Chicago Cubs baseball on an extremely delayed broadcast, and Chicago Bulls basketball. WSCR also carries other live sports programming from Infinity Sports Network (formerly CBS Sports Radio) and Westwood One.The Score's long-time listeners, callers, and e-mailers are known as \"Score Heads\", and often use colorful monikers.[188][189] The station has also done remote broadcasts from various locations.[188]Starting in 2005, WSCR started airing Sporting News Radio programming overnights. Currently overnight, CBS Sports Radio programming is heard on AM 670. WSCR also carries CBS Sports Radio on its Audacy live stream audio whenever it airs the NFL on Westwood One","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Some AM stations use HD Radio only during daytime hours, per Barry McLarnon's AM IBOC page (see references).","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"WMAQ broadcast towers atop La Salle Hotel, where the studios were also located – 1925.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/WMAQ_towers_LaSalle_hotel_1925.jpg/225px-WMAQ_towers_LaSalle_hotel_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former home of WMAQ and the Chicago Daily News","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Alvin_Meyer4.jpg/250px-Alvin_Meyer4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Merchandise Mart: WMAQ was here for the years it was owned by NBC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Merchandise_Mart_080405.jpg/250px-Merchandise_Mart_080405.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fibber McGee and Molly from Chicago, 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Weems_fibber_molly_1937edited.jpg/240px-Weems_fibber_molly_1937edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"WSCR's transmitter building in Bloomingdale Township","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/WSCR_WBBM_transmitter_building.jpg/220px-WSCR_WBBM_transmitter_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"NBC Tower, where WMAQ moved in 1989. WSCR also broadcast here before moving to Two Prudential Plaza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NBC_Chicago.jpg/200px-NBC_Chicago.jpg"},{"image_text":"WSCR's main and auxiliary towers in Bloomingdale; former ancient rival and now sister station WBBM moved their transmission to the site in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/WSCR%27s_main_and_auxiliary_towers.jpg/200px-WSCR%27s_main_and_auxiliary_towers.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Janowski, Thaddeus P. (September 29, 2010). \"FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)\". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context=25&appn=101400486&formid=316&fac_num=28621","url_text":"\"FCC 316: Application for Consent to Assign Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License or to Transfer Control of Entity Holding Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License (BTCH-20100930AFL)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared\" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 14, 1962. p. 114. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1962/1962-05-14-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WSCR\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=25445","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WSCR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"McLarnon, Barry (April 18, 2016). \"AM IBOC Stations on the Air\". Retrieved June 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://topazdesigns.com/iboc/station-list.html","url_text":"\"AM IBOC Stations on the Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared\" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 14, 1962. p. 114. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1962/1962-05-14-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"1922-Year Radio's Population Soared\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Report\" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 14, 1962. p. 126. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1962/1962-05-14-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Special Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"Childers, Scott. \"A Look Back at the Q\". Childers, Scott. Retrieved January 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottchilders.com/timecapsule/TCWMAQ.htm","url_text":"\"A Look Back at the Q\""}]},{"reference":"Hedges, William S. (April 1947). \"How a radio station came into existence just 25 years ago\". Chainbreak. II.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gootee, Tom. \"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 3\". Gootee, Tom. Retrieved April 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/wmaq/history/gootee3.html","url_text":"\"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fair\". Jazz Age Chicago. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515170901/http://chicago.urban-history.org/ven/dss/the_fair.shtml","url_text":"\"The Fair\""},{"url":"http://chicago.urban-history.org/ven/dss/the_fair.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast Station List-WBU\". Radio Service Bulletin. U.S. Department of Commerce. May 1, 1922. Retrieved March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257;view=1up;seq=407","url_text":"\"Broadcast Station List-WBU\""}]},{"reference":"Gootee, Tom. \"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 2\". Gootee, Tom. Retrieved April 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/wmaq/history/gootee2.html","url_text":"\"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 2\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Anna, Garfinkel, Steve, Eckstein, Elizabeth (2000). \"Emergence of Radio in the 1920s and its Cultural Significance\". University of Virginia. Retrieved July 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/3on1/radioshow/1920radio.htm","url_text":"\"Emergence of Radio in the 1920s and its Cultural Significance\""}]},{"reference":"Gootee, Tom. \"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 4\". Gootee, Tom. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/wmaq/history/gootee4.html","url_text":"\"Tom Gootee's History of WMAQ-Chapter 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"WMAQ ad\" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 15, 1932. p. 31. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1932/1932-02-15-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"WMAQ ad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Chicago-Broadcasting\". Encyclopedia of Chicago History. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/169.html","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Chicago-Broadcasting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Chicago-Judith Waller\". Encyclopedia of Chicago History. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2451.html","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Chicago-Judith Waller\""}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Rich. \"Meet Judith Waller\". Samuels, Rich. Retrieved April 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richsamuels.com/nbcmm/wmaq/waller/contents.html","url_text":"\"Meet Judith Waller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judith Waller interview-from the NBC Employees' Newsletter-April 1947-part 1\". National Broadcasting Company. 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Retrieved February 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertfeder.com/2018/01/31/done-deal-bulls-pivot-score/","url_text":"\"Done deal: Bulls pivot to The Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Feder","url_text":"Robert Feder"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WSCR&params=41_56_3_N_88_4_24_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°56′3″N 88°4′24″W / 41.93417°N 88.07333°W / 41.93417; -88.07333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WSCR&params=41_56_7_N_88_4_27_W_region:US-IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°56′7″N 88°4′27″W / 41.93528°N 88.07417°W / 41.93528; -88.07417"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WSCR","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=25445","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/670thescore/listen","external_links_name":"Listen 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompnas	Lompnas	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 45°48′00″N 5°31′00″E / 45.8°N 5.5167°E / 45.8; 5.5167 Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Lompnas}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceLompnasCommuneTown hallLocation of Lompnas LompnasShow map of FranceLompnasShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°48′00″N 5°31′00″E / 45.8°N 5.5167°E / 45.8; 5.5167CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementBelleyCantonLagnieuIntercommunalityPlaine de l'AinGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Alexandre JouxArea112.69 km2 (4.90 sq mi)Population (2021)163 • Density13/km2 (33/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01219 /01680Elevation400–980 m (1,310–3,220 ft) (avg. 650 m or 2,130 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Lompnas (pronounced ; formerly Lompnaz) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 150— 1975 120−3.14%1982 126+0.70%1990 137+1.05%1999 147+0.79%2009 148+0.07%2014 166+2.32%2020 162−0.41%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Ain department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 10 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lompnas. vte Communes of the Ain department L'Abergement-Clémenciat L'Abergement-de-Varey Ambérieu-en-Bugey Ambérieux-en-Dombes Ambléon Ambronay Ambutrix Andert-et-Condon Anglefort Apremont Aranc Arandas Arbent Arbigny Arboys en Bugey Argis Armix Ars-sur-Formans Artemare Arvière-en-Valromey Asnières-sur-Saône Attignat Bâgé-Dommartin Bâgé-le-Châtel Balan Baneins Béard-Géovreissiat Beaupont Beauregard Béligneux Belleysubpr Belleydoux Bellignat Bénonces Bény Béréziat Bettant Bey Beynost Billiat Birieux Biziat Blyes Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat La Boisse Boissey Bolozon Bouligneux Bourg-en-Bressepref Bourg-Saint-Christophe Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme Boz Brégnier-Cordon Brénod Brens Bresse Vallons Bressolles Brion Briord Buellas La Burbanche Ceignes Cerdon Certines Cessy Ceyzériat Ceyzérieu Chalamont Chaleins Chaley Challes-la-Montagne Challex Champagne-en-Valromey Champdor-Corcelles Champfromier Chanay Chaneins Chanoz-Châtenay La Chapelle-du-Châtelard Charix Charnoz-sur-Ain Château-Gaillard Châtenay Châtillon-la-Palud Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze Chaveyriat Chazey-Bons Chazey-sur-Ain Cheignieu-la-Balme Chevillard Chevroux Chevry Chézery-Forens Civrieux Cize Cleyzieu Coligny Collonges Colomieu Conand Condamine Condeissiat Confort Confrançon Contrevoz Conzieu Corbonod Corlier Cormoranche-sur-Saône Cormoz Corveissiat Courmangoux Courtes Crans Cressin-Rochefort Crottet Crozet Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat Culoz-Béon Curciat-Dongalon Curtafond Cuzieu Dagneux Divonne-les-Bains Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne Dompierre-sur-Veyle Domsure Dortan Douvres Drom Druillat Échallon Échenevex Évosges Faramans Fareins Farges Feillens Ferney-Voltaire Flaxieu Foissiat Francheleins Frans Garnerans Genouilleux Géovreisset Gexsubpr Giron Gorrevod Grand-Corent Grièges Grilly Groissiat Groslée-Saint-Benoît Guéreins Hautecourt-Romanèche Haut Valromey Illiat Injoux-Génissiat Innimond Izenave Izernore Izieu Jassans-Riottier Jasseron Jayat Journans Joyeux Jujurieux Labalme Lagnieu Laiz Lantenay Lapeyrouse Lavours Léaz Lélex Lent Lescheroux Leyment Leyssard Lhuis Lompnas Loyettes Lurcy Magnieu Maillat Malafretaz Mantenay-Montlin Manziat Marboz Marchamp Marignieu Marlieux Marsonnas Martignat Massieux Massignieu-de-Rives Matafelon-Granges Meillonnas Mérignat Messimy-sur-Saône Meximieux Mézériat Mijoux Mionnay Miribel Misérieux Mogneneins Montagnat Montagnieu Montanges Montceaux Montcet Le Montellier Monthieux Montluel Montmerle-sur-Saône Montracol Montréal-la-Cluse Montrevel-en-Bresse Murs-et-Gélignieux Nantuasubpr Neuville-les-Dames Neuville-sur-Ain Les Neyrolles Neyron Niévroz Nivigne et Suran Nivollet-Montgriffon Nurieux-Volognat Oncieu Ordonnaz Ornex Outriaz Oyonnax Ozan Parcieux Parves-et-Nattages Péron Péronnas Pérouges Perrex Peyriat Peyrieu Peyzieux-sur-Saône Pirajoux Pizay Plagne Le Plantay Plateau d'Hauteville Le Poizat-Lalleyriat Polliat Pollieu Poncin Pont-d'Ain Pont-de-Vaux Pont-de-Veyle Port Pougny Pouillat Prémeyzel Prémillieu Prévessin-Moëns Priay Ramasse Rancé Relevant Replonges Revonnas Reyrieux Reyssouze Rignieux-le-Franc Romans Rossillon Ruffieu Saint-Alban Saint-André-de-Bâgé Saint-André-de-Corcy Saint-André-d'Huiriat Saint-André-le-Bouchoux Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc Saint-Bénigne Saint-Bernard Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon Saint-Denis-en-Bugey Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat Saint-Didier-de-Formans Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne Sainte-Croix Sainte-Euphémie Sainte-Julie Saint-Éloi Sainte-Olive Saint-Étienne-du-Bois Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Genis-Pouilly Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon Saint-Georges-sur-Renon Saint-Germain-de-Joux Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses Saint-Germain-sur-Renon Saint-Jean-de-Gonville Saint-Jean-de-Niost Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux Saint-Jean-le-Vieux Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle Saint-Just Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône Saint-Marcel Saint-Martin-de-Bavel Saint-Martin-du-Frêne Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Martin-le-Châtel Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux Saint-Nizier-le-Désert Saint-Paul-de-Varax Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey Saint-Rémy Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey Saint-Sulpice Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans Saint-Vulbas Salavre Samognat Sandrans Sault-Brénaz Sauverny Savigneux Ségny Seillonnaz Sergy Sermoyer Serrières-de-Briord Serrières-sur-Ain Servas Servignat Seyssel Simandre-sur-Suran Sonthonnax-la-Montagne Souclin Sulignat Surjoux-Lhopital Talissieu Tenay Thil Thoiry Thoissey Torcieu Tossiat Toussieux Tramoyes La Tranclière Trévoux Valeins Val-Revermont Valromey-sur-Séran Valserhône Vandeins Varambon Vaux-en-Bugey Verjon Vernoux Versailleux Versonnex Vesancy Vescours Vésines Vieu-d'Izenave Villars-les-Dombes Villebois Villemotier Villeneuve Villereversure Villes Villette-sur-Ain Villieu-Loyes-Mollon Viriat Virieu-le-Grand Virignin Vongnes Vonnas pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ain geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lɔna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceCommune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceLompnas (pronounced [lɔna]; formerly Lompnaz) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.","title":"Lompnas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Ain department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ain_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Simon_Museum_of_Art	Norton Simon Museum	["1 Overview","2 History","3 Collections","3.1 Asian art","3.2 European art: 14th–16th centuries","3.3 European art: 17th–18th centuries","3.4 European art: 19th century","3.5 Modern art","3.6 Contemporary art","3.7 Sculpture","4 Management","5 Gallery","6 Art repatriation issues","7 References","8 External links"]	Art museum in Pasadena, California Norton Simon MuseumFormer namePasadena Art Institute, Pasadena Art MuseumEstablishedMarch 1, 1975 (March 1, 1975)LocationPasadena, CaliforniaCoordinates34°08′46″N 118°09′33″W / 34.146203°N 118.159097°W / 34.146203; -118.159097TypeArt museumCollection sizeapproximately 12,500 objects / approximately 800 objects on displayPresidentWalter W. TimoshukCuratorEmily TalbotArchitectLadd + KelseyPublic transit accessMetro Local Bus 180,256 / Pasadena Transit Route 10Websitenortonsimon.org The Norton Simon Museum is an Art Museum located in Pasadena, California. It was previously known as the Pasadena Art Institute and the Pasadena Art Museum and displays numerous sculptures on its grounds. Overview The Norton Simon collections include: European paintings, sculptures, and tapestries; Asian sculptures, paintings, and woodblock prints. Outside sculptures surround the museum, with notable Rodin sculptures near its entrance and other sculptures along Colorado Boulevard and in a landscape setting around a large pond. The museum contains the Norton Simon Theater which shows film programs daily, and hosts lectures, symposia, and dance and musical performances year-round. The museum is located on Colorado Boulevard along the route of the Tournament of Roses's Rose Parade, where its distinctive, brown tile exterior can be seen in the background of television broadcasts. History The museum entrance hall After receiving approximately 400 German Expressionist pieces from collector Galka Scheyer in 1953, the Pasadena Art Institute changed its name to the Pasadena Art Museum in 1954 and occupied the Chinoiserie-style "The Grace Nicholson Treasure House of Oriental Art" building (now the Pacific Asia Museum) on North Los Robles Avenue until 1970. The museum filled a void, being the only modern art museum between San Francisco and La Jolla in California at the time. It was renowned for progressive art exhibits and supported the work of local contemporary artists such as Helen Lundeberg, John McLaughlin, and Sam Francis. In 1962, curator Walter Hopps arrived from the Ferus gallery, organizing an early Pop art show in 1962 and a Marcel Duchamp retrospective in 1963, as well as solo shows of the work of Kurt Schwitters and Joseph Cornell. Hopps later drew up a short list of California architects for a new museum building, including Richard Neutra, Charles Eames, John Lautner, Craig Ellwood, and Thornton Ladd. Hopps insisted on a local architect because he expected a high level of interaction throughout the design process. A new Pasadena Art Museum building was completed in 1969, designed by Pasadena architects Thornton Ladd and John Kelsey (architect)\|John Kelsey of the firm Ladd & Kelsey. General contractor selected to build the museum was Del E. Webb Corporation. The distinctive and modern curvilinear exterior facade is faced in 115,000 glazed tiles, in varying rich brown tones with an undulating surface, made by renowned ceramic artisan Edith Heath. Hopps resigned before the museum opened. In the early 1970s, due to an ambitious schedule of exhibits and the new building project, the museum began to experience serious financial hardships. By that time industrialist Norton Simon, who had risen to become one of the pre-eminent art collectors in the world during the 1960s, was searching for a permanent location for his growing collection of over 4,000 objects. He was first approached for financial assistance in 1971 by trustees of the museum. In 1974, the museum and Simon came to an agreement. According to the agreed five-year plan, Simon took over an $850,000 loan on the building and other financial obligations, including a $1 million accumulated operating deficit, in return for using 75% of the gallery space for his collection. The remainder was used to display the Pasadena museum's contemporary collection. A new 10-member board of trustees was formed, consisting of four members from Simon's group, three from the Pasadena museum board and three public members nominated by Simon. Simon also became responsible for the collection and building projects; in return the museum was renamed the Norton Simon Museum and renovated at a reported cost of more than $3 million. The detailed history of that process was told by former director and art critic John Coplans (who later became an artist) in Artforum. This move, widely criticized by the local community as it represented the closing of the only contemporary art museum between San Francisco and La Jolla, led indirectly to the founding of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1979, a project largely driven by Norton Simon's sister Marcia Weisman. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve (pair), c. 1530 Simon died in 1993, and the actress Jennifer Jones, his widow and chairwoman of the board, made corrective, conciliatory moves that have repositioned the museum and its two collections. In 1995, the museum began a major $5 million renovation with the architect Frank Gehry, a longtime trustee of the museum. The redesign resulted in a procession of medium-size, more intimate galleries with raised ceilings and improved lighting, increased rotating exhibition space, an entire floor devoted to Asian art, and restored access to the gardens. The gardens, which are located on the old "Carmelita" property, were redesigned by Power and Associates to house the 20th-century sculpture collection in an engaging setting. The new Norton Simon Theater was the final element of the renovation, designed by Gensler & Associates, and is used for lectures, film, dance performances and concerts. Collections The Norton Simon Museum, which comprises more than 11,000 objects, contains a significant permanent collection which is highly regarded internationally. The museum itself does not own the works it displays; instead, most of the art is on long-term loan from The Norton Simon Foundation and the Norton Simon Art Foundation, which each own different groups of artworks. As of 2014, their public filings placed the combined fair-market value of the artworks at about $5 billion. The museum makes relatively little effort to expand the collection amassed by its founder, but it still receives gifts. However, no more than 800 or 900 of those pieces are on display at any one time. The museum also mounts temporary exhibitions that focus on a particular artist, an art movement or artistic period, or art that was created in a specific region or country. For more than three decades after it was founded in 1975, the Norton Simon Museum maintained a no-loans policy. In 2007, the board agreed to circulate select works to museums including the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., saying it wanted the museum to become better known. In 2009, it entered into a reciprocal loan agreement with the Frick Collection in New York City. Asian art 'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna' from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE The museum has a world-renowned collection of art from South Asia and Southeast Asia, with examples of this region's sculptural and painting traditions. On display are holdings from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Cambodia and Thailand, as well as selected works from Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Japan. The collection is particularly rich in art from the Indian subcontinent, including monumental stone sculpture from the Kushana and Gupta periods, and a remarkable group of Chola bronzes from southern India. Selections of the museum's Rajput paintings from India, and thangkas, or Buddhist religious paintings, from Tibet and Nepal are well represented. The significant collection of Japanese woodblock prints includes objects that were formerly in the collection of Frank Lloyd Wright. 'Jina Suparsvanatha' from Karnataka, India, c. 900 'Digambara Yakshi Kushmandini' from Karnataka, India, c. 900 8 Miraculous Events of the Buddha's Life from Myanmar, 13th century Jain chaubisi Water spout, central Java, 15th century 'Hindu Goddess' from Nepal, c. 1700, gilt bronze European art: 14th–16th centuries Masterworks of the Early Renaissance, the High Renaissance and Mannerism make up the museum's extensive collection of 14th- to 16th-century European art. Exquisite works by Paolo Veneziano and Giovanni di Paolo, and an exceptional Guariento di Arpo altarpiece, anchor the museum's collection of gold-ground panel paintings. Jacopo Bassano, Botticelli, Filippino Lippi and Raphael are represented by rich oil paintings of religious scenes. Also represented are magnificent examples of such Northern European masters as Lucas Cranach the Elder, Dieric Bouts and Hans Memling. The portraits of Giorgione, Giovanni Bellini and El Greco reflect the great diversity of subject matter in the collection. Ownership of Cranach's Adam and Eve is disputed due to their history as Nazi loot. European art: 17th–18th centuries Rembrandt, Self-portrait, c. 1640 The museum's early Baroque paintings from Italy and Spain are represented by such noted artists as Guido Reni, Guercino, Murillo and Zurbarán. The Northern Baroque collection is profoundly expressed in the works of Peter Paul Rubens. The remarkable group of 17th-century Dutch genre, portrait and landscape paintings is crowned with three portraits by Rembrandt. Capping off the 17th century are Flemish and German still lifes, and religious landscapes by the French masters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin. The French component of the 18th century collection contains paintings by Watteau, Fragonard and Boucher, while Italy is represented with capriccios and historic glimpses into the daily life of Rome and Venice with works by Longhi, Pannini, Guardi, Canaletto, and Tiepolo. European art: 19th century Vincent van Gogh, The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen in the Snow, 1885, (F194) The museum's paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Francisco de Goya mark the beginning of the 19th century and lead to superb examples of mid-century Realism executed by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet. The museum has the most significant collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art in Southern California. Works by Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Edgar Degas, who alone is represented by over one hundred works of art, are displayed alongside the vibrant palettes of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne and Paul Gauguin. Complementing these works are Auguste Rodin's monumental bronze sculptures, displayed in the museum's front garden. Outstanding paintings by Édouard Vuillard and Pierre Bonnard lead to the doorstep of 20th-century Modernism. Modern art The museum has an extensive collection of Modern art, with seminal works by Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, and Diego Rivera on permanent view. The "Galka Scheyer collection of works by the Blue Four artists" boasts paintings and works on paper by Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger, Alexei Jawlensky, and Wassily Kandinsky. Scheyer, a German art dealer and collector who had represented these artists and settled in L.A. in 1925, left 450 works by the Blue Four and other modern artists (plus an archive of 800 documents) to the Pasadena Art Institute after plans had failed to give them to UCLA. Contemporary art The collection of Post-War Contemporary Art, from the Norton Simon Museum's acquisition of the Pasadena Art Museum's building and collections, is noteworthy for its strength in collage, assemblage and sculpture, including works by Joseph Cornell, Robert Rauschenberg, Louise Nevelson, and Ed Kienholz. Pop Art, and Minimal Art are represented by Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd, and Robert Irwin. Californian art from the 1950s through the 1970s is a particular strength, with artwork by Sam Francis, Richard Diebenkorn, Jay DeFeo, Ronald Davis, Larry Bell, Edward Ruscha, Kenneth Price, Charles Arnoldi, and Ed Moses, Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction are represented by Kenneth Noland, Ronnie Landfield, Frank Stella, Helen Frankenthaler, and Kenneth Showell. Sculpture Major sculptors of the 19th century and early 20th century, including Aristide Maillol, Constantin Brâncuși, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and Isamu Noguchi, are represented by works in bronze, lead and marble sculptures throughout the galleries and outside the museum, including the Front Garden and Colorado Boulevard lawn, as well as the extensive Sculpture Garden grounds. Management The Norton Simon is organized as an operating foundation, devoting its resources to its own public benefit activities. The operating budget is about $6 million. The museum building, which is owned by the board of trustees, stands on land leased from the City of Pasadena for $1 a year. The 75-year lease runs until 2050. Negotiations in the past included possible moves to San Francisco and UCLA, as well as an affiliation with the J. Paul Getty Trust. Jennifer Jones' Hollywood connections brought members of the film and television community, including Billy Wilder, Gregory Peck, Cary Grant, David Geffen, Tom Brokaw, and Candice Bergen, to the Norton Simon's museum board. Gallery Selected art images of Norton Simon Museum. Giovanni di Paolo, Branchini Madonna, 1427 Dieric Bouts, Resurrection, 1455 Sandro Botticelli, Madonna and Child with Adoring Angel, 1468 Raphael, Madonna and Child with the Book, 1503 Jacopo Bassano, Flight Into Egypt, 1545 Peter Paul Rubens, The Holy Women at the Sepulchre, 1611 Francisco de Zurbarán, Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose, 1633 Rembrandt, Portrait of a Boy, 1655 Francisco Goya, St. Jerome in Penitence, 1798 Édouard Manet, The Ragpicker, 1869 Auguste Rodin, St. John the Baptist Preaching, 1878 Claude Monet, The Artist's Garden at Vétheuil 1881 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Reclining Nude, 1882 Edgar Degas, Women Ironing, 1884 Paul Cézanne, Farmhouse and Chestnut Trees at Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887 Vincent van Gogh, Vieux Paysan: Patience Escalier, 1888 Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of the Artist's Mother, 1888 Vincent van Gogh, Mulberry Tree, 1889 Art repatriation issues In 2012, the Cambodian government asked the United States to help it recover a 10th-century Khmer sandstone statue from the Norton Simon Museum, saying the work was looted from a Cambodian temple complex during the country's political upheavals in the 1970s. The sculpture in question was owned by the Norton Simon Art Foundation and has been on display since 1980, and although Cambodian authorities have long known it was there, they had not sought its return until recently. In the spring of 2014, the Norton Simon returned the sculpture to the Kingdom of Cambodia. From 2007 until 2018, the museum was embroiled in a legal dispute over rightful ownership of Lucas Cranach the Elder's 1530 paired paintings Adam and Eve. Marei van Saher filed suit, seeking the return of the paintings and alleging that they were confiscated by the Nazi's from her father-in-law, Jacques Goudstikker, a prominent Dutch Jewish art dealer. Goudstikker died on board a ship with his family while attempting to flee the Netherlands. After the war, the paintings were recovered by the Monuments Men and returned to the Dutch government. In the 1960s, the Dutch government transferred them to United States Naval Commander George Stroganoff-Scherbatoff, who claimed they had previously been stolen from his family in Russia by the Stalinist government and sold to Goudstikker in a widely criticized estate auction in Berlin. The paintings were sold in the early 1970s by the Commander to Norton Simon and his foundations, and they have been on display in the Norton Simon Museum of Art for more than 30 years. Despite ethical concerns expressed by many, including the grandson of founder Norton Simon, the Norton Simon Museum continued its legal battle to keep the works. The Norton Simon Museum's defense hinges on a legal sale by the Dutch government to Commander Stroganoff-Scherbatoff after the owner's widow declined a settlement with the government in 1966. During the case in 2012, the court heard that "The Dutch government itself undermined the legitimacy of restitution process by describing it as 'bureaucratic, cold and often even callous." The museum sought U.S. Supreme Court review of a June 2014 ruling delivered by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that allowed von Saher to continue her claim; the Supreme Court had declined to hear a prior stage of the case in 2010. In 2017, the court ruled 3–0 against von Saher. References ^ Barrera, Sandra (28 August 2017). "At the Norton Simon Museum Sculpture Garden, art and nature intersect". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 1 November 2020. ^ a b c Giovannini, Joseph (July 18, 1999). "The Norton Simon Museum Lightens Up". The New York Times. ^ Building and Garden Archived 2011-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Pacific Asia Museum, 2011 ^ Mizota, Sharon (December 26, 2011). "PST, A to Z: '46 N. Los Robles' at Pacific Asia, 'Proof' at Norton Simon". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c Poundstone, William (September 4, 2012). "How the Norton Simon Got Its Curves". Blouin Artinfo. ^ "Webb Spinner 1965-1968" (PDF). ^ "Webb Spinner 1969-1970" (PDF). ^ Chang, Jade (2005). Art/Shop/Eat Los Angeles. Somerset Books. pp. 90–98. ISBN 1-905131-06-2. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (June 24, 1990). "Simon Finally Breaks the Silence". Los Angeles Times. ^ Pace, Eric (June 4, 1993). "Norton Simon, Businessman and Collector, Dies at 86". The New York Times. ^ John Coplans, « Pasadena’s collapse and the Simon's takeover. Diary of a Disaster », Artforum, Feb. 1975. ^ Goodwin, Jenny (5 October 2023). "Carmelita: The legacy of Pasadena's horticultural haven - City Council • District 6". City of Pasadena. Retrieved 26 May 2024. ^ Campbell, Sara; Knoke, C.; Williams, G. (2003). Handbook of the Norton Simon Museum. Pasadena, California: Norton Simon Museum. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-9726681-1-8. ^ a b c Boehm, Mike (November 14, 2014). "Norton Simon grandson urges museum to be 'just' with 'Adam' and 'Eve'". Los Angeles Times. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (February 11, 2009). "L.A. museums' collections grow despite poor economy". Los Angeles Times. ^ Vogel, Carol (October 5, 2007). "Masterwork From Naples, Cloaked in Mystery". The New York Times. ^ Rosenberg, Karen (February 27, 2009). "Sharing Reflections of Tycoon Taste and Wealth". The New York Times. ^ "Search the Collection". Norton Simon Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ "Search the Collection". Norton Simon Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ "FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions". Findlaw. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (November 13, 1994). "The Modernism of Galka Scheyer". Los Angeles Times. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (November 13, 1994). "Norton Simon Collection to Stay in Pasadena, Officials Say". Los Angeles Times. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne (December 18, 2009). "Jennifer Jones Simon gave new life to husband's museum". Los Angeles Times. ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (September 28, 2012). "Cambodia Is Seeking 2nd Statue". The New York Times. ^ Boehm, Mike (May 21, 2014). "Norton Simon's Temple Wrestler Heading Home to Cambodia". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b Boehm, Mike (October 9, 2014). "Norton Simon may seek U.S. Supreme Court ruling in looted art case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ Boehm, Mike (22 July 2014). "Norton Simon Museum seeks rehearing after 'Adam and Eve' setback". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ^ "Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ^ Stempel, Jonathan (July 30, 2018). "California museum can keep Cranachs looted by Nazis: U.S. appeals court". Reuters. External links Media related to Norton Simon Museum at Wikimedia Commons Official website Norton Simon commercial showing part of their collection on YouTube Los Angeles portal Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Israel United States Australia Artists ULAN Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"The Norton Simon Museum is an Art Museum located in Pasadena, California. It was previously known as the Pasadena Art Institute and the Pasadena Art Museum and displays numerous sculptures on its grounds.","title":"Norton Simon Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"tapestries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"woodblock prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing"},{"link_name":"Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Colorado Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LADN-1"},{"link_name":"Tournament of Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Tournament_of_Roses"},{"link_name":"Rose Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Parade"}],"text":"The Norton Simon collections include: European paintings, sculptures, and tapestries; Asian sculptures, paintings, and woodblock prints. Outside sculptures surround the museum, with notable Rodin sculptures near its entrance and other sculptures along Colorado Boulevard and in a landscape setting around a large pond.[1] The museum contains the Norton Simon Theater which shows film programs daily, and hosts lectures, symposia, and dance and musical performances year-round. The museum is located on Colorado Boulevard along the route of the Tournament of Roses's Rose Parade, where its distinctive, brown tile exterior can be seen in the background of television broadcasts.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norton_Simon_Lobby.JPG"},{"link_name":"Galka Scheyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galka_Scheyer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-2"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Grace Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Pacific Asia Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Asia_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"La Jolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla,_California"},{"link_name":"Helen Lundeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Lundeberg"},{"link_name":"John McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaughlin_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Sam Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Francis"},{"link_name":"Walter Hopps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hopps"},{"link_name":"an early Pop art show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Painting_of_Common_Objects"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schwitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cornell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Neutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neutra"},{"link_name":"Charles Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eames"},{"link_name":"John Lautner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lautner"},{"link_name":"Craig Ellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Ellwood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_the_Norton_Simon_Got_Its_Curves-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_the_Norton_Simon_Got_Its_Curves-5"},{"link_name":"Del E. Webb Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_E._Webb_Construction_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edith Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Heath"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_the_Norton_Simon_Got_Its_Curves-5"},{"link_name":"Norton Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Simon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Adam_und_Eva_(Gem%C3%A4ldepaar),_Norton_Simon_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-2"},{"link_name":"Frank Gehry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-2"},{"link_name":"\"Carmelita\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelita_(Pasadena,_California)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityofpasadena-12"},{"link_name":"Power and Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Power"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The museum entrance hallAfter receiving approximately 400 German Expressionist pieces from collector Galka Scheyer in 1953,[2] the Pasadena Art Institute changed its name to the Pasadena Art Museum in 1954 and occupied the Chinoiserie-style \"The Grace Nicholson Treasure House of Oriental Art\" building (now the Pacific Asia Museum) on North Los Robles Avenue until 1970.[3] The museum filled a void, being the only modern art museum between San Francisco and La Jolla in California at the time. It was renowned for progressive art exhibits and supported the work of local contemporary artists such as Helen Lundeberg, John McLaughlin, and Sam Francis. In 1962, curator Walter Hopps arrived from the Ferus gallery, organizing an early Pop art show in 1962 and a Marcel Duchamp retrospective in 1963, as well as solo shows of the work of Kurt Schwitters and Joseph Cornell.[4]Hopps later drew up a short list of California architects for a new museum building, including Richard Neutra, Charles Eames, John Lautner, Craig Ellwood, and Thornton Ladd.[5] Hopps insisted on a local architect because he expected a high level of interaction throughout the design process.[5] A new Pasadena Art Museum building was completed in 1969, designed by Pasadena architects Thornton Ladd and John Kelsey (architect)\|John Kelsey of the firm Ladd & Kelsey. General contractor selected to build the museum was Del E. Webb Corporation.[6][7] The distinctive and modern curvilinear exterior facade is faced in 115,000 glazed tiles, in varying rich brown tones with an undulating surface, made by renowned ceramic artisan Edith Heath.[8] Hopps resigned before the museum opened.[5]In the early 1970s, due to an ambitious schedule of exhibits and the new building project, the museum began to experience serious financial hardships. By that time industrialist Norton Simon, who had risen to become one of the pre-eminent art collectors in the world during the 1960s, was searching for a permanent location for his growing collection of over 4,000 objects. He was first approached for financial assistance in 1971 by trustees of the museum. In 1974, the museum and Simon came to an agreement. According to the agreed five-year plan, Simon took over an $850,000 loan on the building and other financial obligations, including a $1 million accumulated operating deficit, in return for using 75% of the gallery space for his collection. The remainder was used to display the Pasadena museum's contemporary collection. A new 10-member board of trustees was formed, consisting of four members from Simon's group, three from the Pasadena museum board and three public members nominated by Simon.[9] Simon also became responsible for the collection and building projects; in return the museum was renamed the Norton Simon Museum and renovated at a reported cost of more than $3 million.[10] The detailed history of that process was told by former director and art critic John Coplans (who later became an artist) in Artforum.[11] This move, widely criticized by the local community as it represented the closing of the only contemporary art museum between San Francisco and La Jolla, led indirectly to the founding of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1979, a project largely driven by Norton Simon's sister Marcia Weisman.Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve (pair), c. 1530Simon died in 1993, and the actress Jennifer Jones, his widow and chairwoman of the board, made corrective, conciliatory moves that have repositioned the museum and its two collections.[2] In 1995, the museum began a major $5 million renovation with the architect Frank Gehry, a longtime trustee of the museum.[2] The redesign resulted in a procession of medium-size, more intimate galleries with raised ceilings and improved lighting, increased rotating exhibition space, an entire floor devoted to Asian art, and restored access to the gardens. The gardens, which are located on the old \"Carmelita\" property,[12] were redesigned by Power and Associates to house the 20th-century sculpture collection in an engaging setting. The new Norton Simon Theater was the final element of the renovation, designed by Gensler & Associates, and is used for lectures, film, dance performances and concerts.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Frick Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frick_Collection"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Norton Simon Museum, which comprises more than 11,000 objects, contains a significant permanent collection which is highly regarded internationally. The museum itself does not own the works it displays; instead, most of the art is on long-term loan from The Norton Simon Foundation and the Norton Simon Art Foundation, which each own different groups of artworks. As of 2014, their public filings placed the combined fair-market value of the artworks at about $5 billion.[14] The museum makes relatively little effort to expand the collection amassed by its founder, but it still receives gifts.[15] However, no more than 800 or 900 of those pieces are on display at any one time. The museum also mounts temporary exhibitions that focus on a particular artist, an art movement or artistic period, or art that was created in a specific region or country.For more than three decades after it was founded in 1975, the Norton Simon Museum maintained a no-loans policy. In 2007, the board agreed to circulate select works to museums including the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., saying it wanted the museum to become better known.[16] In 2009, it entered into a reciprocal loan agreement with the Frick Collection in New York City.[17]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Digambara_Yaksha_Sarvahna%27_from_Karnataka,_India,_c._900,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kushana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushana"},{"link_name":"Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"thangkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangka"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"woodblock prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_prints"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Jina_Suparsvanatha%27_from_Karnataka,_c._900,_schist,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jina Suparsvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suparshvanatha"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Digambara_Yakshi_Kushmandini%27_from_Karnataka,_India,_c._900,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kushmandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_(Jainism)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8_Miraculous_Events_of_the_Buddha%27s_Life_from_Myanmar,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas,_c._1500,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jain chaubisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_chaubisi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_spout_from_central_Java,_15th_century,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Hindu_Goddess%27_from_Nepal,_c._1700,_gilt_bronze,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Asian art","text":"'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna' from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CEThe museum has a world-renowned collection of art from South Asia and Southeast Asia, with examples of this region's sculptural and painting traditions. On display are holdings from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Cambodia and Thailand, as well as selected works from Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Japan. The collection is particularly rich in art from the Indian subcontinent, including monumental stone sculpture from the Kushana and Gupta periods, and a remarkable group of Chola bronzes from southern India. Selections of the museum's Rajput paintings from India, and thangkas, or Buddhist religious paintings, from Tibet and Nepal are well represented. The significant collection of Japanese woodblock prints includes objects that were formerly in the collection of Frank Lloyd Wright.'Jina Suparsvanatha' from Karnataka, India, c. 900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Digambara Yakshi Kushmandini' from Karnataka, India, c. 900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t8 Miraculous Events of the Buddha's Life from Myanmar, 13th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJain chaubisi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWater spout, central Java, 15th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Hindu Goddess' from Nepal, c. 1700, gilt bronze","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"High Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Paolo Veneziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Veneziano"},{"link_name":"Giovanni di Paolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Paolo"},{"link_name":"Guariento di Arpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guariento_di_Arpo"},{"link_name":"gold-ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold-ground"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Bassano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Bassano"},{"link_name":"Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Filippino Lippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippino_Lippi"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Dieric Bouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieric_Bouts"},{"link_name":"Hans Memling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Memling"},{"link_name":"Giorgione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgione"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"European art: 14th–16th centuries","text":"Masterworks of the Early Renaissance, the High Renaissance and Mannerism make up the museum's extensive collection of 14th- to 16th-century European art. Exquisite works by Paolo Veneziano and Giovanni di Paolo, and an exceptional Guariento di Arpo altarpiece, anchor the museum's collection of gold-ground panel paintings. Jacopo Bassano, Botticelli, Filippino Lippi and Raphael are represented by rich oil paintings of religious scenes. Also represented are magnificent examples of such Northern European masters as Lucas Cranach the Elder, Dieric Bouts and Hans Memling. The portraits of Giorgione, Giovanni Bellini and El Greco reflect the great diversity of subject matter in the collection. Ownership of Cranach's Adam[18] and Eve[19] is disputed due to their history as Nazi loot.[20]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_self_portrait_1636-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-portrait"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Guido Reni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Reni"},{"link_name":"Guercino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guercino"},{"link_name":"Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo"},{"link_name":"Zurbarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurbar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Claude Lorrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lorrain"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin"},{"link_name":"Watteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watteau"},{"link_name":"Fragonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard"},{"link_name":"Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher"},{"link_name":"Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Longhi"},{"link_name":"Pannini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini"},{"link_name":"Guardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardi"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"}],"sub_title":"European art: 17th–18th centuries","text":"Rembrandt, Self-portrait, c. 1640The museum's early Baroque paintings from Italy and Spain are represented by such noted artists as Guido Reni, Guercino, Murillo and Zurbarán. The Northern Baroque collection is profoundly expressed in the works of Peter Paul Rubens. The remarkable group of 17th-century Dutch genre, portrait and landscape paintings is crowned with three portraits by Rembrandt. Capping off the 17th century are Flemish and German still lifes, and religious landscapes by the French masters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin. The French component of the 18th century collection contains paintings by Watteau, Fragonard and Boucher, while Italy is represented with capriccios and historic glimpses into the daily life of Rome and Venice with works by Longhi, Pannini, Guardi, Canaletto, and Tiepolo.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Der_Pfarrgarten_in_Nuenen_im_Schnee1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot"},{"link_name":"Gustave Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionist"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Édouard Vuillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bonnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard"}],"sub_title":"European art: 19th century","text":"Vincent van Gogh, The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen in the Snow, 1885, (F194)The museum's paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Francisco de Goya mark the beginning of the 19th century and lead to superb examples of mid-century Realism executed by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet. The museum has the most significant collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art in Southern California. Works by Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Edgar Degas, who alone is represented by over one hundred works of art, are displayed alongside the vibrant palettes of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne and Paul Gauguin. Complementing these works are Auguste Rodin's monumental bronze sculptures, displayed in the museum's front garden. Outstanding paintings by Édouard Vuillard and Pierre Bonnard lead to the doorstep of 20th-century Modernism.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Georges Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Diego Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Galka Scheyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galka_Scheyer"},{"link_name":"Blue Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Blaue_Vier"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Lyonel Feininger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger"},{"link_name":"Alexei Jawlensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Jawlensky"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Modern art","text":"The museum has an extensive collection of Modern art, with seminal works by Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, and Diego Rivera on permanent view. The \"Galka Scheyer collection of works by the Blue Four artists\" boasts paintings and works on paper by Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger, Alexei Jawlensky, and Wassily Kandinsky. Scheyer, a German art dealer and collector who had represented these artists and settled in L.A. in 1925, left 450 works by the Blue Four and other modern artists (plus an archive of 800 documents) to the Pasadena Art Institute after plans had failed to give them to UCLA.[21]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Robert Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"Louise Nevelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Nevelson"},{"link_name":"Ed Kienholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Kienholz"},{"link_name":"Pop Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Art"},{"link_name":"Minimal Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Art"},{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Donald Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Judd"},{"link_name":"Robert Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Sam Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Francis"},{"link_name":"Richard Diebenkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Diebenkorn"},{"link_name":"Jay DeFeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_DeFeo"},{"link_name":"Ronald Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Davis"},{"link_name":"Larry Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bell_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Edward Ruscha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ruscha"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Price"},{"link_name":"Charles Arnoldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Arnoldi"},{"link_name":"Ed Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Moses_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Color Field painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Field_painting"},{"link_name":"Lyrical Abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Abstraction"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Noland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Noland"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Landfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Landfield"},{"link_name":"Frank Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stella"},{"link_name":"Helen Frankenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Frankenthaler"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary art","text":"The collection of Post-War Contemporary Art, from the Norton Simon Museum's acquisition of the Pasadena Art Museum's building and collections, is noteworthy for its strength in collage, assemblage and sculpture, including works by Joseph Cornell, Robert Rauschenberg, Louise Nevelson, and Ed Kienholz. Pop Art, and Minimal Art are represented by Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd, and Robert Irwin. Californian art from the 1950s through the 1970s is a particular strength, with artwork by Sam Francis, Richard Diebenkorn, Jay DeFeo, Ronald Davis, Larry Bell, Edward Ruscha, Kenneth Price, Charles Arnoldi, and Ed Moses, Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction are represented by Kenneth Noland, Ronnie Landfield, Frank Stella, Helen Frankenthaler, and Kenneth Showell.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aristide Maillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Maillol"},{"link_name":"Constantin Brâncuși","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Isamu Noguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi"}],"sub_title":"Sculpture","text":"Major sculptors of the 19th century and early 20th century, including Aristide Maillol, Constantin Brâncuși, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, and Isamu Noguchi, are represented by works in bronze, lead and marble sculptures throughout the galleries and outside the museum, including the Front Garden and Colorado Boulevard lawn, as well as the extensive Sculpture Garden grounds.","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-14"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Getty Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Trust"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Billy Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"Cary Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Grant"},{"link_name":"David Geffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geffen"},{"link_name":"Tom Brokaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brokaw"},{"link_name":"Candice Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Bergen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Norton Simon is organized as an operating foundation, devoting its resources to its own public benefit activities. The operating budget is about $6 million.[14] The museum building, which is owned by the board of trustees, stands on land leased from the City of Pasadena for $1 a year. The 75-year lease runs until 2050. Negotiations in the past included possible moves to San Francisco and UCLA, as well as an affiliation with the J. Paul Getty Trust.[22]Jennifer Jones' Hollywood connections brought members of the film and television community, including Billy Wilder, Gregory Peck, Cary Grant, David Geffen, Tom Brokaw, and Candice Bergen, to the Norton Simon's museum board.[23]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Branchini_Madonna%27_by_Giovanni_di_Paolo,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Giovanni di Paolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Paolo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dieric_Bouts_-_Resurrection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dieric Bouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieric_Bouts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botticelli_Norton_115.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raphael_Madonna_Pasadena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with the Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassano,_Flight_Into_Egypt_1545.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Bassano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Bassano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_Still-life_with_Lemons,_Oranges_and_Rose_-_WGA26062.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Zurbarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_with_Lemons,_Oranges_and_a_Rose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_boy_by_Rembrandt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Jerome_in_Penitence_by_Francisco_Goya_y_Lucientes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ragpicker_1869_Edouard_Manet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-John-the-Baptist-Preaching.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"St. John the Baptist Preaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Rodin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Artist%27s_garden_at_Vetheuil_by_Claude_Monet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Nu_couch%C3%A9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Women_Ironing%27_by_Edgar_Degas,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmhouse_and_Chestnut_Trees_at_Jas_de_Bouffan_by_Paul_Cezanne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_Portrait_of_a_Peasant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Artist%27s_Mother_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Portrait of the Artist's Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Artist%27s_Mother_(Van_Gogh)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mulberry_Tree_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg"}],"text":"Selected art images of Norton Simon Museum.Giovanni di Paolo, Branchini Madonna, 1427\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDieric Bouts, Resurrection, 1455\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSandro Botticelli, Madonna and Child with Adoring Angel, 1468\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaphael, Madonna and Child with the Book, 1503\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacopo Bassano, Flight Into Egypt, 1545\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeter Paul Rubens, The Holy Women at the Sepulchre, 1611\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancisco de Zurbarán, Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose, 1633\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRembrandt, Portrait of a Boy, 1655\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancisco Goya, St. Jerome in Penitence, 1798\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tÉdouard Manet, The Ragpicker, 1869\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuguste Rodin, St. John the Baptist Preaching, 1878\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClaude Monet, The Artist's Garden at Vétheuil 1881\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPierre-Auguste Renoir, Reclining Nude, 1882\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdgar Degas, Women Ironing, 1884\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Cézanne, Farmhouse and Chestnut Trees at Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent van Gogh, Vieux Paysan: Patience Escalier, 1888\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent van Gogh, Portrait of the Artist's Mother, 1888\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent van Gogh, Mulberry Tree, 1889","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nazi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder"},{"link_name":"Jacques Goudstikker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Goudstikker"},{"link_name":"Monuments Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_Men"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latloot-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latloot-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCOTUSblog-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2012, the Cambodian government asked the United States to help it recover a 10th-century Khmer sandstone statue from the Norton Simon Museum, saying the work was looted from a Cambodian temple complex during the country's political upheavals in the 1970s. The sculpture in question was owned by the Norton Simon Art Foundation and has been on display since 1980, and although Cambodian authorities have long known it was there, they had not sought its return until recently.[24] In the spring of 2014, the Norton Simon returned the sculpture to the Kingdom of Cambodia.[25]From 2007 until 2018, the museum was embroiled in a legal dispute over rightful ownership of Lucas Cranach the Elder's 1530 paired paintings Adam and Eve. Marei van Saher filed suit, seeking the return of the paintings and alleging that they were confiscated by the Nazi's from her father-in-law, Jacques Goudstikker, a prominent Dutch Jewish art dealer. Goudstikker died on board a ship with his family while attempting to flee the Netherlands. After the war, the paintings were recovered by the Monuments Men and returned to the Dutch government. In the 1960s, the Dutch government transferred them to United States Naval Commander George Stroganoff-Scherbatoff, who claimed they had previously been stolen from his family in Russia by the Stalinist government and sold to Goudstikker in a widely criticized estate auction in Berlin. The paintings were sold in the early 1970s by the Commander to Norton Simon and his foundations, and they have been on display in the Norton Simon Museum of Art for more than 30 years.[26] Despite ethical concerns expressed by many, including the grandson of founder Norton Simon, the Norton Simon Museum continued its legal battle to keep the works.[14] The Norton Simon Museum's defense hinges on a legal sale by the Dutch government to Commander Stroganoff-Scherbatoff after the owner's widow declined a settlement with the government in 1966. During the case in 2012, the court heard that \"The Dutch government itself undermined the legitimacy of [the] restitution process by describing it as 'bureaucratic, cold and often even callous.\"[27] The museum sought U.S. Supreme Court review of a June 2014 ruling delivered by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that allowed von Saher to continue her claim;[26] the Supreme Court had declined to hear a prior stage of the case in 2010.[28] In 2017, the court ruled 3–0 against von Saher.[29]","title":"Art repatriation issues"}]	[{"image_text":"The museum entrance hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Norton_Simon_Lobby.JPG/220px-Norton_Simon_Lobby.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve (pair), c. 1530","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Adam_und_Eva_%28Gem%C3%A4ldepaar%29%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Adam_und_Eva_%28Gem%C3%A4ldepaar%29%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna' from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%27Digambara_Yaksha_Sarvahna%27_from_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_c._900%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG/170px-%27Digambara_Yaksha_Sarvahna%27_from_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_c._900%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rembrandt, Self-portrait, c. 1640","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rembrandt_self_portrait_1636-38.jpg/170px-Rembrandt_self_portrait_1636-38.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vincent van Gogh, The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen in the Snow, 1885, (F194)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Van_Gogh_-_Der_Pfarrgarten_in_Nuenen_im_Schnee1.jpeg/170px-Van_Gogh_-_Der_Pfarrgarten_in_Nuenen_im_Schnee1.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Barrera, Sandra (28 August 2017). \"At the Norton Simon Museum Sculpture Garden, art and nature intersect\". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/2015/06/19/at-the-norton-simon-museum-sculpture-garden-art-and-nature-intersect/","url_text":"\"At the Norton Simon Museum Sculpture Garden, art and nature intersect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Giovannini, Joseph (July 18, 1999). \"The Norton Simon Museum Lightens Up\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/18/arts/art-architecture-the-norton-simon-museum-lightens-up.html","url_text":"\"The Norton Simon Museum Lightens Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mizota, Sharon (December 26, 2011). \"PST, A to Z: '46 N. Los Robles' at Pacific Asia, 'Proof' at Norton Simon\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/12/pst-a-to-z-46-n-los-robles-at-pacific-asia-museum-proof-at-norton-simon-museum-.html","url_text":"\"PST, A to Z: '46 N. Los Robles' at Pacific Asia, 'Proof' at Norton Simon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Poundstone, William (September 4, 2012). \"How the Norton Simon Got Its Curves\". Blouin Artinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.artinfo.com/lacmonfire/2012/09/04/how-the-norton-simon-got-its-curves/","url_text":"\"How the Norton Simon Got Its Curves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webb Spinner 1965-1968\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://delwebbsuncitiesmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1965-1968.pdf","url_text":"\"Webb Spinner 1965-1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"Webb Spinner 1969-1970\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://delwebbsuncitiesmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1969-1970.pdf","url_text":"\"Webb Spinner 1969-1970\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Jade (2005). Art/Shop/Eat Los Angeles. Somerset Books. pp. 90–98. ISBN 1-905131-06-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Chang","url_text":"Chang, Jade"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artshopeatlosang0000chan/page/90","url_text":"Art/Shop/Eat Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Books","url_text":"Somerset Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artshopeatlosang0000chan/page/90","url_text":"90–98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905131-06-2","url_text":"1-905131-06-2"}]},{"reference":"Muchnic, Suzanne (June 24, 1990). \"Simon Finally Breaks the Silence\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Muchnic","url_text":"Muchnic, Suzanne"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-24/entertainment/ca-1086_1_norton-simon-museum","url_text":"\"Simon Finally Breaks the Silence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Pace, Eric (June 4, 1993). \"Norton Simon, Businessman and Collector, Dies at 86\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/04/obituaries/norton-simon-businessman-and-collector-dies-at-86.html","url_text":"\"Norton Simon, Businessman and Collector, Dies at 86\""}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Jenny (5 October 2023). \"Carmelita: The legacy of Pasadena's horticultural haven - City Council • District 6\". City of Pasadena. Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofpasadena.net/district6/featured-stories/carmelita-the-legacy-of-pasadenas-horticultural-haven/","url_text":"\"Carmelita: The legacy of Pasadena's horticultural haven - City Council • District 6\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Sara; Knoke, C.; Williams, G. (2003). Handbook of the Norton Simon Museum. Pasadena, California: Norton Simon Museum. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-9726681-1-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Campbell","url_text":"Campbell, Sara"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofnorton00nort/page/128","url_text":"Handbook of the Norton Simon Museum"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofnorton00nort/page/128","url_text":"128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9726681-1-8","url_text":"978-0-9726681-1-8"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (November 14, 2014). \"Norton Simon grandson urges museum to be 'just' with 'Adam' and 'Eve'\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-norton-simon-grandson-20141113-story.html","url_text":"\"Norton Simon grandson urges museum to be 'just' with 'Adam' and 'Eve'\""}]},{"reference":"Muchnic, Suzanne (February 11, 2009). \"L.A. museums' collections grow despite poor economy\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-et-collect11-2009feb11,0,6930848.story","url_text":"\"L.A. museums' collections grow despite poor economy\""}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Carol (October 5, 2007). \"Masterwork From Naples, Cloaked in Mystery\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/arts/design/05voge.html","url_text":"\"Masterwork From Naples, Cloaked in Mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Karen (February 27, 2009). \"Sharing Reflections of Tycoon Taste and Wealth\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/arts/design/27fric.html","url_text":"\"Sharing Reflections of Tycoon Taste and Wealth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search the Collection\". Norton Simon Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/browse_artist.php?name=Cranach,+Lucas,+the+Elder&resultnum=1","url_text":"\"Search the Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search the Collection\". Norton Simon Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nortonsimon.org/collections/browse_artist.php?name=Cranach,+Lucas,+the+Elder&resultnum=3","url_text":"\"Search the Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions\". Findlaw. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1036984.html","url_text":"\"FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions\""}]},{"reference":"Muchnic, Suzanne (November 13, 1994). \"The Modernism of Galka Scheyer\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-13/entertainment/ca-61975_1_modern-art","url_text":"\"The Modernism of Galka Scheyer\""}]},{"reference":"Muchnic, Suzanne (November 13, 1994). \"Norton Simon Collection to Stay in Pasadena, Officials Say\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-06-04/news/mn-43320_1_norton-simon-museum","url_text":"\"Norton Simon Collection to Stay in Pasadena, Officials Say\""}]},{"reference":"Muchnic, Suzanne (December 18, 2009). \"Jennifer Jones Simon gave new life to husband's museum\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/18/entertainment/la-et-jones-appreciation18-2009dec18","url_text":"\"Jennifer Jones Simon gave new life to husband's museum\""}]},{"reference":"Blumenthal, Ralph (September 28, 2012). \"Cambodia Is Seeking 2nd Statue\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/arts/design/cambodia-now-seeking-return-of-norton-simon-statue.html","url_text":"\"Cambodia Is Seeking 2nd Statue\""}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (May 21, 2014). \"Norton Simon's Temple Wrestler Heading Home to Cambodia\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-norton-simon-statue-20140521-story.html#page=1","url_text":"\"Norton Simon's Temple Wrestler Heading Home to Cambodia\""}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (October 9, 2014). \"Norton Simon may seek U.S. Supreme Court ruling in looted art case\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-norton-simon-museum-cranach-lawsuit-supreme-court-20141008-story.html","url_text":"\"Norton Simon may seek U.S. Supreme Court ruling in looted art case\""}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (22 July 2014). \"Norton Simon Museum seeks rehearing after 'Adam and Eve' setback\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-nazi-looted-art-norton-simon-museum-adam-eve-20140721-story.html","url_text":"\"Norton Simon Museum seeks rehearing after 'Adam and Eve' setback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena\". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 4 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/von-saher-v-norton-simon-museum-of-art-at-pasadena/","url_text":"\"Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena\""}]},{"reference":"Stempel, Jonathan (July 30, 2018). \"California museum can keep Cranachs looted by Nazis: U.S. appeals court\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-art-nazi-cranach/california-museum-can-keep-cranachs-looted-by-nazis-u-s-appeals-court-idUSKBN1KK223","url_text":"\"California museum can keep Cranachs looted by Nazis: U.S. appeals court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norton_Simon_Museum&params=34.146203_N_118.159097_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°08′46″N 118°09′33″W / 34.146203°N 118.159097°W / 34.146203; -118.159097"},{"Link":"http://nortonsimon.org/","external_links_name":"nortonsimon.org"},{"Link":"https://www.dailynews.com/2015/06/19/at-the-norton-simon-museum-sculpture-garden-art-and-nature-intersect/","external_links_name":"\"At the Norton Simon Museum Sculpture Garden, art and nature intersect\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/18/arts/art-architecture-the-norton-simon-museum-lightens-up.html","external_links_name":"\"The Norton Simon Museum Lightens Up\""},{"Link":"http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/_on_view/building.aspx","external_links_name":"Building and Garden"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101191413/http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/_on_view/building.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/12/pst-a-to-z-46-n-los-robles-at-pacific-asia-museum-proof-at-norton-simon-museum-.html","external_links_name":"\"PST, A to Z: '46 N. Los Robles' at Pacific Asia, 'Proof' at Norton Simon\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.artinfo.com/lacmonfire/2012/09/04/how-the-norton-simon-got-its-curves/","external_links_name":"\"How the Norton Simon Got Its Curves\""},{"Link":"https://delwebbsuncitiesmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1965-1968.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Webb Spinner 1965-1968\""},{"Link":"https://delwebbsuncitiesmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1969-1970.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Webb Spinner 1969-1970\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/artshopeatlosang0000chan/page/90","external_links_name":"Art/Shop/Eat Los Angeles"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/artshopeatlosang0000chan/page/90","external_links_name":"90–98"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-24/entertainment/ca-1086_1_norton-simon-museum","external_links_name":"\"Simon Finally Breaks the Silence\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/04/obituaries/norton-simon-businessman-and-collector-dies-at-86.html","external_links_name":"\"Norton Simon, Businessman and Collector, Dies at 86\""},{"Link":"https://www.artforum.com/print/197502/pasadena-s-collapse-and-the-simon-takeover-diary-of-a-disaster-37307","external_links_name":"Pasadena’s collapse and the Simon's takeover. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Children_(album)	Dear Children	["1 Background and reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 Personnel","5 References","6 External links"]	1987 studio album by The Black SorrowsDear ChildrenStudio album by The Black SorrowsReleased3 April 1987 (1987-04-03)Recorded1986StudioSing Sing StudiosGenre Folk rock pop rock country rock LabelCamel Records / CBS RecordsProducerJeff Burstin, Joe CamilleriThe Black Sorrows chronology A Place in the World(1985) Dear Children(1987) Hold On to Me(1988) Singles from Dear Children "Mystified"Released: November 1986 "Daughters of Glory"Released: March 1987 "Maybe Tomorrow"Released: June 1987 "The Last Frontier"Released: November 1987 Dear Children is the fourth studio album by Australian rock band The Black Sorrows. It was the band's first album released through CBS Records in April 1987. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, Dear Children "represented a turning point in the band's career". The album peaked at number 22 on the Kent Music Report in June 1987. Background and reception The Black Sorrows had released three studio albums between 1984 and 1985 and had begun recording more original material. By November 1986 the Black Sorrows line-up was Joe Camilleri, Jeff Burstin, Peter Luscombe, Nick Smith and Johnny Charles, down from eleven members. Camilleri said that the line-up was "a lot more rockier but it has to be that way because all the gentle side of it has gone — the accordion player has gone. We still do some wonderful ballads but there is a big difference between a nine-piece band and a five-piece band, something has to go." In November 1986, the band released "Mystified" which received significant radio play and peaked at number 24 on the Kent Music Report, this was the band's highest-charting single at that point. The band also performed the song on Countdown. Camilleri said; "I mortgaged the house to make Dear Children and then CBS Records stepped in and said: We like this record, we’ll buy it off you" The group signed to CBS for distribution. "Daughters of Glory" was released in March 1987 and made the top 50. Track listing Vinyl/ Cassette/ CD (CBS – 450924 1) No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Daughters of Glory" Joe Camilleri Nick Smith 4:082."Mystified" Camelleri Smith 4:353."The Big Time" Camelleri Smith 4:014."Tin Gods" Camelleri Smith 4:335."Wild Street Girl" Camelleri Smith 5:086."Dear Children" Camelleri Smith 3:217."Blue Horizon" Camelleri Smith 5:538."The Last Frontier" Camelleri Smith 3:389."Maybe Tomorrow" Willy DeVille 3:0510."Foolish Girl" Camelleri Smith 3:16 Charts Chart (1987) Peakposition Australian Kent Music Report 22 Personnel Accordion – George Butrumlis Acoustic Guitar, Mandolin, Tambourine – Jeff Burstin Backing Vocals – Nick Smith, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields Bass – Mick Grabowski, Mike Girasole, Johnny Charles Clarinet – John Barrett Drums – Peter Luscombe Electric Piano – Don Nadi Guitar – Jeff Burstin, Tony Faehse Organ – Mick O'Connor Piano, Keyboards, Marimba – Paul Grabowsky Saxophone – John Barrett, Joe Camilleri Slide Guitar – Tony Faehse Trombone – John Courtney Trumpet – Bob Vinter Tuba – Karl Fritzlaff, Tim Jones References ^ McFarlane. "'The Black Sorrows' entry". Archived from the original on 20 April 2004. Retrieved 17 May 2014. ^ Ferrington, Andrew (11 December 1986). "Joe Camilleri Sweet Sorrows". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 13. Retrieved 17 May 2014. ^ "The Black Sorrows". Head Records. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ "The Black Sorrows Biography". Black Sorrows. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ Dear Children (LP). The Black Sorrows. CBS Records. 1987.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. External links "Dear Children" at discogs.com vteThe Black Sorrows Discography Joe Camilleri Studio albums Sonola (1984) Rockin' Zydeco (1985) A Place in the World (1985) Dear Children (1987) Hold On to Me (1988) Harley and Rose (1990) Better Times (1992) Lucky Charm (1994) Beat Club (1998) One Mo' Time (2004) Roarin' Town (2006) 4 Days in Sing Sing (2009) Crooked Little Thoughts (2012) Certified Blue (2014) Endless Sleep Chapter 46 (2015) Endless Sleep Chapter 47 (2015) Faithful Satellite (2016) Citizen John (2019) Saint Georges Road (2021) Live albums Radio Waves (1996) Compilations The Chosen Ones – Greatest Hits (1993) The Very Best of The Black Sorrows (1997) The Essential Black Sorrows (2007) Singles "Brown Eyed Girl"/"What a Difference a Day Makes" "Hold On to Me" "The Chosen Ones" "Chained to the Wheel" "The Crack Up" "Harley + Rose" "Never Let Me Go" "Ain't Love the Strangest Thing" "Stir It Up" "Snake Skin Shoes" "Last One Standing for You" Related articles Vika and Linda John McAll Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons The Revelators ARIA Award for Best Group Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"The Black Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"}],"text":"1987 studio album by The Black SorrowsDear Children is the fourth studio album by Australian rock band The Black Sorrows. It was the band's first album released through CBS Records in April 1987. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, Dear Children \"represented a turning point in the band's career\".[1]\nThe album peaked at number 22 on the Kent Music Report in June 1987.","title":"Dear Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Camilleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Camilleri"},{"link_name":"Peter Luscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Luscombe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Black Sorrows had released three studio albums between 1984 and 1985 and had begun recording more original material. By November 1986 the Black Sorrows line-up was Joe Camilleri, Jeff Burstin, Peter Luscombe, Nick Smith and Johnny Charles, down from eleven members. Camilleri said that the line-up was \"a lot more rockier but it has to be that way because all the gentle side of it has gone — the accordion player has gone. We still do some wonderful ballads but there is a big difference between a nine-piece band [as on the Sorrows' last tour] and a five-piece band, something has to go.\"[2]In November 1986, the band released \"Mystified\" which received significant radio play and peaked at number 24 on the Kent Music Report, this was the band's highest-charting single at that point.[3] The band also performed the song on Countdown. Camilleri said; \"I mortgaged the house to make Dear Children and then CBS Records stepped in and said: We like this record, we’ll buy it off you\" The group signed to CBS for distribution.[4] \"Daughters of Glory\" was released in March 1987 and made the top 50.","title":"Background and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notes-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Camilleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Camilleri"},{"link_name":"Willy DeVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_DeVille"}],"text":"Vinyl/ Cassette/ CD (CBS – 450924 1)[5]No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Daughters of Glory\"\nJoe Camilleri\nNick Smith\n4:082.\"Mystified\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n4:353.\"The Big Time\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n4:014.\"Tin Gods\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n4:335.\"Wild Street Girl\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n5:086.\"Dear Children\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n3:217.\"Blue Horizon\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n5:538.\"The Last Frontier\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n3:389.\"Maybe Tomorrow\"\nWilly DeVille\n3:0510.\"Foolish Girl\"\nCamelleri\nSmith\n3:16","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlie Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlie_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Venetta Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetta_Fields"},{"link_name":"Paul Grabowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grabowsky"},{"link_name":"Joe Camilleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Camilleri"}],"text":"Accordion – George Butrumlis\nAcoustic Guitar, Mandolin, Tambourine – Jeff Burstin\nBacking Vocals – Nick Smith, Sherlie Matthews, Venetta Fields\nBass – Mick Grabowski, Mike Girasole, Johnny Charles\nClarinet – John Barrett\nDrums – Peter Luscombe\nElectric Piano [Rhodes] – Don Nadi\nGuitar – Jeff Burstin, Tony Faehse\nOrgan – Mick O'Connor\nPiano, Keyboards, Marimba – Paul Grabowsky\nSaxophone – John Barrett, Joe Camilleri\nSlide Guitar – Tony Faehse\nTrombone – John Courtney\nTrumpet – Bob Vinter\nTuba – Karl Fritzlaff, Tim Jones","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McFarlane. \"'The Black Sorrows' entry\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2004. Retrieved 17 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040420005834/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=104","url_text":"\"'The Black Sorrows' entry\""},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ferrington, Andrew (11 December 1986). \"Joe Camilleri Sweet Sorrows\". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). National Library of Australia. p. 13. Retrieved 17 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130634275","url_text":"\"Joe Camilleri Sweet Sorrows\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Sorrows\". Head Records. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.headrecords.com/cms-artists/the-black-sorrows.phps","url_text":"\"The Black Sorrows\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Sorrows Biography\". Black Sorrows. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theblacksorrows.com.au/biography/","url_text":"\"The Black Sorrows Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Dear Children (LP). The Black Sorrows. CBS Records. 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. pp. 36–37. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_venography	Magnetic resonance angiography	["1 Acquisition","1.1 Flow-dependent angiography","1.2 Phase-contrast MRA","1.3 Flow-independent angiography","1.4 2D and 3D acquisitions","1.5 Non-enhanced techniques in development","2 Artifacts","3 Visualization","4 Clinical use","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Magnetic resonance angiography" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Magnetic resonance angiographyTime-of-flight MRA at the level of the Circle of Willis.MeSHD018810OPS-301 code3-808, 3-828MedlinePlus007269 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography is used to generate images of arteries (and less commonly veins) in order to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing), occlusions, aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture) or other abnormalities. MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (the latter exam is often referred to as a "run-off"). Acquisition A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures of blood vessels, both arteries and veins, based on flow effects or on contrast (inherent or pharmacologically generated). The most frequently applied MRA methods involve the use intravenous contrast agents, particularly those containing gadolinium to shorten the T1 of blood to about 250 ms, shorter than the T1 of all other tissues (except fat). Short-TR sequences produce bright images of the blood. However, many other techniques for performing MRA exist, and can be classified into two general groups: 'flow-dependent' methods and 'flow-independent' methods. Flow-dependent angiography One group of methods for MRA is based on blood flow. Those methods are referred to as flow dependent MRA. They take advantage of the fact that the blood within vessels is flowing to distinguish the vessels from other static tissue. That way, images of the vasculature can be produced. Flow dependent MRA can be divided into different categories: There is phase-contrast MRA (PC-MRA) which utilizes phase differences to distinguish blood from static tissue and time-of-flight MRA (TOF MRA) which exploits that moving spins of the blood experience fewer excitation pulses than static tissue, e.g. when imaging a thin slice. Time-of-flight (TOF) or inflow angiography, uses a short echo time and flow compensation to make flowing blood much brighter than stationary tissue. As flowing blood enters the area being imaged it has seen a limited number of excitation pulses so it is not saturated, this gives it a much higher signal than the saturated stationary tissue. As this method is dependent on flowing blood, areas with slow flow (such as large aneurysms) or flow that is in plane of the image may not be well visualized. This is most commonly used in the head and neck and gives detailed high-resolution images. It is also the most common technique used for routine angiographic evaluation of the intracranial circulation in patients with ischemic stroke. Phase-contrast MRA Vastly undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction (VIPR) of a Phase Contrast (PC) MRI sequence of a 56-year-old male with dissections of the celiac artery (upper) and the superior mesenteric artery (lower). Laminar flow is present in the true lumen (closed arrow) and helical flow is present in the false lumen (open arrow). Main article: Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging Phase-contrast (PC-MRA) can be used to encode the velocity of moving blood in the magnetic resonance signal's phase. The most common method used to encode velocity is the application of a bipolar gradient between the excitation pulse and the readout. A bipolar gradient is formed by two symmetric lobes of equal area. It is created by turning on the magnetic field gradient for some time, and then switching the magnetic field gradient to the opposite direction for the same amount of time. By definition, the total area (0th moment) of a bipolar gradient, G bip {\displaystyle G_{\text{bip}}} , is null: ∫ G bip d t = 0 {\displaystyle \int G_{\text{bip}}\,dt=0} (1) The bipolar gradient can be applied along any axis or combination of axes depending on the direction along which flow is to be measured (e.g. x). Δ Φ {\displaystyle \Delta \Phi } , the phase accrued during the application of the gradient, is 0 for stationary spins: their phase is unaffected by the application of the bipolar gradient. For spins moving with a constant velocity, v x {\displaystyle v_{x}} , along the direction of the applied bipolar gradient: Δ Φ = γ v x Δ m 1 {\displaystyle \Delta \Phi =\gamma v_{x}\Delta m_{1}} (2) The accrued phase is proportional to both v x {\displaystyle v_{x}} and the 1st moment of the bipolar gradient, Δ m 1 {\displaystyle \Delta m_{1}} , thus providing a means to estimate v x {\displaystyle v_{x}} . γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the Larmor frequency of the imaged spins. To measure Δ Φ {\displaystyle \Delta \Phi } , of the MRI signal is manipulated by bipolar gradients (varying magnetic fields) that are preset to a maximum expected flow velocity. An image acquisition that is reverse of the bipolar gradient is then acquired and the difference of the two images is calculated. Static tissues such as muscle or bone will subtract out, however moving tissues such as blood will acquire a different phase since it moves constantly through the gradient, thus also giving its speed of the flow. Since phase-contrast can only acquire flow in one direction at a time, 3 separate image acquisitions in all three directions must be computed to give the complete image of flow. Despite the slowness of this method, the strength of the technique is that in addition to imaging flowing blood, quantitative measurements of blood flow can be obtained. Flow-independent angiography Whereas most of techniques in MRA rely on contrast agents or flow into blood to generate contrast (Contrast Enhanced techniques), there are also non-contrast enhanced flow-independent methods. These methods, as the name suggests, do not rely on flow, but are instead based on the differences of T1, T2 and chemical shift of the different tissues of the voxel. One of the main advantages of this kind of techniques is that we may image the regions of slow flow often found in patients with vascular diseases more easily. Moreover, non-contrast enhanced methods do not require the administration of additional contrast agent, which have been recently linked to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography uses injection of MRI contrast agents and is currently the most common method of performing MRA. The contrast medium is injected into a vein, and images are acquired both pre-contrast and during the first pass of the agent through the arteries. By subtraction of these two acquisitions in post-processing, an image is obtained which in principle only shows blood vessels, and not the surrounding tissue. Provided that the timing is correct, this may result in images of very high quality. An alternative is to use a contrast agent that does not, as most agents, leave the vascular system within a few minutes, but remains in the circulation up to an hour (a "blood-pool agent"). Since longer time is available for image acquisition, higher resolution imaging is possible. A problem, however, is the fact that both arteries and veins are enhanced at the same time if higher resolution images are required. Subtractionless contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: recent developments in MRA technology have made it possible to create high quality contrast-enhanced MRA images without subtraction of a non-contrast enhanced mask image. This approach has been shown to improve diagnostic quality, because it prevents motion subtraction artifacts as well as an increase of image background noise, both direct results of the image subtraction. An important condition for this approach is to have excellent body fat suppression over large image areas, which is possible by using mDIXON acquisition methods. Traditional MRA suppresses signals originating from body fat during the actual image acquisition, which is a method that is sensitive to small deviations in the magnetic and electromagnetic fields and as a result may show insufficient fat suppression in some areas. mDIXON methods can distinguish and accurately separate image signals created by fat or water. By using the 'water images' for MRA scans, virtually no body fat is seen so that no subtraction masks are needed for high quality MR venograms. Non-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: Since the injection of contrast agents may be dangerous for patients with poor kidney function, others techniques have been developed, which do not require any injection. These methods are based on the differences of T1, T2 and chemical shift of the different tissues of the voxel. A notable non-enhanced method for flow-independent angiography is balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging which naturally produces high signal from arteries and veins. 2D and 3D acquisitions 3D rendered MRA to identify an aberrant subclavian artery. For the acquisition of the images two different approaches exist. In general, 2D and 3D images can be acquired. If 3D data is acquired, cross sections at arbitrary view angles can be calculated. Three-dimensional data can also be generated by combining 2D data from different slices, but this approach results in lower quality images at view angles different from the original data acquisition. Furthermore, the 3D data can not only be used to create cross sectional images, but also projections can be calculated from the data. Three-dimensional data acquisition might also be helpful when dealing with complex vessel geometries where blood is flowing in all spatial directions (unfortunately, this case also requires three different flow encodings, one in each spatial direction). Both PC-MRA and TOF-MRA have advantages and disadvantages. PC-MRA has fewer difficulties with slow flow than TOF-MRA and also allows quantitative measurements of flow. PC-MRA shows low sensitivity when imaging pulsating and non-uniform flow. In general, slow blood flow is a major challenge in flow dependent MRA. It causes the differences between the blood signal and the static tissue signal to be small. This either applies to PC-MRA where the phase difference between blood and static tissue is reduced compared to faster flow and to TOF-MRA where the transverse blood magnetization and thus the blood signal are reduced. Contrast agents may be used to increase blood signal – this is especially important for very small vessels and vessels with very small flow velocities that normally show accordingly weak signal. Unfortunately, the use of gadolinium-based contrast media can be dangerous if patients suffer from poor renal function. To avoid these complications as well as eliminate the costs of contrast media, non-enhanced methods have been researched recently. Non-enhanced techniques in development Flow-independent NEMRA methods are not based on flow, but exploit differences in T1, T2 and chemical shift to distinguish blood from static tissue. Gated subtraction fast spin-echo: An imaging technique that subtracts two fast spin echo sequences acquired at systole and diastole. Arteriography is achieved by subtracting the systolic data, where the arteries appear dark, from the diastolic data set, where the arteries appear bright. Requires the use of electrocardiographic gating. Trade names for this technique include Fresh Blood Imaging (Toshiba), TRANCE (Philips), native SPACE (Siemens) and DeltaFlow (GE). 4D dynamic MR angiography (4D-MRA): The first images, before enhancement, serve as a subtraction mask to extract the vascular tree in the succeeding images. Allows the operator to divide arterial and venous phases of a blood-groove with visualisation of its dynamics. Much less time has been spent researching this method so far in comparison with other methods of MRA. BOLD venography or susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI): This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues and uses the phase image to detect these differences. The magnitude and phase data are combined (digitally, by an image-processing program) to produce an enhanced contrast magnitude image which is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage. The imaging of venous blood with SWI is a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) technique which is why it was (and is sometimes still) referred to as BOLD venography. Due to its sensitivity to venous blood SWI is commonly used in traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and for high resolution brain venographies. Similar procedures to flow effect based MRA can be used to image veins. For instance, Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is achieved by exciting a plane inferiorly while signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane, and thus imaging the venous blood which has recently moved from the excited plane. Differences in tissue signals, can also be used for MRA. This method is based on the different signal properties of blood compared to other tissues in the body, independent of MR flow effects. This is most successfully done with balanced pulse sequences such as TrueFISP or bTFE. BOLD can also be used in stroke imaging in order to assess the viability of tissue survival. Artifacts MRA techniques in general are sensitive to turbulent flow, which causes a variety of different magnetized proton spins to lose phase coherence (intra-voxel dephasing phenomenon), resulting in a loss of signal. This phenomenon may result in the overestimation of arterial stenosis. Other artifacts observed in MRA include: Phase-contrast MRA: Phase wrapping caused by the underestimation of maximum blood velocity in the image. The fast-moving blood about maximum set velocity for phase-contrast MRA gets aliased and the signal wraps from pi to -pi instead, making flow information unreliable. This can be avoided by using velocity encoding (VENC) values above the maximum measured velocity. It can also be corrected with the so-called phase-unwrapping. Maxwell terms: caused by the switching of the gradients field in the main field B0. This causes the over magnetic field to be distort and give inaccurate phase information for the flow. Acceleration: accelerating blood flow is not properly encoded by phase-contrast technique, which can lead to errors in quantifying blood flow. Time-of-flight MRA: Saturation artifact due to laminar flow: In many vessels, blood flow is slower near the vessel walls than near the center of the vessel. This causes blood near the vessel walls to become saturated and can reduce the apparent caliber of the vessel. Venetian blind artifact: Because the technique acquires images in slabs (as in Multiple overlapping thin-slab acquisition, MOTSA), a non-uniform flip angle across the slab can appear as horizontal stripe in the composed images. Visualization Maximum intensity projection of an MRA covering from the aortic arch to just below the circle of Willis Occasionally, MRA directly produces (thick) slices that contain the entire vessel of interest. More commonly, however, the acquisition results in a stack of slices representing a 3D volume in the body. To display this 3D dataset on a 2D device such as a computer monitor, some rendering method has to be used. The most common method is maximum intensity projection (MIP), where the computer simulates rays through the volume and selects the highest value for display on the screen. The resulting images resemble conventional catheter angiography images. If several such projections are combined into a cine loop or QuickTime VR object, the depth impression is improved, and the observer can get a good perception of 3D structure. An alternative to MIP is direct volume rendering where the MR signal is translated to properties like brightness, opacity and color and then used in an optical model. Clinical use MRA has been successful in studying many arteries in the body, including cerebral and other vessels in the head and neck, the aorta and its major branches in the thorax and abdomen, the renal arteries, and the arteries in the lower limbs. For the coronary arteries, however, MRA has been less successful than CT angiography or invasive catheter angiography. Most often, the underlying disease is atherosclerosis, but medical conditions like aneurysms or abnormal vascular anatomy can also be diagnosed. An advantage of MRA compared to invasive catheter angiography is the non-invasive character of the examination (no catheters have to be introduced in the body). Another advantage, compared to CT angiography and catheter angiography, is that the patient is not exposed to any ionizing radiation. Also, contrast media used for MRI tend to be less toxic than those used for CT angiography and catheter angiography, with fewer people having any risk of allergy. Also far less is needed to be injected into the patient. The greatest drawbacks of the method are its comparatively high cost and its somewhat limited spatial resolution. The length of time the scans take can also be an issue, with CT being far quicker. It is also ruled out in patients for whom MRI exams may be unsafe (such as having a pacemaker or metal in the eyes or certain surgical clips). MRA procedures for visualizing cranial circulation are no different from the positioning for a normal MRI brain. Immobilization within the head coil will be required. MRA is usually a part of the total MRI brain examination and adds approximately 10 minutes to the normal MRI protocol. See also Computed tomography angiography Transcranial doppler sonography References ^ Campeau; Huston (2012). "Vascular disorders—magnetic resonance angiography: Brain vessels". Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 22 (2): 207–33, x. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2012.02.006. PMID 22548929. ^ a b Hartung, Michael P; Grist, Thomas M; François, Christopher J (2011). "Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 13 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-19. ISSN 1532-429X. PMC 3060856. PMID 21388544. (CC-BY-2.0) ^ Moran, Paul R. (1985). "Verification and Evaluation of Internal Flow and Motion" (PDF). Radiology. 154 (2): 433–441. doi:10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966130. PMID 3966130. ^ "CHAPTER-13". www.cis.rit.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-13. ^ Bryant, D. J. (August 1984). "Measurement of Flow with NMR Imaging Using a Gradient Pulse and Phase Difference Technique" (PDF). Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 8 (4): 588–593. doi:10.1097/00004728-198408000-00002. PMID 6736356. S2CID 8700276. ^ Kramer; Grist (Nov 2012). "Peripheral MR Angiography". Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 20 (4): 761–76. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2012.08.002. PMID 23088949. ^ Leiner, Tim; Habets, Jesse; Versluis, Bastiaan; Geerts, Liesbeth; Alberts, Eveline; Blanken, Niels; Hendrikse, Jeroen; Vonken, Evert-Jan; Eggers, Holger (2013-04-17). "Subtractionless first-pass single contrast medium dose peripheral MR angiography using two-point Dixon fat suppression". European Radiology. 23 (8): 2228–2235. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2833-y. ISSN 0938-7994. PMID 23591617. S2CID 2635492. ^ Blatter, D D; Bahr, A L; Parker, D L; Robison, R O; Kimball, J A; Perry, D M; Horn, S (December 1993). "Cervical carotid MR angiography with multiple overlapping thin-slab acquisition: comparison with conventional angiography". American Journal of Roentgenology. 161 (6): 1269–1277. doi:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249741. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 8249741. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnetic resonance angiography. Magnetic+Resonance+Angiography at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteAngiography Angiography Cardiac catheterization Microangiography Cerebral angiography Pulmonary angiography CT pulmonary angiogram Cholangiography Computed tomography angiography Magnetic resonance angiography Digital subtraction angiography Fluorescein angiography Carbon dioxide angiography vteMedical imagingX-ray/radiography2D Pneumoencephalography Dental radiography Sialography Myelography CXR Bronchography AXR KUB DXA/DXR Upper gastrointestinal series/Small-bowel follow-through/Lower gastrointestinal series Cholangiography/Cholecystography Mammography Pyelogram Cystography Arthrogram Hysterosalpingography Skeletal survey Angiography Angiocardiography Aortography Venography Lymphogram Orbital x-ray CT scanTechniques: General operation Quantitative High-resolution X-ray microtomography Electron beam Cone beam Targets Heart calcium scan angiography Abdominal and pelvis Virtual colonoscopy Angiography Coronary Pulmonary Head Thyroid Whole body imaging Full-body CT scan Other Fluoroscopy Dental panoramic radiography X-ray motion analysis Hounsfield scale Radiodensity MRI Brain functional Neurography Cardiac perfusion Angiography Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Breast Sequences diffusion restriction Tractography Synthetic MRI Ultrasound Techniques doppler contrast-enhanced 3D endoscopic duplex Echocardiography Doppler echocardiography TTE TEE ICE Transcranial Doppler Intravascular Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Abdominal ultrasonography renal renal tract Rectal Breast Scrotal Carotid Emergency ultrasound FAST pre-hospital Radionuclide2D/scintigraphy Cholescintigraphy Scintimammography Ventilation/perfusion scan Radionuclide ventriculography Radionuclide angiography Radioisotope renography Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy Radioactive iodine uptake test Bone scintigraphy Immunoscintigraphy Dacryoscintigraphy DMSA scan Gastric emptying study Full body: Octreotide scan Gallium-67 scan Ga-68-DOTATOC Indium-111 WBC scan 3D/ECTSPECT (gamma ray): Myocardial perfusion imaging PET (positron): Brain PET Cardiac PET PET mammography PET-CT PET-MRI Optical/Laser Optical tomography Optical coherence tomography Confocal microscopy Endomicroscopy Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging Thermography Non-contact thermography Contact thermography Dynamic angiothermography Target conditions Acute stroke Pregnancy Category vteVascular surgeryVascular and Endovascular surgeryArterial disease Vascular bypass Angioplasty Atherectomy Endarterectomy Carotid endarterectomy Stenting Carotid stenting Venous disease Ambulatory phlebectomy Laser surgery Sclerotherapy Vein stripping Arterial and venous access Venous cutdown Arteriotomy Phlebotomy Aortic aneurysm / dissection: Endovascular aneurysm repair Open aortic surgery Other Cardiopulmonary bypass Cardioplegia Isolated organ perfusion technique Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Vascular access Revascularization First rib resection Seldinger technique Vascular snare Medical imagingAngiography Digital subtraction angiography Cerebral angiography Aortography Fluorescein angiography Radionuclide angiography Magnetic resonance angiography Venography Portography Impedance phlebography Ultrasound Intravascular ultrasound Carotid ultrasonography Other diagnostic Angioscopy Ankle–brachial pressure index Toe pressure Authority control databases: National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosis"},{"link_name":"occlusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_occlusion"},{"link_name":"aneurysms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysms"}],"text":"Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography is used to generate images of arteries (and less commonly veins) in order to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing), occlusions, aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture) or other abnormalities. MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (the latter exam is often referred to as a \"run-off\").","title":"Magnetic resonance angiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein"},{"link_name":"contrast agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent"},{"link_name":"gadolinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium"},{"link_name":"T1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures of blood vessels, both arteries and veins, based on flow effects or on contrast (inherent or pharmacologically generated). The most frequently applied MRA methods involve the use intravenous contrast agents, particularly those containing gadolinium to shorten the T1 of blood to about 250 ms, shorter than the T1 of all other tissues (except fat). Short-TR sequences produce bright images of the blood. However, many other techniques for performing MRA exist, and can be classified into two general groups: 'flow-dependent' methods and 'flow-independent' methods.[citation needed]","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase-contrast MRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_contrast_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Flow-dependent angiography","text":"One group of methods for MRA is based on blood flow. Those methods are referred to as flow dependent MRA. They take advantage of the fact that the blood within vessels is flowing to distinguish the vessels from other static tissue. That way, images of the vasculature can be produced. Flow dependent MRA can be divided into different categories: There is phase-contrast MRA (PC-MRA) which utilizes phase differences to distinguish blood from static tissue and time-of-flight MRA (TOF MRA) which exploits that moving spins of the blood experience fewer excitation pulses than static tissue, e.g. when imaging a thin slice.[citation needed]Time-of-flight (TOF) or inflow angiography, uses a short echo time and flow compensation to make flowing blood much brighter than stationary tissue. As flowing blood enters the area being imaged it has seen a limited number of excitation pulses so it is not saturated, this gives it a much higher signal than the saturated stationary tissue. As this method is dependent on flowing blood, areas with slow flow (such as large aneurysms) or flow that is in plane of the image may not be well visualized. This is most commonly used in the head and neck and gives detailed high-resolution images. It is also the most common technique used for routine angiographic evaluation of the intracranial circulation in patients with ischemic stroke.[1]","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_(VIPR)_Phase_Contrast_(PC)_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vastly undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"MRI sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_sequence"},{"link_name":"dissections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection_(medical)"},{"link_name":"celiac artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_artery"},{"link_name":"superior mesenteric artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Larmor frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor_frequency"}],"sub_title":"Phase-contrast MRA","text":"Vastly undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction (VIPR) of a Phase Contrast (PC) MRI sequence of a 56-year-old male with dissections of the celiac artery (upper) and the superior mesenteric artery (lower). Laminar flow is present in the true lumen (closed arrow) and helical flow is present in the false lumen (open arrow).[2]Phase-contrast (PC-MRA) can be used to encode the velocity of moving blood in the magnetic resonance signal's phase.[3] The most common method used to encode velocity is the application of a bipolar gradient between the excitation pulse and the readout. A bipolar gradient is formed by two symmetric lobes of equal area. It is created by turning on the magnetic field gradient for some time, and then switching the magnetic field gradient to the opposite direction for the same amount of time.[4] By definition, the total area (0th moment) of a bipolar gradient, \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n bip\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{\\text{bip}}}\n \n, is null:∫\n \n G\n \n bip\n \n \n \n d\n t\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int G_{\\text{bip}}\\,dt=0}\n \n (1)The bipolar gradient can be applied along any axis or combination of axes depending on the direction along which flow is to be measured (e.g. x).[5] \n \n \n \n Δ\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Phi }\n \n, the phase accrued during the application of the gradient, is 0 for stationary spins: their phase is unaffected by the application of the bipolar gradient. For spins moving with a constant velocity, \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{x}}\n \n, along the direction of the applied bipolar gradient:Δ\n Φ\n =\n γ\n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n Δ\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Phi =\\gamma v_{x}\\Delta m_{1}}\n \n (2)The accrued phase is proportional to both \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{x}}\n \n and the 1st moment of the bipolar gradient, \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta m_{1}}\n \n, thus providing a means to estimate \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{x}}\n \n. \n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n is the Larmor frequency of the imaged spins. To measure \n \n \n \n Δ\n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta \\Phi }\n \n, of the MRI signal is manipulated by bipolar gradients (varying magnetic fields) that are preset to a maximum expected flow velocity. An image acquisition that is reverse of the bipolar gradient is then acquired and the difference of the two images is calculated. Static tissues such as muscle or bone will subtract out, however moving tissues such as blood will acquire a different phase since it moves constantly through the gradient, thus also giving its speed of the flow. Since phase-contrast can only acquire flow in one direction at a time, 3 separate image acquisitions in all three directions must be computed to give the complete image of flow. Despite the slowness of this method, the strength of the technique is that in addition to imaging flowing blood, quantitative measurements of blood flow can be obtained.","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nephrogenic systemic fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrogenic_systemic_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"chronic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"MRI contrast agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"blood-pool agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Pool_Agents"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_artifact"}],"sub_title":"Flow-independent angiography","text":"Whereas most of techniques in MRA rely on contrast agents or flow into blood to generate contrast (Contrast Enhanced techniques), there are also non-contrast enhanced flow-independent methods. These methods, as the name suggests, do not rely on flow, but are instead based on the differences of T1, T2 and chemical shift of the different tissues of the voxel. One of the main advantages of this kind of techniques is that we may image the regions of slow flow often found in patients with vascular diseases more easily. Moreover, non-contrast enhanced methods do not require the administration of additional contrast agent, which have been recently linked to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography uses injection of MRI contrast agents and is currently the most common method of performing MRA.[2][6] The contrast medium is injected into a vein, and images are acquired both pre-contrast and during the first pass of the agent through the arteries. By subtraction of these two acquisitions in post-processing, an image is obtained which in principle only shows blood vessels, and not the surrounding tissue. Provided that the timing is correct, this may result in images of very high quality. An alternative is to use a contrast agent that does not, as most agents, leave the vascular system within a few minutes, but remains in the circulation up to an hour (a \"blood-pool agent\"). Since longer time is available for image acquisition, higher resolution imaging is possible. A problem, however, is the fact that both arteries and veins are enhanced at the same time if higher resolution images are required.Subtractionless contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: recent developments in MRA technology have made it possible to create high quality contrast-enhanced MRA images without subtraction of a non-contrast enhanced mask image. This approach has been shown to improve diagnostic quality,[7] because it prevents motion subtraction artifacts as well as an increase of image background noise, both direct results of the image subtraction. An important condition for this approach is to have excellent body fat suppression over large image areas, which is possible by using mDIXON acquisition methods. Traditional MRA suppresses signals originating from body fat during the actual image acquisition, which is a method that is sensitive to small deviations in the magnetic and electromagnetic fields and as a result may show insufficient fat suppression in some areas. mDIXON methods can distinguish and accurately separate image signals created by fat or water. By using the 'water images' for MRA scans, virtually no body fat is seen so that no subtraction masks are needed for high quality MR venograms.Non-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: Since the injection of contrast agents may be dangerous for patients with poor kidney function, others techniques have been developed, which do not require any injection. These methods are based on the differences of T1, T2 and chemical shift of the different tissues of the voxel. A notable non-enhanced method for flow-independent angiography is balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging which naturally produces high signal from arteries and veins.","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arteria_lusoria_MRA_MIP-03_-_Annotated.jpg"},{"link_name":"aberrant subclavian artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberrant_subclavian_artery"}],"sub_title":"2D and 3D acquisitions","text":"3D rendered MRA to identify an aberrant subclavian artery.For the acquisition of the images two different approaches exist. In general, 2D and 3D images can be acquired. If 3D data is acquired, cross sections at arbitrary view angles can be calculated. Three-dimensional data can also be generated by combining 2D data from different slices, but this approach results in lower quality images at view angles different from the original data acquisition. Furthermore, the 3D data can not only be used to create cross sectional images, but also projections can be calculated from the data. Three-dimensional data acquisition might also be helpful when dealing with complex vessel geometries where blood is flowing in all spatial directions (unfortunately, this case also requires three different flow encodings, one in each spatial direction).\nBoth PC-MRA and TOF-MRA have advantages and disadvantages. PC-MRA has fewer difficulties with slow flow than TOF-MRA and also allows quantitative measurements of flow. PC-MRA shows low sensitivity when imaging pulsating and non-uniform flow.\nIn general, slow blood flow is a major challenge in flow dependent MRA. It causes the differences between the blood signal and the static tissue signal to be small. This either applies to PC-MRA where the phase difference between blood and static tissue is reduced compared to faster flow and to TOF-MRA where the transverse blood magnetization and thus the blood signal are reduced. Contrast agents may be used to increase blood signal – this is especially important for very small vessels and vessels with very small flow velocities that normally show accordingly weak signal. Unfortunately, the use of gadolinium-based contrast media can be dangerous if patients suffer from poor renal function. To avoid these complications as well as eliminate the costs of contrast media, non-enhanced methods have been researched recently.","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"susceptibility weighted imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptibility_weighted_imaging"},{"link_name":"blood-oxygen-level dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level_dependent"}],"sub_title":"Non-enhanced techniques in development","text":"Flow-independent NEMRA methods are not based on flow, but exploit differences in T1, T2 and chemical shift to distinguish blood from static tissue.Gated subtraction fast spin-echo: An imaging technique that subtracts two fast spin echo sequences acquired at systole and diastole. Arteriography is achieved by subtracting the systolic data, where the arteries appear dark, from the diastolic data set, where the arteries appear bright. Requires the use of electrocardiographic gating. Trade names for this technique include Fresh Blood Imaging (Toshiba), TRANCE (Philips), native SPACE (Siemens) and DeltaFlow (GE).4D dynamic MR angiography (4D-MRA): The first images, before enhancement, serve as a subtraction mask to extract the vascular tree in the succeeding images. Allows the operator to divide arterial and venous phases of a blood-groove with visualisation of its dynamics. Much less time has been spent researching this method so far in comparison with other methods of MRA.BOLD venography or susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI): This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues and uses the phase image to detect these differences. The magnitude and phase data are combined (digitally, by an image-processing program) to produce an enhanced contrast magnitude image which is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage. The imaging of venous blood with SWI is a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) technique which is why it was (and is sometimes still) referred to as BOLD venography. Due to its sensitivity to venous blood SWI is commonly used in traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and for high resolution brain venographies.Similar procedures to flow effect based MRA can be used to image veins. For instance, Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is achieved by exciting a plane inferiorly while signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane, and thus imaging the venous blood which has recently moved from the excited plane. Differences in tissue signals, can also be used for MRA. This method is based on the different signal properties of blood compared to other tissues in the body, independent of MR flow effects. This is most successfully done with balanced pulse sequences such as TrueFISP or bTFE. BOLD can also be used in stroke imaging in order to assess the viability of tissue survival.","title":"Acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"MRA techniques in general are sensitive to turbulent flow, which causes a variety of different magnetized proton spins to lose phase coherence (intra-voxel dephasing phenomenon), resulting in a loss of signal. This phenomenon may result in the overestimation of arterial stenosis. Other artifacts observed in MRA include:Phase-contrast MRA: Phase wrapping caused by the underestimation of maximum blood velocity in the image. The fast-moving blood about maximum set velocity for phase-contrast MRA gets aliased and the signal wraps from pi to -pi instead, making flow information unreliable. This can be avoided by using velocity encoding (VENC) values above the maximum measured velocity. It can also be corrected with the so-called phase-unwrapping.\nMaxwell terms: caused by the switching of the gradients field in the main field B0. This causes the over magnetic field to be distort and give inaccurate phase information for the flow.\nAcceleration: accelerating blood flow is not properly encoded by phase-contrast technique, which can lead to errors in quantifying blood flow.\nTime-of-flight MRA:\nSaturation artifact due to laminar flow: In many vessels, blood flow is slower near the vessel walls than near the center of the vessel. This causes blood near the vessel walls to become saturated and can reduce the apparent caliber of the vessel.\nVenetian blind artifact: Because the technique acquires images in slabs (as in Multiple overlapping thin-slab acquisition, MOTSA), a non-uniform flip angle across the slab can appear as horizontal stripe in the composed images.[8]","title":"Artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mra1.jpg"},{"link_name":"rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"maximum intensity projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_intensity_projection"},{"link_name":"QuickTime VR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime_VR"},{"link_name":"direct volume rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_rendering"}],"text":"Maximum intensity projection of an MRA covering from the aortic arch to just below the circle of WillisOccasionally, MRA directly produces (thick) slices that contain the entire vessel of interest. More commonly, however, the acquisition results in a stack of slices representing a 3D volume in the body. To display this 3D dataset on a 2D device such as a computer monitor, some rendering method has to be used. The most common method is maximum intensity projection (MIP), where the computer simulates rays through the volume and selects the highest value for display on the screen. The resulting images resemble conventional catheter angiography images. If several such projections are combined into a cine loop or QuickTime VR object, the depth impression is improved, and the observer can get a good perception of 3D structure. An alternative to MIP is direct volume rendering where the MR signal is translated to properties like brightness, opacity and color and then used in an optical model.","title":"Visualization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"spatial resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_resolution"}],"text":"MRA has been successful in studying many arteries in the body, including cerebral and other vessels in the head and neck, the aorta and its major branches in the thorax and abdomen, the renal arteries, and the arteries in the lower limbs. For the coronary arteries, however, MRA has been less successful than CT angiography or invasive catheter angiography. Most often, the underlying disease is atherosclerosis, but medical conditions like aneurysms or abnormal vascular anatomy can also be diagnosed.An advantage of MRA compared to invasive catheter angiography is the non-invasive character of the examination (no catheters have to be introduced in the body). Another advantage, compared to CT angiography and catheter angiography, is that the patient is not exposed to any ionizing radiation. Also, contrast media used for MRI tend to be less toxic than those used for CT angiography and catheter angiography, with fewer people having any risk of allergy. Also far less is needed to be injected into the patient. The greatest drawbacks of the method are its comparatively high cost and its somewhat limited spatial resolution. The length of time the scans take can also be an issue, with CT being far quicker. It is also ruled out in patients for whom MRI exams may be unsafe (such as having a pacemaker or metal in the eyes or certain surgical clips).MRA procedures for visualizing cranial circulation are no different from the positioning for a normal MRI brain. Immobilization within the head coil will be required. MRA is usually a part of the total MRI brain examination and adds approximately 10 minutes to the normal MRI protocol.","title":"Clinical use"}]	[{"image_text":"Vastly undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction (VIPR) of a Phase Contrast (PC) MRI sequence of a 56-year-old male with dissections of the celiac artery (upper) and the superior mesenteric artery (lower). Laminar flow is present in the true lumen (closed arrow) and helical flow is present in the false lumen (open arrow).[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg/220px-Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg"},{"image_text":"3D rendered MRA to identify an aberrant subclavian artery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arteria_lusoria_MRA_MIP-03_-_Annotated.jpg/220px-Arteria_lusoria_MRA_MIP-03_-_Annotated.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maximum intensity projection of an MRA covering from the aortic arch to just below the circle of Willis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mra1.jpg/220px-Mra1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Computed tomography angiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography"},{"title":"Transcranial doppler sonography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_doppler"}]	[{"reference":"Campeau; Huston (2012). \"Vascular disorders—magnetic resonance angiography: Brain vessels\". Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 22 (2): 207–33, x. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2012.02.006. PMID 22548929.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nic.2012.02.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.nic.2012.02.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22548929","url_text":"22548929"}]},{"reference":"Hartung, Michael P; Grist, Thomas M; François, Christopher J (2011). \"Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions\". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 13 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-19. ISSN 1532-429X. PMC 3060856. 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PMID 3966130.","urls":[{"url":"http://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/moran_radiology_2e154_2e2_2e3966130.pdf","url_text":"\"Verification and Evaluation of Internal Flow and Motion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiology.154.2.3966130","url_text":"10.1148/radiology.154.2.3966130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3966130","url_text":"3966130"}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER-13\". www.cis.rit.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/chap-12/chap-12.htm","url_text":"\"CHAPTER-13\""}]},{"reference":"Bryant, D. J. (August 1984). \"Measurement of Flow with NMR Imaging Using a Gradient Pulse and Phase Difference Technique\" (PDF). Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 8 (4): 588–593. doi:10.1097/00004728-198408000-00002. PMID 6736356. S2CID 8700276.","urls":[{"url":"http://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/measurement_of_flow_with_nmr_imaging_using_a.2.pdf","url_text":"\"Measurement of Flow with NMR Imaging Using a Gradient Pulse and Phase Difference Technique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004728-198408000-00002","url_text":"10.1097/00004728-198408000-00002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6736356","url_text":"6736356"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8700276","url_text":"8700276"}]},{"reference":"Kramer; Grist (Nov 2012). \"Peripheral MR Angiography\". Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 20 (4): 761–76. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2012.08.002. PMID 23088949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mric.2012.08.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.mric.2012.08.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23088949","url_text":"23088949"}]},{"reference":"Leiner, Tim; Habets, Jesse; Versluis, Bastiaan; Geerts, Liesbeth; Alberts, Eveline; Blanken, Niels; Hendrikse, Jeroen; Vonken, Evert-Jan; Eggers, Holger (2013-04-17). \"Subtractionless first-pass single contrast medium dose peripheral MR angiography using two-point Dixon fat suppression\". European Radiology. 23 (8): 2228–2235. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2833-y. ISSN 0938-7994. PMID 23591617. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrea_subrimata	Vitrea subrimata	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of gastropod Vitrea subrimata Shell of Vitrea subrimata (specimen at MNHN, Paris) Conservation status Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Heterobranchia Order: Stylommatophora Superfamily: Gastrodontoidea Family: Pristilomatidae Genus: Vitrea Species: V. subrimata Binomial name Vitrea subrimata(Reinhardt, 1871) Synonyms Crystallus sphaeroconus A. J. Wagner, 1907 (junior synonym) Crystallus subrimatus (Reinhardt, 1871) Crystallus subrimatus inflatus A. J. Wagner, 1907 (junior synonym) Hyalina subrimata Reinhardt, 1871 (original combination) Hyalinia (Vitrea) reitteri O. Boettger, 1880 junior subjective synonym Hyalinia hyblensis Kobelt, 1881 (junior synonym) Hyalinia maritae M. Kimakowicz, 1890 ·(junior synonym) Vitrea (Subrimatus) subrimata (Reinhardt, 1871) · Vitrea subrimata is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Pristilomatidae. Subspecies Vitrea subrimata litoralis (Clessin, 1877) Description The shell is small: 1.3-2.2 mm x 2.5–5 mm (diameter 2.6-2.7 mm at 3 whorls, 3.5-3.8 mm at 4 whorls) The shell is colourless and transparent. It contains 4-5 whorls. The width of the body whorl as seen from above is 1.2-1.7 times that of the penultimate whorl. The umbilicus is very narrow but is present (difference to Vitrea diaphana). The columellar margin is pointed and slightly protruded and covers the umbilicus only very weakly. The shell is very variable, except the characteristic form of the columellar margin at the umbilicus. The morphological variation has been associated with subspecies, but the nature of the variation is not yet understood. Two forms may co-occur with and without intermediates, other populations may consist of only one single form. Distribution Distribution in Europe of Vitrea subrimata The distribution of this species is alpine and southern-European. This species occurs in countries and islands including: Czech Republic Ukraine Great Britain, notably the Great Asby Scar. This species can be found in humid mountain forests under leaf litter, stones or in crevices, usually on calcareous substrate, rocks and rock rubble, up to 2600 m. In Bulgaria it is recorded from 2000 m, in England also in open habitats, between 250 and 600 m. References ^ Martínez-Ortí, A. (2017). "Vitrea striata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T23031A85575923. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Reinhardt O. (1871). "Über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Hyalinen aus der Crystallina-Gruppe". Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 2: 39-40. ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Vitrea subrimata (Reinhardt, 1871). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1002779 on 2023-06-14 ^ "AnimalBase :: Vitrea subrimata species homepage". AnimalBase. Retrieved 2023-06-15. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. ^ (in Slovak) Lisický M. J. (1991). Mollusca Slovenska . VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, 344 pp. ^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. (2012). "An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine". Journal of Conchology 41(1): 91-109. ^ Great Asby Scar (PDF), Natural England, 1986 Boettger, O. (1880). Aufzählung der von Hrn. Edmund Reitter in Wien im Frühjahr 1880 in dem westlichen Montenegro, in Süd–Dalmatien & in Süd–Croatien gesammelten Mollusken. Bericht über die Thätigkeit des Offenbacher Vereins für Naturkunde, 19/21: 100–115. Offenbach am Main. Kobelt, W. (1881). Zwei neue süditalienische Hyalinen. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 13(12): 179–180. Wagner, A. J. (1907). Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna Oesterreichs und Ungarns, sowie der angrenzenden Balkanländer. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 39 (3): 101–115. Frankfurt am Main. Pintér, L. (1972). Die Gattung Vitrea Fitzinger, 1833 in den Balkanländern (Gastropoda: Zonitidae). Annales Zoologici, 29 (8): 209–315. Warszawa Riedel, A. (1995). Zonitidae sensu lato (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) der Türkei. Übersicht der Arten. Fragmenta Faunistica, 38 (1): 1-86. Warszawa Sysoev, A. V. & Schileyko, A. A. (2009). Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. Sofia/Moskva (Pensoft). 312 pp., 142 plates Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vitrea subrimata. Reinhardt, O. (1871). Über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Hyalinen aus der Crystallina-Gruppe. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 2: 39-40. Berlin Kimakowicz, M. von (1890). Beitrag zur Molluskenfauna Siebenbürgens, II. Nachtrag. Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften, 40: 1-113. Hermannstadt Sparacio, I., Surdo, S., Viviano, R., Liberto, F. & Reitano, A. (2021). Land molluscs from the Isola delle Femmine Nature Reserve (north-western Sicily, Italy) (Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Pulmonata). Biodiversity Journal. 12 (3): 589–624 Taxon identifiersVitrea subrimata Wikidata: Q7937224 BioLib: 2828 BOLD: 446944 EUNIS: 289733 Fauna Europaea: 430748 Fauna Europaea (new): c7c0ba40-9dc4-4087-b0ff-fa61fb4299e6 GBIF: 4562761 iNaturalist: 336797 IUCN: 170907 NBN: NBNSYS0000006708 Open Tree of Life: 2881851 WoRMS: 1002779	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"land snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_molluscs"},{"link_name":"pulmonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Pristilomatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristilomatidae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-3"}],"text":"Vitrea subrimata is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Pristilomatidae.[3]SubspeciesVitrea subrimata litoralis (Clessin, 1877)","title":"Vitrea subrimata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"body whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_whorl"},{"link_name":"umbilicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicus_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The shell is small: 1.3-2.2 mm x 2.5–5 mm (diameter 2.6-2.7 mm at 3 whorls, 3.5-3.8 mm at 4 whorls)The shell is colourless and transparent. It contains 4-5 whorls. The width of the body whorl as seen from above is 1.2-1.7 times that of the penultimate whorl. The umbilicus is very narrow but is present (difference to Vitrea diaphana). The columellar margin is pointed and slightly protruded and covers the umbilicus only very weakly. The shell is very variable, except the characteristic form of the columellar margin at the umbilicus. The morphological variation has been associated with subspecies, but the nature of the variation is not yet understood. Two forms may co-occur with and without intermediates, other populations may consist of only one single form.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitrea-subrimata-map-eur-nm-moll.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balashov-6"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Great Asby Scar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Asby_Scar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NE-7"}],"text":"Distribution in Europe of Vitrea subrimataThe distribution of this species is alpine and southern-European.[5]This species occurs in countries and islands including:Czech Republic\nUkraine[6]\nGreat Britain, notably the Great Asby Scar.[7]This species can be found in humid mountain forests under leaf litter, stones or in crevices, usually on calcareous substrate, rocks and rock rubble, up to 2600 m. In Bulgaria it is recorded from 2000 m, in England also in open habitats, between 250 and 600 m.","title":"Distribution"}]	[{"image_text":"Distribution in Europe of Vitrea subrimata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vitrea-subrimata-map-eur-nm-moll.jpg/220px-Vitrea-subrimata-map-eur-nm-moll.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Martínez-Ortí, A. (2017). \"Vitrea striata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T23031A85575923. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/23031/85575923","url_text":"\"Vitrea striata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en"}]},{"reference":"\"AnimalBase :: Vitrea subrimata species homepage\". AnimalBase. Retrieved 2023-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=777","url_text":"\"AnimalBase :: Vitrea subrimata species homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimalBase","url_text":"AnimalBase"}]},{"reference":"Great Asby Scar (PDF), Natural England, 1986","urls":[{"url":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1004541.pdf","url_text":"Great Asby Scar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England","url_text":"Natural England"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/23031/85575923","external_links_name":"\"Vitrea striata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T23031A85575923.en"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1002779","external_links_name":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1002779"},{"Link":"http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=777","external_links_name":"\"AnimalBase :: Vitrea subrimata species homepage\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/MolluscaSlovenska","external_links_name":"Mollusca Slovenska"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1004541.pdf","external_links_name":"Great Asby Scar"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8795209","external_links_name":"Reinhardt, O. (1871). Über die in Deutschland vorkommenden Hyalinen aus der Crystallina-Gruppe. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 2: 39-40. Berlin"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33653868","external_links_name":"Kimakowicz, M. von (1890). Beitrag zur Molluskenfauna Siebenbürgens, II. Nachtrag. Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften, 40: 1-113. Hermannstadt"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2021.12.3.589.624","external_links_name":"Sparacio, I., Surdo, S., Viviano, R., Liberto, F. & Reitano, A. (2021). Land molluscs from the Isola delle Femmine Nature Reserve (north-western Sicily, Italy) (Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Pulmonata). Biodiversity Journal. 12 (3): 589–624"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2828","external_links_name":"2828"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=446944","external_links_name":"446944"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/289733","external_links_name":"289733"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:430748","external_links_name":"430748"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c7c0ba40-9dc4-4087-b0ff-fa61fb4299e6","external_links_name":"c7c0ba40-9dc4-4087-b0ff-fa61fb4299e6"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4562761","external_links_name":"4562761"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/336797","external_links_name":"336797"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/170907","external_links_name":"170907"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000006708","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000006708"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2881851","external_links_name":"2881851"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1002779","external_links_name":"1002779"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games	England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games	["1 Administration","2 Competitors","3 Medallists","3.1 Multiple medallists","4 Athletics","5 Badminton","6 3x3 basketball","6.1 Men's tournament","6.2 Women's tournament","6.3 Men's wheelchair tournament","6.4 Women's wheelchair tournament","7 Beach volleyball","7.1 Men's tournament","7.2 Women's tournament","8 Boxing","9 Cricket","10 Cycling","10.1 Road","10.2 Track","10.3 Mountain Biking","11 Diving","12 Gymnastics","12.1 Artistic","12.2 Rhythmic","13 Hockey","13.1 Men's tournament","13.2 Women's tournament","14 Judo","15 Lawn bowls","16 Netball","17 Para powerlifting","18 Rugby sevens","18.1 Men's tournament","18.2 Women's tournament","19 Squash","20 Swimming","21 Table tennis","22 Triathlon","23 Weightlifting","24 Wrestling","25 References","26 External links"]	Sporting event delegationEngland at the2022 Commonwealth GamesFlag of EnglandCGF codeENGCGACommonwealth Games EnglandWebsiteteamengland.orgin Birmingham, England28 July 2022 (2022-07-28) – 8 August 2022 (2022-08-08)Competitors438 (209 men and 229 women) in 21 sportsFlag bearers (opening)Jack LaugherEmily CampbellFlag bearer (closing)Jake JarmanMedalsRanked 2nd Gold 58 Silver 65 Bronze 53 Total 176 Commonwealth Games appearances (overview)1930193419381950195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022 England competed at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham between 28 July and 8 August 2022. Having competed at every Games since their 1930 inauguration, it was England's twenty-second appearance (and third appearance as the host nation). Following the CGF's decision to revoke Durban's hosting rights, Birmingham was chosen as the English host candidate and submitted its bid. Though originally deemed not fully compliant, adjustments to the bid ensured the city was awarded the hosting rights in December 2017. Jack Laugher and Emily Campbell were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony, and Jake Jarman was the country's flagbearer at the closing ceremony. Administration On 19 September 2019, Commonwealth Games England announced that Mark England had been appointed Chef de Mission for the England team in Birmingham. He fulfilled the same role for Team GB at both the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics in Rio and Tokyo respectively. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline. Sport Men Women Total Athletics 44 48 92 Badminton 5 5 10 3x3 basketball 8 8 16 Beach volleyball 2 2 4 Boxing 8 6 14 Cricket — 15 15 Cycling 18 16 34 Diving 9 9 18 Gymnastics 6 8 13 Hockey 18 18 36 Judo 7 7 14 Lawn bowls 9 9 18 Netball — 12 12 Para powerlifting 3 3 6 Rugby sevens 13 13 26 Squash 5 4 9 Swimming 27 21 48 Table tennis 7 6 13 Triathlon 9 7 16 Weightlifting 7 8 15 Wrestling 5 4 9 Total 209 229 438 Medallists Medal Name Sport Event Date Gold Joe FraserJames HallJake JarmanGiarnni Regini-MoranCourtney Tulloch Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-around 29 July 2022 Gold Alex Yee Triathlon Men's 29 July 2022 Gold Alice KinsellaOndine AchampongGeorgia-Mae FentonKelly SimmClaudia Fragapane Gymnastics Women's artistic team all-around 30 July 2022 Gold Ben Proud Swimming Men's 50 metre butterfly 30 July 2022 Gold Johnboy Smith Athletics Men's marathon (T54) 30 July 2022 Gold James Wilby Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststroke 31 July 2022 Gold Alice Tai Swimming Women's 100 metre backstroke S8 31 July 2022 Gold Alex YeeSophie ColdwellSam DickinsonGeorgia Taylor-Brown Triathlon Mixed relay 31 July 2022 Gold Jake Jarman Gymnastics Men's artistic individual all-around 31 July 2022 Gold Katie CrowhurstJessica Fullagar (guide) Triathlon Women's PTVI 31 July 2022 Gold David EllisLuke Pollard (guide) Triathlon Men's PTVI 31 July 2022 Gold Chris Murray Weightlifting Men's 81 kg 1 August 2022 Gold Jamie ChestneyLouis RidoutNick Brett Lawn Bowls Men's triples 1 August 2022 Gold Jake Jarman Gymnastics Men's floor 1 August 2022 Gold Joe Fraser Gymnastics Men's pommel horse 1 August 2022 Gold Courtney Tulloch Gymnastics Men's rings 1 August 2022 Gold Georgia-Mae Fenton Gymnastics Women's uneven bars 1 August 2022 Gold Laura Kenny Cycling Women's scratch race 1 August 2022 Gold Ashley McKenzie Judo Men's 60 kg 1 August 2022 Gold Sarah Davies Weightlifting Women's 71kg 1 August 2022 Gold Maisie Summers-Newton Swimming Women's 100 metre breaststroke SB6 1 August 2022 Gold Hannah Cockroft Athletics Women's 100 metres (T34) 2 August 2022 Gold Emmanuel Oyinbo-Coker Athletics Men's 100 metres (T47) 2 August 2022 Gold Adam Peaty Swimming Men's 50 metre breaststroke 2 August 2022 Gold Brodie Williams Swimming Men's 200 metre backstroke 2 August 2022 Gold Lachlan Moorhead Judo Men's 81 kg 2 August 2022 Gold Daniel Powell Judo Men's 73 kg 2 August 2022 Gold Alice Kinsella Gymnastics Women's floor 2 August 2022 Gold Joe Fraser Gymnastics Men's parallel bars 2 August 2022 Gold Jake Jarman Gymnastics Men's vault 2 August 2022 Gold Orlan JackmanMyles HessonJamell AndersonJaydon Henry-McCalla 3x3 basketball Men's tournament 2 August 2022 Gold Evie Richards Cycling Women's cross-country 3 August 2022 Gold Emily Campbell Weightlifting Women's +87 kg 3 August 2022 Gold Jamal Petgrave Judo Men's 90 kg 3 August 2022 Gold Emma Reid Judo Women's 78 kg 3 August 2022 Gold Georgina Kennedy Squash Women's singles 3 August 2022 Gold Ben Proud Swimming Men's 50 metre freestyle 3 August 2022 Gold Katarina Johnson-Thompson Athletics Women's heptathlon 3 August 2022 Gold Brodie WilliamsJames WilbyJames GuyTom Dean Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay 3 August 2022 Gold Jack Laugher Diving Men's 1 metre springboard 4 August 2022 Gold Andrea Spendolini-Sirieix Diving Women's 10 metre platform 4 August 2022 Gold Zoe Newson Para powerlifting Women's lightweight 4 August 2022 Gold Nathan Maguire Athletics Men's 1500 metres (T54) 5 August 2022 Gold Jack LaugherAnthony Harding Diving Men's synchronised 3 metre springboard 5 August 2022 Gold Marfa Ekimova Gymnastics Women's rhythmic individual all-around 5 August 2022 Gold Natalie ChestneySian HonnorJamie-Lea Winch Lawn Bowls Women's triples 5 August 2022 Gold Noah WilliamsMatty Lee Diving Men's synchronised 10 metre platform 5 August 2022 Gold Nick Miller Athletics Men's hammer throw 6 August 2022 Gold Daniel Goodfellow Diving Men's 3 m springboard 6 August 2022 Gold Jack Hunter Spivey Table tennis Men's singles C3–5 6 August 2022 Gold Jona Efoloko Zharnel HughesNethaneel Mitchell-BlakeOjie EdoburunHarry Aikines-Aryeetey Athletics Men's 4 × 100 m relay 7 August 2022 Gold Lewis Williams Boxing Men's heavyweight 7 August 2022 Gold Delicious Orie Boxing Men's super heavyweight 7 August 2022 Gold England women's national field hockey teamGiselle AnsleyGrace BalsdonFiona CracklesSophie HamiltonSabbie HeeshMaddie HinchTessa HowardHolly HuntHannah MartinShona McCallinLily OwsleyHollie Pearne-WebbFlora PeelIzzy PetterEllie RayerAnna TomanLaura UnsworthLily Walker Hockey Women's tournament 7 August 2022 Gold Liam PitchfordPaul Drinkhall Table tennis Men's doubles 7 August 2022 Gold Asha Philip Imani-Lara LansiquotBianca Williams Daryll NeitaAshleigh Nelson Athletics Women's 4 × 100 m relay 7 August 2022 Gold Noah WilliamsAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix Diving Mixed 10 m synchronised platform 8 August 2022 Gold James Willstrop Declan James Squash Men's doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Lewis BurrasTom DeanAnna HopkinFreya Anderson Swimming Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 29 July 2022 Silver James Wilby Swimming Men's 200 metre breaststroke 29 July 2022 Silver Ryan OwensJoseph TrumanHamish Turnbull Cycling Men's team sprint 29 July 2022 Silver Daniel BighamCharlie TanfieldEthan VernonOliver Wood Cycling Men's team pursuit 29 July 2022 Silver Georgia Taylor-Brown Triathlon Women's 29 July 2022 Silver Edward MildredJoe LitchfieldJamie IngramCameron Kurle Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 30 July 2022 Silver Anna HopkinAbbie WoodIsabella HindleyFreya Anderson Swimming Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 30 July 2022 Silver Brodie Williams Swimming Men's 100 metre backstroke 30 July 2022 Silver Hannah Russell Swimming Women's 50 metre freestyle S13 30 July 2022 Silver Tom Dean Swimming Men's 200 metre freestyle 30 July 2022 Silver Imogen Clark Swimming Women's 50 metre breaststroke 30 July 2022 Silver Eden Rainbow-Cooper Athletics Women's marathon (T54) 30 July 2022 Silver Ondine Achampong Gymnastics Women's artistic individual all-around 31 July 2022 Silver Sophie UnwinGeorgia Holt (pilot) Cycling Women's tandem 1 km time trial B 31 July 2022 Silver Jessica Gordon Brown Weightlifting Women's 59 kg 31 July 2022 Silver James Hall Gymnastics Men's artistic individual all-around 31 July 2022 Silver Sophie Capewell Cycling Women's keirin 1 August 2022 Silver Samuel Hall Judo Men's 60 kg 1 August 2022 Silver Tom Dean Swimming Men's 100 metre freestyle 1 August 2022 Silver Grace Harvey Swimming Women's 100 metre breaststroke SB6 1 August 2022 Silver Acelya Toprak Judo Women's 57 kg 1 August 2022 Silver James GuyJacob WhittleJoe LitchfieldTom Dean Swimming Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 1 August 2022 Silver Sam TolchardJamie Walker Lawn Bowls Men's pairs 2 August 2022 Silver Giarnni Regini-Moran Gymnastics Men's vault 2 August 2022 Silver Giarnni Regini-Moran Gymnastics Men's parallel bars 2 August 2022 Silver Ondine Achampong Gymnastics Women's floor 2 August 2022 Silver Gemma Howell Judo Women's 63 kg 2 August 2022 Silver Molly Caudery Athletics Women's pole vault 2 August 2022 Silver Laura Stephens Swimming Women's 200 metre butterfly 2 August 2022 Silver James Guy Swimming Men's 100 metre butterfly 2 August 2022 Silver Sophie Hahn Athletics Women's 100 metres (T38) 2 August 2022 Silver Jade Lally Athletics Women's discus throw 2 August 2022 Silver Shanice Beckford-NortonHannah JumpChantelle HandyCheridene Green 3x3 basketball Women's tournament 2 August 2022 Silver Kare Adenegan Athletics Women's 100 metres (T34) 2 August 2022 Silver Tom Dean Swimming Men's 200 metre individual medley 3 August 2022 Silver Jessica-Jane Applegate Swimming Women's 200 metre freestyle S14 3 August 2022 Silver Lewis Burras Swimming Men's 50 metre freestyle 3 August 2022 Silver Lois Toulson Diving Women's 10 metre platform 4 August 2022 Silver Olivia Broome Para powerlifting Women's lightweight 4 August 2022 Silver Lawrence Okoye Athletics Men's discus throw 4 August 2022 Silver Zac Shaw Athletics Men's 100 metres (T12) 4 August 2022 Silver Mark Swan Para powerlifting Men's lightweight 4 August 2022 Silver Fred Wright Cycling Men's time trial 4 August 2022 Silver Anna Henderson Cycling Women's time trial 4 August 2022 Silver Daniel Sidbury Athletics Men's 1500 metres (T54) 5 August 2022 Silver Lizzie Bird Athletics Women's 3000 metres steeplechase 5 August 2022 Silver Zharnel Hughes Athletics Men's 200 m 6 August 2022 Silver Adam Hague Athletics Men's pole vault 6 August 2022 Silver Keely Hodgkinson Athletics Women's 800 m 6 August 2022 Silver Jordan Houlden Diving Men's 3 m springboard 6 August 2022 Silver Eden ChengAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix Diving Women's 10 m synchronised platform 6 August 2022 Silver Amy PharaohSophie Tolchard Lawn bowls Women's pairs 6 August 2022 Silver Matthew Hudson-Smith Athletics Men's 400 m 7 August 2022 Silver Victoria Ohuruogu Athletics Women's 400 m 7 August 2022 Silver Kiaran MacDonald Boxing Men's flyweight 7 August 2022 Silver Demie-Jade Resztan Boxing Women's minimumweight 7 August 2022 Silver Gemma Richardson Boxing Women's lightweight 7 August 2022 Silver Adrian Waller Alison Waters Squash Mixed doubles 7 August 2022 Silver Ben LaneSean Vendy Badminton Men's doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Chloe BirchLauren Smith Badminton Women's doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Marcus EllisLauren Smith Badminton Mixed doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Kyle KothariLois Toulson Diving Mixed 10 m synchronised platform 8 August 2022 Silver Adrian Waller Daryl Selby Squash Men's doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Sarah-Jane Perry Alison Waters Squash Women's doubles 8 August 2022 Silver Liam Pitchford Table tennis Men's singles 8 August 2022 Bronze Laura KennyJosie KnightMaddie LeechSophie Lewis Cycling Women's team pursuit 29 July 2022 Bronze Stephen BateChristopher Latham (pilot) Cycling Men's tandem 1 km time trial B 29 July 2022 Bronze Fraer Morrow Weightlifting Women's 55 kg 30 July 2022 Bronze Simon Lawson Athletics Men's marathon (T54) 30 July 2022 Bronze Freya ColbertTamryn van SelmAbbie WoodFreya Anderson Swimming Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 31 July 2022 Bronze James Guy Swimming Men's 200 metre butterfly 31 July 2022 Bronze Sophie Capewell Cycling Women's 500 m time trial 31 July 2022 Bronze Giarnni Regini-Moran Gymnastics Men's floor 1 August 2022 Bronze Amy Platten Judo Women's 48 kg 1 August 2022 Bronze Oliver Wood Cycling Men's points race 1 August 2022 Bronze Abbie Wood Swimming Women's 200 metre individual medley 1 August 2022 Bronze Fabienne André Athletics Women's 100 metres (T34) 2 August 2022 Bronze Alicia WilsonGreg ButlerEdward MildredAbbie Wood Swimming Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay 2 August 2022 Bronze Ola Abidogun Athletics Men's 100 metres (T47) 2 August 2022 Bronze James Hollis Swimming Men's 100 metre butterfly S10 2 August 2022 Bronze Kelly Petersen-Pollard Judo Women's 70 kg 2 August 2022 Bronze Katie-Jemima Yeats-Brown Judo Women's 70 kg 2 August 2022 Bronze Amy ConroyJade AtkinJoy HaizeldenCharlotte Moore 3x3 basketball Women's wheelchair tournament 2 August 2022 Bronze Tyler BainesLee ManningAbderrahim TaghrestCharlie McIntyre 3x3 basketball Men's wheelchair tournament 2 August 2022 Bronze Kieran RollingsCraig Bowler Lawn bowls Men's pairs B6–8 2 August 2022 Bronze Liam PitchfordPaul DrinkhallSam WalkerTom Jarvis Table Tennis Men's team 2 August 2022 Bronze Sarah-Jane Perry Squash Women's singles 3 August 2022 Bronze Louise Fiddes Swimming Women's 200 metre freestyle S14 3 August 2022 Bronze Rhys Thompson Judo Men's 100 kg 3 August 2022 Bronze Harry Lovell-Hewitt Judo Men's 100 kg 3 August 2022 Bronze Luke Turley Swimming Men's 1500 metre freestyle 3 August 2022 Bronze Jade O'Dowda Athletics Women's heptathlon 3 August 2022 Bronze Lauren CoxMolly RenshawLaura StephensAnna Hopkin Swimming Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay 3 August 2022 Bronze Daryll Neita Athletics Women's 100 metres 3 August 2022 Bronze Jordan Houlden Diving Men's 1 metre springboard 4 August 2022 Bronze Andrew Pozzi Athletics Men's 110 metres hurdles 4 August 2022 Bronze Alice LeaperMarfa EkimovaSaffron Severn Gymnastics Women's rhythmic team all-around 4 August 2022 Bronze Alison YearlingChris TurnbullSusan WherryMark Wherry Lawn Bowls Mixed pairs B2–3 5 August 2022 Bronze George Ramm Wrestling Men's freestyle 65 kg 5 August 2022 Bronze Amy Rollinson Diving Women's 1 metre springboard 5 August 2022 Bronze Scott Lincoln Athletics Men's shot put 5 August 2022 Bronze Mandhir Kooner Wrestling Men's freestyle 125 kg 5 August 2022 Bronze Naomi Metzger Wrestling Women's triple jump 5 August 2022 Bronze Harry Coppell Athletics Men's pole vault 6 August 2022 Bronze Lewis Richardson Boxing Men's middleweight 6 August 2022 Bronze Aaron Bowen Boxing Men's light heavyweight 6 August 2022 Bronze Savannah Stubley Boxing Women's light flyweight 6 August 2022 Bronze Jack Laugher Diving Men's 3 m springboard 6 August 2022 Bronze Robyn BirchEmily Martin Diving Women's 10 m synchronised platform 6 August 2022 Bronze Nick BrettJamie ChestneyLouis RidoutSam Tolchard Lawn bowls Men's fours 6 August 2022 Bronze Georgina Nelthorpe Wrestling Women's -76 kg 6 August 2022 Bronze Ben Pattison Athletics Men's 800 m 7 August 2022 Bronze Jodie Williams Athletics Women's 400 m 7 August 2022 Bronze Cindy Sember Athletics Women's 100 m hurdles 7 August 2022 Bronze Javier BelloJoaquin Bello Beach volleyball Men's tournament 7 August 2022 Bronze Matthew Lee Diving Men's 10 m platform 7 August 2022 Bronze Ross Wilson Table tennis Men's singles C8–10 7 August 2022 Bronze England men's national field hockey teamJames AlberyLiam AnsellNick BandurakWill CalnanDavid CondonBrendan CreedDavid GoodfieldChris GriffithsJames MazareloOllie PaynePhil RoperStuart RushmereIan SloanRhys SmithTom SorsbyZachary WallaceJack WallerSamuel Ward Hockey Men's tournament 8 August 2022 Medals by sport Sport Total Athletics 8 14 12 34 Badminton 0 3 0 3 3x3 basketball 1 1 2 4 Beach volleyball 0 0 1 1 Boxing 2 3 3 8 Cricket 0 0 0 – Cycling 2 6 4 12 Diving 6 4 5 15 Gymnastics 11 5 2 18 Hockey 1 0 1 2 Judo 5 3 5 13 Lawn bowls 2 2 3 7 Netball 0 0 0 – Powerlifting 1 2 0 3 Rugby sevens 0 0 0 – Squash 2 3 1 6 Swimming 8 16 8 32 Table tennis 2 1 2 5 Triathlon 4 1 0 5 Weightlifting 3 1 1 5 Wrestling 0 0 3 3 Total 58 65 53 176 Medals by day Day Total 29 July 2 5 2 9 30 July 3 7 2 12 31 July 6 4 3 13 1 August 10 6 4 20 2 August 10 12 10 32 3 August 8 3 8 19 4 August 3 7 3 13 5 August 5 2 6 13 6 August 3 6 8 17 7 August 6 6 6 18 8 August 2 7 1 10 Total 58 65 53 176 Medals by gender Gender Total Female 20 32 23 75 Male 36 29 28 93 Mixed 2 4 2 8 Total 58 65 53 176 Multiple medallists The following Team England competitors won multiple medals at the 2022 Commonwealth Games Name Medal Sport Event Jake Jarman Gold Gold Gold Gold Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-aroundMen's artistic individual all-aroundMen's floorMen's vault Joe Fraser Gold Gold Gold Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-aroundMen's pommel horseMen's parallel bars James Wilby Gold Gold Silver Bronze Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststrokeMen's 4 x 100 metre medley relayMen's 200 metre breaststrokeMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay Brodie Williams Gold Gold Silver Swimming Men's 200 metre backstrokeMen's 4 × 100 metre medley relayMen's 100 metre backstroke Alice Kinsella Gold Gold Gymnastics Women's artistic team all-aroundWomen's floor Georgia-Mae Fenton Gold Gold Gymnastics Women's artistic team all-aroundWomen's uneven bars Jack Laugher Gold Gold Diving Men's 1 metre springboardMen's synchronised 3 metre springboard Alex Yee Gold Gold Triathlon Men'sMixed relay Courtney Tulloch Gold Gold Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-aroundMen's rings Tom Dean Gold Silver Silver Silver Silver Silver Silver Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relayMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relayMen's 200 metre freestyleMen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayMen's 100 metre freestyleMen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relayMen's 200 metre individual medley James Guy Gold Silver Silver Silver Bronze Bronze Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayMixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayMen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relayMen's 100 metre butterflyMen's 200 metre butterflyMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay Jacob Whittle Gold Silver Silver Silver Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relayMixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayMen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayMen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay Giarnni Regini-Moran Gold Silver Silver Bronze Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-aroundMen's floorMen's vaultMen's parallel bars Ondine Achampong Gold Silver Silver Gymnastics Women's artistic team all-aroundWomen's artistic individual all-aroundWomen's floor James Hall Gold Silver Gymnastics Men's artistic team all-aroundMen's artistic individual all-around Zharnel Hughes Gold Silver Athletics Men's 4 x 100 metre relayMen's 200 metres Greg Butler Gold Bronze Swimming Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relayMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay Daryll Neita Gold Bronze Athletics Women's 4 x 100 metre relay Women's 100 metres Laura Kenny Gold Bronze Cylcing Women's scratch raceWomen's team pursuit Freya Anderson Silver Silver Bronze Bronze Swimming Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayWomen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayWomen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relayMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay Anna Hopkin Silver Silver Bronze Swimming Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayWomen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relayWomen's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Athletics Main articles: Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 5 May 2022, Team England selected two athletes for the marathons. Twenty-one para athletes were added on 19 May 2022, having qualified via the World Para Athletics World Rankings for performances registered between 31 December 2020 and 25 April 2022. The full squad of ninety-three (with seventy athletes added) was announced on 22 June 2022. Abigail Irozuru was later added following a injury withdrawal from the cycling squad. Thomas Young withdrew from the Games due to an injury. On 24 July 2022, it was announced that Max Burgin had been forced to withdraw from the team after being diagnosed with DVT. It was announced that Jamie Webb and Bianca Williams would replace Burgin and Desiree Henry who had also been obliged to withdraw from the team due to injury. On 27 July, Dina Asher-Smith withdrew from the Games, after having injured herself at the 2022 World Athletics Championships. Men Track and road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake 100 m 10.14 2 Q 10.13 1 Q 11.10 8 Ojie Edoburun 10.27 1 Q 10.30 3 Did not advance Zac Shaw 100 m (T12) 11.01 1 Q — 10.90 Shaun Burrows 100 m (T38) — 11.69 4 Ola Abidogun 100 m (T47) 11.31 2 Q — 11.13 James Arnott 11.50 2 Q — 11.45 4 Emmanuel Oyinbo-Coker 11.18 1 Q — 10.94 Adam Gemili 200 m 20.92 1 Q 20.97 4 Did not advance Zharnel Hughes 20.30 1 Q 20.32 1 Q 20.12 Matthew Hudson-Smith 400 m 46.26 1 Q 45.77 1 Q 44.81 Ben Pattison 800 m 1:48.00 1 Q — 1:48.25 Jamie Webb 1:48.86 1 Q — 1:48.60 4 Elliot Giles 1500 m 3:37.98 5 Q — 3:33.56 9 Matthew Stonier 3:48.50 2 Q — 3:32.50 7 Nathan Maguire 1500 m (T54) — 3:11.83 Daniel Sidbury — 3:12.15 Sam Atkin 5000 m — DNS Patrick Dever — 13:22.10 7 Marc Scott — 13:19.64 4 Sam Atkin 10,000 m — DNF Patrick Dever — DNS Marc Scott — DNS Tade Ojora 110 m hurdles 13.76 9 — Did not advance Andrew Pozzi 13.41 3 Q — 13.37 Joshua Zeller 13.35 2 Q — 13.39 4 Chris McAlister 400 m hurdles DNS — Did not advance Zak Seddon 3000 m steeplechase — 8:46.11 8 Jona EfolokoZharnel HughesNethaneel Mitchell-BlakeOjie EdoburunHarry Aikines-Aryeetey 4 × 100 m relay 38.48 1 Q — 38.35 Tom Bosworth 10,000 m walk — 40:58.64 7 Callum Wilkinson — 39:06.28 4 Jonathan Mellor Marathon — 2:15.31 6 Simon Lawson Marathon (T54) — 1:45.59 Johnboy Smith — 1:41.15 David Weir — 2:05.08 7 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Joel Clarke-Khan High jump — 2.22 5 Harry Coppell Pole vault — 5.50 Adam Hague — 5.55 Owen Heard — 5.25 5 Ben Williams Triple jump — 16.03 8 Scott Lincoln Shot put — 20.57 Lawrence Okoye Discus throw 63.79 3 q 64.99 Dan Greaves Discus throw F44/64 — 54.66 4 Joseph Ellis Hammer throw — 73.09 4 Nick Miller — 76.43 Craig Murch — 68.42 8 Combined events – Decathlon Athlete Event 100 m LJ SP HJ 400 m 110H DT PV JT 1500 m Final Rank Harry Kendall Result 11.25 7.10 13.62 1.91 49.20 15.72 42.08 4.40 59.90 4:50.22 7480 6 Points 806 838 705 723 852 765 707 731 736 617 Women Track and road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Imani-Lara Lansiquot 100 m 11.15 2 Q 11.18 3 Did not advance Daryll Neita 11.02 1 Q 10.90 1 Q 11.07 Asha Philip 11.27 3 Q 11.35 4 Did not advance Kare Adenegan 100 m (T34) — 17.79 Fabienne André — 18.58 Hannah Cockroft — 16.84 Hetty Bartlett 100 m (T38) 13.38 3 Q — 13.41 6 Sophie Hahn 12.80 1 Q — 13.09 Ali Smith 13.14 2 Q — 13.30 4 Daryll Neita 200 m DNS Did not advance Victoria Ohuruogu 400 m 51.34 1 Q 51.00 1 Q 50.72 Ama Pipi 52.48 1 Q 51.95 3 Q 51.36 4 Jodie Williams 52.47 3 Q 51.98 3 Q 51.26 Alexandra Bell 800 m 1:59.76 3 q — 2:00.52 6 Keely Hodgkinson 2:00.18 1 Q — 1:57.40 Katie Snowden 1500 m 4:16.09 2 Q — 4:07.15 7 Jessica Judd 5000 m — DNS Amy-Eloise Markovc — 14:56.60 4 Calli Thackery — 15:24.82 10 Samantha Harrison 10,000 m — 31:21.53 6 Jessica Judd — 31:18.47 5 Amy-Eloise Markovc — DNS Cindy Sember 100 m hurdles 12.87 1 Q — 12.59 Jessie Knight 400 m hurdles 55.88 3 Q — 55.11 5 Lina Nielsen 58.95 6 — Did not advance Lizzie Bird 3000 m steeplechase — 9:17.79 Aimee Pratt — 9:27.41 4 Asha PhilipImani-Lara LansiquotBianca WilliamsDaryll NeitaAshleigh Nelson 4 × 100 m relay 42.72 2 Q — 42.41 Victoria OhuruoguJodie WilliamsAma PipiJessie KnightLaviai Nielsen (Did not run) 4 × 400 m relay — DQ Georgina Schwiening Marathon — 2:40.09 11 Shelly Oxley-Woods Marathon (T54) — 2:03.39 3 Eden Rainbow-Cooper — 1:59.45 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Emily Borthwick High jump 1.81 8 Q 1.76 11 Morgan Lake 1.81 1 Q 1.92 4 Laura Zialor 1.81 1 Q 1.85 8 Holly Bradshaw Pole vault — DNS Molly Caudery — 4.45 Sophie Cook — 4.25 8 Abigail Irozuru Long jump 6.59 7 q 6.19 12 Jazmin Sawyers 6.80 4 Q 6.84 4 Lorraine Ugen 6.79 5 Q 6.60 5 Naomi Metzger Triple jump — 14.37 Sophie McKinna Shot put 16.70 8 q 17.18 7 Divine Oladipo 17.09 6 q 17.28 5 Amelia Strickler 17.10 5 q 17.18 6 Jade Lally Discus throw — 58.42 Stacie Gaston-Monerville Discus throw F44/64 — 27.37 6 Anna Purchase Hammer throw 66.45 3 q 64.73 7 Combined events – Heptathlon Athlete Event 100H HJ SP 200 m LJ JT 800 m Final Rank Katarina Johnson-Thompson Result 13.83 1.84 12.94 23.70 6.33 44.33 2:13.93 6377 Points 1003 1029 723 1010 953 751 908 Holly Mills Result 13.52 1.78 12.98 25.12 6.19 42.15 2:11.42 6095 4 Points 1047 953 726 876 908 709 944 Jade O’Dowda Result 13.60 1.75 13.29 25.04 6.52 38.63 2:14.00 6212 Points 1036 916 747 883 1014 641 907 Badminton Main article: Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for the mixed team event. A full squad of ten players was selected on 20 April 2022. Badminton England announced that Abigail Holden withdrew from the competition due to the knee injury. Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Toby Penty Men's singles Bye Tang (AUS)W (21–11, 21–7) Smith (SCO)W 2–0 Kidambi (IND)L 0–2 Did not advance Abigail Holden Women's singles Bye Li (CAN)Withdrew Did not advance Freya Patel-Redfearn Scholtz (RSA)W (21–11, 21–12) Vidanage (SRI)W (21–11, 21–14) Yeo (SGP)L 0–2 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Ben LaneSean Vendy Men's doubles — Bye Dong &Yakura (CAN)W 2–0 Pham & Yu (AUS)W 2–0 Chia & Yik (MAS)W 2-1 Rankireddy & Shetty (IND)L 0–2 Chloe BirchLauren Smith Women's doubles — Bye Cheah & Lai (MAS)W 2–0 Kobugabe & Rafi (UGA)W 2–0 Hsuan-yu & Somerville (AUS)W 2–0 Tan & Muralitharan (MAS)L 0–2 Jessica PughCallum Hemming Mixed doubles Bye Sumeeth Reddy & Ponnappa (IND)W (21–18, 21–16) Angus & Wynter (JAM)W 2–0 Tan & Lai (MAS)L 0–2 Did not advance Marcus EllisLauren Smith Bye Martin & Scott (BAR)W (21–8, 21–8) Wanagaliya & Kobugabe (UGA)W 2–0 Dias & Hendahewa (SRI)W 2–0 Hall & MacPherson (SCO)W 2–0 Hee & Tan (SGP)L 0–2 Mixed team Main article: Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team Summary Team Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank England Mixed team BarbadosW 5–0 MauritiusW 5–0 SingaporeL 1–4 2 Q CanadaW 3–0 MalaysiaL 0–3 SingaporeL 0–3 4 Squad Marcus Ellis Callum Hemming Ben Lane Toby Penty Sean Vendy Chloe Birch Freya Patel-Redfearn Jessica Pugh Lauren Smith Group stage Pos Teamvte Pld W L MF MA MD GF GA GD PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1 Singapore 3 3 0 14 1 +13 29 2 +27 639 301 +338 3 Knockout stage 2 England 3 2 1 11 4 +7 22 9 +13 577 367 +210 2 3 Mauritius 3 1 2 4 11 −7 9 22 −13 386 583 −197 1 4 Barbados 3 0 3 1 14 −13 2 29 −27 296 647 −351 0 Source: BWF England5 National Exhibition Centre, Court 129 July 2022, 09:00 UTC+1 Barbados0 1 2 3 1 Marcus Ellis / Lauren SmithShae Martin / Sabrina Scott 21 5 21 9 2 Toby PentyKennie Maarten King 21 5 21 9 3 Freya Patel-RedfearnTamisha Williams 21 6 21 3 4 Ben Lane / Sean VendyKennie Maarten King / Shae Martin 21 5 21 10 5 Chloe Birch / Jessica PughSabrina Scott / Tamisha Williams 21 6 21 9 England5 National Exhibition Centre, Court 229 July 2022, 19:00 UTC+1 Mauritius0 1 2 3 1 Callum Hemming / Jessica PughAatish Lubah / Lorna Bodha 21 1 21 13 2 Toby PentyJulien Paul 21 14 21 7 3 Ben Lane / Sean VendyTejraj Pultoo / Alexandre Bongout 21 9 21 9 4 Freya Patel-RedfearnGanesha Mungrah 21 9 21 7 5 Lauren Smith / Chloe BirchKobita Dookhee / Lorna Bodha 21 4 21 8 England1 National Exhibition Centre, Court 130 July 2022, 14:00 UTC+1 Singapore4 1 2 3 1 Marcus Ellis / Lauren SmithTerry Hee / Tan Wei Han 9 21 15 21 2 Toby PentyLoh Kean Yew 12 21 12 21 3 Freya Patel-RedfearnYeo Jia Min 4 21 8 21 4 Ben Lane / Sean VendyTerry Hee / Loh Kean Hean 19 21 21 12 21 18 5 Chloe Birch / Lauren SmithJin Yujia / Crystal Wong 19 21 17 21 Knock-out stage Canada0 National Exhibition Centre, Court 131 July 2022, 11:00 UTC+1 England3 1 2 3 1 Ty Alexander Lindeman / Josephine WuMarcus Ellis / Lauren Smith 12 21 9 21 2 Brian YangToby Penty 19 21 19 21 3 Adam Dong / Nyl YakuraBen Lane / Sean Vendy 17 21 12 21 4 Michelle LiFreya Patel-Redfearn notplayed 5 Rachel Honderich / Kristen TsaiChloe Birch / Lauren Smith notplayed Malaysia3 National Exhibition Centre, Court 11 August 2022, 11:00 UTC+1 England0 1 2 3 1 Chan Peng Soon / Cheah Yee SeeMarcus Ellis / Lauren Smith 12 21 21 18 21 13 2 Ng Tze YongToby Penty 21 13 21 14 3 Aaron Chia / Soh Wooi YikBen Lane / Sean Vendy 21 17 21 18 4 Goh Jin WeiFreya Patel-Redfearn notplayed 5 Pearly Tan / Thinaah MuralitharanChloe Birch / Lauren Smith notplayed England0 National Exhibition Centre, Court 12 August 2022, 11:00 UTC+1 Singapore3 1 2 3 1 Ben Lane / Lauren SmithTerry Hee / Tan Wei Han 17 21 23 25 2 Toby PentyLoh Kean Yew 25 23 11 21 23 25 3 Freya Patel-RedfearnYeo Jia Min 18 21 14 21 4 Ben Lane / Marcus EllisAndy Kwek / Terry Hee notplayed 5 Chloe Birch / Lauren SmithCrystal Wong / Jin Yujia notplayed 3x3 basketball Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for all four tournaments. Squad selections were announced on 13 July 2022. Summary Team Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM / CM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank England men's Men's tournament New ZealandW 21–10 Trinidad and TobagoW 21–6 AustraliaW 17–12 1 Q Bye CanadaW 13–12 AustraliaW 17–16 England women's Women's tournament New ZealandL 14–15 British Virgin IslandsW 22–5 CanadaW 21–17 2 Q KenyaW 21–12 AustraliaW 21–15 CanadaL 13–14 England men's (WC) Men's wheelchair tournament South AfricaW 17–2 MalaysiaW 19–9 — 1 Q — AustraliaL 11–12 MalaysiaW 21-11 England women's (WC) Women's wheelchair tournament KenyaW 20–1 CanadaL 8–13 — 2 Q — AustraliaL 6–8 ScotlandW 12–10 Men's tournament Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament Roster Jamell Anderson Jaydon Henry-McCalla Myles Hesson Orlan Jackman Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 England (H) 3 3 0 59 28 +31 Direct to semi-finals 2 Australia 3 2 1 54 34 +20 Quarter-finals 3 New Zealand 3 1 2 42 54 −12 4 Trinidad and Tobago 3 0 3 24 63 −39 Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts 30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30 Report New Zealand 10–21 England Pts: Bezzant 4 Pts: Jackman 9 Smithfield 30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 19:30 Report England 21–6 Trinidad and Tobago Pts: Hesson 9 Pts: Joseph 3 Smithfield 31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 19:30 Report England 17–12 Australia Pts: Hesson 8 Pts: Johnson 8 Smithfield Semi-finals 1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 22:00 Report England 13–12 Canada Pts: Hesson 6 Pts: Johnson 9 Smithfield Gold medal match 2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 19:30 Report Australia 16–17 England Pts: Johnson 7 Pts: Hesson 6 Smithfield Women's tournament Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament Roster Shanice Beckford-Norton Cheridene Green Chantelle Handy Hannah Jump Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 New Zealand 3 3 0 55 30 +25 Direct to semi-finals 2 England (H) 3 2 1 57 37 +20 Quarter-finals 3 Canada 3 1 2 50 48 +2 4 British Virgin Islands 3 0 3 16 63 −47 Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts 30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30 Report New Zealand 15–14 England Pts: Harmon 7 Pts: Green 7 Smithfield 30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 19:30 Report England 22–5 British Virgin Islands Pts: Jump 14 Pts: Victor 3 Smithfield 31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 19:30 Report England 21–17 Canada Pts: Jump 9 Pts: Te-Biasu 12 Smithfield Quarter-finals 1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 17:30 Report England 21–12 Kenya Pts: Jump 8 Pts: Otieno 4 Smithfield Semi-finals 1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 19:30 Report Australia 15–21 England Pts: Mansfield 8 Pts: Green 8 Smithfield Gold medal match 2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 19:30 Report England 13–14 Canada Pts: Beckford-Norton 6 Pts: Te-Biasu 7 Smithfield Men's wheelchair tournament Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's wheelchair tournament Roster Tyler Baines Lee Manning Charlie McIntyre Abderrahim Taghrest Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 England (H) 2 2 0 38 11 +27 Semi-finals 2 Malaysia 2 1 1 22 25 −3 3 South Africa 2 0 2 8 30 −22 5th place match Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts 29 July 2022 (2022-07-29) 15:30 Report England 17–2 South Africa Pts: Manning 6 Pts: Mtatase 2 Smithfield 30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30 Report Malaysia 9–19 England Pts: Zakaria 5 Pts: Manning 9 Smithfield Semi-finals 1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 19:30 Report England 11–12 Australia Pts: Manning 7 Pts: Pople, Kavanagh 4 Smithfield Bronze medal match 2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 15:00 Report England 21–11 Malaysia Pts: McIntyre 8 Pts: Zakaria 6 Smithfield Women's wheelchair tournament Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's wheelchair tournament Roster Jade Atkin Amy Conroy Joy Haizelden Charlotte Moore Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 Canada 2 2 0 30 9 +21 Semi-finals 2 England (H) 2 1 1 28 14 +14 3 Kenya 2 0 2 2 37 −35 5th place match Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts 29 July 2022 (2022-07-29) 15:30 Report Kenya 1–20 England Pts: Wanjira 1 Pts: Moore, Atkin 6 Smithfield 31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 15:30 Report England 8–13 Canada Pts: Haizelden 5 Pts: Steeves 7 Smithfield Semi-finals 1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 15:00 Report Australia 8–6 England Pts: Merritt 4 Pts: Conroy 3 Smithfield Bronze medal match 2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 15:00 Report Scotland 10–12 England Pts: Hamer 5 Pts: Conroy 4 Smithfield Beach volleyball Main article: Beach volleyball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments. On 29 May 2022, Team England announced the selection of their beach volleyball pairings. Athlete Event Preliminary Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Javier BelloJoaquin Bello Men's tournament Malosa – Isaac (TUV)W 2–0 Liotatis – Zorbis (CYP)W 2–0 O'Dea – Fuller (NZL)L 0–2 2 Q Jawo – Jarra (GAM)W 2–1 Dearing – Schachter (CAN)L 1–2 Gatsinzi – Ntagengwa (RWA)W 2-0 Jessica GrimsonDaisy Mumby Women's tournament Gwali – Donga (SOL)W 2–0 Beattie – Coutts (SCO)W 2–0 Pata – Toko (VAN)L 0–2 2 Q Zeimann – Polley (NZL)L 0–2 Did not advance Men's tournament Main article: Beach volleyball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament Group C Pos Teamvte Pld W L Pts SW SL SR SPW SPL SPR Qualification 1 O'Dea – Fuller (NZL) 3 3 0 6 6 0 MAX 126 97 1.299 Quarterfinals 2 Bello – Bello (ENG) 3 2 1 5 4 2 2.000 119 93 1.280 3 Liotatis – Zorbis (CYP) 3 1 2 4 2 4 0.500 102 114 0.895 Ranking of third-placed teams 4 Malosa – Issac (TUV) 3 0 3 3 0 6 0.000 83 126 0.659 Source: birmingham2022.com Qualified for the Quarterfinals 30 July 202214:30 Bello – Bello (ENG) 2–0 Malosa – Issac (TUV) Smithfield (21–10, 21–12)Report 1 August 202214:30 Bello – Bello (ENG) 2–0 Liotatis – Zorbis (CYP) Smithfield (21–11, 21–18)Report 3 August 202219:00 Bello – Bello (ENG) 0–2 O'Dea – Fuller (NZL) Smithfield (19–21, 16–21)Report Quarter-finals 5 August 202216:30 Bello – Bello (ENG) 2–1 Jawo – Jarra (GAM) Smithfield (21–16, 20–22, 15–12)Report Semi-finals 6 August 202216:00 Dearing – Schachter (CAN) 2–1 Bello – Bello (ENG) Smithfield (15–21, 21–13, 15–7)Report Bronze medal match 7 August 202215:00 Bello – Bello (ENG) 2–0 Ntagengwa – Gatsinze (RWA) Smithfield (21–11, 21–12)Report Women's tournament Main article: Beach volleyball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament Group C Pos Teamvte Pld W L Pts SW SL SR SPW SPL SPR Qualification 1 Pata – Toko (VAN) 3 3 0 6 6 0 MAX 126 67 1.881 Quarterfinals 2 Grimson – Mumby (ENG) 3 2 1 5 4 2 2.000 112 90 1.244 3 Beattie – Coutts (SCO) 3 1 2 4 2 4 0.500 98 106 0.925 Ranking of third-placed teams 4 Gwali – Donga (SOL) 3 0 3 3 0 6 0.000 53 126 0.421 Source: birmingham2022.com 31 July 202219:00 Grimson – Mumby (ENG) 2–0 Gwali – Donga (SOL) Smithfield (21–10, 21–6)Report 2 August 202219:00 Grimson – Mumby (ENG) 2–0 Beattie – Coutts (SCO) Smithfield (21–17, 21–15)Report 4 August 202219:00 Grimson – Mumby (ENG) 0–2 Pata – Toko (VAN) Smithfield (9–21, 19–21)Report Quarter-finals 5 August 202220:00 Zeimann – Polley (NZL) 2–0 Grimson – Mumby (ENG) Smithfield (21–13, 21–15)Report Boxing Main article: Boxing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 5 July 2022, Team England announced its squad of fourteen boxers. Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Kiaran MacDonald Flyweight — Bandara (SRI)W 5–0 Mahommed (BOT)W 5–0 Dodd (WAL)W RSC Panghal (IND)L 0–5 Niall Farrell Featherweight Bye Gallagher (NIR)L RSC Did not advance Joe Tyers Light welterweight Bandara (SRI)W 5–0 Ume (PNG)W RSC-1 Colin (MRI)L 1–4 Did not advance Harris Akbar Light middleweight Bye Lartey (GHA)W 5–0 Walsh (NIR)L 2–3 Did not advance Lewis Richardson Middleweight Khan (WAL)W 5–0 Nkobeza (UGA)W 4–1 le Poullain (GGY)W 5–0 Hickey (SCO)L RSC Did not advance Aaron Bowen Light heavyweight Bye Ehwarieme (NGR)W 5–0 Kumar (IND)W 4–1 Bevan (WAL)L 0–5 Did not advance Lewis Williams Heavyweight — Khan (PAK)W 5–0 Lavalou (PNG)W RSC Coumi (AUS)W 5–0 Plodzicki-Faoagali (SAM)W 5–0 Delicious Orie Super heavyweight — Bye Paul (TTO)W 5–0 Mau'u (NZL)W 5–0 Ahlawat (IND)W 5–0 Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Demie-Jade Resztan Minimumweight — Tembo (ZAM)W 5–0 Modukanele (BOT)W 5–0 Ghangas (IND)L 0–5 Savannah Stubley Light flyweight Bye Egunjobe (NGR)W 5–0 Zareen (IND)L 0–5 Did not advance Sameenah Toussaint Featherweight Andrews (WAL)W 4–1 Rahimi (AUS)L 0–5 Did not advance Gemma Richardson Lightweight Reid (SCO)W 5–0 Burden (IOM)W 5–0 Lamboria (IND)W 3–2 Broadhurst (NIR)L 0–5 Jodie Wilkinson Light middleweight Shogbamu (NGR)W 4–1 Nugent (NIR)L 0–4 Did not advance Kerry Davis Middleweight Sathoud (GHA)W 4–0 Gramane (MOZ)L 0–5 Did not advance Cricket Main article: Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for the tournament. Fixtures were announced in November 2021. The squad was announced on 16 July 2022. Summary Team Event Group stage Semifinal Final / BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank England women Women's tournament Sri LankaW by 5 wickets South AfricaW by 26 runs New ZealandW by 7 wickets 1 Q IndiaL by 4 runs New ZealandL by 8 wickets 4 Squad Maia Bouchier Katherine Brunt Alice Capsey Kate Cross Freya Davies Sophia Dunkley Sophie Ecclestone Sarah Glenn Amy Jones Freya Kemp Heather Knight (c) Nat Sciver Bryony Smith Issy Wong Danni Wyatt Group stage Pos Teamvte Pld W L NR Pts NRR 1 England 3 3 0 0 6 1.826 2 New Zealand 3 2 1 0 4 0.068 3 South Africa 3 1 2 0 2 1.118 4 Sri Lanka 3 0 3 0 0 −2.805 Source: ESPNcricinfo 30 July 2022 18:00 (D/N) Scorecard Sri Lanka 106/9 (20 overs) v England109/5 (17.1 overs) Nilakshi de Silva 25 (28) Sophie Ecclestone 3/25 (4 overs) Alice Capsey 44 (45) Inoka Ranaweera 3/29 (4 overs) England won by 5 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Eloise Sheridan (Aus) and Jacqueline Williams (WI) Player of the match: Alice Capsey (Eng) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat. Katherine Brunt (Eng) played in her 100th WT20I. 2 August 2022 11:00 Scorecard England 167/5 (20 overs) v South Africa141/4 (20 overs) Alice Capsey 50 (37) Shabnim Ismail 2/27 (4 overs) Laura Wolvaardt 41* (33) Katherine Brunt 1/16 (3 overs) England won by 26 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Claire Polosak (Aus) and Vrinda Rathi (Ind) Player of the match: Alice Capsey (Eng) South Africa won the toss and elected to field. 4 August 2022 18:00 (D/N) Scorecard New Zealand 71/9 (20 overs) v England72/3 (11.4 overs) Maddy Green 19 (24) Katherine Brunt 2/4 (3 overs) Alice Capsey 23 (19) Amelia Kerr 2/27 (4 overs) England won by 7 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Vrinda Rathi (Ind) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Katherine Brunt (Eng) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat. Semi-finals 6 August 2022 11:00 Scorecard India 164/5 (20 overs) v England160/6 (20 overs) Smriti Mandhana 61 (32) Freya Kemp 2/22 (3 overs) Nat Sciver 41 (43) Sneh Rana 2/28 (4 overs) India won by 4 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Kim Cotton (NZ) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Smriti Mandhana (Ind) India won the toss and elected to bat. Bronze medal match 7 August 2022 10:00 Scorecard England 110/9 (20 overs) v New Zealand111/2 (11.5 overs) Nat Sciver 27 (19) Hayley Jensen 3/24 (4 overs) Sophie Devine 51* (40) Nat Sciver 1/8 (1 over) New Zealand won by 8 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Lauren Agenbag (SA) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Sophie Devine (NZ) England won the toss and elected to bat. Cycling Main articles: Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 15 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of thirty-three cyclists and two pilots, which includes Tokyo 2020 champions Laura Kenny and Matt Walls. The para cyclists were awarded with quota places earned via the UCI Individual Tandem B Track Para Rankings (for performances registered between 1 January 2021 and 18 April 2022). Lauren Bate later withdrew from the Games owing to injury. On 28 July 2022, it was announced that Ethan Hayter had withdrawn from the Games due to his professional commitments with Ineos Grenadiers and he will be replaced on the track by Will Perrett. Road Men Athlete Event Time Rank Jake Stewart Road race 3:37.50 62 Connor Swift 3:37.08 49 Ben Turner 3:28.47 7 Ethan Vernon 3:37.08 20 Sam Watson 3:28.55 11 Fred Wright 3:28.29 5 Daniel Bigham Time trial 50:04.66 12 Fred Wright 46:47.52 Women Athlete Event Time Rank Alice Barnes Road race 2:44.46 10 Anna Henderson 2:44.46 24 Maddie Leech 2:45.37 36 Joscelin Lowden 2:44.53 28 Josie Nelson 2:45.05 34 Abi Smith 2:45.37 37 Anna Henderson Time trial 40:38.55 Joscelin Lowden 42:52.91 12 Abi Smith 44:03.23 18 Track Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank OppositionTime OppositionTime OppositionTime OppositionTime Rank Hayden Norris Men's sprint 10.129 19 Did not advance Ryan Owens 10.026 15 Q Richardson (AUS)L Did not advance Hamish Turnbull 9.790 6 Q Rorke (CAN)W Carlin (SCO)L 0–2 Did not advance Ryan OwensJoseph TrumanHamish TurnbullHayden Norris Men's team sprint 43.296 2 QG — Australia (AUS)L 43.372 Sophie Capewell Women's sprint 10.625 2 Q Moir (SCO)W Orban (CAN)W 2–0 Andrews (NZL)L 0–2 Bronze medal match Finucane (WAL)L 1–2 4 Blaine Ridge-Davis 11.125 12 Q Clonan (AUS)L Did not advance Milly Tanner 11.310 19 Did not advance Blaine Ridge-DavisMilly TannerSophie Capewell Women's team sprint 48.358 5 — Did not advance Stephen BateChristopher Latham (pilot) Men's tandem sprint B 10.814 5 — Did not advance Sophie UnwinGeorgia Holt (pilot) Women's tandem sprint B 11.386 3 Q — Scotland (SCO)L 1–2 Scotland (SCO)W 2–0 3 Keirin Athlete Event 1st Round Repechage Semifinals Final Rank Rank Rank Rank Hayden Norris Men's keirin 5 R 2 Did not advance Joseph Truman 3 R 1 Q DNF DNS Hamish Turnbull 1 Q – 5 9 B Sophie Capewell Women's keirin 1 Q – 2 Q Blaine Ridge-Davis 5 R 3 Did not advance Milly Tanner 4 R 1 Q 3 Q 5 Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Hayden Norris Men's time trial 1:01.285 6 Joseph Truman DNS Ethan Vernon 1:01.418 7 Sophie Capewell Women's time trial 33.522 Blaine Ridge-Davis 34.956 11 Milly Tanner 34.871 10 Stephen BateChristopher Latham (pilot) Men's tandem time trial B 1:02.276 Sophie UnwinGeorgia Holt (pilot) Women's tandem time trial B 1:07.554 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank OpponentResults Rank Daniel Bigham Men's individual pursuit 4:11.078 6 Did not advance Will Perrett 4:14.393 10 Did not advance Charlie Tanfield 4:09.776 4 QB Leahy (AUS)L 4:10.423 4 Daniel BighamEthan VernonOliver WoodCharlie TanfieldWill Perrett Men's team pursuit 3:50.796 2 QG New Zealand (NZL)L 3:49.584 Josie Knight Women's individual pursuit 3:25.496 5 Did not advance Maddie Leech 3:34.420 12 Did not advance Grace Lister 3:39.773 14 Did not advance Josie KnightLaura KennyMaddie LeechSophie LewisGrace Lister Women's team pursuit 4:19.841 3 QB Wales (WAL)W 4:17.096 Points race Athlete Event Final Points Rank Will Perrett Men's points race 1 9 Oliver Wood 35 Laura Kenny Women's points race 5 13 Josie Knight 26 6 Maddie Leech 1 14 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Ethan Vernon Men's scratch race 1 Q 4 Matthew Walls DNF Did not advance Oliver Wood 2 Q 8 Laura Kenny Women's scratch race — Sophie Lewis — 13 Grace Lister — 14 Mountain Biking Athlete Event Time Rank Harry Birchill Men’s cross-country 1:37.56 8 Joseph Blackmore 1:36.29 5 Evie Richards Women’s cross-country 1:35.59 Diving Main article: Diving at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 21 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of eighteen divers, including Rio 2016 champion Jack Laugher and Tokyo 2020 champion Matty Lee. Men Athlete Events Semifinal Final Points Rank Points Rank Jordan Houlden 1 m springboard 384.10 3 Q 429.30 Jack Laugher 383.90 4 Q 447.05 Daniel Goodfellow 3 m springboard 430.05 3 Q 484.45 Jordan Houlden 414.35 5 Q 465.15 Jack Laugher 350.90 11 Q 462.30 Matthew Dixon 10 m platform 316.20 11 Q Withdrawn Matthew Lee 424.05 3 Q 477.00 Noah Williams 427.40 2 Q 408.90 7 Jack LaugherAnthony Harding 3 m synchronised springboard — 438.33 Ben CutmoreKyle Kothari 10 m synchronised platform — 391.35 4 Noah WilliamsMatthew Lee — 429.78 Women Athlete Events Semifinal Final Points Rank Points Rank Yasmin Harper 1 m springboard 274.60 2 Q 254.50 7 Amy Rollinson 237.50 6 Q 272.00 Desharne Bent-Ashmeil 3 m springboard 294.30 3 Q 315.45 4 Yasmin Harper 278.45 5 Q 306.40 6 Evie Smith 228.15 12 Q 275.90 10 Eden Cheng 10 m platform 280.80 8 Q 302.85 4 Andrea Spendolini-Sirieix 360.60 1 Q 357.50 Lois Toulson 332.00 2 Q 337.30 Amy RollinsonDesharne Bent-Ashmeil 3 m synchronised springboard — 278.10 4 Eden ChengAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix 10 m synchronised platform — 298.86 Robyn BirchEmily Martin — 287.88 Mixed Athlete Events Final Points Rank Ben CutmoreDesharne Bent-Ashmeil 3 m synchronised springboard 297.30 4 Jordan HouldenYasmin Harper 268.59 8 Noah WilliamsAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix 10 m synchronised platform 333.06 Kyle KothariLois Toulson 318.54 Gymnastics Main article: Gymnastics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 23 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of thirteen gymnasts, including former world champion Joe Fraser and four-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist in 2014, Claudia Fragapane. Artistic Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank F PH R V PB HB Joe Fraser Team – 14.650 Q 14.450 Q – 14.600 Q 14.500 Q DNF James Hall 13.250 13.800 Q 13.700 14.350 13.450 14.000 Q 82.550 1 Q Jake Jarman 13.750 Q 13.100 13.250 14.750 Q 13.800 13.400 82.050 2 Q Giarnni Regini-Moran 13.850 Q 13.150 – 15.000 Q 14.850 Q 13.350 — Courtney Tulloch – – 14.700 Q – – – — Total 40.850 41.600 42.850 44.100 43.250 41.900 254.550 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank F PH R V PB HB James Hall All-around 13.450 14.250 13.300 13.800 14.500 13.600 82.900 Jake Jarman 14.000 13.350 13.300 15.300 14.100 13.400 83.450 Athlete Apparatus Score Rank Jake Jarman Floor 14.666 Giarnni Regini-Moran 13.966 Joe Fraser Pommel horse 14.833 James Hall 13.433 5 Joe Fraser Rings 14.100 4 Courtney Tulloch 14.400 Jake Jarman Vault 14.916 Giarnni Regini-Moran 14.633 Joe Fraser Parallel bars 15.000 Giarnni Regini-Moran 14.733 Joe Fraser Horizontal bar 12.266 7 James Hall 13.900 5 Women Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB F Ondine Achampong Team 14.150 13.750 Q 13.300 12.550 Q 53.750 2 Q Georgia-Mae Fenton 13.150 14.000 Q 13.300 Q 12.450 52.900 4 Claudia Fragapane – – 11.650 12.450 — Alice Kinsella 13.900 13.650 13.450 Q 13.450 Q 54.450 1 Q Kelly Simm 12.800 11.800 – – — Total 41.200 41.400 40.050 38.450 161.100 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB F Ondine Achampong All-around 13.900 13.250 12.500 13.350 53.000 Alice Kinsella 13.850 13.700 11.000 12.050 50.600 4 Athlete Apparatus Score Rank Ondine Achampong Uneven bars 13.433 4 Georgia-Mae Fenton 13.900 Georgia-Mae Fenton Balance beam 12.733 5 Alice Kinsella 12.933 4 Ondine Achampong Floor 13.033 Alice Kinsella 13.366 Rhythmic Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Marfa Ekimova Team 28.950 Q 27.800 Q 26.000 26.000 Q 108.750 4 Q Alice Leaper 26.700 Q 26.300 26.700 25.600 Q 105.300 6 Q Saffron Severn 25.600 24.700 27.400 Q 25.400 103.100 12 Total 81.250 54.100 80.100 51.600 267.050 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Marfa Ekimova All-around 28.850 28.000 28.350 27.100 112.300 Alice Leaper 26.300 26.900 25.700 24.700 103.600 11 Athlete Apparatus Score Rank Marfa Ekimova Hoop 27.750 4 Alice Leaper 25.700 8 Marfa Ekimova Ball 28.600 4 Saffron Severn Clubs 25.450 8 Marfa Ekimova Ribbon 25.700 6 Alice Leaper 25.300 7 Hockey Main article: Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments. Detailed fixtures were released on 9 March 2022. The women's squad was announced on 14 June 2022, followed by the majority of the men's squad on 12 July 2022. On 24 July, it was announced that Ian Sloan and Rhys Smith had been brought into the squad to replace the injured Nick Park and Liam Sanford. Summary Key: FT = After full time P = Match decided by penalty-shootout Team Event Preliminary round Semifinal Final / BM / PM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank England men Men's tournament GhanaW 6–0 WalesW 4–2 IndiaD 4–4 CanadaW 11–2 2 Q AustraliaL 2–3 South AfricaW 6–3 England women Women's tournament GhanaW 12–0 CanadaW 1–0 IndiaW 3–1 WalesW 5–0 1 Q New ZealandW 2–0PFT: 0–0 AustraliaW 2–1 Men's tournament Main article: Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament Squad James Albery (co-vc) Liam Ansell Nick Bandurak Will Calnan David Condon Brendan Creed David Goodfield Chris Griffiths James Mazarelo (gk) Ollie Payne (gk) Phil Roper Stuart Rushmere Ian Sloan Rhys Smith Tom Sorsby Zachary Wallace (c) Jack Waller (co-vc) Samuel Ward Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 India 4 3 1 0 27 5 +22 10 Semi-finals 2 England (H) 4 3 1 0 25 8 +17 10 3 Wales 4 2 0 2 14 10 +4 6 Fifth place match 4 Canada 4 0 1 3 4 25 −21 1 Seventh place match 5 Ghana 4 0 1 3 2 24 −22 1 Ninth place match Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) number of wins; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head results.(H) Hosts 29 July 2022 19:00 England 6–0 Ghana Bandurak 8', 30', 45'Roper 27'Calnan 39'Condon 51' Report Umpires:Tim Bond (NZL)Ilanggo Kanabathu (MAS) 31 July 2022 14:00 England 4–2 Wales Ward 2'Bandurak 41', 57'Roper 53' Report Prosser 19'Carson 52' Umpires:Steve Rogers (AUS)Sean Rapaport (RSA) 1 August 2022 16:00 England 4–4 India Ansell 42' Bandurak 47', 53'Roper 51' Report Lalit 3'Mandeep 13', 22'Harmanpreet 46' Umpires:David Tomlinson (NZL)Sean Rapaport (RSA) 4 August 2022 16:00 Canada 2–11 England Guraliuk 11', 56' Report Roper 2', 45'Bandurak 16', 38', 50', 59'Ansell 19'Wallace 24', 44'Rushmere 54'Ward 55' Umpires:Deepak Joshi (IND)Steve Rogers (AUS) Semi-finals 6 August 2022 20:15 Australia 3–2 England Govers 27'Anderson 44'Beale 50' Report Roper 12'Wallace 19' Umpires:Sean Rapaport (RSA)David Tomlinson (NZL) Bronze medal match 8 August 2022 09:00 England 6–3 South Africa Smith 19'Ansell 24'Ward 25'Roper 40', 50'Wallace 59' Report Guise-Brown 18'M. Cassiem 22'Ntuli 30' Umpires:Tyler Klenk (CAN)Steve Rogers (AUS) Women's tournament Main article: Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament Squad Giselle Ansley Grace Balsdon Fiona Crackles Sophie Hamilton Sabbie Heesh (gk) Maddie Hinch (gk) Tessa Howard Holly Hunt Hannah Martin Shona McCallin Lily Owsley Hollie Pearne-Webb (c) Flora Peel Izzy Petter Ellie Rayer Anna Toman Laura Unsworth Lily Walker Group play Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 England (H) 4 4 0 0 21 1 +20 12 Semi-finals 2 India 4 3 0 1 12 6 +6 9 3 Canada 4 2 0 2 14 5 +9 6 Fifth place match 4 Wales 4 1 0 3 5 12 −7 3 Seventh place match 5 Ghana 4 0 0 4 1 29 −28 0 Ninth place match Source: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) number of wins; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head results.(H) Hosts 30 July 2022 16:00 England 12–0 Ghana Balsdon 10', 19', 47'Martin 15', 34', 48'Ansley 27'Hunt 28'Howard 33'Owsley 38'Toman 48'Unsworth 54' Report Umpires:Wanri Venter (RSA) Rhiannon Murrie (AUS) 31 July 2022 19:00 Canada 0–1 England Report Toman 20' Umpires:Cookie Tan (SGP)Aleisha Neumann (AUS) 2 August 2022 14:00 India 1–3 England Vandana 60' Report Ansley 3'Howard 40'Martin 52' Umpires:Wanri Venter (RSA)Cookie Tan (SGP) 4 August 2022 11:00 England 5–0 Wales Balsdon 18', 34', 58'Martin 28'Ansley 54' Report Umpires:Wanri Venter (RSA)Binish Hayat (PAK) Semi-finals 5 August 2022 18:00 England 0–0 New Zealand Report Penalties Howard Owsley Petter Martin 2–0 Ralph Tynan Doar Shannon Umpires:Aleisha Neumann (AUS)Wanri Venter (RSA) Gold medal match 7 August 2022 15:00 England 2–1 Australia Hunt 22'Howard 26' Report Malone 60' Umpires:Amber Church (NZL)Wanri Venter (RSA) Judo Main article: Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 24 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of fourteen judoka. Lele Nairne was subsequently called up to replace Lucy Renshall, who withdrew owing to injury. Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Repechage Final/BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Samuel Hall -60 kg Bye Solomon (NRU)W 10–0 Rabbitt (WAL)W 10–0 Christodoulides (CYP)W 10–0 — MacKenzie (ENG)L 0–10 Ashley Mackenzie Bye Iddris (GHA)W 10–0 Munro (SCO)W 1s1–0s2 Katz (AUS)W 1s2–0s1 — Hall (ENG)W 10–0 Daniel Powell -73 kg — Munnings (BAH)W 10–0 Matos (MOZ)W 10–0 Bensted (AUS)W 10–0s1 — Njie (GAM)W 10–0 Lachlan Moorhead -81 kg — Muritala (NGR)W 10–0s3 Nikolic (AUS)W 10s2–0s1 Elnahas (CAN)W 11s2–1s1 — Gauthier Drapeau (CAN)W 10s1–0 Jamal Petgrave -90 kg — Metois (VAN)W 10–0 Breytenbach (RSA)W 10s1–0 — Feuillet (MRI)W 1s1–0s2 Harry Lovell-Hewitt -100 kg — Ahiavor (GHA)W 10–0 Deswal (IND)W 10–0s3 Elnahas (CAN)L 0s3–10 — Ozcicek-Takagi (AUS)W 10–0s3 Rhys Thompson — Bezzina (MLT)W 1s1–0s2 Ozcicek-Takagi (AUS) W 10s1–1s3 Reyes (CAN) L 0–10 — Takayawa (FIJ)W 10-0s1 Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Repechage Final/BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Amy Platten -48 kg Bye Esposito (MLT)W 10–0 Whitebooi (RSA)L 0–1 — Boniface (MAW)W 10–0 Lele Nairne -57 kg Bye Breytenbach (RSA)W 1–0s2 Deguchi (CAN)L 0–1 — Wilson (SCO)L 0s3–10s1 5 Acelya Toprak Bye Wilson (SCO)W 10s1–0s3 Legentil (MRI)W 10s1–0s2 — Deguchi (CAN)L 0s2–10s2 Gemma Howell -63 kg Bye Hacker-Jones (WAL)W 10–0s2 Haecker (AUS)W 10s1–0s2 — Beauchemin-Pinard (CAN)L 0s2–10s2 Kelly Petersen-Pollard -70 kg — Bye Drysdale Daley (JAM)L 0s2-10 — Asonye (NGR)W 10–0 Katie-Jemima Yeats-Brown — Takayawa (FIJ)W 10–0s1 Coughlan (AUS)L 0s3-10 — Hawkes (NIR)W 10–0s1 Emma Reid -78 kg — Tytler (SCO)W 10–0 de Villiers (NZL)W 1s1–0 — Powell (WAL)W 1s1–0 Lawn bowls Main articles: Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Lawn bowls at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 28 January 2022, Team England announced the selection of the lawn bowls team (16 players, 2 directors) to compete in Birmingham. Amy Pharaoh competed at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester the last time the event was held in England and returns to the team after a twelve year absence. Men Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Jamie Walker Singles Olivier (NAM)W 21–12 Simpson (JAM)W 21–8 Naiseruvati (FIJ)W 21–11 Muin (MAS)L 8–21 2 Q Wilson (AUS)L 16–21 Did not advance Sam TolchardJaime Walker Pairs Malaysia (MAS)W 21–10 Falkland Islands (FLK)W 47–5 Cook Islands (COK)W 20–7 India (IND)L 15–18 1 Q Jersey (JEY)W 19–6 Scotland (SCO)W 19–13 Wales (WAL)L 18–19 Nick BrettJamie ChestneyLouis Ridout Triples Malaysia (MAS)W 13–12 South Africa (RSA)W 22–14 Canada (CAN)W 36–8 — 1 Q Jersey (JEY)W 16–11 Wales (WAL)W 15–5 Australia (AUS)W 14–12 Nick BrettJamie ChestneyLouis RidoutSam Tolchard Fours Cook Islands (COK)W 25–10 Fiji (FIJ)W 23–8 India (IND)W 20–11 — 1 Q Malaysia (MAS)W 16–10 India (IND)L 12–13 Bronze medal match Wales (WAL)W 17–12 Women Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Amy Pharaoh Singles Ahmad (MAS)L 11–21 Lim (SGP)W 21–3 Inch (NZL)L 18–21 Buckingham (NIU)W 21–16 3 Did not advance Amy PharaohSophie Tolchard Pairs Northern Ireland (NIR)W 14–13 Fiji (FIJ)W 19–13 Scotland (SCO)W 19–7 — 1Q India (IND)W 18–14 New Zealand (NZL)W 19–12 Australia (AUS)L 18–19 Natalie ChestneySian HonnorJamie-Lea Winch Triples Niue (NIU)W 26–12 India (IND)W 24–11 New Zealand (NZL)L 14–18 — 1 Q Northern Ireland (NIR)W 25–11 Cook Islands (COK)W 23–11 Malaysia (MAS)W 17–9 Natalie ChestneySian HonnorSophie TolchardJamie-Lea Winch Fours India (IND)W 18–9 Canada (CAN)W 23–16 Cook Islands (COK)W 19–7 — 1 Q South Africa (RSA)L 11–12 Did not advance Para-sport Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Craig BowlerKieran Rollings Men's pairs B6–8 Scotland (SCO)L 12–23 New Zealand (NZL)W 19–11 Australia (AUS)W 13–12 Wales (WAL)W 12–11 South Africa (RSA)W 16–13 2 Q Australia (AUS)L 4–17 Bronze medal match New Zealand (NZL)W 13–4 Gill PlattMichelle White Women's pairs B6–8 South Africa (RSA)L 13–17 New Zealand (NZL)W 12–10 Scotland (SCO)W 19–7 Australia (AUS)W 22–5 — 1 Q Scotland (SCO)L 10–17 Bronze medal match South Africa (RSA)L 7–16 4 Chris Turnbulldirected by Mark WherryAlison Yearlingdirected by Sue Wherry Mixed pairs B2-3 Wales (WAL)W 18–9 Australia (AUS)L 11–14 South Africa (RSA)W 14–8 Scotland (SCO)L 9–17 New Zealand (NZL)L 8–19 4 Q Scotland (SCO)L 6–21 Bronze medal match Australia (AUS)W 14–11 Netball Main article: Netball at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for the tournament. Partial fixtures were announced in November 2021, then updated with the remaining qualifiers in March 2022. The squad was announced on 20 June 2022. On 17 July it was announced that Imogen Allison would replace the injured Beth Cobden. Summary Team Event Group stage Semifinal Final / BM / Cl. OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank England women Women's tournament Trinidad and TobagoW 74–22 MalawiW 66–41 Northern IrelandW 71–27 UgandaW 56–35 New ZealandW 54–44 1 Q AustraliaL 51–60 New ZealandL 48–55 4 Squad Imogen Allison Eleanor Cardwell Jade Clarke Sophie Drakeford-Lewis Stacey Francis-Bayman Layla Guscoth Jo Harten (vc) Helen Housby Laura Malcolm Geva Mentor Natalie Metcalf (c) Eboni Usoro-Brown Group stage Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 England (H) 5 5 0 0 321 169 +152 10 Semi-finals 2 New Zealand 5 4 0 1 325 188 +137 8 3 Uganda 5 3 0 2 256 206 +50 6 Classification matches 4 Malawi 5 2 0 3 258 262 −4 4 5 Northern Ireland 5 1 0 4 155 299 −144 2 6 Trinidad and Tobago 5 0 0 5 136 327 −191 0 Source: Birmingham 2022(H) Hosts 29 July 2022 12:00 Report England 74–22 Trinidad and Tobago National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Elizna Van Den BergKate Wright Cardwell 30/30 (100%)Drakeford-Lewis 3/4 (75%)Harten 25/30 (83%)Housby 16/24 (67%) Cooper 10/13 (77%)Noel 12/15 (80%) 30 July 2022 14:00 Report England 66–41 Malawi National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Tara WarnerGareth Fowler Cardwell 31/33 (94%)Harten 21/25 (84%)Housby 14/18 (78%) Chimaliro 4/5 (80%)Kumwenda 18/21 (86%)Mvula 19/22 (86%) 1 August 2022 18:00 Report England 71–27 Northern Ireland National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Alison HarrisonBronwen Adams Cardwell 40/45 (89%)Drakeford-Lewis 11/12 (92%)Housby 20/20 (100%) Bowman 8/11 (73%)Crosbie 8/12 (67%)Magee 9/13 (69%)McGrath 2/2 (100%) 2 August 2022 18:00 Report England 56–35 Uganda National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Tara WarnerKen Metekingi Cardwell 27/30 (90%)Harten 14/17 (82%)Housby 15/15 (100%) Cholhok 6/7 (86%)Eyaru 12/14 (86%)Nassanga 9/12 (75%)Proscovia 8/9 (89%) 4 August 2022 21:00 Report New Zealand 44–54 England National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Joshua BowringBronwen Adams Nweke 23/29 (79%)Selby-Rickit 13/13 (100%)Wilson 8/9 (89%) Cardwell 26/29 (90%)Harten 5/6 (83%)Housby 23/26 (88%) Semi-finals 6 August 2022 14:30 Report England 51–60 Australia National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Gareth FowlerAngela Armstrong-Lush Cardwell 22/24 (92%)Harten 16/17 (94%)Housby 13/14 (93%) Bueta 43/44 (98%)Wood 17/20 (85%) Bronze medal match 7 August 2022 13:30 Report New Zealand 55–48 England National Exhibition CentreUmpires: Joshua BowringBronwen Adams Nweke 44/48 (92%)Selby-Rickit 11/14 (79%) Cardwell 31/34 (91%)Harten 4/5 (80%)Housby 13/17 (76%) Para powerlifting Main articles: Para powerlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Para powerlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 25 May 2022, British Weight Lifting announced the seven para powerlifters who have been selected to represent England in Birmingham. On 27 July 2022, it was announced that Louise Sugden had withdrawn from the Games due to injury. Athlete Event Result Rank Mark Swan Men's lightweight 145.5 Matthew Harding 123.7 6 Liam McGarry Men's heavyweight 116.4 5 Olivia Broome Women's lightweight 100.0 Zoe Newson 102.2 Rebecca Bedford Women's heavyweight 80.8 6 Rugby sevens Main article: Rugby sevens at the 2022 Commonwealth Games As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments. Both squads were confirmed on 6 July 2022. Summary Team Event Preliminary Round Quarterfinal / CQ Semifinal / CS Final / BM / CF OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank England men's Men's tournament SamoaL 0–34 Sri LankaW 47–19 New ZealandL 0–20 3 Classification quarterfinal JamaicaW 45–7 Classification semifinal WalesW 14–10 9th place final UgandaW 31–17 9 England women's Women's tournament Sri LankaW 57–0 CanadaL 19–26 New ZealandL 7–38 3 — Classification semifinal South AfricaW 36–0 5th place final ScotlandW 29–5 5 Men's tournament Main article: Rugby sevens at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament Squad Jamie Adamson Api Bavadra Tom Bowen Blake Boyland Jamie Barden Max Clementson Alex Davis (c) Tom Emery Will Homer Hayden Hyde Charlton Kerr Calum Randle Freddie Roddick Pool A Pos Teamvte Pld W D L PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1 New Zealand 3 3 0 0 102 22 +80 9 Advance to Quarter-finals 2 Samoa 3 2 0 1 99 19 +80 7 3 England 3 1 0 2 47 77 −30 5 Advance to classification Quarter-finals 4 Sri Lanka 3 0 0 3 24 154 −130 3 Source: Birmingham2022Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head result; 3) Point difference; 4) Points scored. 29 July 202211:34England 0–38 SamoaReportTry: Onosai (3) 2' c, 6' m, 7' mMaliko 5' cFalaniko 12' mCon: Matavao (2/5) 3', 5'Purcell (0/1)Cards: Leitufia 11'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Jordan Way (Australia) 29 July 202219:42England 47–19 Sri LankaTry: Kerr (2) 1' m, 6' cAdamson (2) 4' c, 14' cBowen 6' cHomer 8' cEmery 13' cCon: Roddick (5/6) 5', 6', 7', 9', 14'Emery (1/1) 13'Cards: Adamson 7'Roddick 11'ReportTry: Sooriyabandara 7' cA. Ratwatte 8' cKudachchige 10' mCon: Sooriyabandara (1/2) 7'N. Ratwatte (1/1) 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Finlay Brown (Scotland) 30 July 202211:34New Zealand 20–0 EnglandTry: Webber 6' mTangitau 8' mClark (2) 11' m, 14' mCon: Rokolisoa (0/2)McGarvey-Black (0/2)ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Morné Ferreira (South Africa) 9-16 Quarterfinal 30 July 202218:14England 45–7 JamaicaTry: Bowen (2) 1' m, 4' mEmery 6' cRoddick 7' cHyde 8' cBavadra 10' cHomer 12' cCon: Emery (4/6) 6', 7', 8', 11'Homer (1/1) 12'ReportTry: Bush 8' cCon: Adamson (1/1) 10'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Jordan Way (Australia) 9-12 semifinal 31 July 202211:14England 14–10 WalesTry: Homer 1' cBavadra 4' cCon: Roddick (2/2) 1', 4'ReportTry: Williams (2) 12' m, 14' mCon: Swannack (0/2)Cards: Morgan 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Talal-Azmat Chaudhry (Canada) 9th place match 31 July 202218:44England 31–17 UgandaTry: Adamson (3) 3' c, 8' c, 9' mEmery 8' cBowen 11' mCon: Roddick (1/1) 3'Emery (2/4) 8', 8'ReportTry: Ofoyrwoth 5' mKisiga 12' cArinaitwe 14' mCon: Wokorach (1/3) 12'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Tevita Rokovereni (Fiji) Women's tournament Main article: Rugby sevens at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament Team England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games. Squad Ellie Boatman Abbie Brown (co-c) Heather Cowell Grace Crompton Merryn Doidge Megan Jones (co-c) Alicia Maude Isla Norman-Bell Celia Quansah Jade Shekells Lauren Torley Emma Uren Amy Wilson-Hardy Pool A Pos Teamvte Pld W D L PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1 New Zealand 3 3 0 0 143 14 +129 9 Semi-finals 2 Canada 3 2 0 1 107 64 +43 7 3 England 3 1 0 2 83 64 +19 5 Classification semi-finals 4 Sri Lanka 3 0 0 3 0 191 −191 3 Source: Birmingham2022Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head result; 3) Point difference; 4) Points scored. 29 July 202209:44England 57–0 Sri LankaTry: Boatman (4) 1' c, 2' c, 4' c, 7' mWilson-Hardy 6' cMaude (2) 8' m, 10' cTorley 12' cCrompton 14' mCon: Maude (5/7) 1', 3', 5', 6', 11'Torley (1/1) 12'Norman-Bell (0/1)ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Selica Winiata (New Zealand) 29 July 202218:36Canada 26–19 EnglandTry: Wardley 5' cFarella (2) 7' ,, 8' cScurfield 9' cCon: Apps (3/4) 5', 9', 10'ReportTry: Boatman 1' mCrompton 11' cCowell 14' cCon: Jones (1/2) 14'Norman-Bell (1/1) 12'Cards: Boatman 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Lauren Jenner (New Zealand) 30 July 202210:06New Zealand 38–7 EnglandTry: Blyde (2) 3' c, 6' cHirini 4' cKaka 10' mHotham 12' cPouri-Lane 14' mCon: Nathan-Wong (3/3) 3', 5', 7'Pouri-Lane (1/3) 13'ReportTry: Boatman 7' cCon: Norman-Bell (1/1) 7'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Hollie Davidson (Scotland) 5-8 semifinal 30 July 202217:30England 36–0 South AfricaTry: Cowell 2' cUren 3' mDoidge 8' mNorman-Bell (2) 11' c, 12' mWilson-Hardy 14' cCon: Maude (1/3) 2'Norman-Bell (2/3) 11', 14'ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Selica Winiata (New Zealand) 5th place match 31 July 202218:22England 29–5 ScotlandTry: Quansah 2' cBoatman 8' mCrompton (2) 10' m, 14' mJones 12' cCon: Norman-Bell (1/2) 2'Jones (1/3) 13'ReportCon: Rollie 8' mCards: Thomson (0/1)Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Ashleigh Murray-Pretorius (South Africa) Squash Main article: Squash at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 6 May 2022, Team England announced its squad of nine players. Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Patrick Rooney Men's singles Bye Jervis (CAY)W 3–0 Stewart (SCO)L 2–3 Did not advance Adrian Waller Bye Kelly (CAY)W 3–0 Binnie (JAM)W 3–0 Coll (NZL)L 0–3 Did not advance James Willstrop Bye Navas (GIB)W 3–0 Iqbal (PAK)W 3–0 Stewart (SCO)W 3–2 Makin (WAL)L 0–3 Bronze medal match Ghosal (IND)L 0–3 4 Georgina Kennedy Women's singles Bye Kuruppa (SRI)W 3–0 Bunyan (CAN)W 3–0 Arnold (MAS)W 3–0 Perry (ENG)W 3–1 Naughton (CAN)W 3–1 Sarah-Jane Perry Bye Pitcairn (CAY)W 3-0 Chan (MAS)W 3–0 Whitlock (WAL)W 3–0 Kennedy (ENG)L 1–3 Bronze medal match King (NZL)W 3–2 Lucy Turmel Bye Alarcos (PNG)W 3–0 Turnbull (AUS)W 3–1 King (NZL)L 1–3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Adrian Waller Daryl Selby Men's doubles Bye Hung & Kamal (MAS)W 2–1 Baillargeon & Sachvie (CAN)W 2–0 Lobban & Stewart (SCO)W 2–1 Willstrop & James (ENG)L 1–2 James Willstrop Declan James Bye Sultana & Engerer (MLT)W 2–0 Pilley & Dowling (AUS)W 2–0 Yow & Yuen (MAS)W 2–1 Waller & Selby (ENG)W 2–1 Sarah-Jane Perry Alison Waters Women's doubles Bye Pitcairn & West (CAY)W 2–0 Aitken & Adderley (SCO)W 2–0 Arnold & Azman (MAS)W 2–1 King & Landers-Murphy (NZL)L 0–2 Georgina Kennedy Lucy Turmel Bye Haydon & Turnbull (AUS)W 2–0 King & Landers-Murphy (NZL)L 0–2 Did not advance Adrian Waller Alison Waters Mixed doubles Bye Best & Cumberbatch (BAR)W 2–0 Evans & Makin (WAL)W 2–1 Lobban & Pilley (AUS)W 2–0 Coll & King (NZL)L 0–2 Patrick Rooney Georgina Kennedy Sultana & Sultana (MLT)W 2–0 Grinham & Alexander (AUS)L 0–2 Did not advance Swimming Main articles: Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 27 January 2022, Team England announced its initial squad of ten swimmers, including double Tokyo 2020 champions Adam Peaty, James Guy and Tom Dean. With the addition of twenty-four swimmers and fourteen para-swimmers (the latter qualifying via the World Para Swimming World Rankings for performances between 31 December 2020 and 18 April 2022), the full squad of forty-eight competitors was confirmed on 11 May 2022. On 13 July 2022 it was announced that Max Litchfield would be replaced by Toby Robinson. Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Adam Barrett 50 m freestyle 22.89 13 Q 22.86 16 Did not advance Lewis Burras 22.09 1 Q 21.92 2 Q 21.68 Ben Proud 22.44 3 Q 21.63 1 Q 21.36 Michael Jones 50 m freestyle S7 — 30.95 4 William Perry — 33.18 8 Lewis Burras 100 m freestyle 49.70 8 Q 49.96 13 Did not advance Tom Dean 48.61 2 Q 47.83 2 Q 47.89 Jacob Whittle 49.26 12 Q 48.82 7 Q 48.61 6 Tom Dean 200 m freestyle 1:47.19 3 Q — 1:45.41 Cameron Kurle 1:48.94 12 — Did not advance Joe Litchfield 1:48.44 8 Q — 1:48.87 8 Jordan Catchpole 200 m freestyle S14 — 1:56.37 4 Reece Dunn — 1:56.42 5 Thomas Hamer — 1:57.99 6 Toby Robinson 400 m freestyle 3:52.21 10 — Did not advance Luke Turley 3:49.61 5 Q — 3:48.50 5 Toby Robinson 1500 m freestyle 15:33.59 3 Q — 15:14.84 4 Luke Turley 15:35.65 4 Q — 15:12.78 Joe Litchfield 50 m backstroke 25.80 14 Q 25.44 9 Did not advance Luke Greenbank 100 m backstroke 54.55 4 Q 54.23 5 Q 54.29 5 James McFadzen 55.75 14 Q 55.50 12 Did not advance Brodie Williams 54.49 2 Q 54.00 2 Q 53.91 Luke Greenbank 200 m backstroke 1:56.33 1 Q — 1:56.98 5 Jay Lelliott 2:00.65 8 Q — 2:01.64 8 Brodie Williams 1:57.88 2 Q — 1:56.40 Greg Butler 50 m breaststroke 27.80 10 Q 27.68 7 Q 27.98 7 Adam Peaty 27.10 1 Q 27.03 2 Q 26.76 James Wilby 27.74 8 Q 27.65 5 Q 27.72 6 Greg Butler 100 m breaststroke 1:01.59 11 Q 1:00.90 11 Did not advance Adam Peaty 59.82 1 Q 59.02 1 Q 59.88 4 James Wilby 1:00.62 4 Q 59.85 3 Q 59.25 Greg Butler 200 m breaststroke 2:15.01 7 Q — 2:13.06 5 James Wilby 2:11.76 3 Q — 2:08.59 Adam Barrett 50 m butterfly 23.98 13 Q 23.59 8 Q 23.57 7 Jacob Peters 23.64 4 Q 23.51 4 Q 23.29 5 Ben Proud 23.46 2 Q 23.06 1 Q 22.81 James Guy 100 m butterfly 52.49 6 Q 51.82 3 51.40 Jamie Ingram 52.17 2 Q 52.27 8 52.33 8 Jacob Peters 52.18 3 Q 52.23 7 52.18 6 James Hollis 100 m butterfly S10 — 58.55 James Guy 200 m butterfly 1:58.30 7 Q — 1:56.77 Jay Lelliott 1:57.93 5 Q — 1:58.13 7 Mason Wilby 1:57.97 6 Q — 1:57.12 6 Tom Dean 200 m individual medley 1:59.86 1 Q — 1:57.01 James McFadzen 2:01.44 8 Q — 1:59.87 7 Brodie Williams 400 m individual medley DNS — Did not advance Lewis BurrasJacob WhittleJames GuyTom DeanEdward MildredJoe LitchfieldJamie IngramCameron Kurle 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3:16.93 2 Q — 3:11.73 James GuyJacob WhittleJoe LitchfieldTom Dean 4 × 200 m freestyle relay — 7:07.50 Brodie WilliamsJames WilbyJames GuyTom DeanLuke GreenbankGreg ButlerJacob PetersJacob Whittle 4 × 100 m medley relay 3:35.88 2 Q — 3:31.80 Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Isabella Hindley 50 m freestyle 25.31 7 Q 25.36 8 Q 25.25 6 Anna Hopkin 24.77 4 Q 24.66 4 Q 24.83 5 Rebecca Redfern 50 m freestyle S13 — 29.56 5 Hannah Russell — 27.67 Freya Anderson 100 m freestyle 54.83 2 Q 54.15 5 Q 54.00 5 Isabella Hindley 55.83 10 Q 55.60 9 Did not advance Anna Hopkin 55.50 7 Q 53.96 4 Q 53.57 4 Alice Tai 100 m freestyle S9 1:09.72 7 Q — 1:07.10 6 Freya Anderson 200 m freestyle 1:57.59 4 Q — 1:56.83 4 Tamryn van Selm 2:01.50 13 — Did not advance Jessica-Jane Applegate 200 m freestyle S14 — 2:08.56 Louise Fiddes — 2:11.22 Poppy Maskill — 2:13.54 4 Freya Anderson 400 m freestyle DNS — Did not advance Freya Colbert 4:16.31 10 — Did not advance Tamryn van Selm DNS — Did not advance Lauren Cox 50 m backstroke 28.30 6 Q 27.91 6 Q 27.61 4 Isabella Hindley 29.99 15 Q 29.75 13 Did not advance Lauren Cox 100 m backstroke 1:00.77 5 Q 1:00.36 4 Q 1:00.17 5 Alice Tai 100 m backstroke S8 — 1:13.64 Imogen Clark 50 m breaststroke 30.26 2 Q 30.24 2 Q 30.02 Sarah Vasey 31.65 10 Q 31.47 10 Did not advance Imogen Clark 100 m breaststroke 1:08.99 9 Q 1;08.60 10 Did not advance Molly Renshaw 1:07.54 3 Q 1:07.42 5 Q 1:07.36 4 Sarah Vasey 1:09.62 12 Q 1:09,05 12 Did not advance Grace Harvey 100 m breaststroke SB6 — 1:43.29 Maisie Summers-Newton — 1:32.72 Molly Renshaw 200 m breaststroke 2:25.06 3 Q — 2:24.00 4 Abbie Wood 2:26.80 6 Q — Withdrawn Holly Hibbott 100 m butterfly 59.33 10 Q 58.97 8 Q 59.28 7 Holly Hibbott 200 m butterfly 2:10.49 4 Q — 2:09.92 5 Laura Stephens 2:09.60 2 Q — 2:07.90 Alicia Wilson 200 m individual medley 2:14.89 8 Q — 2:14.08 7 Abbie Wood 2:13.24 4 Q — 2:10.68 Freya Colbert 400 m individual medley 4:42.64 4 Q — 4:39.80 4 Anna HopkinAbbie WoodIsabella HindleyFreya Anderson 4 × 100 m freestyle relay — 3:36.62 Freya ColbertTamryn van SelmAbbie WoodFreya Anderson 4 × 200 m freestyle relay — 7:57.11 Lauren CoxMolly RenshawLaura StephensAnna Hopkin 4 × 100 m medley relay — 3:59.44 Mixed Athlete Event Heat Final Time Rank Time Rank Lewis BurrasTom DeanFreya AndersonAnna HopkinEdward MildredJacob WhittleIsabella HindleyAbbie Wood 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3:28.03 2 Q 3:22.45 Lauren CoxJames WilbyJames GuyFreya AndersonAlicia WilsonGreg ButlerEdward MildredAbbie Wood 4 × 100 m medley relay 3:51.08 2 Q 3:44.03 Table tennis Main articles: Table tennis at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Table tennis at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification As host nation, England automatically qualified full teams for both the men's and women's events; parasport players had to qualify via the ITTF Para Table Tennis Rankings (as they were on 1 May 2022). A team of thirteen players (including those in parasport events) was announced on 7 June 2022. On 22 July 2022, it was announced that Emily Bolton would replace the injured Mollie Patterson. Singles Athletes Event Group stage Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Paul Drinkhall Men's singles Bye Khawaja (PAK)W 4–0 Chew (SGP)W 4–0 Aruna (NGR)W 4–1 Kamal (IND)L 2–4 Bronze medal match Gnanasekaran (IND)L 3–4 4 Liam Pitchford Bye Wong (MAS)W 4–1 Pang (SGP)W 4–0 Shetty (IND)W 4–1 Gnanasekaran (IND)W 4–1 Kamal (IND)L 1–4 Sam Walker Bye Farley (BAR)W 4–0 Hazin (CAN)W 4-0 Gnansekaran (IND)L 2–4 Did not advance Daniel Bullen Men's singles C3–5 Ogunkunle (NGR)L 0–3 Wyndham (SLE)W 3–1 Alagar (IND)L 1–3 3 — Did not advance Jack Hunter Spivey Chen (AUS)W 3–0 Sule (NGR)L 2–3 Mudassar (CAN)W 3-0 2 Q — Ogunkunle (NGR)W 3–0 Suke (NGR)W 3–1 Ross Wilson Men's singles C8–10 Olufemi (NGR)W 3–0 Lin Ma (AUS)L 0–3 Syed (CAN)W 3–0 2 Q — Stacey (WAL)L 1–3 Bronze medal match Agunbiade (NGR)W 3–2 Charlotte Bardsley Women's singles Chung (TTO)W 4–0 Meletie (CYP)W 4–1 — 1 Q Tennison (IND)L 1–4 Did not advance Tin-Tin Ho Bye Silcock (JEY)W 4–2 Yangzi (AUS)L 0–4 Did not advance Maria Tsaptsinos Nangonzi (UGA)W 4–0 Tee (MAS)L 3–4 — 2 Did not advance Sue Bailey Women's singles C3–5 Patel (IND)L 1–3 Obiora (NGR)W 3–2 Tscharke (AUS)W 3–0 2 Q — Patel (IND)L 0–3 Bronze medal match Patel (IND)L 0–3 4 Felicity Pickard Women's singles C6–10 Olo (SOL)W 3–0 Li Na Lei (AUS)L 0–3 Walker (WAL)W 3–1 2 Q — Yang (AUS)L 0–3 Bronze medal match Obazuaye (NGR)L 1–3 4 Doubles Athletes Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Liam PitchfordPaul Drinkhall Men's doubles Bye Dalgleish & Rumgay (SCO)W 3–1 Knight & Maxwell (BAR)W 3–0 Omeh & Omotayo (NGR)W 3–0 Chew & Poh (SGP)W 3–1 Gnanasekaran & Kamal (IND)W 3–2 Sam WalkerTom Jarvis Bye Farley & Riley (BAR)W 3–0 Coghill & Nathoo (RSA)W 3–0 Achanta & Gnanasekaran (IND)L 0—3 Did not advance Charlotte BardsleyEmily Bolton Women's doubles Bye Nakawala & Nangonzi (UGA)W 3–0 Feng & Zeng (SGP)L 0–3 Did not advance Tin-Tin HoMaria Tsaptsinos Bye Mou & Sultana (BAN)W 3–0 (WO) Jee & Lay (AUS)L 1–3 Did not advance Tom JarvisCharlotte Bardsley Mixed doubles Loi & Agari (PNG)W 3–0 Pang & Wong (SGP)W 3–2 Hazin & Fu (CAN)W 3–0 Lum & Jee (AUS)L 0–3 Did not advance Liam PitchfordTin-Tin Ho Bye Quek & Zhou (SGP)W 3–2 Ly & Gauthier (CAN)W 3–0 Achanta & Akula (IND)L 2–3 Did not advance Sam WalkerMaria Tsaptsinos Evans & Carey (WAL)L 2–3 Did not advance Team Athletes Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Liam Pitchford Paul Drinkhall Sam Walker Tom Jarvis Men's team Guyana (GUY)W 3–0 Fiji (FIJ)W 3–0 Bangladesh (BAN)W 3–0 1 Q Cyprus (CYP)W 3–0 Singapore (SGP)L 2–3 Nigeria (NGR)W 3–0 Tin-Tin Ho Maria Tsaptsinos Charlotte Bardsley Emily Bolton Women's team Singapore (SGP)L 0–3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG)W 3–0 Nigeria (NGR)W 3–2 2 Q Wales (WAL)L 0–3 Did not advance Triathlon Main articles: Triathlon at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Triathlon at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification On 25 January 2022, Team England announced its initial squad of four triathletes, including three of the Tokyo 2020 mixed relay champions. Based on the World Triathlon Para Rankings of 28 March 2022, a squad of four paratriathletes (plus two guides) was subsequently added. Two triathletes, one paratriathlete and three guides were added to the overall squad on 1 July 2022. Jonny Brownlee later pulled out of the Games as the result of a wrist injury he sustained in a triathlon the previous month. On 17 July it was announced that Dan Dixon would replace Brownlee. Individual Athlete Event Swim (750 m) Trans 1 Bike (20 km) Trans 2 Run (5 km) Total Rank Sam Dickinson Men's 8:46 0:59 26:04 0:19 17:32 53:40 19 Dan Dixon 8:39 0:56 26:14 0:19 15:54 52:02 12 Alex Yee 8:49 0:50 26.07 0:17 14:31 50:34 Sophie Coldwell Women's 9:26 0:58 29:08 0:20 17:14 57:06 4 Sian Rainsley 9:37 0:55 29:23 0:19 17:40 57:54 12 Georgia Taylor-Brown 9:25 0:56 28:14 0:20 17:11 56:06 Mixed relay Athlete Event Time Rank Swim (300 m) Trans 1 Bike (5 km) Trans 2 Run (2 km) Total group Alex Yee Mixed relay 3:36 0:48 6:38 0:16 6:09 17:27 — Sophie Coldwell 4:19 0:55 7:24 0:19 7:21 20:18 Sam Dickinson 4:04 0:51 6:44 0:17 6:49 18:45 Georgia Taylor-Brown 4:30 0:44 7:17 0:19 7:20 20:10 Total — 1:16.40 Paratriathlon Athlete Event Comp. Swim (750 m) Trans 1 Bike (20 km) Trans 2 Run (5 km) Total Rank Iain DawsonGuide: Duncan Shea-Simonds Men's PTVI 2:46 14:21 1:26 30:27 0:33 22:35 1:12.08 8 Dave EllisGuide: Luke Pollard 2:46 9:46 1:07 26:57 0:25 16:38 57.39 Oscar KellyGuide: Charlie Harding 2:46 10:22 1:01 34:18 0:26 17:45 1:06.38 5 Katie CrowhurstGuide: Jessica Fullagar Women's PTVI 3:19 11:19 1:10 30:21 0:32 23:51 1:10.32 Melissa ReidGuide: Grace France DNS Weightlifting Main articles: Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games and Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Qualification As host nation, England automatically qualified 1 entry in each weight category (8 per gender). On 25 May 2022, British Weight Lifting announced the fourteen weightlifters who have been selected to represent England in Birmingham. On 17 July 2022, it was announced that Sarah Davies had been added to the England squad. Men Athlete Event Snatch (kg) Clean & Jerk (kg) Total (kg) Rank Result Rank Result Rank Ben Hickling 55 kg 93 4 119 4 212 4 Jaswant Shergill 67 kg 114 6 146 4 260 4 Jack Oliver 73 kg 131 5 156 8 287 6 Chris Murray 81 kg 144 1 181 1 325 GR Cyrille Tchatchet 96 kg 158 2 188 NM DNF Andrew Griffiths 109 kg 159 5 187 5 346 6 Gordon Shaw +109 kg 167 3 195 7 362 5 Women Athlete Event Snatch (kg) Clean & Jerk (kg) Total (kg) Rank Result Rank Result Rank Noorin Gulam 49 kg 73 6 88 6 161 6 Fraer Morrow 55 kg 89 2 109 3 198 Jessica Gordon Brown 59 kg 86 3 111 2 197 Zoe Smith 64 kg 88 4 122 2 210 4 Sarah Davies 71 kg 103 CR GR 1 126 GR 1 229 GR Deborah Alawode 76 kg 93 5 119 5 212 4 Emily Sweeney 87 kg 88 NM – – DNF Emily Campbell +87 kg 124 GR 1 162 CR GR 1 286 CR GR Wrestling Main article: Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games On 28 April 2022, Team England announced its squad of nine wrestlers. Myroslav Dykun later withdrew and was replaced by Syerus Eslami as of 10 June 2022. Key: VT - Victory by Fall. PP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points. PO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points. Repechage Format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Harvey Ridings Men's -57 kg Asad (PAK)L 0–10 (VSU) Did not advance George Ramm Men's -65 kg Rezaeifar (AUS)W 3–0 (VPO) Afrikaner (NAM)W 7–0 (VPO) Punia (IND)L 0–10 (VSU) — Bronze medsl match Bingham (NRU)W 11–0 (VSU) Charlie Bowling Men's -74 kg Demeritte (BAH)W 10–0 (VSU) van Zijl (RSA)W 4–2 (VPO1) Sihag (IND)L 1–12 (VSU2) — Bronze medal match John (NGR)L 0–10 (VSU) 5 Syerus Eslami Men's -86 kg Choiras (CYP)W 6–4 (VPO1) Lessing (RSA)L 0–10 (VSU) Did not advance Mandhir Kooner Men's -125 kg Lehauli (TGA)W 13–3 (VSU) Mohamed Bundu (SLE)W 4–1 (VFA) Anwar (PAK)L 0–5 (VFA) — Bronze medal match Marie (MRI)W 4–0 (VFA) Kelsey Barnes Women's -62 kg — Malik (IND)L 0–10 (VFA) — Bronze medal match Etane Ngolle (CMR)L 4–9 (VPO1) 5 Sarah Clossick Women's -68 kg Bye Ford (NZL)L 0–10 (VSU) Did not advance Chloe Spiteri Women's -68 kg DNS Did not advance Georgina Nelthorpe Women's -76 kg — Vilbrun (MRI)W 6–0 (VFA) Rueben (NGR)L 1–6 (VPO1) — Bronze medal match Koroma (SLE)W 4–0 (VFA) References ^ "Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games". 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External links Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games Official site Commonwealth Games England Official site vteAssociations at the 2022 Commonwealth GamesAfrica Botswana Cameroon Eswatini Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu vteEngland at the Commonwealth Games1930193419381950195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022England hosted the Games in 1934 and 2002, and will again in 2022.	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Having competed at every Games since their 1930 inauguration, it was England's twenty-second appearance (and third appearance as the host nation).Following the CGF's decision to revoke Durban's hosting rights,[1] Birmingham was chosen as the English host candidate and submitted its bid.[2] Though originally deemed not fully compliant, adjustments to the bid ensured the city was awarded the hosting rights in December 2017.[3]Jack Laugher and Emily Campbell were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony,[4] and Jake Jarman was the country's flagbearer at the closing ceremony.[5]","title":"England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games_England"},{"link_name":"Mark England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_England"},{"link_name":"Team GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_GB"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 19 September 2019, Commonwealth Games England announced that Mark England had been appointed Chef de Mission for the England team in Birmingham. He fulfilled the same role for Team GB at both the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics in Rio and Tokyo respectively.[6]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.","title":"Competitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Fraser"},{"link_name":"James Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hall_(gymnast)"},{"link_name":"Jake Jarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Jarman"},{"link_name":"Giarnni Regini-Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giarnni_Regini-Moran"},{"link_name":"Courtney Tulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Tulloch"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's artistic team 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Fullagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Fullagar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Women's PTVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_PTVI"},{"link_name":"David Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Ellis_(paratriathlete)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luke Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Pollard_(paratriathlon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's PTVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_PTVI"},{"link_name":"Chris 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Jarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Jarman"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_floor"},{"link_name":"Joe Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's pommel horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_pommel_horse"},{"link_name":"Courtney Tulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Tulloch"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_rings"},{"link_name":"Georgia-Mae Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia-Mae_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Women's uneven bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_uneven_bars"},{"link_name":"Laura Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Women's scratch race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_scratch_race"},{"link_name":"Ashley McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's 60 kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_60_kg"},{"link_name":"Sarah 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tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's singles C8–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles_C8%E2%80%9310"},{"link_name":"England men's national field hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"James Albery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Albery_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Liam Ansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Ansell"},{"link_name":"Nick Bandurak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bandurak"},{"link_name":"Will Calnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Calnan"},{"link_name":"David Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Condon_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Brendan Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Creed"},{"link_name":"David Goodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodfield"},{"link_name":"Chris Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Griffiths_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"James Mazarelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mazarelo"},{"link_name":"Ollie Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Payne"},{"link_name":"Phil Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Roper"},{"link_name":"Stuart Rushmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rushmere"},{"link_name":"Ian Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sloan_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Rhys Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tom Sorsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sorsby"},{"link_name":"Zachary Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Jack Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Waller_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"3x3 basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3x3_basketball_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Lawn bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_bowls_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Medal\n\nName\n\nSport\n\nEvent\n\nDate\n\n\n Gold\n\nJoe FraserJames HallJake JarmanGiarnni Regini-MoranCourtney Tulloch\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's artistic team all-around\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAlex Yee\n\nTriathlon\n\nMen's\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAlice KinsellaOndine AchampongGeorgia-Mae FentonKelly SimmClaudia Fragapane\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's artistic team all-around\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nBen Proud\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 50 metre butterfly\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJohnboy Smith\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's marathon (T54)\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJames Wilby\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 100 metre breaststroke\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAlice Tai\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 100 metre backstroke S8\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAlex YeeSophie ColdwellSam DickinsonGeorgia Taylor-Brown\n\nTriathlon\n\nMixed relay\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJake Jarman\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's artistic individual all-around\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nKatie CrowhurstJessica Fullagar (guide)\n\nTriathlon\n\nWomen's PTVI\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nDavid EllisLuke Pollard (guide)\n\nTriathlon\n\nMen's PTVI\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nChris Murray\n\nWeightlifting\n\nMen's 81 kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJamie ChestneyLouis RidoutNick Brett\n\nLawn Bowls\n\nMen's triples\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJake Jarman\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's floor\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJoe Fraser\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's pommel horse\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nCourtney Tulloch\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's rings\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nGeorgia-Mae Fenton\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's uneven bars\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nLaura Kenny\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's scratch race\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAshley McKenzie\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 60 kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nSarah Davies\n\nWeightlifting\n\nWomen's 71kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nMaisie Summers-Newton\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 100 metre breaststroke SB6\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nHannah Cockroft\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 100 metres (T34)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nEmmanuel Oyinbo-Coker\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 100 metres (T47)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAdam Peaty\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 50 metre breaststroke\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nBrodie Williams\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 200 metre backstroke\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nLachlan Moorhead\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 81 kg\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nDaniel Powell\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 73 kg\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAlice Kinsella\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's floor\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJoe Fraser\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's parallel bars\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJake Jarman\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's vault\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nOrlan JackmanMyles HessonJamell AndersonJaydon Henry-McCalla\n\n3x3 basketball\n\nMen's tournament\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nEvie Richards\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's cross-country\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nEmily Campbell\n\nWeightlifting\n\nWomen's +87 kg\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJamal Petgrave\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 90 kg\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nEmma Reid\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 78 kg\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nGeorgina Kennedy\n\nSquash\n\nWomen's singles\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nBen Proud\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 50 metre freestyle\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nKatarina Johnson-Thompson\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's heptathlon\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nBrodie WilliamsJames WilbyJames GuyTom Dean\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJack Laugher\n\nDiving\n\nMen's 1 metre springboard\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix\n\nDiving\n\nWomen's 10 metre platform\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nZoe Newson\n\nPara powerlifting\n\nWomen's lightweight\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nNathan Maguire\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 1500 metres (T54)\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nJack LaugherAnthony Harding\n\nDiving\n\nMen's synchronised 3 metre springboard\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nMarfa Ekimova\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's rhythmic individual all-around\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nNatalie ChestneySian HonnorJamie-Lea Winch\n\nLawn Bowls\n\nWomen's triples\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\n\nNoah WilliamsMatty Lee\n\nDiving\n\nMen's synchronised 10 metre platform\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nNick Miller\nAthletics\nMen's hammer throw\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nDaniel Goodfellow\nDiving\nMen's 3 m springboard\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nJack Hunter Spivey\nTable tennis\nMen's singles C3–5\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nJona Efoloko Zharnel HughesNethaneel Mitchell-BlakeOjie EdoburunHarry Aikines-Aryeetey\nAthletics\nMen's 4 × 100 m relay\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nLewis Williams\nBoxing\nMen's heavyweight\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nDelicious Orie\nBoxing\nMen's super heavyweight\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nEngland women's national field hockey teamGiselle AnsleyGrace BalsdonFiona CracklesSophie HamiltonSabbie HeeshMaddie HinchTessa HowardHolly HuntHannah MartinShona McCallinLily OwsleyHollie Pearne-WebbFlora PeelIzzy PetterEllie RayerAnna TomanLaura UnsworthLily Walker\nHockey\nWomen's tournament\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nLiam PitchfordPaul Drinkhall\nTable tennis\nMen's doubles\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nAsha Philip Imani-Lara LansiquotBianca Williams Daryll NeitaAshleigh Nelson\nAthletics\nWomen's 4 × 100 m relay\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nNoah WilliamsAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix\nDiving\nMixed 10 m synchronised platform\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Gold\nJames Willstrop Declan James\nSquash\nMen's doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLewis BurrasTom DeanAnna HopkinFreya Anderson\n\nSwimming\n\nMixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJames Wilby\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 200 metre breaststroke\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nRyan OwensJoseph TrumanHamish Turnbull\n\nCycling\n\nMen's team sprint\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nDaniel BighamCharlie TanfieldEthan VernonOliver Wood\n\nCycling\n\nMen's team pursuit\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nGeorgia Taylor-Brown\n\nTriathlon\n\nWomen's\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nEdward MildredJoe LitchfieldJamie IngramCameron Kurle\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nAnna HopkinAbbie WoodIsabella HindleyFreya Anderson\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nBrodie Williams\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 100 metre backstroke\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nHannah Russell\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 50 metre freestyle S13\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nTom Dean\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 200 metre freestyle\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nImogen Clark\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 50 metre breaststroke\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nEden Rainbow-Cooper\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's marathon (T54)\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nOndine Achampong\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's artistic individual all-around\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nSophie UnwinGeorgia Holt (pilot)\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's tandem 1 km time trial B\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJessica Gordon Brown\n\nWeightlifting\n\nWomen's 59 kg\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJames Hall\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's artistic individual all-around\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nSophie Capewell\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's keirin\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nSamuel Hall\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 60 kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nTom Dean\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 100 metre freestyle\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nGrace Harvey\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 100 metre breaststroke SB6\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nAcelya Toprak\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 57 kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJames GuyJacob WhittleJoe LitchfieldTom Dean\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nSam TolchardJamie Walker\n\nLawn Bowls\n\nMen's pairs\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nGiarnni Regini-Moran\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's vault\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nGiarnni Regini-Moran\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's parallel bars\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nOndine Achampong\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's floor\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nGemma Howell\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 63 kg\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nMolly Caudery\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's pole vault\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLaura Stephens\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 200 metre butterfly\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJames Guy\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 100 metre butterfly\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nSophie Hahn\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 100 metres (T38)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJade Lally\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's discus throw\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nShanice Beckford-NortonHannah JumpChantelle HandyCheridene Green\n\n3x3 basketball\n\nWomen's tournament\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nKare Adenegan\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 100 metres (T34)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nTom Dean\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 200 metre individual medley\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nJessica-Jane Applegate\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 200 metre freestyle S14\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLewis Burras\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 50 metre freestyle\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLois Toulson\n\nDiving\n\nWomen's 10 metre platform\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nOlivia Broome\n\nPara powerlifting\n\nWomen's lightweight\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLawrence Okoye\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's discus throw\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nZac Shaw\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 100 metres (T12)\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nMark Swan\n\nPara powerlifting\n\nMen's lightweight\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nFred Wright\n\nCycling\n\nMen's time trial\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nAnna Henderson\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's time trial\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nDaniel Sidbury\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 1500 metres (T54)\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\n\nLizzie Bird\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 3000 metres steeplechase\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nZharnel Hughes\nAthletics\nMen's 200 m\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nAdam Hague\nAthletics\nMen's pole vault\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nKeely Hodgkinson\nAthletics\nWomen's 800 m\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nJordan Houlden\nDiving\nMen's 3 m springboard\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nEden ChengAndrea Spendolini-Sirieix\nDiving\nWomen's 10 m synchronised platform\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nAmy PharaohSophie Tolchard\nLawn bowls\nWomen's pairs\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nMatthew Hudson-Smith\nAthletics\nMen's 400 m\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nVictoria Ohuruogu\nAthletics\nWomen's 400 m\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nKiaran MacDonald\nBoxing\nMen's flyweight\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nDemie-Jade Resztan\nBoxing\nWomen's minimumweight\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nGemma Richardson\nBoxing\nWomen's lightweight\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nAdrian Waller Alison Waters\nSquash\nMixed doubles\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nBen LaneSean Vendy\nBadminton\nMen's doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nChloe BirchLauren Smith\nBadminton\nWomen's doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nMarcus EllisLauren Smith\nBadminton\nMixed doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nKyle KothariLois Toulson\nDiving\nMixed 10 m synchronised platform\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nAdrian Waller Daryl Selby\nSquash\nMen's doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nSarah-Jane Perry Alison Waters\nSquash\nWomen's doubles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Silver\nLiam Pitchford\nTable tennis\nMen's singles\n8 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nLaura KennyJosie KnightMaddie LeechSophie Lewis\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's team pursuit\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nStephen BateChristopher Latham (pilot)\n\nCycling\n\nMen's tandem 1 km time trial B\n\n29 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nFraer Morrow\n\nWeightlifting\n\nWomen's 55 kg\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nSimon Lawson\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's marathon (T54)\n\n30 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nFreya ColbertTamryn van SelmAbbie WoodFreya Anderson\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nJames Guy\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 200 metre butterfly\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nSophie Capewell\n\nCycling\n\nWomen's 500 m time trial\n\n31 July 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nGiarnni Regini-Moran\n\nGymnastics\n\nMen's floor\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAmy Platten\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 48 kg\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nOliver Wood\n\nCycling\n\nMen's points race\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAbbie Wood\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 200 metre individual medley\n\n1 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nFabienne André\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 100 metres (T34)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAlicia WilsonGreg ButlerEdward MildredAbbie Wood\n\nSwimming\n\nMixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nOla Abidogun\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 100 metres (T47)\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nJames Hollis\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 100 metre butterfly S10\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nKelly Petersen-Pollard\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 70 kg\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nKatie-Jemima Yeats-Brown\n\nJudo\n\nWomen's 70 kg\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAmy ConroyJade AtkinJoy HaizeldenCharlotte Moore\n\n3x3 basketball\n\nWomen's wheelchair tournament\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nTyler BainesLee ManningAbderrahim TaghrestCharlie McIntyre\n\n3x3 basketball\n\nMen's wheelchair tournament\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nKieran RollingsCraig Bowler\n\nLawn bowls\n\nMen's pairs B6–8\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nLiam PitchfordPaul DrinkhallSam WalkerTom Jarvis\n\nTable Tennis\n\nMen's team\n\n2 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nSarah-Jane Perry\n\nSquash\n\nWomen's singles\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nLouise Fiddes\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 200 metre freestyle S14\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nRhys Thompson\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 100 kg\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nHarry Lovell-Hewitt\n\nJudo\n\nMen's 100 kg\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nLuke Turley\n\nSwimming\n\nMen's 1500 metre freestyle\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nJade O'Dowda\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's heptathlon\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nLauren CoxMolly RenshawLaura StephensAnna Hopkin\n\nSwimming\n\nWomen's 4 × 100 metre medley relay\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nDaryll Neita\n\nAthletics\n\nWomen's 100 metres\n\n3 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nJordan Houlden\n\nDiving\n\nMen's 1 metre springboard\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAndrew Pozzi\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's 110 metres hurdles\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAlice LeaperMarfa EkimovaSaffron Severn\n\nGymnastics\n\nWomen's rhythmic team all-around\n\n4 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAlison YearlingChris TurnbullSusan WherryMark Wherry\n\nLawn Bowls\n\nMixed pairs B2–3\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nGeorge Ramm\n\nWrestling\n\nMen's freestyle 65 kg\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nAmy Rollinson\n\nDiving\n\nWomen's 1 metre springboard\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nScott Lincoln\n\nAthletics\n\nMen's shot put\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nMandhir Kooner\n\nWrestling\n\nMen's freestyle 125 kg\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\n\nNaomi Metzger\n\nWrestling\n\nWomen's triple jump\n\n5 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nHarry Coppell\nAthletics\nMen's pole vault\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nLewis Richardson\nBoxing\nMen's middleweight\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nAaron Bowen\nBoxing\nMen's light heavyweight\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nSavannah Stubley\nBoxing\nWomen's light flyweight\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nJack Laugher\nDiving\nMen's 3 m springboard\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nRobyn BirchEmily Martin\nDiving\nWomen's 10 m synchronised platform\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nNick BrettJamie ChestneyLouis RidoutSam Tolchard\nLawn bowls\nMen's fours\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nGeorgina Nelthorpe\nWrestling\nWomen's -76 kg\n6 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nBen Pattison\nAthletics\nMen's 800 m\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nJodie Williams\nAthletics\nWomen's 400 m\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nCindy Sember\nAthletics\nWomen's 100 m hurdles\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nJavier BelloJoaquin Bello\nBeach volleyball\nMen's tournament\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nMatthew Lee\nDiving\nMen's 10 m platform\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nRoss Wilson\nTable tennis\nMen's singles C8–10\n7 August 2022\n\n\n Bronze\nEngland men's national field hockey teamJames AlberyLiam AnsellNick BandurakWill CalnanDavid CondonBrendan CreedDavid GoodfieldChris GriffithsJames MazareloOllie PaynePhil RoperStuart RushmereIan SloanRhys SmithTom SorsbyZachary WallaceJack WallerSamuel Ward\nHockey\nMen's tournament\n8 August 2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by sport\n\n\nSport\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nAthletics\n8\n14\n12\n34\n\n\nBadminton\n0\n3\n0\n3\n\n\n3x3 basketball\n1\n1\n2\n4\n\n\nBeach volleyball\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nBoxing\n2\n3\n3\n8\n\n\nCricket\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\nCycling\n2\n6\n4\n12\n\n\nDiving\n6\n4\n5\n15\n\n\nGymnastics\n11\n5\n2\n18\n\n\nHockey\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\nJudo\n5\n3\n5\n13\n\n\nLawn bowls\n2\n2\n3\n7\n\n\nNetball\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\nPowerlifting\n1\n2\n0\n3\n\n\nRugby sevens\n0\n0\n0\n–\n\n\nSquash\n2\n3\n1\n6\n\n\nSwimming\n8\n16\n8\n32\n\n\nTable tennis\n2\n1\n2\n5\n\n\nTriathlon\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWeightlifting\n3\n1\n1\n5\n\n\nWrestling\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nTotal\n58\n65\n53\n176\n\n\n\n\nMedals by day\n\n\nDay\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\n29 July\n2\n5\n2\n9\n\n\n30 July\n3\n7\n2\n12\n\n\n31 July\n6\n4\n3\n13\n\n\n1 August\n10\n6\n4\n20\n\n\n2 August\n10\n12\n10\n32\n\n\n3 August\n8\n3\n8\n19\n\n\n4 August\n3\n7\n3\n13\n\n\n5 August\n5\n2\n6\n13\n\n\n6 August\n3\n6\n8\n17\n\n\n7 August\n6\n6\n6\n18\n\n\n8 August\n2\n7\n1\n10\n\n\nTotal\n58\n65\n53\n176\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals by gender\n\n\nGender\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\n\nFemale\n\n20\n\n32\n\n23\n\n75\n\n\nMale\n\n36\n\n29\n\n28\n\n93\n\n\nMixed\n\n2\n\n4\n\n2\n\n8\n\n\nTotal\n\n58\n\n65\n\n53\n\n176","title":"Medallists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple medallists","text":"The following Team England competitors won multiple medals at the 2022 Commonwealth Games","title":"Medallists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Abigail Irozuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Irozuru"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ai-lb-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(sprinter)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Max Burgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Burgin"},{"link_name":"DVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jamie Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Webb"},{"link_name":"Bianca Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Williams"},{"link_name":"Desiree Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiree_Henry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Dina Asher-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Asher-Smith"},{"link_name":"2022 World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_decathlon"},{"link_name":"Heptathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_heptathlon"}],"text":"On 5 May 2022, Team England selected two athletes for the marathons.[7][8] Twenty-one para athletes were added on 19 May 2022, having qualified via the World Para Athletics World Rankings for performances registered between 31 December 2020 and 25 April 2022.[9][10]The full squad of ninety-three (with seventy athletes added) was announced on 22 June 2022.[11][12] Abigail Irozuru was later added following a injury withdrawal from the cycling squad.[13] Thomas Young withdrew from the Games due to an injury.[14] On 24 July 2022, it was announced that Max Burgin had been forced to withdraw from the team after being diagnosed with DVT.[15] It was announced that Jamie Webb and Bianca Williams would replace Burgin and Desiree Henry who had also been obliged to withdraw from the team due to injury.[16] On 27 July, Dina Asher-Smith withdrew from the Games, after having injured herself at the 2022 World Athletics Championships.[17]Men\nTrack and road eventsField eventsCombined events – DecathlonWomen\nTrack and road eventsField eventsCombined events – Heptathlon","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Marcus Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Callum Hemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_Hemming"},{"link_name":"Ben Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lane"},{"link_name":"Toby Penty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Penty"},{"link_name":"Sean Vendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Vendy"},{"link_name":"Chloe Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Birch"},{"link_name":"Freya Patel-Redfearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Patel-Redfearn"},{"link_name":"Jessica Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Lauren Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Smith_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"BWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2022/06/01/birmingham-2022-commonwealth-games-india-in-group-1-of-mixed-team-event/"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for the mixed team event.[18] A full squad of ten players was selected on 20 April 2022.[19][20] Badminton England announced that Abigail Holden withdrew from the competition due to the knee injury.[21]SinglesDoublesMixed teamSummarySquadMarcus Ellis\nCallum Hemming\nBen Lane\nToby Penty\nSean Vendy\nChloe Birch\nFreya Patel-Redfearn\nJessica Pugh\nLauren SmithGroup stageSource: BWFKnock-out stage","title":"Badminton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for all four tournaments.[27]Squad selections were announced on 13 July 2022.[28][29]Summary","title":"3x3 basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jaydon Henry-McCalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaydon_Henry-McCalla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myles Hesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Hesson"},{"link_name":"Orlan Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlan_Jackman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/schedule/day-by-day"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/M/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000200--"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/M/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000300--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/M/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000600--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/M/TEAM3-------------/SFNL/000200--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/M/TEAM3-------------/FNL-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"RosterJamell Anderson\nJaydon Henry-McCalla\nMyles Hesson\nOrlan JackmanGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nNew Zealand \n10–21\n England\n\nPts: Bezzant 4\n\nPts: Jackman 9\n\n\n\nSmithfield30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n21–6\n Trinidad and Tobago\n\nPts: Hesson 9\n\nPts: Joseph 3\n\n\n\nSmithfield31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n17–12\n Australia\n\nPts: Hesson 8\n\nPts: Johnson 8\n\n\n\nSmithfieldSemi-finals1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 22:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n13–12\n Canada\n\nPts: Hesson 6\n\nPts: Johnson 9\n\n\n\nSmithfieldGold medal match2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nAustralia \n16–17\n England\n\nPts: Johnson 7\n\nPts: Hesson 6\n\n\n\nSmithfield","title":"3x3 basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanice Beckford-Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanice_Beckford-Norton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cheridene Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheridene_Green&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chantelle Handy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantelle_Handy"},{"link_name":"Hannah Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Jump&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/schedule/day-by-day"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000200--"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000400--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Virgin_Islands_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/GPB-/000600--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/QFNL/000200--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/SFNL/000100--"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/BK3/W/TEAM3-------------/FNL-/000100--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_3x3_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_3x3_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"RosterShanice Beckford-Norton\nCheridene Green\nChantelle Handy\nHannah JumpGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nNew Zealand \n15–14\n England\n\nPts: Harmon 7\n\nPts: Green 7\n\n\n\nSmithfield30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n22–5\n British Virgin Islands\n\nPts: Jump 14\n\nPts: Victor 3\n\n\n\nSmithfield31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n21–17\n Canada\n\nPts: Jump 9\n\nPts: Te-Biasu 12\n\n\n\nSmithfieldQuarter-finals1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 17:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n21–12\n Kenya\n\nPts: Jump 8\n\nPts: Otieno 4\n\n\n\nSmithfieldSemi-finals1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nAustralia \n15–21\n England\n\nPts: Mansfield 8\n\nPts: Green 8\n\n\n\nSmithfieldGold medal match2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n13–14\n Canada\n\nPts: Beckford-Norton 6\n\nPts: Te-Biasu 7\n\n\n\nSmithfield","title":"3x3 basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Baines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Manning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charlie McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abderrahim Taghrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abderrahim_Taghrest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/schedule/day-by-day"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/M/TEAM3---45080-----/GPA-/000100--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/M/TEAM3---45080-----/GPA-/000200--"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/M/TEAM3---45080-----/SFNL/000100--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/M/TEAM3---45080-----/FNL-/000200--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_men%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"}],"sub_title":"Men's wheelchair tournament","text":"RosterTyler Baines\nLee Manning\nCharlie McIntyre\nAbderrahim TaghrestGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts29 July 2022 (2022-07-29) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n17–2\n South Africa\n\nPts: Manning 6\n\nPts: Mtatase 2\n\n\n\nSmithfield30 July 2022 (2022-07-30) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nMalaysia \n9–19\n England\n\nPts: Zakaria 5\n\nPts: Manning 9\n\n\n\nSmithfieldSemi-finals1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 19:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n11–12\n Australia\n\nPts: Manning 7\n\nPts: Pople, Kavanagh 4\n\n\n\nSmithfieldBronze medal match2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n21–11\n Malaysia\n\nPts: McIntyre 8\n\nPts: Zakaria 6\n\n\n\nSmithfield","title":"3x3 basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jade Atkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jade_Atkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amy Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Conroy"},{"link_name":"Joy Haizelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Haizelden"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Moore_(wheelchair_basketball)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/schedule/day-by-day"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/W/TEAM3---45080-----/GPA-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenya_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/W/TEAM3---45080-----/GPA-/000300--"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/W/TEAM3---45080-----/SFNL/000200--"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/WB3/W/TEAM3---45080-----/FNL-/000200--"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotland_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_national_wheelchair_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham"}],"sub_title":"Women's wheelchair tournament","text":"RosterJade Atkin\nAmy Conroy\nJoy Haizelden\nCharlotte MooreGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) Wins; 2) Head-to-head record; 3) Points scored.(H) Hosts29 July 2022 (2022-07-29) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nKenya \n1–20\n England\n\nPts: Wanjira 1\n\nPts: Moore, Atkin 6\n\n\n\nSmithfield31 July 2022 (2022-07-31) 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nEngland \n8–13\n Canada\n\nPts: Haizelden 5\n\nPts: Steeves 7\n\n\n\nSmithfieldSemi-finals1 August 2022 (2022-08-01) 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nAustralia \n8–6\n England\n\nPts: Merritt 4\n\nPts: Conroy 3\n\n\n\nSmithfieldBronze medal match2 August 2022 (2022-08-02) 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nScotland \n10–12\n England\n\nPts: Hamer 5\n\nPts: Conroy 4\n\n\n\nSmithfield","title":"3x3 basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Team England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games_England"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments.[30] On 29 May 2022, Team England announced the selection of their beach volleyball pairings.[31][32]","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birmingham2022.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-sports-groups/VBV/"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"Group CSource: birmingham2022.comQuarter-finalsSemi-finalsBronze medal match","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birmingham2022.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-sports-groups/VBV/"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"Group CSource: birmingham2022.comQuarter-finals","title":"Beach volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On 5 July 2022, Team England announced its squad of fourteen boxers.[33][34]MenWomen","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Maia Bouchier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Bouchier"},{"link_name":"Katherine Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Brunt"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Kate Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Cross"},{"link_name":"Freya Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Davies"},{"link_name":"Sophia Dunkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Dunkley"},{"link_name":"Sophie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"Sarah Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Amy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Jones_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Freya Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Heather Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Knight_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Nat Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Bryony Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryony_Smith"},{"link_name":"Issy Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issy_Wong"},{"link_name":"Danni Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danni_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-games-women-s-cricket-competition-2022-1289194/points-table-standings"},{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289262.html"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nilakshi de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakshi_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Sophie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Inoka Ranaweera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoka_Ranaweera"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Eloise Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Williams"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Katherine Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Brunt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289265.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Shabnim Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabnim_Ismail"},{"link_name":"Laura Wolvaardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Wolvaardt"},{"link_name":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Katherine Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Brunt"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Claire Polosak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Polosak"},{"link_name":"Vrinda Rathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrinda_Rathi"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"D/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day/night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289270.html"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Maddy Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddy_Green"},{"link_name":"Katherine Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Brunt"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Amelia Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Vrinda Rathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrinda_Rathi"},{"link_name":"Eloise Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Katherine Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Brunt"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289271.html"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Smriti Mandhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smriti_Mandhana"},{"link_name":"Freya Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Nat Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Sneh Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneh_Rana_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Kim Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Eloise Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Smriti Mandhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smriti_Mandhana"},{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289273.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nat Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Hayley Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Jensen_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Devine"},{"link_name":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Nat Sciver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Sciver"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Lauren Agenbag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Agenbag"},{"link_name":"Eloise Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Sophie Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Devine"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for the tournament.[35][36]Fixtures were announced in November 2021.[37] The squad was announced on 16 July 2022.[38]SummarySquadMaia Bouchier\nKatherine Brunt\nAlice Capsey\nKate Cross\nFreya Davies\nSophia Dunkley\nSophie Ecclestone\nSarah Glenn\nAmy Jones\nFreya Kemp\nHeather Knight (c)\nNat Sciver\nBryony Smith\nIssy Wong\nDanni WyattGroup stageSource: ESPNcricinfo30 July 2022 18:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSri Lanka 106/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n England109/5 (17.1 overs)\n\n\nNilakshi de Silva 25 (28) Sophie Ecclestone 3/25 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nAlice Capsey 44 (45) Inoka Ranaweera 3/29 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nEngland won by 5 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Eloise Sheridan (Aus) and Jacqueline Williams (WI) Player of the match: Alice Capsey (Eng)\n\n\nSri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.\nKatherine Brunt (Eng) played in her 100th WT20I.[39]2 August 2022 11:00 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 167/5 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa141/4 (20 overs)\n\n\nAlice Capsey 50 (37) Shabnim Ismail 2/27 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nLaura Wolvaardt 41* (33) Katherine Brunt 1/16 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nEngland won by 26 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Claire Polosak (Aus) and Vrinda Rathi (Ind) Player of the match: Alice Capsey (Eng)\n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to field.4 August 2022 18:00 (D/N) Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNew Zealand 71/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n England72/3 (11.4 overs)\n\n\nMaddy Green 19 (24) Katherine Brunt 2/4 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nAlice Capsey 23 (19) Amelia Kerr 2/27 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nEngland won by 7 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Vrinda Rathi (Ind) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Katherine Brunt (Eng)\n\n\nNew Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.Semi-finals6 August 2022 11:00 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nIndia 164/5 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n England160/6 (20 overs)\n\n\nSmriti Mandhana 61 (32) Freya Kemp 2/22 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nNat Sciver 41 (43) Sneh Rana 2/28 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nIndia won by 4 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Kim Cotton (NZ) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Smriti Mandhana (Ind)\n\n\nIndia won the toss and elected to bat.Bronze medal match7 August 2022 10:00 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 110/9 (20 overs)\n\nv\n\n New Zealand111/2 (11.5 overs)\n\n\nNat Sciver 27 (19) Hayley Jensen 3/24 (4 overs)\n\n\n\nSophie Devine 51* (40) Nat Sciver 1/8 (1 over)\n\n\n\nNew Zealand won by 8 wickets Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Lauren Agenbag (SA) and Eloise Sheridan (Aus) Player of the match: Sophie Devine (NZ)\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Cricket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Laura Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Matt Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walls"},{"link_name":"UCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lauren Bate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Bate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ai-lb-13"},{"link_name":"Ethan Hayter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hayter"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Will Perrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perrett"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On 15 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of thirty-three cyclists and two pilots, which includes Tokyo 2020 champions Laura Kenny and Matt Walls. The para cyclists were awarded with quota places earned via the UCI Individual Tandem B Track Para Rankings (for performances registered between 1 January 2021 and 18 April 2022).[40][41]Lauren Bate later withdrew from the Games owing to injury.[13] On 28 July 2022, it was announced that Ethan Hayter had withdrawn from the Games due to his professional commitments with Ineos Grenadiers and he will be replaced on the track by Will Perrett.[42]","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Road","text":"MenWomen","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track","text":"SprintKeirinTime trialPursuitPoints raceScratch race","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mountain Biking","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jack Laugher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Laugher"},{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Matty Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Lee"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"On 21 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of eighteen divers, including Rio 2016 champion Jack Laugher and Tokyo 2020 champion Matty Lee.[43][44]MenWomenMixed","title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Claudia Fragapane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Fragapane"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"On 23 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of thirteen gymnasts, including former world champion Joe Fraser and four-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist in 2014, Claudia Fragapane.[45][46]","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artistic","text":"Men\nTeam Final & Individual QualificationIndividual FinalsWomen\nTeam Final & Individual QualificationIndividual Finals","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rhythmic","text":"Team Final & Individual QualificationIndividual Finals","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ian Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sloan_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Rhys Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Smith"},{"link_name":"Nick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Park_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Liam Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Sanford"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"full time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_(sports)"},{"link_name":"penalty-shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(field_hockey)"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments.[47][48]Detailed fixtures were released on 9 March 2022.[49] The women's squad was announced on 14 June 2022,[50][51] followed by the majority of the men's squad on 12 July 2022.[52][53] On 24 July, it was announced that Ian Sloan and Rhys Smith had been brought into the squad to replace the injured Nick Park and Liam Sanford.[54]SummaryKey:\n\nFT = After full time\nP = Match decided by penalty-shootout","title":"Hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Albery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Albery_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"co-vc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-captain"},{"link_name":"Liam Ansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Ansell"},{"link_name":"Nick Bandurak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bandurak"},{"link_name":"Will Calnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Calnan"},{"link_name":"David Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Condon_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Brendan Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Creed"},{"link_name":"David Goodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodfield"},{"link_name":"Chris Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Griffiths_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"James Mazarelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mazarelo"},{"link_name":"gk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Ollie Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Payne"},{"link_name":"gk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Phil Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Roper"},{"link_name":"Stuart Rushmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rushmere"},{"link_name":"Ian Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sloan_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Rhys Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tom Sorsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sorsby"},{"link_name":"Zachary Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Wallace"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Jack Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Waller_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"co-vc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-captain"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-sports-groups/HOC/?eventtype=HOC%24M%24TEAM11------------"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"SquadJames Albery (co-vc)\nLiam Ansell\nNick Bandurak\nWill Calnan\nDavid Condon\nBrendan Creed\nDavid Goodfield\nChris Griffiths\nJames Mazarelo (gk)\nOllie Payne (gk)\nPhil Roper\nStuart Rushmere\nIan Sloan\nRhys Smith\nTom Sorsby\nZachary Wallace (c)\nJack Waller (co-vc)\nSamuel WardGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) number of wins; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head results.(H) HostsSemi-finalsBronze medal match","title":"Hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giselle Ansley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle_Ansley"},{"link_name":"Grace Balsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Balsdon"},{"link_name":"Fiona Crackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Crackles"},{"link_name":"Sophie Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Sabbie Heesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbie_Heesh"},{"link_name":"gk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Maddie Hinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Hinch"},{"link_name":"gk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Tessa Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Howard"},{"link_name":"Holly Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hunt_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Hannah Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Martin_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Shona McCallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_McCallin"},{"link_name":"Lily Owsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Owsley"},{"link_name":"Hollie Pearne-Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Pearne-Webb"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Flora Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Peel"},{"link_name":"Izzy Petter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Petter"},{"link_name":"Ellie Rayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Rayer"},{"link_name":"Anna Toman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Toman"},{"link_name":"Laura Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Unsworth"},{"link_name":"Lily Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Walker_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-sports-groups/HOC/?eventtype=HOC%24W%24TEAM11------------"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"SquadGiselle Ansley\nGrace Balsdon\nFiona Crackles\nSophie Hamilton\nSabbie Heesh (gk)\nMaddie Hinch (gk)\nTessa Howard\nHolly Hunt\nHannah Martin\nShona McCallin\nLily Owsley\nHollie Pearne-Webb (c)\nFlora Peel\nIzzy Petter\nEllie Rayer\nAnna Toman\nLaura Unsworth\nLily WalkerGroup playSource: Birmingham 2022Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) number of wins; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head results.(H) HostsSemi-finalsGold medal match","title":"Hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Lele Nairne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lele_Nairne"},{"link_name":"Lucy Renshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Renshall"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"On 24 June 2022, Team England announced its squad of fourteen judoka.[55][56] Lele Nairne was subsequently called up to replace Lucy Renshall, who withdrew owing to injury.[57]MenWomen","title":"Judo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Amy Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Gowshall"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"On 28 January 2022, Team England announced the selection of the lawn bowls team (16 players, 2 directors) to compete in Birmingham.[58][59] Amy Pharaoh competed at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester the last time the event was held in England and returns to the team after a twelve year absence.[60]MenWomenPara-sport","title":"Lawn bowls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Imogen Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Allison"},{"link_name":"Beth Cobden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Cobden"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Imogen Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Allison"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Cardwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Cardwell"},{"link_name":"Jade Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Sophie Drakeford-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Drakeford-Lewis"},{"link_name":"Stacey Francis-Bayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Francis-Bayman"},{"link_name":"Layla Guscoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_Guscoth"},{"link_name":"Jo Harten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Harten"},{"link_name":"vc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-captain"},{"link_name":"Helen Housby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Housby"},{"link_name":"Laura Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Geva Mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geva_Mentor"},{"link_name":"Natalie Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Eboni Usoro-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboni_Usoro-Brown"},{"link_name":"Birmingham 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/news/blog/birmingham-2022-unveils-netball-and-cricket-t20-match-schedule/"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for the tournament.[61][62]Partial fixtures were announced in November 2021,[63] then updated with the remaining qualifiers in March 2022.[64] The squad was announced on 20 June 2022.[65][66] On 17 July it was announced that Imogen Allison would replace the injured Beth Cobden.[67]SummarySquadImogen Allison\nEleanor Cardwell\nJade Clarke\nSophie Drakeford-Lewis\nStacey Francis-Bayman\nLayla Guscoth\nJo Harten (vc)\nHelen Housby\nLaura Malcolm\nGeva Mentor\nNatalie Metcalf (c)\nEboni Usoro-BrownGroup stageSource: Birmingham 2022(H) HostsSemi-finalsBronze medal match","title":"Netball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Weight Lifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Weight_Lifting"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os1-68"},{"link_name":"Louise Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Sugden"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"On 25 May 2022, British Weight Lifting announced the seven para powerlifters who have been selected to represent England in Birmingham.[68] On 27 July 2022, it was announced that Louise Sugden had withdrawn from the Games due to injury.[69]","title":"Para powerlifting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified for both the men's and women's tournaments.[70] Both squads were confirmed on 6 July 2022.[71]Summary","title":"Rugby sevens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Adamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Api Bavadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Api_Bavadra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bowen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Blake Boyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blake_Boyland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jamie Barden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Barden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Max Clementson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Clementson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alex Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Davis_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Tom Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Will Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Homer"},{"link_name":"Hayden Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Charlton Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlton_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calum Randle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Randle"},{"link_name":"Freddie Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/sports/rugby-sevens"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-playbyplay/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000200--"},{"link_name":"Onosai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Onosai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maliko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Va%27a_Apelu_Maliko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Falaniko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falaniko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matavao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melani_Matavao"},{"link_name":"Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iafeta_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leitufia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neueli_Leitufia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Jordan Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Way"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Australia"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlton_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Adamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bowen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Homer"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Adamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000300--"},{"link_name":"Sooriyabandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinath_Sooriyabandara"},{"link_name":"A. Ratwatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashan_Ratwatte"},{"link_name":"Kudachchige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhima_Kudachchige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sooriyabandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinath_Sooriyabandara"},{"link_name":"N. Ratwatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Ratwatte"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Finlay Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlay_Brown_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Webber"},{"link_name":"Tangitau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Tangitau"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Clark"},{"link_name":"Rokolisoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuila_Rokolisoa"},{"link_name":"McGarvey-Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarohi_McGarvey-Black"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000600--"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Morné Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bowen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Hyde"},{"link_name":"Bavadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Api_Bavadra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Homer"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Homer"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/QF9-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Bush&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodri_Adamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Jordan Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Way"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Australia"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Homer"},{"link_name":"Bavadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Api_Bavadra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/SF9-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Williams_(rugby_union,_born_1995)"},{"link_name":"Swannack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cole_Swannack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Canada"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Adamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bowen_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Roddick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Emery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/M/TEAM7-------------/FNL-/000500--"},{"link_name":"Ofoyrwoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Ofoyrwoth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Kisiga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arinaitwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karim_Arinaitwe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wokorach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Wokorach"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Rugby_Union"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"SquadJamie Adamson\nApi Bavadra\nTom Bowen\nBlake Boyland\nJamie Barden\nMax Clementson\nAlex Davis (c)\nTom Emery\nWill Homer\nHayden Hyde\nCharlton Kerr\nCalum Randle\nFreddie RoddickPool ASource: Birmingham2022Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head result; 3) Point difference; 4) Points scored.29 July 202211:34England 0–38 SamoaReportTry: Onosai (3) 2' c, 6' m, 7' mMaliko 5' cFalaniko 12' mCon: Matavao (2/5) 3', 5'Purcell (0/1)Cards: Leitufia 11'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Jordan Way (Australia)29 July 202219:42England 47–19 Sri LankaTry: Kerr (2) 1' m, 6' cAdamson (2) 4' c, 14' cBowen 6' cHomer 8' cEmery 13' cCon: Roddick (5/6) 5', 6', 7', 9', 14'Emery (1/1) 13'Cards: Adamson 7'Roddick 11'ReportTry: Sooriyabandara 7' cA. Ratwatte 8' cKudachchige 10' mCon: Sooriyabandara (1/2) 7'N. Ratwatte (1/1) 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Finlay Brown (Scotland)30 July 202211:34New Zealand 20–0 EnglandTry: Webber 6' mTangitau 8' mClark (2) 11' m, 14' mCon: Rokolisoa (0/2)McGarvey-Black (0/2)ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Morné Ferreira (South Africa)9-16 Quarterfinal30 July 202218:14England 45–7 JamaicaTry: Bowen (2) 1' m, 4' mEmery 6' cRoddick 7' cHyde 8' cBavadra 10' cHomer 12' cCon: Emery (4/6) 6', 7', 8', 11'Homer (1/1) 12'ReportTry: Bush 8' cCon: Adamson (1/1) 10'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Jordan Way (Australia)9-12 semifinal31 July 202211:14England 14–10 WalesTry: Homer 1' cBavadra 4' cCon: Roddick (2/2) 1', 4'ReportTry: Williams (2) 12' m, 14' mCon: Swannack (0/2)Cards: Morgan 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Talal-Azmat Chaudhry (Canada)9th place match31 July 202218:44England 31–17 UgandaTry: Adamson (3) 3' c, 8' c, 9' mEmery 8' cBowen 11' mCon: Roddick (1/1) 3'Emery (2/4) 8', 8'ReportTry: Ofoyrwoth 5' mKisiga 12' cArinaitwe 14' mCon: Wokorach (1/3) 12'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Tevita Rokovereni (Fiji)","title":"Rugby sevens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_rugby_sevens_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_-_England_vs_South_Africa_175116.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ellie Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Abbie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Brown_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"co-c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Heather Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Grace Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Crompton"},{"link_name":"Merryn Doidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merryn_Doidge"},{"link_name":"Megan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Jones_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"co-c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Maude"},{"link_name":"Isla Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Celia Quansah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Quansah"},{"link_name":"Jade Shekells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Shekells"},{"link_name":"Lauren Torley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Torley"},{"link_name":"Emma Uren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Uren"},{"link_name":"Amy Wilson-Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wilson-Hardy"},{"link_name":"Birmingham2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.birmingham2022.com/sports/rugby-sevens"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Wilson-Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wilson-Hardy"},{"link_name":"Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Maude"},{"link_name":"Torley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Torley"},{"link_name":"Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Crompton"},{"link_name":"Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Maude"},{"link_name":"Torley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Torley"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/W/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Selica Winiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selica_Winiata"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Wardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyara_Wardley"},{"link_name":"Farella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Farella"},{"link_name":"Scurfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krissy_Scurfield"},{"link_name":"Apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Apps"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/W/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000400--"},{"link_name":"Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Crompton"},{"link_name":"Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Jones_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Blyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Blyde"},{"link_name":"Hirini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Hirini"},{"link_name":"Kaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiray_Kaka"},{"link_name":"Hotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazmin_Hotham"},{"link_name":"Pouri-Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi_Pouri-Lane"},{"link_name":"Nathan-Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyla_Nathan-Wong"},{"link_name":"Pouri-Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi_Pouri-Lane"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/W/TEAM7-------------/GPA-/000600--"},{"link_name":"Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Hollie Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Uren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Uren"},{"link_name":"Doidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merryn_Doidge"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Wilson-Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wilson-Hardy"},{"link_name":"Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Maude"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-playbyplay/RUG/W/TEAM7-------------/SF5-/000100--"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Selica Winiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selica_Winiata"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Quansah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Quansah"},{"link_name":"Boatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Boatman"},{"link_name":"Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Crompton"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Jones_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Norman-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Norman-Bell"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Jones_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//results.birmingham2022.com/#/team-players/RUG/W/TEAM7-------------/FNL-/000300--"},{"link_name":"Rollie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Rollie"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Coventry Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"Team England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.SquadEllie Boatman\nAbbie Brown (co-c)\nHeather Cowell\nGrace Crompton\nMerryn Doidge\nMegan Jones (co-c)\nAlicia Maude\nIsla Norman-Bell\nCelia Quansah\nJade Shekells\nLauren Torley\nEmma Uren\nAmy Wilson-HardyPool ASource: Birmingham2022Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head result; 3) Point difference; 4) Points scored.29 July 202209:44England 57–0 Sri LankaTry: Boatman (4) 1' c, 2' c, 4' c, 7' mWilson-Hardy 6' cMaude (2) 8' m, 10' cTorley 12' cCrompton 14' mCon: Maude (5/7) 1', 3', 5', 6', 11'Torley (1/1) 12'Norman-Bell (0/1)ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Selica Winiata (New Zealand)29 July 202218:36Canada 26–19 EnglandTry: Wardley 5' cFarella (2) 7' ,, 8' cScurfield 9' cCon: Apps (3/4) 5', 9', 10'ReportTry: Boatman 1' mCrompton 11' cCowell 14' cCon: Jones (1/2) 14'Norman-Bell (1/1) 12'Cards: Boatman 8'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Lauren Jenner (New Zealand)30 July 202210:06New Zealand 38–7 EnglandTry: Blyde (2) 3' c, 6' cHirini 4' cKaka 10' mHotham 12' cPouri-Lane 14' mCon: Nathan-Wong (3/3) 3', 5', 7'Pouri-Lane (1/3) 13'ReportTry: Boatman 7' cCon: Norman-Bell (1/1) 7'Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Hollie Davidson (Scotland)5-8 semifinal30 July 202217:30England 36–0 South AfricaTry: Cowell 2' cUren 3' mDoidge 8' mNorman-Bell (2) 11' c, 12' mWilson-Hardy 14' cCon: Maude (1/3) 2'Norman-Bell (2/3) 11', 14'ReportCoventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Selica Winiata (New Zealand)5th place match31 July 202218:22England 29–5 ScotlandTry: Quansah 2' cBoatman 8' mCrompton (2) 10' m, 14' mJones 12' cCon: Norman-Bell (1/2) 2'Jones (1/3) 13'ReportCon: Rollie 8' mCards: Thomson (0/1)Coventry Stadium, CoventryReferee: Ashleigh Murray-Pretorius (South Africa)","title":"Rugby sevens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"On 6 May 2022, Team England announced its squad of nine players.[72][73]SinglesDoubles","title":"Squash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Adam Peaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Peaty"},{"link_name":"James Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guy_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Tom Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dean_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Max Litchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Litchfield"},{"link_name":"Toby Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"On 27 January 2022, Team England announced its initial squad of ten swimmers, including double Tokyo 2020 champions Adam Peaty, James Guy and Tom Dean.[74][75] With the addition of twenty-four swimmers and fourteen para-swimmers (the latter qualifying via the World Para Swimming World Rankings for performances between 31 December 2020 and 18 April 2022), the full squad of forty-eight competitors was confirmed on 11 May 2022.[76][77]On 13 July 2022 it was announced that Max Litchfield would be replaced by Toby Robinson.[78]MenWomenMixed","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"ITTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Table_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Emily Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bolton_(table_tennis)"},{"link_name":"Mollie Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mollie_Patterson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified full teams for both the men's and women's events;[79] parasport players had to qualify via the ITTF Para Table Tennis Rankings (as they were on 1 May 2022).[80]A team of thirteen players (including those in parasport events) was announced on 7 June 2022.[81][82] On 22 July 2022, it was announced that Emily Bolton would replace the injured Mollie Patterson.[83]SinglesDoublesTeam","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"World Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Triathlon"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Jonny Brownlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Brownlee"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Dan Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dixon_(triathlete)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commonwealth_Games_England-91"}],"text":"On 25 January 2022, Team England announced its initial squad of four triathletes, including three of the Tokyo 2020 mixed relay champions.[84][85]Based on the World Triathlon Para Rankings of 28 March 2022, a squad of four paratriathletes (plus two guides) was subsequently added.[86][87] Two triathletes, one paratriathlete and three guides were added to the overall squad on 1 July 2022.[88][89]Jonny Brownlee later pulled out of the Games as the result of a wrist injury he sustained in a triathlon the previous month.[90] On 17 July it was announced that Dan Dixon would replace Brownlee.[91]IndividualMixed relayParatriathlon","title":"Triathlon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"British Weight Lifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Weight_Lifting"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os1-68"},{"link_name":"Sarah Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Davies_(weightlifter)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commonwealth_Games_England-91"}],"text":"As host nation, England automatically qualified 1 entry in each weight category (8 per gender).[92] On 25 May 2022, British Weight Lifting announced the fourteen weightlifters who have been selected to represent England in Birmingham.[68] On 17 July 2022, it was announced that Sarah Davies had been added to the England squad.[91]MenWomen","title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Myroslav Dykun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myroslav_Dykun"},{"link_name":"Syerus Eslami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syerus_Eslami&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Victory by Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(amateur_wrestling)"}],"text":"On 28 April 2022, Team England announced its squad of nine wrestlers.[93][94] Myroslav Dykun later withdrew and was replaced by Syerus Eslami as of 10 June 2022.[95]Key:\n\nVT - Victory by Fall.\nPP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.\nPO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.Repechage Format","title":"Wrestling"}]	[{"image_text":"Team England at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Women%27s_rugby_sevens_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_-_England_vs_South_Africa_175116.jpg/220px-Women%27s_rugby_sevens_at_the_2022_Commonwealth_Games_-_England_vs_South_Africa_175116.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/durban-stripped-of-2022-commonwealth-games-20170313-guxc9d.html","url_text":"\"Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170314045116/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/durban-stripped-of-2022-commonwealth-games-20170313-guxc9d.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth Games 2022: Birmingham only bidder for event\". BBC Sport. 30 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. 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England name four debutants for Roses Commonwealth Games squad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Australia)","url_text":"Fox Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel","url_text":"Foxtel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620124045/https://www.foxsports.com.au/netball/team-revealed-england-name-four-debutants-for-roses-commonwealth-games-squad/news-story/68640503d7bc96e2826299fca55037a8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Athletes join Team England ahead of the Commonwealth Games\". Commonwealth Games England. 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://teamengland.org/news/athletes-join-team-england-ahead-of-the-commonwealth-games","url_text":"\"Athletes join Team England ahead of the Commonwealth Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games_England","url_text":"Commonwealth Games England"}]},{"reference":"\"England Weight Lifting Commonwealth Team announcement\". British Weight Lifting. 25 May 2022. 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Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.revolutionise.com.au/cups/tta/files/fltwhycq7m0dutrf.pdf","url_text":"\"Athlete Allocation System \| Table Tennis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games_Federation","url_text":"Commonwealth Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Table_Tennis_Federation","url_text":"ITTF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124236/https://cdn.revolutionise.com.au/cups/tta/files/fltwhycq7m0dutrf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete Allocation System \| Para Table Tennis\" (PDF). Commonwealth Sport / ITTF. 10 December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2022. 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Retrieved 29 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tri247.com/triathlon-news/elite/team-england-paratriathlon-team-commonwealth-games-2022","url_text":"\"Team England announce Commonwealth Games Paratriathlon team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220425135132/https://www.tri247.com/triathlon-news/elite/team-england-paratriathlon-team-commonwealth-games-2022","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Team England complete Triathlon squad set to compete at 2022 Commonwealth Games\". CGE. 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. 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Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.220triathlon.com/news/final-team-england-triathletes-announced-for-commonwealth-games/","url_text":"\"FINAL TEAM ENGLAND TRIATHLETES ANNOUNCED FOR 2022 COMMONWEALTH GAMES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company","url_text":"Immediate Media Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701101419/https://www.220triathlon.com/news/final-team-england-triathletes-announced-for-commonwealth-games/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonny Brownlee pulls out of Commonwealth Games due to fractured wrist\". BT Sport. PA Media. 12 July 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition	William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition	["1 Competition layout","1.1 Awards","2 Winners","2.1 Top-scoring teams","2.2 Teams ranked by historical performance","2.3 Putnam Fellows","2.4 Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award winners","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Annual mathematics competition The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, often abbreviated to Putnam Competition, is an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate college students enrolled at institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada (regardless of the students' nationalities). It awards a scholarship and cash prizes ranging from $250 to $2,500 for the top students and $5,000 to $25,000 for the top schools, plus one of the top five individual scorers (designated as Putnam Fellows) is awarded a scholarship of up to $12,000 plus tuition at Harvard University (Putnam Fellow Prize Fellowship), the top 100 individual scorers have their names mentioned in the American Mathematical Monthly (alphabetically ordered within rank), and the names and addresses of the top 500 contestants are mailed to all participating institutions. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university-level mathematics competition in the world, and its difficulty is such that the median score is often zero or one (out of 120) despite being primarily attempted by students specializing in mathematics. The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam, who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America. Competition layout The Putnam competition takes place on the first Saturday in December, and consists of two three-hour sittings separated by a lunch break. The competition is supervised by faculty members at the participating schools. Each one consists of twelve challenging problems. The problems cover a range of advanced material in undergraduate mathematics, including concepts from group theory, set theory, graph theory, lattice theory, and number theory. Each of the twelve questions is worth 10 points, and the most frequent scores above zero are 10 points for a complete solution, 9 points for a nearly complete solution, and 1 point for the beginnings of a solution. In earlier years, the twelve questions were worth one point each, with no partial credit given. The competition is considered to be very difficult: it is typically attempted by students specializing in mathematics, but the median score is usually zero or one point out of 120 possible, and there have been only five perfect scores as of 2021. In 2003, of the 3,615 students competing, 1,024 (28%) scored 10 or more points, and 42 points was sufficient to make the top percentile. At a participating college, any student who wishes to take part in the competition may (limited by the number of spots a school receives); but until 2019 the school's official team consisted of three individuals whom it designated in advance. Until 2019, a team's score was the sum of the ranks of its three team members, with the lowest cumulative rank winning. It was entirely possible, even commonplace at some institutions, for the eventual results to show that the "wrong" team was picked—i.e. that some students not on the official team outscored an official team member. For example, in 2010, MIT had two of the top five scorers in the competition and seven of the top 24, while Caltech had just one student in the top five and only four in the top 24; yet Caltech took first place among teams while MIT took second. In 2019 the rules of the competition changed, with a school's team consisting of its top three scorers, and team ranks determined by comparing the sums of the scores of the team members. Awards The top five teams win $25,000, $20,000, $15,000, $10,000, and $5,000, in that order, with team members receiving $1,000, $800, $600, $400, and $200, respectively. The top five individual scorers are named Putnam Fellows and awarded $2,500. The school with the first-place team receives an award of $25,000. Each first-place team member, as well as the winner of the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize, receives $1,000. Sixth through 15th place individuals receive $1,000 and the next ten receive $250. The names of the top 100 students are published in the American Mathematical Monthly, and competition results are published in early April of the year following the competition. Many Putnam Fellows have gone on to become distinguished researchers in mathematics and other fields, including three Fields Medalists—John Milnor (also an Abel Prize laureate), David Mumford, and Daniel Quillen—and two Nobel laureates in physics—Richard Feynman and Kenneth Wilson. Winners Top-scoring teams Year First Second Third Fourth Fifth 1938 Toronto UC Berkeley Columbia 1939 Brooklyn College MIT Mississippi Woman's 1940 Toronto Yale Columbia 1941 Brooklyn College UPenn MIT 1942 Toronto Yale MIT City College of NY 1946 Toronto MIT Brooklyn College Carnegie Tech 1947 Harvard Yale Columbia UPenn 1948 Brooklyn College Toronto Harvard City College of NY and McGill 1949 Harvard Toronto Carnegie Tech City College of NY 1950 Caltech Harvard NYU Toronto 1951 Cornell Harvard Cooper Union City College of NY 1952 Queen's Brooklyn Polytech Harvard MIT 1953 Harvard City College of NY Cornell UC Berkeley 1954 Cornell Harvard MIT Toronto 1955 Harvard Toronto Yale Kenyon 1956 Harvard Columbia Queen's MIT 1957 Harvard Columbia Cornell Caltech 1958 (Spring) Brooklyn Polytech Harvard Toronto Manitoba 1958 (Fall) Harvard Toronto Caltech Cornell 1959 Brooklyn Polytech Caltech Toronto Harvard Case Tech 1960 UC Berkeley Harvard MIT Michigan State Cornell 1961 Michigan State MIT Caltech Harvard Dartmouth 1962 Caltech Dartmouth Harvard Queen's UCLA 1963 Michigan State Brooklyn College UPenn Caltech MIT 1964 Caltech MIT Harvard Case Tech UC Berkeley 1965 Harvard MIT Toronto Princeton Caltech 1966 Harvard MIT Chicago Michigan Princeton 1967 Michigan State Caltech Harvard MIT Michigan 1968 MIT Waterloo UCLA Michigan State Kansas 1969 MIT Rice Chicago Harvard Yale 1970 Chicago MIT Toronto Illinois Tech Caltech 1971 Caltech Chicago Harvard UC Davis MIT 1972 Caltech Oberlin Harvard Swarthmore MIT 1973 Caltech British Columbia Chicago Harvard Princeton 1974 Waterloo Chicago Caltech MIT British Columbia 1975 Caltech Chicago MIT Princeton Harvard 1976 Caltech Washington U in StL Princeton Case Western Reserve and MIT 1977 Washington U in StL UC Davis Caltech Princeton MIT 1978 Case Western Reserve Washington U in StL Waterloo Harvard Caltech 1979 MIT Caltech Princeton Stanford Waterloo 1980 Washington U in StL Harvard Maryland Chicago UC Berkeley 1981 Washington U in StL Princeton Harvard Stanford Maryland 1982 Harvard Waterloo Caltech Yale Princeton 1983 Caltech Washington U in StL Waterloo Princeton Chicago 1984 UC Davis and Washington U in StL Harvard Princeton Yale 1985 Harvard Princeton UC Berkeley Rice Waterloo 1986 Harvard Washington U in StL UC Berkeley Yale MIT 1987 Harvard Princeton Carnegie Mellon UC Berkeley MIT 1988 Harvard Princeton Rice Waterloo Caltech 1989 Harvard Princeton Waterloo Yale Rice 1990 Harvard Duke Waterloo Yale Washington U in StL 1991 Harvard Waterloo Harvey Mudd Stanford Yale 1992 Harvard Toronto Waterloo Princeton Cornell 1993 Duke Harvard Miami University MIT Michigan 1994 Harvard Cornell MIT Princeton Waterloo 1995 Harvard Cornell MIT Toronto Princeton 1996 Duke Princeton Harvard Washington U in StL Caltech 1997 Harvard Duke Princeton MIT Washington U in StL 1998 Harvard MIT Princeton Caltech Waterloo 1999 Waterloo Harvard Duke Michigan Chicago 2000 Duke MIT Harvard Caltech Toronto 2001 Harvard MIT Duke UC Berkeley Stanford 2002 Harvard Princeton Duke UC Berkeley Stanford 2003 MIT Harvard Duke Caltech Harvey Mudd 2004 MIT Princeton Duke Waterloo Caltech 2005 Harvard Princeton Duke MIT Waterloo 2006 Princeton Harvard MIT Toronto Chicago 2007 Harvard Princeton MIT Stanford Duke 2008 Harvard Princeton MIT Stanford Caltech 2009 MIT Harvard Caltech Stanford Princeton 2010 Caltech MIT Harvard UC Berkeley Waterloo 2011 Harvard Carnegie Mellon Caltech Stanford MIT 2012 Harvard MIT UCLA Stony Brook Carnegie Mellon 2013 MIT Carnegie Mellon Stanford Harvard Caltech 2014 MIT Harvard RPI Waterloo Carnegie Mellon 2015 MIT Carnegie Mellon Princeton Stanford Harvard 2016 Carnegie Mellon Princeton Harvard MIT Stanford 2017 MIT Harvard Princeton Toronto UCLA 2018 Harvard MIT UCLA Columbia Stanford 2019 MIT Harvard Stanford UCLA Waterloo 2021 MIT Princeton Harvard Stanford UCLA 2022 MIT Harvard Stanford Maryland Yale 2023 MIT Harvard Duke Stanford Toronto Teams ranked by historical performance Below is a table of teams by the number of appearances in the top five and number of titles. The following table lists Teams finishing in Top Five (as of 2023 competition): Top Five Team (s) 68 Harvard 53 MIT 33 Caltech 32 Princeton 20 Toronto, Waterloo 17 Stanford 13 Yale, Duke 11 Chicago, Washington University in St. Louis 10 UC Berkeley, Cornell 9 Carnegie Mellon (including former Carnegie Tech) 7 UCLA 6 Columbia 5 Brooklyn College, City College of New York, Michigan State 4 Case Western Reserve (including former Case Tech), Michigan, Rice 3 Brooklyn Polytech, UC Davis, Queen's, Penn, Maryland 2 British Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvey Mudd 1 Cooper Union, Illinois Tech, Kansas, Kenyon, Manitoba, McGill, Miami University, RPI NYU, Oberlin, Stony Brook, Swarthmore, William Carey (under former name of Mississippi Woman's) For a recent analysis, the following table lists teams that finished in the top five since 2000 (as of 2023 competition): Top Five Team (s) 22 Harvard, MIT 14 Stanford 11 Princeton 8 Caltech, Duke 6 Carnegie Mellon 5 UCLA, Waterloo 4 Toronto 3 UC Berkeley 1 Chicago, Harvey Mudd, Stony Brook, Yale, RPI, Columbia, Maryland The following table lists Teams with First place finishes (as of 2023 competition): First Place Team (s) 30 Harvard 13 MIT 10 Caltech 4 Toronto, Washington University in St. Louis 3 Brooklyn College, Duke, Michigan State 2 Brooklyn Polytech, Cornell, Waterloo 1 UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Carnegie Mellon, Case Western Reserve, Chicago, Princeton, Queen's Putnam Fellows Since the first competition, the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers in the competition have been named Putnam Fellows. Within the top five, Putnam Fellows are not ranked. Students are not allowed to participate in the Putnam Competition more than four times. For example, if a high school senior chooses to officially participate, he/she effectively chooses to forfeit one of his/her years of eligibility in college (see Gabriel Carroll). This makes it even more of a remarkable feat to become a Putnam Fellow four times. In the history of the Competition, only eight students have been Putnam Fellows four times, with twenty-five others winning the award three times. The following table lists these students: Name School Years Don Coppersmith MIT 1968 1969 1970 1971 Arthur Rubin Purdue, Caltech 1970 1971 1972 1973 Bjorn M. Poonen Harvard 1985 1986 1987 1988 Ravi D. Vakil Toronto 1988 1989 1990 1991 Gabriel D. Carroll UC Berkeley, Harvard 2000 2001 2002 2003 Reid W. Barton MIT 2001 2002 2003 2004 Daniel Kane MIT 2003 2004 2005 2006 Brian R. Lawrence Caltech 2007 2008 2010 2011 Edward L. Kaplan Carnegie Tech 1939 1940 1941 Andrew M. Gleason Yale 1940 1941 1942 Donald J. Newman City College of NY 1948 1949 1950 James B. Herreshoff IV UC Berkeley 1951 1952 1953 Samuel Jacob Klein City College of NY 1953 1959 1960 Randall L. Dougherty UC Berkeley 1978 1979 1980 Eric D. Carlson Michigan State 1980 1982 1983 David W. Ash Waterloo 1981 1982 1983 Noam D. Elkies Columbia 1982 1983 1984 David J. Grabiner Princeton 1986 1987 1988 David J. Moews Harvard 1986 1987 1988 J. P. Grossman Toronto 1993 1994 1995 Kiran S. Kedlaya Harvard 1993 1994 1995 Lenhard L. Ng Harvard 1993 1994 1995 Ciprian Manolescu Harvard 1997 1998 2000 Aaron C. Pixton Princeton 2004 2005 2007 Yufei Zhao MIT 2006 2008 2009 Arnav Tripathy Harvard 2007 2008 2009 Seok Hyeong Lee Stanford 2008 2010 2011 Evan M. O'Dorney UC Berkeley, Harvard 2011 2012 2013 Zipei Nie MIT 2012 2013 2014 David H. Yang MIT 2013 2014 2015 Yunkun Zhou MIT 2015 2016 2017 Shengtong Zhang MIT 2018 2019 2021 Daniel Zhu MIT 2019 2021 2022 The following table lists all Putnam fellows from 1938 to present, with the years they placed in the top five. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996. Name (School) Year (s) George W. Mackey (Rice) 1938 Irving Kaplansky (Toronto) 1938 Michael J. Norris (College of St. Thomas) 1938 Robert W. Gibson (Fort Hays Kansas State) 1938 Bernard Sherman (Brooklyn College) 1938, 1939 Abraham Hillman (Brooklyn College) 1939 Richard P. Feynman (MIT) 1939 William Nierenberg (City College of NY) 1939 Edward L. Kaplan (Carnegie Tech) 1939, 1940, 1941 John Cotton Maynard (Toronto) 1940 Robert Maughan Snow (George Washington) 1940 W. J. R. Crosby (Toronto) 1940 Andrew M. Gleason (Yale) 1940, 1941, 1942 Paul C. Rosenbloom (UPenn) 1941 Richard F. Arens (UCLA) 1941 Samuel I. Askovitz (UPenn) 1941 Harold Victor Lyons (Toronto) 1942 Harvey Cohn (City College of NY) 1942 Melvin A. Preston (Toronto) 1942 Warren S. Loud (MIT) 1942 Donald A. Fraser (Toronto) 1946 Eugenio Calabi (MIT) 1946 Felix Browder (MIT) 1946 J. Arthur Greenwood (Harvard) 1946 Maxwell A. Rosenlicht (Columbia) 1946, 1947 Clarence Wilson Hewlett, Jr. (Harvard) 1947 William Turanski (UPenn) 1947 Eoin L. Whitney (Alberta) 1947, 1948 W. Forrest Stinespring (Harvard) 1947, 1949 George F. D. Duff (Toronto) 1948 Harry Gonshor (McGill) 1948 Leonard Geller (Brooklyn College) 1948 Robert L. Mills (Columbia) 1948 Donald J. Newman (City College of NY) 1948, 1949, 1950 Ariel Zemach (Harvard) 1949 David L. Yarmush (Harvard) 1949 John W. Milnor (Princeton) 1949, 1950 John P. Mayberry (Toronto) 1950 Richard J. Semple (Toronto) 1950 Z. Alexander Melzak (British Columbia) 1950 Arthur P. Dempster (Toronto) 1951 Harold Widom (City College of NY) 1951 Herbert C. Kranzer (NYU) 1951 Peter John Redmond (Cooper Union) 1951 James B. Herreshoff IV (UC Berkeley) 1951, 1952, 1953 Eugene R. Rodemich (Washington U in StL) 1952 Gerhard Rayna (Harvard) 1952 Richard G. Swan (Princeton) 1952 Walter Lewis Baily, Jr. (MIT) 1952 Marshall L. Freimer (Harvard) 1953 Norman Bauman (Harvard) 1953 Tai Tsun Wu (Minnesota) 1953 Samuel Jacob Klein (City College of NY) 1953, 1959, 1960 Benjamin Muckenhoupt (Harvard) 1954 James Daniel Bjorken (MIT) 1954 Leonard Evens (Cornell) 1954 William P. Hanf (UC Berkeley) 1954 Kenneth G. Wilson (Harvard) 1954, 1956 Howard C. Rumsey, Jr. (Caltech) 1955 Jack Towber (Brooklyn College) 1955 David B. Mumford (Harvard) 1955, 1956 Trevor Barker (Kenyon) 1955, 1956 Everett C. Dade (Harvard) 1955, 1957 Richard Michael Friedberg (Harvard) 1956 David M. Bloom (Columbia) 1956, 1957 J. Ian Richards (Minnesota) 1957 Richard T. Bumby (MIT) 1957 Rohit J. Parikh (Harvard) 1957 David R. Brillinger (Toronto) Spring 1958 Donald J. C. Bures (Queen's) Spring 1958 Lawrence A. Shepp (Brooklyn Polytech) Spring 1958 Richard M. Dudley (Harvard) Spring 1958 Joseph Lipman (Toronto) Spring 1958, Fall 1958 Alan Gaisford Waterman (San Diego State) Fall 1958 John Rex Forrester Hewett (Toronto) Fall 1958 Robert C. Hartshorne (Harvard) Fall 1958 Alfred W. Hales (Caltech) Fall 1958, 1959 Daniel G. Quillen (Harvard) 1959 Donald Passman (Brooklyn Polytech) 1959 Donald S. Gorman (Harvard) 1959 Martin Isaacs (Brooklyn Polytech) 1959 Stephen L. Adler (Harvard) 1959 Stephen Lichtenbaum (Harvard) 1959 Jon H. Folkman (UC Berkeley) 1960 Louis Jaeckel (UCLA) 1960 Melvin Hochster (Harvard) 1960 William R. Emerson (Caltech) 1960 Barry Wolk (Manitoba) 1961 Elwyn R. Berlekamp (MIT) 1961 Edward Anton Bender (Caltech) 1961, 1962 John Hathaway Lindsey (Caltech) 1961, 1962 William C. Waterhouse (Harvard) 1961, 1962 John William Wood (Harvard) 1962 Robert S. Strichartz (Dartmouth) 1962 Joel H. Spencer (MIT) 1963 Lawrence A. Zalcman (Dartmouth) 1963 Lawrence J. Corwin (Harvard) 1963 Robert E. Greene (Michigan State) 1963 Stephen E. Crick, Jr. (Michigan State) 1963 Barry B. MacKichan (Harvard) 1964 Fred William Roush (UNC Chapel Hill) 1964 Roger E. Howe (Harvard) 1964 Rufus (Robert) Bowen (UC Berkeley) 1964, 1965 Vern Sheridan Poythress (Caltech) 1964 Andreas R. Blass (Detroit) 1965 Barry Simon (Harvard) 1965 Daniel Fendel (Harvard) 1965 Lon M. Rosen (Toronto) 1965 Marshall W. Buck (Harvard) 1966 Robert E. Maas (Santa Clara) 1966 Robert S. Winternitz (MIT) 1966 Theodore C. Chang (MIT) 1966 Richard C. Schroeppel (MIT) 1966, 1967 David R. Haynor (Harvard) 1967 Dennis A. Hejhal (Chicago) 1967 Don B. Zagier (MIT) 1967 Peter L. Montgomery (UC Berkeley) 1967 Dean G. Huffman (Yale) 1968 Gerald S. Gras (MIT) 1968 Neal Koblitz (Harvard) 1968 Gerald A. Edgar (UC Santa Barbara) 1968, 1969 Don Coppersmith (MIT) 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 Alan R. Beale (Rice) 1969 Steven K. Winkler (MIT) 1969, 1970 Robert A. Oliver (Chicago) 1969, 1970 Jeffrey Lagarias (MIT) 1970 Jockum Aniansson (Yale) 1970 Arthur Rubin (Purdue, Caltech) 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973 Dale Peterson (Yale) 1971 David Shucker (Swarthmore) 1971 Robert Israel (Chicago) 1971 Michael Yoder (Caltech) 1971, 1972 Arthur Rothstein (Reed) 1972 David Vogan (Chicago) 1972 Dean Hickerson (UC Davis) 1972 Ira Gessel (Harvard) 1972 Angelos J. Tsirimokos (Princeton) 1973 Matthew L. Ginsberg (Wesleyan) 1973 Peter G. De Buda (Toronto) 1973 David J. Anick (MIT) 1973, 1975 Grant M. Roberts (Waterloo) 1974 James B. Saxe (Union) 1974 Karl C. Rubin (Princeton) 1974 Philip N. Strenski (Armstrong State) 1974 Thomas G. Goodwillie (Harvard) 1974, 1975 Ernest S. Davis (MIT) 1975 Franklin T. Adams (Chicago) 1975 Christopher L. Henley (Caltech) 1975, 1976 David J. Wright (Cornell) 1976 Nathaniel S. Kuhn (Harvard) 1976 Paul M. Herdig (Case Western Reserve) 1976 Philip I. Harrington (Washington U in StL) 1976 Steven T. Tschantz (UC Berkeley) 1976, 1978 Adam L. Stephanides (Chicago) 1977, 1981 Michael Roberts (MIT) 1977 Paul A. Vojta (Minnesota) 1977 Stephen W. Modzelewski (Harvard) 1977 Russell D. Lyons (Case Western Reserve) 1977, 1978 Mark R. Kleiman (Princeton) 1978 Peter W. Shor (Caltech) 1978 Randall L. Dougherty (UC Berkeley) 1978, 1979, 1980 Charles H. Walter (Princeton) 1979 Mark G. Pleszkoch (Virginia) 1979 Miller Puckette (MIT) 1979 Richard Mifflin (Rice) 1979 Daniel J. Goldstein (Chicago) 1980 Laurence E. Penn (Harvard) 1980 Michael Raship (Harvard) 1980 Eric D. Carlson (Michigan State) 1980, 1982, 1983 Robin A. Pemantle (UC Berkeley) 1981 Scott R. Fluhrer (Case Western Reserve) 1981 David W. Ash (Waterloo) 1981, 1982, 1983 Michael J. Larsen (Harvard) 1981, 1983 Brian R. Hunt (Maryland) 1982 Edward A. Shpiz (Washington U in StL) 1982 Noam D. Elkies (Columbia) 1982, 1983, 1984 Gregg N. Patruno (Princeton) 1983 Benji N. Fisher (Harvard) 1984 Daniel W. Johnson (Rose-Hulman Tech) 1984 Richard A. Stong (Washington U in StL) 1984 Michael Reid (Harvard) 1984, 1987 Everett W. Howe (Caltech) 1985 Keith A. Ramsay (Chicago) 1985 Martin V. Hildebrand (Williams) 1985 Douglas S. Jungreis (Harvard) 1985, 1986 Bjorn M. Poonen (Harvard) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 David I. Zuckerman (Harvard) 1986 Waldemar P. Horwat (MIT) 1986 David J. Grabiner (Princeton) 1986, 1987, 1988 David J. Moews (Harvard) 1986, 1987, 1988 Constantin S. Teleman (Harvard) 1987 John S. Tillinghast (UC Davis) 1987 Jeremy A. Kahn (Harvard) 1988 Ravi D. Vakil (Toronto) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 Andrew H. Kresch (Yale) 1989 Christos A. Athanasiadis (MIT) 1989 Colin M. Springer (Waterloo) 1989 Sihao Wu (Yale) 1989 William P. Cross (Caltech) 1989 Jordan Lampe (UC Berkeley) 1990 Raymond M. Sidney (Harvard) 1990 Eric K. Wepsic (Harvard) 1990, 1991 Jordan S. Ellenberg (Harvard) 1990, 1992 Joshua B. Fischman (Princeton) 1991 Xi Chen (Missouri–Rolla) 1991 Samuel A. Kutin (Harvard) 1991, 1992 Jeffrey M. Vanderkam (Duke) 1992 Serban M. Nacu (Harvard) 1992 Adam M. Logan (Princeton) 1992, 1993 Craig B. Gentry (Duke) 1993 Wei-Hwa Huang (Caltech) 1993 J. P. Grossman (Toronto) 1993, 1994, 1995 Kiran S. Kedlaya (Harvard) 1993, 1994, 1995 Lenhard L. Ng (Harvard) 1993, 1994, 1995 William R. Mann (Princeton) 1994 Jeremy L. Bem (Cornell) 1994, 1996 Sergey V. Levin (Harvard) 1995 Yevgeniy Dodis (NYU) 1995 Dragos N. Oprea (Harvard) 1996 Ioana Dumitriu (NYU) 1996 Robert D. Kleinberg (Cornell) 1996 Stephen S. Wang (Harvard) 1996 Daniel K. Schepler (Washington U in StL) 1996, 1997 Ovidiu Savin (Pittsburgh) 1997 Patrick K. Corn (Harvard) 1997 Samuel Grushevsky (Harvard) 1997 Mike L. Develin (Harvard) 1997, 1998 Ciprian Manolescu (Harvard) 1997, 1998, 2000 Ari M. Turner (Princeton) 1998 Nathan G. Curtis (Duke) 1998 Kevin D. Lacker (Duke) 1998, 2001 Christopher C. Mihelich (Harvard) 1999 Colin A. Percival (Simon Fraser) 1999 Davesh Maulik (Harvard) 1999 Derek I.E. Kisman (Waterloo) 1999 Sabin Cautis (Waterloo) 1999 Abhinav Kumar (MIT) 1999, 2000 Pavlo Pylyavskyy (MIT) 2000 Alexander B. Schwartz (Harvard) 2000, 2002 Gabriel D. Carroll (UC Berkeley, Harvard) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 George Lee, Jr. (Harvard) 2001 Jan K. Siwanowicz (City College of NY) 2001 Reid W. Barton (MIT) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Deniss Cebikins (MIT) 2002 Melanie E. Wood (Duke) 2002 Ralph C. Furmaniak (Waterloo) 2003 Ana Caraiani (Princeton) 2003, 2004 Daniel M. Kane (MIT) 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Vladimir V. Barzov (MIT) 2004 Aaron Pixton (Princeton) 2004, 2005, 2007 Oleg I. Golberg (MIT) 2005 Matthew M. Ince (MIT) 2005 Ricky I. Liu (Harvard) 2005 Tiankai Liu (Harvard) 2005, 2006 Hansheng Diao (MIT) 2006 Po-Ru Loh (Caltech) 2006 Yufei Zhao (MIT) 2006, 2008, 2009 Jason C. Bland (Caltech) 2007 Brian R. Lawrence (Caltech) 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Qingchun Ren (MIT) 2007, 2009 Xuancheng Shao (MIT) 2007 Arnav Tripathy (Harvard) 2007, 2008, 2009 Seok Hyeong Lee (Stanford) 2008, 2010, 2011 Bohua Zhan (MIT) 2008 William A. Johnson (U of Washington) 2009 Xiaosheng Mu (Yale) 2009, 2011 Yu Deng (MIT) 2010 Colin P. Sandon (MIT) 2010 Alex (Lin) Zhai (Harvard) 2010 Samuel S. Elder (Caltech) 2011 Evan M. O'Dorney (Harvard) 2011, 2012, 2013 Benjamin P. Gunby (MIT) 2012 Eric K. Larson (Harvard) 2012 Mitchell M. Lee (MIT) 2012, 2013 Zipei Nie (MIT) 2012, 2013, 2014 Bobby C. Shen (MIT) 2013, 2014 David H. Yang (MIT) 2013, 2014, 2015 Ravi Jagadeesan (Harvard) 2014 Mark A. Sellke (MIT) 2014 Lingfu Zhang (MIT) 2014 Pakawut Jiradilok (Harvard) 2015 Bumsoo Kim (Princeton) 2015 Gyujin Oh (Stanford) 2015 Daniel Spivak (Waterloo) 2015 Yunkun Zhou (MIT) 2015, 2016, 2017 Joshua D. Brakensiek (Carnegie Mellon) 2016 Dong Ryul Kim (Harvard) 2016, 2018 Thomas E. Swayze (Carnegie Mellon) 2016 Samuel Zbarsky (Carnegie Mellon) 2016 David Stoner (Harvard) 2017, 2018 Ömer Cerrahoğlu (MIT) 2017 Jiyang Gao (MIT) 2017 Junyao Peng (MIT) 2017 Ashwin Sah (MIT) 2017, 2019 Yuan Yao (MIT) 2018, 2019 Shengtong Zhang (MIT) 2018, 2019, 2021 Shyam Narayanan (Harvard) 2018 Kevin Sun (MIT) 2019 Daniel Zhu (MIT) 2019, 2021, 2022 Andrew Gu (MIT) 2021 Michael Ren (MIT) 2021 Edward Wan (MIT) 2021 Mingyang Deng (MIT) 2022 Papon Lapate (MIT) 2022, 2023 Brian Liu (MIT) 2022, 2023 Luke Robitaille (MIT) 2022, 2023 Ankit Bisain (MIT) 2023 Jiangqi Dai (MIT) 2023 Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award winners Since 1992, the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award has been available to be awarded to a female participant with a high score, with three awards being made for the first time in 2019. The year(s) in which they were Fellows are in bold. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996. Name School Year (s) Dana Pascovici Dartmouth 1992 Ruth A. Britto-Pacumio MIT 1994 Ioana Dumitriu NYU 1995, 1996, 1997 Wai Ling Yee Waterloo 1999 Melanie E. Wood Duke 2001, 2002 Ana Caraiani Princeton 2003, 2004 Alison B. Miller Harvard 2005, 2006, 2007 Viktoriya Krakovna Toronto 2008 Yinghui Wang MIT 2011 Fei Song Virginia 2011 Xiao Wu Yale 2013 Simona Diaconu Princeton 2016 Ni Yan UCLA 2017 Danielle Wang MIT 2015, 2018 Laura Pierson Harvard 2019 Qi Qi MIT 2019 Hanzhi Zheng Stanford 2019 Dain Kim MIT 2021 Binwei Yan MIT 2022 Isabella Zhu MIT 2023 See also List of mathematics awards References ^ "William Lowell Putnam Competition Prizes". math.scu.edu. Santa Clara University. ^ "Putnam Competition \| Mathematical Association of America". www.maa.org. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ David Arney; George Rosenstein. "The Harvard-United States Military Academy Mathematics Competition of 1933: Genesis of the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition". www.westpoint.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "History of the Putnam Prize". Santa Clara University – Mathematics & Computer Science. Retrieved 7 November 2021. ^ a b "Putnam Competition \| Mathematical Association of America". www.maa.org. Retrieved Mar 27, 2020. ^ "82nd Putnam Competition Announces Top Students in Undergraduate Mathematics". newsroom.maa.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ "MIT students dominate annual Putnam Mathematical Competition". MIT News \| Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 2022-12-01. ^ Fujimori, Jessica (3 May 2016). "At Putnam, students rise to the challenge". news.mit.edu. MIT News. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ Weisstein, Eric (17 April 2018). "Putnam Mathematical Competition". mathworld.wolfram.com. Wolfram Web Resources. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "List of Previous Putnam Winners" (PDF). Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ "Top Students and Teams Announced in Putnam Competition". www.maa.org. Mathematical Association of America. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Putnam Fellows. William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition results William Lowell Putnam Competition problems, solutions, and results archive Archive of Problems 1938–2003 Searchable data base for information about careers of Putnam Fellows A comprehensive history of the Putnam competition An electronic update of Gallian's 2004 paper (PDF) vteAmerican mathematicsOrganizations AMS MAA SIAM AMATYC AWM Institutions AIM IAS ICERM IMA IPAM MBI SLMath SAMSI Geometry Center Competitions MATHCOUNTS AMC AIME USAMO MOP Putnam Competition Integration Bee	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_competitions"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Putnam Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Putnam_Fellows"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maadescr-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Lowell Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lowell_Putnam"},{"link_name":"William Lowell Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowell_Putnam"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, often abbreviated to Putnam Competition, is an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate college students enrolled at institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada (regardless of the students' nationalities). It awards a scholarship and cash prizes ranging from $250 to $2,500 for the top students and $5,000 to $25,000 for the top schools, plus one of the top five individual scorers (designated as Putnam Fellows) is awarded a scholarship of up to $12,000 plus tuition at Harvard University (Putnam Fellow Prize Fellowship),[1] the top 100 individual scorers have their names mentioned in the American Mathematical Monthly (alphabetically ordered within rank), and the names and addresses of the top 500 contestants are mailed to all participating institutions. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university-level mathematics competition in the world, and its difficulty is such that the median score is often zero or one (out of 120) despite being primarily attempted by students specializing in mathematics.[2][3]The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam, who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America.[4]","title":"William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"}],"text":"The Putnam competition takes place on the first Saturday in December, and consists of two three-hour sittings separated by a lunch break. The competition is supervised by faculty members at the participating schools. Each one consists of twelve challenging problems. The problems cover a range of advanced material in undergraduate mathematics, including concepts from group theory, set theory, graph theory, lattice theory, and number theory.[5]Each of the twelve questions is worth 10 points, and the most frequent scores above zero are 10 points for a complete solution, 9 points for a nearly complete solution, and 1 point for the beginnings of a solution. In earlier years, the twelve questions were worth one point each, with no partial credit given. The competition is considered to be very difficult: it is typically attempted by students specializing in mathematics, but the median score is usually zero or one point out of 120 possible, and there have been only five perfect scores as of 2021[update].[6][7] In 2003, of the 3,615 students competing, 1,024 (28%) scored 10 or more points, and 42 points was sufficient to make the top percentile.At a participating college, any student who wishes to take part in the competition may (limited by the number of spots a school receives); but until 2019 the school's official team consisted of three individuals whom it designated in advance. Until 2019, a team's score was the sum of the ranks of its three team members, with the lowest cumulative rank winning. It was entirely possible, even commonplace at some institutions, for the eventual results to show that the \"wrong\" team was picked—i.e. that some students not on the official team outscored an official team member. For example, in 2010, MIT had two of the top five scorers in the competition and seven of the top 24, while Caltech had just one student in the top five and only four in the top 24; yet Caltech took first place among teams while MIT took second.[8] In 2019 the rules of the competition changed, with a school's team consisting of its top three scorers, and team ranks determined by comparing the sums of the scores of the team members.[5]","title":"Competition layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lowell_Putnam_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fields Medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal"},{"link_name":"John Milnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milnor"},{"link_name":"Abel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Prize"},{"link_name":"David Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mumford"},{"link_name":"Daniel Quillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quillen"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Richard Feynman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The top five teams win $25,000, $20,000, $15,000, $10,000, and $5,000, in that order, with team members receiving $1,000, $800, $600, $400, and $200, respectively.The top five individual scorers are named Putnam Fellows and awarded $2,500. The school with the first-place team receives an award of $25,000. Each first-place team member, as well as the winner of the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize, receives $1,000. Sixth through 15th place individuals receive $1,000 and the next ten receive $250. The names of the top 100 students are published in the American Mathematical Monthly, and competition results are published in early April of the year following the competition.[9]Many Putnam Fellows have gone on to become distinguished researchers in mathematics and other fields, including three Fields Medalists—John Milnor (also an Abel Prize laureate), David Mumford, and Daniel Quillen—and two Nobel laureates in physics—Richard Feynman and Kenneth Wilson.","title":"Competition layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top-scoring teams","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lowell_Putnam_Mathematical_Competition&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"Teams ranked by historical performance","text":"Below is a table of teams by the number of appearances in the top five and number of titles.The following table lists Teams finishing in Top Five (as of 2023[update] competition):For a recent analysis, the following table lists teams that finished in the top five since 2000 (as of 2023[update] competition):The following table lists Teams with First place finishes (as of 2023[update] competition):","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ioana Dumitriu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioana_Dumitriu"},{"link_name":"Putnam Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_Fellow"}],"sub_title":"Putnam Fellows","text":"Since the first competition, the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers in the competition have been named Putnam Fellows. Within the top five, Putnam Fellows are not ranked. Students are not allowed to participate in the Putnam Competition more than four times. For example, if a high school senior chooses to officially participate, he/she effectively chooses to forfeit one of his/her years of eligibility in college (see Gabriel Carroll). This makes it even more of a remarkable feat to become a Putnam Fellow four times. In the history of the Competition, only eight students have been Putnam Fellows four times, with twenty-five others winning the award three times. The following table lists these students:The following table lists all Putnam fellows from 1938 to present, with the years they placed in the top five.[10] Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019-winners-11"},{"link_name":"Ioana Dumitriu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioana_Dumitriu"},{"link_name":"Putnam Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putnam_Fellow"}],"sub_title":"Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award winners","text":"Since 1992, the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award has been available to be awarded to a female participant with a high score, with three awards being made for the first time in 2019.[11] The year(s) in which they were Fellows are in bold. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.","title":"Winners"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of mathematics awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_awards"}]	[{"reference":"\"William Lowell Putnam Competition Prizes\". math.scu.edu. Santa Clara University.","urls":[{"url":"http://math.scu.edu/putnam/prizecJan.html","url_text":"\"William Lowell Putnam Competition Prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putnam Competition \| Mathematical Association of America\". www.maa.org. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maa.org/math-competitions/putnam-competition","url_text":"\"Putnam Competition \| Mathematical Association of America\""}]},{"reference":"David Arney; George Rosenstein. \"The Harvard-United States Military Academy Mathematics Competition of 1933: Genesis of the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition\". www.westpoint.edu. 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Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mit.edu/2016/students-first-putnam-mathematical-competition-0503","url_text":"\"At Putnam, students rise to the challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric (17 April 2018). \"Putnam Mathematical Competition\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Wolfram Web Resources. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PutnamMathematicalCompetition.html","url_text":"\"Putnam Mathematical Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Previous Putnam Winners\" (PDF). Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Putnam/Competition_Archive/List%20of%20Previous%20Putnam%20Winners.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Previous Putnam Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America","url_text":"Mathematical Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Students and Teams Announced in Putnam Competition\". www.maa.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahms%E2%80%93Schoenberg_Quartet	Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet	["1 Background and production","2 Casts","3 References","4 External links"]	Brahms–Schoenberg QuartetChoreographerGeorge BalanchineMusicJohannes BrahmsArnold SchoenbergPremiereApril 21, 1966 (1966-04-21)New York State TheaterOriginal ballet companyNew York City BalletDesignBarbara KarinskaPeter HarveyRonald BatesGenreNeoclassical ballet Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet is a one-act ballet by George Balanchine, to Johannes Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 1, orchestrated by Arnold Schoenberg. The ballet premiered on April 21, 1966 at the New York State Theater, performed by the New York City Ballet. Background and production Arnold Schoenberg's orchestration of Johannes Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 1 premiered in 1937. According to the George Balanchine Trust, Balanchine had said the chamber music were "too long, with too many repeats, and meant for small rooms", therefore went with the Schoenberg version. The ballet is plotless and has four movements, titled Allegro, Intermezzo, Andante and Rondo Alla Zingarese. In the original production, Barbara Karinska, Peter Harvey and Ronald Bates designed the costumes, sets and lighting respectively. In 1985, two years after Balanchine died, NYCB switched to a new set designed by David Mitchell, Mark Stanley later redesigned the lighting. Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet premiered on April 21, 1966, performed by the New York City Ballet. On the premiere, The New York Times critic Clive Barnes called the ballet "careful but tedious". Another reviewer, Anna Kisselgoff, wrote in 1985 that the ballet is not one of Balanchine's best, and in 1994 noted that the ballet is "too inconsistent" to be a masterpiece and "demands a strong performance." In 2016, the Paris Opera Ballet performed Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet with new sets and costumes by Karl Lagerfeld. The San Francisco Ballet had also performed the ballet. Casts World premiere: World premiere: Melissa Hayden, Gloria Govrin, Patricia McBride, Allegra Kent, Suzanne Farrell, André Prokovsky, Conrad Ludlow, Edward Villella, Jacques d'Amboise Paris Opera Ballet premiere (2016): Dorothée Gilbert, Mathieu Ganio, Sabrina Mallem, Amandine Albisson, Stéphane Bullion, Myriam Ould-Braham, Mathias Heymann, Laura Hecquet, Karl Paquette References ^ a b c Kisselgoff, Anna (November 29, 1985). "City Ballet:Quartet' Returns". The New York Times. ^ "Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet". The George Balanchine Trust. Retrieved September 19, 2020. ^ a b Kisselgoff, Anna (November 26, 1993). "Review/City Ballet; New Gloss On Motifs Romantic And Gypsy". The New York Times. ^ a b Barnes, Clive (April 22, 1966). "Dance: Balanchine's 'Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet'". The New York Times. ^ a b Marjia, Rose (May 20, 2019). "BWW Review: New York City Ballet - The Show Goes On for Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet". Broadway World. ^ Kisselgoff, Anna (May 31, 1994). "Reviews/Dance; New Faces in Familiar Paces at City Ballet". The New York Times. ^ Cappelle, Laura (July 10, 2016). "Paris Opera Ballet/New York City Ballet, Paris — review". Financial Times. ^ Ulrich, Allan (May 3, 2014). "S.F. Ballet revives 2 Balanchine works, and it's about time". San Francisco Chronicles. ^ "Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet". New York City Ballet. Retrieved September 19, 2020. ^ "Peck / Balanchine". Opéra national de Paris. External links Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet on the website of the Balanchine Trust vteBallets by George Balanchine A la Françaix A Midsummer Night's Dream Agon Allegro Brillante Apollo Le baiser de la fée Le Bal Ballade Ballo della Regina Bayou Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme Bourrée fantasque Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet Bugaku Chaconne Le chant du rossignol Circus Polka Clarinade Concertino Concerto Barocco Coppélia Cortège Hongrois Divertimento Brillante Divertimento from "Le Baiser De La Fée" Divertimento No. 15 Don Quixote Donizetti Variations Duo Concertant Élégie L'enfant et les sortilèges Episodes Etude for Piano The Firebird The Four Temperaments Garland Dance Gounod Symphony Haieff Divertimento Harlequinade Hungarian Gypsy Airs Ivesiana Jeu de cartes Jewels Kammermusik No. 2 Liebeslieder Walzer Meditation Metamorphoses Metastaseis and Pithoprakta Monumentum pro Gesualdo Movements for Piano and Orchestra Mozartiana Noah and the Flood The Nutcracker Orpheus Pas de Dix Pas de Trois (Glinka) Pas de Trois (Minkus) Pavane Prodigal Son Pulcinella Ragtime I Ragtime II Raymonda Variations Requiem Canticles Robert Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze Scherzo à la Russe Scotch Symphony Serenade The Seven Deadly Sins Slaughter on Tenth Avenue La Sonnambula Sonatine La source Square Dance Stars and Stripes The Steadfast Tin Soldier Stravinsky Violin Concerto Swan Lake Sylvia Pas de Deux Symphonie Concertante Symphony in C Symphony in Three Movements Tango Tarantella Theme and Variations Le Tombeau de Couperin Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2 Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3 Tzigane Union Jack La Valse Valse-Fantaisie Variations Variations for Orchestra Variations Pour une Porte et un Soupir Vienna Waltzes Walpurgisnacht Ballet Western Symphony Who Cares? Zenobia List of ballets by George Balanchine vteArnold SchoenbergList of compositionsOpera Erwartung, Op. 17 Die glückliche Hand, Op. 18 Moses und Aron (1930–32) Von heute auf morgen, Op. 32 Orchestral Pelleas und Melisande, Op. 5 Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene, Op. 34 Chamber Symphony No. 2, Op. 38 Concertante Violin Concerto, Op. 36 Piano Concerto, Op. 42 Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra (1933) Chamber String quartets (Opp. 7, 10, 30, 37) Verklärte Nacht, Op. 4 Wind Quintet, Op. 26 Instrumental Drei Klavierstücke, Op. 11 Sechs kleine Klavierstücke, Op. 19 Fünf Klavierstücke, Op. 23 Suite for Piano, Op. 25 Zwei Klavierstücke, Op. 33 Choral Gurre-Lieder (1900–1911) Die Jakobsleiter (1917–22) Prelude to Genesis Suite, Op. 44 A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 Vocal Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1 Vier Lieder, Op. 2 Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15 Herzgewächse, Op. 20 Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 Four Orchestral Songs, Op. 22 Family Gertrud (Second wife) Eric Randol Marlena (Grandchildren) Claude-Michel (Grandnephew) Rudolf Kolisch Luigi Nono (Relatives by marriage) Related Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition 6-20 6-Z44 Atonality Developing variation Expressionist music Second Viennese School Schönberg Family Sprechstimme Students Twelve-tone technique Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Piano Quartet No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"New York State Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Theater"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"}],"text":"Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet is a one-act ballet by George Balanchine, to Johannes Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 1, orchestrated by Arnold Schoenberg. The ballet premiered on April 21, 1966 at the New York State Theater, performed by the New York City Ballet.","title":"Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Piano Quartet No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kisselgoff-1"},{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kisselgoff2-3"},{"link_name":"Barbara Karinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Karinska"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kisselgoff-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premiere-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kisselgoff-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kisselgoff2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWW-5"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWW-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Clive Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barnes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premiere-4"},{"link_name":"Anna Kisselgoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kisselgoff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Karl Lagerfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Arnold Schoenberg's orchestration of Johannes Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 1 premiered in 1937.[1] According to the George Balanchine Trust, Balanchine had said the chamber music were \"too long, with too many repeats, and meant for small rooms\", therefore went with the Schoenberg version.[2] The ballet is plotless and has four movements, titled Allegro, Intermezzo, Andante and Rondo Alla Zingarese.[3] In the original production, Barbara Karinska, Peter Harvey and Ronald Bates designed the costumes, sets and lighting respectively.[1][4] In 1985, two years after Balanchine died, NYCB switched to a new set designed by David Mitchell,[1][3] Mark Stanley later redesigned the lighting.[5]Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet premiered on April 21, 1966, performed by the New York City Ballet.[5] On the premiere, The New York Times critic Clive Barnes called the ballet \"careful but tedious\".[4] Another reviewer, Anna Kisselgoff, wrote in 1985 that the ballet is not one of Balanchine's best, and in 1994 noted that the ballet is \"too inconsistent\" to be a masterpiece and \"demands a strong performance.\"[6]In 2016, the Paris Opera Ballet performed Brahms–Schoenberg Quartet with new sets and costumes by Karl Lagerfeld.[7] The San Francisco Ballet had also performed the ballet.[8]","title":"Background and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melissa Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Hayden_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Patricia McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_McBride"},{"link_name":"Allegra Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Kent"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Farrell"},{"link_name":"André Prokovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Prokovsky"},{"link_name":"Conrad Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Edward Villella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Villella"},{"link_name":"Jacques d'Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_d%27Amboise_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCB-9"},{"link_name":"Dorothée Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doroth%C3%A9e_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Ganio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Ganio"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bullion"},{"link_name":"Myriam Ould-Braham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam_Ould-Braham"},{"link_name":"Mathias Heymann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Heymann"},{"link_name":"Karl Paquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Paquette"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"World premiere: World premiere: Melissa Hayden, Gloria Govrin, Patricia McBride, Allegra Kent, Suzanne Farrell, André Prokovsky, Conrad Ludlow, Edward Villella, Jacques d'Amboise[9]\nParis Opera Ballet premiere (2016): Dorothée Gilbert, Mathieu Ganio, Sabrina Mallem, Amandine Albisson, Stéphane Bullion, Myriam Ould-Braham, Mathias Heymann, Laura Hecquet, Karl Paquette[10]","title":"Casts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kisselgoff, Anna (November 29, 1985). \"City Ballet:Quartet' Returns\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Pilot_Donald	Test Pilot Donald	["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Television","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]	1951 Donald Duck cartoon Test Pilot DonaldDirected byJack HannahStory byBill BergNick GeorgeProduced byWalt DisneyStarringClarence NashJames MacDonaldDessie FlynnMusic byPaul SmithAnimation byBob CarlsonVolus JonesBill JusticeHal KingJack Boyd (effects)Layouts byYale GraceyBackgrounds byRalph HulettColor processTechnicolorProductioncompanyWalt Disney ProductionsDistributed byRKO Radio Pictures (original)Buena Vista Distribution (reissue)Release date June 8, 1951 (1951-06-08) Running time7 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Test Pilot Donald is a 1951 American animated short film featuring Donald Duck and Chip 'n' Dale. The cartoon was directed by Jack Hannah and produced by Walt Disney. In the film, Donald flies his model airplane into Chip 'n Dale's tree. Dale climbs in and proceeds to cause trouble. Plot Donald Duck is at the park flying a tether airplane, unaware he is being watched by Chip 'n' Dale. Chip is uninterested, but Dale is mesmerized and dreams of flying the plane. When it gets stuck in their tree, Dale hops aboard and zooms around the tree, but the airplane breaks down and lands. Dale fixes the plane, but Donald puts him under a jug, while Chip disciplines Dale for his foolishness. Dale steals the now-untethered plane and begins chasing and attacking Donald. Donald hooks the plane with a fishing rod, but is pulled along on a wild ride, until he manages to reel himself in and get aboard the plane. Seeing this, Dale parachutes out. The fishing rod gets caught on the roof of a building, making the plane fly around it. Later that night, Chip and Dale go to bed, while watching Donald still circling the building. Voice cast Clarence Nash as Donald Duck James MacDonald and Dessie Flynn as Chip and Dale Television Disneyland, episode #3.13: "Your Host, Donald Duck" The Mouse Factory, episode #1.14: "Aviation" The New Mickey Mouse Club, episodes C-057 (May 6, 1977) and D-072 (April 25, 1978) Good Morning, Mickey, episode #66 Come Fly With Disney Mickey's Mouse Tracks, episode #20 Donald's Quack Attack, episode #63 The Ink and Paint Club, episode #1.48: "The Return of Chip 'n Dale" Home media The short was released on November 11, 2008, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961. Additional releases include: Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: The Continuing Adventures of Chip 'n' Dale with Donald Duck (VHS), which uses the original opening and closing titles. References ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 74–76. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020. ^ "The Chronological Donald Volume 4 DVD Review". DVD Dizzy. Retrieved 13 February 2021. External links Test Pilot Donald at IMDb Test Pilot Donald at The Internet Animation Database Test Pilot Donald on Filmaffinity vteDonald Duck in animationFilmographySilly Symphonyshort films The Wise Little Hen (1934) Mother Goose Goes Hollywood (1938; cameo) Mickey Mouseshort films Orphan's Benefit (1934) The Dognapper (1934) The Band Concert (1935) Mickey's Service Station (1935) Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935) On Ice (1935) Mickey's Polo Team (1936) Orphans' Picnic (1936) Mickey's Grand Opera (1936) Moving Day (1936) Alpine Climbers (1936) Mickey's Circus (1936) Donald and Pluto (1936) Magician Mickey (1937) Moose Hunters (1937) Mickey's Amateurs (1937) Hawaiian Holiday (1937) Clock Cleaners (1937) Lonesome Ghosts (1937) Boat Builders (1938) Mickey's Trailer (1938) The Whalers (1938) Tugboat Mickey (1940) The Nifty Nineties (1941; cameo) Orphan's Benefit (1941; remake) Mickey's Birthday Party (1942) Symphony Hour (1942) Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952; cameo) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) The Prince and the Pauper (1990) Donald Duck andDonald & Goofyshort films1930s Don Donald (1937) Modern Inventions (1937) Donald's Ostrich (1937) Self Control (1938) Donald's Better Self (1938) Donald's Nephews (1938) Polar Trappers (1938) Good Scouts (1938) The Fox Hunt (1938) Donald's Golf Game (1938) Donald's Lucky Day (1939) The Hockey Champ (1939) Donald's Cousin Gus (1939) Beach Picnic (1939) Sea Scouts (1939) Donald's Penguin (1939) The Autograph Hound (1939) Officer Duck (1939) 1940s The Riveter (1940) Donald's Dog Laundry (1940) Billposters (1940) Mr. Duck Steps Out (1940) Put-Put Troubles (1940) Donald's Vacation (1940) Window Cleaners (1940) Fire Chief (1940) Timber (1941) Golden Eggs (1941) A Good Time for a Dime (1941) Early to Bed (1941) Truant Officer Donald (1941) Old MacDonald Duck (1941) Donald's Camera (1941) Chef Donald (1941) The Village Smithy (1942) The New Spirit (1942) Donald's Snow Fight (1942) Donald Gets Drafted (1942) Donald's Garden (1942) Donald's Gold Mine (1942) The Vanishing Private (1942) Sky Trooper (1942) Bellboy Donald (1942) Der Fuehrer's Face (1943) The Spirit of '43 (1943) Donald's Tire Trouble (1943) The Flying Jalopy (1943) Fall Out Fall In (1943) The Old Army Game (1943) Home Defense (1943) Trombone Trouble (1944) Donald Duck and the Gorilla (1944) Contrary Condor (1944) Commando Duck (1944) The Plastics Inventor (1944) Donald's Off Day (1944) The Clock Watcher (1945) The Eyes Have It (1945) Donald's Crime (1945) Duck Pimples (1945) No Sail (1945) Cured Duck (1945) Old Sequoia (1945) Donald's Double Trouble (1946) Wet Paint (1946) Dumb Bell of the Yukon (1946) Lighthouse Keeping (1946) Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive (1946) Straight Shooters (1947) Sleepy Time Donald (1947) Clown of the Jungle (1947) Donald's Dilemma (1947) Crazy with the Heat (1947) Bootle Beetle (1947) Wide Open Spaces (1947) Chip an' Dale (1947) Drip Dippy Donald (1948) Daddy Duck (1948) Donald's Dream Voice (1948) The Trial of Donald Duck (1948) Inferior Decorator (1948) Soup's On (1948) Three for Breakfast (1948) Tea for Two Hundred (1948) Donald's Happy Birthday (1949) Sea Salts (1949) Winter Storage (1949) Honey Harvester (1949) All in a Nutshell (1949) The Greener Yard (1949) Slide, Donald, Slide (1949) Toy Tinkers (1949) 1950s Lion Around (1950) Crazy Over Daisy (1950) Trailer Horn (1950) Hook, Lion and Sinker (1950) Bee at the Beach (1950) Out on a Limb (1950) Dude Duck (1951) Corn Chips (1951) Test Pilot Donald (1951) Lucky Number (1951) Out of Scale (1951) Bee on Guard (1951) Donald Applecore (1952) Let's Stick Together (1952) Uncle Donald's Ants (1952) Trick or Treat (1952) Don's Fountain of Youth (1953) The New Neighbor (1953) Rugged Bear (1953) Working for Peanuts (1953) Canvas Back Duck (1953) Spare the Rod (1954) Donald's Diary (1954) Grin and Bear It (1954) The Flying Squirrel (1954) Dragon Around (1954) Grand Canyonscope (1954) No Hunting (1955) Bearly Asleep (1955) Beezy Bear (1955) Up a Tree (1955) Chips Ahoy (1956) 1960s The Litterbug (1961) Other short films The Volunteer Worker (1940) All Together (1942; cameo) Donald's Decision (1942) How to Have an Accident in the Home (1956) How to Have an Accident at Work (1959) Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) Donald and the Wheel (1961) Steel & America (1965) Donald's Fire Survival Plan (1966) Family Planning (1967) Plusaversary (2021; cameo) Once Upon a Studio (2023) Feature filmsTheatrical The Reluctant Dragon (1941) Saludos Amigos (1942) The Three Caballeros (1944) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Melody Time (1948) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Direct-to-video Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) Once Upon a Halloween (2005; archive footage) TV series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959) DuckTales (1987) Quack Pack (1996) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Minnie's Bow-Toons (2011–present) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) DuckTales (2017–2021) Legend of the Three Caballeros (2018) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) Chip 'n' Dale: Park Life (2021) TV specials Totally Minnie (1988) Mickey's Tale of Two Witches (2021) Mickey and Minnie Wish Upon a Christmas (2021) Mickey Saves Christmas (2022) Mickey and Friends Trick or Treats (2023) Film cameos Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) The Little Mermaid (1989) A Goofy Movie (1995) The Lion King 1½ (2004) Category vteChip 'n' Dale in animationShort filmsPluto Private Pluto (1943; prototype) Food for Feudin' (1950) Mickey Mouse Squatter's Rights (1946) Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983; cameo) Donald Duck Chip an' Dale (1947) Three for Breakfast (1948) Winter Storage (1949) All in a Nutshell (1949) Toy Tinkers (1949) Crazy Over Daisy (1950) Trailer Horn (1950) Out on a Limb (1950) Corn Chips (1951) Test Pilot Donald (1951) Out of Scale (1951) Donald Applecore (1952) Working for Peanuts (1953) Dragon Around (1954) Up a Tree (1955) Chips Ahoy (1956) Chip 'n' Dale Chicken in the Rough (1951) Two Chips and a Miss (1952) The Lone Chipmunks (1954) Others Once Upon a Studio (2023; cameo) Feature films Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999; cameo) Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001; cameo) Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022) TV series Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1989–1990) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) DuckTales (2020–2021) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) Chip 'n' Dale: Park Life (2021–present) This article about a Disney animated film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"Chip 'n' Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_%27n%27_Dale"},{"link_name":"Jack Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hannah"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Test Pilot Donald is a 1951 American animated short film featuring Donald Duck and Chip 'n' Dale. The cartoon was directed by Jack Hannah and produced by Walt Disney.[1] In the film, Donald flies his model airplane into Chip 'n Dale's tree. Dale climbs in and proceeds to cause trouble.","title":"Test Pilot Donald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"tether airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_line"},{"link_name":"Chip 'n' Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_%27n%27_Dale"}],"text":"Donald Duck is at the park flying a tether airplane, unaware he is being watched by Chip 'n' Dale. Chip is uninterested, but Dale is mesmerized and dreams of flying the plane. When it gets stuck in their tree, Dale hops aboard and zooms around the tree, but the airplane breaks down and lands. Dale fixes the plane, but Donald puts him under a jug, while Chip disciplines Dale for his foolishness. Dale steals the now-untethered plane and begins chasing and attacking Donald. Donald hooks the plane with a fishing rod, but is pulled along on a wild ride, until he manages to reel himself in and get aboard the plane. Seeing this, Dale parachutes out. The fishing rod gets caught on the roof of a building, making the plane fly around it. Later that night, Chip and Dale go to bed, while watching Donald still circling the building.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Nash"},{"link_name":"James MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_MacDonald_(sound_effects_artist)"}],"text":"Clarence Nash as Donald Duck\nJames MacDonald and Dessie Flynn as Chip and Dale","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Disneyland, episode #3.13: \"Your Host, Donald Duck\"\nThe Mouse Factory, episode #1.14: \"Aviation\"\nThe New Mickey Mouse Club, episodes C-057 (May 6, 1977) and D-072 (April 25, 1978)\nGood Morning, Mickey, episode #66\nCome Fly With Disney\nMickey's Mouse Tracks, episode #20\nDonald's Quack Attack, episode #63\nThe Ink and Paint Club, episode #1.48: \"The Return of Chip 'n Dale\"","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Treasures:_Wave_Eight#The_Chronological_Donald,_Volume_Four"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The short was released on November 11, 2008, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961.[2]Additional releases include:Walt Disney Cartoon Classics: The Continuing Adventures of Chip 'n' Dale with Donald Duck (VHS), which uses the original opening and closing titles.","title":"Home media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 74–76. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/74/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]},{"reference":"\"The Chronological Donald Volume 4 DVD Review\". DVD Dizzy. Retrieved 13 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdizzy.com/donaldvol4b.html","url_text":"\"The Chronological Donald Volume 4 DVD Review\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/74/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://www.dvdizzy.com/donaldvol4b.html","external_links_name":"\"The Chronological Donald Volume 4 DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044115/","external_links_name":"Test Pilot Donald"},{"Link":"https://www.intanibase.com/shorts.aspx?shortID=512#page=general_info","external_links_name":"Test Pilot Donald"},{"Link":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film217442.html","external_links_name":"Test Pilot Donald"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_Pilot_Donald&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Frentano	Castel Frentano	["1 Main sights","2 References","3 External links"]	Comune in Abruzzo, ItalyCastel FrentanoComuneComune di Castel Frentano Coat of armsLocation of Castel Frentano Castel FrentanoLocation of Castel Frentano in ItalyShow map of ItalyCastel FrentanoCastel Frentano (Abruzzo)Show map of AbruzzoCoordinates: 42°12′N 14°21′E / 42.200°N 14.350°E / 42.200; 14.350CountryItalyRegionAbruzzoProvinceChieti CH)FrazioniCiommi, Colle Ceraso, Crocetta, Feltrino, Lentesco, Pera, Pietragrossa, Porrechi, San Rocco, San Vincenzo, TrastulliGovernment • MayorPatrizia De Santis CiarrapicoArea • Total21.89 km2 (8.45 sq mi)Elevation400 m (1,300 ft)Population (1 January 2023) • Total4,264 • Density190/km2 (500/sq mi)DemonymCastelliniTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code66032Dialing code0872Patron saintSt. StephenSaint day3 AugustWebsiteOfficial website Santo Stefano Protomartire, a building in the town Castel Frentano is a comune (municipality) in the province of Chieti, in the Italian region of Abruzzo. During World War II, the town was liberated by the New Zealand Army (2nd New Zealand Division) on 2 December 1943. It is known for bocconotto, a typical dessert. Main sights Church of St. Stephen, built in the late 13th and early 14th century, but rebuilt in the 18th century in neo-Classicist style Church of Santa Maria della Selva Church of San Rocco Palazzo Vergilj Palazzo Crognale 14th century defensive walls References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castel Frentano. Tourist Information vteAbruzzo · Comuni of the Province of Chieti Altino Archi Ari Arielli Atessa Bomba Borrello Bucchianico Canosa Sannita Carpineto Sinello Carunchio Casacanditella Casalanguida Casalbordino Casalincontrada Casoli Castel Frentano Castelguidone Castiglione Messer Marino Celenza sul Trigno Chieti Civitaluparella Civitella Messer Raimondo Colledimacine Colledimezzo Crecchio Cupello Dogliola Fallo Fara Filiorum Petri Fara San Martino Filetto Fossacesia Fraine Francavilla al Mare Fresagrandinaria Frisa Furci Gamberale Gessopalena Gissi Giuliano Teatino Guardiagrele Guilmi Lama dei Peligni Lanciano Lentella Lettopalena Liscia Miglianico Montazzoli Montebello sul Sangro Monteferrante Montelapiano Montenerodomo Monteodorisio Mozzagrogna Orsogna Ortona Paglieta Palena Palmoli Palombaro Pennadomo Pennapiedimonte Perano Pietraferrazzana Pizzoferrato Poggiofiorito Pollutri Pretoro Quadri Rapino Ripa Teatina Rocca San Giovanni Roccamontepiano Roccascalegna Roccaspinalveti Roio del Sangro Rosello San Buono San Giovanni Lipioni San Giovanni Teatino San Martino sulla Marrucina San Salvo San Vito Chietino Sant'Eusanio del Sangro Santa Maria Imbaro Scerni Schiavi di Abruzzo Taranta Peligna Tollo Torino di Sangro Tornareccio Torrebruna Torrevecchia Teatina Torricella Peligna Treglio Tufillo Vacri Vasto Villa Santa Maria Villalfonsina Villamagna Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef This Abruzzo location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castel_Frentano_piazza_Caporali.JPG"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Chieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Chieti"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"2nd New Zealand Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division"},{"link_name":"bocconotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocconotto"}],"text":"Santo Stefano Protomartire, a building in the townCastel Frentano is a comune (municipality) in the province of Chieti, in the Italian region of Abruzzo.During World War II, the town was liberated by the New Zealand Army (2nd New Zealand Division) on 2 December 1943.It is known for bocconotto, a typical dessert.","title":"Castel Frentano"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Church of St. Stephen, built in the late 13th and early 14th century, but rebuilt in the 18th century in neo-Classicist style\nChurch of Santa Maria della Selva\nChurch of San Rocco\nPalazzo Vergilj\nPalazzo Crognale\n14th century defensive walls","title":"Main sights"}]	[{"image_text":"Santo Stefano Protomartire, a building in the town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Castel_Frentano_piazza_Caporali.JPG/220px-Castel_Frentano_piazza_Caporali.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castel_Frentano&params=42_12_N_14_21_E_region:IT_type:city(3977)","external_links_name":"42°12′N 14°21′E / 42.200°N 14.350°E / 42.200; 14.350"},{"Link":"http://www.comunedicastelfrentano.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028064606/http://abruzzo2000.com/abruzzo/chieti/castelfrentano.htm","external_links_name":"Tourist Information"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236123994","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/069106932","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castel_Frentano&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgeland_Kammerkor	Helgeland Kammerkor	["1 Recent activity","2 International tours","3 Discography","4 References"]	Choir in Helgeland, Norway Helgeland Kammerkor before a concert in Lewisham, London, 2011 Helgeland Kammerkor is a mixed choir from the region of Helgeland in Northern Norway. The choir was founded in Sandnessjøen i 1992, and currently has around 30 members. The members of Helgeland Kammerkor meet once a month for rehearsals, and give concerts 4-5 times a year. The choir has a broad repertoire that includes church music, madrigals, Nordic folk music and large concert works such as Carmina Burana by Carl Orff. From 2009 to 2018 the choir was conducted by Christopher Eva. Helgeland Kammerkor have recorded two CDs: Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) in 2005, and Mennesket og skaperverket (Man and Creation) in 2012. In the autumn of 2012 Helgeland Kammerkor celebrated their 20th anniversary with concerts on the Hurtigruten (Norwegian coastal ship) and in Lurøy Church. In March 2013 Helgeland Kammerkor were artist of the week on the local Norwegian radio station NRK Nordland, with music from the CD Mennesket og skaperverket. In 2016 Helgeland Kammerkor were featured in the Norwegian classical music magazine Klassisk Musikkmagasin. In 2017 the 25th anniversary of Helgeland Kammerkor was celebrated with a concert in Sandnessjøen, the town where the choir was founded. A profile of the choir in the magazine Bo & Lev på Helgeland, timed to coincide with the anniversary, notes that for 25 years the choir has been a good example of regional cooperation. Recent activity Helgeland Kammerkor giving a Christmas concert in Herøy Church (Nordland), 2013 Helgeland Kammerkor at Røssvoll Church, Rana, 2013 2018. January: concert in Mo Church (Nordland). May: Spring concert in Dønnes Church (Dønna). June: concert in Susendal Church (Hattfjelldal). 2017. April: music for Lent and Easter in Alstahaug Church, one of seven surviving medieval-era churches in northern Norway. June: choir tour to Dublin, Ireland. October: 25th anniversary concert in the new concert hall (Kulturbadet) in Sandnessjøen. December: Christmas concerts in Leirfjord Church and Drevja Church. 2016. April: Kor perler (choral pearls) presented in collaboration with the ensemble KammeRana, with concerts in Nesna and Mo i Rana. June: concert in Lurøy Church. August: concert to celebrate the centenary of Sjona Church, Rana. October: folk music and madrigals in Sjøgata, a picturesque street in Mosjøen. December: the choir sings for an international audience on the Hurtigruten ship MS Nordlys, followed by a Christmas concert in Brønnøy Church. 2015. January: opening concert for Mo Kirkemusikkfestival, a new festival of church music in Mo Church (Nordland). April: Concert performance of Carmina Burana by Carl Orff in collaboration with KammeRana, with concerts in Herøy, Sandnessjøen, Hemnes and Mo i Rana. December: Christmas concerts in Hattfjelldal Church and Tärnaby church, Sweden. 2014. May: Concert performance of Carmina Burana by Carl Orff in collaboration with KammeRana, with concerts in Mosjøen, Sandnessjøen, Nesna and Mo i Rana. June: choir tour to Reykjavík, Iceland. October: concerts in Korgen Church and Drevja Church. December: Christmas concerts in Sandnessjøen Church and Dønnes Church. 2013. Spring concerts in Sandnessjøen Church, Røssvoll Church, Mo Church (Nordland) and Vega Church. Christmas concerts in Sandnessjøen Church and Herøy Church (Nordland). 2012. Spring concerts on the islands of Lovund (celebrating the return on 14 April of the puffin breeding colony) and Dønna (celebrating the annual unveiling of the phallic stone). 20th anniversary concert in Lurøy Church. 2011. June: choir tour to London with a concert in St Mary’s Church, Lewisham. December: Christmas concert in Tärnaby church, Sweden. International tours London, England (2011). Helgeland Kammerkor sang in the Norwegian church in London (St Olav's Church) and gave a concert in St Mary's Church in Lewisham. The choir also visited Greenwich and sang in front of the statue of James Wolfe in Greenwich Park. Reykjavík, Iceland (2014). Helgeland Kammerkor sang in Fella- and Hóla Church, the Nordic House and Harpa Concert Hall. Dublin, Ireland (2017). Concerts in Christ Church Cathedral and St Stephen's Green. The choir also sang on the terrace of Powerscourt House, County Wicklow, and beside the statue of Molly Malone in Suffolk Street, Dublin. In 2011 and 2015 Helgeland Kammerkor gave Christmas concerts in Tärnaby, Sweden. Discography Helgeland Kammerkor recorded their album Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) in Alstahaug Church, one of seven surviving medieval era churches in northern Norway. Year of recording Work / Album Description Recorded in 2005 Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) 27 folk tunes from the district of Helgeland in Northern Norway, recorded in collaboration with folk musicians from Helgeland. Alstahaug Church 2012 Mennesket og skaperverket (Man and Creation) Hymns, songs, madrigals and folk music. The title is taken from a hymn by the Norwegian hymn writer Svein Ellingsen. Gruben Church, Mo i Rana References ^ Jostein Pedersen: Sammen for sangen, Klassisk Musikkmagasin 4/2016 ^ Synger ut for regionalt samarbeid, Bo&Lev på Helgeland 4/2017 ^ Morten Hofstad: Tar stor-verk på turne Archived 2014-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Helgelands Blad, 23 May 2014 ^ Hedda Hiller Elvestad: Svimlende skjebnesang, Rana Blad, 26 May 2014 ^ Kenneth Haagensen Husby: Sang seg fra Helgeland til USA, Rana Blad, 27 October 2014 ^ Hedda Hiller Elvestad: Helgelands vakreste stemmer, Rana Blad, 29 April 2013 ^ Sidsel Haraldsen: Mektig av Helgeland kammerkor, Helgeland Arbeiderblad, 9 December 2013 Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helgeland_Kammerkor_Lewisham_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"mixed choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_choir"},{"link_name":"Helgeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgeland"},{"link_name":"Northern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music"},{"link_name":"madrigals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal"},{"link_name":"Nordic folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_folk_music"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"CDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Hurtigruten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtigruten"},{"link_name":"Lurøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur%C3%B8y_Church"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Helgeland Kammerkor before a concert in Lewisham, London, 2011Helgeland Kammerkor is a mixed choir from the region of Helgeland in Northern Norway. The choir was founded in Sandnessjøen i 1992, and currently has around 30 members. The members of Helgeland Kammerkor meet once a month for rehearsals, and give concerts 4-5 times a year. The choir has a broad repertoire that includes church music, madrigals, Nordic folk music and large concert works such as Carmina Burana by Carl Orff. From 2009 to 2018 the choir was conducted by Christopher Eva.Helgeland Kammerkor have recorded two CDs: Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) in 2005, and Mennesket og skaperverket (Man and Creation) in 2012.In the autumn of 2012 Helgeland Kammerkor celebrated their 20th anniversary with concerts on the Hurtigruten (Norwegian coastal ship) and in Lurøy Church. In March 2013 Helgeland Kammerkor were artist of the week on the local Norwegian radio station NRK Nordland, with music from the CD Mennesket og skaperverket. In 2016 Helgeland Kammerkor were featured in the Norwegian classical music magazine Klassisk Musikkmagasin.[1] In 2017 the 25th anniversary of Helgeland Kammerkor was celebrated with a concert in Sandnessjøen, the town where the choir was founded. A profile of the choir in the magazine Bo & Lev på Helgeland, timed to coincide with the anniversary, notes that for 25 years the choir has been a good example of regional cooperation.[2]","title":"Helgeland Kammerkor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_2013.12.07_Her%C3%B8y_kirke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herøy Church (Nordland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B8y_Church_(Nordland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helgeland_Kammerkor_R%C3%B8ssvoll_kirke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Røssvoll Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ssvoll_Church"},{"link_name":"Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Mo Church (Nordland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Church_(Nordland)"},{"link_name":"Dønnes Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8nnes_Church"},{"link_name":"Dønna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8nna"},{"link_name":"Susendal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susendal_Church"},{"link_name":"Hattfjelldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattfjelldal"},{"link_name":"Alstahaug Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstahaug_Church"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Leirfjord Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirfjord_Church"},{"link_name":"Drevja Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevja_Church"},{"link_name":"Nesna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesna"},{"link_name":"Mo i Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_i_Rana"},{"link_name":"Lurøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur%C3%B8y_Church"},{"link_name":"Sjona Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjona_Church"},{"link_name":"Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjona_Church"},{"link_name":"Sjøgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8gata"},{"link_name":"Mosjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Hurtigruten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtigruten"},{"link_name":"MS Nordlys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Nordlys_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Brønnøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_Church"},{"link_name":"Mo Church (Nordland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Church_(Nordland)"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"Herøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B8y,_Nordland"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Hemnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemnes"},{"link_name":"Mo i Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_i_Rana"},{"link_name":"Hattfjelldal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattfjelldal_Church"},{"link_name":"Tärnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rnaby"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"Mosjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nesna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesna"},{"link_name":"Mo i Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_i_Rana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Korgen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korgen_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Drevja Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevja_Church"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en_Church"},{"link_name":"Dønnes Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8nnes_Church"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en_Church"},{"link_name":"Røssvoll Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ssvoll_Church"},{"link_name":"Mo Church (Nordland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Church_(Nordland)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vega Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Church"},{"link_name":"Sandnessjøen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnessj%C3%B8en_Church"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Herøy Church (Nordland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%B8y_Church_(Nordland)"},{"link_name":"Lovund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovund"},{"link_name":"Dønna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8nna"},{"link_name":"Lurøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur%C3%B8y_Church"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Tärnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rnaby"}],"text":"Helgeland Kammerkor giving a Christmas concert in Herøy Church (Nordland), 2013Helgeland Kammerkor at Røssvoll Church, Rana, 20132018. January: concert in Mo Church (Nordland). May: Spring concert in Dønnes Church (Dønna). June: concert in Susendal Church (Hattfjelldal).\n2017. April: music for Lent and Easter in Alstahaug Church, one of seven surviving medieval-era churches in northern Norway. June: choir tour to Dublin, Ireland. October: 25th anniversary concert in the new concert hall (Kulturbadet) in Sandnessjøen. December: Christmas concerts in Leirfjord Church and Drevja Church.\n2016. April: Kor perler (choral pearls) presented in collaboration with the ensemble KammeRana, with concerts in Nesna and Mo i Rana. June: concert in Lurøy Church. August: concert to celebrate the centenary of Sjona Church, Rana. October: folk music and madrigals in Sjøgata, a picturesque street in Mosjøen. December: the choir sings for an international audience on the Hurtigruten ship MS Nordlys, followed by a Christmas concert in Brønnøy Church.\n2015. January: opening concert for Mo Kirkemusikkfestival, a new festival of church music in Mo Church (Nordland). April: Concert performance of Carmina Burana by Carl Orff in collaboration with KammeRana, with concerts in Herøy, Sandnessjøen, Hemnes and Mo i Rana. December: Christmas concerts in Hattfjelldal Church and Tärnaby church, Sweden.\n2014. May: Concert performance of Carmina Burana by Carl Orff in collaboration with KammeRana, with concerts in Mosjøen, Sandnessjøen,[3] Nesna and Mo i Rana.[4] June: choir tour to Reykjavík, Iceland. October: concerts in Korgen Church[5] and Drevja Church. December: Christmas concerts in Sandnessjøen Church and Dønnes Church.\n2013. Spring concerts in Sandnessjøen Church, Røssvoll Church, Mo Church (Nordland)[6] and Vega Church. Christmas concerts in Sandnessjøen Church[7] and Herøy Church (Nordland).\n2012. Spring concerts on the islands of Lovund (celebrating the return on 14 April of the puffin breeding colony) and Dønna (celebrating the annual unveiling of the phallic stone). 20th anniversary concert in Lurøy Church.\n2011. June: choir tour to London with a concert in St Mary’s Church, Lewisham. December: Christmas concert in Tärnaby church, Sweden.","title":"Recent activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(St Olav's Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_churches_in_London#Norwegian_Church"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"James Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Park"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Nordic House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_House_(Iceland)"},{"link_name":"Harpa Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpa_(concert_hall)"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Powerscourt House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Estate"},{"link_name":"County Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Molly Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Malone"},{"link_name":"Tärnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rnaby"}],"text":"London, England (2011). Helgeland Kammerkor sang in the Norwegian church in London (St Olav's Church) and gave a concert in St Mary's Church in Lewisham. The choir also visited Greenwich and sang in front of the statue of James Wolfe in Greenwich Park.\nReykjavík, Iceland (2014). Helgeland Kammerkor sang in Fella- and Hóla Church, the Nordic House and Harpa Concert Hall.\nDublin, Ireland (2017). Concerts in Christ Church Cathedral and St Stephen's Green. The choir also sang on the terrace of Powerscourt House, County Wicklow, and beside the statue of Molly Malone in Suffolk Street, Dublin.In 2011 and 2015 Helgeland Kammerkor gave Christmas concerts in Tärnaby, Sweden.","title":"International tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstahaug_kirke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alstahaug Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstahaug_Church"}],"text":"Helgeland Kammerkor recorded their album Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) in Alstahaug Church, one of seven surviving medieval era churches in northern Norway.","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Helgeland Kammerkor before a concert in Lewisham, London, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Helgeland_Kammerkor_Lewisham_2011.jpg/300px-Helgeland_Kammerkor_Lewisham_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helgeland Kammerkor giving a Christmas concert in Herøy Church (Nordland), 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HK_2013.12.07_Her%C3%B8y_kirke.jpg/220px-HK_2013.12.07_Her%C3%B8y_kirke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helgeland Kammerkor at Røssvoll Church, Rana, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Helgeland_Kammerkor_R%C3%B8ssvoll_kirke.jpg/220px-Helgeland_Kammerkor_R%C3%B8ssvoll_kirke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helgeland Kammerkor recorded their album Folketoner fra Helgeland (Folk music from Helgeland) in Alstahaug Church, one of seven surviving medieval era churches in northern Norway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Alstahaug_kirke.jpg/220px-Alstahaug_kirke.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://issuu.com/moborana/docs/bo_lev_magazine_4","external_links_name":"Synger ut for regionalt samarbeid"},{"Link":"http://www.hblad.no/nyheter/article7376206.ece","external_links_name":"Tar stor-verk på turne"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011602/http://www.hblad.no/nyheter/article7376206.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ranablad.no/kultur/article7380066.ece","external_links_name":"Svimlende skjebnesang"},{"Link":"http://www.ranablad.no/Sang_seg_fra_Helgeland_til_USA-5-42-895.html","external_links_name":"Sang seg fra Helgeland til USA"},{"Link":"http://www.ranablad.no/kultur/article6629222.ece","external_links_name":"Helgelands vakreste stemmer"},{"Link":"http://www.helgeland-arbeiderblad.no/kultur/article7032469.ece","external_links_name":"Mektig av Helgeland kammerkor"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157145969911632250081","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Lagos_State	List of government ministries of Lagos State	["1 List of ministries and their commissioners.","2 See also","3 References"]	This is a list of government ministries in Lagos State, Nigeria. Each ministry is coordinated by the Commissioner, assisted by a Permanent Secretary. List of ministries and their commissioners. Ministry Commissioner Finance Dr. Rabiu Olowo Economic Planning and Budget Mr. Sam Egube Waterfront Infrastructure Development Arch. Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi Commerce, Industry and Cooperatives Mrs. Olayinka Oladunjoye Tourism, Arts and Culture Mrs. Uzamat Akinbile Yussuf Education Mrs. Folashade Adefisayo Science and Technology Mr. Hakeem Fahm Youth and Social Development Mr. Segun Dawodu. Environment and Water Resources Mr. Tunji Bello Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Mrs. Lola Akande Health Prof. Akin Abayomi Housing Moruf Akinderu Fatai Local Government and Community Affairs Dr. Wale Ahmed Justice Mr. Moyo Onigbanjo Works and Infrastructure Engr. Ganiyu Johnson Establishments, Training and Pensions Mrs. Ajibola Ponnle Physical Planning and Urban Development Dr. Idris Salako Energy and Mineral Resources Mr. Olalere Odusote Special Duties and Intergovernmental Relations Mr. Seye Oladejo Information and Strategy Mr. Gbenga Omotoso Transport Dr. Frederic Oladeinde Home Affairs Prince Anofi Elegushi Wealth Creation and Employment Mrs. Yetunde Arobieke Agriculture Ms Abisola Olusanya Lagos State Sport Commission Mr. Sola Aiyepeku See also Lagos State Lagos State Executive Council References ^ "Lagos set to unveil new waterfront schemes". Vanguard News. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ "Lagos developers seal deals on new waterfront estates". New Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ "Lagos restates commitment to rural development". Thisdaylive.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ Ibekwe, Nicholas (19 October 2015). "Lagos Governor Ambode inaugurates 37 commissioners, special advisers". Premium Times. Retrieved 20 October 2015. ^ "Lagos begins E-sports grassroots promotion". Punch Newspapers. 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo. Retrieved 2022-03-22. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/egubesam. Retrieved 2022-03-22. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) vte Lagos StateState capital: IkejaCities Eko Atlantic Ikorodu Ikeja Lagos Lekki Towns Ajah Badagry Epe Ojo LGAs Agege Ajeromi-Ifelodun Alimosho Amuwo-Odofin Apapa Badagry Epe Eti-Osa Ibeju-Lekki Ifako-Ijaiye Ikeja Ikorodu Kosofe Lagos Island Lagos Mainland Mushin Ojo Oshodi-Isolo Somolu Surulere GovernmentLeaders Governor Chief Justice Attorney General Executive Council Ministries Education Finance Agriculture and Cooperatives Commerce and Industry Economic Planning and Budget Energy and Mineral Resources Environment Establishments, Training and Pensions Health Home Affairs and Culture Housing Information and Strategy Justice Rural Development Science and Technology Special Studies Tourism and Inter-governmental Relations Transport Waterfront Infrastructure Development Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Works and Infrastructure Youth, Sports and Social Development House of Assembly 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Others Lagos State Civil Service Head of Service City Hall, Lagos Lagos State Police Command Oba of Lagos vteLists relating to Lagos Radio Hospitals Hotels Markets Schools Restaurants Timeline Obas Governors Ministries This article about government in Nigeria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of government ministries of Lagos State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of ministries and their commissioners."}]	[]	[{"title":"Lagos State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"title":"Lagos State Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State_Executive_Council"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lagos set to unveil new waterfront schemes\". Vanguard News. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/lagos-set-to-unveil-new-waterfront-schemes/","url_text":"\"Lagos set to unveil new waterfront schemes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos developers seal deals on new waterfront estates\". New Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134556/http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-developers-seal-deals-new-waterfront-estates/","url_text":"\"Lagos developers seal deals on new waterfront estates\""},{"url":"http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-developers-seal-deals-new-waterfront-estates/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos restates commitment to rural development\". Thisdaylive.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170212/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/lagos-restates-commitment-to-rural-development/193300/","url_text":"\"Lagos restates commitment to rural development\""},{"url":"http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/lagos-restates-commitment-to-rural-development/193300/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ibekwe, Nicholas (19 October 2015). \"Lagos Governor Ambode inaugurates 37 commissioners, special advisers\". Premium Times. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/191756-lagos-governor-ambode-inaugurates-37-commissioners-special-advisers.html","url_text":"\"Lagos Governor Ambode inaugurates 37 commissioners, special advisers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times","url_text":"Premium Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos begins E-sports grassroots promotion\". Punch Newspapers. 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/lagos-begins-e-sports-grassroots-promotion/","url_text":"\"Lagos begins E-sports grassroots promotion\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo. Retrieved 2022-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo","url_text":"https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo"}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/egubesam. Retrieved 2022-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/egubesam","url_text":"https://twitter.com/egubesam"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/lagos-set-to-unveil-new-waterfront-schemes/","external_links_name":"\"Lagos set to unveil new waterfront schemes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134556/http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-developers-seal-deals-new-waterfront-estates/","external_links_name":"\"Lagos developers seal deals on new waterfront estates\""},{"Link":"http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-developers-seal-deals-new-waterfront-estates/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170212/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/lagos-restates-commitment-to-rural-development/193300/","external_links_name":"\"Lagos restates commitment to rural development\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/lagos-restates-commitment-to-rural-development/193300/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/191756-lagos-governor-ambode-inaugurates-37-commissioners-special-advisers.html","external_links_name":"\"Lagos Governor Ambode inaugurates 37 commissioners, special advisers\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/lagos-begins-e-sports-grassroots-promotion/","external_links_name":"\"Lagos begins E-sports grassroots promotion\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo","external_links_name":"https://twitter.com/drrabiuolowo"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/egubesam","external_links_name":"https://twitter.com/egubesam"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_government_ministries_of_Lagos_State&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamojski_Academy	Zamoyski Academy	["1 History","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°43′07″N 23°15′06″E / 50.718503°N 23.251654°E / 50.718503; 23.251654Jan Zamoyski Main building of the Academy The Zamoyski Academy (Polish: Akademia Zamojska; Latin: Hippaeum Zamoscianum; 1594–1784) was an academy founded in 1594 by Polish Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski. It was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After his death it slowly lost its importance, and in 1784 it was downgraded to a lyceum. The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu is one of several secondary schools in Zamość. History The Zamoyski Academy was designed to educate szlachta (noble) youth in Humanist culture and prepare them for work in the public interest—though, from its early years, most of the students were burghers, not nobles. It was founded in 1594 by Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski in Zamość (a city, also founded by Zamoyski) with the assistance of poet Szymon Szymonowic, aka Simon Simonides (who would be one of the Academy's lecturers). Its founding was approved in Rome by Pope Clement VIII (bull of October 29, 1594), and in Poland by the Bishop of Chełm, Stanisław Gomoliński. The official opening ceremony took place on 15 March 1595. On July 5, 1600, Zamoyski would write, in the Academy's foundation act: "such are countries, as is the education of their youth" ("takie są rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie"). In 1601 the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, confirmed the act. The Academy was modeled on the Academy of Strassburg. Initially the Academy comprised three departments: liberal arts, law, and medicine, and had seven faculty positions for professors. From 1637 the school had the power to award doctor of philosophy diplomas. In 1648, a department of theology was added. The Academy was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (and the first private one), after the Kraków Academy (1364) and Vilnius University (1578) Zamoyski's immense wealth allowed him to be the first magnate in the Commonwealth to personally sponsor such an institution (Poznań's Lubrański Academy (1519) was a high school with a high level of education, hence it was called customary "academy"). The Academy was an institution midway between a secondary school and an institution of higher learning. It bestowed doctorates of philosophy and law. It was known for the high quality of education that it provided, which however did not extend beyond the ideals of "nobles' liberty." The faculty included a number of outstanding Poles such as Szymon Szymonowic, Adam Burski (Bursius), Tomasz Drezner, Jan Niedźwiecki-Ursinus, Szymon (Simon) Birkowsk and Stanisław Staszic, as well as foreigners such as the English lawyer William Bruce, the Italian theologian Dominic Convalis and the Belgian mathematician Adriaan van Roomen. The Academy's chancellor was the incumbent Bishop of Chełm. The students were recruited mainly from the southeastern lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and from adjacent countries. Following an initial period of successful development, which at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries made the Academy one of the leading educational institutions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the mid-17th century the Academy went into decline. The number of students rose from 70 in 1595 to 1635 to around 120 in the years 1635 to 1646. Its lost its lay character ten years after Zamoyski's death, when in 1615 it was taken over by the bishop of Chełm; the struggle over the control of the school between the bishops and lay officials of the Zamoyski family would continue for many years. It became increasingly difficult for the school to attract renown faculty. The academy was damaged in a fire of 1627, and from the Swedish invasion and wars of late 1640s/early 1650s. Several attempts at reform were undertaken in the following decades, none met with much success. Gradual improvement was interrupted in 1784, after the academy was shut down by the Austrian government (which had taken over that part of Poland in the late-18th-century partitions of Poland); it was closed and converted into a secondary school (Liceum Królewskie—Royal Lyceum). In 1811–66 the Lyceum's old Academy buildings were used as barracks for troops of the Zamość Fortress. The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu (Heman Jan Zamoyski General Lyceum in Zamość) traces its history to the Academy and is housed in the original building complex. It is one of several secondary schools in the city. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zamość Academy. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Fables and Parables Lubrański Academy Notes ^ a b c d e f "Akademia Zamojska" ("Zamojski Academy"), Encyklopedia Polski, p. 13. ^ a b c d e f (in Polish) Lubelskie życie naukowe, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubelskiego w Lublinie ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Małgorzata Kowalewska, ACADEMY OF ZAMOŚĆ (mirror), Powszechna Encyklopedia Filozofii, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu ^ a b c d (in Polish) "Założenie Akademii Zamojskiej - 5 IV 1594" ("The Founding of the Zamoyski Academy, 5 April 1594"), Gazeta Wyborcza, Lublin, 2007-12-15. ^ a b c d (in Polish) Renata Brzezińska, Polska pełna uroku, Petit Futé, 2007, ISBN 83-60496-85-4, Google Print, p.599 ^ Kazimierz Lepszy, "Stanisław Gomoliński," Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. VIII (1959–60), p. 273. ^ a b "Akademia Zamojska," Encyklopedia powszechna PWN, vol. 1, p. 36. ^ (in Polish) Akademia Zamojska, I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu References Encyklopedia Polski (Encyclopedia of Poland). Encyklopedia powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 1, Warsaw, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1973. Further reading Poddębski, Henryk, Akademia Zamojska, 1930, Digital Library at Warsaw University Jan Ambroży Wadowski, Anacephaleosis professorum Academiae Zamoscensis: manuscriptum saeculi XVII edidit ... Joannes Ambrosius Wadowski. Wiadomość o profesorach Akademii Zamojskiej; rękopis z w XVII, Druk. Gazety Rolniczej, Google Print (public domain) Bogdan Szyszka, Akademia Zamojska, 1594-1994, 1988, Regionalna Pracownia Krajoznawcza (Zamość) External links (in Polish) Akademia Zamojska, Encyklopedia WIEM (in Polish) Akademia Zamojska, Encyklopedia PWN 50°43′07″N 23°15′06″E / 50.718503°N 23.251654°E / 50.718503; 23.251654 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Zamoyski_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jan Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dawna_akademia5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Crown Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanclerz"},{"link_name":"Jan Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"}],"text":"Jan ZamoyskiMain building of the AcademyThe Zamoyski Academy (Polish: Akademia Zamojska; Latin: Hippaeum Zamoscianum; 1594–1784) was an academy founded in 1594 by Polish Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski.[1] It was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2] After his death it slowly lost its importance, and in 1784 it was downgraded to a lyceum. The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu is one of several secondary schools in Zamość.","title":"Zamoyski Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"burghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyb-4"},{"link_name":"Crown Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanclerz"},{"link_name":"Jan Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Szymon Szymonowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Szymonowic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brzez-5"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyb-4"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Che%C5%82m"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Gomoliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Gomoli%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyb-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brzez-5"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"Academy of Strassburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Strassburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"doctor of philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Kraków Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Academy"},{"link_name":"Vilnius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Lubrański Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academy"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"institution of higher learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akademia_Zamojska_p._36-7"},{"link_name":"Szymon Szymonowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Szymonowic"},{"link_name":"Adam Burski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Burski"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Drezner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Drezner"},{"link_name":"Jan Niedźwiecki-Ursinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Nied%C5%BAwiecki-Ursinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Szymon (Simon) Birkowsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szymon_Birkowsk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Staszic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic"},{"link_name":"Dominic Convalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Convalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adriaan van Roomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_van_Roomen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Che%C5%82m"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lzn-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wyb-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brzez-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"Swedish invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deluge_(history)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brzez-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akademia_Zamojska_p._36-7"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"Zamość Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Jan Zamoyski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski"},{"link_name":"Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Zamoyski Academy was designed to educate szlachta (noble) youth in Humanist culture and prepare them for work in the public interest—though, from its early years, most of the students were burghers, not nobles.[3][4] It was founded in 1594 by Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski in Zamość (a city, also founded by Zamoyski) with the assistance of poet Szymon Szymonowic, aka Simon Simonides (who would be one of the Academy's lecturers).[1][5] Its founding was approved in Rome by Pope Clement VIII (bull of October 29, 1594),[3][4] and in Poland by the Bishop of Chełm, Stanisław Gomoliński.[6] The official opening ceremony took place on 15 March 1595.[4] On July 5, 1600, Zamoyski would write, in the Academy's foundation act: \"such are countries, as is the education of their youth\" (\"takie są rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie\").[2][3][5] In 1601 the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, confirmed the act.[3]The Academy was modeled on the Academy of Strassburg.[3] Initially the Academy comprised three departments: liberal arts, law, and medicine, and had seven faculty positions for professors.[3] From 1637 the school had the power to award doctor of philosophy diplomas.[3] In 1648, a department of theology was added.[1] The Academy was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (and the first private one), after the Kraków Academy (1364) and Vilnius University (1578)[2] Zamoyski's immense wealth allowed him to be the first magnate in the Commonwealth to personally sponsor such an institution[2] (Poznań's Lubrański Academy (1519) was a high school with a high level of education, hence it was called customary \"academy\").The Academy was an institution midway between a secondary school and an institution of higher learning. It bestowed doctorates of philosophy and law. It was known for the high quality of education that it provided, which however did not extend beyond the ideals of \"nobles' liberty.\"[7]The faculty included a number of outstanding Poles such as Szymon Szymonowic, Adam Burski (Bursius), Tomasz Drezner, Jan Niedźwiecki-Ursinus, Szymon (Simon) Birkowsk and Stanisław Staszic, as well as foreigners such as the English lawyer William Bruce, the Italian theologian Dominic Convalis and the Belgian mathematician Adriaan van Roomen.[1][3] The Academy's chancellor was the incumbent Bishop of Chełm.[2]The students were recruited mainly from the southeastern lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and from adjacent countries.[1]Following an initial period of successful development, which at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries made the Academy one of the leading educational institutions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the mid-17th century the Academy went into decline.[1][2][4][5] The number of students rose from 70 in 1595 to 1635 to around 120 in the years 1635 to 1646.[3]Its lost its lay character ten years after Zamoyski's death, when in 1615 it was taken over by the bishop of Chełm; the struggle over the control of the school between the bishops and lay officials of the Zamoyski family would continue for many years.[3] It became increasingly difficult for the school to attract renown faculty.[3] The academy was damaged in a fire of 1627, and from the Swedish invasion and wars of late 1640s/early 1650s.[3] Several attempts at reform were undertaken in the following decades, none met with much success.[3] Gradual improvement was interrupted in 1784, after the academy was shut down by the Austrian government (which had taken over that part of Poland in the late-18th-century partitions of Poland); it was closed and converted into a secondary school (Liceum Królewskie—Royal Lyceum).[3][5][7] In 1811–66 the Lyceum's old Academy buildings were used as barracks for troops of the Zamość Fortress.The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu (Heman Jan Zamoyski General Lyceum in Zamość) traces its history to the Academy and is housed in the original building complex. It is one of several secondary schools in the city.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ep_1-5"},{"link_name":"Encyklopedia Polski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Polski"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lzn_2-5"},{"link_name":"Lubelskie życie naukowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lubelskie.pl/index.php?pid=428"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mk_3-13"},{"link_name":"ACADEMY OF ZAMOŚĆ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/academyzamosc.pdf"},{"link_name":"mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zamosc.wonder.pl/Monuments-Academy-en"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wyb_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wyb_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wyb_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wyb_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"Założenie Akademii Zamojskiej - 5 IV 1594\" (\"The Founding of the Zamoyski Academy, 5 April 1594\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20070512092053/http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,4766946.html"},{"link_name":"Gazeta Wyborcza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brzez_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brzez_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brzez_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brzez_5-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-60496-85-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-60496-85-4"},{"link_name":"Google Print, p.599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LYg6wJHKoSAC&dq=%22jakie+ich+m%C5%82odzie%C5%BCy+chowanie%22+1600&pg=PT603"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Lepszy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Lepszy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polski Słownik Biograficzny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_S%C5%82ownik_Biograficzny"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Akademia_Zamojska_p._36_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Akademia_Zamojska_p._36_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Akademia Zamojska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//1lo.com.pl/Akademia-Zamojska-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f \"Akademia Zamojska\" (\"Zamojski Academy\"), Encyklopedia Polski, p. 13.\n\n^ a b c d e f (in Polish) Lubelskie życie naukowe, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubelskiego w Lublinie\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Małgorzata Kowalewska, ACADEMY OF ZAMOŚĆ (mirror[permanent dead link]), Powszechna Encyklopedia Filozofii, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu\n\n^ a b c d (in Polish) \"Założenie Akademii Zamojskiej - 5 IV 1594\" (\"The Founding of the Zamoyski Academy, 5 April 1594\"), Gazeta Wyborcza, Lublin, 2007-12-15.\n\n^ a b c d (in Polish) Renata Brzezińska, Polska pełna uroku, Petit Futé, 2007, ISBN 83-60496-85-4, Google Print, p.599\n\n^ Kazimierz Lepszy, \"Stanisław Gomoliński,\" Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. VIII (1959–60), p. 273.\n\n^ a b \"Akademia Zamojska,\" Encyklopedia powszechna PWN, vol. 1, p. 36.\n\n^ (in Polish) Akademia Zamojska, I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital Library at Warsaw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1143"},{"link_name":"Google Print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CEU9AAAAYAAJ"}],"text":"Poddębski, Henryk, Akademia Zamojska, 1930, Digital Library at Warsaw University\nJan Ambroży Wadowski, Anacephaleosis professorum Academiae Zamoscensis: manuscriptum saeculi XVII edidit ... Joannes Ambrosius Wadowski. Wiadomość o profesorach Akademii Zamojskiej; rękopis z w XVII, Druk. Gazety Rolniczej, Google Print (public domain)\nBogdan Szyszka, Akademia Zamojska, 1594-1994, 1988, Regionalna Pracownia Krajoznawcza (Zamość)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Jan Zamoyski","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jan_Zamoyski_1.JPG/220px-Jan_Zamoyski_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Main building of the Academy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dawna_akademia5.JPG/220px-Dawna_akademia5.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Zamość Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Academy"},{"title":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"title":"Fables and Parables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_and_Parables#Books"},{"title":"Lubrański Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academy"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zamoyski_Academy&params=50.718503_N_23.251654_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°43′07″N 23°15′06″E / 50.718503°N 23.251654°E / 50.718503; 23.251654"},{"Link":"http://www.lubelskie.pl/index.php?pid=428","external_links_name":"Lubelskie życie naukowe"},{"Link":"http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/academyzamosc.pdf","external_links_name":"ACADEMY OF ZAMOŚĆ"},{"Link":"http://www.zamosc.wonder.pl/Monuments-Academy-en","external_links_name":"mirror"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070512092053/http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,4766946.html","external_links_name":"\"Założenie Akademii Zamojskiej - 5 IV 1594\" (\"The Founding of the Zamoyski Academy, 5 April 1594\")"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LYg6wJHKoSAC&dq=%22jakie+ich+m%C5%82odzie%C5%BCy+chowanie%22+1600&pg=PT603","external_links_name":"Google Print, p.599"},{"Link":"http://1lo.com.pl/Akademia-Zamojska-9","external_links_name":"Akademia Zamojska"},{"Link":"http://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1143","external_links_name":"Digital Library at Warsaw University"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CEU9AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Print"},{"Link":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/69019,,,,akademia_zamojska,haslo.html","external_links_name":"Akademia Zamojska"},{"Link":"http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3866748","external_links_name":"Akademia Zamojska"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zamoyski_Academy&params=50.718503_N_23.251654_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°43′07″N 23°15′06″E / 50.718503°N 23.251654°E / 50.718503; 23.251654"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000112091489","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/140882077","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12534096r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12534096r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007409559805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95093090","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007387835&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13198046?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi_(disambiguation)	Modus operandi (disambiguation)	[]	Look up modus operandi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A modus operandi is someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations. Modus operandi may also refer to: Modus Operandi (Photek album), 1997 Modus Operandi (Jimmy Barnes album), 2019 "Modus Operandi", a song by Airbase "Rare Species (Modus Operandi)", a song by Mobb Deep from the Soul in the Hole soundtrack Modus Operandi (film), a 2009 film directed by Frankie Latina Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Modus operandi.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"modus operandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_operandi"},{"link_name":"Modus Operandi (Photek album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_Operandi_(Photek_album)"},{"link_name":"Modus Operandi (Jimmy Barnes album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_Operandi_(Jimmy_Barnes_album)"},{"link_name":"Airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbase_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Soul in the Hole soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Hole_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Modus Operandi (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_Operandi_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Modus_operandi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up modus operandi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A modus operandi is someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations.Modus operandi may also refer to:Modus Operandi (Photek album), 1997\nModus Operandi (Jimmy Barnes album), 2019\n\"Modus Operandi\", a song by Airbase\n\"Rare Species (Modus Operandi)\", a song by Mobb Deep from the Soul in the Hole soundtrack\nModus Operandi (film), a 2009 film directed by Frankie LatinaTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Modus operandi.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Modus operandi (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Modus_operandi_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Lydia_Sellon	Lydia Sellon	["1 Life","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]	Lydia SellonSellon in c. 1865BornPriscilla Lydia Smith21 March 1821HampsteadDied20 November 1876West MalvernNationalityBritishEducationby governessKnown forfounding a religious orderSuccessorBertha Turnbull Lydia Sellon or Priscilla Lydia Sellon (1821 – 20 November 1876) was a British founder of an Anglican women's order. The Church of England established November 20 as a holy day to commemorate her work. Life Priscilla Lydia Smith was brought up in Grosmont in Monmouthshire, but she was born on 21 March 1821 in Hampstead. Her mother died when she was a small child. Her father, Commander Richard Baker Smith, who was in the Royal Navy married again and had eleven more children. In 1847 her father was left an inheritance by his maternal aunt and as a consequence the family name was changed to Sellon. In 1848 Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, placed an appeal in the weekly Anglican newspaper The Guardian which appeared in January 1848 for help for the poor of Devonport. Phillpotts's request was for new churches and education for the population who had outgrown the local facilities. This request was answered by Sellon who was just about to travel to Italy for her health. Sellon contacted Edward Bouverie Pusey whom she knew and he introduced her to a local clergyman. Sellon and Catherine Chambers who was a family friend took advice from the local clergy and they worked in a local school. With her father's support Sellon quickly created more new institutions. An industrial school for girls, an orphanage for sailors' children, a school for the starving and a night school for teenage boys. She started work in Devonport looking after the poor. Philpott's inspiration of Sellon led to the formation of an Anglican order which Sellon led as after a number of years there were several women working with Sellon and she founded the Devonport Sisters of Mercy. Although this was not the first Anglican sisterhood, she had the consolation of merging with the Sisterhood of the Holy Cross which had been founded in 1845 in London and Sellon led the combined organisation. Even before the organisations merged they worked together. When Florence Nightingale travelled to the Crimea in 1854 she took 38 nurses and fourteen of these were nuns from what would become Sellon's organisation. One of their important early actions was to tend to the victims if the 1849 cholera outbreak which started around Union Street. Sellon led the new Society of the Most Holy Trinity from 1856 and by 1860 they had the first purpose built convent, Ascot Priory, built for the new order. The cost of this new building was said to be largely borne by Dr Pusey but another source considers that it was Sellon who paid the bills. The autocratic Sellon would sometimes use a Crosier and she was known as the abbess. The order still had St Dunstan's Abbey in Devon. In 1864 the sisters were asked to use their skills to improve the education of children in what is now Hawaii by Queen Emma. Queen Emma and Sellon helped four Hawaiian girls to be educated at Ascot: Palemo Kekeekaapu, Elizabeth Keomailani Crowningburg, Kealakai and Manoanoa Shaw. Palemo and Kealakai personally accompanied Emma on her trip to England in 1865. Keomailani and Manoanoa came to England in 1867 after Sellon's visit to Hawaii to found St. Andrew's Priory. She died in West Malvern in 1876 following fifteen years of being paralysed. Legacy The Church of England sets aside the holy day of November the 20th to remember the life of Sellon as a Restorer of the Religious Life in the Church of England. The sisterhood continued through the twentieth century and the last member of the sisterhood died in 2004 and she was buried at Ascot Priory. References ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ a b c d Peter G. Cobb, ‘Sellon, (Priscilla) Lydia (1821–1876)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 April 2015 ^ Priscilla Lydia Sellon. Catholic Literature Association. 1933. ^ a b Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey. pp. 192–3. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Kollar, Rene (2014). Foreign and Wicked Institution?, A: The Campaign Against Convents in Victorian England. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. contents. ISBN 978-0227903117. ^ a b c Howse, Christopher (16 December 2011). "A very Victorian sisterhood". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Hamilton, Dr. W. (1850). On the Vital Statistics of the Borough of Plymouth, in The London Medical Gazette Vol. XI. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 614. (online at Google Books) ^ a b c History Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Ascot Priory, accessed 25 April 2015 ^ "Some Account of Four Little Native Girls of the Sandwich Islands, Now in England". Mission Life; Or Home and Foreign Church Work. Vol. VI. London: William MacIntosh. 1869. pp. 436–438. OCLC 22171865. ^ Williams, Thomas Jay (1950). Priscilla Lydia Sellon: The Restorer After Three Centuries of the Religious Life in the English Church. S. P. C. K. pp. 244, 264–265, 274, 275 280, 283, 285, 296, 297. OCLC 1082921357. ^ Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919. ^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 230–231. ^ Strong, Rowan; Herringer, Carol Engelhardt (2014). Edward Bouverie Pusey and the Oxford Movement. London: Anthem Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-78308-318-3. OCLC 885013429. ^ Holy Days, Church of England, retrieved 25 April 2015 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lydia Sellon. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"holy day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"commemorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lydia Sellon or Priscilla Lydia Sellon (1821 – 20 November 1876) was a British founder of an Anglican women's order. 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Her mother died when she was a small child.[2] Her father, Commander Richard Baker Smith, who was in the Royal Navy married again and had eleven more children.[3] In 1847 her father was left an inheritance by his maternal aunt and as a consequence the family name was changed to Sellon.[2]In 1848 Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, placed an appeal in the weekly Anglican newspaper The Guardian which appeared in January 1848 for help for the poor of Devonport. Phillpotts's request was for new churches and education for the population who had outgrown the local facilities. This request was answered by Sellon who was just about to travel to Italy for her health. Sellon contacted Edward Bouverie Pusey whom she knew and he introduced her to a local clergyman.[4] Sellon and Catherine Chambers who was a family friend[2] took advice from the local clergy and they worked in a local school. With her father's support Sellon quickly created more new institutions. An industrial school for girls, an orphanage for sailors' children, a school for the starving and a night school for teenage boys.[4]She started work in Devonport looking after the poor. Philpott's inspiration of Sellon led to the formation of an Anglican order which Sellon led[5] as after a number of years there were several women working with Sellon and she founded the Devonport Sisters of Mercy. Although this was not the first Anglican sisterhood, she had the consolation of merging with the Sisterhood of the Holy Cross which had been founded in 1845 in London and Sellon led the combined organisation. Even before the organisations merged they worked together. When Florence Nightingale travelled to the Crimea in 1854 she took 38 nurses and fourteen of these were nuns from what would become Sellon's organisation.[6] One of their important early actions was to tend to the victims if the 1849 cholera outbreak which started around Union Street.[7]Sellon led the new Society of the Most Holy Trinity[6] from 1856 and by 1860 they had the first purpose built convent, Ascot Priory, built for the new order.[8] The cost of this new building was said to be largely borne by Dr Pusey[8] but another source considers that it was Sellon who paid the bills. The autocratic Sellon would sometimes use a Crosier and she was known as the abbess.[2] The order still had St Dunstan's Abbey in Devon. In 1864 the sisters were asked to use their skills to improve the education of children in what is now Hawaii by Queen Emma.[8] \nQueen Emma and Sellon helped four Hawaiian girls to be educated at Ascot: Palemo Kekeekaapu, Elizabeth Keomailani Crowningburg, Kealakai and Manoanoa Shaw.[9][10] Palemo and Kealakai personally accompanied Emma on her trip to England in 1865.[11] Keomailani and Manoanoa came to England in 1867 after Sellon's visit to Hawaii to found St. Andrew's Priory.[12][13]She died in West Malvern in 1876 following fifteen years of being paralysed.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holy-14"},{"link_name":"Ascot Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Priory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howse-6"}],"text":"The Church of England sets aside the holy day of November the 20th to remember the life of Sellon as a Restorer of the Religious Life in the Church of England.[14]The sisterhood continued through the twentieth century and the last member of the sisterhood died in 2004 and she was buried at Ascot Priory.[6]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Calendar\". The Church of England. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","url_text":"\"The Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"Priscilla Lydia Sellon. Catholic Literature Association. 1933.","urls":[{"url":"http://anglicanhistory.org/bios/plsellon.html","url_text":"Priscilla Lydia Sellon"}]},{"reference":"Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey. pp. 192–3. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Life_of_Edward_Bouverie_Pusey_Doctor_of_Divinity_Canon_of_Christ_Church_v3_1000512397/205","url_text":"Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey"}]},{"reference":"Kollar, Rene (2014). Foreign and Wicked Institution?, A: The Campaign Against Convents in Victorian England. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. contents. ISBN 978-0227903117.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0227903110","url_text":"Foreign and Wicked Institution?, A: The Campaign Against Convents in Victorian England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227903117","url_text":"978-0227903117"}]},{"reference":"Howse, Christopher (16 December 2011). \"A very Victorian sisterhood\". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8961386/A-very-Victorian-sisterhood.html","url_text":"\"A very Victorian sisterhood\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Dr. W. (1850). On the Vital Statistics of the Borough of Plymouth, in The London Medical Gazette Vol. XI. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 614.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Some Account of Four Little Native Girls of the Sandwich Islands, Now in England\". Mission Life; Or Home and Foreign Church Work. Vol. VI. London: William MacIntosh. 1869. pp. 436–438. OCLC 22171865.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J9gWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA436","url_text":"\"Some Account of Four Little Native Girls of the Sandwich Islands, Now in England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22171865","url_text":"22171865"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Thomas Jay (1950). Priscilla Lydia Sellon: The Restorer After Three Centuries of the Religious Life in the English Church. S. P. C. K. pp. 244, 264–265, 274, 275 280, 283, 285, 296, 297. OCLC 1082921357.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zIJbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Priscilla Lydia Sellon: The Restorer After Three Centuries of the Religious Life in the English Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082921357","url_text":"1082921357"}]},{"reference":"Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kanahele","url_text":"Kanahele, George S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C","url_text":"Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2240-8","url_text":"978-0-8248-2240-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40890919","url_text":"40890919"}]},{"reference":"Strong, Rowan; Herringer, Carol Engelhardt (2014). Edward Bouverie Pusey and the Oxford Movement. London: Anthem Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-78308-318-3. OCLC 885013429.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TR6NBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30","url_text":"Edward Bouverie Pusey and the Oxford Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-318-3","url_text":"978-1-78308-318-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885013429","url_text":"885013429"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","external_links_name":"\"The Calendar\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25060,","external_links_name":"accessed 26 April 2015"},{"Link":"http://anglicanhistory.org/bios/plsellon.html","external_links_name":"Priscilla Lydia Sellon"},{"Link":"http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Life_of_Edward_Bouverie_Pusey_Doctor_of_Divinity_Canon_of_Christ_Church_v3_1000512397/205","external_links_name":"Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0227903110","external_links_name":"Foreign and Wicked Institution?, A: The Campaign Against Convents in Victorian England"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8961386/A-very-Victorian-sisterhood.html","external_links_name":"\"A very Victorian sisterhood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_wX98ya2nG4C&dq=%22union+street%22+plymouth+cholera&pg=PA614","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.ascotpriory.org.uk/HistoryPage.htm","external_links_name":"History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619123531/http://www.ascotpriory.org.uk/HistoryPage.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J9gWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA436","external_links_name":"\"Some Account of Four Little Native Girls of the Sandwich Islands, Now in England\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22171865","external_links_name":"22171865"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zIJbAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Priscilla Lydia Sellon: The Restorer After Three Centuries of the Religious Life in the English Church"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082921357","external_links_name":"1082921357"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C","external_links_name":"Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40890919","external_links_name":"40890919"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TR6NBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"Edward Bouverie Pusey and the Oxford Movement"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/885013429","external_links_name":"885013429"},{"Link":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx","external_links_name":"Holy Days"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/270676/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66029308","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8G7CWJJhRTdwv7YHt8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1147236364","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90011188","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Ver%C3%B3n	Darío Verón	["1 Career","2 Controversy","3 Honours","3.1 Club","3.2 Individual","4 References","5 External links"]	Paraguayan-Mexican footballer (born 1979) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Verón and the second or maternal family name is Maldonado. Darío Verón Personal informationFull name Darío Anastacio Verón MaldonadoDate of birth (1979-07-26) 26 July 1979 (age 44)Place of birth San Ignacio, ParaguayHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) Centre-backSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1999–2003 12 de Octubre 2001 → Guaraní (loan) 2003 Cobreloa 20 (4)2003–2017 UNAM 451 (22)2017–2019 Olimpia 37 (1)International career‡2001–2017 Paraguay 53 (5) Medal record Representing Paraguay Copa América Runner-up 2011 Argentina Team Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 24 October 2017‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11 September 2012 Darío Anastacio Verón Maldonado (born 26 July 1979) is a former Paraguayan professional footballer that last played as a centre-back. He also holds Mexican citizenship. Career Verón joined Pumas in 2003, on a transfer from the Chilean club Cobreloa. Verón previously played for Club Guaraní and Club 12 de Octubre, clubs from his native country. A commanding central defender, Verón has also scored more than a dozen goals for UNAM because of his strength in the air. His nickname is "Hechicero" (The Wizard), a play on Juan Sebastián Verón's "Brujita" (Little Witch). He has become the most experienced defensive player in the Pumas lineup after Joaquín Beltrán moved to Necaxa and Sergio Bernal announced his retirement. He has also earned some 50 caps for Paraguay, including the Copa América tournaments of 2001, 2007, and 2011, and the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Verón was a key part of the rigid defense that carried Paraguay to the final of the 2011 Copa América in Argentina, where he formed a sturdy central core alongside Paulo Da Silva. On occasion, he has also featured for Paraguay at right fullback. Controversy Verón has been accused of making racist insults by Felipe Baloy, Darwin Quintero and Michael Arroyo. Honours Club Cobreloa Primera División de Chile (1): 2003 Apertura Pumas UNAM Mexican Primera División (4): 2004 Clausura, 2004 Apertura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Clausura Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu: (1) 2004 Campeón de Campeones (1): 2004 Olimpia Paraguayan Primera División (3): 2018 Clausura, 2018 Apertura, 2019 Apertura Individual Best Centre Back of the tournament: 2011 Clausura References ^ *Darío Verón – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish) ^ "Especial: Crece el número de naturalizados en la Liga MX \| Futbol Mexicano \| TelevisaDeportes.com". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ a b "Darío Verón, con antecedentes racistas". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016. ^ "Sin pruebas contra Verón". Televisa Deportes. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016. External links Darío Verón – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish) Darío Verón at National-Football-Teams.com Paraguay squads vteParaguay squad – 2001 Copa América 1 Tavarelli 2 Isasi 3 D. Cáceres 4 Amarilla 5 Sanabria 6 Struway 7 Robles 8 Morínigo 9 M. Cáceres 10 Alvarenga 11 Ferreira 12 Villar 13 Núñez 14 Escobar 15 Verón 16 Enciso 17 Garay 18 Benítez 19 Martínez 20 González 21 Caniza 22 Masi Coach: Markarián vteParaguay squad – 2007 Copa América 1 Villar 2 Verón 3 Morel 4 Manzur 5 Cáceres 6 Bonet 7 Cabañas 8 Barreto 9 Santa Cruz 10 Dos Santos 11 Torres 12 Zayas 13 Salcedo 14 Da Silva 15 González 16 Riveros 17 López 18 Cardozo 19 Santana 20 Vera 21 Cuevas 22 Bobadilla Coach: Martino vteParaguay squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Villar 2 Verón 3 Morel 4 Caniza (c) 5 J. Cáceres 6 Bonet 7 Cardozo 8 É. Barreto 9 Santa Cruz 10 Benítez 11 Santana 12 D. Barreto 13 Vera 14 Da Silva 15 V. Cáceres 16 Riveros 17 Torres 18 Valdez 19 Barrios 20 Ortigoza 21 Alcaraz 22 Bobadilla 23 Gamarra Coach: Martino vteParaguay squad – 2011 Copa América runners-up 1 Villar (c) 2 Verón 3 Piris 4 Marecos 5 Alcaraz 6 M. Cáceres 7 Zeballos 8 É. Barreto 9 Santa Cruz 10 Martínez 11 Santana 12 D. Barreto 13 Vera 14 da Silva 15 V. Cáceres 16 Riveros 17 Torres 18 Valdez 19 Barrios 20 Ortigoza 21 Estigarribia 22 Fernández 23 Pérez Coach: Martino This biographical article related to a football defender from Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Verón and the second or maternal family name is Maldonado.Darío Anastacio Verón Maldonado (born 26 July 1979) is a former Paraguayan professional footballer that last played as a centre-back.[1] He also holds Mexican citizenship.[2]","title":"Darío Verón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobreloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobreloa"},{"link_name":"Club Guaraní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Guaran%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Club 12 de Octubre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_12_de_Octubre"},{"link_name":"Juan Sebastián Verón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Ver%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Beltrán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Beltr%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Necaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necaxa"},{"link_name":"Sergio Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Paulo Da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Da_Silva"}],"text":"Verón joined Pumas in 2003, on a transfer from the Chilean club Cobreloa. Verón previously played for Club Guaraní and Club 12 de Octubre, clubs from his native country. A commanding central defender, Verón has also scored more than a dozen goals for UNAM because of his strength in the air. His nickname is \"Hechicero\" (The Wizard), a play on Juan Sebastián Verón's \"Brujita\" (Little Witch). He has become the most experienced defensive player in the Pumas lineup after Joaquín Beltrán moved to Necaxa and Sergio Bernal announced his retirement.He has also earned some 50 caps for Paraguay, including the Copa América tournaments of 2001, 2007, and 2011, and the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Verón was a key part of the rigid defense that carried Paraguay to the final of the 2011 Copa América in Argentina, where he formed a sturdy central core alongside Paulo Da Silva. On occasion, he has also featured for Paraguay at right fullback.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"Felipe Baloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Baloy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxMX-3"},{"link_name":"Darwin Quintero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Quintero"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxMX-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Verón has been accused of making racist insults by Felipe Baloy,[3] Darwin Quintero[3] and Michael Arroyo.[4]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primera División de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"2003 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Torneo_Apertura_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2004 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Clausura_2004"},{"link_name":"2004 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Apertura_2004"},{"link_name":"2009 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Clausura_2009"},{"link_name":"2011 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Clausura_Liguilla"},{"link_name":"Campeón de Campeones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2018 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Paraguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"2018 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Paraguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"2019 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Paraguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"CobreloaPrimera División de Chile (1): 2003 AperturaPumas UNAMMexican Primera División (4): 2004 Clausura, 2004 Apertura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Clausura\nTrofeo Santiago Bernabéu: (1) 2004\nCampeón de Campeones (1): 2004OlimpiaParaguayan Primera División (3): 2018 Clausura, 2018 Apertura, 2019 Apertura","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Centre-back"},{"link_name":"2011 Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Best Centre Back of the tournament: 2011 Clausura","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Especial: Crece el número de naturalizados en la Liga MX \| Futbol Mexicano \| TelevisaDeportes.com\". 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Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224075932/http://www.foxsports.com.mx/news/230223-dario-veron-con-antecedentes-de-supuestos-insultos-racistas","url_text":"\"Darío Verón, con antecedentes racistas\""},{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com.mx/news/230223-dario-veron-con-antecedentes-de-supuestos-insultos-racistas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sin pruebas contra Verón\". Televisa Deportes. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303074354/http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2016-01-15/pruebas-veron/","url_text":"\"Sin pruebas contra Verón\""},{"url":"http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2016-01-15/pruebas-veron/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.mediotiempo.com/jugador/futbol/dario-veron","external_links_name":"Darío Verón"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061242/http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2015-07-22/especial-crece-numero-naturalizados-liga-mx/","external_links_name":"\"Especial: Crece el número de naturalizados en la Liga MX \| Futbol Mexicano \| TelevisaDeportes.com\""},{"Link":"http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2015-07-22/especial-crece-numero-naturalizados-liga-mx/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224075932/http://www.foxsports.com.mx/news/230223-dario-veron-con-antecedentes-de-supuestos-insultos-racistas","external_links_name":"\"Darío Verón, con antecedentes racistas\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com.mx/news/230223-dario-veron-con-antecedentes-de-supuestos-insultos-racistas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303074354/http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2016-01-15/pruebas-veron/","external_links_name":"\"Sin pruebas contra Verón\""},{"Link":"http://deportes.televisa.com/futbol-mexicano/2016-01-15/pruebas-veron/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.mediotiempo.com/jugador/futbol/dario-veron","external_links_name":"Darío Verón"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/8654.html","external_links_name":"Darío Verón"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dar%C3%ADo_Ver%C3%B3n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasiano_di_Pordenone	Pasiano di Pordenone	["1 Geography","2 International relations","2.1 Twin towns — sister cities","3 People","4 References","5 External links"]	Comune in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ItalyPasiano di Pordenone PasiànComuneComune di Pasiano di Pordenone Coat of armsLocation of Pasiano di Pordenone Pasiano di PordenoneLocation of Pasiano di Pordenone in ItalyShow map of ItalyPasiano di PordenonePasiano di Pordenone (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)Show map of Friuli-Venezia GiuliaCoordinates: 45°51′N 12°38′E / 45.850°N 12.633°E / 45.850; 12.633CountryItalyRegionFriuli-Venezia GiuliaProvincePordenone (PN)FrazioniCecchini, Rivarotta, Sant'Andrea, Azzanello, VisinaleGovernment • MayorEdi PiccininArea • Total45.5 km2 (17.6 sq mi)Elevation13 m (43 ft)Population (April 2009) • Total7,975 • Density180/km2 (450/sq mi)DemonymPasianesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code33087Dialing code0434WebsiteOfficial website Pasiano di Pordenone (Venetian: Pasiàn; Friulian: Pasiàn) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Pordenone. Geography Pasiano borders the following municipalities: Azzano Decimo, Gorgo al Monticano, Mansuè, Meduna di Livenza, Porcia, Pordenone, Prata di Pordenone, Pravisdomini. International relations Twin towns — sister cities Pasiano di Pordenone is twinned with: Canton de Fronsac, France People Damiano Damiani (1922–2013), Italian screenwriter, film director, actor and writer References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ Data from Istat ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. External links Media related to Pasiano di Pordenone at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in Italian) vteFriuli-Venezia Giulia · Comuni of the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone Andreis Arba Aviano Azzano Decimo Barcis Brugnera Budoia Caneva Casarsa della Delizia Castelnovo del Friuli Cavasso Nuovo Chions Cimolais Claut Clauzetto Cordenons Cordovado Erto e Casso Fanna Fiume Veneto Fontanafredda Frisanco Maniago Meduno Montereale Valcellina Morsano al Tagliamento Pasiano di Pordenone Pinzano al Tagliamento Polcenigo Porcia Pordenone Prata di Pordenone Pravisdomini Roveredo in Piano Sacile San Giorgio della Richinvelda San Martino al Tagliamento San Quirino Sequals Sesto al Reghena San Vito al Tagliamento Spilimbergo Tramonti di Sopra Tramonti di Sotto Travesio Vajont Valvasone Arzene Vito d'Asio Vivaro Zoppola Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article on a location in Friuli-Venezia Giulia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language"},{"link_name":"Friulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_language"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pordenone"}],"text":"Pasiano di Pordenone (Venetian: Pasiàn; Friulian: Pasiàn) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Pordenone.","title":"Pasiano di Pordenone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azzano Decimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzano_Decimo"},{"link_name":"Gorgo al Monticano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgo_al_Monticano"},{"link_name":"Mansuè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansu%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Meduna di Livenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduna_di_Livenza"},{"link_name":"Porcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcia,_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Prata di Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata_di_Pordenone"},{"link_name":"Pravisdomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravisdomini"}],"text":"Pasiano borders the following municipalities: Azzano Decimo, Gorgo al Monticano, Mansuè, Meduna di Livenza, Porcia, Pordenone, Prata di Pordenone, Pravisdomini.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Canton de Fronsac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_de_Fronsac&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns — sister cities","text":"Pasiano di Pordenone is twinned with:Canton de Fronsac, France","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damiano Damiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_Damiani"}],"text":"Damiano Damiani (1922–2013), Italian screenwriter, film director, actor and writer","title":"People"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pasiano_di_Pordenone&params=45_51_N_12_38_E_type:city(7,547)_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°51′N 12°38′E / 45.850°N 12.633°E / 45.850; 12.633"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.pasianodipordenone.pn.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.comune.pasianodipordenone.pn.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236604214","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7659088-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasiano_di_Pordenone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasza	Kasha	["1 In Ashkenazi Jewish culture","2 In Czechia","3 In Poland","4 In Russia","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Type of porridge This article is about the food. For other uses, see Kasha (disambiguation). KashaBuckwheat kashaTypePorridge, oatmealRegion or stateEastern EuropeMain ingredientsCereal (buckwheat, wheat, barley, oats, millet or rye) Media: Kasha In English, kasha usually refers to the pseudocereal buckwheat or its culinary preparations. In Eastern European cuisine, kasha can apply to any kind of cooked grain. It can be baked but most often is boiled, either in water or milk, and therefore the term coincides with the English definition of 'porridge', but the word can also refer to the grain before preparation, which corresponds to the definition of 'groats'. Kasha is eaten widely in Belarus (каша), the Czech Republic (kaše), Lithuania (košė), Poland (kasza), Romania and Moldova (cașa), Russia (каша), Slovakia (kaša), Slovenia (kaša), Kazakhstan, and Ukraine (каша), where the term, besides buckwheat, can apply to wheat, barley, oats, millet, rye and even rice. Kasha has been an important element of Slavic diet for at least 1,000 years. This English-language usage probably originated with Jewish immigrants, as did the form קאַשי kashi (literally translated as "porridges"). Buckwheat grains Buckwheat with onions In Ashkenazi Jewish culture As an Ashkenazi-Jewish comfort food, kasha is often served with onions and brown gravy on top of farfalle, known as kasha varnishkes. Kasha is a popular filling for knishes and is sometimes included in matzah-ball soup. In Czechia In Czech the cognate kaše (Czech pronunciation: ) has a wider meaning that also encompasses mashed potato (bramborová kaše), pease pudding (hrachová kaše), etc. In Poland A woman grinding kasha, an 18th-century drawing by J.-P. Norblin In Polish, cooked buckwheat groats are referred to as kasza gryczana. Kasza can apply to many kinds of groats: millet (kasza jaglana), barley (kasza jęczmienna), pearl barley (kasza jęczmienna perłowa, pęczak), oats (kasza owsiana), as well as porridge made from farina (kasza manna). Bulgur can be also be referred to as a type of kasza in Polish (kasza bulgur). As Polish blood sausage is prepared with buckwheat, barley or rice, it is called kaszanka (kasha sausage). Annual per capita consumption of groats in Poland was approximately 1.56 kg (3.4 lb) per year in 2013. In Russia Buckwheat porridge made in oven The largest gross buckwheat consumption per capita is in Russia, with 15 kg (33 lb) per year, followed by Ukraine, with 12 kg (26 lb) per year. Buckweat comprises 20% of all cereal consumption in Russia. In Russian, buckwheat is referred to formally as гречиха (grechi(k)ha), or colloquially as гречка (grechka). Buckwheat grain and buckwheat groats are known as гречневая крупа (grechnevaya krupa). Corresponding words in Yiddish are gretshkes/greytshkelach and retshkes/reytshkelach. The most popular kasha recipe in Russia is that of crumbly cooked buckwheat seasoned with butter. Buckwheat kasha can be eaten at any time of the day, either as a separate dish or as a side dish. Other popular kasha recipes are made with millet, semolina (манная каша) and oatmeal. Cooked with milk and sugar, they are often seen as a breakfast staple, especially for children. Pearl barley porridge is less popular but also eaten. High quality tushonka can be used to season kasha as well, since tushonka is rich in flavor and full gravy-like jelly, but the jelly needs some heating to melt into kasha. Kasha is one of the Russian national dishes, together with shchi. This fact is commemorated in the Russian saying, "щи да каша – пища наша" (shchi da kasha – pishcha nasha), which literally translates as "shchi and kasha are our food" or "cabbage soup and porridge are what we eat". The expression has an implied figurative meaning of "it is enough to eat those two meals to live" or "it doesn't matter what happens in Russia at large, we still live the same way." Butter is often eaten with most kasha recipes, hence another Russian saying: "кашу маслом не испортишь", which translates to "you won't ruin kasha with butter". See also Food portal Grit Gruel Jewish cuisine Kaszanka List of ancient dishes and foods List of buckwheat dishes List of English words of Russian origin List of English words of Ukrainian origin List of porridges List of Russian dishes Notes ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary definition: a porridge made usually from buckwheat groats, "Merriam-Webster's Dictionary". Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ Oxford Dictionary definition: (in Russia and Poland) porridge made from cooked buckwheat or similar grain., "Lexico". Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ Collins Dictionary definition: dish originating in Eastern Europe, consisting of boiled or baked buckwheat, "Collins English Dictionary". Retrieved 21 May 2020. References ^ Molokhovets, Elena (1998). Classic Russian Cooking. Indiana University Press. p. 331. ^ Steinmetz, Sol. Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms. p. 42. ISBN 0-7425-4387-0. ^ "Le Cordon Jew". May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2011-01-15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2007-05-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Retrieved May 30, 2007. ^ "Polish Food 101 ‒ Groats". Culture.pl. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ Biuletyn Informacyjny ARR 4/2013, Handel Wewnętrzny 4/2013 IBRKK ^ No 8 26 жовтня, 2007; ^ Russian Market of Buckwheat in 2009 - September 2010 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Nourish Your Language: Foodie Words Refashioned". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2017-01-31. External links Media related to Buckwheat groats at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of kasha at Wiktionary vteJewish cuisineHistory Ancient Israelite cuisine 1902 kosher meat boycott Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants Types Ashkenazi American Ethiopian Israeli Mizrahi Bukharan Mountain Jewish Moroccan Syrian Sephardi Yemenite Religious dietary laws and related terms Fleishig Hechsher Kashrut Kitniyot Kosher Kosher by ingredient Kosher airline meal Kosher for Passover Kosher restaurant Kosher-style Mashgiach Milchig Pareve Shechita Treif Chefs Ron Ben-Israel Laura Frankel Ina Garten Gil Marks Joan Nathan Ruth Reichl Eyal Shani Michael Solomonov Yotam Ottolenghi Molly Yeh Religious foods Apples and honey Brisket Challah Charoset Dabo kolo Etrog Hanukkah gelt Maror Matzo Mishloach manot Mouna Pain petri Pekalach Showbread Teiglach Zeroa Ashkenazi breads Babka Challah Onion roll Pletzel Pumpernickel Rye Bread Sephardi and Mizrahi breads Bolo Challah Jachnun 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Smoked whitefish Tarama Tunafish Tuna salad Tuna salad sandwich Vorschmack Whitefish salad Salads and pickles Apio Eggplant salad Israeli salad Kosher dill pickle Matbucha Pickled cucumber Tabbouleh Torshi Vegetable dishes Bamia Dolma Stuffed cabbage Tzimmes Soups and stews Adom kubbeh Avgolemono Borscht Chamo kubbe Chicken noodle soup Chamin Chamo kubbeh Cholent Ghormeh sabzi Gondi Hamusta kubbeh Matzo ball soup Msoki Poike Sanbat wat Schav Sofrito Tarator Cheeses and other dairy products Akkawi Ayran Clarified butter Cottage cheese Cream cheese Farmer's cheese Feta Kashkaval Kefir Labneh Quark Sirene Smen Smetana Sour cream Strained yogurt Tzfat cheese Condiments, dips and sauces Applesauce Amba Baba ghanoush Charoset Chrain Filfel chuma Harif Harissa Hilbeh Hummus Horseradish Mikpah Ful Muhammara Mustard Resek avganiyot Spicy brown mustard Tahini Tatbila Zhoug Beverages Arak Beer Boukha Boza Cel-Ray Dr. Brown's Egg cream Grape juice Kedem Linden flower tea Mint lemonade Manischewitz Pomegranate juice Salep Seltzer Tallah Vodka Perfect Wine Herbs, spices and seasonings Anise Baharat Cardamom Cinnamon Consommé Dried onion Everything bagel seasoning Hawaij Montreal steak seasoning Licorice root Nigella seeds Poppy seed Sesame seeds Za'atar Related lists List of foods with religious symbolism List of Jewish cuisine dishes List of kosher restaurants List of restaurants in Israel Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kasha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pseudocereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocereal"},{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"Eastern European cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"porridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porridge"},{"link_name":"groats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groat_(grain)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats"},{"link_name":"millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet"},{"link_name":"rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kashagrains.png"},{"link_name":"Buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0).jpg"}],"text":"This article is about the food. For other uses, see Kasha (disambiguation).In English, kasha usually[a][b][c] refers to the pseudocereal buckwheat or its culinary preparations. In Eastern European cuisine, kasha can apply to any kind of cooked grain. It can be baked but most often is boiled, either in water or milk, and therefore the term coincides with the English definition of 'porridge', but the word can also refer to the grain before preparation, which corresponds to the definition of 'groats'. Kasha is eaten widely in Belarus (каша), the Czech Republic (kaše), Lithuania (košė), Poland (kasza), Romania and Moldova (cașa), Russia (каша), Slovakia (kaša), Slovenia (kaša), Kazakhstan, and Ukraine (каша), where the term, besides buckwheat, can apply to wheat, barley, oats, millet, rye and even rice. Kasha has been an important element of Slavic diet for at least 1,000 years.[1]This English-language usage probably originated with Jewish immigrants, as did the form קאַשי kashi (literally translated as \"porridges\").[2]Buckwheat grains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuckwheat with onions","title":"Kasha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashkenazi-Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews"},{"link_name":"comfort food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_food"},{"link_name":"gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"link_name":"farfalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farfalle"},{"link_name":"kasha varnishkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha_varnishkes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soulandgone-6"},{"link_name":"knishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"matzah-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzah_ball"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As an Ashkenazi-Jewish comfort food, kasha is often served with onions and brown gravy on top of farfalle, known as kasha varnishkes.[3] Kasha is a popular filling for knishes[4] and is sometimes included in matzah-ball soup.[citation needed]","title":"In Ashkenazi Jewish culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"[kaʃɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"link_name":"mashed potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"pease pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_pudding"}],"text":"In Czech the cognate kaše (Czech pronunciation: [kaʃɛ]) has a wider meaning that also encompasses mashed potato (bramborová kaše), pease pudding (hrachová kaše), etc.","title":"In Czechia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norblin_-_Femme_faisant_du_gruau.jpg"},{"link_name":"J.-P. Norblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"pearl barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_barley"},{"link_name":"oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats"},{"link_name":"farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farina_(food)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bulgur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgur"},{"link_name":"blood sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sausage"},{"link_name":"kaszanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszanka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A woman grinding kasha, an 18th-century drawing by J.-P. NorblinIn Polish, cooked buckwheat groats are referred to as kasza gryczana. Kasza can apply to many kinds of groats: millet (kasza jaglana), barley (kasza jęczmienna), pearl barley (kasza jęczmienna perłowa, pęczak), oats (kasza owsiana), as well as porridge made from farina (kasza manna).[5] Bulgur can be also be referred to as a type of kasza in Polish (kasza bulgur).As Polish blood sausage is prepared with buckwheat, barley or rice, it is called kaszanka (kasha sausage).Annual per capita consumption of groats in Poland was approximately 1.56 kg (3.4 lb) per year in 2013.[6]","title":"In Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tattari_uunipuuro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"semolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semolina"},{"link_name":"Pearl barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_barley"},{"link_name":"tushonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushonka"},{"link_name":"gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"link_name":"shchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Buckwheat porridge made in ovenThe largest gross buckwheat consumption per capita is in Russia, with 15 kg (33 lb) per year, followed by Ukraine, with 12 kg (26 lb) per year.[7] Buckweat comprises 20% of all cereal consumption in Russia.[8]In Russian, buckwheat is referred to formally as гречиха (grechi(k)ha), or colloquially as гречка (grechka). Buckwheat grain and buckwheat groats are known as гречневая крупа (grechnevaya krupa). Corresponding words in Yiddish are gretshkes/greytshkelach and retshkes/reytshkelach.The most popular kasha recipe in Russia is that of crumbly cooked buckwheat seasoned with butter. Buckwheat kasha can be eaten at any time of the day, either as a separate dish or as a side dish. Other popular kasha recipes are made with millet, semolina (манная каша) and oatmeal. Cooked with milk and sugar, they are often seen as a breakfast staple, especially for children. Pearl barley porridge is less popular but also eaten. High quality tushonka can be used to season kasha as well, since tushonka is rich in flavor and full gravy-like jelly, but the jelly needs some heating to melt into kasha.Kasha is one of the Russian national dishes, together with shchi. This fact is commemorated in the Russian saying, \"щи да каша – пища наша\" (shchi da kasha – pishcha nasha), which literally translates as \"shchi and kasha are our food\" or \"cabbage soup and porridge are what we eat\". The expression has an implied figurative meaning of \"it is enough to eat those two meals to live\" or \"it doesn't matter what happens in Russia at large, we still live the same way.\"Butter is often eaten with most kasha recipes, hence another Russian saying: \"кашу маслом не испортишь\", which translates to \"you won't ruin kasha with butter\".[9]","title":"In Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kasha"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Lexico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kasha"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexico.com/definition/kasha"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Collins English Dictionary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kasha"}],"text":"^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary definition: a porridge made usually from buckwheat groats, \"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.\n\n^ Oxford Dictionary definition: (in Russia and Poland) porridge made from cooked buckwheat or similar grain., \"Lexico\". Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.\n\n^ Collins Dictionary definition: dish originating in Eastern Europe, consisting of boiled or baked buckwheat, \"Collins English Dictionary\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"A woman grinding kasha, an 18th-century drawing by J.-P. Norblin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Norblin_-_Femme_faisant_du_gruau.jpg/260px-Norblin_-_Femme_faisant_du_gruau.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buckwheat porridge made in oven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tattari_uunipuuro.jpg/260px-Tattari_uunipuuro.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_(grain)"},{"title":"Gruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruel"},{"title":"Jewish cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine"},{"title":"Kaszanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszanka"},{"title":"List of ancient dishes and foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes"},{"title":"List of buckwheat dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buckwheat_dishes"},{"title":"List of English words of Russian origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Russian_origin"},{"title":"List of English words of Ukrainian origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Ukrainian_origin"},{"title":"List of porridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_porridges"},{"title":"List of Russian dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_dishes"}]	[{"reference":"\"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kasha","url_text":"\"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lexico\". Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kasha","url_text":"\"Lexico\""},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/kasha","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collins English Dictionary\". Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kasha","url_text":"\"Collins English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Cordon Jew\". May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2011-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325000145/http://www.soulandgone.com/2008/05/22/le-cordon-jew-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0/","url_text":"\"Le Cordon Jew\""},{"url":"http://www.soulandgone.com/2008/05/22/le-cordon-jew-%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bf%d1%88%d1%83-%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b0-%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b0/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2007-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070421182005/http://www.jewish-food.org/recipes/knishkas.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.jewish-food.org/recipes/knishkas.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polish Food 101 ‒ Groats\". Culture.pl. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://culture.pl/en/work/polish-food-101-groats","url_text":"\"Polish Food 101 ‒ Groats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nourish Your Language: Foodie Words Refashioned\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2017-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115074722/http://lidenz.ru/nourish-your-language/","url_text":"\"Nourish Your Language: Foodie Words Refashioned\""},{"url":"http://lidenz.ru/nourish-your-language/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kasha","external_links_name":"\"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215538/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kasha","external_links_name":"\"Lexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/kasha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kasha","external_links_name":"\"Collins English Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325000145/http://www.soulandgone.com/2008/05/22/le-cordon-jew-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0/","external_links_name":"\"Le Cordon Jew\""},{"Link":"http://www.soulandgone.com/2008/05/22/le-cordon-jew-%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%bf%d1%88%d1%83-%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b0-%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%89%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%88%d0%b0/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070421182005/http://www.jewish-food.org/recipes/knishkas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewish-food.org/recipes/knishkas.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://culture.pl/en/work/polish-food-101-groats","external_links_name":"\"Polish Food 101 ‒ Groats\""},{"Link":"http://www.agroprofi.com.ua/","external_links_name":"No 8 [008] 26 жовтня"},{"Link":"http://en.id-marketing.ru/articles/market-of-buckwheat/","external_links_name":"Russian Market of Buckwheat in 2009 - September 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213240/http://en.id-marketing.ru/articles/market-of-buckwheat/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115074722/http://lidenz.ru/nourish-your-language/","external_links_name":"\"Nourish Your Language: Foodie Words Refashioned\""},{"Link":"http://lidenz.ru/nourish-your-language/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Court	Environment Court of New Zealand	["1 History","2 Jurisdiction","3 Structure","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Specialist court for land use and environmental issues Environment Court of New ZealandTe Kōti Taiao o Aotearoa (Māori)Established1996LocationAuckland, Wellington and ChristchurchAuthorized byResource Management Act 1991Appeals toHigh Court of New ZealandWebsiteenvironmentcourt.govt.nzChief Environment Court JudgeCurrentlyJudge D A KirkpatrickSince2020 Politics of New Zealand Constitution The Crown Monarch King Charles III Governor-General (list) Cindy Kiro Realm of New Zealand Executive government List of governments (current) Cabinet Ministers Prime Minister (list) Christopher Luxon Executive Council State services departments Legislature54th New Zealand Parliament King-in-Parliament House of Representatives Speaker: Gerry Brownlee Official Opposition Elections Political parties Electorates Electoral system Electoral reform Electoral Commission Recent elections: General: 2014201720202023 Local: 2013201620192022 Referendums Political funding and election expenses Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Helen Winkelmann Court of Appeal President: Mark Cooper High Court District Court Other Courts: EmploymentEnvironment Courts Martial Appeal Māori LandWaitangi Tribunal Law of New Zealand Local government Regions Territorial authorities Community boards Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister: Winston Peters Diplomatic missions of / in New Zealand Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy New Zealand and the United Nations Ideology Anarchism Christian Conservatism Environmentalism Fascism Feminism Liberalism Populism Republicanism Socialism Related topics Māori politics Nuclear-free zone New Zealand portal Other countries vte The Environment Court of New Zealand (Māori: Te Kōti Taiao o Aotearoa) is a specialist court for plans, resource consents and environmental issues. It mainly deals with issues arising under the Resource Management Act, meaning that it covers a wide range of potential future effects of planning applications, which can include such areas as traffic congestion, noise/pollution emissions and social and commercial consequences, rather than just the 'ecological' aspects that could be implied by the 'environmental' term. History The history of independent appeal courts addressing environmental matters began with the establishment of Appeal Boards under the Town and Country Planning Act 1953. The first planning appeals were heard in February 1955. The Appeal Boards were replaced by the Planning Tribunal following the passing of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977. The Environment Court replaced the Planning Tribunal as a result of the Resource Management Amendment Act 1996. Jurisdiction The Environment Court has a substantially larger role than the Planning Tribunal, with expanded functions and powers over planning, resource consents and enforcement. Virtually all important processes and decisions under the Resource Management Act 1991, such as regional policy statements, regional and district plans, resource consents and Water Conservation Orders, may be appealed to the Environment Court. In particular, the Environment Court hears appeals on decisions on applications for resource consent on a 'de novo' basis. The Environment Court does not review the decision: it hears any evidence it requires and makes its own decision, which replaces that of the local authority. It focuses on "the merits and substance of the particular decision at issue, not the deliberative process of the executive authority that made the initial decision." The Environment Court also has the power to make declarations that interpret the law under the Resource Management Act. The Environment Court has the status and powers of a District Court, so it can conduct prosecutions and enforcement of the Resource Management Act through civil or criminal proceedings. The Environment Court also has functions under other statutes: Forests Act 1949 – Appeals about felling native beech forests, Local Government Act 1974 – Objections to road stopping proposals, Public Works Act 1981 – Objections to the compulsory taking of land, Transit New Zealand Act 1989 – Objections regarding access to limited access roads, Crown Minerals Act 1991 – Administration of existing privileges, Electricity Act 1992 – Disputes about land access to existing works, Historic Places Act 1993 – Appeals about historic and archaeological sites, Biosecurity Act 1993 – Appeals about regional pest strategies, Maori Commercial Aquaculture Claim Settlement Act 2004 – Appeals against allocation decisions of regional councils. Decisions of the Environment Court may only be appealed to the High Court of New Zealand on a point of law. Structure The Environment Court is a single court, but it has no centralised courthouse and it sits in courthouses across the country. Judges for the court are permanently stationed in Wellington, Auckland, and Christchurch, but they travel to other centres on circuit as needed. See also Environmental Protection Authority (New Zealand) References ^ Politics and Planning: The Independence of the Environment Court – Judge John Bollard, New Zealand Planning Institute 2007 Conference, Wednesday 28 March 2007 ^ Environment Court (from the Ministry of Justice website) ^ Birdsong, Bret (October 1998). "Adjudicating Sustainability: The Environment Court and New Zealand's Resource Management Act" (PDF). p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2007. ^ Birdsong, B. (1998), page 22. ^ Birdsong, B. (1998), page 77. ^ Legislation and Resources Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Environment Court of New Zealand website. Retrieved 7 January 2008. ^ Section 299 Resource Management Act 1991 (New Zealand) External links Environment Court of New Zealand : official site Your Guide to the Environment Court: An Everyday Guide to the RMA. Series 6.1, Ref. ME760, Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand, June 2006. portable document format Archived 30 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, and web page Archived 30 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Environment Court – process, conduct and protocol at the hearing and what happens after the hearing. See How the Land Lies vteLaw of New ZealandSources English law Acts of Parliament Constitution of New Zealand Letters Patent 1983 Constitution Act 1986 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel Parliamentary sovereignty Rule of law Separation of powers Courts of New ZealandGeneral jurisdiction Supreme Court Court of Appeal High Court District Court Specialist jurisdiction Disputes Tribunal Employment Court Environment Court Family Court Māori Land Court Defunct jurisdiction Court of Arbitration Education Admission to practice law List of law schools	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"resource consents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consent"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"Resource Management Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991"}],"text":"The Environment Court of New Zealand (Māori: Te Kōti Taiao o Aotearoa) is a specialist court for plans, resource consents and environmental issues. It mainly deals with issues arising under the Resource Management Act, meaning that it covers a wide range of potential future effects of planning applications, which can include such areas as traffic congestion, noise/pollution emissions and social and commercial consequences, rather than just the 'ecological' aspects that could be implied by the 'environmental' term.","title":"Environment Court of New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appeal courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_court"},{"link_name":"Town and Country Planning Act 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1977"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The history of independent appeal courts addressing environmental matters began with the establishment of Appeal Boards under the Town and Country Planning Act 1953. The first planning appeals were heard in February 1955. The Appeal Boards were replaced by the Planning Tribunal following the passing of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977.[1]The Environment Court replaced the Planning Tribunal as a result of the Resource Management Amendment Act 1996.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resource consents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consent"},{"link_name":"Resource Management Act 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991"},{"link_name":"resource consents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consent"},{"link_name":"Water Conservation Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Conservation_Order"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"resource consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_consent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"declarations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(law)"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Courts_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Forests Act 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_Act_1949"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1974_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Crown Minerals Act 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Minerals_Act_1991"},{"link_name":"Historic Places Act 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Places_Act_1993"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"High Court of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Environment Court has a substantially larger role than the Planning Tribunal, with expanded functions and powers over planning, resource consents and enforcement. Virtually all important processes and decisions under the Resource Management Act 1991, such as regional policy statements, regional and district plans, resource consents and Water Conservation Orders, may be appealed to the Environment Court.[3]In particular, the Environment Court hears appeals on decisions on applications for resource consent on a 'de novo' basis. The Environment Court does not review the decision: it hears any evidence it requires and makes its own decision, which replaces that of the local authority. It focuses on \"the merits and substance of the particular decision at issue, not the deliberative process of the executive authority that made the initial decision.\"[4]The Environment Court also has the power to make declarations that interpret the law under the Resource Management Act.The Environment Court has the status and powers of a District Court, so it can conduct prosecutions and enforcement of the Resource Management Act through civil or criminal proceedings.[5]The Environment Court also has functions under other statutes:Forests Act 1949 – Appeals about felling native beech forests,\nLocal Government Act 1974 – Objections to road stopping proposals,\nPublic Works Act 1981 – Objections to the compulsory taking of land,\nTransit New Zealand Act 1989 – Objections regarding access to limited access roads,\nCrown Minerals Act 1991 – Administration of existing privileges,\nElectricity Act 1992 – Disputes about land access to existing works,\nHistoric Places Act 1993 – Appeals about historic and archaeological sites,\nBiosecurity Act 1993 – Appeals about regional pest strategies,\nMaori Commercial Aquaculture Claim Settlement Act 2004 – Appeals against allocation decisions of regional councils.[6]Decisions of the Environment Court may only be appealed to the High Court of New Zealand on a point of law.[7]","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"}],"text":"The Environment Court is a single court, but it has no centralised courthouse and it sits in courthouses across the country. Judges for the court are permanently stationed in Wellington, Auckland, and Christchurch, but they travel to other centres on circuit as needed.","title":"Structure"}]	[]	[{"title":"Environmental Protection Authority (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Authority_(New_Zealand)"}]	[{"reference":"Birdsong, Bret (October 1998). \"Adjudicating Sustainability: The Environment Court and New Zealand's Resource Management Act\" (PDF). p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228234814/http://www.fulbright.org.nz/voices/axford/docs/birdsongb.pdf","url_text":"\"Adjudicating Sustainability: The Environment Court and New Zealand's Resource Management Act\""},{"url":"http://www.fulbright.org.nz/voices/axford/docs/birdsongb.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://environmentcourt.govt.nz/","external_links_name":"environmentcourt.govt.nz"},{"Link":"http://www.justice.govt.nz/environment/","external_links_name":"Environment Court"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228234814/http://www.fulbright.org.nz/voices/axford/docs/birdsongb.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Adjudicating Sustainability: The Environment Court and New Zealand's Resource Management Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.fulbright.org.nz/voices/axford/docs/birdsongb.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.justice.govt.nz/environment/legislation-and-resources/default.asp","external_links_name":"Legislation and Resources"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829142631/http://www.justice.govt.nz/environment/legislation-and-resources/default.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/environment-court","external_links_name":"Environment Court of New Zealand"},{"Link":"http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/everyday/court-guide-jun06/court-guide-jun06.pdf","external_links_name":"portable document format"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060930094659/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/everyday/court-guide-jun06/court-guide-jun06.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/everyday/court-guide-jun06/html/index.html","external_links_name":"web page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060930094646/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/everyday/court-guide-jun06/html/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129230657/http://www.seehowthelandlies.co.nz/Environment-court/environment-court.htm","external_links_name":"See How the Land Lies"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Prefecture	Songzhou	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Historical administrative division in China This article is about the historical prefecture in the border area of modern Henan, Anhui and Shandong. For other historical prefectures, see Songzhou (disambiguation). Songzhou or Song Prefecture (宋州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shangqiu, Henan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 596 to 1006. The Song dynasty was named after this prefecture because its founder Emperor Taizu of Song had stationed in Songzhou for many years. Geography The administrative region of Songzhou in the Tang dynasty is in the border area of modern eastern Henan, northern Anhui and southwestern Shandong. It probably includes parts of modern: Under the administration of Shangqiu, Henan: Shangqiu: Liangyuan District and Suiyang District Minquan County Sui County Ningling County Zhecheng County Yucheng County Xiayi County Under the administration of Heze, Shandong: Shan County Cao County Under the administration of Suzhou, Anhui: Dangshan County References Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典) (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. p. 1352. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1. This Chinese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to the history of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songzhou (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songzhou_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Shangqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizu of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song"}],"text":"This article is about the historical prefecture in the border area of modern Henan, Anhui and Shandong. For other historical prefectures, see Songzhou (disambiguation).Songzhou or Song Prefecture (宋州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shangqiu, Henan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 596 to 1006.The Song dynasty was named after this prefecture because its founder Emperor Taizu of Song had stationed in Songzhou for many years.","title":"Songzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Shangqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu"},{"link_name":"Liangyuan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangyuan_District"},{"link_name":"Suiyang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiyang_District"},{"link_name":"Minquan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minquan_County"},{"link_name":"Sui County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_County,_Henan"},{"link_name":"Ningling County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningling_County"},{"link_name":"Zhecheng County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhecheng_County"},{"link_name":"Yucheng County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucheng_County"},{"link_name":"Xiayi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiayi_County"},{"link_name":"Heze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heze"},{"link_name":"Shan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_County"},{"link_name":"Cao County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_County"},{"link_name":"Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui"},{"link_name":"Dangshan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangshan_County"}],"text":"The administrative region of Songzhou in the Tang dynasty is in the border area of modern eastern Henan, northern Anhui and southwestern Shandong. It probably includes parts of modern:Under the administration of Shangqiu, Henan:\nShangqiu: Liangyuan District and Suiyang District\nMinquan County\nSui County\nNingling County\nZhecheng County\nYucheng County\nXiayi County\nUnder the administration of Heze, Shandong:\nShan County\nCao County\nUnder the administration of Suzhou, Anhui:\nDangshan County","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典) [Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. p. 1352. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-4929-1","url_text":"7-5004-4929-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songzhou&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songzhou&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_So_Raven_Too!	That's So Raven Too!	["1 Track listing","1.1 Notes","2 Charts","3 References"]	2006 soundtrack album by Raven-Symoné and various artistsThat's So Raven Too!Soundtrack album by Raven-Symoné and various artistsReleasedMarch 7, 2006GenrePopR&BLength49:30LabelWalt DisneyProducerRaven-SymonéMatthew GerrardMarco MarinangeliDaniel CageFrenchDani MarkmanThat's So Raven soundtrack chronology That's So Raven(2004) That's So Raven Too!(2006) Singles from That's So Raven Too! "Some Call It Magic"Released: January 25, 2006 "Little by Little (Remix)"Released: March 7, 2006 That's So Raven Too! is the second soundtrack album from the hit Disney Channel original series, That's So Raven. The soundtrack debuted and peaked at #44, on the Billboard 200, selling 22,600 copies in its first week. Since then, the soundtrack has sold 200,000 copies (as of 2007). The soundtrack includes the single "Some Call it Magic" by Raven-Symoné. The album also features songs from other artists such as Jesse McCartney, B5, Everlife, Anneliese van der Pol, Orlando Brown, Aretha Franklin, and Aly & AJ. Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Recording Artist(s)Length1."Some Call It Magic"Matthew GerrardRobbie NevilRaven PearmanRaven-Symoné3:092."Friends"GerrardNevilPearmanRaven-Symoné and Anneliese van der Pol3:173."Little By Little"GerrardNevilPearmanBrownRaven-Symoné and Orlando Brown3:264."Jump In"GerrardNevilPearmanJay CondiottiRaven-Symoné3:525."She's No You" (Neptunes Remix)GerrardNevilMcCartneyJesse McCartney3:086."Walking on Sunshine"Kimberley RewAly & AJ3:567."Let's Groove"Maurice WhiteWayne VaughnB53:368."Let's Stick Together"GerrardNevilPearmanRaven-Symoné, Anneliese van der Pol and Kyle Massey3:279."A Day in the Sun"GerrardCharlie MidnightAnneliese van der Pol3:3110."I Can See Clearly Now"Johnny NashEverlife3:1311."Will It Go Round in Circles"Billy PrestonBruce FisherOrlando Brown3:0712."This Is My Time" (Remix)Raven-SymonéMatthew GerrardRobbie NevilRaven-Symoné3:4213."Respect"Otis ReddingAretha Franklin2:2414."Supernatural" (Too! Mix)GerrardMichelle LewisRaven-Symoné2:4615."Some Call It Magic" (B.F.F. Mix)GerrardNevilPearmanRaven-Symoné3:00 iTunes bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Recording Artist(s)Length16."Little by Little" (Remix)GerrardNevilPearmanBrownRaven-Symoné and Orlando Brown3:26 Notes "Walking on Sunshine" is a cover, originally performed by Katrina and the Waves. "A Day in the Sun" is a cover, originally performed by Hilary Duff on her Metamorphosis album (Japanese version). "I Can See Clearly Now" is a cover, originally performed by Johnny Nash. "Will It Go Round in Circles" is a cover, originally performed by Billy Preston. "Let's Groove" is a cover of an Earth, Wind, And Fire song. Charts Chart Peakposition Sales U.S. Billboard 200 44 200,000+(as of April 2007) U.S. Billboard Top Kid Audio 3 U.S. Billboard Top Soundtracks 4 References ^ Raven-Symoné - Raven-Symoné \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic That's So Raven Too! at AllMusic ^ That's So Raven Too! - Raven-Symoné \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic That's So Raven Too! at AllMusic ^ Producers ^ Little By Little (Remix) / Raven-Symoné & Orlando Brown Exclusive Radio Disney Interview iTunes ^ Caulfield, Keith (February 2, 2007). "Ask Billboard \| Billboard". Billboard. The first Cheetah Girls album has sold 2 million copies while the follow-up has moved 1.3 million. The first That's So Raven soundtrack has shifted 491,000 while the second volume has done 200,000. ^ link ^ That's So Raven Too! (iTunes Exclusive) by Various Artists ^ a b c That's So Raven Too! charts Allmusic vteThat's So RavenEpisodes Season 1 2 "Don't Have a Cow" 3 4 "That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" Soundtracks That's So Raven That's So Raven Too! Spin-offs Cory in the House episodes video game Raven's Home episodes Related Psychic on the Scene Palak Pe Jhalak vteRaven-Symoné Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Here's to New Dreams Undeniable This Is My Time Raven-Symoné Compilation albums From Then Until Soundtrack albums The Cheetah Girls That's So Raven That's So Raven Too! The Cheetah Girls 2 Singles "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of" "With a Child's Heart" "Grazing in the Grass" "Backflip" "Double Dutch Bus" Collaboration songs "Cinderella" "Your Crowning Glory" "The Party's Just Begun" "Strut" "Step Up" "Amigas Cheetahs" Related topics The Cheetah Girls	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"That's So Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_So_Raven"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"That's So Raven Too! is the second soundtrack album from the hit Disney Channel original series, That's So Raven. The soundtrack debuted and peaked at #44, on the Billboard 200, selling 22,600 copies in its first week. Since then, the soundtrack has sold 200,000 copies (as of 2007).[5] The soundtrack includes the single \"Some Call it Magic\" by Raven-Symoné. 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Mix)GerrardMichelle LewisRaven-Symoné2:4615.\"Some Call It Magic\" (B.F.F. Mix)GerrardNevilPearmanRaven-Symoné3:00iTunes bonus tracks[7]No.TitleWriter(s)Recording Artist(s)Length16.\"Little by Little\" (Remix)GerrardNevilPearmanBrownRaven-Symoné and Orlando Brown3:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katrina and the Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_and_the_Waves"},{"link_name":"Hilary Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Duff"},{"link_name":"Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_(Hilary_Duff_album)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Nash"},{"link_name":"Billy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Preston"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind, And Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind,_And_Fire"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"\"Walking on Sunshine\" is a cover, originally performed by Katrina and the Waves.\n\"A Day in the Sun\" is a cover, originally performed by Hilary Duff on her Metamorphosis album (Japanese version).\n\"I Can See Clearly Now\" is a cover, originally performed by Johnny Nash.\n\"Will It Go Round in Circles\" is a cover, originally performed by Billy Preston.\n\"Let's Groove\" is a cover of an Earth, Wind, And Fire song.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (February 2, 2007). \"Ask Billboard \| Billboard\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_errors	Typographical error	["1 Marking typos","1.1 Typesetting","1.2 Typing","1.3 Social media","1.4 Textual analysis","2 Scribal errors","3 Biblical errors","4 \"Intentional\" typos","4.1 Typosquatting","4.2 Typos in online auctions","5 Atomic typos","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Mistake made in typing printed material "Typo" redirects here. For other uses, see Typo (disambiguation). Titivillus is a demon said to introduce errors into the work of scribes. This is a 14th century illustration of Titivillus at a scribe's desk. A typographical error (often shortened to typo), also called a misprint, is a mistake (such as a spelling or transposition error) made in the typing of printed or electronic material. Historically, this referred to mistakes in manual typesetting. Technically, the term includes errors due to mechanical failure or slips of the hand or finger, but excludes errors of ignorance, such as spelling errors, or changing and misuse of words such as "than" and "then". Before the arrival of printing, the copyist's mistake or scribal error was the equivalent for manuscripts. Most typos involve simple duplication, omission, transposition, or substitution of a small number of characters. "Fat finger" typing (especially in the financial sector) is a slang term referring to an unwanted secondary action when typing. When a finger is bigger than the touch zone, with touchscreens or keyboards, there can be inaccuracy and one may hit two keys in a single keystroke. An example is buckled instead of bucked, due to the "L" key being next to the "K" key on the QWERTY keyboard, the most common keyboard for Latin-script alphabets. Marking typos Typesetting Historically, the process of converting a manuscript to a printed document required a typesetter to copy the text and print a first "galley proof" (familiarly, "a proof"). It may contain typographical errors ("printer's errors"), as a result of human error during typesetting. Traditionally, a proofreader compares the manuscript with the corresponding typeset portion, and then marks any errors (sometimes called "line edits") using standard proofreaders' marks. Typing Correction fluid was often used to correct typographical errors as (or after) the document was typed. The fluid was painted over the error and, when dry the correct spelling was written on the new surface. Exceptionally, printing errors were painted out and a handwritten correction applied. When using a typewriter without correction tape, typos were commonly struck out with another character such as a strikethrough. This saved the typist the trouble of retyping the entire page to eliminate the error, but as evidence of the typo remained, it was not aesthetically pleasing. Correction fluid was invented to hide the original mark and allow the typist to correct the error almost invisibly. Word processing software all but eliminated the need for this solution. Social media In computer forums, sometimes "^H" (a visual representation of the ASCII backspace character) was used to "erase" intentional typos: "Be nice to this fool^H^H^H^Hgentleman, he's visiting from corporate HQ." In instant messaging, users often send messages in haste and only afterward notice the typo. It is common practice to correct the typo by sending a subsequent message in which an asterisk (*) is placed before (or after) the correct word. Textual analysis In formal prose, it is sometimes necessary to quote text containing typos or other doubtful words. In such cases, the author will write "" to indicate that an error was in the original quoted source rather than in the transcription. Scribal errors Scribal errors received a lot of attention in the context of textual criticism. Many of these mistakes are not specific to manuscripts and can be referred to as typos. Some classifications include homeoteleuton and homeoarchy (skipping a line due to the similarity of the ending or beginning), haplography (copying once what appeared twice), dittography (copying twice what appeared once), contamination (introduction of extraneous elements), metathesis (reversing the order of some elements), unwitting mistranscription of similar elements, mistaking similar looking letters, the substitution of homophones, fission and fusion (joining or separating words). Biblical errors The Wicked Bible The Judas Bible in St. Mary's Church, Totnes, Devon, UK The Wicked Bible omits the word "not" in the commandment, "thou shalt not commit adultery". The Judas Bible is a copy of the second folio edition of the authorized version, printed by Robert Barker, printer to James VI and I, in 1613, and given to the church for the use of the Mayor of Totnes. This edition is known as the Judas Bible because in Matthew 26:36 "Judas" appears instead of "Jesus". In this copy, the mistake is corrected with a slip of paper pasted over the misprint. "Intentional" typos Certain typos, or kinds of typos, have acquired widespread notoriety and are occasionally used deliberately for humorous purposes. For instance, the British newspaper The Guardian is sometimes referred to as The Grauniad due to its reputation for frequent typesetting errors in the era before computer typesetting. This usage began as a running joke in the satirical magazine Private Eye. The magazine continues to refer to The Guardian by this name. Typos are common on social media, and some—such as "teh", "pwned", and "zomg"—have become in-jokes among Internet groups and subcultures. P0rn is not a typo but an example of obfuscation, where people make a word harder for filtering software to understand while retaining its meaning to human readers. In mapping, it was common practice to include deliberate errors so that copyright theft could be identified. Typosquatting Main article: Typosquatting Typosquatting is a form of cybersquatting that relies on typographical errors made by users of the Internet. Typically, the cybersquatter will register a likely typo of a frequently-accessed website address in the hope of receiving traffic when internet users mistype that address into a web browser. Deliberately introducing typos into a web page, or into its metadata, can also draw unwitting visitors when they enter these typos in Internet search engines. An example of this is gogole.com instead of google.com which could potentially be harmful to the user. Typos in online auctions Since the emergence and popularization of online auction sites such as eBay, misspelled auction searches have quickly become lucrative for people searching for deals. The concept on which these searches are based is that, if an individual posts an auction and misspells its description and/or title, regular searches will not find this auction. However, a search that includes misspelled alterations of the original search term in such a way as to create misspellings, transpositions, omissions, double strikes, and wrong key errors would find most misspelled auctions. The resulting effect is that there are far fewer bids than there would be under normal circumstances, allowing the searcher to obtain the item for less. A series of third-party websites have sprung up allowing people to find these items. Atomic typos Another kind of typo—informally called an "atomic typo"—is a typo that happens to result in a correctly spelled word that is different from the intended one. Since it is spelled correctly, a simple spellchecker cannot find the mistake. The term was used at least as early as 1995 by Robert Terry. A few illustrative examples include: "now" instead of "not", "unclear" instead of "nuclear" "you" instead of "your" "Sudan" instead of "sedan" (leading to a diplomatic incident in 2005 between Sudan and the United States regarding a nuclear test code-named Sedan) "Untied States" instead of "United States" "the" instead of "they" and many more. For any of these, the converse is also true. See also Clerical error – Mistake in clerical work, e.g. data entry Errata – Correction of a published textPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Fat-finger error – Keyboard input error Human error – Action with unintended consequences Orthography – Set of conventions for written language Scrivener's error – Clerical error in a legal document Titivillus – Demon who introduces errors into texts Transcription error – Data entry error Typography – the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable and appealing when displayed. Typographers design pages; traditionally, typesetters "set" the type to accord with that design. References ^ "Typo - Definition". Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-01-03. ^ "Wordnet definition". Wordnet. Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ Chapter 5. Hacker Writing Style Archived 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Jargon File, version 4.4.7 ^ Magnan, Sally Sieloff (2008). Mediating discourse online. AILA Applied Linguistics Series. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 260. ISBN 978-90-272-0519-3. ^ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). "sic (adv.)". The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ Paul D. Wegner, A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible: Its History, Methods, and Results, InterVarsity Press, 2006, p. 48. ^ "Manuscript Studies: Textual analysis (Scribal error)". www.ualberta.ca. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2018. ^ Taylor, Ros (2000-09-12). "Internet know-how: Spelling". Guardian Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ Lyall, Sarah (1998-02-16). "Confession as Strength At a British Newspaper". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ Marsden, Rhodri (2006-10-18). "What do these strange web words mean?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ "The case of Sandy Island; mapping error or copyright trap?". Vicchi. November 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ Sullivan, Bob (2000-09-23). "'Typosquatters' turn flubs into cash". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ "How finding mistakes can net great deals on eBay". King5. KING-TV. 2004-07-01. Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^ Douglas Quenqua (2008-11-23). "Help for eBay Shoppers Who Can't Spell". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-02-25. ^ Hanif, C. B. (August 10, 1995). "Hurricane Coverage Kicks Up Dust". The Palm Beach Post. p. 14. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Callan, Tim (2011-04-23). "The now vs. not typo". Tim Callan on Marketing and Technology. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-13. ^ Karr, Phyllis Ann (2012). Frostflower and Thorn. Wildside Press. p. 415. ISBN 9781479490028. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-03-20. External links BookErrata.com "How Many Errorrs are in this Essay?" on famous typos, in The Millions	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Typo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typo_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titivillus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Titivillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titivillus"},{"link_name":"demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"transposition error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_error"},{"link_name":"typing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"typesetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"spelling errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"\"Fat finger\" typing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-finger_error"},{"link_name":"slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang"},{"link_name":"touchscreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)"},{"link_name":"buckled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buckled"},{"link_name":"bucked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bucked"},{"link_name":"QWERTY keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY"},{"link_name":"most common keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout#QWERTY"},{"link_name":"Latin-script alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet"}],"text":"Mistake made in typing printed material\"Typo\" redirects here. For other uses, see Typo (disambiguation).Titivillus is a demon said to introduce errors into the work of scribes. This is a 14th century illustration of Titivillus at a scribe's desk.A typographical error (often shortened to typo), also called a misprint, is a mistake (such as a spelling or transposition error) made in the typing of printed or electronic material.[1] Historically, this referred to mistakes in manual typesetting. Technically, the term includes errors due to mechanical failure or slips of the hand or finger,[2] but excludes errors of ignorance, such as spelling errors, or changing and misuse of words such as \"than\" and \"then\". Before the arrival of printing, the copyist's mistake or scribal error was the equivalent for manuscripts. Most typos involve simple duplication, omission, transposition, or substitution of a small number of characters.\"Fat finger\" typing (especially in the financial sector) is a slang term referring to an unwanted secondary action when typing. When a finger is bigger than the touch zone, with touchscreens or keyboards, there can be inaccuracy and one may hit two keys in a single keystroke. An example is buckled instead of bucked, due to the \"L\" key being next to the \"K\" key on the QWERTY keyboard, the most common keyboard for Latin-script alphabets.","title":"Typographical error"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marking typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"typesetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesetter"},{"link_name":"proofreader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreader"},{"link_name":"standard proofreaders' marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks"}],"sub_title":"Typesetting","text":"Historically, the process of converting a manuscript to a printed document required a typesetter to copy the text and print a first \"galley proof\" (familiarly, \"a proof\"). It may contain typographical errors (\"printer's errors\"), as a result of human error during typesetting. Traditionally, a proofreader compares the manuscript with the corresponding typeset portion, and then marks any errors (sometimes called \"line edits\") using standard proofreaders' marks.","title":"Marking typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spelling_Correction_Example.jpg"},{"link_name":"Correction fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correction_fluid"},{"link_name":"typewriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter"},{"link_name":"correction tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correction_tape"},{"link_name":"struck out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstrike"},{"link_name":"strikethrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikethrough"},{"link_name":"Correction fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correction_fluid"},{"link_name":"Word processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processing"}],"sub_title":"Typing","text":"Correction fluid was often used to correct typographical errors as (or after) the document was typed. The fluid was painted over the error and, when dry the correct spelling was written on the new surface. Exceptionally, printing errors were painted out and a handwritten correction applied.When using a typewriter without correction tape, typos were commonly struck out with another character such as a strikethrough. This saved the typist the trouble of retyping the entire page to eliminate the error, but as evidence of the typo remained, it was not aesthetically pleasing. Correction fluid was invented to hide the original mark and allow the typist to correct the error almost invisibly. Word processing software all but eliminated the need for this solution.","title":"Marking typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"backspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backspace"},{"link_name":"erase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epanorthosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"instant messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging"},{"link_name":"asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Social media","text":"In computer forums, sometimes \"^H\" (a visual representation of the ASCII backspace character) was used to \"erase\" intentional typos: \"Be nice to this fool^H^H^H^Hgentleman, he's visiting from corporate HQ.\"[3]In instant messaging, users often send messages in haste and only afterward notice the typo. It is common practice to correct the typo by sending a subsequent message in which an asterisk (*) is placed before (or after) the correct word.[4]","title":"Marking typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Textual analysis","text":"In formal prose, it is sometimes necessary to quote text containing typos or other doubtful words. In such cases, the author will write \"[sic]\" to indicate that an error was in the original quoted source rather than in the transcription.[5]","title":"Marking typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"textual criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism"},{"link_name":"homeoteleuton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoteleuton"},{"link_name":"haplography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplography"},{"link_name":"dittography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittography"},{"link_name":"homophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Scribal errors received a lot of attention in the context of textual criticism. Many of these mistakes are not specific to manuscripts and can be referred to as typos. Some classifications include homeoteleuton and homeoarchy (skipping a line due to the similarity of the ending or beginning), haplography (copying once what appeared twice), dittography (copying twice what appeared once), contamination (introduction of extraneous elements), metathesis (reversing the order of some elements), unwitting mistranscription of similar elements, mistaking similar looking letters, the substitution of homophones, fission and fusion (joining or separating words).[6][7]","title":"Scribal errors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marked_Wicked_bible.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wicked Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Judas_Bible2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Judas Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Bible"},{"link_name":"Totnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totnes"},{"link_name":"Wicked Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Bible"},{"link_name":"commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"thou shalt not commit adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery"},{"link_name":"Judas Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Bible"},{"link_name":"folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio"},{"link_name":"Robert Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barker_(printer)"},{"link_name":"James VI and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"}],"text":"The Wicked BibleThe Judas Bible in St. Mary's Church, Totnes, Devon, UKThe Wicked Bible omits the word \"not\" in the commandment, \"thou shalt not commit adultery\".The Judas Bible is a copy of the second folio edition of the authorized version, printed by Robert Barker, printer to James VI and I, in 1613, and given to the church for the use of the Mayor of Totnes. This edition is known as the Judas Bible because in Matthew 26:36 \"Judas\" appears instead of \"Jesus\". In this copy, the mistake is corrected with a slip of paper pasted over the misprint.","title":"Biblical errors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Private Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eye"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"teh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh"},{"link_name":"pwned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwned"},{"link_name":"zomg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ZOMG"},{"link_name":"in-jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke"},{"link_name":"P0rn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P0rn"},{"link_name":"obfuscation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Certain typos, or kinds of typos, have acquired widespread notoriety and are occasionally used deliberately for humorous purposes. For instance, the British newspaper The Guardian is sometimes referred to as The Grauniad due to its reputation for frequent typesetting errors in the era before computer typesetting.[8] This usage began as a running joke in the satirical magazine Private Eye.[9] The magazine continues to refer to The Guardian by this name.Typos are common on social media, and some—such as \"teh\", \"pwned\", and \"zomg\"—have become in-jokes among Internet groups and subcultures. P0rn is not a typo but an example of obfuscation, where people make a word harder for filtering software to understand while retaining its meaning to human readers.[10]In mapping, it was common practice to include deliberate errors so that copyright theft could be identified.[11]","title":"\"Intentional\" typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cybersquatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersquatting"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"website address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"Internet search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_search_engine"},{"link_name":"google.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"}],"sub_title":"Typosquatting","text":"Typosquatting is a form of cybersquatting that relies on typographical errors made by users of the Internet.[12] Typically, the cybersquatter will register a likely typo of a frequently-accessed website address in the hope of receiving traffic when internet users mistype that address into a web browser. Deliberately introducing typos into a web page, or into its metadata, can also draw unwitting visitors when they enter these typos in Internet search engines.An example of this is gogole.com instead of google.com which could potentially be harmful to the user.","title":"\"Intentional\" typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Typos in online auctions","text":"Since the emergence and popularization of online auction sites such as eBay, misspelled auction searches have quickly become lucrative for people searching for deals.[13] The concept on which these searches are based is that, if an individual posts an auction and misspells its description and/or title, regular searches will not find this auction. However, a search that includes misspelled alterations of the original search term in such a way as to create misspellings, transpositions, omissions, double strikes, and wrong key errors would find most misspelled auctions. The resulting effect is that there are far fewer bids than there would be under normal circumstances, allowing the searcher to obtain the item for less. A series of third-party websites have sprung up allowing people to find these items.[14]","title":"\"Intentional\" typos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spellchecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellchecker"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedan"},{"link_name":"a nuclear test code-named Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(nuclear_test)"}],"text":"Another kind of typo—informally called an \"atomic typo\"—is a typo that happens to result in a correctly spelled word that is different from the intended one. Since it is spelled correctly, a simple spellchecker cannot find the mistake. The term was used at least as early as 1995 by Robert Terry.[15]A few illustrative examples include:\"now\" instead of \"not\",[16][17]\n\"unclear\" instead of \"nuclear\"\n\"you\" instead of \"your\"\n\"Sudan\" instead of \"sedan\" (leading to a diplomatic incident in 2005 between Sudan and the United States regarding a nuclear test code-named Sedan)\n\"Untied States\" instead of \"United States\"\n\"the\" instead of \"they\"and many more. For any of these, the converse is also true.","title":"Atomic typos"}]	[{"image_text":"Titivillus is a demon said to introduce errors into the work of scribes. This is a 14th century illustration of Titivillus at a scribe's desk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Titivillus.jpg/220px-Titivillus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Correction fluid was often used to correct typographical errors as (or after) the document was typed. The fluid was painted over the error and, when dry the correct spelling was written on the new surface. Exceptionally, printing errors were painted out and a handwritten correction applied.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Spelling_Correction_Example.jpg/220px-Spelling_Correction_Example.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Wicked Bible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Marked_Wicked_bible.jpg/220px-Marked_Wicked_bible.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Judas Bible in St. Mary's Church, Totnes, Devon, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Judas_Bible2.jpg/220px-Judas_Bible2.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Clerical error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_error"},{"title":"Errata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errata"},{"title":"Fat-finger error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat-finger_error"},{"title":"Human error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_error"},{"title":"Orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"title":"Scrivener's error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrivener%27s_error"},{"title":"Titivillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titivillus"},{"title":"Transcription error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_error"},{"title":"Typography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography"}]	[{"reference":"\"Typo - Definition\". Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typo","url_text":"\"Typo - Definition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary","url_text":"Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719024138/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wordnet definition\". Wordnet. Princeton University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Typographical+error&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=","url_text":"\"Wordnet definition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordnet","url_text":"Wordnet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University","url_text":"Princeton University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222243/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Typographical+error&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Magnan, Sally Sieloff (2008). Mediating discourse online. AILA Applied Linguistics Series. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 260. ISBN 978-90-272-0519-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dbYbGsgJclgC&q=asterisk&pg=PA260","url_text":"Mediating discourse online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company","url_text":"John Benjamins Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0519-3","url_text":"978-90-272-0519-3"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). \"sic (adv.)\". The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211191251/http://www.bartleby.com/68/67/5467.html","url_text":"The Columbia Guide to Standard American English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/68/67/5467.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manuscript Studies: Textual analysis (Scribal error)\". www.ualberta.ca. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/scbl-err.htm","url_text":"\"Manuscript Studies: Textual analysis (Scribal error)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404214516/http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/scbl-err.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Ros (2000-09-12). \"Internet know-how: Spelling\". Guardian Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://education.guardian.co.uk/old/schools/story/0,,367177,00.html","url_text":"\"Internet know-how: Spelling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Unlimited","url_text":"Guardian Unlimited"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080629094358/http://education.guardian.co.uk/old/schools/story/0,,367177,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lyall, Sarah (1998-02-16). \"Confession as Strength At a British Newspaper\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE3DD1F3CF935A25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Confession as Strength At a British Newspaper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214223819/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE3DD1F3CF935A25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marsden, Rhodri (2006-10-18). \"What do these strange web words mean?\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 22 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/rhodri-marsden-cyberclinic-6230686.html","url_text":"\"What do these strange web words mean?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161223010554/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/rhodri-marsden-cyberclinic-6230686.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The case of Sandy Island; mapping error or copyright trap?\". Vicchi. November 26, 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vicchi.org/2012/11/26/the-case-of-sandy-island-mapping-error-or-copyright-trap/","url_text":"\"The case of Sandy Island; mapping error or copyright trap?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230316202912/https://www.vicchi.org/2012/11/26/the-case-of-sandy-island-mapping-error-or-copyright-trap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Bob (2000-09-23). \"'Typosquatters' turn flubs into cash\". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024032834/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-502915.html?legacy=zdnn","url_text":"\"'Typosquatters' turn flubs into cash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet","url_text":"ZDNet"},{"url":"http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-502915.html?legacy=zdnn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How finding mistakes can net great deals on eBay\". King5. KING-TV. 2004-07-01. Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220190352/http://www.king5.com/business/stories/NW_070104BUBebaytipEL.2b7cc3d91.html","url_text":"\"How finding mistakes can net great deals on eBay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KING-TV","url_text":"KING-TV"},{"url":"http://www.king5.com/business/stories/NW_070104BUBebaytipEL.2b7cc3d91.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Douglas Quenqua (2008-11-23). \"Help for eBay Shoppers Who Can't Spell\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/business/media/24typo.html","url_text":"\"Help for eBay Shoppers Who Can't Spell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114092924/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/business/media/24typo.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=typos%20ebay&st=cse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hanif, C. B. (August 10, 1995). \"Hurricane Coverage Kicks Up Dust\". The Palm Beach Post. p. 14. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16845952/atomic_typo/","url_text":"\"Hurricane Coverage Kicks Up Dust\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193601/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16845952/atomic_typo/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Callan, Tim (2011-04-23). \"The now vs. not typo\". Tim Callan on Marketing and Technology. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://timcallan.com/blog/2011/04/23/the-now-vs-not-typo/","url_text":"\"The now vs. not typo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210814023831/http://timcallan.com/blog/2011/04/23/the-now-vs-not-typo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Karr, Phyllis Ann (2012). Frostflower and Thorn. Wildside Press. p. 415. ISBN 9781479490028. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fab0AAAAQBAJ&dq=now+not+typo&pg=PA415","url_text":"Frostflower and Thorn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479490028","url_text":"9781479490028"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404002257/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fab0AAAAQBAJ&dq=now+not+typo&pg=PA415","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typo","external_links_name":"\"Typo - Definition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130719024138/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Typographical+error&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=","external_links_name":"\"Wordnet definition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222243/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Typographical+error&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/writing-style.html","external_links_name":"Chapter 5. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_%27n%27_Bacon	Snake 'n' Bacon	["1 Characters","2 Influences and comedic approach","3 Pilot summary","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]	American TV series or program Snake 'n' BaconGenreComedyCreated byMichael KuppermanScott JacobsonRich BlomquistWritten byMichael KuppermanScott JacobsonRich BlomquistDirected byRich BlomquistScott JacobsonStarringDan BakkedahlTim LagasseKristen SchaalDavid RakoffVoices ofChelsea ClarkBill HaderGreg HollimonKristen SchaalPeter SerafinowiczBrian StackJames UrbaniakTheme music composerFranklin BrunoOpening theme"Snake 'n' Bacon"Ending theme"Snake 'n' Bacon" (Instrumental)ComposerFranklin BrunoCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersRich BlomquistMichael KuppermanScott JacobsonProducersJackie StolfiRobert Smigel (consulting producer)CinematographyBill BernerEditorRick BroatRunning time11 minutesProduction companiesFayettenam Records Corp.Williams StreetOriginal releaseNetworkAdult SwimReleaseMay 10, 2009 (2009-05-10) Snake 'n' Bacon is a comic book and cartoon duo created by American cartoonist and illustrator Michael Kupperman (also known by his pseudonym P. Revess). Originally only in print comics, the characters were brought to television on May 10, 2009, when they were broadcast on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block in a Snake 'n' Bacon animated show, but after its pilot the show was not picked up by Cartoon Network for Adult Swim. The Tales Designed to Thrizzle, Vol. 1 collection was published in 2009 by Fantagraphics. Characters The characters in the comics were a parody of popular comedy teams. One of the characters is a snake, while the other is a strip of bacon. Other characters in the comic were Criminal District Attorney and Underpants-On-His-Head-Man. Utterances by Snake and Bacon are limited to hissing (on Snake's part) and making bacon-related comments (on Bacon's part) such as "I'm real bacon" and advice such as "Wrap your dog's pill in me." Still, their communications are filled with sexual innuendos. The characters "highlight what is perhaps Kupperman’s greatest comedic skill—the ability to sell surreal ideas in the most serious way possible, highlighting the humor all the more vividly," according to one reviewer. Kupperman did cartoons for Robert Smigel's TV Funhouse TV series before returning to comic book making with a series for Fantagraphics called Tales Designed to Thrizzle, using many of the characters from Snake 'n' Bacon (including the titular pair) and new characters, such as Hercules ("the public domain superhero") and The Mannister, a man who can transform himself into the shape of a banister. When the cartoon came to television, it combined animated and live-action sequences, with the help of such people as James Urbaniak ("Bacon"), Dan Bakkedahl, Bill Hader, David Rakoff, Kristen Schaal, Peter Serafinowicz, and Brian Stack. It was followed on the Cartoon Network schedule by "a spiritual cousin", the British comedy The Mighty Boosh. Influences and comedic approach Kupperman has created several memorable cartoon characters, written for DC Comics, and has been influenced by absurdity and surrealism. Kupperman is said to use absurdist humor that includes straightforward jokes, pointing out through humor the absurdities of the past that just weren't visible to readers at the time, mimicking "silly" directions people put in books about how to use them, and putting famous people in silly situations. Pilot summary The title of this episode is "Psst! Wanna See a Crime Scene?" After being woken up by The Green Fairy (Kristen Schaal) in the cold opening, Snake and Bacon (Tim Lagasse) visit a crime scene were a murder took place. Later, a detective (Dan Bakkedahl) shows Snake and Bacon all of the evidence from the scene, as collected by the Police Vac. After examining the evidence, Snake discovers that the murderer was hiding underneath a penny; Snake and Bacon are ordered to attack the murderer, who appears to admire them. Later, the district attorney (David Rakoff) congratulates them for their achievement. It's at this moment Snake has a realization that the district attorney has been flying above them and spying on them the whole time. Sketches: "The Head", "The Saga of Teen Grandpa", "Toad to Perdition", "Rabid District Attorney", and "District Attorney of a 1000 Faces" Books Kupperman, Michael (2000). Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-80790-4. Kupperman, Michael (2009). Tales Designed to Thrizzle: Volume 1. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 978-1-60699-164-0. Kupperman, Michael (2013). Tales Designed to Thrizzle: Volume 2. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books. References ^ a b c d e "Snake 'n' Bacon set the audience reeling". Thaindian Newsportal. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009. ^ Richard Pachter "Kupperman's dementedly absurdist comic pastiches may be too smart for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim, which passed on the pilot for his bizarro creation Snake N' Bacon, but this brilliant, anarchic collection of errant dips into the cultural gestalt is laugh-out-loud hilarious. Like stuff that's fearless, brilliant and non-linear? Thrizzle is for shizzle." Aug. 13, 2009 Merced Sun-Star ^ ANGELA ASHMAN Michael Kupperman; FINE 'TOONING, See Michael Kupperman's latest works in 3-D August 18, 2009 Archived 13 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Comix Review Revue". The Stranger. 21 February 2001. Retrieved 12 May 2009. ^ a b Wu, Annie (15 May 2009). "Have you experienced Snake 'N' Bacon?". TVSquad.com. Retrieved 27 May 2009. ^ a b Cronin, Brian (17 May 2009). "The Comic Book Alphabet of Cool - K". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 27 May 2009. ^ Murray, Noel (8 May 2009). "Program note: Snake 'N' Bacon on Adult Swim Sunday night". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 11 May 2009. ^ Olson, Ray (2000-11-15). "Rev. of Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret". Booklist. Retrieved 2009-05-11. External links Snake 'n' Bacon at Adultswim.com Snake 'n' Bacon at IMDb TV episode vteAdult Swim pilots, films, and specialsPilots Welcome to Eltingville (2002) Saddle Rash (2002) The Groovenians (2002) Korgoth of Barbaria (2006) Snake 'n' Bacon (2009) Paid Programming (2009) Cheyenne Cinnamon and the Fantabulous Unicorn of Sugar Town Candy Fudge (2010) Totally for Teens (2011) Filthy Sexy Teen$ (2013) Films Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters (2007) Mister America (2019) Aqua Teen Forever: Plantasm (2022) The Venture Bros.: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart (2023) Metalocalypse: Army of the Doomstar (2023) Specials Anime Talk Show (2004) Robot Chicken: Star Wars (2007) Young Person's Guide to History (2008) The Xtacles (2008) Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II (2008) Infomercials (since 2009) Freaknik: The Musical (2010) Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III (2010) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Metalocalypse: The Doomstar Requiem (2013) Dan Deacon: U.S.A. (2013) For-Profit Online University (2013) Live Forever as You Are Now with Alan Resnick (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Dinner with Friends with Brett Gelman and Friends (2014) Too Many Cooks (2014) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Bagboy (2015) Dinner in America with Brett Gelman (2016) Mr. Neighbor's House (2016) Mr. Neighbor's House 2 (2018) Harvey Birdman: Attorney General (2018) Regular Adult Swim programming vteWilliams StreetAssets Adult Swim programming Toonami programming Jetstream Checkered Past Record label ATL RMX Definitive Swim Garage Swim Ghostly Swim Ghostly Swim 2 LUXE Metal Swim NOISE {UNCLASSIFIED} Warm & Scratchy World Wide Renewal Program See also Adult Swim in a Box Cartoon Network Super Deluxe PeopleCurrent Michael Ouweleen (President) Matt Maiellaro Dave Willis Former Mike Lazzo (EVP) Keith Crofford (EVP) C. Martin Croker Matt Harrigan Andy Merrill Nick Weidenfeld Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"cartoonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist"},{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"Michael Kupperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kupperman"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeling-1"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Fantagraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantagraphics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Snake 'n' Bacon is a comic book and cartoon duo created by American cartoonist and illustrator Michael Kupperman (also known by his pseudonym P. Revess).[1] Originally only in print comics, the characters were brought to television on May 10, 2009, when they were broadcast on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block in a Snake 'n' Bacon animated show, but after its pilot the show was not picked up by Cartoon Network for Adult Swim.[2][better source needed] The Tales Designed to Thrizzle, Vol. 1 collection was published in 2009 by Fantagraphics.[3]","title":"Snake 'n' Bacon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revue-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeling-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alphabet-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Smigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smigel"},{"link_name":"Fantagraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantagraphics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alphabet-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wu-5"},{"link_name":"James Urbaniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Urbaniak"},{"link_name":"Dan Bakkedahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bakkedahl"},{"link_name":"Bill Hader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hader"},{"link_name":"David Rakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rakoff"},{"link_name":"Kristen Schaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Schaal"},{"link_name":"Peter Serafinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz"},{"link_name":"Brian Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stack_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Mighty Boosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Boosh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeling-1"}],"text":"The characters in the comics were a parody of popular comedy teams. One of the characters is a snake, while the other is a strip of bacon. Other characters in the comic were Criminal District Attorney and Underpants-On-His-Head-Man.[4] Utterances by Snake and Bacon are limited to hissing (on Snake's part) and making bacon-related comments (on Bacon's part) such as \"I'm real bacon\" and advice such as \"Wrap your dog's pill in me.\"[5] Still, their communications are filled with sexual innuendos.[1]The characters \"highlight what is perhaps Kupperman’s greatest comedic skill—the ability to sell surreal ideas in the most serious way possible, highlighting the humor all the more vividly,\" according to one reviewer.[6] Kupperman did cartoons for Robert Smigel's TV Funhouse TV series before returning to comic book making with a series for Fantagraphics called Tales Designed to Thrizzle, using many of the characters from Snake 'n' Bacon (including the titular pair) and new characters, such as Hercules (\"the public domain superhero\") and The Mannister, a man who can transform himself into the shape of a banister.[6]When the cartoon came to television, it combined animated and live-action sequences,[5] with the help of such people as James Urbaniak (\"Bacon\"), Dan Bakkedahl, Bill Hader, David Rakoff, Kristen Schaal, Peter Serafinowicz, and Brian Stack.[7] It was followed on the Cartoon Network schedule by \"a spiritual cousin\", the British comedy The Mighty Boosh.[1]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kupperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kupperman"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"absurdity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal_humour"},{"link_name":"surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeling-1"},{"link_name":"absurdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeling-1"}],"text":"Kupperman has created several memorable cartoon characters, written for DC Comics, and has been influenced by absurdity and surrealism.[1] Kupperman is said to use absurdist humor that includes straightforward jokes, pointing out through humor the absurdities of the past that just weren't visible to readers at the time, mimicking \"silly\" directions people put in books about how to use them, and putting famous people in silly situations.[1]","title":"Influences and comedic approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristen Schaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Schaal"},{"link_name":"cold opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_open"},{"link_name":"Tim Lagasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Lagasse"},{"link_name":"Dan Bakkedahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bakkedahl"},{"link_name":"penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny"},{"link_name":"David Rakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rakoff"}],"text":"The title of this episode is \"Psst! Wanna See a Crime Scene?\" After being woken up by The Green Fairy (Kristen Schaal) in the cold opening, Snake and Bacon (Tim Lagasse) visit a crime scene were a murder took place. Later, a detective (Dan Bakkedahl) shows Snake and Bacon all of the evidence from the scene, as collected by the Police Vac. After examining the evidence, Snake discovers that the murderer was hiding underneath a penny; Snake and Bacon are ordered to attack the murderer, who appears to admire them. Later, the district attorney (David Rakoff) congratulates them for their achievement. It's at this moment Snake has a realization that the district attorney has been flying above them and spying on them the whole time.Sketches: \"The Head\", \"The Saga of Teen Grandpa\", \"Toad to Perdition\", \"Rabid District Attorney\", and \"District Attorney of a 1000 Faces\"","title":"Pilot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-380-80790-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-80790-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fantagraphics Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60699-164-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60699-164-0"},{"link_name":"Fantagraphics Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books"}],"text":"Kupperman, Michael (2000). Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-80790-4.[8]\nKupperman, Michael (2009). Tales Designed to Thrizzle: Volume 1. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 978-1-60699-164-0.\nKupperman, Michael (2013). Tales Designed to Thrizzle: Volume 2. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books.","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kupperman, Michael (2000). Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-80790-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-80790-4","url_text":"0-380-80790-4"}]},{"reference":"Kupperman, Michael (2009). Tales Designed to Thrizzle: Volume 1. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books. 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Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/comix-review-revue/Content?oid=6530","url_text":"\"Comix Review Revue\""}]},{"reference":"Wu, Annie (15 May 2009). \"Have you experienced Snake 'N' Bacon?\". TVSquad.com. Retrieved 27 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/05/15/have-you-experienced-snake-n-bacon/","url_text":"\"Have you experienced Snake 'N' Bacon?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVSquad.com","url_text":"TVSquad.com"}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Brian (17 May 2009). \"The Comic Book Alphabet of Cool - K\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 27 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2009/05/16/the-comic-book-alphabet-of-cool-k/","url_text":"\"The Comic Book Alphabet of Cool - K\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (8 May 2009). \"Program note: Snake 'N' Bacon on Adult Swim Sunday night\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 11 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/program-note-snake-n-bacon-on-adult-swim-sunday-ni,27788/","url_text":"\"Program note: Snake 'N' Bacon on Adult Swim Sunday night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Olson, Ray (2000-11-15). \"Rev. of Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret\". Booklist. Retrieved 2009-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28671316_ITM","url_text":"\"Rev. of Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist","url_text":"Booklist"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/snake-n-bacon-set-the-audience-reeling_100191109.html","external_links_name":"\"Snake 'n' Bacon set the audience reeling\""},{"Link":"http://www.villagevoice.com/events/michael-kupperman-1302609/","external_links_name":"Michael Kupperman"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090813132839/http://www.villagevoice.com/events/michael-kupperman-1302609/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/comix-review-revue/Content?oid=6530","external_links_name":"\"Comix Review Revue\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/05/15/have-you-experienced-snake-n-bacon/","external_links_name":"\"Have you experienced Snake 'N' Bacon?\""},{"Link":"http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2009/05/16/the-comic-book-alphabet-of-cool-k/","external_links_name":"\"The Comic Book Alphabet of Cool - K\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/program-note-snake-n-bacon-on-adult-swim-sunday-ni,27788/","external_links_name":"\"Program note: Snake 'N' Bacon on Adult Swim Sunday night\""},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28671316_ITM","external_links_name":"\"Rev. of Snake 'n' Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret\""},{"Link":"http://www.adultswim.com/shows/snake-n-bacon/index.html","external_links_name":"Snake 'n' Bacon"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1579245/","external_links_name":"Snake 'n' Bacon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110417075525/http://post.creativegroup.tv/Fay%5F031908SNB/","external_links_name":"TV episode"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-K%C3%B6l	Song-Köl	["1 Geography","2 Environment","2.1 Climate","2.2 Ecology","3 History","4 References"]	Coordinates: 41°50′N 75°10′E / 41.833°N 75.167°E / 41.833; 75.167Endorheic, Mountain lake in KyrgyzstanSong-KölNorthern shore of Song-KölSong-KölShow map of KyrgyzstanSong-KölShow map of AsiaCoordinates41°50′N 75°10′E / 41.833°N 75.167°E / 41.833; 75.167TypeEndorheicMountain lakePrimary inflowsGlaciersPrimary outflowsEvaporation and the river KajyrtyBasin countriesKyrgyzstanSurface area270 km2 (100 sq mi)Max. depth13 m (43 ft)Water volume2.64 km3 (2,140,000 acre⋅ft)Surface elevation3,016 m (9,895 ft) Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameSon-Kol LakeDesignated23 January 2011Reference no.1943 Song-Köl (Kyrgyz: Соң-Көл, IPA: , also Соңкөл Songköl, literally "following lake", Russian: Сон-Куль, romanized: Son-Kul', also Сонкёль Sonkyol') is an alpine lake in northern Naryn Region, Kyrgyzstan. It lies at an altitude of 3016 m, and has an area of about 270 km2 and volume of 2.64 km3. The lake's maximum length is 29 km, breadth about 18 km at its widest, and the deepest point is 13.2 m. It is the second largest lake in Kyrgyzstan after Issyk-Kul, and the largest fresh water lake in the country. Geography High altitude Song-Köl belongs to the Naryn river basin. The lake sits in the central part of Song-Köl Valley surrounded by Songköl Too ridge from the north, and Borbor Alabas and Moldo Too mountains from the south. Hydrologically, the Song-Köl basin is characterized by poorly developed surface stream flows, and substantial subsurface flow. Four perennial rivers - Kumbel, Aktash, Tashdöbö, and Karakeche - disgorge themselves into the lake. In the south-east, the structural high is cut through by the river Kajyrty (in its upper course also called Song-Köl) that flows into the Naryn. Environment Climate The mean temperature in the lake basin is −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) with mean temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in January, and 11 °C (52 °F) in July. Annual precipitation averages 300–400 mm from April to October, and 100–150 mm from November to March. Snow cover in the lake basin persists for 180 to 200 days a year. In winter the lake surface freezes, the ice becoming as much as 1-1.2 m thick. The ice on Song-Köl begins to thaw in the middle or at the end of April, and completely disappears by late May. Ecology In 2011, Song-Köl was designated by Kyrgyzstan as its third Wetland of International Importance for the Ramsar List. Since 1998, a section of the lake and its shore (3,400 ha land, 5,200 ha water) is protected as part of the Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve. History There are several signs of nomadic life from the earlier times in the Son Kul valley. Ancient petroglyphs can be found east from the lake and there are round stone settings that have similarities with the ones found in Mongolia and Altai area. Several different sized burial mounds can be also found around the lake. References ^ "Son-Kol Lake". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ Law 4 August 2008 No. 191 (in Kyrgyz) ^ a b "Соңкөл" (PDF). Кыргызстандын Географиясы (in Kyrgyz). Bishkek. 2004. pp. 219–220.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Decree 13 June 1990 No. 178 (in Russian) ^ Сонкёль in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 (in Russian) ^ "CentralAsia Tourism - Song Kol Lake". www.travelxj.cn. Retrieved 2023-09-09. ^ Атлас Кыргызской Республики (in Russian). Bishkek: Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR. 1987. p. 156. ^ Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) (PDF), 2010, retrieved 14 December 2021 ^ Иссык-Куль. Нарын:Энциклопедия (in Russian). Bishkek: Chief Editorial Board of Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopedia. 1994. p. 512. ISBN 5-89750-009-6. ^ "Kyrgyz Republic names high altitude lake". ramsar.org. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve". Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Kyrgyzstan (in Russian). Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "Son Kul". Central Asia Guide. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Song Kol. vte Lakes of Kyrgyzstan Ala-Köl Besh-Tash Lake Chatyr-Köl Issyk-Kul Jashyl-Köl Juukuchak Lake Kapka Tash Lake Kara-Suu Lake Köl-Suu Költör Lake Kölükök Kulun Lake Kylaa-Köl Ökürgön Lake Lake Sary-Chelek Lake Merzbacher Sary-Köl Song-Köl Lakes portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[sóɴkœl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-3"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bse-5"},{"link_name":"Naryn Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naryn_Region"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Issyk-Kul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issyk-Kul"}],"text":"Endorheic, Mountain lake in KyrgyzstanSong-Köl (Kyrgyz: Соң-Көл,[2] IPA: [sóɴkœl], also Соңкөл Songköl,[3] literally \"following lake\", Russian: Сон-Куль, romanized: Son-Kul',[4] also Сонкёль Sonkyol'[5]) is an alpine lake in northern Naryn Region, Kyrgyzstan. It lies at an altitude of 3016 m,[6] and has an area of about 270 km2 and volume of 2.64 km3. The lake's maximum length is 29 km, breadth about 18 km at its widest, and the deepest point is 13.2 m. It is the second largest lake in Kyrgyzstan after Issyk-Kul, and the largest fresh water lake in the country.","title":"Song-Köl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naryn_(river)"},{"link_name":"Songköl Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songk%C3%B6l_Too"},{"link_name":"Moldo Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldo_Too"},{"link_name":"Kajyrty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kajyrty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas-7"}],"text":"High altitude Song-Köl belongs to the Naryn river basin. The lake sits in the central part of Song-Köl Valley surrounded by Songköl Too ridge from the north, and Borbor Alabas and Moldo Too mountains from the south. Hydrologically, the Song-Köl basin is characterized by poorly developed surface stream flows, and substantial subsurface flow. Four perennial rivers - Kumbel, Aktash, Tashdöbö, and Karakeche - disgorge themselves into the lake. In the south-east, the structural high is cut through by the river Kajyrty (in its upper course also called Song-Köl) that flows into the Naryn.[3][7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ramsar-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-9"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The mean temperature in the lake basin is −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) with mean temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in January, and 11 °C (52 °F) in July. Annual precipitation averages 300–400 mm from April to October, and 100–150 mm from November to March. Snow cover in the lake basin persists for 180 to 200 days a year. In winter the lake surface freezes, the ice becoming as much as 1-1.2 m thick. The ice on Song-Köl begins to thaw in the middle or at the end of April, and completely disappears by late May.[8][9]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsar List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatal-Japyryk_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco-11"}],"sub_title":"Ecology","text":"In 2011, Song-Köl was designated by Kyrgyzstan as its third Wetland of International Importance for the Ramsar List.[10] Since 1998, a section of the lake and its shore (3,400 ha land, 5,200 ha water) is protected as part of the Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve.[11]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"There are several signs of nomadic life from the earlier times in the Son Kul valley. Ancient petroglyphs can be found east from the lake and there are round stone settings that have similarities with the ones found in Mongolia and Altai area. Several different sized burial mounds can be also found around the lake.[12]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Son-Kol Lake\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1943","url_text":"\"Son-Kol Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"\"Соңкөл\" [Song-Köl] (PDF). Кыргызстандын Географиясы [Geography of Kyrgyzstan] (in Kyrgyz). Bishkek. 2004. pp. 219–220.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.bizdin.kg/media/books/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf","url_text":"\"Соңкөл\""}]},{"reference":"\"CentralAsia Tourism - Song Kol Lake\". www.travelxj.cn. Retrieved 2023-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelxj.cn/CentralAsia/en-us/Recommend/Scenery/25b34f4e65024c44179c01b0e79ec9f9.html","url_text":"\"CentralAsia Tourism - Song Kol Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Атлас Кыргызской Республики [Atlas of Kyrgyz Republic] (in Russian). Bishkek: Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR. 1987. p. 156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) (PDF), 2010, retrieved 14 December 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/KG1943RIS.pdf","url_text":"Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)"}]},{"reference":"Иссык-Куль. Нарын:Энциклопедия [Encyclopedia of Issyk-Kul and Naryn Oblasts] (in Russian). Bishkek: Chief Editorial Board of Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopedia. 1994. p. 512. ISBN 5-89750-009-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89750-009-6","url_text":"5-89750-009-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyrgyz Republic names high altitude lake\". ramsar.org. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ramsar.org/news/kyrgyz-republic-names-high-altitude-lake","url_text":"\"Kyrgyz Republic names high altitude lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve\". Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Kyrgyzstan (in Russian). Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://wildlife.caiag.kg/drupal_wa/?q=ru/node/19&entity_id=66","url_text":"\"Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Son Kul\". Central Asia Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://central-asia.guide/kyrgyzstan/destinations-kg/naryn/son-kul/","url_text":"\"Son Kul\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Song-K%C3%B6l&params=41_50_N_75_10_E_type:waterbody_region:KG","external_links_name":"41°50′N 75°10′E / 41.833°N 75.167°E / 41.833; 75.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Song-K%C3%B6l&params=41_50_N_75_10_E_type:waterbody_region:KG","external_links_name":"41°50′N 75°10′E / 41.833°N 75.167°E / 41.833; 75.167"},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1943","external_links_name":"\"Son-Kol Lake\""},{"Link":"http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/202405","external_links_name":"Law 4 August 2008 No. 191"},{"Link":"https://new.bizdin.kg/media/books/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Соңкөл\""},{"Link":"http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/40702","external_links_name":"Decree 13 June 1990 No. 178"},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article104531.html","external_links_name":"Сонкёль"},{"Link":"https://www.travelxj.cn/CentralAsia/en-us/Recommend/Scenery/25b34f4e65024c44179c01b0e79ec9f9.html","external_links_name":"\"CentralAsia Tourism - Song Kol Lake\""},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/KG1943RIS.pdf","external_links_name":"Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)"},{"Link":"https://www.ramsar.org/news/kyrgyz-republic-names-high-altitude-lake","external_links_name":"\"Kyrgyz Republic names high altitude lake\""},{"Link":"http://wildlife.caiag.kg/drupal_wa/?q=ru/node/19&entity_id=66","external_links_name":"\"Karatal-Japyryk Nature Reserve\""},{"Link":"https://central-asia.guide/kyrgyzstan/destinations-kg/naryn/son-kul/","external_links_name":"\"Son Kul\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University	Chinese Culture University	["1 History","2 Academics","3 Transportation","4 Facilities","4.1 The Hwa Kang Museum","5 Athletics","6 People","6.1 Notable faculty","6.2 Notable alumni","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 25°08′N 121°32′E / 25.133°N 121.533°E / 25.133; 121.533Private university in Taipei, Taiwan Chinese Culture University中國文化大學Motto質樸堅毅(pinyin: Zhìpǔ Jiān Yì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chit-phok Kian-gē) Motto in EnglishTemperament, Simplicity, Strength, and TenacityTypePrivateEstablished1962 (1962)PresidentShing-Ching ShyuAdministrative staff717 teachers (161 Professors; 266 Associate Professors; 195 Assistant Professors, 95 Lecturers)Students30,000LocationShilin, Taipei, Taiwan25°08′N 121°32′E / 25.133°N 121.533°E / 25.133; 121.533CampusSuburbanAffiliationsU12 Consortium, ACCBE, EPUWebsitewww.pccu.edu.tw/intl/page/english/Chinese nameTraditional Chinese中國文化大學Simplified Chinese中国文化大学TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngguó Wénhuà DàxuéWade–GilesChung1-kuo2 Wen2-hua4 Ta4-hsüeh2Southern MinHokkien POJTiong-kok Bûn-hòa Tāi-ha̍k Campus Buildings, Chinese Culture University The Chinese Culture University (CCU; Chinese: 中國文化大學) is a private Taiwanese university located in Yangmingshan in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan. Established in 1962, CCU is one of the largest universities in Taiwan with an enrollment of about 32,000 students. Satellite campuses are located in the Jianguo, Ximending, and Zhongxiao East Road areas of Taipei City. CCU has a vast collaboration and network with top universities around the world. History The school was founded as Far East University in 1962 by Chang Chi-yun, and it was renamed College of Chinese Culture by President Chiang Kai-shek in 1963. It became Chinese Culture University in 1980. The main campus is located on Yang Ming Mountain, overlooks the Tienmu District, and is about a 45-minute drive from Taipei Main Station. The area is known for its extensive hiking trails and hot springs. The university is located just off of the main road that winds up the mountain where a 24-hour Wellcome Supermarket, 7-11, Starbucks, Mos Burger, and McDonald's can be found. Many of the students rent apartments in this small village area and the city buses have stops along the main road. Chinese Culture University has been reorganized many times. The Ministry of Education granted the University permission to establish studies in philosophy, Chinese, Eastern languages, English, French, German, history, geography, news, art, music, drama, physical education, domestic science, and architecture. Academics Chinese Culture University rankingsGlobal – OverallTHE World1501+ (2024) Regional – OverallQS Asia601–650 (2024)THE Asia601+ (2024) National – OverallTHE National35–45 (2024) CCU has 12 colleges: Agriculture, Arts, Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Environmental Design, Foreign Languages, Journalism and Mass Communications, Law, Liberal Arts, Science, and Social Sciences. CCU first appeared and ranked 401-450 in the QS 2022 Asian Universities Ranking. In 2023, CCU was ranked 16th best Taiwanese university focusing on humanities and social sciences by Global Views Monthly. Transportation Traditional Chinese Huabiao at the Main Gate The relatively inconvenient and isolated location of CCU's main campus has presented students and staff with transportation problems. While the university operates a number of school buses to transport faculty, staff and students up and down the mountain every day, many students chose to ride scooters up to the main campus. This has resulted in a high number of student injuries and fatalities each semester. Public buses, the R5 and 260, also operate between the main campus and downtown Taipei. These buses also make stops at Jiantan and Shilin MRT train stations. Taxi service can be found on the main campus with taxis waiting for students and teachers in front of the university sports centre during the daytime hours. Facilities CCU has four campuses in Taipei City. The main campus is located on Yang Ming Mountain and three other smaller campuses are located in Jianguo, Ximending, and Zhongxiao East Road in downtown Taipei. The Jianguo campus is the location of the Mandarin Training Centre, while the Zhongxiao East Road campus is the location of the International Language Institute. The Ximending campus offers a variety of both credit and non-credit courses in addition to being an extension campus for the College of Law. The Hwa Kang Museum Hwa Kang Museum Main article: Hwa Kang Museum Established in 1971, the university museum, also called the Hwa Kang Museum, is the first comprehensive museum of its kind in Taiwan. Its permanent collection consists of Chinese ceramics from the many centuries, modern Chinese paintings and calligraphic works, Chinese folk arts and woodblock prints. Some highlights of the collection include pieces by Wang Yangming, Wu Changshuo, Woo Tsin-hang, Yu Youren, Puru, Chang Dai-chien, and Li Meishu. Athletics CCU offers martial arts programs on the Yang Ming Shan campus. The CCU Judo team is internationally competitive and a number of members have won their division in both national and international tournaments. The CCU Martial Arts Department also offers courses in Japanese ju jitsu, aikido and kung fu. The CCU baseball program was established in 1964, in the second year of the school's history. People Notable faculty Chang Chin-lan - first female justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of China Ch'ien Mu - Chinese historian, educator, philosopher and Confucian considered one of the greatest historians and philosophers in 20th-century China Hu Lancheng - Chinese writer and editor Li Meishu - Artist and builder of Zushi Temple Mou Zongsan - Chinese New Confucian philosopher Nan Huai-Chin - Professor of Chan Buddhism Thomas Liao, founding director of the graduate school of chemical engineering Song Xi - History Professor Sanmao - Associate Professor in the Chinese Language Department Sheng-yen - Founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain John Ching Hsiung Wu - Chinese poet, lawyer, and writer Notable alumni Aaron Yan, pop singer, actor, from the Fahrenheit boyband (b. 1985) Hsu Tain-tsair, Mayor of Tainan City (2001-2010) Hung Hsiu-chu, Chairperson of Kuomintang (2016-2017) Iwan Nawi, Deputy Minister of Council of Indigenous Peoples Winnie Hsin, pop singer (b. 1962) Yang Cheng-wu, Magistrate-elect of Kinmen County Li Ang, acclaimed Taiwanese feminist writer and author of The Butcher's Wife (b. 1952) Tsai Ming-Liang, Golden Lion award-winning Taiwanese film director Huang Chih-hsiung, Olympic medalist in Taekwondo Jimmy Liao, Taiwanese illustrator and picture book writer Frankie Kao, singer Kingone Wang, actor and singer Jenny Tseng, Macau-born singer Richie Ren, singer and actor Wang Hsing-ching Tsao Chi-hung, Magistrate of Pingtung County (2005–2014) Pan Shih-wei, Minister of Ministry of Labor (2014) Liu Cheng-hung, Magistrate of Miaoli County (2005–2014) Hsu Ming-tsai, Mayor of Hsinchu City (2009–2014) Lin Yu-chang, Mayor of Keelung City Wei Li Chin, Chief Investment Officer of Densu Wu Tien-chang, artist Gallery Chinese Style Buildings, Chinese Culture University Centre of Chinese Culture University Campus Classroom buildings See also List of universities in Taiwan Chinese Culture University Mandarin Learning Center Chinese Encyclopedia U12 Consortium References ^ "Intro to CCPU (in Chinese)". CCPU. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-10-19. ^ "CCU Logo". CCU. Retrieved 2014-10-19. ^ "社團法人中華民國管理科學學會". ^ "Eurasia Pacific Uninet". ^ "姐妹校資訊". Archived from the original on 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2015-09-19. ^ a b c d "Chinese Culture University". Times Higher Education (THE). 7 June 2023. ^ "Chinese Culture University". QS. ^ "2023最佳大學". Global Views Monthly (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 29 March 2024. ^ Yu, Su-feng (26 April 2019). "台灣棒球選手的搖籃──認識中國文化大學棒球隊(上)". Chinese Culture University (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 22 March 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese Culture University. Official website French Department Homepage Archived 2021-12-03 at the Wayback Machine vteUniversities and colleges in Taiwan List of universities and colleges in TaiwanPublic universitiesGeneralResearch Central Cheng Kung Sun Yat-sen Taiwan Tsing Hua Yang Ming Chiao Tung Others Chengchi Chi Nan Chiayi Chung Cheng Chung Hsing Dong Hwa Ilan Pingtung National Taipei Taitung Ocean United Kaohsiung Tainan Taipei Normal Kaohsiung Normal Taiwan Normal Changhua Education Taichung Education Taipei Education Arts and sports Arts Tainan Arts Taipei Arts Sport University University of Sport Open Open Kaohsiung Open Private universities Aletheia Asia Chang Gung Chang Jung Christian Chinese Culture China Medical Chung Hua Chung Shan Medical Chung Yuan Christian Dayeh Feng Chia Fo Guang Fu Jen Catholic Hsuan Chuang Huafan I-Shou Kainan Kaohsiung Medical Mackay Medical Ming Chuan MingDao Nanhua Providence Shih Chien Shih Hsin Soochow Taipei Medical Taiwan Shoufu Tamkang Tatung Tunghai Tungnan Tzu Chi Kang Ning Yuan Ze Technical and vocational educationPublicUniversities Chin-Yi Tech Formosa Kaohsiung ST Kaohsiung Hospitality and Tourism Penghu ST Pingtung ST Taichung ST Taipei Nursing and Health Science Taiwan ST Taipei Tech Yunlin ST Colleges Performing Arts Tainan Nursing Junior Taipei Business Taitung Junior PrivateUniversities Asia Eastern ST Chang Gung ST Chaoyang Tech Central Taiwan ST Cheng Shiu Chia Nan Pharmacy and Science Chienkuo Tech Chihlee Tech China ST China Tech Chien Hsin ST Chung Chou ST Chung Hwa Medical Tech Chungyu Film and Arts Far East Fooyin Hsing Wu Hsiuping ST Hungkuang HungKuo Delin Tech Hwa Hsia Tech Jinwen ST Taiwan Steel Kun Shan Ling Tung Lunghwa ST Meiho Ming Chi Tech Minghsin ST Nan Kai Tech Overseas Chinese Southern Taiwan ST St. John's Shu-Te Ta Hwa ST Tajen Tainan Tech Taipei City ST Taipei Marine Tech Takming ST TransWorld Tung Fang Design Tzu Chi ST Vanung WuFeng Wenzao Ursuline Languages Yu Da ST Yuanpei Medical Tech Colleges Ching Kuo Management and Health CTBC Business Dahan Tech Fortune Tech Lan Yang Tech Lee-Ming Tech Nanya Tech Tatung Commerce and Tech Tzu Hui Tech Junior Cardinal Tien Healthcare and Management Hsin Sheng Medical Care and Management Tzu Hui Tech Military and police academiesMilitary Army Defense Medical Defense Air Force Military Naval Police Central Police Taiwan Police University alliancesPresent Joint Private Medical Taiwan Taiwan Comprehensive European Union Taipei National Taiwan Excellent Long-Established Universities and colleges in Taiwan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Latvia Australia Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCU_Da_Ren_Building_20070814.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Yangmingshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangmingshan_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Shilin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilin_District"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Ximending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximending"},{"link_name":"Zhongxiao East Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongxiao_Road"},{"link_name":"Taipei City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Private university in Taipei, TaiwanCampus Buildings, Chinese Culture UniversityThe Chinese Culture University (CCU; Chinese: 中國文化大學) is a private Taiwanese university located in Yangmingshan in Shilin District, Taipei, Taiwan. Established in 1962, CCU is one of the largest universities in Taiwan with an enrollment of about 32,000 students. Satellite campuses are located in the Jianguo, Ximending, and Zhongxiao East Road areas of Taipei City. CCU has a vast collaboration and network with top universities around the world.[5]","title":"Chinese Culture University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chang Chi-yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Chi-yun"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Yang Ming Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangmingshan"},{"link_name":"Tienmu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianmu,_Shilin_District"},{"link_name":"Taipei Main Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Main_Station"}],"text":"The school was founded as Far East University in 1962 by Chang Chi-yun, and it was renamed College of Chinese Culture by President Chiang Kai-shek in 1963. It became Chinese Culture University in 1980.The main campus is located on Yang Ming Mountain, overlooks the Tienmu District, and is about a 45-minute drive from Taipei Main Station. The area is known for its extensive hiking trails and hot springs. The university is located just off of the main road that winds up the mountain where a 24-hour Wellcome Supermarket, 7-11, Starbucks, Mos Burger, and McDonald's can be found. Many of the students rent apartments in this small village area and the city buses have stops along the main road.Chinese Culture University has been reorganized many times. The Ministry of Education granted the University permission to establish studies in philosophy, Chinese, Eastern languages, English, French, German, history, geography, news, art, music, drama, physical education, domestic science, and architecture.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"CCU has 12 colleges: Agriculture, Arts, Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Environmental Design, Foreign Languages, Journalism and Mass Communications, Law, Liberal Arts, Science, and Social Sciences. CCU first appeared and ranked 401-450 in the QS 2022 Asian Universities Ranking.[7]In 2023, CCU was ranked 16th best Taiwanese university focusing on humanities and social sciences by Global Views Monthly.[8]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Culture_University_Yangmingshan_Gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huabiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huabiao"},{"link_name":"Jiantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiantan_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Shilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilin_metro_station"}],"text":"Traditional Chinese Huabiao at the Main GateThe relatively inconvenient and isolated location of CCU's main campus has presented students and staff with transportation problems. While the university operates a number of school buses to transport faculty, staff and students up and down the mountain every day, many students chose to ride scooters up to the main campus. This has resulted in a high number of student injuries and fatalities each semester. Public buses, the R5 and 260, also operate between the main campus and downtown Taipei. These buses also make stops at Jiantan and Shilin MRT train stations. Taxi service can be found on the main campus with taxis waiting for students and teachers in front of the university sports centre during the daytime hours.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CCU has four campuses in Taipei City. The main campus is located on Yang Ming Mountain and three other smaller campuses are located in Jianguo, Ximending, and Zhongxiao East Road in downtown Taipei. The Jianguo campus is the location of the Mandarin Training Centre, while the Zhongxiao East Road campus is the location of the International Language Institute. The Ximending campus offers a variety of both credit and non-credit courses in addition to being an extension campus for the College of Law.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCU_Da_Yi_Building_and_Da_Xian_Building_20070814.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hwa Kang Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwa_Kang_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chinese ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ceramics"},{"link_name":"Chinese paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting"},{"link_name":"Wang Yangming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yangming"},{"link_name":"Wu Changshuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Changshuo"},{"link_name":"Woo Tsin-hang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_Tsin-hang"},{"link_name":"Yu Youren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Youren"},{"link_name":"Puru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Chang Dai-chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Dai-chien"},{"link_name":"Li Meishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Meishu"}],"sub_title":"The Hwa Kang Museum","text":"Hwa Kang MuseumEstablished in 1971, the university museum, also called the Hwa Kang Museum, is the first comprehensive museum of its kind in Taiwan. Its permanent collection consists of Chinese ceramics from the many centuries, modern Chinese paintings and calligraphic works, Chinese folk arts and woodblock prints. Some highlights of the collection include pieces by Wang Yangming, Wu Changshuo, Woo Tsin-hang, Yu Youren, Puru, Chang Dai-chien, and Li Meishu.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"ju jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_jitsu"},{"link_name":"aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"CCU offers martial arts programs on the Yang Ming Shan campus. The CCU Judo team is internationally competitive and a number of members have won their division in both national and international tournaments. The CCU Martial Arts Department also offers courses in Japanese ju jitsu, aikido and kung fu.The CCU baseball program was established in 1964, in the second year of the school's history.[9]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chang Chin-lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Chin-lan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Ch'ien Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"Hu Lancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Lancheng"},{"link_name":"Li Meishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Meishu"},{"link_name":"Zushi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zushi_Temple"},{"link_name":"Mou Zongsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mou_Zongsan"},{"link_name":"New Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Confucian"},{"link_name":"Nan Huai-Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin"},{"link_name":"Chan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Thomas Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Liao"},{"link_name":"Song Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Xi"},{"link_name":"Sanmao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanmao_(author)"},{"link_name":"Sheng-yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng-yen"},{"link_name":"Dharma Drum Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain"},{"link_name":"John Ching Hsiung Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ching_Hsiung_Wu"}],"sub_title":"Notable faculty","text":"Chang Chin-lan - first female justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of China\nCh'ien Mu - Chinese historian, educator, philosopher and Confucian considered one of the greatest historians and philosophers in 20th-century China\nHu Lancheng - Chinese writer and editor\nLi Meishu - Artist and builder of Zushi Temple\nMou Zongsan - Chinese New Confucian philosopher\nNan Huai-Chin - Professor of Chan Buddhism\nThomas Liao, founding director of the graduate school of chemical engineering\nSong Xi - History Professor\nSanmao - Associate Professor in the Chinese Language Department\nSheng-yen - Founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain\nJohn Ching Hsiung Wu - Chinese poet, lawyer, and writer","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Yan"},{"link_name":"Fahrenheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_(Taiwanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Hsu Tain-tsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Tain-tsair"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Tainan"},{"link_name":"Tainan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_City"},{"link_name":"Hung Hsiu-chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Iwan Nawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Nawi"},{"link_name":"Council of Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Winnie Hsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Hsin"},{"link_name":"Yang Cheng-wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Cheng-wu"},{"link_name":"Magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_magistrates_of_Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Kinmen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen_County"},{"link_name":"Li Ang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ang_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Butcher's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butcher%27s_Wife"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ming-Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ming-Liang"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"Huang Chih-hsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chih-hsiung"},{"link_name":"Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Liao"},{"link_name":"Frankie Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Kao"},{"link_name":"Kingone Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingone_Wang"},{"link_name":"Jenny Tseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Tseng"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Richie Ren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Ren"},{"link_name":"Wang Hsing-ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hsing-ching"},{"link_name":"Tsao Chi-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsao_Chi-hung"},{"link_name":"Pingtung County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtung_County"},{"link_name":"Pan Shih-wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Shih-wei"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labor_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Liu Cheng-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Cheng-hung"},{"link_name":"Miaoli County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaoli_County"},{"link_name":"Hsu Ming-tsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Ming-tsai"},{"link_name":"Hsinchu City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_City"},{"link_name":"Lin Yu-chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yu-chang"},{"link_name":"Keelung City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung_City"},{"link_name":"Wu Tien-chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tien-chang"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Aaron Yan, pop singer, actor, from the Fahrenheit boyband (b. 1985)\nHsu Tain-tsair, Mayor of Tainan City (2001-2010)\nHung Hsiu-chu, Chairperson of Kuomintang (2016-2017)\nIwan Nawi, Deputy Minister of Council of Indigenous Peoples\nWinnie Hsin, pop singer (b. 1962)\nYang Cheng-wu, Magistrate-elect of Kinmen County\nLi Ang, acclaimed Taiwanese feminist writer and author of The Butcher's Wife (b. 1952)\nTsai Ming-Liang, Golden Lion award-winning Taiwanese film director\nHuang Chih-hsiung, Olympic medalist in Taekwondo\nJimmy Liao, Taiwanese illustrator and picture book writer\nFrankie Kao, singer\nKingone Wang, actor and singer\nJenny Tseng, Macau-born singer\nRichie Ren, singer and actor\nWang Hsing-ching\nTsao Chi-hung, Magistrate of Pingtung County (2005–2014)\nPan Shih-wei, Minister of Ministry of Labor (2014)\nLiu Cheng-hung, Magistrate of Miaoli County (2005–2014)\nHsu Ming-tsai, Mayor of Hsinchu City (2009–2014)\nLin Yu-chang, Mayor of Keelung City\nWei Li Chin, Chief Investment Officer of Densu\nWu Tien-chang, artist","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Style_Buildings_on_Chinese_Culture_University_Campus.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Students_Walking_on_Campus.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCU_Da_Cheng_Building_20070814.jpg"}],"text":"Chinese Style Buildings, Chinese Culture University\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentre of Chinese Culture University Campus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClassroom buildings","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Campus Buildings, Chinese Culture University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CCU_Da_Ren_Building_20070814.jpg/220px-CCU_Da_Ren_Building_20070814.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional Chinese Huabiao at the Main Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chinese_Culture_University_Yangmingshan_Gate.jpg/150px-Chinese_Culture_University_Yangmingshan_Gate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hwa Kang Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CCU_Da_Yi_Building_and_Da_Xian_Building_20070814.jpg/220px-CCU_Da_Yi_Building_and_Da_Xian_Building_20070814.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of universities in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan"},{"title":"Chinese Culture University Mandarin Learning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University_Mandarin_Learning_Center"},{"title":"Chinese Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Encyclopedia"},{"title":"U12 Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U12_Consortium"}]	[{"reference":"\"Intro to CCPU (in Chinese)\". CCPU. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102221427/http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intro/intro_about.asp","url_text":"\"Intro to CCPU (in Chinese)\""},{"url":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intro/intro_about.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCU Logo\". CCU. Retrieved 2014-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intl/page/english/about_04.htmlp","url_text":"\"CCU Logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"社團法人中華民國管理科學學會\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.management.org.tw/business.php?gid=11","url_text":"\"社團法人中華民國管理科學學會\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurasia Pacific Uninet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasiapacific.net/index.php?page=content&pid=14","url_text":"\"Eurasia Pacific Uninet\""}]},{"reference":"\"姐妹校資訊\". Archived from the original on 2015-08-24. 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Chinese Culture University (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://epaper.pccu.edu.tw/newsDetail.asp?NewsNo=16267","url_text":"\"台灣棒球選手的搖籃──認識中國文化大學棒球隊(上)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinese_Culture_University&params=25_08_N_121_32_E_region:TW_type:edu_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"25°08′N 121°32′E / 25.133°N 121.533°E / 25.133; 121.533"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chinese_Culture_University&params=25_08_N_121_32_E_region:TW_type:edu_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"25°08′N 121°32′E / 25.133°N 121.533°E / 25.133; 121.533"},{"Link":"https://www.pccu.edu.tw/intl/page/english/","external_links_name":"www.pccu.edu.tw/intl/page/english/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102221427/http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intro/intro_about.asp","external_links_name":"\"Intro to CCPU (in Chinese)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intro/intro_about.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/intl/page/english/about_04.htmlp","external_links_name":"\"CCU Logo\""},{"Link":"http://www.management.org.tw/business.php?gid=11","external_links_name":"\"社團法人中華民國管理科學學會\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurasiapacific.net/index.php?page=content&pid=14","external_links_name":"\"Eurasia Pacific Uninet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150824071953/http://www.pccu.edu.tw/sisterSchool/schoolList/schoolList.asp?continent=1","external_links_name":"\"姐妹校資訊\""},{"Link":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/sisterSchool/schoolList/schoolList.asp?continent=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/chinese-culture-university","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Culture University\""},{"Link":"https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/chinese-culture-university","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Culture University\""},{"Link":"https://education.gvm.com.tw/rankings/2023/","external_links_name":"\"2023最佳大學\""},{"Link":"https://epaper.pccu.edu.tw/newsDetail.asp?NewsNo=16267","external_links_name":"\"台灣棒球選手的搖籃──認識中國文化大學棒球隊(上)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pccu.edu.tw/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www2.pccu.edu.tw/CRGAFL/","external_links_name":"French Department Homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203125415/https://www2.pccu.edu.tw/CRGAFL/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122251407","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145424369","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/80035-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352415005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81049490","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000227610&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36604755","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/149275358","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Berninghaus	Charles Berninghaus	["1 References"]	American painter Charles BerninghausBorn(1905-05-19)May 19, 1905DiedJanuary 1, 1988(1988-01-01) (aged 82)Taos, New Mexico, U.S.Resting placeSierra Vista Cemetery, Taos, New Mexico, U.S.EducationChicago Art InstituteArt Students League of New YorkOccupationPainterParentOscar E. Berninghaus Julius Charles Berninghaus (May 19, 1905 – January 1, 1988) was an American painter from New Mexico. References ^ "Julius Berninghaus". Retrieved August 1, 2020. ^ "Taos Artist J.C. Berninghaus Dies". Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico. January 2, 1988. p. 59. Retrieved March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "J. Charles Berninghaus, artist, dies at age 82". The Taos News. Taos, New Mexico. January 7, 1988. p. 21. Retrieved March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States This New Mexico-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a painter from the United States born in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albuquerquejournalobit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taosnewsobit-3"}],"text":"Julius Charles Berninghaus (May 19, 1905 – January 1, 1988)[1] was an American painter from New Mexico.[2][3]","title":"Charles Berninghaus"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Julius Berninghaus\". Retrieved August 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fold3.com/record/71043297-julius-berninghaus?terms=%20Berninghaus","url_text":"\"Julius Berninghaus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taos Artist J.C. Berninghaus Dies\". Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico. January 2, 1988. p. 59. Retrieved March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/158645040/?terms=%22Charles%2BBerninghaus%22","url_text":"\"Taos Artist J.C. Berninghaus Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"J. Charles Berninghaus, artist, dies at age 82\". The Taos News. Taos, New Mexico. January 7, 1988. p. 21. Retrieved March 1, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/12274783/?terms=%22Charles%2BBerninghaus%22","url_text":"\"J. Charles Berninghaus, artist, dies at age 82\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.fold3.com/record/71043297-julius-berninghaus?terms=%20Berninghaus","external_links_name":"\"Julius Berninghaus\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/158645040/?terms=%22Charles%2BBerninghaus%22","external_links_name":"\"Taos Artist J.C. Berninghaus Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/12274783/?terms=%22Charles%2BBerninghaus%22","external_links_name":"\"J. Charles Berninghaus, artist, dies at age 82\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1557685/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7230274","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKM3tCRmHcQKvx6yYgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00027350","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Berninghaus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Berninghaus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesbischof	Landesbischof	["1 Churches with chairpersons titled Landesbischof","2 References"]	Head of some churches in Germany A Landesbischof (German: ) is the head of some Protestant regional churches in Germany. Based on the principle of summus episcopus (German: landesherrliches Kirchenregiment), after the Reformation each Lutheran prince assumed the position of supreme governor of the state church in his territory. After the First World War, all the German monarchies were abolished and in some regional churches a member of the clergy was elected as Landesbischof. Regional churches not using the term Landesbischof for their chairpersons, and often also allowing laypersons to take that office, use titles such as bishop (Bischof, only clergy), church president (Kirchenpräsident), praeses (Präses), state superintendent (Landessuperintendent, only clergy) or secretary (Schriftführer). Churches with chairpersons titled Landesbischof Protestant Church in Baden, title used since 1933 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria, title used since 1933 Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick, title used since 1923 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Eutin (1921–1976, merged in the NEK), title used since 1961 Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburg State (1529–1976, merged in the NEK), title used since 1933 Evangelical-Lutheran State Church of Hanover, title used since 1925 Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Lübeck State (merged in the NEK in 1976), title used since 1934 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg (ELLM) (1933–2012, merged in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany), title used since 1933 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1850–1933, merged in the ELLM), title used since 1921 Mecklenburg-Strelitz State Church (merged in the ELLM in 1933), title used since 1921 Evangelical State Church in Nassau (1817–1934/1947, merged in the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau), title used from 1827 to 1882, and again from 1922 to 1934 Evangelical Church in Middle Germany (EKM), title used since 2009 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany, Landesbischof since 2013 Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union (1817–2003), title used between 1933 and 1935 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony, title used since 1922 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe, title used since 1949 Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Schleswig-Holstein (1866–1976; merged in the NEK), title used between 1933 and 1945 Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia (1920–2008; merged in the EKM), title used since 1933 Evangelical State Church in Württemberg, title used since 1934 References ^ Beck, Hermann; Jones, Larry Eugene (2018-11-29). From Weimar to Hitler: Studies in the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1932-1934. Berghahn Books. pp. 13, 281–304. ISBN 978-1-78533-918-9.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈlandəsˌbɪʃɔf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"regional churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeskirche"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"summus episcopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summus_episcopus"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst"},{"link_name":"state church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918"},{"link_name":"praeses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)"}],"text":"A Landesbischof (German: [ˈlandəsˌbɪʃɔf]) is the head of some Protestant regional churches in Germany.[1] Based on the principle of summus episcopus (German: landesherrliches Kirchenregiment), after the Reformation each Lutheran prince assumed the position of supreme governor of the state church in his territory. After the First World War, all the German monarchies were abolished and in some regional churches a member of the clergy was elected as Landesbischof.Regional churches not using the term Landesbischof for their chairpersons, and often also allowing laypersons to take that office, use titles such as bishop (Bischof, only clergy), church president (Kirchenpräsident), praeses (Präses), state superintendent (Landessuperintendent, only clergy) or secretary (Schriftführer).","title":"Landesbischof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Baden"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"NEK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elbian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Evangelical-Lutheran State Church of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_State_Church_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg (ELLM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_State_Church_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church in Middle Germany (EKM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Central_Germany"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_State_Church_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_State_Church_of_Schaumburg-Lippe"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Evangelical State Church in Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg"}],"text":"Protestant Church in Baden, title used since 1933\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria, title used since 1933\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick, title used since 1923\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Eutin (1921–1976, merged in the NEK), title used since 1961\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburg State (1529–1976, merged in the NEK), title used since 1933\nEvangelical-Lutheran State Church of Hanover, title used since 1925\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in the Lübeck State (merged in the NEK in 1976), title used since 1934\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg (ELLM) (1933–2012, merged in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany), title used since 1933\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1850–1933, merged in the ELLM), title used since 1921\nMecklenburg-Strelitz State Church (merged in the ELLM in 1933), title used since 1921\nEvangelical State Church in Nassau (1817–1934/1947, merged in the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau), title used from 1827 to 1882, and again from 1922 to 1934\nEvangelical Church in Middle Germany (EKM), title used since 2009\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany, Landesbischof since 2013\nEvangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union (1817–2003), title used between 1933 and 1935\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony, title used since 1922\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe, title used since 1949\nEvangelical Lutheran State Church of Schleswig-Holstein (1866–1976; merged in the NEK), title used between 1933 and 1945\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia (1920–2008; merged in the EKM), title used since 1933\nEvangelical State Church in Württemberg, title used since 1934","title":"Churches with chairpersons titled Landesbischof"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beck, Hermann; Jones, Larry Eugene (2018-11-29). From Weimar to Hitler: Studies in the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1932-1934. Berghahn Books. pp. 13, 281–304. ISBN 978-1-78533-918-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PwB2DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"From Weimar to Hitler: Studies in the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1932-1934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-918-9","url_text":"978-1-78533-918-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PwB2DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"From Weimar to Hitler: Studies in the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic and the Establishment of the Third Reich, 1932-1934"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine	Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine	["1 2022","1.1 March","1.2 April","1.3 May","1.4 June","1.5 July","1.6 August","1.7 September","1.8 October–November","1.9 December","2 2023","2.1 January–February","2.2 March","2.3 April–May","2.4 June","2.5 July","2.6 August","2.7 September–October","2.8 November","2.9 December","3 2024","3.1 January","3.2 February","3.3 March","3.4 April","3.5 May","3.6 June","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Not to be confused with 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2023) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied UkrainePart of the Russian invasion of UkraineDate1 March 2022 – present (2022-03-01 – present)(2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)LocationRussian-occupied territories of UkraineStatus OngoingBelligerents Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea Sevastopol (pro-Ukrainian factions) Donetsk Oblast Luhansk Oblast Kherson Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Russia Republic of Crimea Sevastopol (pro-Russian factions) Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast Russian-occupied Kharkiv OblastCommanders and leaders Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksii Reznikov Rustem Umerov Valerii Zaluzhnyi Oleksandr Syrskyi Tamila Tasheva Vladimir Putin Sergei Shoigu Andrey Belousov Valery GerasimovCollaborator officials Sergey Aksyonov Mikhail Razvozhayev Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Volodymyr Saldo Yevhen Balytskyi Vitaly Ganchev Units involved Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh SBU Special Operations Forces Russian Armed Forces Rosgvardiya OMON FSB Russian Border Guards Police of RussiaUkrainian collaborators Donetsk People's Militia Luhansk People's Militia Defected policemenCasualties and losses Unknown Unknown vteRussian invasion of Ukraine Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April 2024 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war vteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022)Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Kyiv strikes shopping centre bombing Russian Kyiv convoy Bucha massacre Irpin refugee column shelling Makariv Moshchun Brovary Slavutych Borodianka Sumy ammonia leak Chernihiv Chernihiv strikes 3 March 2022 bombing 16 March 2022 breadline attack Okhtyrka Lebedyn Northern Ukraine skirmishes Desna Eastern Ukraine campaign Marinka Mariupol hospital airstrike theatre airstrike art school bombing 1st Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes February cluster bombing government building airstrike March cluster bombing April cluster bombing dormitories missile strike Chuhuiv Air Base Volnovakha Izium massacre Stara Krasnianka Donetsk March 2022 attack June 2022 attack September 2022 attack Rubizhne Popasna Kramatorsk railway station attack Battle of Donbas Siverskyi Donets school bombing Sievierodonetsk 1st Lyman Sviatohirsk Lysychansk Chasiv Yar strike Pisky Olenivka massacre Bakhmut Soledar Vuhledar Makiivka 2nd Kharkiv Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling 2nd Lyman Luhansk Oblast campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Kherson Kherson strikes Melitopol Mykolaiv bombing 7 March 2022 military quarters attack cluster bombing 18 March 2022 military quarters attack government building airstrike Chornobaivka Enerhodar Zaporizhzhia NPP Voznesensk Huliaipole Orikhiv Davydiv Brid Crimea Novofedorivka 1st Crimean Bridge 1st Sevastopol Naval Base Kherson counteroffensive Prelude Nova Kakhovka Liberation of Kherson Dnieper Other regions Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack residential building airstrike Ivano-Frankivsk Kryvyi Rih Lviv Odesa Zhytomyr Rivne Vinnytsia Dnipro Yavoriv Khmelnytskyi Kremenchuk Serhiivka Chaplyne Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Millerovo Dyagilevo and Engels air bases 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine Zeitenwende speech Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Transnistria 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage 2022 Russian Far East protests Soloti training ground shooting Poland missile explosion 2022 Russian martial law Lady R incidentvteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2023)Northern Ukraine skirmishes Kyiv strikes Chernihiv strikes Eastern Ukraine campaign Marinka Bakhmut Soledar Luhansk Oblast campaign Vuhledar Makiivka Kramatorsk strike Lyman cluster bombing Kostiantynivka Hroza Avdiivka Kharkiv strikes Southern Ukraine campaign Huliaipole Orikhiv Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Crimea strikes 2nd Crimean Bridge 2nd Sevastopol Naval Base 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (Mala Tokmachka) Zarichne Mykolaiv strikes Zaporizhzhia NPP Other regions Sloviansk Uman Pokrovsk Zaporizhzhia Ivano-Frankivsk Kryvyi Rih Lviv Odesa Zhytomyr Rivne Vinnytsia Dnipro 14 January 2023 strikes 29 December 2023 strikes Khmelnytskyi Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Moscow drone strikes 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling Brovary helicopter crash Belarus drone strike Black Sea drone incident Belgorod accidental bombing Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash SynytsiavteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2024)Northern Ukraine skirmishes Kyiv strikes Chernihiv strikes Eastern Ukraine campaign Avdiivka Donetsk strike Lysychansk strike Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Vuhledar Luhansk Oblast campaign Southern Ukraine campaign Huliaipole Orikhiv Kherson strikes Mykolaiv strikes Zaporizhzhia NPP Crimea strikes Other regions Pokrovsk strike Zaporizhzhia Ivano-Frankivsk Kryvyi Rih Lviv Odesa 6 March 2024 strike Zhytomyr Rivne Vinnytsia Dnipro Khmelnytskyi Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 22 March 2024 strikes Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike 2024 western Russia incursion Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Skadovsk polling center bombing June 2024 Ukraine peace conferencevteResistance to the Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukrainian resistance Belarusian–Russian anti-war resistance rail war in Belarus rail war in Russia Russian commissariat attacks Ust-Ilimsk shooting St. Petersburg cafe bombing vteRusso-Ukrainian War (outline) Background Novorossiya Dissolution of the Soviet Union Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Crimea Annexation Timeline Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid (military humanitarian) War in Donbas Timeline Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Great Raid of 2014 Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) (Timeline) Prelude to invasion (Reactions) Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Northern Ukraine campaign Hostomel Kyiv Chernihiv Eastern Ukraine campaign Avdiivka Mariupol Kharkiv Izium Battle of Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Bakhmut Kharkiv counteroffensive Vuhledar Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Belgorod accidental bombing Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash vtePost-Soviet conflicts Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Wagner Group rebellion During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia occupied vast portions of the territory of Ukraine, having already occupied parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as well as the entire Autonomous Republic of Crimea since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2014. Partisan groups began to be organized in mid-2022. These groups have been involved in intelligence-gathering, sabotage, and assassinations. Much of their activity has taken place in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions. 2022 March On 1 March, the mayor of Kreminna, Volodymyr Struk was abducted from his home. His wife claimed that unknown camouflaged men entered their property and kidnapped her husband. On 2 March, Struk was found shot dead with a gunshot wound in his chest. Anton Herashchenko, an advisor to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine claimed that Struk was killed by "unknown patriots", suggesting that locals are responsible for his abduction and assassination. Struk was known to be an important pro-Russia figure in the Luhansk region with "money and support from the Russian Federation", who had already expressed support for Russian proxy-forces back in 2014. Before his death, Struk called on local authorities to communicate and collaborate with approaching Russian forces. On 20 March, two unknown assailants shot and killed the assistant to Volodymyr Saldo, Pavel Slobodchikov, in his car outside Saldo's house in Kherson. April On 3 April, the Ukrainian government stated that two Russian soldiers were killed and 28 others hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to Russian soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium, Kharkiv Oblast. On 20 April, pro-Russian blogger Valery Kuleshov was shot and killed while in his car in Kherson. On 21 April, on a television interview, the mayor of Russian-occupied Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, said that, according to Ukrainian intelligence, Ukrainian partisans had killed 100 Russian soldiers in the city, primarily Russian police patrols and mostly through ambushes at night. Fedorov also claimed that the Russian army was struggling to deal with these partisans, as the majority of the population of Melitopol was against the Russian presence. On 21 April, Ukrayinski Novini reported that partisans in occupied Kherson had left a banner with a message on a pole in the city, which said: "Russian occupier and everyone who supports their regime. We are close—we are already working in Kherson. Death awaits you all! Kherson is Ukraine!". On 26 April, the Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast, Vitaliy Kim, said that there had been resistance against the Russian army in the Kherson Oblast for two months and that Ukrainian partisans had killed 80 Russian troops in the region. On 28 April, 24 Kanal reported that partisans in occupied Nova Kakhovka had left a banner with a message on a pole in the city. It said as follows: "Russian occupier! Know! Kakhovka is Ukraine! We are close! Our people are already working here! Death awaits you! Kakhovka is Ukraine!". On 28 April, Apostrophe reported that guerrillas blew up the railway bridge in Yakymivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. On 30 April, members of the Berdiansk Partisan Army (BPA) posted a video on Telegram calling for Russian troops to leave Berdiansk. They announced that they were organizing their forces and that they were "ready to come out of the shadows". The account of this organization was used during the invasion for gathering and showing evidence of Russian crimes in the city and information about collaborators with the Russian army in Berdiansk. May On 13 May, Oleksii Reznikov, the Minister of Defence of Ukraine, spoke of the defeats and difficulties that Russian troops had been experiencing in Ukraine ever since the start of the invasion. Reznikov also spoke of the partisans in Kherson, Melitopol and other localities, calling them "an important contribution to common victory". On 22 May, in occupied Enerhodar, Ukrainian partisans detonated an explosive in front of a residential building where the Russian-appointed mayor of the city Andrei Shevchik was located. Shevchik and his bodyguards sustained injuries of varying severity, and Shevchik ended up in intensive care. He was first taken to a hospital in Enerhodar and then to another in Melitopol. In late May, six Russian border guards at the Zernovo border checkpoint in northern Ukraine were reportedly killed on the week of 30 May–5 June when they were attacked by Ukrainian partisans. Two days later, a bomb exploded near the office of Russian-installed Zaporizhzhia Oblast governor Yevhen Balytskyi, a pro-Russian official and de facto mayor of Melitopol. June On 18 June, an explosive device went off in the car of Yevgeny Sobolev, the head of the Kherson Region penal service. He survived the blast and was taken to a hospital according to TASS. On 20 June, three Russian soldiers were at a waterfront cafe in Kherson when a shooter opened fire at them. Two of the soldiers were killed, while the surviving soldier was hospitalised, according to Ukrainian Southern Command. On 24 June, in occupied Kherson, a Russian appointed official, Dmitry Savluchenko, was killed by a car bomb, reportedly placed by Ukrainian partisans. July On 7 July police officer Serhii Tomko who had defected to the Russian side was shot and killed in his vehicle in Nova Kakhovka. On 11 July, Yevgeny Yunakov, the Russian-appointed administrator of Velykyi Burluk was killed by a car bomb according to TASS. On 24 July, partisans in Melitopol attacked rail infrastructure during the night, causing moderate damage to a section of railway. Explosions were reportedly heard near the Melitopol Airfield and near the village of Kostyantynivka, according to the mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov. On 26 July, Euromaidan Press reported that the Satelit factory in Mariupol had been attacked by partisans and "has been burning for 10 days". On 27 July, in occupied Kherson an improvised explosive blew up a car with two defecting police officers inside of it, both were severely injured and one later died from his wounds. On 28 July, The Daily Telegraph reported that posters with the message "Can't leave? HIMARS will help you" had begun appearing in Kherson. On 29 July, partisans in Luhansk Oblast burned a distribution box controlling the railway traffic lights, junctions and crossings near Svatove during the night, according to the head of the Luhansk Regional Military-Civil Administration, Serhiy Haidai. Also on 29 July, Petro Andriushchenko, the Advisor to the Mayor of Mariupol, reported that partisans had set grain fields near the city on fire so that Russian forces would not be able to steal and export the grain. August On 4 August, a local partisan group ambushed a car, which was carrying the Russian-installed mayor and his deputy in Bilovodsk, a town in the northern part of the Luhansk Oblast. Both passengers sustained injuries from the small arms fire that targeted their car and had to undergo medical treatment. On 6 August, Ukrainian media reported that the deputy head of the Russian administration in Nova Kakhovka, Vitaly Guru, was shot dead in his home; this was, however, refuted. On 11 August, Askyar Laishev, a former traffic police officer and the Russian-appointed Head of Intelligence of the Luhansk region, was killed when resistance fighters blew up his car in Starobilsk. He was reportedly able to eject from his burning car, but later succumbed to his injuries. Laishev's ties to Russian proxies were exposed back in 2014, when Oleh Liashko's volunteer unit Ukrayina found out that Laishev was covering for a local separatist named Vikor Rybalko, who was involved in organizing a referendum on the independence of the region. The incident was caught on camera by former Vice News reporter Simon Ostrovsky, who joined Liashko and his men on a nightly raid. On 13 August, pictures of leaflets, which were taken in Lysychansk, started to appear online. The posters contained messages, in which the partisans threatened the lives of local collaborators and Russian-installed officials. This is part of a presumed larger intimidation operation in the western Luhansk Oblast, as similar posters started to appear in Severodonetsk a month earlier. On 15 August, mayor of Melitopol reported that guerrillas blew up the railway bridge which was used by Russians near the city. On 20 August, pro-Ukrainian partisans conducted an unsuccessful attack against Konstantin Ivashchenko, the Russian-installed mayor of Mariupol, using an improvised explosive device. On 23 August, Ihor Telehin, the deputy head of the internal policy department in Kherson Oblast was injured in a targeted explosion. On 24 August, the head of the Russian-appointed administration of Mykhailivka in Zaporizhzhia oblast Ivan Sushko was wounded in a car bombing, he was taken to a hospital and died there from his wounds. On 26 August, Russian-appointed official Oleksandr Koliesnikov, the deputy chief of the Berdiansk traffic police was injured in an explosion. He was taken to hospital with shrapnel wounds, where he died hours later. On 28 August, People's Deputy of Ukraine Oleksii Kovalov, who according to Ukrainian authorities at the beginning of July had assumed the position of deputy head of the Russian-appointed government of Kherson Oblast, was shot dead in his own home. According to further reports, his girlfriend also died in hospital after she was stabbed. On 30 August, partisans reportedly launched attacks on pro-Russian security forces in Kherson city. September On 6 September, Russian-installed official Artem Bardin was heavily wounded when his car was blown up in Berdyansk. Russian officials reported that he had lost both of his legs and doctors were "fighting for his life" in the hospital where he was kept. Bardin later died in the hospital. On 7 September, the headquarters of a pro-Russian organization called "We Are Together With Russia" was bombed in Melitopol. On 10 September, Luhansk Oblast Governor Serhiy Haidai claimed that Ukrainian partisans had managed to capture parts of Kreminna during the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast counteroffensive. On 16 September, the Deputy Head of Berdiansk CAA for Housing and Communal Services Oleg Boyko and his wife, Lyudmila Boyko—who was head of the city's election commission for the referendum to join Russia—were killed near their garage in Berdiansk in an apparent assassination. On 16 September, Serhiy Horenko, the Prosecutor General of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic and his deputy Kateryna Stehlenko were killed in a bomb attack that targeted their office in Luhansk, Eastern Ukraine. October–November On 31 October, Pavlo Ischuk, the Russian-installed First Deputy Mayor of Berdiansk for Foreign Policy and Mass Communications, was seriously injured by a bombing near his house in Berdiansk. On 4 November, Head of the DPR Denis Pushilin said that Alexander Nikulin, a judge of the Supreme Court of the DPR, was shot and seriously injured in Vuhlehirsk. On 15 November, Melitopol Mayor Ivan Fedorov stated that Dmitry Trukhin, a former member of the city council and director of 'communal property' suffered serious injuries after a bombing attack on his residence in Melitopol. December On 11 December, guerillas set fire to barracks, which were occupied by Russian soldiers in the Crimean village of Sovietske. On 12 December, Vitaly Bulyuk, First Deputy Head of the Kherson MCA for Economics, Financial and Budgetary Policy, Agriculture, Revenue and Fees, was injured in a car bombing in Skadovsk. His driver was killed. On 22 December, it was reported that Andrei Shtepa, head of the Russian occupation in the Kakhovka district of Kherson, was assassinated in a car bombing near a Soviet monument in Kakhovka. His driver was also killed. 2023 January–February On 6 January, partisans blew up a railway line near Shchastya, Luhansk Oblast, which was mainly used to transport military equipment and stolen Ukrainian grain. On 13 January, a car bombing attempting to kill the collaborator in charge of the Russian occupation of Berdiansk, Alexei Kichigin, took place, though he survived. On 16 January following a series of explosions, Ukrainian authorities announced that Kichigin had been killed in the strikes. On 24 January, local Russian collaborator Valentyna Mamai was targeted in a car bombing in the center of Berdiansk, and later hospitalized. On 3 February, local Russian collaborator police officer in Enerhodar, and local head of Russian troops, Yevgeny Kuzmin was killed with an improvised explosive device (IED) while he was in his car. March On 14 March, local Russian collaborator Ivan Tkach was killed in a car bombing in the center of Melitopol. On 19 March, Russian collaborator Serhii Moskalenko was killed in a car bombing in Skadovsk by Atesh partisans. Moskalenko had set up torture chambers in Kherson Oblast during the Russian occupation and had been appointed a "prison warden" by the occupation authorities. On 19 March, there was an attempt to blow up a gas pipeline in the city of Simferopol in Russian-occupied Crimea. The facility suffered minor damage. On 27 March, the car of Mikhail Moskvin, the Russian-appointed chief of police, was blown up in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. Moskvin survived. April–May On 27 April, Russian collaborator Oleksandr Mishchenko was killed in a bombing in Melitopol. Mishchenko was previously the Chief of Police of Pryazovske Raion and had served as Deputy Chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Melitopol for personnel since the Russian invasion. On 15 May, Igor Kornet, the Minister of the Interior of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, was seriously wounded by an explosion in the city center of Luhansk. It was reported that Kornet was inside of a barber shop at the time of the blast, which injured four more people. On 18 May, partisans blew up a railway line near Bakhchisaray, Crimea, causing the derailment of at least five freight wagons. June On 2 June, a car with four local collaborators was blown up in Russian-occupied Mykhailivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Ivan Fedorov, the elected mayor of Melitopol, reported that one of the victims was Serhii Dydovodiuk, a local liquor distributor, who was known for having pro-Russian stances and serving fellow pro-Russian and Russian individuals at his café. On 11 June, a partisan cell blew up a railway line in occupied Yakymivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. On 14 June, Ukrainian guerillas blew up a key railway line near Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Ukrainian officials claimed that in addition to 50 meters of railway track, five freight carts got destroyed by the detonation. On 19 June, the car of Vladimir Epifanov, the assistant of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast, was blown up in Simferopol, Crimea. According to initial reports, Epifanov and his bodyguards survived the blast, but sustained severe injuries. On 21 June, Atesh partisans blew up a railway line between Feodosia and Vladyslavivka in Crimea, causing the disruption of railway traffic for multiple hours. On 24 June, two 16-year-old partisans were fatally shot by a Russian sniper in Berdiansk after killing a Russian soldier and a collaborating police officer. July On 4 July, a drone strike in the Moscow region allegedly carried out by Ukraine caused disruption in flights at Vnukovo International Airport. The Russian defense ministry reported that all five drones involved in the attack were successfully intercepted without causing any harm or damage. On 19 July, Kyrylo Budanov, the Ukrainian head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, reported that Ukrainian partisans played a key role in the attack on a Russian ammunition depot near the Crimean town of Staryi Krym, which caused chain of strong explosions and the subsequent evacuation of nearby towns and villages. On 29 July, two Russian officers were killed and 15 others hospitalized as the result of a mass poisoning carried out by Ukrainian partisans in the Russian-occupied port city of Mariupol in the Donetsk Region of Eastern Ukraine. Petro Andriushchenko, the advisor to the elected mayor of the city, claimed that Russian authorities assume that cyanide and pesticides were added to food, which was handed out at an event location to celebrate the Day of the Russian Navy. August On 13 August, Ukrainian guerillas set fire to a Russian military base near the destroyed Azovstal plant in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. Local Ukrainian authorities reported losses among Russian troops and equipment, but didn't publish any further details. It was later reported that at least 10 Russian servicemen sustained injuries from the fire. On 30 August, Atesh partisans blew up the election hub of the United Russia party in Nova Kakhovka, a town located the Russian-occupied part of the Kherson Oblast. The guerillas claimed the blast killed three Russian soldiers and burned “all the documentation that the occupiers brought for the elections scheduled for 8 to 10 September”. On 31 August, the local partisan group ′Y′ claimed responsibility for another arson attack on a Russian base on the outskirts of Mariupol and reportedly damaged at least four Russian military vehicles. September–October On 7 September, a car carrying two FSB officers was blown up in Oleshky in Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast. The car bomb killed one FSB officer instantly and injured the other one severely, as well as three Russian soldiers escorting the car. On 1 October, Atesh partisans released a video of freshly dug trenches and new dragon teeth fortifications near Feodosia in Russian-occupied Crimea. They also stated that they are forming groups, which travel around the peninsula and report every building effort of military fortifications to the Ukrainian intelligence, to make sure "a breakthrough of the Ukrainian Armed Forces is successful". On 7 October, a car bomb killed Vladimir Malov, a Russian-installed official in the occupied Ukrainian city of Nova Kakhovka. On 23 October, Russian media sources reported the death of one Russian serviceman as the result of a detonation of an improvised explosive device in the occupied port city of Berdiansk. Later that day, a spokesperson of the Main Intelligence Directorate of Ukraine stated "a local resistance group" was behind the plot that targeted a car carrying four representatives of the Russian FSB and called the attack "an act of revenge". On 27 October, former lawmaker and separatist official Oleg Tsaryov was shot on the premises of his home in Yalta, Autonomous Republic of Crimea. His condition was reported to be "critical" when he was rushed into hospital, but according to Russian official sources, he survived the attempt on his life. On 31 October, the FSB arrested a 46-year-old local resident, who reportedly confessed to the charges of attempting to kill Tsaryov. November On 8 November, Mikhail Filiponenko, a Russian-installed official and former separatist leader was assassinated in Luhansk. Ukraine's military intelligence directorate claims it carried out a "a special operation" in collaboration with local resistance fighters to liquidate Filiponenko. He reportedly survived a previous assassination attempt in February 2022, only three days before the start of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Before 2010, Filiponenko was a local lawmaker for the pro-Russian Party of Regions. On 10 November, Ukrainian partisans blew up a Russian police car in Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine. No human casualties were reported. On 11 November, Ukrainian guerillas blew up the headquarters of the Russian military in Melitopol, killing at least three Russian servicemen. The attack took place during a meeting of officers from the FSB and the Russian National Guard. On 15 November, members of the Yellow Ribbon resistance group placed the Ukrainian flag on the peak of the Boyka Hora, a mountain near Yalta, Crimea. There were similar reports in late August of unknown people hoisting the Ukrainian flag on top of the Shaan-Kaya mountain near Alupka, which is located 15 kilometers southwest from Yalta. On 21 November, Lt-Col. Oleh Shumilov and Lt-Col. Volodymyr Pakholenko were seriously injured when their car exploded in the city of Luhansk. Shumilov was deputy interior minister and Pakholenko a criminal investigator. On 29 November, local partisans coordinated a precision strike by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in Yuvileine in the occupied part of the Kherson Oblast. According to media reports, the missile hit its intended target and killed five Russian police officers and injured 17 employees of the facility in which a meeting between the police officers was ongoing. The strike also killed Police Major Arthur Dzhunusov, who was the Russian-installed deputy chief of police of the town and the surrounding area. December On 5 December, 24 Russian servicemen were reportedly killed and 11 more hospitalized after members of a local partisan group handed out poisoned groceries and alcoholic beverages in Simferopol, Crimea. On 6 December, a car belonging to a Russian-installed deputy named Oleh Popov was blown up in the city center of Luhansk. RIA Novosti, a Russian news outlet, aired reports of an explosion near the Avanhard Stadium, but didn't specify whether anyone was injured in the explosion. On 15 December, guerillas bombed a train, which was carrying ammunition and supplies in the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. A day later, local resistance fighters wounded a Russian officer in a car bombing in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. On 17 December, members of the Atesh movement published the coordinates of alleged Russian anti-aircraft installations in an online post near Sevastopol, Crimea. This is part of a supposed larger intelligence gathering operation by the group, as reports of an infiltration at a Russian military base in Feodosia surfaced five days earlier. On 25 December, Atesh resistance fighters posted footage of an infiltration into a Russian command post near the town of Novoozerne in northwestern Crimea. 2024 January On 13 January, in Crimea, 46 Russian servicemen in Simferopol and Bakhchysarai were reportedly killed with poisoned vodka which was handed out by two young female partisans. Police were sent to apprehend them in a private house in Yalta and engaged in a shoot-out with the partisans, in which 3 police officers were killed and 2 were wounded before the partisans fled the scene in a car. On 15 January, a car carrying four Russian servicemen was blown up in Russian-occupied Melitopol. According to initial reports, all four soldiers suffered injuries. On 22 January, the 105th anniversary of the Ukrainian Unification Act, activists of the Yellow Ribbon movement positioned a large Ukrainian flag on top of the Pakhkal-Kaya mountain near Alushta, Crimea. February On 7 February, members of the Atesh movement published footage and coordinates of a concentration of Russian military equipment in Horlivka, Donetsk Oblast, Eastern Ukraine. On 19 February, agents of the FSB killed a man who was reportedly planting an explosive charge under the car of a Russian-installed official in Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. On 22 February, it was reported that six members of the Russian Central Election Commission died in Mariupol after having been poisoned by partisans. A month before, three Russian servicemen died and ten more were hospitalized after a partisan cell handed out contaminated beverages, also in Mariupol. On 27 February, a group of men triggered a police operation in Dzhankoi after a suspected infiltration attempt at a military airfield. On 27 February, guerillas blew up the local headquarters of the United Russia party in occupied Nova Kakhovka, Southern Ukraine. March On 6 March, Svetlana Samoilenko, an organizer of the 2024 Russian presidential election and the Russian appointed Deputy Mayor of Berdiansk was killed in a car bombing in the southern port city of Berdiansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. On 10 March, Ihor Tsiferov, a collaborator from Dokuchaevsk, a small city south of Donetsk, was injured when his car was blown up in front of his house. Tsiferov was an employee of the Ministry of State Security of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic, which was involved in illegal abductions, acts of torture and other severe human rights violations since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014. On 15 March, partisans planted an IED inside a trashcan in front of a polling station in the Russian-occupied resort town of Skadovsk, Kherson Oblast. The guerillas claim to have injured at least five Russian servicemen when the explosive touched off. On 17 March, it was reported that a woman vandalized a ballot box during the 2024 Russian presidential election by pouring green paint in it. The incident happened in Simferopol, the capital city of the occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea. On 22 March, two explosions took place in the occupied city of Melitopol. About 20 Russian soldiers were killed and two Kamaz tilt trucks and a UAZ were destroyed, according to an initial assessment of the Ukrainian military intelligence service. April On 1 April, Valerii Chaika, a pro-Russian collaborator and former employee of the local district administration was killed in the town of Starobilsk, Luhansk Oblast, when a homemade explosive device blew up his car. On 4 April, a car bombing targeted Maxim Zubarev, the Russian-appointed mayor of Yakymivka, a town in the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Zubarev was brought into hospital, where doctors described his condition as ″critical″, but according to preliminary reports, Zubarev survived the assassination attempt. On 17 April, the Ukrainian Armed Forces struck an uncamouflaged S-400 missile system and a command post of the Russian Armed Forces near the airfield of the Crimean city of Dzhankoi. A few days before, Atesh guerillas shared the location of the complex in an online post, asking for immediate action from the Ukrainian military. May On 5 May, a Russian collaborator and employee of a local penal colony was killed when an improvised explosive device blew up the victim's car in occupied Berdiansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Southern Ukraine. The Russian occupation authorities subsequently announced the start of a criminal investigation and stated that an unknown person planted the explosive charge on the underbody of the vehicle. On 20 May, residents of Yuvileine in the Luhansk region coordinated an Ukrainian rocket strike on a Russian military base. On 21 May, the local pro-Ukrainian militant group ″Ї″ set fire to a warehouse in the port city of Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, which was used by the Russian Armed Forces to store construction materials and other belongings. On 31 May, a 40-year-old resident of Crimea stabbed 2 Russian military members to death in Alushta. On 31 May, a partisan cell claimed responsibility for an arson attack on a car of an unnamed pro-Russian collaborator in occupied Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine. June On 2 June, a Russian serviceman posted a video in which he accused employees of a local shop in Ivanivka, Kherson Oblast of trying to poison him and his comrades with pills, which they tried to dissolve in Fanta soft drink bottles. On 11 June, Atesh partisans published footage and the coordinates of a Russian makeshift ammunition depot and communication hub in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. See also 2022–2023 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine Occupied territories of Ukraine Notes ^ In May 2024 in Poltava the local Lassalle street was divided into two parts and of these two "new streets" both of these shot teenagers Tigran Hovhannisyan and Nikita Khanganov had a street renamed after them. References ^ "Жители Херсонщины в День флага показали оккупантам свою позицию – ОВА". Украинская правда (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ a b Polishchuk, Mykola (30 April 2022). "Бердянські партизани озвучили свої вимоги до окупантів та колаборантів". Glavcom (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. ^ a b "Yellow Ribbon guerrillas lead Ukraine's resistance effort". CS Monitor. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. 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"Crimea videos show huge explosions as Russian air base attacked". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ "Pro-Russian collaborator and torture chamber overseer killed in occupied Berdiansk – photo". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 23 May 2024. ^ "Governor: Ukraine strikes Russian base in occupied Luhansk's suburb". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ "Mariupol partisans set Russian warehouse on fire, advisor confirms". www.euromaidanpress.com. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024. ^ Two Russian Federation Servicemen Stabbed Dead On Alushta Embankment ^ "In-temporarily-occupied-Mariupol-this-afternoon-on-one-of-the-streets-of-the-Left-Bank-district-of-the-city-a-car-alle". www.ukrainewarupdates.quora.com. 31 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024. ^ Kaja Kallas: kui Ukraina langeb, siis meil pole plaani B.Õhtuleht ^ "Partisans Reveal Locations of Key Russian Ammunition Depot in Mariupol". www.ukranews.com. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. Further reading Gettleman, J. (25 December 2022), "How Citizen Spies Foiled Putin's Grand Plan for One Ukrainian City", The New York Times, archived from the original on 25 February 2023, retrieved 25 December 2022 External links Media related to Ukrainian resistance during the Russo-Ukrainian War at Wikimedia Commons vteRussian invasion of UkrainePart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarOverviewGeneral Outline Timeline Prelude Feb – Apr 2022 Apr – Aug 2022 Aug – Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun – Aug 2023 Sep – Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr 2024 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Women Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians" Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR "Address concerning the events in Ukraine" "On conducting a special military operation" Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine historical background Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreignrelations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy in Russia open door policy Military engagementsSouthernUkraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Battle of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Battle of Huliaipole Battle of Orikhiv Battle of Davydiv Brid Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam EasternUkraine Battle of Marinka Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk First battle of Lyman Battle of Sviatohirsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Kupiansk Second battle of Lyman Luhansk Oblast campaign Battle of Avdiivka NorthernUkraine Battle of Antonov Airport Capture of Chernobyl Battle of Kyiv Battle of Hostomel Battle of Vasylkiv Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Moshchun Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Battle of Okhtyrka Battle of Lebedyn Northeastern border skirmishes Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes onmilitary targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Novofedorivka explosions Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike ResistanceRussian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarus and Russia Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russianoccupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Previous Chernihiv Oblast Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast Zhytomyr Oblast Potentiallyrelated Black Sea drone incident Mystery fires in Russia Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Violations of non-combatant airspaces Missile explosion in Poland Operation Synytsia Attacks in Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike 2024 western Russia incursion 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive Wagner Group rebellion War crimesGeneral Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks oncivilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Mariupol art school bombing Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike 22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine April 2024 Chernihiv missile strike 25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes Crimes againstsoldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ReactionsStates andofficial entitiesGeneral Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Defence Industries Forum International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property Look for Your Own Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War National Multi-Subject Test North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine" United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Chinese peace plan Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Internationalorganizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill PublicProtests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus "Do not buy Russian goods!" E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Wimbledon ban ImpactEffects Aircraft losses Casualties Americans killed Britons killed Canadians killed Colombians killed Israelis killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge Moldovan energy crisis protests Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre List of notable deaths Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms and phrases "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from" "Anglo-Saxons" "Bavovna" "Grandpa in his bunker" "Good evening, we are from Ukraine" "Orc" "Putin khuylo!" "Khuy Voyne!" "Russia is here forever " "Russian warship, go fuck yourself" "Slava Ukraini!" "Special military operation" "To bomb Voronezh" "Strength is in truth" "Westsplaining" "Where have you been for eight years?" "Without you" Popular cultureSongs 12 Bakhmut Fortress Bayraktar Bilia topoli City of Mary Flowers of Minefields Generation Cancellation Generation Z Oyda Hey, Hey, Rise Up! Mama ŠČ! Oi u luzi chervona kalyna Slava Ukraini! Stefania Ukraine Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron "Putler" "Putinversteher" Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key peopleUkrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Andriy Biletsky Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev Denys Monastyrsky Denys Prokopenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Nagin Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Related 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Belgorod accidental bombing Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk military aircraft crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Nord Stream 2 Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Russian military presence in Transnistria Ryazan military aircraft crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery U-24 association Ural Airlines Flight 1383 Voronezh military aircraft crash "The Vladimir Putin Interview" Yeysk military aircraft crash Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine Wagner Group plane crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 protests in Russian-occupied 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Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)"},{"link_name":"Kodori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict"},{"link_name":"Chechen–Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"guerrilla phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"IS insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)"},{"link_name":"Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Batken spillover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batken_conflict"},{"link_name":"Tulip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_Revolution"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2020"},{"link_name":"South Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)"},{"link_name":"Dungan–Kazakh clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest"},{"link_name":"Karakalpakstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War"},{"link_name":"1993 Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"Revolution of Dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity"},{"link_name":"pro-Russian unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"(outline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"annexation of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas"},{"link_name":"Kerch Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident"},{"link_name":"2022 invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"prelude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Wagner Group rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"vast portions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Russia-Ukraine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-Ukraine_war"},{"link_name":"Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeaumontKoshiw-5"},{"link_name":"intelligence-gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence-gathering"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine.Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied UkrainePart of the Russian invasion of UkraineDate1 March 2022 – present (2022-03-01 – present)(2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)LocationRussian-occupied territories of UkraineStatus\nOngoingBelligerents\n Ukraine\n\n Autonomous Republic of Crimea\n Sevastopol (pro-Ukrainian factions)\n Donetsk Oblast\n Luhansk Oblast\n Kherson Oblast\n Zaporizhzhia Oblast\n Kharkiv Oblast\n Russia\n\n Republic of Crimea\n Sevastopol (pro-Russian factions)\n Donetsk People's Republic\n Luhansk People's Republic\n Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast\n Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast\n Russian-occupied Kharkiv OblastCommanders and leaders\n Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksii Reznikov Rustem Umerov Valerii Zaluzhnyi Oleksandr Syrskyi Tamila Tasheva\n Vladimir Putin Sergei Shoigu Andrey Belousov Valery GerasimovCollaborator officials Sergey Aksyonov Mikhail Razvozhayev Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Volodymyr Saldo Yevhen Balytskyi Vitaly Ganchev [ru]Units involved\n Popular Resistance of Ukraine[1] Berdiansk Partisan Army[2] Yellow Ribbon[3] Atesh[4] SBU[citation needed] Special Operations Forces[3]\n Russian Armed Forces Rosgvardiya OMON FSB Russian Border Guards Police of RussiaUkrainian collaborators\n\n Donetsk People's Militia\n Luhansk People's Militia\nDefected policemenCasualties and losses\nUnknown\nUnknown\n\nvteRussian invasion of Ukraine\nTimeline\nFebruary – April 2022\nApril – August 2022\nAugust – November 2022\nNovember 2022 – June 2023\nJune – August 2023\nSeptember – November 2023\nDecember 2023 – March 2024\nApril 2024 – present\n\nPrelude\nCasualties\nTerritorial control\nmap\nWar crimes\nAttacks on civilians\nEconomic impact\nPeace negotiations\nCollaboration with Russia\nRussian emigration\nNuclear risk\nHumanitarian impacts\nRussian annexation\nTreatment of prisoners of war\nvteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022)Northern Ukraine campaign\nAntonov Airport\nChernobyl\nHostomel\nKyiv\nKyiv strikes\nshopping centre bombing\nRussian Kyiv convoy\nBucha\nmassacre\nIrpin\nrefugee column shelling\nMakariv\nMoshchun\nBrovary\nSlavutych\nBorodianka\nSumy\nammonia leak\nChernihiv\nChernihiv strikes\n3 March 2022 bombing\n16 March 2022 breadline attack\nOkhtyrka\nLebedyn\nNorthern Ukraine skirmishes\nDesna\n\nEastern Ukraine campaign\n\nMarinka\nMariupol\nhospital airstrike\ntheatre airstrike\nart school bombing\n1st Kharkiv\nKharkiv strikes\nFebruary cluster bombing\ngovernment building airstrike\nMarch cluster bombing\nApril cluster bombing\ndormitories missile strike\nChuhuiv Air Base\nVolnovakha\nIzium\nmassacre\nStara Krasnianka\nDonetsk\nMarch 2022 attack\nJune 2022 attack\nSeptember 2022 attack\nRubizhne\nPopasna\nKramatorsk\nrailway station attack\nBattle of Donbas\nSiverskyi Donets\nschool bombing\nSievierodonetsk\n1st Lyman\nSviatohirsk\nLysychansk\nChasiv Yar strike\nPisky\nOlenivka massacre\nBakhmut\nSoledar\nVuhledar\nMakiivka\n2nd Kharkiv\nKupiansk\ncivilian convoy shelling\n2nd Lyman\nLuhansk Oblast campaign\n\nSouthern Ukraine campaign\n\nKherson\nKherson strikes\nMelitopol\nMykolaiv\nbombing\n7 March 2022 military quarters attack\ncluster bombing\n18 March 2022 military quarters attack\ngovernment building airstrike\nChornobaivka\nEnerhodar\nZaporizhzhia NPP\nVoznesensk\nHuliaipole\nOrikhiv\nDavydiv Brid\nCrimea\nNovofedorivka\n1st Crimean Bridge\n1st Sevastopol Naval Base\nKherson counteroffensive\nPrelude\nNova Kakhovka\nLiberation of Kherson\nDnieper\n\nOther regions\n\nZaporizhzhia\ncivilian convoy attack\nresidential building airstrike\nIvano-Frankivsk\nKryvyi Rih\nLviv\nOdesa\nZhytomyr\nRivne\nVinnytsia\nDnipro\nYavoriv\nKhmelnytskyi\nKremenchuk\nSerhiivka\nChaplyne\nStrikes against Ukrainian infrastructure\n\nNaval operations\n\nSnake Island\nBerdiansk\nMoskva\n\nSpillover & related incidents\n\nWestern Russia\nMillerovo\nDyagilevo and Engels air bases\n2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine\nZeitenwende speech\nZagreb Tu-141 crash\nRussian mystery fires\nTransnistria\n2022 Russian mobilization\nNord Stream pipeline sabotage\n2022 Russian Far East protests\nSoloti training ground shooting\nPoland missile explosion\n2022 Russian martial law\nLady R incidentvteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2023)Northern Ukraine skirmishes\nKyiv strikes\nChernihiv strikes\n\nEastern Ukraine campaign\n\nMarinka\nBakhmut\nSoledar\nLuhansk Oblast campaign\nVuhledar\nMakiivka\nKramatorsk strike\nLyman cluster bombing\nKostiantynivka\nHroza\nAvdiivka\nKharkiv strikes\n\nSouthern Ukraine campaign\n\nHuliaipole\nOrikhiv\nDnieper\nKakhovka Dam\nCrimea strikes\n2nd Crimean Bridge\n2nd Sevastopol Naval Base\n2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (Mala Tokmachka)\nZarichne\nMykolaiv strikes\nZaporizhzhia NPP\n\nOther regions\n\nSloviansk\nUman\nPokrovsk\nZaporizhzhia\nIvano-Frankivsk\nKryvyi Rih\nLviv\nOdesa\nZhytomyr\nRivne\nVinnytsia\nDnipro\n14 January 2023 strikes\n29 December 2023 strikes\nKhmelnytskyi\nStrikes against Ukrainian infrastructure\n\nSpillover & related incidents\n\nWestern Russia\nBryansk Oblast\nKremlin drone attack\nBelgorod Oblast incursion\nMoscow drone strikes\n30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling\nBrovary helicopter crash\nBelarus drone strike\nBlack Sea drone incident\nBelgorod accidental bombing\nWagner Group rebellion\nWagner Group plane crash\nSynytsiavteRussian invasion of Ukraine (2024)Northern Ukraine skirmishes\nKyiv strikes\nChernihiv strikes\n\nEastern Ukraine campaign\n\nAvdiivka\nDonetsk strike\nLysychansk strike\nChasiv Yar\nKrasnohorivka\nOcheretyne\n3rd Kharkiv\nKharkiv strikes\nVuhledar\nLuhansk Oblast campaign\n\nSouthern Ukraine campaign\n\nHuliaipole\nOrikhiv\nKherson strikes\nMykolaiv strikes\nZaporizhzhia NPP\nCrimea strikes\n\nOther regions\n\nPokrovsk strike\nZaporizhzhia\nIvano-Frankivsk\nKryvyi Rih\nLviv\nOdesa\n6 March 2024 strike\nZhytomyr\nRivne\nVinnytsia\nDnipro\nKhmelnytskyi\nStrikes against Ukrainian infrastructure\n22 March 2024 strikes\n\nNaval operations\n\nTendra Spit\n\nSpillover & related incidents\n\nWestern Russia\nFebruary 2024 Belgorod missile strike\nMay 2024 Belgorod missile strike\n2024 western Russia incursion\nKorochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash\nSkadovsk polling center bombing\nJune 2024 Ukraine peace conferencevteResistance to the Russian invasion of Ukraine\nUkrainian resistance\nBelarusian–Russian anti-war resistance\nrail war in Belarus\nrail war in Russia\nRussian commissariat attacks\nUst-Ilimsk shooting\nSt. Petersburg cafe bombing\n\nvteRusso-Ukrainian War (outline)\nBackground\nNovorossiya\nDissolution of the Soviet Union\nRussia–Ukraine relations\nBudapest Memorandum\n2003 Tuzla Island conflict\nOrange Revolution\n2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin\nRussia–Ukraine gas disputes\nEuromaidan\nRevolution of Dignity\n\nCrimea\nAnnexation\nTimeline\nLittle green men\nKrymnash\nCrimean Parliament\nBelbek Airport\nSouthern Naval Base\n2014 Simferopol\n2014 Russian protests\n\nMajor topics\n2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism\nInformation war\ncyberwarfare\nransomware\ncyberattacks\nBelarusian involvement\nInternational sanctions\nMedia portrayal\nForeign aid (military\nhumanitarian)\n\nWar in Donbas\nTimeline\nCapture of Donetsk\nSloviansk\nKramatorsk\nArtemivsk\nMariupol\nSievierodonetsk\nIl-76 shootdown\nZelenopillia rocket attack\nKarlivka\n1st Donetsk Airport\nLuhansk Border Base\nKrasnyi Lyman\nSector D clashes\nGreat Raid of 2014\nShakhtarsk Raion\nHorlivka\nYasynuvata\nIlovaisk\nNovoazovsk\n2nd Mariupol\n2nd Donetsk Airport\nDebaltseve\nInternational recognition\nPost-Minsk II conflict\n\n2015\nShyrokyne (2015)\nMarinka (2015)\n2016\nSvitlodarsk (2016)\n2017\nAvdiivka (2017)\n2018\nKerch Strait incident (2018)\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\nAttacks on civilians\n\nSloviansk\nMalaysia Airlines Flight 17\nNovosvitlivka\nVolnovakha\nDonetsk\nMariupol\nKramatorsk\nStanytsia Luhanska\n\nRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) (Timeline)\nPrelude to invasion (Reactions)\nAssassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy\nNorthern Ukraine campaign\nHostomel\nKyiv\nChernihiv\nEastern Ukraine campaign\nAvdiivka\nMariupol\nKharkiv\nIzium\nBattle of Donbas\nSievierodonetsk\nLysychansk\nBakhmut\nKharkiv counteroffensive\nVuhledar\nSouthern Ukraine campaign\n1st Kherson\nMelitopol\nMykolaiv\nVoznesensk\nKherson counteroffensive\n2nd Kherson\n2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive\nEffects and aftermath\nEconomic impact\nPeace negotiations\nProtests in occupied Ukraine\nWar crimes\nGovernment and intergovernmental reactions\nNon-government reactions\nProtests\nRussian protests\nICJ case\nArrest warrants\nRelated\n\nZagreb Tu-141 crash\nRussian mystery fires\nNord Stream pipeline sabotage\nSoloti training ground shooting\nBrovary helicopter crash\nBlack Sea drone incident\nBelgorod accidental bombing\nBryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes\nWagner Group rebellion\nWagner Group plane crash\n\nvtePost-Soviet conflicts\nCaucasus\nNagorno-Karabakh\n1st\n2016\n2nd\nBorder crisis\n2022 clashes\n2023 offensive\nGeorgia\nSouth Ossetia\nAbkhazia\n1st\n2nd\nKodori\nNorth Ossetia\nChechen–Russian\n1st\n2nd\nguerrilla phase\nNorth Caucasus insurgency\nIS insurgency\nDagestan\nIngushetia\nRusso-Georgian\n\nCentral Asia\nTajikistan\nUzbekistan\nBatken spillover\nKyrgyz revolutions\nTulip\n2010\n2020\nSouth Kyrgyzstan\nGorno-Badakhshan\nDungan–Kazakh clashes\nKyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes\n2021\n2022\nKazakhstan\nKarakalpakstan\n\nEastern Europe\nTransnistria\n1992\n1993 Moscow\nUkraine\nEuromaidan\nRevolution of Dignity\npro-Russian unrest\nRusso-Ukrainian (outline)\nannexation of Crimea\nDonbas\nKerch Strait\n2022 invasion\nprelude\nWagner Group rebellionDuring the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia occupied vast portions of the territory of Ukraine, having already occupied parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as well as the entire Autonomous Republic of Crimea since the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2014. Partisan groups began to be organized in mid-2022.[5] These groups have been involved in intelligence-gathering, sabotage, and assassinations. Much of their activity has taken place in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.","title":"Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kreminna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreminna"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Struk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Struk"},{"link_name":"Anton Herashchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Herashchenko"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Luhansk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian proxy-forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_people%27s_militias_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Saldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Saldo"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"On 1 March, the mayor of Kreminna, Volodymyr Struk was abducted from his home. His wife claimed that unknown camouflaged men entered their property and kidnapped her husband. On 2 March, Struk was found shot dead with a gunshot wound in his chest. Anton Herashchenko, an advisor to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine claimed that Struk was killed by \"unknown patriots\", suggesting that locals are responsible for his abduction and assassination. Struk was known to be an important pro-Russia figure in the Luhansk region with \"money and support from the Russian Federation\", who had already expressed support for Russian proxy-forces back in 2014. Before his death, Struk called on local authorities to communicate and collaborate with approaching Russian forces.[6][7]On 20 March, two unknown assailants shot and killed the assistant to Volodymyr Saldo, Pavel Slobodchikov, in his car outside Saldo's house in Kherson.[8]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izium"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"Russian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"occupied Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Kherson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vitaliy Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaliy_Kim"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"24 Kanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Kanal"},{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Yakymivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakymivka"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk Partisan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk_Partisan_Army"},{"link_name":"Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"collaborators with the Russian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berdiansk-2"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"On 3 April, the Ukrainian government stated that two Russian soldiers were killed and 28 others hospitalized after Ukrainian civilians handed out poisoned cakes to Russian soldiers of the Russian 3rd Motor Rifle Division in Izium, Kharkiv Oblast.[9][10]On 20 April, pro-Russian blogger Valery Kuleshov was shot and killed while in his car in Kherson.[11]On 21 April, on a television interview, the mayor of Russian-occupied Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, said that, according to Ukrainian intelligence, Ukrainian partisans had killed 100 Russian soldiers in the city, primarily Russian police patrols and mostly through ambushes at night. Fedorov also claimed that the Russian army was struggling to deal with these partisans, as the majority of the population of Melitopol was against the Russian presence.[12]On 21 April, Ukrayinski Novini reported that partisans in occupied Kherson had left a banner with a message on a pole in the city, which said: \"Russian occupier and everyone who supports their regime. We are close—we are already working in Kherson. Death awaits you all! Kherson is Ukraine!\".[13]On 26 April, the Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast, Vitaliy Kim, said that there had been resistance against the Russian army in the Kherson Oblast for two months and that Ukrainian partisans had killed 80 Russian troops in the region.[14]On 28 April, 24 Kanal reported that partisans in occupied Nova Kakhovka had left a banner with a message on a pole in the city. It said as follows: \"Russian occupier! Know! Kakhovka is Ukraine! We are close! Our people are already working here! Death awaits you! Kakhovka is Ukraine!\".[15]On 28 April, Apostrophe reported that guerrillas blew up the railway bridge in Yakymivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[16]On 30 April, members of the Berdiansk Partisan Army (BPA) posted a video on Telegram calling for Russian troops to leave Berdiansk. They announced that they were organizing their forces and that they were \"ready to come out of the shadows\". The account of this organization was used during the invasion for gathering and showing evidence of Russian crimes in the city and information about collaborators with the Russian army in Berdiansk.[2]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oleksii Reznikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksii_Reznikov"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Defense_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Enerhodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhodar"},{"link_name":"intensive care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Yevhen Balytskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen_Balytskyi"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeaumontKoshiw-5"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"On 13 May, Oleksii Reznikov, the Minister of Defence of Ukraine, spoke of the defeats and difficulties that Russian troops had been experiencing in Ukraine ever since the start of the invasion. Reznikov also spoke of the partisans in Kherson, Melitopol and other localities, calling them \"an important contribution to common victory\".[17]On 22 May, in occupied Enerhodar, Ukrainian partisans detonated an explosive in front of a residential building where the Russian-appointed mayor of the city Andrei Shevchik was located. Shevchik and his bodyguards sustained injuries of varying severity, and Shevchik ended up in intensive care. He was first taken to a hospital in Enerhodar and then to another in Melitopol.[18]In late May, six Russian border guards at the Zernovo border checkpoint in northern Ukraine were reportedly killed on the week of 30 May–5 June when they were attacked by Ukrainian partisans. Two days later, a bomb exploded near the office of Russian-installed Zaporizhzhia Oblast governor Yevhen Balytskyi, a pro-Russian official and de facto mayor of Melitopol.[5]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Southern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Command_South"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"On 18 June, an explosive device went off in the car of Yevgeny Sobolev, the head of the Kherson Region penal service. He survived the blast and was taken to a hospital according to TASS.[19]On 20 June, three Russian soldiers were at a waterfront cafe in Kherson when a shooter opened fire at them. Two of the soldiers were killed, while the surviving soldier was hospitalised, according to Ukrainian Southern Command.[20]On 24 June, in occupied Kherson, a Russian appointed official, Dmitry Savluchenko, was killed by a car bomb, reportedly placed by Ukrainian partisans.[21]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Velykyi Burluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velykyi_Burluk"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan_Press"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"HIMARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M142_HIMARS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Svatove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatove"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Haidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Haidai"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"On 7 July police officer Serhii Tomko who had defected to the Russian side was shot and killed in his vehicle in Nova Kakhovka.[22]On 11 July, Yevgeny Yunakov, the Russian-appointed administrator of Velykyi Burluk was killed by a car bomb according to TASS.[23]On 24 July, partisans in Melitopol attacked rail infrastructure during the night, causing moderate damage to a section of railway. Explosions were reportedly heard near the Melitopol Airfield and near the village of Kostyantynivka, according to the mayor of Melitopol Ivan Fedorov.[24]On 26 July, Euromaidan Press reported that the Satelit factory in Mariupol had been attacked by partisans and \"has been burning for 10 days\".[25]On 27 July, in occupied Kherson an improvised explosive blew up a car with two defecting police officers inside of it, both were severely injured and one later died from his wounds.[26]On 28 July, The Daily Telegraph reported that posters with the message \"Can't leave? HIMARS will help you\" had begun appearing in Kherson.[27]On 29 July, partisans in Luhansk Oblast burned a distribution box controlling the railway traffic lights, junctions and crossings near Svatove during the night, according to the head of the Luhansk Regional Military-Civil Administration, Serhiy Haidai.[28]\nAlso on 29 July, Petro Andriushchenko, the Advisor to the Mayor of Mariupol, reported that partisans had set grain fields near the city on fire so that Russian forces would not be able to steal and export the grain.[29]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilovodsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilovodsk"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"small arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_arms"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Luhansk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Starobilsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilsk"},{"link_name":"Oleh Liashko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Liashko"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Donbas_status_referendums"},{"link_name":"Vice News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News"},{"link_name":"Simon Ostrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ostrovsky"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lysychansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysychansk"},{"link_name":"intimidation operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Severodonetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severodonetsk"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Ivashchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Ivashchenko"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mykhailivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailivka,_Vasylivka_Raion,_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_oblast"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"People's Deputy of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Oleksii Kovalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksii_Kovalov"},{"link_name":"Russian-appointed government of Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast#Military-civilian_administration"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.com.ua7365147B-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFE-RL-20220908-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.com.ua7365147B-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.com.ua7365245B-45"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"On 4 August, a local partisan group ambushed a car, which was carrying the Russian-installed mayor and his deputy in Bilovodsk, a town in the northern part of the Luhansk Oblast. Both passengers sustained injuries from the small arms fire that targeted their car and had to undergo medical treatment.[30]On 6 August, Ukrainian media reported that the deputy head of the Russian administration in Nova Kakhovka, Vitaly Guru, was shot dead in his home;[31] this was, however, refuted.[32]On 11 August, Askyar Laishev, a former traffic police officer and the Russian-appointed Head of Intelligence of the Luhansk region, was killed when resistance fighters blew up his car in Starobilsk. He was reportedly able to eject from his burning car, but later succumbed to his injuries. Laishev's ties to Russian proxies were exposed back in 2014, when Oleh Liashko's volunteer unit Ukrayina found out that Laishev was covering for a local separatist named Vikor Rybalko, who was involved in organizing a referendum on the independence of the region. The incident was caught on camera by former Vice News reporter Simon Ostrovsky, who joined Liashko and his men on a nightly raid.[33][34][35]On 13 August, pictures of leaflets, which were taken in Lysychansk, started to appear online. The posters contained messages, in which the partisans threatened the lives of local collaborators and Russian-installed officials. This is part of a presumed larger intimidation operation in the western Luhansk Oblast, as similar posters started to appear in Severodonetsk a month earlier.[36][37]On 15 August, mayor of Melitopol reported that guerrillas blew up the railway bridge which was used by Russians near the city.[38]On 20 August, pro-Ukrainian partisans conducted an unsuccessful attack against Konstantin Ivashchenko, the Russian-installed mayor of Mariupol, using an improvised explosive device.[39]On 23 August, Ihor Telehin, the deputy head of the internal policy department in Kherson Oblast was injured in a targeted explosion.[40]On 24 August, the head of the Russian-appointed administration of Mykhailivka in Zaporizhzhia oblast Ivan Sushko was wounded in a car bombing, he was taken to a hospital and died there from his wounds.[41]On 26 August, Russian-appointed official Oleksandr Koliesnikov, the deputy chief of the Berdiansk traffic police was injured in an explosion. He was taken to hospital with shrapnel wounds, where he died hours later.[42]On 28 August, People's Deputy of Ukraine Oleksii Kovalov, who according to Ukrainian authorities at the beginning of July had assumed the position of deputy head of the Russian-appointed government of Kherson Oblast,[43] was shot dead in his own home. According to further reports, his girlfriend also died in hospital after she was stabbed.[44][43][45]On 30 August, partisans reportedly launched attacks on pro-Russian security forces in Kherson city.[46]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berdyansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdyansk"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFE-RL-20220908-44"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Haidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Haidai"},{"link_name":"Kreminna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreminna"},{"link_name":"2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast counteroffensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_Kharkiv_Oblast_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Luhansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"On 6 September, Russian-installed official Artem Bardin was heavily wounded when his car was blown up in Berdyansk. Russian officials reported that he had lost both of his legs and doctors were \"fighting for his life\" in the hospital where he was kept.[47] Bardin later died in the hospital.[48]On 7 September, the headquarters of a pro-Russian organization called \"We Are Together With Russia\" was bombed in Melitopol.[44]On 10 September, Luhansk Oblast Governor Serhiy Haidai claimed that Ukrainian partisans had managed to capture parts of Kreminna during the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast counteroffensive.[49]On 16 September, the Deputy Head of Berdiansk CAA for Housing and Communal Services Oleg Boyko and his wife, Lyudmila Boyko—who was head of the city's election commission for the referendum to join Russia—were killed near their garage in Berdiansk in an apparent assassination.[50]On 16 September, Serhiy Horenko, the Prosecutor General of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic and his deputy Kateryna Stehlenko were killed in a bomb attack that targeted their office in Luhansk, Eastern Ukraine.[51]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Denis Pushilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Pushilin"},{"link_name":"Vuhlehirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhlehirsk"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"October–November","text":"On 31 October, Pavlo Ischuk, the Russian-installed First Deputy Mayor of Berdiansk for Foreign Policy and Mass Communications, was seriously injured by a bombing near his house in Berdiansk.[52]On 4 November, Head of the DPR Denis Pushilin said that Alexander Nikulin, a judge of the Supreme Court of the DPR, was shot and seriously injured in Vuhlehirsk.[53]On 15 November, Melitopol Mayor Ivan Fedorov stated that Dmitry Trukhin, a former member of the city council and director of 'communal property' suffered serious injuries after a bombing attack on his residence in Melitopol.[54]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sovietske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietske"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Kherson MCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Skadovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadovsk"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhovka_Raion"},{"link_name":"Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"On 11 December, guerillas set fire to barracks, which were occupied by Russian soldiers in the Crimean village of Sovietske.[55]On 12 December, Vitaly Bulyuk, First Deputy Head of the Kherson MCA for Economics, Financial and Budgetary Policy, Agriculture, Revenue and Fees, was injured in a car bombing in Skadovsk. His driver was killed.[56]On 22 December, it was reported that Andrei Shtepa, head of the Russian occupation in the Kakhovka district of Kherson, was assassinated in a car bombing near a Soviet monument in Kakhovka.[57] His driver was also killed.[58]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shchastya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchastya"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"car bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Enerhodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhodar"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"January–February","text":"On 6 January, partisans blew up a railway line near Shchastya, Luhansk Oblast, which was mainly used to transport military equipment and stolen Ukrainian grain.[59]On 13 January, a car bombing attempting to kill the collaborator in charge of the Russian occupation of Berdiansk, Alexei Kichigin, took place, though he survived. On 16 January following a series of explosions, Ukrainian authorities announced that Kichigin had been killed in the strikes.[60]On 24 January, local Russian collaborator Valentyna Mamai was targeted in a car bombing in the center of Berdiansk, and later hospitalized.[61][62]On 3 February, local Russian collaborator police officer in Enerhodar, and local head of Russian troops, Yevgeny Kuzmin was killed with an improvised explosive device (IED) while he was in his car.[63]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Skadovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadovsk"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"On 14 March, local Russian collaborator Ivan Tkach was killed in a car bombing in the center of Melitopol.[64]On 19 March, Russian collaborator Serhii Moskalenko was killed in a car bombing in Skadovsk by Atesh partisans. Moskalenko had set up torture chambers in Kherson Oblast during the Russian occupation and had been appointed a \"prison warden\" by the occupation authorities.[65]On 19 March, there was an attempt to blow up a gas pipeline in the city of Simferopol in Russian-occupied Crimea. The facility suffered minor damage.[66][67]On 27 March, the car of Mikhail Moskvin, the Russian-appointed chief of police, was blown up in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. Moskvin survived.[68]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Pryazovske Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryazovske_Raion"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Igor Kornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Kornet"},{"link_name":"Luhansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Bakhchisaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhchisaray"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"April–May","text":"On 27 April, Russian collaborator Oleksandr Mishchenko was killed in a bombing in Melitopol. Mishchenko was previously the Chief of Police of Pryazovske Raion and had served as Deputy Chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Melitopol for personnel since the Russian invasion.[69][70]On 15 May, Igor Kornet, the Minister of the Interior of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, was seriously wounded by an explosion in the city center of Luhansk. It was reported that Kornet was inside of a barber shop at the time of the blast, which injured four more people.[71]On 18 May, partisans blew up a railway line near Bakhchisaray, Crimea, causing the derailment of at least five freight wagons.[72][73]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mykhailivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailivka,_Vasylivka_Raion,_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fedorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Yakymivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakymivka"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Feodosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"Vladyslavivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislavovka_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20230705012138Hovhannisyan-81"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"On 2 June, a car with four local collaborators was blown up in Russian-occupied Mykhailivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Ivan Fedorov, the elected mayor of Melitopol, reported that one of the victims was Serhii Dydovodiuk, a local liquor distributor, who was known for having pro-Russian stances and serving fellow pro-Russian and Russian individuals at his café.[74]On 11 June, a partisan cell blew up a railway line in occupied Yakymivka, Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[75]On 14 June, Ukrainian guerillas blew up a key railway line near Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Ukrainian officials claimed that in addition to 50 meters of railway track, five freight carts got destroyed by the detonation.[76]On 19 June, the car of Vladimir Epifanov, the assistant of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast, was blown up in Simferopol, Crimea. According to initial reports, Epifanov and his bodyguards survived the blast, but sustained severe injuries.[77][78]On 21 June, Atesh partisans blew up a railway line between Feodosia and Vladyslavivka in Crimea, causing the disruption of railway traffic for multiple hours.[79][80]On 24 June, two 16-year-old partisans were fatally shot by a Russian sniper in Berdiansk after killing a Russian soldier and a collaborating police officer.[81][nb 1]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Kyrylo Budanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrylo_Budanov"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean"},{"link_name":"Staryi Krym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staryi_Krym"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Day of the Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Day_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"On 4 July, a drone strike in the Moscow region allegedly carried out by Ukraine caused disruption in flights at Vnukovo International Airport. The Russian defense ministry reported that all five drones involved in the attack were successfully intercepted without causing any harm or damage.[83]On 19 July, Kyrylo Budanov, the Ukrainian head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, reported that Ukrainian partisans played a key role in the attack on a Russian ammunition depot near the Crimean town of Staryi Krym, which caused chain of strong explosions and the subsequent evacuation of nearby towns and villages.[84][85]On 29 July, two Russian officers were killed and 15 others hospitalized as the result of a mass poisoning carried out by Ukrainian partisans in the Russian-occupied port city of Mariupol in the Donetsk Region of Eastern Ukraine. Petro Andriushchenko, the advisor to the elected mayor of the city, claimed that Russian authorities assume that cyanide and pesticides were added to food, which was handed out at an event location to celebrate the Day of the Russian Navy.[86]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azovstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azovstal"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lightup-89"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"United Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"arson attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson_attack"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lightup-89"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"On 13 August, Ukrainian guerillas set fire to a Russian military base near the destroyed Azovstal plant in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast. Local Ukrainian authorities reported losses among Russian troops and equipment, but didn't publish any further details. It was later reported that at least 10 Russian servicemen sustained injuries from the fire.[87][88]On 30 August, Atesh partisans blew up the election hub of the United Russia party in Nova Kakhovka, a town located the Russian-occupied part of the Kherson Oblast. The guerillas claimed the blast killed three Russian soldiers and burned “all the documentation that the occupiers brought for the elections scheduled for 8 to 10 September”.[89]On 31 August, the local partisan group ′Y′ claimed responsibility for another arson attack on a Russian base on the outskirts of Mariupol and reportedly damaged at least four Russian military vehicles.[88]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Oleshky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleshky"},{"link_name":"Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"dragon teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"Feodosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"improvised explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Main Intelligence Directorate of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Oleg Tsaryov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Tsaryov"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"September–October","text":"On 7 September, a car carrying two FSB officers was blown up in Oleshky in Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast. The car bomb killed one FSB officer instantly and injured the other one severely, as well as three Russian soldiers escorting the car.[90]On 1 October, Atesh partisans released a video of freshly dug trenches and new dragon teeth fortifications near Feodosia in Russian-occupied Crimea. They also stated that they are forming groups, which travel around the peninsula and report every building effort of military fortifications to the Ukrainian intelligence, to make sure \"a breakthrough of the Ukrainian Armed Forces is successful\".[91]On 7 October, a car bomb killed Vladimir Malov, a Russian-installed official in the occupied Ukrainian city of Nova Kakhovka.[92]On 23 October, Russian media sources reported the death of one Russian serviceman as the result of a detonation of an improvised explosive device in the occupied port city of Berdiansk.[93] Later that day, a spokesperson of the Main Intelligence Directorate of Ukraine stated \"a local resistance group\" was behind the plot that targeted a car carrying four representatives of the Russian FSB and called the attack \"an act of revenge\".[94]On 27 October, former lawmaker and separatist official Oleg Tsaryov was shot on the premises of his home in Yalta, Autonomous Republic of Crimea. His condition was reported to be \"critical\" when he was rushed into hospital, but according to Russian official sources, he survived the attempt on his life. On 31 October, the FSB arrested a 46-year-old local resident, who reportedly confessed to the charges of attempting to kill Tsaryov.[95][96]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine's military intelligence directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"full-scale invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"lawmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawmaker"},{"link_name":"Party of Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Regions"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"guerillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerillas"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"FSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"Russian National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Yellow Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"Alupka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alupka"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Lt-Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Lt-Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Yuvileine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvileine,_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_police"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"On 8 November, Mikhail Filiponenko, a Russian-installed official and former separatist leader was assassinated in Luhansk. Ukraine's military intelligence directorate claims it carried out a \"a special operation\" in collaboration with local resistance fighters to liquidate Filiponenko. He reportedly survived a previous assassination attempt in February 2022, only three days before the start of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Before 2010, Filiponenko was a local lawmaker for the pro-Russian Party of Regions.[97][98]On 10 November, Ukrainian partisans blew up a Russian police car in Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine. No human casualties were reported.[99]On 11 November, Ukrainian guerillas blew up the headquarters of the Russian military in Melitopol, killing at least three Russian servicemen. The attack took place during a meeting of officers from the FSB and the Russian National Guard.[100]On 15 November, members of the Yellow Ribbon resistance group placed the Ukrainian flag on the peak of the Boyka Hora, a mountain near Yalta, Crimea. There were similar reports in late August of unknown people hoisting the Ukrainian flag on top of the Shaan-Kaya mountain near Alupka, which is located 15 kilometers southwest from Yalta.[101]On 21 November, Lt-Col. Oleh Shumilov and Lt-Col. Volodymyr Pakholenko were seriously injured when their car exploded in the city of Luhansk. Shumilov was deputy interior minister and Pakholenko a criminal investigator.[102]On 29 November, local partisans coordinated a precision strike by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in Yuvileine in the occupied part of the Kherson Oblast. According to media reports, the missile hit its intended target and killed five Russian police officers and injured 17 employees of the facility in which a meeting between the police officers was ongoing. The strike also killed Police Major Arthur Dzhunusov, who was the Russian-installed deputy chief of police of the town and the surrounding area.[103]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"RIA Novosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIA_Novosti"},{"link_name":"Avanhard Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanhard_Stadium_(Luhansk)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euromaidanpress.com-107"},{"link_name":"Atesh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Feodosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euromaidanpress.com-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Novoozerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novoozerne"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"On 5 December, 24 Russian servicemen were reportedly killed and 11 more hospitalized after members of a local partisan group handed out poisoned groceries and alcoholic beverages in Simferopol, Crimea.[104]On 6 December, a car belonging to a Russian-installed deputy named Oleh Popov was blown up in the city center of Luhansk. RIA Novosti, a Russian news outlet, aired reports of an explosion near the Avanhard Stadium, but didn't specify whether anyone was injured in the explosion.[105]On 15 December, guerillas bombed a train, which was carrying ammunition and supplies in the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. A day later, local resistance fighters wounded a Russian officer in a car bombing in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast.[106]On 17 December, members of the Atesh movement published the coordinates of alleged Russian anti-aircraft installations in an online post near Sevastopol, Crimea. This is part of a supposed larger intelligence gathering operation by the group, as reports of an infiltration at a Russian military base in Feodosia surfaced five days earlier.[106][107]On 25 December, Atesh resistance fighters posted footage of an infiltration into a Russian command post near the town of Novoozerne in northwestern Crimea.[108]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Bakhchysarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhchysarai"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Unification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_Act"},{"link_name":"Yellow Ribbon movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_flag"},{"link_name":"Alushta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alushta"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"On 13 January, in Crimea, 46 Russian servicemen in Simferopol and Bakhchysarai were reportedly killed with poisoned vodka which was handed out by two young female partisans. Police were sent to apprehend them in a private house in Yalta and engaged in a shoot-out with the partisans, in which 3 police officers were killed and 2 were wounded before the partisans fled the scene in a car.[109]On 15 January, a car carrying four Russian servicemen was blown up in Russian-occupied Melitopol. According to initial reports, all four soldiers suffered injuries.[110]On 22 January, the 105th anniversary of the Ukrainian Unification Act, activists of the Yellow Ribbon movement positioned a large Ukrainian flag on top of the Pakhkal-Kaya mountain near Alushta, Crimea.[111][112]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atesh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Horlivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horlivka"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"FSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Central Election Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Election_Commission"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Dzhankoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhankoi"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"United Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nova Kakhovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Kakhovka"},{"link_name":"Southern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"On 7 February, members of the Atesh movement published footage and coordinates of a concentration of Russian military equipment in Horlivka, Donetsk Oblast, Eastern Ukraine.[113]On 19 February, agents of the FSB killed a man who was reportedly planting an explosive charge under the car of a Russian-installed official in Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[114]On 22 February, it was reported that six members of the Russian Central Election Commission died in Mariupol after having been poisoned by partisans. A month before, three Russian servicemen died and ten more were hospitalized after a partisan cell handed out contaminated beverages, also in Mariupol.[115]On 27 February, a group of men triggered a police operation in Dzhankoi after a suspected infiltration attempt at a military airfield.[116]On 27 February, guerillas blew up the local headquarters of the United Russia party in occupied Nova Kakhovka, Southern Ukraine.[117]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Russian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Dokuchaevsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokuchaevsk"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Donetsk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"abductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"human rights violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"IED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"inside a trashcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadovsk_polling_center_bombing"},{"link_name":"polling station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Skadovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadovsk"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"2024 Russian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Melitopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitopol"},{"link_name":"Kamaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaz"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian military intelligence service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"On 6 March, Svetlana Samoilenko, an organizer of the 2024 Russian presidential election and the Russian appointed Deputy Mayor of Berdiansk was killed in a car bombing in the southern port city of Berdiansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[118][119]On 10 March, Ihor Tsiferov, a collaborator from Dokuchaevsk, a small city south of Donetsk, was injured when his car was blown up in front of his house. Tsiferov was an employee of the Ministry of State Security of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic, which was involved in illegal abductions, acts of torture and other severe human rights violations since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.[120]On 15 March, partisans planted an IED inside a trashcan in front of a polling station in the Russian-occupied resort town of Skadovsk, Kherson Oblast. The guerillas claim to have injured at least five Russian servicemen when the explosive touched off.[121]On 17 March, it was reported that a woman vandalized a ballot box during the 2024 Russian presidential election by pouring green paint in it. The incident happened in Simferopol, the capital city of the occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea.[122]On 22 March, two explosions took place in the occupied city of Melitopol. About 20 Russian soldiers were killed and two Kamaz tilt trucks and a UAZ were destroyed, according to an initial assessment of the Ukrainian military intelligence service.[123]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local district administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilsk_Raion"},{"link_name":"Starobilsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starobilsk"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"homemade explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Yakymivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakymivka"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"S-400 missile system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-400_missile_system"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhankoi_(air_base)"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Dzhankoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhankoi"},{"link_name":"Atesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"On 1 April, Valerii Chaika, a pro-Russian collaborator and former employee of the local district administration was killed in the town of Starobilsk, Luhansk Oblast, when a homemade explosive device blew up his car.[124][125]On 4 April, a car bombing targeted Maxim Zubarev, the Russian-appointed mayor of Yakymivka, a town in the Russian-occupied part of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Zubarev was brought into hospital, where doctors described his condition as ″critical″, but according to preliminary reports, Zubarev survived the assassination attempt.[126]On 17 April, the Ukrainian Armed Forces struck an uncamouflaged S-400 missile system and a command post of the Russian Armed Forces near the airfield of the Crimean city of Dzhankoi. A few days before, Atesh guerillas shared the location of the complex in an online post, asking for immediate action from the Ukrainian military.[127][128]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"improvised explosive device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Southern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian occupation authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Yuvileine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvileine"},{"link_name":"Luhansk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIMARS"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Alushta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alushta"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"On 5 May, a Russian collaborator and employee of a local penal colony was killed when an improvised explosive device blew up the victim's car in occupied Berdiansk, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Southern Ukraine. The Russian occupation authorities subsequently announced the start of a criminal investigation and stated that an unknown person planted the explosive charge on the underbody of the vehicle.[129]On 20 May, residents of Yuvileine in the Luhansk region coordinated an Ukrainian rocket strike on a Russian military base.[130]On 21 May, the local pro-Ukrainian militant group ″Ї″ set fire to a warehouse in the port city of Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, which was used by the Russian Armed Forces to store construction materials and other belongings.[131]On 31 May, a 40-year-old resident of Crimea stabbed 2 Russian military members to death in Alushta.[132]On 31 May, a partisan cell claimed responsibility for an arson attack on a car of an unnamed pro-Russian collaborator in occupied Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine.[133]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivanivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanivka,_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Fanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanta"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Atesh partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesh_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"On 2 June, a Russian serviceman posted a video in which he accused employees of a local shop in Ivanivka, Kherson Oblast of trying to poison him and his comrades with pills, which they tried to dissolve in Fanta soft drink bottles.[134]On 11 June, Atesh partisans published footage and the coordinates of a Russian makeshift ammunition depot and communication hub in Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast.[135]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"Lassalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20230705012138Hovhannisyan-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khanganov163935-82"}],"text":"^ In May 2024 in Poltava the local Lassalle street was divided into two parts and of these two \"new streets\" both of these shot teenagers Tigran Hovhannisyan and Nikita Khanganov had a street renamed after them.[81][82]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"How Citizen Spies Foiled Putin's Grand Plan for One Ukrainian City\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230225185136/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-kherson-defiance-russia.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2022/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-kherson-defiance-russia.html"}],"text":"Gettleman, J. (25 December 2022), \"How Citizen Spies Foiled Putin's Grand Plan for One Ukrainian City\", The New York Times, archived from the original on 25 February 2023, retrieved 25 December 2022","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"2022–2023 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement"},{"title":"2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_protests_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine"},{"title":"Collaboration with Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"Occupied territories of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Ukraine"}]	[{"reference":"\"Жители Херсонщины в День флага показали оккупантам свою позицию – ОВА\". Украинская правда (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005121557/https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/08/24/7364566/","url_text":"\"Жители Херсонщины в День флага показали оккупантам свою позицию – ОВА\""},{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/08/24/7364566/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Polishchuk, Mykola (30 April 2022). \"Бердянські партизани озвучили свої вимоги до окупантів та колаборантів\". Glavcom (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221011133140/https://glavcom.ua/news/berdyanski-partizani-ozvuchili-svoji-vimogi-do-okupantiv-ta-kolaborantiv--842104.html","url_text":"\"Бердянські партизани озвучили свої вимоги до окупантів та колаборантів\""},{"url":"https://glavcom.ua/news/berdyanski-partizani-ozvuchili-svoji-vimogi-do-okupantiv-ta-kolaborantiv--842104.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yellow Ribbon guerrillas lead Ukraine's resistance effort\". CS Monitor. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221013140451/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0809/Yellow-Ribbon-guerrillas-lead-Ukraine-s-resistance-effort","url_text":"\"Yellow Ribbon guerrillas lead Ukraine's resistance effort\""},{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0809/Yellow-Ribbon-guerrillas-lead-Ukraine-s-resistance-effort","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atesh guerrillas in Crimea say they blew up Russian National Guards' car, killing two officers\". english.nv.ua. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230202081410/https://english.nv.ua/nation/atesh-guerrillas-in-crimea-say-they-blew-up-russian-national-guards-car-killing-two-officers-50301175.html","url_text":"\"Atesh guerrillas in Crimea say they blew up Russian National Guards' car, killing two officers\""},{"url":"https://english.nv.ua/nation/atesh-guerrillas-in-crimea-say-they-blew-up-russian-national-guards-car-killing-two-officers-50301175.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Peter; Koshiw, Isobel (6 June 2022). \"'The occupier should never feel safe': rise in partisan attacks in Ukraine\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. 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Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2022/03/03/pro-russian-mayor-of-ukrainian-city-kidnapped-killed/","url_text":"\"Pro-Russian mayor of Ukrainian city kidnapped, killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323033415/https://nypost.com/2022/03/03/pro-russian-mayor-of-ukrainian-city-kidnapped-killed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matyash, Tanya (2 March 2022). \"Na Luhanshchyni znayshly zastrelenym mera-separatysta Struka (foto)\" На Луганщині знайшли застреленим мера-сепаратиста Струка (фото) [The separatist mayor of Struk was found shot dead in Luhansk region (photo)]. LB.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lb.ua/society/2022/03/02/507732_luganshchini_znayshli_zastrelenim.html","url_text":"\"Na Luhanshchyni znayshly zastrelenym mera-separatysta Struka (foto)\" На Луганщині знайшли застреленим мера-сепаратиста Струка (фото)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221011163821/https://lb.ua/society/2022/03/02/507732_luganshchini_znayshli_zastrelenim.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mirovalev, Mansur (11 July 2022). \"Ukraine investigates, attacks those who collaborate with Russia\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. 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Он заявил, что его убийство было инсценировкой 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City\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/25/world/europe/ukraine-kherson-defiance-russia.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_News	Positive News	["1 Format and circulation","2 Publisher","3 History","4 Constructive journalism","5 See also","6 References"]	Media brand and quarterly magazine, based in the United Kingdom This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Positive News" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Positive NewsTypeQuarterly magazine, daily onlineFounder(s)Shauna Crockett-BurrowsPublisherPositive News Publishing LimitedEditor-in-chiefLucy PurdyFounded1993LanguageEnglishRelaunched2016Headquarters24 Greencoat Place, London SW1P 1RDCirculation15,000Websitepositive.news Positive News is a constructive journalism media brand. It publishes independent journalism online and in print, and aims to help create a more inspiring news medium. Format and circulation Positive News publishes daily online at positive.news. The print magazine is published quarterly with a circulation of 15,000 copies. It was originally printed in newspaper format, before relaunching as a magazine in January 2016. Publisher Positive News is published by Positive News Publishing Ltd, a not-for-profit company with a remote working team based in the United Kingdom. The company is a subsidiary of Positive News Limited, a community benefit society. History Positive News was founded in 1993 by Shauna Crockett-Burrows (1930 – 2012) as a quarterly newspaper, and she soon after established Positive News Trust, a registered educational charity. In 2015, Positive News chief executive Sean Wood established a co-operative as the parent organisation of Positive News' publishing company. Supporters of Positive News were invited to become co-owners in the new co-operative, via a community share offer. Through its 30-day #OwnTheMedia crowdfunding campaign in June 2015, Positive News was invested in by more than 1,500 of its readers in 33 countries, age 18–89, raising more than £260,000. Positive News was the first media organisation in the world to offer community shares globally through crowdfunding. Its #OwnTheMedia campaign was also the first community share issue to run on the Crowdfunder UK online crowdfunding platform. In January 2016, Positive News relaunched as a magazine with an increased emphasis on the quality of the journalism and of the design of the publication. Constructive journalism Positive News has supported the establishment of similar publishing initiatives worldwide, including Noticias Positivas, which was founded in Argentina in 2003 by Andrea Méndez Brandam and in Spain in 2002 by the Asociación de Noticias Positivas, and which is independent of Positive News. In 2014 Positive News in collaboration with the Constructive Journalism Project established constructive journalism as a recognised field within the UK's media industry, through delivering training programmes to journalists and journalism students. Positive News is among an increasing number of media organisations practising constructive journalism. See also Yes! (U.S. magazine) References ^ Thorpe, Esther Kezia (26 February 2018). "Positive News' Sean Dagan Wood on building membership around constructive journalism" (Podcast). Media Voices. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "About Positive News". Positive News. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Byrne, Louise (29 January 2018). "Positive News magazine sees subscriber growth as editor says people don't want journalism that leaves them 'completely hopeless'". Press Gazette. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ "Positive News relaunches in print/". Positive News (Press release). 1 February 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "#OwnTheMedia in the media". Positive News. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "Mutuals Public Register: Positive News Limited". mutuals.fca.org.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Wood, Seán Dagan (18 June 2012). "Shauna Crockett-Burrows obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Roseingrave, Louise (17 August 2015). "Positive News gives readers a say in the kind of journalism it produces". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Purdy, Lucy (29 January 2016). "#OwnTheMedia: A blueprint for reader-owned journalism". Positive News. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Ponsford, Dominic (3 February 2016). "Positive News relaunches as magazine after £263k crowdfunding campaign". Press Gazette (Press release). Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Brown, Sophie (13 July 2015). "Positive News Becomes World's First Crowdfunded Global Media Cooperative". HuffPost. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "Stay positive: News magazine relaunches as bencom". Co-operative News. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Morley, Madeleine (10 March 2016). "New magazine \| Positive News". magculture.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "NUESTRA HISTORIA" . Noticias Positivas (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Albeanu, Catalina (20 January 2015). "Constructive Journalism Project launches university workshops". journalism.co.uk (Press release). Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ Oliver, Laura (1 August 2016). "And now for the good news: why the media are taking a positive outlook". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 August 2023. This United Kingdom newspaper–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constructive journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_journalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Positive News is a constructive journalism media brand.[1] It publishes independent journalism online and in print, and aims to help create a more inspiring news medium.[2][3]","title":"Positive News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Positive News publishes daily online at positive.news. The print magazine is published quarterly with a circulation of 15,000 copies. It was originally printed in newspaper format, before relaunching as a magazine in January 2016.[4]","title":"Format and circulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"not-for-profit company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"community benefit society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_benefit_society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Positive News is published by Positive News Publishing Ltd, a not-for-profit company with a remote working team based in the United Kingdom.[5] The company is a subsidiary of Positive News Limited, a community benefit society.[6]","title":"Publisher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Positive News was founded in 1993 by Shauna Crockett-Burrows (1930 – 2012) as a quarterly newspaper, and she soon after established Positive News Trust, a registered educational charity.[7]In 2015, Positive News chief executive Sean Wood established a co-operative as the parent organisation of Positive News' publishing company.[8] Supporters of Positive News were invited to become co-owners in the new co-operative, via a community share offer.[9] Through its 30-day #OwnTheMedia crowdfunding campaign in June 2015, Positive News was invested in by more than 1,500 of its readers in 33 countries, age 18–89, raising more than £260,000.[10] Positive News was the first media organisation in the world to offer community shares globally through crowdfunding. Its #OwnTheMedia campaign was also the first community share issue to run on the Crowdfunder UK online crowdfunding platform.[11][12]In January 2016, Positive News relaunched as a magazine with an increased emphasis on the quality of the journalism and of the design of the publication.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"constructive journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_journalism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Positive News has supported the establishment of similar publishing initiatives worldwide, including Noticias Positivas, which was founded in Argentina in 2003[14] by Andrea Méndez Brandam and in Spain in 2002 by the Asociación de Noticias Positivas, and which is independent of Positive News.In 2014 Positive News in collaboration with the Constructive Journalism Project established constructive journalism as a recognised field within the UK's media industry, through delivering training programmes to journalists and journalism students.[15] Positive News is among an increasing number of media organisations practising constructive journalism.[16]","title":"Constructive journalism"}]	[]	[{"title":"Yes! 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Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.coop/95646/sector/stay-positive-news-magazine-relaunches-bencom/","url_text":"\"Stay positive: News magazine relaunches as bencom\""}]},{"reference":"Morley, Madeleine (10 March 2016). \"New magazine \| Positive News\". magculture.com. Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://magculture.com/blogs/journal/35004-2","url_text":"\"New magazine \| Positive News\""}]},{"reference":"\"NUESTRA HISTORIA\" [OUR HISTORY]. Noticias Positivas (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://notici20.7kb.net/nuestra-historia-y-prensa/","url_text":"\"NUESTRA HISTORIA\""}]},{"reference":"Albeanu, Catalina (20 January 2015). \"Constructive Journalism Project launches university workshops\". journalism.co.uk (Press release). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadin_Gantin	Bernardin Gantin	["1 Early career","2 Roman curia","3 Cardinal bishop and dean","4 Death and legacy","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Beninese Catholic cardinal (1922–2008) His EminenceBernardin GantinCardinal Bishop of PalestrinaGantin during his early years as a cardinalChurchRoman Catholic ChurchSeePalestrinaInstalled29 September 1986PredecessorCarlo ConfalonieriSuccessorJosé Saraiva MartinsOrdersOrdination14 January 1951by Louis ParisotConsecration3 February 1957by Eugène TisserantCreated cardinal27 June 1977by Pope Paul VIPersonal detailsBorn(1922-05-08)8 May 1922Toffo, BeninDied13 May 2008(2008-05-13) (aged 86)Paris, FrancePrevious post(s)Auxiliary Bishop of Cotonou (1957–60)Archbishop of Cotonou (1960–71)President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (1976–84)Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops (1984–98)Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1993–2002)Coat of arms Styles ofBernardin GantinReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinalSeePalestrina (suburbicarian) Bernardin Gantin (8 May 1922 – 13 May 2008) was a Beninese prelate of the Catholic Church who held senior positions in the Roman Curia for twenty years and the highest position in the College of Cardinals for nine years. His prominence in the hierarchy of the Church was unprecedented for an African and has been equaled by few non-Italians. He began his career in his native country first as an auxiliary bishop and then as archbishop of Cotonou. In 1971 he began his thirty-year career in the Curia. After he had spent several years in the role of senior assistant, he held a series of senior positions as president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, president of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, and prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops Pope Paul VI made him a cardinal in 1977, Pope John Paul II promoted him to the rank of cardinal bishop in 1986, and his peers elected him dean, the highest office in the College of Cardinals, in 1993. He retired to Benin when he turned 80. Early career Bernadin Gantin was born in Toffo, French Dahomey (now Benin), on 8 May 1922. His name means "tree of iron" (gan, iron and tin, tree ). His father was a railway worker. He entered the minor seminary in Ouidah at age fourteen and was ordained to the priesthood on 14 January 1951 in Lomé, Togo, by Archbishop Louis Parisot of Cotonou. He then fulfilled pastoral assignments while also teaching languages at the seminary. In 1953 he was sent to Rome where he studied at the Pontifical Urban University and then at the Pontifical Lateran University, where he earned his licenciate in theology and canon law. On 11 December 1956, Pope Pius XII appointed him titular bishop of Tipasa and auxiliary bishop of Cotonou. He received his episcopal consecration on 3 February 1957 from Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, Dean of the College of Cardinals. On 5 January 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed him Archbishop of Cotonou. As archbishop, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), where he first became friends with the future Pope John Paul II. He was chairman of the West African Episcopal Conference. Roman curia Pope Paul VI appointed him to the Roman Curia and gave him a series of assignments, starring as adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 1971 and secretary of that Congregation in 1973. On 19 December 1975 he was named Vice President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and on 5 January 1976 Gantin received the additional responsibilities of the Vice President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, as Pope Paul was combining those two departments. In 1976, Pope Paul appointed him head of the President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, making him the first African to head a curial department. This commission was headed by a cardinal, so Gantin held the title Pro-President until Pope Paul made him a cardinal on 27 June 1977. He was made a member of the order of cardinal deacons and assigned the deaconry of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re. On 4 September 1978, he was named President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum by Pope John Paul I, the only administrative appointment of his month-long papacy. Gantin met with John Paul I the day before he died. He participated in the 1978 conclaves that elected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II. At the first of them he was reportedly one of three cardinals who counted the votes. During the second of these conclaves, Gantin was thought to be one of the papabili, those cardinals who are thought to have a chance of being elected pope. Gantin celebrating Mass, San Fiorano (Lodi), Italy, 1984 In 1982, he accompanied Pope John Paul on his visit to Benin. On 8 April 1984, Pope John Paul II appointed him prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, which supervises episcopal appointments in the non-missionary Latin Rite dioceses throughout the world. He was also made president of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America. On 25 June 1984, Gantin opted to become a member of the order of cardinal priests. For the next fourteen years he collaborated with Pope John Paul in shaping the hierarchy of the Church, both in making appointments and in managing the agendas for the periodic visits bishops make to consult with the pope and the Curia. On the pope's behalf he managed appointments of conservative prelates in dioceses that did not welcome them in the Netherlands and Switzerland, removed an outspoken liberal French bishop, contended with Latin American advocates for the rights of indigenous peoples, and the excommunication of Marcel Lefebvre, with whom he had worked in Africa in the 1960s. Years later, John Paul referred to their years of "regular contact and an almost unique familiarity". Cardinal bishop and dean On 29 September 1986, Pope John Paul appointed Gantin cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Palestrina, one of six Latin-church members of the highest rank of cardinals, responsible for electing the dean and sub dean of the college who manage the conclave that elects the pope. The six Latin-church cardinal bishops elect the dean and subdean, who takes his position when the pope consents to the election. On 5 June 1993, Gantin was elected and confirmed Dean of the College of Cardinals, which gave him the additional title cardinal bishop of Ostia. He was the first non-European to hold this office and remains the only one. He ended his service as prefect of the Congregation for Bishops and President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America on 25 June 1998. Less than a year later, in April 1999, he endorsed a views of Cardinal Vincenzo Fagiolo that bishops need to consider themselves married to their sees and expect their relationship to be lifelong. He said he had been shocked by overt expressions of "careerism" and "social climbing". He suggested that bishops should be transferred "to less developed, more difficult sees rather than to more comfortable and prestigious ones". He also said that there should be no connection between a see and a place in the College of Cardinals, offering Milan as an example. On 29 November 2002, with the permission of Pope John Paul, he retired as Dean of the College of Cardinals and cardinal bishop of Ostia, which required he reside in Rome. Now eighty years old, he retired to Cotonou, which he had visited regularly throughout his years in Rome. He remained cardinal bishop of Palestrina. Two years into his retirement he described his situation: "I left Rome in body but not in spirit. I am a Roman missionary in my country." In retirement he spoke more freely than he had while under the obligations of office. In 2006 he criticized his contemporary bishops in Africa: "If I have to make a complaint it would be this: if at one time the bishops moved little, today they travel too much. Sitting down, listening, praying with their own believers is more that ever necessary and urgent for them. Always keeping in mind what is set down in canon 395 of the Code of Canon Law on the obligation of residence in their diocese, they can also be an example to their own priests." He warned against allowing African priests to relocate permanently in Europe, to "roam the dioceses of the Western world more in search of their own material comfort than out of genuine pastoral zeal". And he warned European religious orders against such personnel transfers: "The European religious congregations on their last legs or threatened with extinction should not go seeking cheap reinvigoration among the young Churches in Asia or Africa." Death and legacy Gantin died at Pompidou Hospital in Paris after a long illness on 13 May 2008, less than a week after being transferred there from Benin and five days after his 86th birthday. The Beninese government declared three days of mourning for him, beginning on 14 May. Pope Benedict XVI visited his tomb in the chapel of the Seminary of Saint Gall in Ouidah on 19 November 2011. In May 2013, Vatican officials inaugurated a chair named for him devoted to "Socializing Policy in Africa" at the Pontifical Lateran University. The Cadjehoun Airport, Benin's main international airport, was named in his honor. See also Roman Catholicism in Benin Notes ^ His retirement allowed Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger to succeed him as dean, which some Vatican observers believe made Ratzinger's election as pope inevitable, which may have motivated Gantin's repeated attempts to resign. Another describes Gantin as "the inadvertent architect of Ratzinger's election" to the papacy. References ^ a b c "Bernardin Gantin, Cardinal, 86, Is Dead". The New York Times. Associated Press. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b "The death of Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Dean Emeritus of the College of Cardinals, first African appointed by the Pope to a prominent position in the Roman Curia". Agenzia Fides. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XXXXIX. 1957. p. 81. ^ a b c d Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Africa's leading cardinal, has died; The Times, 14 May 2008 ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LII. 1960. p. 328. ^ a b c "Cardinal Bernardin Gantin: Ally of John Paul II who exercised great influence at the Vatican as head of the Congregation for Bishops". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXIX. 1977. pp. 377, 380. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXX. 1978. p. 755. ^ a b Gantin, Bernadin (September 2003). ""They were all very content"". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ a b Stanford, Peter. "Cardinal Bernadin Gantin". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVI. 1984. p. 508. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVI. 1984. p. 755. ^ "Letter of John Paul II to Cardinal Bernadin Gantin on the 50th Anniversary of his Ordination to the Priesthood". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 14 December 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVIII. 1986. p. 1070. ^ Mancini, Marco (30 August 2021). "I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Bernardin Gantin" (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ Gantin, Bernadin (May 2008). ""Once a bishop is appointed to a particular see, he must generally and in principle stay there for ever"". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021. This interview conducted in April 1999 was republished in 2008. ^ "Lettera del Santo Padre all'Em.mo Card. Bernadin Gantin per la Dispensa dall'Ufficio di Decano del Collegio Cardinalizio, 30.11.2002" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 19 March 2002. Retrieved 13 March 2021. The pope's letter is date 19 March 2002 and published on 29 November without explanation. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (19 November 2011). "In voodoo capital, Benedict blasts 'occultism and evil spirits'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Elie, Paul (January–February 2006). "The Year of Two Popes". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (2007). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307424105. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Gantin, Bernadin (January 2005). ""I remain a Roman missionary in my country"". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Gantin, Bernadin (June 2006). "My Africa blessed by the Lord". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ "Benin starts three-day national mourning for late Cardinal Gantin". African Press Agency. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b Allen Jr., John L. (20 November 2011). "The lonely liberation theology of Benedict XVI". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Conferenza Stampa di Presentazione della Cattedra "Cardinal Bernadin Gantin" nella Pontificia Università Lateranense" (PDF) (Press release) (in Italian). 25 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "Réaménagement de l'Aéroport International Cardinal Bernadin Gantin de Cotonou". Agence National de l'Aviation Civile (in French). Retrieved 13 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernardin Gantin. Wikiquote has quotations related to Bernardin Gantin. "Gantin, Card. Bernadin". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 April 2005. "Bernardin Cardinal Gantin". Catholic Hierarchy. "Gantin, Bernadin". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Catholic Church titles Preceded byHenri Léonard — TITULAR — Titular Bishop of Tipasa in Mauretania 11 December 1956 – 5 January 1960 Succeeded byFrancisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo Preceded byLouis Parisot Archbishop of Cotonou 5 January 1960 – 28 June 1971 Succeeded byChristophe Adimou Preceded bySergio Pignedoli Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples 26 February 1973 – 19 December 1975 Succeeded byDuraisamy Simon Lourdusamy Preceded byRamón Torrella Cascante Vice-President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace 19 December 1975 – 16 December 1976 Succeeded byJan Pieter Schotte Vice-President of the Pontifical Council Cor unum 16 December 1976 – 4 September 1978 Succeeded byAlfredo Bruniera Preceded byMaurice Roy President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace 16 December 1976 – 8 April 1984 Succeeded byRoger Etchegaray Preceded byDino Staffa Cardinal-Deacon of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 27 June 1977 – 25 June 1984 Himself as Cardinal-Priest Preceded byJean-Marie Villot President of the Pontifical Council Cor unum 4 September 1978 – 8 April 1984 Succeeded byRoger Etchegaray Preceded bySighard Kleiner Vice-President of Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses 1983–1989 Position abolished Preceded byCarlo Confalonieri President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People 8 April 1984 – 1 March 1989 Succeeded byGiovanni Cheli Preceded bySebastiano Baggio Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops 8 April 1984 – 25 June 1998 Succeeded byLucas Moreira Neves President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America 8 April 1984 – 25 June 1998 Himself as Cardinal-Deacon Cardinal-Priest 'pro hac vice' of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 25 June 1984 – 29 September 1986 Succeeded byJacques-Paul Martin Preceded byCarlo Confalonieri Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina 29 September 1986 – 13 May 2008 Succeeded byJosé Saraiva Martins Preceded byAgnelo Rossi Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia 5 June 1993 – 30 November 2002 Succeeded byJoseph Aloisius Ratzinger Dean of the College of Cardinals 5 June 1993 – 30 November 2002 vteDeans of the College of Cardinals d'Elci (1670–1761) (1737, 1755) Spinelli (1694–1763) (1735, 1761) Cavalchini (1683–1774) (1743, 1763) Albani (1720–1803) (1747, 1774) Stuart (1725–1807) (1747, 1803) Antonelli (1730–1811) (1775, 1807) Mattei (1744–1820) (1779, 1814) della Somaglia (1744–1830) (1795, 1820) Pacca (1756–1844) (1801, 1830) Micara (1775–1847) (1824, 1844) Macchi (1770–1860) (1826, 1847) Mattei (1792–1870) (1832, 1860) Naro (1798–1876) (1834, 1870) di San Filippo e Sorso (1796–1878) (1837, 1876) di Pietro (1806–1884) (1853, 1878) Sacconi (1808–1889) (1861, 1884) onaco La Valletta (1827–1896) (1868, 1889) Oreglia di Santo Stefano (1828–1913) (1873, 1896) S. Vannutelli (1834–1915) (1887, 1913) V. Vannutelli (1836–1930) (1889, 1915) Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte (1851–1948) (1911, 1930) Marchetti Selvaggiani (1871–1951) (1930, 1948) Tisserant (1884–1972) (1936, 1951) Cicognani (1883–1973) (1958, 1972) Traglia (1895–1977) (1960, 1974) Confalonieri (1893–1986) (1958, 1977) Rossi (1913–1995) (1965, 1986) Gantin (1922–2008) (1977, 1993) Ratzinger (1927–2022) (1977, 2002) Sodano (1927–2022) (1991, 2005) Re (1934–) (2001, 2020) Catholicism portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beninese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Cotonou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cotonou"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council Cor Unum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_Cor_Unum"},{"link_name":"Congregation for Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"}],"text":"Bernardin Gantin (8 May 1922 – 13 May 2008) was a Beninese prelate of the Catholic Church who held senior positions in the Roman Curia for twenty years and the highest position in the College of Cardinals for nine years. His prominence in the hierarchy of the Church was unprecedented for an African and has been equaled by few non-Italians. He began his career in his native country first as an auxiliary bishop and then as archbishop of Cotonou. In 1971 he began his thirty-year career in the Curia. After he had spent several years in the role of senior assistant, he held a series of senior positions as president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, president of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, and prefect of the Sacred Congregation for BishopsPope Paul VI made him a cardinal in 1977, Pope John Paul II promoted him to the rank of cardinal bishop in 1986, and his peers elected him dean, the highest office in the College of Cardinals, in 1993. He retired to Benin when he turned 80.","title":"Bernardin Gantin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffo"},{"link_name":"French Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"minor seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Ouidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouidah"},{"link_name":"Lomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Urban University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Lateran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fides-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Tipasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipasa"},{"link_name":"Cotonou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cotonou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eugène Tisserant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant"},{"link_name":"Dean of the College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apaobit-4"},{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cotonou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cotonou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apaobit-4"}],"text":"Bernadin Gantin was born in Toffo, French Dahomey (now Benin), on 8 May 1922. His name means \"tree of iron\" (gan, iron and tin, tree ). His father was a railway worker.[1] He entered the minor seminary in Ouidah at age fourteen and was ordained to the priesthood on 14 January 1951 in Lomé, Togo, by Archbishop Louis Parisot of Cotonou. He then fulfilled pastoral assignments while also teaching languages at the seminary. In 1953 he was sent to Rome where he studied at the Pontifical Urban University and then at the Pontifical Lateran University, where he earned his licenciate in theology and canon law.[2]On 11 December 1956, Pope Pius XII appointed him titular bishop of Tipasa and auxiliary bishop of Cotonou.[3] He received his episcopal consecration on 3 February 1957 from Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, Dean of the College of Cardinals.[4] On 5 January 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed him Archbishop of Cotonou.[5] As archbishop, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), where he first became friends with the future Pope John Paul II.[6]He was chairman of the West African Episcopal Conference.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fides-2"},{"link_name":"Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-content-9"},{"link_name":"John Paul I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-content-9"},{"link_name":"papabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papabili"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cardinal-gantin-messa.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Fiorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fiorano"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-10"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Congregation for Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Latin Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Commission for Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"Marcel Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Pope Paul VI appointed him to the Roman Curia and gave him a series of assignments, starring as adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 1971 and secretary of that Congregation in 1973. On 19 December 1975 he was named Vice President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and on 5 January 1976 Gantin received the additional responsibilities of the Vice President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, as Pope Paul was combining those two departments.[2]In 1976, Pope Paul appointed him head of the President of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, making him the first African to head a curial department. This commission was headed by a cardinal, so Gantin held the title Pro-President until Pope Paul made him a cardinal on 27 June 1977. He was made a member of the order of cardinal deacons and assigned the deaconry of Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re.[7]On 4 September 1978, he was named President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum by Pope John Paul I, the only administrative appointment of his month-long papacy.[8] Gantin met with John Paul I the day before he died.[9]He participated in the 1978 conclaves that elected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II.[9] At the first of them he was reportedly one of three cardinals who counted the votes. During the second of these conclaves, Gantin was thought to be one of the papabili, those cardinals who are thought to have a chance of being elected pope.[10]Gantin celebrating Mass, San Fiorano (Lodi), Italy, 1984In 1982, he accompanied Pope John Paul on his visit to Benin.[10]On 8 April 1984, Pope John Paul II appointed him prefect of the Congregation for Bishops,[11] which supervises episcopal appointments in the non-missionary Latin Rite dioceses throughout the world. He was also made president of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America. On 25 June 1984, Gantin opted to become a member of the order of cardinal priests.[12] For the next fourteen years he collaborated with Pope John Paul in shaping the hierarchy of the Church, both in making appointments and in managing the agendas for the periodic visits bishops make to consult with the pope and the Curia.[6] On the pope's behalf he managed appointments of conservative prelates in dioceses that did not welcome them in the Netherlands and Switzerland, removed an outspoken liberal French bishop, contended with Latin American advocates for the rights of indigenous peoples, and the excommunication of Marcel Lefebvre, with whom he had worked in Africa in the 1960s.[6] Years later, John Paul referred to their years of \"regular contact and an almost unique familiarity\".[13]","title":"Roman curia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_bishop"},{"link_name":"suburbicarian diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese"},{"link_name":"Palestrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Dean of the College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Fagiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Fagiolo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apaobit-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"On 29 September 1986, Pope John Paul appointed Gantin cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Palestrina,[14] one of six Latin-church members of the highest rank of cardinals, responsible for electing the dean and sub dean of the college who manage the conclave that elects the pope.The six Latin-church cardinal bishops elect the dean and subdean, who takes his position when the pope consents to the election. On 5 June 1993, Gantin was elected and confirmed Dean of the College of Cardinals, which gave him the additional title cardinal bishop of Ostia. He was the first non-European to hold this office and remains the only one.[15]He ended his service as prefect of the Congregation for Bishops and President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America on 25 June 1998. Less than a year later, in April 1999, he endorsed a views of Cardinal Vincenzo Fagiolo that bishops need to consider themselves married to their sees and expect their relationship to be lifelong. He said he had been shocked by overt expressions of \"careerism\" and \"social climbing\". He suggested that bishops should be transferred \"to less developed, more difficult sees rather than to more comfortable and prestigious ones\". He also said that there should be no connection between a see and a place in the College of Cardinals, offering Milan as an example.[16]On 29 November 2002, with the permission of Pope John Paul, he retired as Dean of the College of Cardinals and cardinal bishop of Ostia,[17][a] which required he reside in Rome. Now eighty years old, he retired to Cotonou,[4] which he had visited regularly throughout his years in Rome.[1] He remained cardinal bishop of Palestrina. Two years into his retirement he described his situation: \"I left Rome in body but not in spirit. I am a Roman missionary in my country.\"[21]In retirement he spoke more freely than he had while under the obligations of office. In 2006 he criticized his contemporary bishops in Africa: \"If I have to make a complaint it would be this: if at one time the bishops moved little, today they travel too much. Sitting down, listening, praying with their own believers is more that ever necessary and urgent for them. Always keeping in mind what is set down in canon 395 of the Code of Canon Law on the obligation of residence in their diocese, they can also be an example to their own priests.\" He warned against allowing African priests to relocate permanently in Europe, to \"roam the dioceses of the Western world more in search of their own material comfort than out of genuine pastoral zeal\". And he warned European religious orders against such personnel transfers: \"The European religious congregations on their last legs or threatened with extinction should not go seeking cheap reinvigoration among the young Churches in Asia or Africa.\"[22]","title":"Cardinal bishop and dean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pompidou Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Europ%C3%A9en_Georges-Pompidou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytobit-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apaobit-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-25"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Lateran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Cadjehoun Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadjehoun_Airport"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonely-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Gantin died at Pompidou Hospital in Paris after a long illness on 13 May 2008, less than a week after being transferred there from Benin and five days after his 86th birthday.[1][4] The Beninese government declared three days of mourning for him, beginning on 14 May.[23]Pope Benedict XVI visited his tomb in the chapel of the Seminary of Saint Gall in Ouidah on 19 November 2011.[24]In May 2013, Vatican officials inaugurated a chair named for him devoted to \"Socializing Policy in Africa\" at the Pontifical Lateran University.[25]The Cadjehoun Airport, Benin's main international airport, was named in his honor.[24][26]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ratzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"^ His retirement allowed Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger to succeed him as dean, which some Vatican observers believe made Ratzinger's election as pope inevitable,[18] which may have motivated Gantin's repeated attempts to resign.[19] Another describes Gantin as \"the inadvertent architect of Ratzinger's election\" to the papacy.[20]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Gantin celebrating Mass, San Fiorano (Lodi), Italy, 1984","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cardinal-gantin-messa.jpg/350px-Cardinal-gantin-messa.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Roman Catholicism in Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Benin"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bernardin Gantin, Cardinal, 86, Is Dead\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/16/world/europe/16gantin.html","url_text":"\"Bernardin Gantin, Cardinal, 86, Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"The death of Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Dean Emeritus of the College of Cardinals, first African appointed by the Pope to a prominent position in the Roman Curia\". Agenzia Fides. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fides.org/en/news/14157-VATICAN_The_death_of_Cardinal_Bernardin_Gantin_Dean_Emeritus_of_the_College_of_Cardinals_first_African_appointed_by_the_Pope_to_a_prominent_position_in_the_Roman_Curia","url_text":"\"The death of Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Dean Emeritus of the College of Cardinals, first African appointed by the Pope to a prominent position in the Roman Curia\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XXXXIX. 1957. p. 81.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-49-1957-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LII. 1960. p. 328.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-52-1960-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardinal Bernardin Gantin: Ally of John Paul II who exercised great influence at the Vatican as head of the Congregation for Bishops\". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/cardinal-bernardin-gantin-ally-of-john-paul-ii-who-exercised-great-influence-at-the-vatican-as-head-of-the-congregation-for-bishops-831050.html","url_text":"\"Cardinal Bernardin Gantin: Ally of John Paul II who exercised great influence at the Vatican as head of the Congregation for Bishops\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXIX. 1977. pp. 377, 380.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-69-1977-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXX. 1978. p. 755.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-70-1978-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Gantin, Bernadin (September 2003). \"\"They were all very content\"\". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_1519_l3.htm","url_text":"\"\"They were all very content\"\""}]},{"reference":"Stanford, Peter. \"Cardinal Bernadin Gantin\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/15/catholicism.religion","url_text":"\"Cardinal Bernadin Gantin\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVI. 1984. p. 508.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-76-1984-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVI. 1984. p. 755.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-76-1984-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter of John Paul II to Cardinal Bernadin Gantin on the 50th Anniversary of his Ordination to the Priesthood\". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 14 December 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2001/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20010113_gantin-50-priesthood.html","url_text":"\"Letter of John Paul II to Cardinal Bernadin Gantin on the 50th Anniversary of his Ordination to the Priesthood\""}]},{"reference":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LXXVIII. 1986. p. 1070.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-78-1986-ocr.pdf","url_text":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"}]},{"reference":"Mancini, Marco (30 August 2021). \"I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Bernardin Gantin\" (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acistampa.com/story/17757/i-decani-del-sacro-collegio-il-cardinale-bernardin-gantin-17757","url_text":"\"I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Bernardin Gantin\""}]},{"reference":"Gantin, Bernadin (May 2008). \"\"Once a bishop is appointed to a particular see, he must generally and in principle stay there for ever\"\". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_18214_l3.htm","url_text":"\"\"Once a bishop is appointed to a particular see, he must generally and in principle stay there for ever\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lettera del Santo Padre all'Em.mo Card. Bernadin Gantin per la Dispensa dall'Ufficio di Decano del Collegio Cardinalizio, 30.11.2002\" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 19 March 2002. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/11/30/0593/01886.html","url_text":"\"Lettera del Santo Padre all'Em.mo Card. Bernadin Gantin per la Dispensa dall'Ufficio di Decano del Collegio Cardinalizio, 30.11.2002\""}]},{"reference":"Allen Jr., John L. (19 November 2011). \"In voodoo capital, Benedict blasts 'occultism and evil spirits'\". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/voodoo-capital-benedict-blasts-occultism-and-evil-spirits","url_text":"\"In voodoo capital, Benedict blasts 'occultism and evil spirits'\""}]},{"reference":"Elie, Paul (January–February 2006). \"The Year of Two Popes\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/01/the-year-of-two-popes/304498/","url_text":"\"The Year of Two Popes\""}]},{"reference":"Allen Jr., John L. (2007). The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307424105. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXhRFZDK8HIC&pg=PT67","url_text":"The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307424105","url_text":"9780307424105"}]},{"reference":"Gantin, Bernadin (January 2005). \"\"I remain a Roman missionary in my country\"\". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_7875_l3.htm","url_text":"\"\"I remain a Roman missionary in my country\"\""}]},{"reference":"Gantin, Bernadin (June 2006). \"My Africa blessed by the Lord\". 30Giorni (Interview). Interviewed by Gianni Cardinale. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_10645_l3.htm","url_text":"\"My Africa blessed by the Lord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benin starts three-day national mourning for late Cardinal Gantin\". African Press Agency. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080518010305/http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=63569","url_text":"\"Benin starts three-day national mourning for late Cardinal Gantin\""},{"url":"http://apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=63569","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen Jr., John L. (20 November 2011). \"The lonely liberation theology of Benedict XVI\". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/lonely-liberation-theology-benedict-xvi","url_text":"\"The lonely liberation theology of Benedict XVI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conferenza Stampa di Presentazione della Cattedra \"Cardinal Bernadin Gantin\" nella Pontificia Università Lateranense\" (PDF) (Press release) (in Italian). 25 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/05/23/0323.pdf","url_text":"\"Conferenza Stampa di Presentazione della Cattedra \"Cardinal Bernadin Gantin\" nella Pontificia Università Lateranense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Réaménagement de l'Aéroport International Cardinal Bernadin Gantin de Cotonou\". Agence National de l'Aviation Civile (in French). Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://anac.bj/reamenagement-de-laeroport-international-cardinal-bernadin-gantin-de-cotonou","url_text":"\"Réaménagement de l'Aéroport International Cardinal Bernadin Gantin de Cotonou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gantin, Card. Bernadin\". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 28 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050428015611/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_gantin_b_en.html","url_text":"\"Gantin, Card. Bernadin\""},{"url":"http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_gantin_b_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernardin Cardinal Gantin\". Catholic Hierarchy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgantinb.html","url_text":"\"Bernardin Cardinal Gantin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gantin, Bernadin\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.","urls":[{"url":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1977.htm#Gantin","url_text":"\"Gantin, Bernadin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/16/world/europe/16gantin.html","external_links_name":"\"Bernardin Gantin, Cardinal, 86, Is Dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.fides.org/en/news/14157-VATICAN_The_death_of_Cardinal_Bernardin_Gantin_Dean_Emeritus_of_the_College_of_Cardinals_first_African_appointed_by_the_Pope_to_a_prominent_position_in_the_Roman_Curia","external_links_name":"\"The death of Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Dean Emeritus of the College of Cardinals, first African appointed by the Pope to a prominent position in the Roman Curia\""},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-49-1957-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/global/article3932927.ece","external_links_name":"Cardinal Bernardin Gantin, Africa's leading cardinal, has died"},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-52-1960-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/cardinal-bernardin-gantin-ally-of-john-paul-ii-who-exercised-great-influence-at-the-vatican-as-head-of-the-congregation-for-bishops-831050.html","external_links_name":"\"Cardinal Bernardin Gantin: Ally of John Paul II who exercised great influence at the Vatican as head of the Congregation for Bishops\""},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-69-1977-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-70-1978-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_1519_l3.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"They were all very content\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/15/catholicism.religion","external_links_name":"\"Cardinal Bernadin Gantin\""},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-76-1984-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-76-1984-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2001/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20010113_gantin-50-priesthood.html","external_links_name":"\"Letter of John Paul II to Cardinal Bernadin Gantin on the 50th Anniversary of his Ordination to the Priesthood\""},{"Link":"http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-78-1986-ocr.pdf","external_links_name":"Acta Apostolicae Sedis"},{"Link":"https://www.acistampa.com/story/17757/i-decani-del-sacro-collegio-il-cardinale-bernardin-gantin-17757","external_links_name":"\"I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Bernardin Gantin\""},{"Link":"http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_18214_l3.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Once a bishop is appointed to a particular see, he must generally and in principle stay there for ever\"\""},{"Link":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/11/30/0593/01886.html","external_links_name":"\"Lettera del Santo Padre all'Em.mo Card. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Duty:_Street_War	In the Line of Duty: Street War	["1 Cast","2 External links"]	1992 television film directed by Dick Lowry This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "In the Line of Duty: Street War" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the Line of Duty: Street WarMovie coverGenreActionDramaThrillerWritten byMark KriegelT. S. CookDirected byDick LowryStarringRay SharkeyPeter BoyleMario Van PeeblesMichael BoatmanMorris ChestnutCourtney B. VanceMusic byMark SnowCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersT.S. CookKenneth KaufmanTom PatchettProducersDick LowryGerrit van der Meer (supervising producer)Production locationsAtlantaBrooklyn, New YorkCinematographyFrank BeascoecheaEditorAnita Brandt BurgoyneRunning time96 minutesProduction companiesPatchett Kaufman EntertainmentWorld International NetworkOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseMay 11, 1992 (1992-05-11) In the Line of Duty: Street War is an American action film which was released in 1992. It is about a New York City Housing Authority policeman whose partner is killed and he seeks revenge for the killing. Cast Peter Boyle as Det. Dan Reilly Courtney B. Vance as Justice Butler Morris Chestnut as Prince Franklin Mario Van Peebles as Raymond Williamson External links In the Line of Duty: Street War at IMDb vteFilms directed by Dick Lowry OHMS (1980) Kenny Rogers as The Gambler (1980) The Jayne Mansfield Story (1980) Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982) Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story (1983) Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983) Off Sides (Pigs vs. Freaks) (1984) Wet Gold (1984) Murder with Mirrors (1985) Wild Horses (1985) Dream West (1986) Case Closed (1988) In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders (1988) Unconquered (1989) Miracle Landing (1990) Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again (1990) A Woman Scorned: The Betty Broderick Story (1992) In the Line of Duty: Street War (1992) In the Line of Duty: Ambush in Waco (1993) Project: ALF (1996) Forgotten Sins (1996) Last Stand at Saber River (1997) Two Came Back (1997) Mr. Murder (1998) Atomic Train (1999) Y2K (1999) Attila (2001) Follow the Stars Home (2001) Category 6: Day of Destruction (2004) Category 7: The End of the World (2005) Silver Bells (2005) Jesse Stone: Innocents Lost (2011) This article about a 1990s action film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"New York City Housing Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority"}],"text":"In the Line of Duty: Street War is an American action film which was released in 1992. It is about a New York City Housing Authority policeman whose partner is killed and he seeks revenge for the killing.","title":"In the Line of Duty: Street War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Courtney B. Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_B._Vance"},{"link_name":"Morris Chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Chestnut"},{"link_name":"Mario Van Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Van_Peebles"}],"text":"Peter Boyle as Det. Dan Reilly\nCourtney B. Vance as Justice Butler\nMorris Chestnut as Prince Franklin\nMario Van Peebles as Raymond Williamson","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22","external_links_name":"\"In the Line of Duty: Street War\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22In+the+Line+of+Duty%3A+Street+War%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104501/","external_links_name":"In the Line of Duty: Street War"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Line_of_Duty:_Street_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Line_of_Duty:_Street_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Pogladi%C4%8D	Monika Pogladič	["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]	Slovenian ski jumper (born 1987) Monika PogladičCountry SloveniaBorn (1987-04-05) 5 April 1987 (age 37)World Cup careerSeasons2004–2007 Medal record Ski jumping Representing SLO FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup 2004 Park City Women's ski jump 2005 Planica Women's ski jump 2005 Baiersbronn Women's ski jump 2005 Baiersbronn Women's team ski jump Winter Universiade 2005 Innsbruck Women's ski jump Monika Pogladič (born 5 April 1987), also known by her married name Marčinković is a Slovenian former ski jumper. In the 2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup, she won one event and came third in two individual events, as well as second in the Continental Cup's team event. Personal life Pogladič is from Ljubno ob Savinji, Slovenia. She is married and has two children. Career Pogladič started training in Mislinja and later trained in Ljubno ob Savinji. In 2004, she competed at the first FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup event at Utah Olympic Park, US. She finished third in the first event. She won the 2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup event in Baiersbronn, Germany, making her the first Slovenian to win the event. She finished ahead of Maja Vtič, the first time that Pogladič had beaten Vtič in a ski jumping event. Pogladič was part of the Slovenian team that came second in the ski jumping team event in Baiersbronn, alongside Anja Tepeš, Petra Benedik and Maja Vtič. Pogladič also came third in an individual event at the 2004–05 Continental Cup event in Planica, Slovenia. In 2004, she also won a summer grand prix event. Pogladič came second in the ski jumping event at the 2005 Winter Universiade. Pogladič retired from ski jumping in 2007, after two nasty falls. She continues to attend ski jumping events in Ljubno ob Savinji, and in 2012 competed at a show event in Žireh. References ^ a b c d e Holuch, Louis (2007). Die medial-historische Entwicklung des Damen-Skispringens: Medienberichterstattung und Historie im Fokus (in German). Engelsdorfer Verlag. ISBN 9783961455140. ^ a b c d e "Na skakalnico tudi kot mama". Delo (in Slovenian). 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ a b "Marsikdo se jim je posmehoval, tudi vrhunski športniki". Delo (in Slovenian). 25 January 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "First women's Continental Cups held July 23–24 at Utah Olympic Park". SkiRacing.com. 29 July 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "Women jump, too". Deseret News. 24 July 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "Ljubno skakalo od veselja po zaslugi Vtičeve in Rogljeve". Primorske novice (in Slovenian). 13 February 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "Finał Ladies GP – zwycięstwo Pogladic". skokinarciarskie.pl (in Polish). 15 September 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "Results Book: Ski Jumping" (PDF) (pdf). International University Sports Federation. 2005. p. 10. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "V Žireh podelili priznanja za zimo 2011/12". Ski Association of Slovenia (in Slovenian). 27 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2020. External links FIS	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holuch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo-2"},{"link_name":"ski jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumper"},{"link_name":"2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FIS_Ski_Jumping_Continental_Cup"}],"text":"Monika Pogladič (born 5 April 1987),[1] also known by her married name Marčinković[2] is a Slovenian former ski jumper. In the 2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup, she won one event and came third in two individual events, as well as second in the Continental Cup's team event.","title":"Monika Pogladič"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ljubno ob Savinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubno_ob_Savinji"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo-2"}],"text":"Pogladič is from Ljubno ob Savinji, Slovenia. She is married and has two children.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mislinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mislinja_(settlement)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo2-3"},{"link_name":"FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Ski_Jumping_Continental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Utah Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FIS_Ski_Jumping_Continental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Baiersbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiersbronn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holuch-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maja Vtič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Vti%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holuch-1"},{"link_name":"Anja Tepeš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja_Tepe%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Petra Benedik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petra_Benedik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holuch-1"},{"link_name":"Planica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holuch-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Universiade"},{"link_name":"2005 Winter Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Winter_Universiade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delo2-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Pogladič started training in Mislinja and later trained in Ljubno ob Savinji.[3]In 2004, she competed at the first FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup event at Utah Olympic Park, US. She finished third in the first event.[4][5] She won the 2004–05 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup event in Baiersbronn, Germany, making her the first Slovenian to win the event.[2][1][6] She finished ahead of Maja Vtič, the first time that Pogladič had beaten Vtič in a ski jumping event.[1] Pogladič was part of the Slovenian team that came second in the ski jumping team event in Baiersbronn, alongside Anja Tepeš, Petra Benedik and Maja Vtič.[1] Pogladič also came third in an individual event at the 2004–05 Continental Cup event in Planica, Slovenia.[1] In 2004, she also won a summer grand prix event.[7] Pogladič came second in the ski jumping event at the 2005 Winter Universiade.[8]Pogladič retired from ski jumping in 2007, after two nasty falls.[2] She continues to attend ski jumping events in Ljubno ob Savinji,[2] and in 2012 competed at a show event in Žireh.[3][9]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Holuch, Louis (2007). 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Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delo.si/sport/zimski/marsikdo-se-jim-je-posmehoval-tudi-vrhunski-sportniki.html","url_text":"\"Marsikdo se jim je posmehoval, tudi vrhunski športniki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)","url_text":"Delo"}]},{"reference":"\"First women's Continental Cups held July 23–24 at Utah Olympic Park\". SkiRacing.com. 29 July 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skiracing.com/uncategorized/first-womens-continental-cups-held-july-23-24-utah-olympic-park","url_text":"\"First women's Continental Cups held July 23–24 at Utah Olympic Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women jump, too\". Deseret News. 24 July 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/2004/7/24/19983572/women-jump-too","url_text":"\"Women jump, too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ljubno skakalo od veselja po zaslugi Vtičeve in Rogljeve\". Primorske novice (in Slovenian). 13 February 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.primorske.si/novice/sport/ljubno-skakalo-od-veselja-po-zaslugi-vticeve-in-ro","url_text":"\"Ljubno skakalo od veselja po zaslugi Vtičeve in Rogljeve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorske_novice","url_text":"Primorske novice"}]},{"reference":"\"Finał Ladies GP – zwycięstwo Pogladic\". skokinarciarskie.pl (in Polish). 15 September 2004. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skokinarciarskie.pl/aktualnosci/1876,Final_Ladies_GP_-_zwyciestwo_Pogladic","url_text":"\"Finał Ladies GP – zwycięstwo Pogladic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results Book: Ski Jumping\" (PDF) (pdf). International University Sports Federation. 2005. p. 10. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/439.pdf","url_text":"\"Results Book: Ski Jumping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_University_Sports_Federation","url_text":"International University Sports Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"V Žireh podelili priznanja za zimo 2011/12\". Ski Association of Slovenia (in Slovenian). 27 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloski.si/index.php?t=News&id=6929&lang=sl","url_text":"\"V Žireh podelili priznanja za zimo 2011/12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Association_of_Slovenia","url_text":"Ski Association of Slovenia"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F-ZMDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Die medial-historische Entwicklung des Damen-Skispringens: Medienberichterstattung und Historie im Fokus"},{"Link":"https://www.delo.si/sport/zimski/na-skakalnico-tudi-kot-mama.html","external_links_name":"\"Na skakalnico tudi kot mama\""},{"Link":"https://www.delo.si/sport/zimski/marsikdo-se-jim-je-posmehoval-tudi-vrhunski-sportniki.html","external_links_name":"\"Marsikdo se jim je posmehoval, tudi vrhunski športniki\""},{"Link":"https://www.skiracing.com/uncategorized/first-womens-continental-cups-held-july-23-24-utah-olympic-park","external_links_name":"\"First women's Continental Cups held July 23–24 at Utah Olympic Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2004/7/24/19983572/women-jump-too","external_links_name":"\"Women jump, too\""},{"Link":"http://www.primorske.si/novice/sport/ljubno-skakalo-od-veselja-po-zaslugi-vticeve-in-ro","external_links_name":"\"Ljubno skakalo od veselja po zaslugi Vtičeve in Rogljeve\""},{"Link":"https://www.skokinarciarskie.pl/aktualnosci/1876,Final_Ladies_GP_-_zwyciestwo_Pogladic","external_links_name":"\"Finał Ladies GP – zwycięstwo Pogladic\""},{"Link":"https://www.fisu.net/medias/fichiers/439.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Results Book: Ski Jumping\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloski.si/index.php?t=News&id=6929&lang=sl","external_links_name":"\"V Žireh podelili priznanja za zimo 2011/12\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=JP&competitorid=90881","external_links_name":"FIS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)	List of Sunset Beach characters	["1 Original cast members","1.1 Olivia Richards","1.2 Gregory Richards","1.3 Ricardo Torres","1.4 Paula Stevens","1.5 Gabi Martinez","1.6 Casey Mitchum","1.7 Rae Chang","1.8 Elaine Stevens","1.9 Eddie Connors","1.10 Michael Bourne","1.11 Vanessa Hart","1.12 Bette Katzenkazrahi","1.13 Annie Douglas Richards","1.14 Ben Evans","1.15 Meg Cummings","1.16 Tim Truman","1.17 Sean Richards","1.18 Tiffany Thorne","1.19 Mark Wolper","1.20 Cole Deschanel","1.21 Caitlin Deschanel","2 Later additions","2.1 Virginia Harrison","2.2 Jimmy Harrison","2.3 Tyus Robinson","2.4 Derek Evans","2.5 Hank Cummings","2.6 Joan Cummings","2.7 Antonio Torres","2.8 A.J. Deschanel","2.9 Emily Davis","2.10 Maria Torres","2.11 Francesca Vargas","2.12 Leo Deschanel","2.13 Amy Nielsen","2.14 Brad Niklaus","2.15 Tess Marin","2.16 Benjy Evans","2.17 Jude Cavanaugh","2.18 Carmen Torres","3 References"]	Cast circa 1998First Row: Antonio, Maria, Ben, Meg, Annie, Gregory, Olivia, Michael, VanessaSecond Row: Francesca, Ricardo, Gabi, Leo, A.J., Bette, Emily, Sean, Caitlin, ColeThird Row: Tyus, Amy, Brad, Jimmy, Virginia, Casey, Sara, Hank, Joan, Tim The following are characters from the American soap opera Sunset Beach, which aired on NBC from January 6, 1997 to December 31, 1999. Original cast members Olivia Richards Main article: Olivia Richards Gregory Richards Main article: Gregory Richards Ricardo Torres Ricardo TorresSunset Beach characterPortrayed byHank CheyneDuration1997–1999First appearanceJanuary 6, 1997 (1997-01-06)Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999 (1999-12-31)Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOccupationDetectiveMotherCarmen TorresSiblingsMaria TorresAntonio TorresSpouseGabi Martinez (1999) played by Hank Cheyne Ricardo Torres had just been promoted to a detective. He's leading a great life with Paula Stevens, his girlfriend, and it seems like everything is going fine. Eddie Connors, Paula and Ricardo's fellow officer, always wanted Paula for himself. When Paula accidentally saw him in a jewelry store, he thought she was on to him, so he decided to teach her a lesson by kidnapping her and then paying Ralph Myers, a criminal, to torture her. Ricardo went through hard time trying to find his fiancée. She was barely saved from a van filled with gas. The next few weeks she spent trying to deal with the rape and putting Ralph behind bars. During her kidnapping, Ricardo met Gabi Martinez, an attractive woman who spent a night with Ricardo and then later it turned out that Gabi was Paula's sister. Gabi moved in with Paula and Ricardo and did her best to mess with Ricardo's mind. When Paula and Ricardo broke up, Ricardo slept with Gabi, and Gabi was confused after they had sex and eventually accused Ricardo of raping her. For Paula, it was something that she just could not get through. Although it was proven that Ricardo was innocent, Paula decided to leave town by the end of 1997. In 1998, Ricardo became closer with Gabi, as they realized that they loved each other. However, Gabi soon fell in love with Ricardo's brother Antonio, but they both rejected their attraction. Meanwhile, Ricardo's mother Carmen constantly tried to warn Ricardo to leave Gabi. During the Shockwave storyline, Ricardo found himself on the boat along with other Sunset Beach people. The boat suffered the same tragedy as Titanic, but the people rescued themselves just in time. Months later, Ricardo was involved in two other storylines---his sister Maria returned home after being presumed dead in 1993, and he often confronted Maria's husband Ben about it. He was also involved in a Rosario Jewels storyline. In 1999, Ricardo was convinced that everything was going fine. Gabi and him decided to get married, but he did not know that Gabi slept with his brother when they found themselves trapped in an exploded building. Carmen blackmailed Gabi to stop the wedding, but Gabi and Ricardo eventually got married. Days later, Ricardo was shocked to find a tape of Gabi and Antonio together. The shock of this overwhelmed him. He suffered a stroke and was hospitalized, after which he did everything he could to make Gabi's life a disaster. He also tried to deport his brother Antonio. Eventually, Ricardo forgave them both, and Gabi left town at the very last episode. Paula Stevens played by Laura Harring (January 6, 1997―December 17, 1997) Paula Stevens, a beautiful and intelligent police officer, was leading her normal life and everything was going fine. She just got engaged to Ricardo Torres, a fellow police officer, but there was something that was about to ruin everything. Her mother Elaine turned out to be the murderer of Del Douglas. When she went through a few pre-marriage problems, Eddie Connors tried to seduce her, but she rejected him, so he decided to teach her a lesson by paying Ralph, a criminal, to kidnap and rape her. Ricardo went through hard time trying to find his fiancé. She was barely saved from a van filled with gas. The next few weeks she spent trying to deal with the rape and putting Ralph behind bars. However, that was not the only thing that was bothering her. During her kidnapping, Ricardo met Gabi Martinez, an attractive woman who spent a night with Ricardo and then later it turned out that Gabi was Paula's sister. Gabi, who slept with Ricardo, was confused after they had sex and eventually accused Ricardo of raping her. For Paula, it was something that she just could not get through. Although it was proven that Ricardo was innocent, Paula decided to leave town by the end of 1997. Gabi Martinez Gabi MartinezSunset Beach characterPortrayed byPriscilla GaritaDuration1997–99First appearanceFebruary 17, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOther namesGabriella MartinezGabi TorresGabi Martinez-TorresOccupationPolice Department File ClerkParentsAnestina Gonzalez MartinezLorenzo MartinezSiblingsPaula StevensSpouseRicardo Torres (July—December 1999) played by Priscilla Garita (February 17, 1997―December 31, 1999) Although her first appearance is one month after the show's premiere, Priscilla receives cast credit from the show's beginning. When she started on Sunset Beach, Gabi immediately starts to seduce Ricardo Torres, an engaged Police officer, and she continues flirting with him. Days later, Gabi finds out that Ricardo's fiancé was Paula Stevens, her half-sister. Gabi is well received by her half-sister, but Ricardo did not have the same attitude. Paula offered Gabi to stay with them in the apartment, where she continues to seduce Ricardo. Things got complicated when Ricardo and Gabi slept together, and Gabi accuses Ricardo of raping her, which leads to court. Paula is convinced that Gabi was telling the truth and she leaves Ricardo. Although Ricardo proves that he did not rape Gabi, Paula decides to leave town with her mother. On her way to redemption, she realizes having been raped by her father troubles her, Gabi decides to spend New Year's Eve on a mysterious island bought by Ben Evans for Meg Cummings, but a killer was present on the island. She survives. At the time, Gabi was becoming closer with Mark Wolper, a young D.J., but they never got a chance to develop their relationship because Mark is killed off during that storyline. In 1998, Gabi and Ricardo got closer although Ricardo's mother Carmen Torres did not approve their relationship. Then Gabi met Antonio Torres, Ricardo's brother, a priest. Gabi and Antonio found themselves attracted to each other, but they kept denying the attraction. Antonio and Gabi were in love with each other. Ricardo and Gabi get engaged. Meanwhile, both Gabi, Antonio and Ricardo is involved in a Rosario jewels story. When Gabi and Antonio ends up trapped in an exploding building, they thought they would die and so they gave in to their love for each other and they slept together, and a camera filmed them. The tape of their sexual intercourse was later used by Francesca Vargas to blackmail Antonio and Gabi. When Francesca was killed, Gabi and Antonio were possible suspects, but they actually did not have anything to do with her murder. At Gabi and Ricardo's wedding, Carmen uses the tape of their lovemaking to blackmail Gabi into leaving Ricardo at the altar, but they eventually marry and everything was going fine until Ricardo found the tape and decided to destroy Gabi and Antonio's life. Eventually, Ricardo forgives them and Gabi decides to leave town and find good stuff somewhere else, giving up on her true love Antonio. Casey Mitchum Casey MitchumSunset Beach characterPortrayed byTimothy AdamsDuration1997–99First appearanceJanuary 6, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOccupationLifeguardParentsJohn Mitchum Alex Mitchum played by Timothy Adams At the very beginning of the show, Casey met Rae Chang, a young doctor who immediately took his breath away, but she did not show the same interest in Casey. They both decided to buy a house and accidentally bought the same house. When Rae was forced to marry a young man named Wei-Li that her parents chose for her, Casey helped Rae by pretending to be her husband. This led to something of a mild rivalry between Casey and Wei-Li when he arrived in Sunset Beach to see Rae, but it never grew into anything serious as the two men actually liked each other. Their plot was eventually revealed, and Rae discovered she did have feelings for Wei-Li after all. (About Rae and Casey) It was over before he got a chance to show his softer side. They were both so hard-headed, it was hard for him to act smooth and confident. And that's who I think Casey is.— Timothy Adams Casey was heartbroken, but his life had to go on. Alex Mitchum, his mother, came to Sunset Beach with an illness, but she decided to hide it from her son, yet the truth was soon discovered. Casey spent the next few months taking care of her. Until the end of 1997, Casey spent time taking care of his friends, putting his love life away. He was also one of the survivors of the Terror Island storyline. In 1998, Casey met Sara Cummings, Meg's sister, and they soon fell in love with each other. Casey helped Sara escape from her past, and she was happy to be rescued by such a handsome person. They both battled against Sara's ex-friend Melinda Fall. They became even closer. At the same time, Meg was having trouble with Ben, whose wife had just returned from the dead. Sara was afraid that Casey's friendship with Meg could turn into something more, so she worked with Tim Truman to break them up. Sara was very insecure, and eventually Casey found out about Sara's plot and broke up with Sara. Then Casey consoled Meg and they ended up in a short relationship, but their love was never more than on a friendly basis. Sara and Casey go together at the end of the series. Rae Chang played by Kelly Hu (January 7, 1997―June 5, 1997) Dr. Rae Chang was introduced in the second episode as a physician, a young doctor. Rae decided to buy a house called Surf Central, and ended up buying it with Casey Mitchum, a young lifeguard. They quickly fell in love, but Rae always put her feelings aside. Meanwhile, she felt pressured by her parents to marry a man they chose for her, Wei-Li Young. Rae pretended to be married to Casey in front of her parents, but eventually gave in to her parents' pressure and left town and married Wei-Lee. Her character was written off only a few months after the premiere. Elaine Stevens played by Leigh Taylor-Young (January 6, 1997―December 17, 1997) A fun and entertaining person, and one of town's favorite citizens. She had her own coffee shop and people respected her, but nobody ever knew the trouble she went through. She had hard time trying to cope with the fact that her daughter Paula chose to marry Ricardo Torres. Also, past came back to haunt her when she realized that her best friends Olivia Richards and Bette Katzenkazrahi helped Del Douglas kidnap her baby Cole Deschanel when she was young. Cole came to town in 1997 and soon they both found out the truth. Elaine dug up Cole's grave and it was empty. She felt betrayed by her friends. It was also discovered later that Elaine was the one who murdered Del Douglas. Fortunately, Gregory Richards saved her at court, and at the end of 1997, Elaine left town with her daughter. Her departure was never addressed or seen on-screen. Eddie Connors played by Peter Barton (January 6, 1997―May 18, 1998, March 19, 1999) Eddie Connors, a police officer, was presented to us as Annie Douglas' boy-toy. He served her when she wanted, and usually tried to do whatever she needed. Eddie had a crush on his fellow female officer Paula Stevens, but she was not interested. Eddie accidentally saw Paula in a jewelry store, where he was trying to sell Deschanel jewels and win a fortune. He thought Paula suspected him, so he kidnapped her and then hired a rapist to take care of her. Paula's fiancé Ricardo Torres found her, and he had no idea that Eddie was behind the kidnapping. Eddie was also the first person to learn that Cole Deschanel was Elaine Stevens' son. Eddie left the police force and became a private investigator. In May 1998, he discovered Derek Evans was impersonating his twin Ben Evans and decided to try to blackmail him, leading to Derek murdering him. On March 19, 1999, Eddie returned in one episode along with Del Douglas to greet Francesca Vargas in Hell. Michael Bourne Michael BourneSunset Beach characterPortrayed byJason Winston GeorgeDuration1997–99First appearanceJanuary 6, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOccupationLifeguardSpouseVanessa Hart(wed on December 31, 1999) played by Jason Winston George Michael was a town lifeguard, who had Casey Mitchum as a friend and many others. His story began when he met a young journalist Vanessa Hart and saved her from a sure death. Vanessa had a lot of trouble due to an article she was writing, trying to save LaShawnda and Jaleen Muhammad from Jo-Jo Muhammad, who turned out to be Michael's friend. Vanessa found herself hiding from them, and Michael was always there to save her. When the situation had resolved itself, Vanessa decided to leave to Hong Kong. Michael was sad about it. Days later, Vanessa returned home, but a chance for love with Michael was a bit challenged. Michael's friend from past, Virginia Harrison, was in love with Michael and she often used her son Jimmy Harrison to get what she wanted. Virginia did everything she could to break up the happy couple. It was later revealed that Michael had accidentally murdered Virginia's husband. During the Terror Island storyline, Virginia tried to kill Vanessa several times, but she did not do it, because they had to worry about the serial killer on the loose. Virginia researched Vanessa's past and realized that Vanessa had a mother that suffered from Martin's Syndrome, and she decided to use it to her advantage. She used help from Mrs. Moreau to get a potion that could make Vanessa think she got the syndrome too. Vanessa was frightened and decided to leave Sunset Beach to avoid Michael. Michael was in despair when Vanessa left. Meanwhile, Vanessa was hiding at Tyus Robinson's place. Tyus fell in love with Vanessa, but she did not have the same feelings for him. Tyus was working on a cure for Vanessa, and everyone was surprised when Vanessa's illness disappeared. Vanessa and Michael finally reunited, but their happiness did not last long. Virginia made another plot, a sick and crazy plan. On the night of Meg Cummings and Ben Evans' wedding, Virginia used a turkey baster to insert Tyus' sperm (which she stole) into Vanessa and impregnated her. Vanessa soon learned she was pregnant. Virginia also staged another scene. She took a photo of Vanessa and Tyus together on the bed, and therefore, they thought that they had sex. Michael soon learned the truth about Vanessa's pregnancy and he was definitely shocked. Vanessa and Michael broke up, and Tyus comforted Vanessa. A few weeks later, Vanessa miscarried. When it seemed like Vanessa and Michael were coming closer again, Virginia had finally lost it. She ended up in a mental institution, and she confessed all of her crimes. Vanessa and Michael were both shocked. A few months later, after making up and breaking up, on the final episode, Vanessa and Michael finally got married. Michael and Vanessa's storyline was often isolated from other characters, focusing mainly on either the two of them or Virginia, but not branching out the storyline to mix with others. I'm mixed on it. On the one hand, I'm glad that the story represents the good, the bad and the ugly. For a while, African Americans always showed up as thugs, and then for a while, they only showed up as perfectly good people who do no wrong. And now, we have representation across the board. That's cool. But at the same time, we lost any interaction with anybody else on the show. But that's changing, and I'm happy about it because I think the interaction needs to be there.— Jason George (about story isolation) Vanessa Hart Vanessa HartSunset Beach characterPortrayed bySherri SaumDuration1997–99First appearanceJanuary 9, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOccupationJournalist at Sunset Beach SentinelParentsLena HartRobert HartSpouseMichael Bourne(wed on December 31, 1999) played by Sherri Saum A young journalist named Vanessa entered the world of Sunset Beach when Michael Bourne saved her from death, and then later saved her from a robber. Vanessa had a lot of trouble due to an article she was writing, trying to save RaShonda and Jaleen Muhammad from Jo-Jo Muhammad, who turned out to be Michael's friend. Vanessa found herself hiding from them, and Michael was always there to save her. When the situation had resolved itself, Vanessa decided to leave to Hong Kong briefly, but promised to keep their love alive. Days later, Vanessa returned home, but a chance for love with Michael was a bit challenged. Michael's friend from past, Virginia Harrison, was in love with Michael and she often used her son Jimmy Harrison to get what she wanted. Virginia did everything she could to break up the happy couple. It was later revealed that Michael had accidentally murdered Virginia's husband. It came to Vanessa's attention that Virginia was more than meets the eye. She was trying to get attention, and Vanessa did not like it. When Vanessa and Michael left for a romantic weekend getaway in a cabin, Virginia drove to the cabin and set it on fire. Vanessa later realized that Virginia was the one who did it, but Michael did not believe her. Virginia was jealous because Vanessa started snooping into her life. Virginia researched Vanessa's past and realized that Vanessa had a mother that suffered from Martin's Syndrome, and she decided to use it to her advantage. She used help from Mrs. Moreau to get a potion that could make Vanessa think she got the syndrome too. Vanessa was frightened and decided to leave Sunset Beach to avoid Michael. Michael was in despair when Vanessa left. Meanwhile, Vanessa was hiding at Tyus Robinson's place. Tyus fell in love with Vanessa, but she did not have the same feelings for him. Tyus was working on a cure for Vanessa, and everyone was surprised when Vanessa's illness disappeared. Vanessa and Michael finally reunited, but their happiness did not last long. Virginia made another plot, a sick and crazy plan. On the night of Meg Cummings' and Ben Evans' wedding, Virginia used a turkey baster to insert Tyus' sperm (which she stole) into Vanessa and impregnated her. Vanessa soon learned she was pregnant. Virginia also staged another scene. She took a photo of Vanessa and Tyus together on the bed, and therefore, they thought that they had sex. Michael soon learned the truth about Vanessa's pregnancy and he was happy it until he learned that Tyus might be the father. I've been having nightmares about being pregnant for real. Because every day that I'm saying, "I'm pregnant, I'm pregnant," it's transferring into my dreams. I'm not ready for that. I love babies; just don't let them come from my womb and I am a happy camper.— Sherri Saum Vanessa and Michael broke up, and Tyus comforted Vanessa. A few weeks later, Vanessa miscarried. When it seemed like Vanessa and Michael were coming closer again, Virginia had finally lost it. She ended up in a mental institution, as she confessed all of her crimes. Michael then tried to propose to Vanessa, A few months later, after making up and breaking up, on the final episode, Vanessa and Michael finally got married. Bette Katzenkazrahi Main article: Bette Katzenkazrahi Annie Douglas Richards Main article: Annie Douglas Richards Ben Evans Ben EvansSunset Beach characterPortrayed byClive RobertsonFirst appearanceJanuary 6, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.In-universe informationOccupationEntrepreneurOne-quarter shareholder in the Liberty CorporationSiblingsDerek Evans †Ted EvansSpouseMaria Torres (1993―)ChildrenBenjy Evans played by Clive Robertson Ben Evans is a mercurial recluse who lost his wife years ago. He's spending his days running a business in Sunset Beach, and chatting on the net with a mysterious woman named Dorothy. His neighbor, Annie Douglas Richards is a spoiled woman who is trying to seduce him. That's how begins the story of Ben Evans. Days later, Ben meets Meg Cummings, and gives her a job at The Deep. Meg and Ben start to fall in love, but their happiness was limited by Annie, who stopped at nothing to achieve what she wanted. Annie always plotted to break up the two lovebirds, and she used Meg's ex-fiancé Tim to help her get what she wanted. It was also revealed that Ben's mysterious Dorothy was actually Meg. Annie planted bloody sheets, forged diary entries and much more to convince Meg that Ben has actually killed his wife Maria years ago, so eventually Meg decided to leave town, but Ben was not ready to give up on Meg, so he went to Ludlow to get Meg. The couple soon reunited and it seemed like things were finally getting better for them. Then came December 1997. Meg and her friends decided to spend New Year on a mystery island that Ben bought and everything was going fine until someone started to murder the people on the boat, and on the island. Meg faces the killer on various occasions, but never knew who it was. At the same time, Mark, who was also murdered, revealed to Tim that Ben killed him, but nobody knew that it was actually Ben's evil twin brother Derek Evans. 2–3 months later, it was revealed that Derek has been keeping Ben captive in a warehouse, and was pretending to be Ben for a while. Meg did not suspect anything, but eventually, she discovered the truth and Ben and Derek faced off. Derek was killed (at the time). Meg and Ben finally reunited and decided to tie the knot. They did not know that a terrible truth was about to be revealed. Meg befriended Dana, a strange woman in a hospital, and she rescued her when Sunset Beach was hit by an earthquake! The women bonded. Meanwhile, Annie and Tim discovered Dana's true identity and decided to use it against Meg. On Meg and Ben's wedding day, everything was going fine. Ben and Meg were married and the celebration started. Then Dana entered and shocked every... it was revealed that Dana is actually Maria Torres, Ben's wife, who was presumed dead years ago. The next few months were hard for Ben who was struggling to decide between his loving wife (who had amnesia) and Meg. Meg and Ben eventually parted, and Meg found comfort in her sister Sara's ex-boyfriend Casey Mitchum. Meg and Ben were later about to make up when Tess Marin entered the show with Benjy Evans. Tess was Maria's friend, and Benjy was Maria and Ben's son. Everyone was shocked. Meanwhile, Ben started to act strange again. It was revealed that Derek is alive, and Ben was held captive again. Derek plotted with Tess to destroy Ben's life, and they eventually killed Tim, Meg's ex-fiancé. At the very last minute, Derek was finally murdered and Tess was put behind bars. It was also revealed that Benjy is actually Derek and Tess' son. Ben and Maria, who became closer, decided to let each other be happy, and then Meg and Ben were finally happy again. They organized a double wedding with their friends Vanessa and Michael, and that's how the show ended. The final scene involved Meg and Ben lying in bed. Meg woke up and realized she was in Ludlow again. She went down to the living room and found all of her friends and enemies in a different role. She was convinced that everything that happened in Sunset Beach was only a dream, but a minute later, she woke up again to find herself with Ben, in Sunset Beach, and he assured her that it's all real and that she was truly "Mrs Ben Evans". Meg Cummings Main article: Meg Cummings Tim Truman Main article: Tim Truman (Sunset Beach) Sean Richards Main article: Sean Richards Tiffany Thorne played by Adrienne Frantz (January 6, 1997―May 15, 1997) and Jennifer Banko-Stewart (May 20, 1997―August 29, 1997) Tiffany Thorne was a teenage runaway introduced in the first episode. She was a rebel from the beginning, and she always tried to do what's best for her. Already in the first episode, she stole a bag from Meg Cummings and then used the letter inside to play with Ben Evans's mind. She fell in love with Sean Richards and Mark Wolper fell in love with her. The triangle was broken off in just a few months when the writers decided to write out Tiffany due to a lack of storyline. Sean's mother Olivia Richards gave her money to leave town. Mark Wolper played by Nick Stabile (January 6, 1997―January 20, 1998) A D.J. and waiter. He moved into Surf Central along with Casey, Rae, Meg and Michael. He fell in love with Tiffany Thorne, but their love was never meant to be because she only had eyes for Sean Richards. He was friends with Meg Cummings. They were always close, but she was in love with Ben. The writers decided to kill him off during the Terror Island storyline in January 1998. He showed interest in Gabi Martinez too, but they never got a chance to explore that story. Cole Deschanel Main article: Cole Deschanel Caitlin Deschanel Caitlin DeschanelSunset Beach characterPortrayed byVanessa Dorman(1997–1998)Kam Heskin(1998–1999)First appearanceJanuary 10, 1997Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOther namesCaitlin RichardsOccupationStudentFatherGregory RichardsMotherOlivia RichardsStepmotherAnnie Richards (1998–1999)BrothersSean RichardsHusbandCole Deschanel (1998–present)ChildrenTrey Deschanel played by Vanessa Dorman (January 9, 1997―June 18, 1998) and Kam Heskin (June 24, 1998―December 31, 1999) In December 1998, a writer from Soap Opera Update previewed the soap's 1999 stories. They revealed that Caitlin harassment storyline would intensify. The show's head writer Margaret DePriest told the reporter that the "obscene" phone calls would continue and "esculate to a haunting conclusion in February 1999." She added "it's the shock of her life when she finds out who it is!" Caitlin was presented as the daughter of a rich lawyer Gregory Richards and Olivia Richards. She fell in love with Cole Deschanel, a mysterious jewel thief and their love was constantly threatened by her over-protective and sinister father. At the same time, Cole slept with Caitlin's mother, Olivia, but he did not know that Olivia was actually his girlfriend's mother. Various times, Gregory tried to get rid of Cole, even by hiring a hit man to kill him, but he did not succeed. Thing got even more complicated. At the same time, both Caitlin and Olivia got pregnant. After a car accident, Caitlin lost her baby, but she decided to keep pretending to be pregnant, so she would not lose Cole. Meanwhile, Olivia finally found happiness again with Gregory. Caitlin sought help from Annie Douglas to find a baby that Caitlin could use as her own. At the same time, Annie plotted to win over Gregory, so she decided to make a huge turn-over. When Olivia gave birth, Annie stole the baby and gave it to Caitlin. Olivia thought her baby had died and Caitlin had no idea that she had her mother's child. This, of course caused Gregory and Olivia's divorce. Caitlin and Cole were finally happy. They had a baby and they got married, it seemed like everything was perfect, in the summer of 1998, Cole and Caitlin were also involved in the tsunami storyline. Cole met his former lover, Francesca Vargas and Francesca tried to win him over, but he only loved Caitlin. When Francesca was murdered, they were also suspects, but none of them murdered her, but Gregory is the one who actually killed Francesca. Olivia was shocked to find out that Caitlin's baby is actually her own. Caitlin had hard time dealing with the truth, and this caused a big fight between Cole and Caitlin. Caitlin and Gregory were shocked to learn that Olivia and Cole had an affair years ago. It was then revealed that Cole is actually Trey's father. This led to a fight between Gregory and Cole, after which Gregory went missing and everyone presumed him dead. Caitlin had to struggle with the fact that Trey is not hers and she was even more shocked when Cole was caught by London authorities, and went missing. He eventually returned in the final episode and reunited with his one/only love, Caitlin. Later additions Virginia Harrison Main article: Virginia Harrison Jimmy Harrison played by V.P. Oliver (March 19, 1997―December 26, 1997) and Jeffery Wood (January 23, 1998―March 23, 1999) Jimmy Harrison was introduced in March 1997 as the son of Virginia Harrison, a villain. During his time on the show, Jimmy was involved in various storylines but did not have his own storyline. He had to cope with the fact that one of his idols, Michael Bourne killed his father Jackson during a gang war. He was always supportive of his mother, who plotted to win Michael for herself. In the beginning of 1998, the character was recast with a younger actor. Jimmy was written out in March 1999 when Virginia was institutionalized. Tyus Robinson played by Russell Curry (June 19, 1997―December 31, 1999) Tyus Robinson was one more of the typical soap opera doctors. He never had much of a story for himself, but he was involved in various medical cases. He first came onto canvas as the doctor of Olivia Richards during her pregnancy, and was then involved (although he did not know it) in the baby switch story. His next storyline involved Vanessa Hart, who had just been poisoned by Virginia Harrison into believing she had Martin's Syndrome. Tyus tried to cure Vanessa and eventually helped her. He then fell in love with her, although she had always loved Michael Bourne. Meanwhile, Virginia's next plot was even more disgusting. She stole Tyus' sperm and inserted it into Vanessa by using a Turkey baster. Vanessa then got pregnant and it was later revealed that the child was Tyus'. Tyus was ready to be a great father, but before anything could happen, Vanessa lost her child. During the rest of the show, Tyus became closer friends with both Vanessa and Michael. Derek Evans Derek EvansSunset Beach characterPortrayed byClive RobertsonDuration1997–99First appearanceDecember 30, 1997Last appearanceDecember 16, 1999Created byMeg BennettIntroduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationSiblingsBen EvansTed EvansChildrenBenjy Evans played by Clive Robertson, who also portrays his identical twin brother Ben Derek first appeared on December 30, 1997, when he was played by a stunt performer in a mask, being the killer on the boat. His first appearance with his face revealed was on January 16, 1998, when Clive Robertson stepped into the role. The character was killed off in June 1998, only to be brought back in September 1999, and killed again in December 1999. Derek's first venture to Sunset Beach was in 1993 (off-screen), when he seduced his brother Ben's wife, Maria Torres, and staged her death. Just before New Year's Eve 1997, this time on-screen, murders started to happen on a mysterious island owned by Ben Evans. The murderer was Derek, who was a true psychopath trying to destroy his brother's life. Derek pretended to be Ben for months seducing Ben's current fiancé Meg Cummings until it was revealed that Derek was holding Ben captive, and eventually Ben and Derek had a confrontation on the top of a cliff ending in Derek falling to his death. A mysterious woman named Tess Marin arrived in Sunset Beach in 1999 and revealed that Maria and Ben also have a son named Benji who Maria had abandoned, during the time she had lost her memory, and Tess adopted him. Maria and Meg grew suspicious of Tess and Ben decided to investigate by going to Seattle where Tess claims to be from. Ben returned a few weeks later and confronted Tess about who she really was. Then, in a plot twist, he was revealed to be Ben's evil twin, Derek, back from the dead. Once again Derek had imprisoned Ben when he was on his way to Seattle and had been impersonating him. He and Tess were, in fact, lovers who were the real parents of Benji. Derek then seduced Maria and Meg simultaneously. One day he and Tess were caught kissing by Meg's ex fiancé Tim Truman. Derek tried to stop Tim from revealing the truth and eventually strangled him to death after many attempts to kill him. He buried Tim in a cement mixer, ensuring his secret with Tess was safe. Maria finally discovered Derek and Tess' secret, and she too was imprisoned with Ben. Ben and Maria made their escape and pulled a gun on Derek. Ben and Derek struggled over the gun, and Derek was killed. Ben married Meg on the final episode of Sunset Beach. Hank Cummings played by John Martin (recurring September 22, 1997―December 11, 1997, contract February 5, 1998―December 31, 1999) Hank was a typical farmer father who supported his daughters Meg and Sara and his wife Joan. He never had much of a story (although he was on contract) and was mostly included in family scenes. He appeared when Meg returned to Kansas in September 1997, and then later arrived to Sunset Beach to live there with his wife after their farm was destroyed. He opened the Shock Wave restaurant with his wife Joan. Joan Cummings played by Carol Potter (recurring January 6, 1997―December 11, 1997, contract February 5, 1998―December 31, 1999) Joan is a typical stay at home mom. She lived in Kansas with her husband, Hank. When her daughter Meg ran away to Sunset Beach at her wedding day, Joan was supportive and often gave her advice. At the beginning of 1998, the Cummings lost their farm and the family was moved to Sunset Beach. Although Joan was officially a regular, she and her husband never had much of a story, and were primarily there to support their daughters, Meg and Sara. Joan and her husband co-created Shock Wave. Antonio Torres Main article: Antonio Torres (Sunset Beach) A.J. Deschanel played by Gordon Thomson (May 11, 1998―December 31, 1999) A legend named A.J. Deschanel was mentioned various times during 1997. It was not until 1998 that we learned more about his character. Father of Cole and Leo Deschanel, A.J. entered the world of Sunset Beach when he rescued Olivia Richards from committing suicide. The recently divorced Olivia was A.J's former love, and they soon reunited. Her ex-husband Gregory Richards was A.J.'s primary rival throughout his time on the show, and the two men had constant confrontations. A.J. had two sons, Cole, who he worked to rebuild a relationship with, and Leo, who was a relatively minor character. A.J. was also temporarily involved with Francesca Vargas, who was later murdered. A.J. helped Olivia find her lost son, who turned out to be the child her daughter Caitlin Richards Deschanel was raising. In 1999, Olivia' main rival used voodoo potions to make Olivia, a former alcoholic, start drinking again, which led to the breakup of her relationship with A.J. A.J. ended the show on good terms with Olivia, and beginning a romantic relationship with Bette Katzenkazrahi. Emily Davis played by Cristi Harris (May 25, 1998―December 31, 1999) Emily Davis came to Sunset Beach in May 1998 and immediately won the heart of Sean Richards. They met while competing against each other in lifeguard trials, which ended when Sean allowed Emily to win the job. In a matter of days, Emily was shocked to realize that her mother Bette was also is town. They started to build a relationship and over time slowly became closer by facing the usual teenage problems. During the Rosario Jewels storyline, Emily was blinded by a talisman, but was cured when the curse stopped. Meanwhile, Amy Nielsen was working to try to steal Sean for herself, often using Brad Niklaus in her plots. However Leo Deschanel often came to Emily's rescue. In 1999, Amy bought a voodoo potion to make Sean sleep with her, ending his relationship with Emily. At the end of the show, Amy's lies were exposed and Sean and Emily reunited. Maria Torres Maria TorresSunset Beach characterPortrayed byChristina ChambersDuration1998–99First appearanceJuly 1, 1998Last appearanceDecember 31, 1999Created byMeg Bennett and Christopher WhitesellIntroduced byGary Tomlin, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke VincentIn-universe informationOther namesDanaMaria RodriguezOccupationArtistParentsCarmen TorresSiblingsRicardo TorresAntonio TorresSpouseBen Evans (1993-1999)ChildrenBenjy Evans (adoptive) played by Christina Chambers (July 1, 1998―December 31, 1999) One of the most important characters in the history of Sunset Beach was Maria Torres Evans. She was presumed dead in 1993 and although she never appeared on-screen until 1998, a lot of characters were connected through her. Her husband Ben Evans married Maria whilst she was still a teenager. After her death during a boating trip in a storm, he spent years grieving, and many people suspected that Ben was the one that killed her. Meanwhile, Ben found love in arms of another woman, Meg Cummings. Maria's friend, Annie Douglas Richards tried to play with Meg's mind by forging Maria's diary into thinking that Ben killed Maria, but eventually Annie's plot was discovered. That's when Maria was finally left in peace. In the summer of 1998, Meg befriended an amnesiac woman named Dana in a hospital, who had no idea who she was. It was later discovered by Annie and Tim Truman that Dana is actually Maria. The two plotted to get Maria on the wedding ceremony. After Meg and Ben got married, "Dana" stormed into the room and surprised everyone who knew her. Ben was shocked to see his wife alive. Maria did not know anything about the past and she constantly tried to convince everyone that she knows what happened to her, but it was yet in 1999 when she learned more about her past. Maria was the reason why Ben could not move on with Meg, and they eventually broke up, although Maria did not want to be with Ben. In 1999, Maria, Ben, Meg and other were surprised when Tess Marin arrived in Sunset Beach with Benjy Evans, who turned out to be Maria and Ben's son. However, neither of them knew that Benjy was actually Tess' son with Derek Evans, Ben's evil twin brother. Derek returned in 1999 and pretended to be Ben, while he held Ben captive. He slept with Maria. His wrath was discovered and he was killed, while Tess ended up in prison. During the last few episodes, Maria decided to let Ben and Meg be happy, and she met a new man in her life, named Ross English. She also decided to adopt Benjy. Francesca Vargas played by Lisa Guerrero (July 16, 1998―March 19, 1999) It came as a shock for Cole Deschanel to encounter his ex-lover and a fellow jewel thief Francesca Vargas on the boat that had the same destiny as the Titanic. As much as he reminisced about the old days, Cole wanted Francesca out of his life, mostly to protect his marriage to Caitlin Deschanel. However, it was then when Francesca decided to play the game her way. At the time, she was married to Phillip Vargas, but it seemed like her marriage was everything but peaceful. During that storyline, her husband was killed, and Francesca, without having anything to do, decided to move to Sunset Beach to pursue her old love and new opportunities. However, it was obvious nobody actually liked her. Francesca always did things the wrong way. She constantly blackmailed people with evidence she collected to get what she wanted. She found a tape of Gabi Martinez and Father Antonio Torres having sex in an exploding building, and blackmailed them with it. She was, at the time, involved in the Rosario Jewels storyline. Also, the tension between Francesca and Caitlin was rising. Cole tried to convince Francesca to leave Sunset Beach various times, but she always refused the deal. Even A.J. Deschanel, who tried to convince her to do what's right, could not get through to her. Francesca, who also learned about various other plots, soon became everyone's enemy. She even became an ally of Gregory Richards, Caitlin's father. In March 1999, Francesca was shot at and ended up in a hospital (after jumping out a cake wounded). However, she could not gain enough strength to confess about who murdered her. On her way to Hell, Francesca was greeted by Del Douglas and Eddie Connors, also murder victims. It was later revealed that Francesca was murdered by Gregory. Leo Deschanel played by David Mathiessen (July 22, 1998―March 24, 1999) Although he was a contract character, Leo did not have any major storylines. He first appeared in summer 1998, and became friends with Sean Richards and Emily Davis, and an instant enemy to Amy Nielsen and Brad Niklaus. He also tried to build a stronger relationship with his father, A.J. He left the show in March 1999. Amy Nielsen played by Krissy Carlson (recurring December 26, 1997―September 1998, contract September 1998―December 31, 1999) Amy Nielsen (originally Dreyer) was introduced during the Terror Island serial killer storyline in late 1997, when Sean Richards invited her to spend New Year's on a private island. Amy was originally introduced to be a victim for the killer, but producers decided to keep her. Amy suffered not only the trauma of the island, but learned Sean had only invited her because his original choice, Elizabeth, had vanished (killed by the serial killer). On returning to Sunset Beach Amy wanted nothing to do with Sean. That summer, Amy and Sean were both guests on the ship Neptune, which was hit by a tsunami, trapping various characters. Amy developed feelings for Sean, and plotted (often using her friend Brad Niklaus to help her) to break up his relationship with Emily Davis and win Sean for herself. Amy was also involved in the Rosario Jewels storyline, when her father, Bernie Nielsen was turned into a skeleton after breaking a curse held by mysterious jewels. In 1999, Amy succeeded in making Sean sleep with her by drugging him with a voodoo potion bought from Mrs. Moreau, which resulted in Sean and Emily splitting up. However Sean did not pursue a relationship with Amy, even after she stole a nun's habit in order to pretend she was becoming a nun, to show him she was a good person. By the end of the show, Amy accepted she would not have Sean, and started to become closer to Brad, who she realized had been a good friend to her. Brad Niklaus played by Michael Strickland (recurring June 11, 1998―September 1998, contract September 1998―December 31, 1999) Brad Niklaus never had much of a story on this show. He came on canvas during the summer of 1998 and was immediately pushed into the hands of Amy Nielsen, for whom Brad would have done anything. Amy was in love with Sean Richards, and she would have done anything to get him. However, Sean was in love with Emily Davis, so Amy plotted to separate them, by using Brad. Brad was known for his lack of smarts, but he constantly competed with others to gain a lifeguard position. Brad often came to Amy's rescue, he always helped her in whatever she needed, but he never got what he actually wanted. Many people despised him because he was Amy's dog. Eventually, when all of Amy's schemes were discovered, in the final episode, it seemed like Amy and Brad were about to become something more than friends. Tess Marin played by Tracy Melchior (March 9, 1999―December 31, 1999) Tess Marin came to Sunset Beach in March 1999 with Benjy Evans, who she claimed was the son of Maria Torres and Ben Evans. Tess claimed she had been Maria's best friend and Benjy's nanny during the years Maria was missing (1993–1998). Tess started to develop a relationship with Tim Truman, but it was later revealed she was working with and romantically involved with Ben's evil twin, Derek Evans, and was using Tim to further their plans. This led to Derek murdering Tim when he discovered Derek's true identity, something Tess felt guilt over (to the point of being haunted by Tim's ghost). During the show's final weeks, Tess was revealed to be Benjy's real mother (with Derek his father), and she and Derek kidnapped several other characters, which led to Derek being killed and Tess arrested. Tess finally agreed to allow Maria to adopt Benjy. Benjy Evans played by Chase Parker (March 9, 1999―December 31, 1999) Benjy Evans came to Sunset Beach in March 1999 with Tess Marin, who claimed he was the son of Maria Torres and Ben Evans'. When this was confirmed by paternity tests, he and Tess moved into Ben's house (where Meg and Maria were also living) and was often the reason for fights between them. Eventually, it was revealed that Benjy was Tess Marin and Derek Evans' son, but after Derek was murdered and Tess arrested, Tess allowed Maria to adopt him. Jude Cavanaugh played by Sean Kanan (August 26, 1999―December 31, 1999) Jude Cavanaugh entered the world of Sunset Beach in late summer of 1999. He caught the eye of the local citizen Annie Douglas-Richards, a widow who did her best to get her deceased husband's fortune. Jude and Annie started a rocky relationship and eventually ended up together in the final episode. Jude was revealed to be an undercover agent assigned to catch Annie's husband Gregory Richards, a criminal who was presumed dead. Jude kept the true reason for his arrival a secret and then worked on the case, becoming close to Tobias Richards (family's uncle who later turned out to be Gregory Richards in disguise). Annie and Jude ended up in each other's arms. However, he never got a chance to develop his character more because he was on the show only for five months. Carmen Torres played by Margarita Cordova (recurring December 23, 1997―December 31, 1999) Carmen Torres was a person who never trusted people. She was a fortune teller, a person who believed in God and did the best for her children. She premiered in December 1997, when Gabi Martinez, Vanessa Hart and Meg Cummings came to have a little fun and learn what was in their future. It was later revealed that Carmen knew Ben Evans and that Ricardo Torres was her son. When Ricardo and Gabi became closer again, Carmen did not trust her, and she constantly tried to convince Ricardo to leave Gabi, mostly because her tarot cards told her so. Her daughter Maria was presumed dead in 1993, and her other son Antonio is a priest living far away. Carmen's life turned around when her son Antonio returned to Sunset Beach and fell in love with Gabi, with whom he slept on the night they thought they would die. Carmen knew of the affair and tried to warn Ricardo without breaking his heart. Also, her daughter Maria returned from the dead in September 1998. Carmen refused not to believe in her tarot cards. She realized that Gabi had an affair with someone, but she did not know who it was with. Gabi and Antonio destroyed the tape, only to learn later that they destroyed the wrong tape. Carmen watched it and realized that her own son had an affair with Gabi. Ricardo and Gabi decided to get married, and Carmen did her best to blackmail Gabi to leave Ricardo. The wedding did not go through, but Ricardo and Gabi stayed together. Carmen always supported her sons and her daughter and always tried to do the best for her family. References ^ a b c d e The Young and the Restless recap (January 6, 1997) - TV.com ^ a b The Young and the Restless recap (December 17, 1997) - TV.com ^ "I'm a real-life countess!". Inside Soap. No. 84. Attic Futura (UK) Ltd. 20 September – 3 October 1997. p. 45. ^ a b Murphy, Steven (10–23 January 1998). "Global gossip". Inside Soap. No. 92. p. 8. ^ Timothy, Adams. "Casey at the Bat". Soap Opera News. Archived from the original on 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2008-05-05. ^ The Young and the Restless recap (January 7, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (June 5, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (May 18, 1998) - TV.com ^ a b The Young and the Restless recap (March 19, 1999) - TV.com ^ George, Jason. "Living Large". Soap Opera Digest. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-05-07. ^ "Super Single Sisters of 2001". Ebony: 154. July 2001. ^ Sherri, Saum. "Living Large". Soap Opera Digest. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2008-05-07. ^ The Young and the Restless recap (May 15, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (May 20, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (August 29, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (January 20, 1998) - TV.com ^ a b "1999 preview - Sunset Beach". Soap Opera Update. XI (51). (Bauer Media Group): 8. December 22, 1998. ^ The Young and the Restless recap (March 19, 1997) - TV.com ^ a b The Young and the Restless recap (December 26, 1997) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (January 23, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (March 23, 1999) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (June 19, 1997) - TV.com ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Young and the Restless recap (December 31, 1999) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (May 11, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (May 25, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (July 16, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (July 22, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (March 24, 1999) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (July 17, 1998) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (June 11, 1998) - TV.com ^ a b The Young and the Restless recap (March 9, 1999) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (August 26, 1999) - TV.com ^ The Young and the Restless recap (December 23, 1997) - TV.com vteSunset BeachCharacters Michael Bourne Meg Cummings Caitlin Deschanel Cole Deschanel Annie Douglas Ben Evans Derek Evans Virginia Harrison Vanessa Hart Bette Katzenkazrahi Gabi Martinez Casey Mitchum Gregory Richards Olivia Richards Sean Richards Antonio Torres Maria Torres-Evans Ricardo Torres Tim Truman Crew Executive producers Gary Tomlin Aaron Spelling E. Duke Vincent Creators Josh Griffith Robert Guza Jr. Charles Pratt Jr. Head Writers Robert Guza Jr. Meg Bennett Chris Whitesell Margaret DePriest	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castpoto.jpg"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Sunset Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Beach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"}],"text":"Cast circa 1998First Row: Antonio, Maria, Ben, Meg, Annie, Gregory, Olivia, Michael, VanessaSecond Row: Francesca, Ricardo, Gabi, Leo, A.J., Bette, Emily, Sean, Caitlin, ColeThird Row: Tyus, Amy, Brad, Jimmy, Virginia, Casey, Sara, Hank, Joan, TimThe following are characters from the American soap opera Sunset Beach, which aired on NBC from January 6, 1997 to December 31, 1999.","title":"List of Sunset Beach characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olivia Richards","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gregory Richards","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hank Cheyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Cheyne"},{"link_name":"Paula Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Eddie Connors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Gabi Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Torres_(Sunset_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters#Carmen_Torres"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"}],"sub_title":"Ricardo Torres","text":"played by Hank CheyneRicardo Torres had just been promoted to a detective. He's leading a great life with Paula Stevens, his girlfriend, and it seems like everything is going fine. Eddie Connors, Paula and Ricardo's fellow officer, always wanted Paula for himself. When Paula accidentally saw him in a jewelry store, he thought she was on to him, so he decided to teach her a lesson by kidnapping her and then paying Ralph Myers, a criminal, to torture her. Ricardo went through hard time trying to find his fiancée. She was barely saved from a van filled with gas. The next few weeks she spent trying to deal with the rape and putting Ralph behind bars.During her kidnapping, Ricardo met Gabi Martinez, an attractive woman who spent a night with Ricardo and then later it turned out that Gabi was Paula's sister. Gabi moved in with Paula and Ricardo and did her best to mess with Ricardo's mind. When Paula and Ricardo broke up, Ricardo slept with Gabi, and Gabi was confused after they had sex and eventually accused Ricardo of raping her. For Paula, it was something that she just could not get through. Although it was proven that Ricardo was innocent, Paula decided to leave town by the end of 1997.In 1998, Ricardo became closer with Gabi, as they realized that they loved each other. However, Gabi soon fell in love with Ricardo's brother Antonio, but they both rejected their attraction. Meanwhile, Ricardo's mother Carmen constantly tried to warn Ricardo to leave Gabi. During the Shockwave storyline, Ricardo found himself on the boat along with other Sunset Beach people. The boat suffered the same tragedy as Titanic, but the people rescued themselves just in time. Months later, Ricardo was involved in two other storylines---his sister Maria returned home after being presumed dead in 1993, and he often confronted Maria's husband Ben about it. He was also involved in a Rosario Jewels storyline.In 1999, Ricardo was convinced that everything was going fine. Gabi and him decided to get married, but he did not know that Gabi slept with his brother when they found themselves trapped in an exploded building. Carmen blackmailed Gabi to stop the wedding, but Gabi and Ricardo eventually got married. Days later, Ricardo was shocked to find a tape of Gabi and Antonio together. The shock of this overwhelmed him. He suffered a stroke and was hospitalized, after which he did everything he could to make Gabi's life a disaster. He also tried to deport his brother Antonio. Eventually, Ricardo forgave them both, and Gabi left town at the very last episode.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Harring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Harring"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-06-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-12-17-2"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Torres_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Gabi Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Martinez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulaint-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"}],"sub_title":"Paula Stevens","text":"played by Laura Harring (January 6, 1997―December 17, 1997[1][2])Paula Stevens, a beautiful and intelligent police officer, was leading her normal life and everything was going fine. She just got engaged to Ricardo Torres, a fellow police officer, but there was something that was about to ruin everything. Her mother Elaine turned out to be the murderer of Del Douglas.When she went through a few pre-marriage problems, Eddie Connors tried to seduce her, but she rejected him, so he decided to teach her a lesson by paying Ralph, a criminal, to kidnap and rape her. Ricardo went through hard time trying to find his fiancé. She was barely saved from a van filled with gas. The next few weeks she spent trying to deal with the rape and putting Ralph behind bars. However, that was not the only thing that was bothering her.During her kidnapping, Ricardo met Gabi Martinez, an attractive woman who spent a night with Ricardo and then later it turned out that Gabi was Paula's sister. Gabi, who slept with Ricardo, was confused after they had sex and eventually accused Ricardo of raping her. For Paula, it was something that she just could not get through. Although it was proven that Ricardo was innocent, Paula decided to leave town by the end of 1997.[3][4]","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priscilla Garita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Garita"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Torres_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Paula Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Mark Wolper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Carmen Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Antonio Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Torres_(Sunset_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Francesca Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"}],"sub_title":"Gabi Martinez","text":"played by Priscilla Garita (February 17, 1997―December 31, 1999)Although her first appearance is one month after the show's premiere, Priscilla receives cast credit from the show's beginning. When she started on Sunset Beach, Gabi immediately starts to seduce Ricardo Torres, an engaged Police officer, and she continues flirting with him. Days later, Gabi finds out that Ricardo's fiancé was Paula Stevens, her half-sister. Gabi is well received by her half-sister, but Ricardo did not have the same attitude. Paula offered Gabi to stay with them in the apartment, where she continues to seduce Ricardo. Things got complicated when Ricardo and Gabi slept together, and Gabi accuses Ricardo of raping her, which leads to court. Paula is convinced that Gabi was telling the truth and she leaves Ricardo. Although Ricardo proves that he did not rape Gabi, Paula decides to leave town with her mother.On her way to redemption, she realizes having been raped by her father troubles her, Gabi decides to spend New Year's Eve on a mysterious island bought by Ben Evans for Meg Cummings, but a killer was present on the island. She survives. At the time, Gabi was becoming closer with Mark Wolper, a young D.J., but they never got a chance to develop their relationship because Mark is killed off during that storyline.In 1998, Gabi and Ricardo got closer although Ricardo's mother Carmen Torres did not approve their relationship. Then Gabi met Antonio Torres, Ricardo's brother, a priest. Gabi and Antonio found themselves attracted to each other, but they kept denying the attraction. Antonio and Gabi were in love with each other. Ricardo and Gabi get engaged. Meanwhile, both Gabi, Antonio and Ricardo is involved in a Rosario jewels story. When Gabi and Antonio ends up trapped in an exploding building, they thought they would die and so they gave in to their love for each other and they slept together, and a camera filmed them. The tape of their sexual intercourse was later used by Francesca Vargas to blackmail Antonio and Gabi.\nWhen Francesca was killed, Gabi and Antonio were possible suspects, but they actually did not have anything to do with her murder. At Gabi and Ricardo's wedding, Carmen uses the tape of their lovemaking to blackmail Gabi into leaving Ricardo at the altar, but they eventually marry and everything was going fine until Ricardo found the tape and decided to destroy Gabi and Antonio's life. Eventually, Ricardo forgives them and Gabi decides to leave town and find good stuff somewhere else, giving up on her true love Antonio.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Adams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soap_Opera_News-5"},{"link_name":"Alex Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters"},{"link_name":"Melinda Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters"},{"link_name":"Tim Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Truman_(TV_character)"}],"sub_title":"Casey Mitchum","text":"played by Timothy AdamsAt the very beginning of the show, Casey met Rae Chang, a young doctor who immediately took his breath away, but she did not show the same interest in Casey. They both decided to buy a house and accidentally bought the same house. When Rae was forced to marry a young man named Wei-Li that her parents chose for her, Casey helped Rae by pretending to be her husband. This led to something of a mild rivalry between Casey and Wei-Li when he arrived in Sunset Beach to see Rae, but it never grew into anything serious as the two men actually liked each other. Their plot was eventually revealed, and Rae discovered she did have feelings for Wei-Li after all.(About Rae and Casey) It was over before he got a chance to show his softer side. They were both so hard-headed, it was hard for him to act smooth and confident. And that's who I think Casey is.— Timothy Adams[5]Casey was heartbroken, but his life had to go on. Alex Mitchum, his mother, came to Sunset Beach with an illness, but she decided to hide it from her son, yet the truth was soon discovered. Casey spent the next few months taking care of her. Until the end of 1997, Casey spent time taking care of his friends, putting his love life away. He was also one of the survivors of the Terror Island storyline.In 1998, Casey met Sara Cummings, Meg's sister, and they soon fell in love with each other. Casey helped Sara escape from her past, and she was happy to be rescued by such a handsome person. They both battled against Sara's ex-friend Melinda Fall. They became even closer. At the same time, Meg was having trouble with Ben, whose wife had just returned from the dead. Sara was afraid that Casey's friendship with Meg could turn into something more, so she worked with Tim Truman to break them up. Sara was very insecure, and eventually Casey found out about Sara's plot and broke up with Sara. Then Casey consoled Meg and they ended up in a short relationship, but their love was never more than on a friendly basis. Sara and Casey go together at the end of the series.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelly Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Hu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-07-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-06-05-7"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Casey Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mitchum"}],"sub_title":"Rae Chang","text":"played by Kelly Hu (January 7, 1997―June 5, 1997[6][7])Dr. Rae Chang was introduced in the second episode as a physician, a young doctor. Rae decided to buy a house called Surf Central, and ended up buying it with Casey Mitchum, a young lifeguard. They quickly fell in love, but Rae always put her feelings aside. Meanwhile, she felt pressured by her parents to marry a man they chose for her, Wei-Li Young. Rae pretended to be married to Casey in front of her parents, but eventually gave in to her parents' pressure and left town and married Wei-Lee. Her character was written off only a few months after the premiere.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Taylor-Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Taylor-Young"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-06-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-12-17-2"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Torres_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Richards"},{"link_name":"Bette Katzenkazrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Katzenkazrahi"},{"link_name":"Cole Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Gregory Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Richards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-4"}],"sub_title":"Elaine Stevens","text":"played by Leigh Taylor-Young (January 6, 1997―December 17, 1997[1][2])A fun and entertaining person, and one of town's favorite citizens. She had her own coffee shop and people respected her, but nobody ever knew the trouble she went through. She had hard time trying to cope with the fact that her daughter Paula chose to marry Ricardo Torres. Also, past came back to haunt her when she realized that her best friends Olivia Richards and Bette Katzenkazrahi helped Del Douglas kidnap her baby Cole Deschanel when she was young.Cole came to town in 1997 and soon they both found out the truth. Elaine dug up Cole's grave and it was empty. She felt betrayed by her friends. It was also discovered later that Elaine was the one who murdered Del Douglas. Fortunately, Gregory Richards saved her at court, and at the end of 1997, Elaine left town with her daughter. Her departure was never addressed or seen on-screen.[4]","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Barton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-06-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-05-18-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-19-9"},{"link_name":"Annie Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Douglas-Richards"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Torres_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Cole Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Derek Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"}],"sub_title":"Eddie Connors","text":"played by Peter Barton (January 6, 1997―May 18, 1998,[1][8] March 19, 1999[9])Eddie Connors, a police officer, was presented to us as Annie Douglas' boy-toy. He served her when she wanted, and usually tried to do whatever she needed. Eddie had a crush on his fellow female officer Paula Stevens, but she was not interested. Eddie accidentally saw Paula in a jewelry store, where he was trying to sell Deschanel jewels and win a fortune. He thought Paula suspected him, so he kidnapped her and then hired a rapist to take care of her. Paula's fiancé Ricardo Torres found her, and he had no idea that Eddie was behind the kidnapping. Eddie was also the first person to learn that Cole Deschanel was Elaine Stevens' son.Eddie left the police force and became a private investigator. In May 1998, he discovered Derek Evans was impersonating his twin Ben Evans and decided to try to blackmail him, leading to Derek murdering him. On March 19, 1999, Eddie returned in one episode along with Del Douglas to greet Francesca Vargas in Hell.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Winston George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Winston_George"},{"link_name":"Casey Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Hart"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Virginia Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jimmy_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters#Mr.s_Moreau,_a_witch_doctor_living_in_the_same_apartment_block_as_Tyus,"},{"link_name":"Tyus Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tyus_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soap_Opera_Digest-10"}],"sub_title":"Michael Bourne","text":"played by Jason Winston GeorgeMichael was a town lifeguard, who had Casey Mitchum as a friend and many others. His story began when he met a young journalist Vanessa Hart and saved her from a sure death. Vanessa had a lot of trouble due to an article she was writing, trying to save LaShawnda and Jaleen Muhammad from Jo-Jo Muhammad, who turned out to be Michael's friend. Vanessa found herself hiding from them, and Michael was always there to save her. When the situation had resolved itself, Vanessa decided to leave to Hong Kong. Michael was sad about it. Days later, Vanessa returned home, but a chance for love with Michael was a bit challenged. Michael's friend from past, Virginia Harrison, was in love with Michael and she often used her son Jimmy Harrison to get what she wanted. Virginia did everything she could to break up the happy couple. It was later revealed that Michael had accidentally murdered Virginia's husband.During the Terror Island storyline, Virginia tried to kill Vanessa several times, but she did not do it, because they had to worry about the serial killer on the loose. Virginia researched Vanessa's past and realized that Vanessa had a mother that suffered from Martin's Syndrome, and she decided to use it to her advantage. She used help from Mrs. Moreau to get a potion that could make Vanessa think she got the syndrome too. Vanessa was frightened and decided to leave Sunset Beach to avoid Michael. Michael was in despair when Vanessa left. Meanwhile, Vanessa was hiding at Tyus Robinson's place. Tyus fell in love with Vanessa, but she did not have the same feelings for him. Tyus was working on a cure for Vanessa, and everyone was surprised when Vanessa's illness disappeared. Vanessa and Michael finally reunited, but their happiness did not last long. Virginia made another plot, a sick and crazy plan.On the night of Meg Cummings and Ben Evans' wedding, Virginia used a turkey baster to insert Tyus' sperm (which she stole) into Vanessa and impregnated her. Vanessa soon learned she was pregnant. Virginia also staged another scene. She took a photo of Vanessa and Tyus together on the bed, and therefore, they thought that they had sex. Michael soon learned the truth about Vanessa's pregnancy and he was definitely shocked. Vanessa and Michael broke up, and Tyus comforted Vanessa. A few weeks later, Vanessa miscarried. When it seemed like Vanessa and Michael were coming closer again, Virginia had finally lost it. She ended up in a mental institution, and she confessed all of her crimes. Vanessa and Michael were both shocked. A few months later, after making up and breaking up, on the final episode, Vanessa and Michael finally got married.Michael and Vanessa's storyline was often isolated from other characters, focusing mainly on either the two of them or Virginia, but not branching out the storyline to mix with others.I'm mixed on it. On the one hand, I'm glad that the story represents the good, the bad and the ugly. For a while, African Americans always showed up as thugs, and then for a while, they only showed up as perfectly good people who do no wrong. And now, we have representation across the board. That's cool. But at the same time, we lost any interaction with anybody else on the show. But that's changing, and I'm happy about it because I think the interaction needs to be there.— Jason George (about story isolation) [10]","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherri Saum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Saum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bourne"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Virginia Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters#Jimmy_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Tyus Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters#Tyus_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"stole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_theft"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soap_Opera_Digest2-12"}],"sub_title":"Vanessa Hart","text":"played by Sherri Saum[11]A young journalist named Vanessa entered the world of Sunset Beach when Michael Bourne saved her from death, and then later saved her from a robber. Vanessa had a lot of trouble due to an article she was writing, trying to save RaShonda and Jaleen Muhammad from Jo-Jo Muhammad, who turned out to be Michael's friend. Vanessa found herself hiding from them, and Michael was always there to save her. When the situation had resolved itself, Vanessa decided to leave to Hong Kong briefly, but promised to keep their love alive. Days later, Vanessa returned home, but a chance for love with Michael was a bit challenged. Michael's friend from past, Virginia Harrison, was in love with Michael and she often used her son Jimmy Harrison to get what she wanted. Virginia did everything she could to break up the happy couple. It was later revealed that Michael had accidentally murdered Virginia's husband.It came to Vanessa's attention that Virginia was more than meets the eye. She was trying to get attention, and Vanessa did not like it. When Vanessa and Michael left for a romantic weekend getaway in a cabin, Virginia drove to the cabin and set it on fire. Vanessa later realized that Virginia was the one who did it, but Michael did not believe her. Virginia was jealous because Vanessa started snooping into her life. Virginia researched Vanessa's past and realized that Vanessa had a mother that suffered from Martin's Syndrome, and she decided to use it to her advantage.She used help from Mrs. Moreau to get a potion that could make Vanessa think she got the syndrome too. Vanessa was frightened and decided to leave Sunset Beach to avoid Michael. Michael was in despair when Vanessa left. Meanwhile, Vanessa was hiding at Tyus Robinson's place. Tyus fell in love with Vanessa, but she did not have the same feelings for him. Tyus was working on a cure for Vanessa, and everyone was surprised when Vanessa's illness disappeared. Vanessa and Michael finally reunited, but their happiness did not last long. Virginia made another plot, a sick and crazy plan.On the night of Meg Cummings' and Ben Evans' wedding, Virginia used a turkey baster to insert Tyus' sperm (which she stole) into Vanessa and impregnated her. Vanessa soon learned she was pregnant. Virginia also staged another scene. She took a photo of Vanessa and Tyus together on the bed, and therefore, they thought that they had sex. Michael soon learned the truth about Vanessa's pregnancy and he was happy it until he learned that Tyus might be the father.I've been having nightmares about being pregnant for real. Because every day that I'm saying, \"I'm pregnant, I'm pregnant,\" it's transferring into my dreams. I'm not ready for that. I love babies; just don't let them come from my womb and I am a happy camper.— Sherri Saum [12]Vanessa and Michael broke up, and Tyus comforted Vanessa. A few weeks later, Vanessa miscarried. When it seemed like Vanessa and Michael were coming closer again, Virginia had finally lost it. She ended up in a mental institution, as she confessed all of her crimes. Michael then tried to propose to Vanessa, A few months later, after making up and breaking up, on the final episode, Vanessa and Michael finally got married.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bette Katzenkazrahi","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annie Douglas Richards","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clive Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Robertson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Annie Douglas Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Douglas_Richards"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Truman_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Derek Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Maria Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Casey Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Tess Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Benjy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"}],"sub_title":"Ben Evans","text":"played by Clive RobertsonBen Evans is a mercurial recluse who lost his wife years ago. He's spending his days running a business in Sunset Beach, and chatting on the net with a mysterious woman named Dorothy. His neighbor, Annie Douglas Richards is a spoiled woman who is trying to seduce him. That's how begins the story of Ben Evans. Days later, Ben meets Meg Cummings, and gives her a job at The Deep. Meg and Ben start to fall in love, but their happiness was limited by Annie, who stopped at nothing to achieve what she wanted. Annie always plotted to break up the two lovebirds, and she used Meg's ex-fiancé Tim to help her get what she wanted. It was also revealed that Ben's mysterious Dorothy was actually Meg. Annie planted bloody sheets, forged diary entries and much more to convince Meg that Ben has actually killed his wife Maria years ago, so eventually Meg decided to leave town, but Ben was not ready to give up on Meg, so he went to Ludlow to get Meg. The couple soon reunited and it seemed like things were finally getting better for them.Then came December 1997. Meg and her friends decided to spend New Year on a mystery island that Ben bought and everything was going fine until someone started to murder the people on the boat, and on the island. Meg faces the killer on various occasions, but never knew who it was. At the same time, Mark, who was also murdered, revealed to Tim that Ben killed him, but nobody knew that it was actually Ben's evil twin brother Derek Evans. 2–3 months later, it was revealed that Derek has been keeping Ben captive in a warehouse, and was pretending to be Ben for a while. Meg did not suspect anything, but eventually, she discovered the truth and Ben and Derek faced off. Derek was killed (at the time).Meg and Ben finally reunited and decided to tie the knot. They did not know that a terrible truth was about to be revealed. Meg befriended Dana, a strange woman in a hospital, and she rescued her when Sunset Beach was hit by an earthquake! The women bonded. Meanwhile, Annie and Tim discovered Dana's true identity and decided to use it against Meg. On Meg and Ben's wedding day, everything was going fine. Ben and Meg were married and the celebration started. Then Dana entered and shocked every... it was revealed that Dana is actually Maria Torres, Ben's wife, who was presumed dead years ago. The next few months were hard for Ben who was struggling to decide between his loving wife (who had amnesia) and Meg. Meg and Ben eventually parted, and Meg found comfort in her sister Sara's ex-boyfriend Casey Mitchum. Meg and Ben were later about to make up when Tess Marin entered the show with Benjy Evans. Tess was Maria's friend, and Benjy was Maria and Ben's son. Everyone was shocked.Meanwhile, Ben started to act strange again. It was revealed that Derek is alive, and Ben was held captive again. Derek plotted with Tess to destroy Ben's life, and they eventually killed Tim, Meg's ex-fiancé. At the very last minute, Derek was finally murdered and Tess was put behind bars. It was also revealed that Benjy is actually Derek and Tess' son. Ben and Maria, who became closer, decided to let each other be happy, and then Meg and Ben were finally happy again. They organized a double wedding with their friends Vanessa and Michael, and that's how the show ended. The final scene involved Meg and Ben lying in bed. Meg woke up and realized she was in Ludlow again. She went down to the living room and found all of her friends and enemies in a different role. She was convinced that everything that happened in Sunset Beach was only a dream, but a minute later, she woke up again to find herself with Ben, in Sunset Beach, and he assured her that it's all real and that she was truly \"Mrs Ben Evans\".","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Meg Cummings","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tim Truman","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sean Richards","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrienne Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Frantz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-06-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-05-15-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-05-20-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-08-29-15"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"},{"link_name":"Olivia Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Richards"}],"sub_title":"Tiffany Thorne","text":"played by Adrienne Frantz (January 6, 1997―May 15, 1997[1][13]) and Jennifer Banko-Stewart (May 20, 1997―August 29, 1997[14][15])Tiffany Thorne was a teenage runaway introduced in the first episode. She was a rebel from the beginning, and she always tried to do what's best for her. Already in the first episode, she stole a bag from Meg Cummings and then used the letter inside to play with Ben Evans's mind. She fell in love with Sean Richards and Mark Wolper fell in love with her. The triangle was broken off in just a few months when the writers decided to write out Tiffany due to a lack of storyline. Sean's mother Olivia Richards gave her money to leave town.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Stabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Stabile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-01-06-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-01-20-16"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Gabi Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Martinez"}],"sub_title":"Mark Wolper","text":"played by Nick Stabile (January 6, 1997―January 20, 1998[1][16])A D.J. and waiter. He moved into Surf Central along with Casey, Rae, Meg and Michael. He fell in love with Tiffany Thorne, but their love was never meant to be because she only had eyes for Sean Richards. He was friends with Meg Cummings. They were always close, but she was in love with Ben. The writers decided to kill him off during the Terror Island storyline in January 1998. He showed interest in Gabi Martinez too, but they never got a chance to explore that story.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cole Deschanel","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanessa Dorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Dorman"},{"link_name":"Kam Heskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam_Heskin"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Update"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sou1-17"},{"link_name":"Margaret DePriest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_DePriest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sou1-17"},{"link_name":"Gregory Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Richards"},{"link_name":"Olivia Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Richards"},{"link_name":"Cole Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Annie Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Douglas_Richards"},{"link_name":"Francesca Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"}],"sub_title":"Caitlin Deschanel","text":"played by Vanessa Dorman (January 9, 1997―June 18, 1998) and Kam Heskin (June 24, 1998―December 31, 1999)In December 1998, a writer from Soap Opera Update previewed the soap's 1999 stories. They revealed that Caitlin harassment storyline would intensify.[17] The show's head writer Margaret DePriest told the reporter that the \"obscene\" phone calls would continue and \"esculate to a haunting conclusion in February 1999.\" She added \"it's the shock of her life when she finds out who it is!\"[17]Caitlin was presented as the daughter of a rich lawyer Gregory Richards and Olivia Richards. She fell in love with Cole Deschanel, a mysterious jewel thief and their love was constantly threatened by her over-protective and sinister father. At the same time, Cole slept with Caitlin's mother, Olivia, but he did not know that Olivia was actually his girlfriend's mother. Various times, Gregory tried to get rid of Cole, even by hiring a hit man to kill him, but he did not succeed. Thing got even more complicated. At the same time, both Caitlin and Olivia got pregnant. After a car accident, Caitlin lost her baby, but she decided to keep pretending to be pregnant, so she would not lose Cole. Meanwhile, Olivia finally found happiness again with Gregory. Caitlin sought help from Annie Douglas to find a baby that Caitlin could use as her own. At the same time, Annie plotted to win over Gregory, so she decided to make a huge turn-over. When Olivia gave birth, Annie stole the baby and gave it to Caitlin. Olivia thought her baby had died and Caitlin had no idea that she had her mother's child. This, of course caused Gregory and Olivia's divorce.Caitlin and Cole were finally happy. They had a baby and they got married, it seemed like everything was perfect, in the summer of 1998, Cole and Caitlin were also involved in the tsunami storyline. Cole met his former lover, Francesca Vargas and Francesca tried to win him over, but he only loved Caitlin. When Francesca was murdered, they were also suspects, but none of them murdered her, but Gregory is the one who actually killed Francesca. Olivia was shocked to find out that Caitlin's baby is actually her own. Caitlin had hard time dealing with the truth, and this caused a big fight between Cole and Caitlin.Caitlin and Gregory were shocked to learn that Olivia and Cole had an affair years ago. It was then revealed that Cole is actually Trey's father. This led to a fight between Gregory and Cole, after which Gregory went missing and everyone presumed him dead. Caitlin had to struggle with the fact that Trey is not hers and she was even more shocked when Cole was caught by London authorities, and went missing. He eventually returned in the final episode and reunited with his one/only love, Caitlin.","title":"Original cast members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Virginia Harrison","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V.P. Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.P._Oliver"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-03-19-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-12-26-19"},{"link_name":"Jeffery Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Wood"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-01-23-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-23-21"},{"link_name":"Virginia Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Michael Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bourne"}],"sub_title":"Jimmy Harrison","text":"played by V.P. Oliver (March 19, 1997―December 26, 1997[18][19]) and Jeffery Wood (January 23, 1998―March 23, 1999[20][21])Jimmy Harrison was introduced in March 1997 as the son of Virginia Harrison, a villain. During his time on the show, Jimmy was involved in various storylines but did not have his own storyline. He had to cope with the fact that one of his idols, Michael Bourne killed his father Jackson during a gang war. He was always supportive of his mother, who plotted to win Michael for herself. In the beginning of 1998, the character was recast with a younger actor. Jimmy was written out in March 1999 when Virginia was institutionalized.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Curry"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-06-19-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Olivia Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Richards"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Hart"},{"link_name":"Virginia Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Michael Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bourne"},{"link_name":"stole Tyus' sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_theft"}],"sub_title":"Tyus Robinson","text":"played by Russell Curry (June 19, 1997―December 31, 1999[22][23])Tyus Robinson was one more of the typical soap opera doctors. He never had much of a story for himself, but he was involved in various medical cases. He first came onto canvas as the doctor of Olivia Richards during her pregnancy, and was then involved (although he did not know it) in the baby switch story. His next storyline involved Vanessa Hart, who had just been poisoned by Virginia Harrison into believing she had Martin's Syndrome.Tyus tried to cure Vanessa and eventually helped her. He then fell in love with her, although she had always loved Michael Bourne. Meanwhile, Virginia's next plot was even more disgusting. She stole Tyus' sperm and inserted it into Vanessa by using a Turkey baster. Vanessa then got pregnant and it was later revealed that the child was Tyus'. Tyus was ready to be a great father, but before anything could happen, Vanessa lost her child. During the rest of the show, Tyus became closer friends with both Vanessa and Michael.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clive Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Robertson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Maria Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Tess Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Tim Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Truman_(TV_character)"}],"sub_title":"Derek Evans","text":"played by Clive Robertson, who also portrays his identical twin brother BenDerek first appeared on December 30, 1997, when he was played by a stunt performer in a mask, being the killer on the boat. His first appearance with his face revealed was on January 16, 1998, when Clive Robertson stepped into the role. The character was killed off in June 1998, only to be brought back in September 1999, and killed again in December 1999.Derek's first venture to Sunset Beach was in 1993 (off-screen), when he seduced his brother Ben's wife, Maria Torres, and staged her death. Just before New Year's Eve 1997, this time on-screen, murders started to happen on a mysterious island owned by Ben Evans. The murderer was Derek, who was a true psychopath trying to destroy his brother's life. Derek pretended to be Ben for months seducing Ben's current fiancé Meg Cummings until it was revealed that Derek was holding Ben captive, and eventually Ben and Derek had a confrontation on the top of a cliff ending in Derek falling to his death. A mysterious woman named Tess Marin arrived in Sunset Beach in 1999 and revealed that Maria and Ben also have a son named Benji who Maria had abandoned, during the time she had lost her memory, and Tess adopted him. Maria and Meg grew suspicious of Tess and Ben decided to investigate by going to Seattle where Tess claims to be from.Ben returned a few weeks later and confronted Tess about who she really was. Then, in a plot twist, he was revealed to be Ben's evil twin, Derek, back from the dead. Once again Derek had imprisoned Ben when he was on his way to Seattle and had been impersonating him. He and Tess were, in fact, lovers who were the real parents of Benji. Derek then seduced Maria and Meg simultaneously. One day he and Tess were caught kissing by Meg's ex fiancé Tim Truman. Derek tried to stop Tim from revealing the truth and eventually strangled him to death after many attempts to kill him. He buried Tim in a cement mixer, ensuring his secret with Tess was safe. Maria finally discovered Derek and Tess' secret, and she too was imprisoned with Ben. Ben and Maria made their escape and pulled a gun on Derek. Ben and Derek struggled over the gun, and Derek was killed. Ben married Meg on the final episode of Sunset Beach.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Meg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"}],"sub_title":"Hank Cummings","text":"played by John Martin (recurring September 22, 1997―December 11, 1997, contract February 5, 1998―December 31, 1999[23])Hank was a typical farmer father who supported his daughters Meg and Sara and his wife Joan. He never had much of a story (although he was on contract) and was mostly included in family scenes. He appeared when Meg returned to Kansas in September 1997, and then later arrived to Sunset Beach to live there with his wife after their farm was destroyed. He opened the Shock Wave restaurant with his wife Joan.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carol Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Potter_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Meg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"}],"sub_title":"Joan Cummings","text":"played by Carol Potter (recurring January 6, 1997―December 11, 1997, contract February 5, 1998―December 31, 1999[23])Joan is a typical stay at home mom. She lived in Kansas with her husband, Hank. When her daughter Meg ran away to Sunset Beach at her wedding day, Joan was supportive and often gave her advice. At the beginning of 1998, the Cummings lost their farm and the family was moved to Sunset Beach. Although Joan was officially a regular, she and her husband never had much of a story, and were primarily there to support their daughters, Meg and Sara. Joan and her husband co-created Shock Wave.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Antonio Torres","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-05-11-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Leo Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Leo_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Olivia Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Richards"},{"link_name":"Gregory Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Richards"},{"link_name":"Francesca Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Francesca_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Richards Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Richards_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Bette Katzenkazrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Katzenkazrahi"}],"sub_title":"A.J. Deschanel","text":"played by Gordon Thomson (May 11, 1998―December 31, 1999[24][23])A legend named A.J. Deschanel was mentioned various times during 1997. It was not until 1998 that we learned more about his character. Father of Cole and Leo Deschanel, A.J. entered the world of Sunset Beach when he rescued Olivia Richards from committing suicide. The recently divorced Olivia was A.J's former love, and they soon reunited. Her ex-husband Gregory Richards was A.J.'s primary rival throughout his time on the show, and the two men had constant confrontations.A.J. had two sons, Cole, who he worked to rebuild a relationship with, and Leo, who was a relatively minor character. A.J. was also temporarily involved with Francesca Vargas, who was later murdered. A.J. helped Olivia find her lost son, who turned out to be the child her daughter Caitlin Richards Deschanel was raising. In 1999, Olivia' main rival used voodoo potions to make Olivia, a former alcoholic, start drinking again, which led to the breakup of her relationship with A.J. A.J. ended the show on good terms with Olivia, and beginning a romantic relationship with Bette Katzenkazrahi.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cristi Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristi_Harris"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-05-25-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"},{"link_name":"Bette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Katzenkazrahi"}],"sub_title":"Emily Davis","text":"played by Cristi Harris (May 25, 1998―December 31, 1999[25][23])Emily Davis came to Sunset Beach in May 1998 and immediately won the heart of Sean Richards. They met while competing against each other in lifeguard trials, which ended when Sean allowed Emily to win the job. In a matter of days, Emily was shocked to realize that her mother Bette was also is town. They started to build a relationship and over time slowly became closer by facing the usual teenage problems.During the Rosario Jewels storyline, Emily was blinded by a talisman, but was cured when the curse stopped. Meanwhile, Amy Nielsen was working to try to steal Sean for herself, often using Brad Niklaus in her plots. However Leo Deschanel often came to Emily's rescue. In 1999, Amy bought a voodoo potion to make Sean sleep with her, ending his relationship with Emily. At the end of the show, Amy's lies were exposed and Sean and Emily reunited.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christina Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Annie Douglas Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Douglas_Richards"},{"link_name":"Tim Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Truman_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Tess Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Benjy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_minor_contract_characters"},{"link_name":"Derek Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)"}],"sub_title":"Maria Torres","text":"played by Christina Chambers (July 1, 1998―December 31, 1999)One of the most important characters in the history of Sunset Beach was Maria Torres Evans. She was presumed dead in 1993 and although she never appeared on-screen until 1998, a lot of characters were connected through her. Her husband Ben Evans married Maria whilst she was still a teenager. After her death during a boating trip in a storm, he spent years grieving, and many people suspected that Ben was the one that killed her. Meanwhile, Ben found love in arms of another woman, Meg Cummings. Maria's friend, Annie Douglas Richards tried to play with Meg's mind by forging Maria's diary into thinking that Ben killed Maria, but eventually Annie's plot was discovered. That's when Maria was finally left in peace. In the summer of 1998, Meg befriended an amnesiac woman named Dana in a hospital, who had no idea who she was. It was later discovered by Annie and Tim Truman that Dana is actually Maria. The two plotted to get Maria on the wedding ceremony.After Meg and Ben got married, \"Dana\" stormed into the room and surprised everyone who knew her. Ben was shocked to see his wife alive. Maria did not know anything about the past and she constantly tried to convince everyone that she knows what happened to her, but it was yet in 1999 when she learned more about her past. Maria was the reason why Ben could not move on with Meg, and they eventually broke up, although Maria did not want to be with Ben. In 1999, Maria, Ben, Meg and other were surprised when Tess Marin arrived in Sunset Beach with Benjy Evans, who turned out to be Maria and Ben's son. However, neither of them knew that Benjy was actually Tess' son with Derek Evans, Ben's evil twin brother. Derek returned in 1999 and pretended to be Ben, while he held Ben captive. He slept with Maria. His wrath was discovered and he was killed, while Tess ended up in prison. During the last few episodes, Maria decided to let Ben and Meg be happy, and she met a new man in her life, named Ross English. She also decided to adopt Benjy.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-07-16-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-19-9"},{"link_name":"Cole Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Phillip Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters"},{"link_name":"Gabi Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Father Antonio Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Torres_(Sunset_Beach)"},{"link_name":"A.J. Deschanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Deschanel"},{"link_name":"Gregory Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Richards"}],"sub_title":"Francesca Vargas","text":"played by Lisa Guerrero (July 16, 1998―March 19, 1999[26][9])It came as a shock for Cole Deschanel to encounter his ex-lover and a fellow jewel thief Francesca Vargas on the boat that had the same destiny as the Titanic. As much as he reminisced about the old days, Cole wanted Francesca out of his life, mostly to protect his marriage to Caitlin Deschanel. However, it was then when Francesca decided to play the game her way. At the time, she was married to Phillip Vargas, but it seemed like her marriage was everything but peaceful. During that storyline, her husband was killed, and Francesca, without having anything to do, decided to move to Sunset Beach to pursue her old love and new opportunities.However, it was obvious nobody actually liked her. Francesca always did things the wrong way. She constantly blackmailed people with evidence she collected to get what she wanted. She found a tape of Gabi Martinez and Father Antonio Torres having sex in an exploding building, and blackmailed them with it. She was, at the time, involved in the Rosario Jewels storyline. Also, the tension between Francesca and Caitlin was rising.Cole tried to convince Francesca to leave Sunset Beach various times, but she always refused the deal. Even A.J. Deschanel, who tried to convince her to do what's right, could not get through to her. Francesca, who also learned about various other plots, soon became everyone's enemy. She even became an ally of Gregory Richards, Caitlin's father. In March 1999, Francesca was shot at and ended up in a hospital (after jumping out a cake wounded). However, she could not gain enough strength to confess about who murdered her. On her way to Hell, Francesca was greeted by Del Douglas and Eddie Connors, also murder victims. It was later revealed that Francesca was murdered by Gregory.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-07-22-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-24-28"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"}],"sub_title":"Leo Deschanel","text":"played by David Mathiessen (July 22, 1998―March 24, 1999[27][28])Although he was a contract character, Leo did not have any major storylines. He first appeared in summer 1998, and became friends with Sean Richards and Emily Davis, and an instant enemy to Amy Nielsen and Brad Niklaus. He also tried to build a stronger relationship with his father, A.J. He left the show in March 1999.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-12-26-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-07-17-29"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"},{"link_name":"Bernie Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunset_Beach_recurring_characters"}],"sub_title":"Amy Nielsen","text":"played by Krissy Carlson (recurring December 26, 1997―September 1998, contract September 1998―December 31, 1999[19][29][23])Amy Nielsen (originally Dreyer) was introduced during the Terror Island serial killer storyline in late 1997, when Sean Richards invited her to spend New Year's on a private island. Amy was originally introduced to be a victim for the killer, but producers decided to keep her. Amy suffered not only the trauma of the island, but learned Sean had only invited her because his original choice, Elizabeth, had vanished (killed by the serial killer). On returning to Sunset Beach Amy wanted nothing to do with Sean.That summer, Amy and Sean were both guests on the ship Neptune, which was hit by a tsunami, trapping various characters. Amy developed feelings for Sean, and plotted (often using her friend Brad Niklaus to help her) to break up his relationship with Emily Davis and win Sean for herself. Amy was also involved in the Rosario Jewels storyline, when her father, Bernie Nielsen was turned into a skeleton after breaking a curse held by mysterious jewels.In 1999, Amy succeeded in making Sean sleep with her by drugging him with a voodoo potion bought from Mrs. Moreau, which resulted in Sean and Emily splitting up. However Sean did not pursue a relationship with Amy, even after she stole a nun's habit in order to pretend she was becoming a nun, to show him she was a good person. By the end of the show, Amy accepted she would not have Sean, and started to become closer to Brad, who she realized had been a good friend to her.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1998-06-11-30"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Sean Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Richards"}],"sub_title":"Brad Niklaus","text":"played by Michael Strickland (recurring June 11, 1998―September 1998, contract September 1998―December 31, 1999[30][23])Brad Niklaus never had much of a story on this show. He came on canvas during the summer of 1998 and was immediately pushed into the hands of Amy Nielsen, for whom Brad would have done anything. Amy was in love with Sean Richards, and she would have done anything to get him. However, Sean was in love with Emily Davis, so Amy plotted to separate them, by using Brad. Brad was known for his lack of smarts, but he constantly competed with others to gain a lifeguard position. Brad often came to Amy's rescue, he always helped her in whatever she needed, but he never got what he actually wanted. Many people despised him because he was Amy's dog. Eventually, when all of Amy's schemes were discovered, in the final episode, it seemed like Amy and Brad were about to become something more than friends.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Melchior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Melchior"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-09-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Maria Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Tim Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Truman_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Derek Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)"}],"sub_title":"Tess Marin","text":"played by Tracy Melchior (March 9, 1999―December 31, 1999[31][23])Tess Marin came to Sunset Beach in March 1999 with Benjy Evans, who she claimed was the son of Maria Torres and Ben Evans. Tess claimed she had been Maria's best friend and Benjy's nanny during the years Maria was missing (1993–1998).Tess started to develop a relationship with Tim Truman, but it was later revealed she was working with and romantically involved with Ben's evil twin, Derek Evans, and was using Tim to further their plans. This led to Derek murdering Tim when he discovered Derek's true identity, something Tess felt guilt over (to the point of being haunted by Tim's ghost). During the show's final weeks, Tess was revealed to be Benjy's real mother (with Derek his father), and she and Derek kidnapped several other characters, which led to Derek being killed and Tess arrested. Tess finally agreed to allow Maria to adopt Benjy.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-03-09-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Maria Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Derek Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Evans_(Sunset_Beach)"}],"sub_title":"Benjy Evans","text":"played by Chase Parker (March 9, 1999―December 31, 1999[31][23])Benjy Evans came to Sunset Beach in March 1999 with Tess Marin, who claimed he was the son of Maria Torres and Ben Evans'. When this was confirmed by paternity tests, he and Tess moved into Ben's house (where Meg and Maria were also living) and was often the reason for fights between them. Eventually, it was revealed that Benjy was Tess Marin and Derek Evans' son, but after Derek was murdered and Tess arrested, Tess allowed Maria to adopt him.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Kanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Kanan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-08-26-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Annie Douglas-Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Douglas-Richards"},{"link_name":"Gregory Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Richards"}],"sub_title":"Jude Cavanaugh","text":"played by Sean Kanan (August 26, 1999―December 31, 1999[32][23])Jude Cavanaugh entered the world of Sunset Beach in late summer of 1999. He caught the eye of the local citizen Annie Douglas-Richards, a widow who did her best to get her deceased husband's fortune. Jude and Annie started a rocky relationship and eventually ended up together in the final episode. Jude was revealed to be an undercover agent assigned to catch Annie's husband Gregory Richards, a criminal who was presumed dead.Jude kept the true reason for his arrival a secret and then worked on the case, becoming close to Tobias Richards (family's uncle who later turned out to be Gregory Richards in disguise). Annie and Jude ended up in each other's arms. However, he never got a chance to develop his character more because he was on the show only for five months.","title":"Later additions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margarita Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Cordova"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1997-12-23-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV.com_1999-12-31-23"},{"link_name":"Gabi Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Hart"},{"link_name":"Meg Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Torres_(TV_character)"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Torres"},{"link_name":"Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Torres_(Sunset_Beach)"}],"sub_title":"Carmen Torres","text":"played by Margarita Cordova (recurring December 23, 1997―December 31, 1999[33][23])Carmen Torres was a person who never trusted people. She was a fortune teller, a person who believed in God and did the best for her children. She premiered in December 1997, when Gabi Martinez, Vanessa Hart and Meg Cummings came to have a little fun and learn what was in their future. It was later revealed that Carmen knew Ben Evans and that Ricardo Torres was her son.When Ricardo and Gabi became closer again, Carmen did not trust her, and she constantly tried to convince Ricardo to leave Gabi, mostly because her tarot cards told her so. Her daughter Maria was presumed dead in 1993, and her other son Antonio is a priest living far away. Carmen's life turned around when her son Antonio returned to Sunset Beach and fell in love with Gabi, with whom he slept on the night they thought they would die. Carmen knew of the affair and tried to warn Ricardo without breaking his heart. Also, her daughter Maria returned from the dead in September 1998.Carmen refused not to believe in her tarot cards. She realized that Gabi had an affair with someone, but she did not know who it was with. Gabi and Antonio destroyed the tape, only to learn later that they destroyed the wrong tape. Carmen watched it and realized that her own son had an affair with Gabi. Ricardo and Gabi decided to get married, and Carmen did her best to blackmail Gabi to leave Ricardo. The wedding did not go through, but Ricardo and Gabi stayed together. Carmen always supported her sons and her daughter and always tried to do the best for her family.","title":"Later additions"}]	[{"image_text":"Cast circa 1998First Row: Antonio, Maria, Ben, Meg, Annie, Gregory, Olivia, Michael, VanessaSecond Row: Francesca, Ricardo, Gabi, Leo, A.J., Bette, Emily, Sean, Caitlin, ColeThird Row: Tyus, Amy, Brad, Jimmy, Virginia, Casey, Sara, Hank, Joan, Tim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Castpoto.jpg/240px-Castpoto.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"I'm a real-life countess!\". Inside Soap. No. 84. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamington_Spa_Building_Society	Bradford & Bingley	["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Sustained Growth","1.3 2007–2008 Financial Crisis","1.4 Part nationalisation and sale of the savings book & branch network to Abbey National","1.5 Bradford & Bingley Shares","1.6 Post Nationalisation","1.7 Asset Sales","1.8 Transfer of ownership to Davidson Kempner and Hyalite Mortgages","2 Operations","2.1 Retail","2.2 Lending","3 Corporate affairs","3.1 Headquarters","3.2 Trademarks","4 Sponsorship","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°50′49″N 1°50′17″W / 53.847°N 1.838°W / 53.847; -1.838Defunct British bank Bradford & Bingley plcCompany typePublicIndustryFinanceFounded1964Defunct2010FateNationalised in 2010. Its mortgages assets remained with Bradford & Bingley. Its deposits and branch network were sold to Abbey National plc, which was eventually renamed Santander UK plc.HeadquartersBingley, West Yorkshire, United KingdomKey peopleRichard Pym(Former Executive Chairman)ProductsFinancial servicesOperating income£572.3m (2007)Net income£93.2m (2007)Number of employees2,862 (FTE in 2007)ParentDavidson KempnerWebsitewww.bbg.co.uk Bradford & Bingley plc was a British bank with headquarters in the West Yorkshire town of Bingley. The bank was formed in December 2000 by demutualisation of the Bradford & Bingley Building Society following a vote of the building society's members, who swapped their nominal share of the building society for at least 250 shares of the newly formed bank. In 2008, partly due to the credit crunch, the bank was nationalised and in effect split into two parts; the mortgage book and investment portfolios remained with the now publicly owned Bradford & Bingley plc, and the deposits and branch network (and a licence to use the B&B name for those aspects) was sold to Abbey National, itself owned by the Spanish Santander Group. The branch network was rebranded Santander on 11 January 2010 and the Bradford & Bingley name mainly relates to the nationalised section of the bank. From 2010, the brand has been used under licence for insurance products by BGL Group. History Formation The Bradford & Bingley Building Society was the product of a merger between the Bradford Equitable Building Society (Bradford EBS) and the Bingley Building Society (Bingley BS) in 1964. There had been a move towards consolidation in the industry which had as many as 681 societies. In 1963 Bingley made the approach and the merger was effected with the understanding that there would be complete parity of control. Although Bingley BS had the larger number of branches (29 v 23) it was smaller by assets compared to the Bradford EBS (£43m v £56m). The Head Office was to be at Bingley; Bradford EBS had the President and Bingley BS the Vice President; and there were Joint Managing Directors. The new Society ranked number eight in the industry. Sustained Growth The period between the formation of the Bradford & Bingley Building Society and the conversion to a public company in 2000 saw sustained and substantial growth. Financial growth was aided by inflation, particularly in house prices, but the increase in members was from 164,000 in 1964 to 1.85m in 1988. As well as organic development through the opening of new branches there were 24 acquisitions of other building societies between 1967 and 1987. The Hearts of Oak Society in 1982 was of particular benefit as it brought in 28 branches, mainly in the south-east. By 1988 the number of branches had increased from the 52 post-merger to around 250. Despite all this, the Society was still only number eight in the industry – a reflection of the amalgamations that were taking place elsewhere. In May 1997 the society bought Mortgage Express from Lloyds TSB for £64 million. In December 2000, following a vote by members, the society demutualised and floated on the London Stock Exchange (using the symbol BB). Former members of the society each received a minimum of 250 shares worth £567.50 at the time, and savers with more savings receiving more shares worth up to £5,000 each. 2007–2008 Financial Crisis A branch of the bank in Newcastle upon Tyne in October 2008B&B had chosen to specialise in buy-to-let and self-certification mortgages – its strategy left it exposed to the sub-prime crisis. In response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis in June 2008 the company launched a £400 million rights issue. This was not well subscribed by shareholders, leaving much of issue with underwriters. The issue had not been helped when TPG Capital, who had previously agreed to take a 23% stake in the company, withdrew their support. Due to the effects of the credit crunch, in September 2008 the company's share price dropped to a record low. On 25 September 2008 they announced that 370 jobs were to go. The bank had also been seeking options from the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the government to secure the future of the company, including selling the company to another bank or nationalisation. With Bradford & Bingley being nationalised, the structure was already in place from the legislation involved in the nationalisation of the Northern Rock bank in February (see Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 and Nationalisation of Northern Rock). The European regulators approved the government's rescue plan for Bradford & Bingley after just 24 hours. Part nationalisation and sale of the savings book & branch network to Abbey National There were reports from various sources that Bradford & Bingley was to be nationalised in its entirety, because a suitable buyer could not be found. With the structure already in place form the legislation involved in the nationalisation of the Northern Rock bank in February 2008 (see Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 and Nationalisation of Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley was nationalised on 29 September 2008. European regulators approved the government's rescue plan for Bradford & Bingley after just 24 hours. On 29 September 2008 it was also announced that the Spanish Santander Group under its Abbey National brand would acquire all of Bradford & Bingley's £20 billion (2.7 million customers) savings business and branch network. Santander paid £612 million, including the transfer of £208 million of capital relating to offshore companies. Bradford & Bingley's 197 retail branches, 141 agencies and related employees were transferred to Santander's subsidiary Abbey. The mortgage book, personal loan book, headquarters, treasury assets and its wholesale liabilities were taken into public ownership and closed to new business.In November 2008, the government set up a new company, UK Financial Investments (UKFI), to manage the shareholdings in Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley. Bradford & Bingley Shares When the shares closed on 26 September they were worth 20 pence each, valuing the bank at £256 million, substantially less than Santander paid for it. In March 2006 the bank had been valued at £3.2 billion. Bradford & Bingley's shareholders were not reimbursed for their shares which the government had taken over. Over 300 shareholders complained to the UK Shareholders Association that they had not received information relating to the fate of their holdings. Peter Clokey of PricewaterhouseCoopers was appointed by the government in June 2009 to act as independent valuer of the business, and it was reported that shareholders would be told how much compensation they were entitled to by June 2010. Clokey's assessment was published on 5 July 2010, finding that shareholders were not entitled to any compensation. The decision was appealed to the Upper Tribunal's Tax and Chancery Chamber where on 19 July 2012, Judge Sir Stephen Oliver recorded that the court was satisfied that the valuer had carried out his duties wholly in accordance with the compensation scheme. Neighbouring Bradford & Bingley and Abbey branches on Hounslow High Street, both have subsequently been rebranded as Santander Post Nationalisation In April 2009, the Financial Times reported that Bradford & Bingley may sell assets such as its commercial loan book, to assist in the running down its £42.2 billion loan book over the next ten years. In October, the Telegraph reported that the mortgage part of Bradford and Bingley would be mirroring the decision by Northern Rock to split their assets into good and bad assets, to attempt to pay off its £18.4 billion loan early. On 11 January 2010, the combined business of Abbey and the Bradford & Bingley branch network was renamed Santander UK, and all branches were rebranded at a cost of £12 million. Alliance & Leicester was rebranded at the end of November 2010. On 25 January 2010, the European Commission approved the state aid given to the bank. On 24 March 2010 UKFI announced the merger of the mortgage business with the bad bank of Northern Rock, Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc. The two businesses were merged under a single holding company, UK Asset Resolution, on 1 October 2010. Asset Sales Under UKAR's ownnership, a number of asset sales were undertaken, with the proceeds use to repay the government loan. Transfer of ownership to Davidson Kempner and Hyalite Mortgages On 29 October 2021, ownership of Bradford and Bingley was transferred from UK Asset Resolution to Davidson Kempner Capital Management, returning the company to private ownership. The government loan was repaid at this point, which ended the government's financial interest in Bradford & Bingley. On 23 October 2023, Bradford and Bingley, and Mortgage Express ceased to operate with all remaining accounts transferred to Hyalite Mortgages, a division of Topaz Finance Limited. Operations The group ran two distinct businesses: retail and lending. Retail Bradford & Bingley distributed brand-name and third party financial products. As at 31 December 2007 they had 197 branches and 140 third party agent locations offering retail products and face to face advice in addition to online and intermediary distribution. Bradford & Bingley's approach to mortgage advising was innovative as they advised on and sold other providers mortgages as well as their own from 2000 to 2006. In late 2006, as part of their aim to become the UK's leading specialist lender, Bradford & Bingley reverted to selling only their own mortgages under the Bradford & Bingley and Mortgage Express brands. In addition, Bradford & Bingley acquired mortgages from GMAC-RFC and Kensington Mortgage Group Ltd; this accounted for 44% of gross residential advances during 2007. As mentioned above, the savings business and branch network was transferred to Abbey National, part of the Santander Group, where it was subsequently rebranded under the Santander name. Bradford & Bingley International was an offshore subsidiary of Bradford & Bingley based on the Isle of Man, and this was also transferred to Santander through Abbey National. Lending Bradford & Bingley had its own lending products including mortgage and commercial real estate products. Bradford & Bingley also provided loan quotes through Compare the Loan for those who did not have a Bradford & Bingley branch locally. Since the takeover by HM Treasury of the lending operations, Bradford & Bingley no longer offered new mortgages or other lending products. Bradford & Bingley had developed Mortgage Express into a 'niche' lending brand dealing with specialist lending with more complicated underwriting requirements such as buy-to-let and self-certification mortgages. Mortgage Express is also closed to new business, following Bradford & Bingley's nationalisation. Corporate affairs Headquarters Bradford & Bingley's former headquarters building, Main Street, Bingley Bradford & Bingley's former headquarters were on Main Street in Bingley. A new office in Crossflatts in Bingley was built in 2004, which became the new company headquarters. Following Santander's purchase of the savings business, it was confirmed in May 2009 that remaining Bradford & Bingley staff would transfer to the company's head office in Crossflatts, and that the Bingley building would be sold or sub-let. Sainsbury's bought the building in 2010 and unveiled plans to redevelop it as a supermarket. Planning permission for a new supermarket was granted in September 2011, but in April 2012, Sainsbury's admitted that building work would not begin for another 12 months. In November 2013 the company revealed it would not go ahead with a new supermarket, but would instead demolish the building and sell the site. Demolition work was delayed by the discovery of roosting bats and asbestos, but began in January 2015. On 12 January 2017, it was confirmed that Sainsbury's had sold the site to rival supermarket company Lidl. Trademarks During the nationalisation process, it was revealed that the bank had registered more than 100 separate trademarks featuring the bowler hat, its long-running logo. The bank had also purchased a bowler hat in 1995 which had formerly belonged to Stan Laurel, for £2,000. Ownership of the trademarks transferred to Santander with the licence to use the Bradford & Bingley name as part of the sale. Sponsorship Bradford & Bingley were previously sponsors of Yorkshire County Cricket Club, Bradford & Bingley RFC (formerly Bingley Bees), and team sponsor of Bradford City A.F.C. Valley Parade stadium had previously been known as Bradford & Bingley Stadium through sponsorship rights. See also Companies portalBanks portal Union for Bradford and Bingley Staff and Associated Companies References ^ "Board of Directors". Bradford & Bingley. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009. ^ "About Us". BGL Group. Retrieved 10 September 2021. ^ a b Tony Whiting, Work Makes Wealth A History of Bradford & Bingley Building Society 1851–1959, 1989, Keighley ^ "Bradford & Bingley buys arm of Lloyds TSB". The Independent. 24 May 1997. Retrieved 21 September 2013. ^ Treanor, Jill (28 September 2008). "Timeline: the demise of Bradford and Bingley". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ Kollewe, Julia (15 August 2008). "Bradford & Bingley rights issue: banks could be left with large stakes". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 September 2008. ^ "Bradford & Bingley cuts 370 jobs". BBC News. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. ^ "Treasury in talks to secure B&B". BBC News. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. ^ Watson, Rory (1 October 2008). "Europe approves Bradford & Bingley rescue in record time". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 October 2008. ^ Conway, Edmund; Griffiths, Katherine (27 September 2008). "Bradford & Bingley rescue will cost taxpayer billions". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. ^ "Spanish bank giant to acquire B&B". BBC News. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ a b "Highlights – Britain nationalises Bradford & Bingley". Reuters. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008. ^ "Bradford & Bingley's direct channels and retail deposits to transfer to Abbey". Santander. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2008. ^ "New company to manage Government's shareholding in banks". HM Treasury. 3 November 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008. ^ "U.K. Treasury to Protect Bradford & Bingley Deposits". Bloomberg. 28 September 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008. ^ "Bradford & Bingley bail out angers shareholders". Reuters. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008. ^ Howard, Bob (10 October 2009). "B&B share valuation by June 2010". BBC News. Retrieved 11 October 2009. ^ "About (Bradford & Bingley Shareholder Action Group)". Bradford and Bingley Shareholder Action Group. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "The independent valuer of Bradford & Bingley (Home)". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "Bradford & Bingley considers asset sale". Financial Times. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009. ^ "Bradford & Bingley to split good and bad assets to pay back £18.4bn loan". The Telegraph. London. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009. ^ "Santander rebrands Abbey and Bradford & Bingley". BBC News. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2013. ^ Santander's decision to rename Alliance & Leicester 'disappointing' This is Business – East Midlands. 28 May 2009 ^ "Brussels approves aid for B&B". FT.com. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ Nicholson, Rhian (24 March 2010). "Northern Rock and B&B 'bad' banks to merge". Moneywise. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015. ^ "Northern Rock's 'bad bank' to be merged with Bradford & Bingley". The Guardian. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2013. ^ "About us – Bradford & Bingley". ^ "Change in ownership of Bradford & Bingley – Bradford & Bingley". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021. ^ "Update on Bradford & Bingley and Mortgage Express". bbg.co.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ a b "Bradford & Bingley Preliminary Results for the 12 months ended 31 December 2007" (PDF). Bradford & Bingley. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008. ^ "Compare the loan". Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "About us". Bradford & Bingley. Retrieved 13 February 2015. ^ Holland, Chris (28 May 2009). "Bradford & Bingley to close HQ". Telegraph & Argus. ^ "Sainsbury's aims to turn B&B headquarters into supermarket". Yorkshire Post. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011. ^ Marc Meneaud (9 September 2011). "Sainsbury's plan to demolish Bradford & Bingley HQ approved". Bradford Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 4 May 2012. ^ Marc Meneaud (23 April 2012). "Dismay as traders question supermarket's commitment ". Bradford Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 4 May 2012. ^ Chris Tate (8 November 2013). "Sainsbury's U-turn over store plan for Bingley". Bradford Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 5 September 2014. ^ Whitehouse, Paul (23 September 2014). "Work set to start on demolition of asbestos-filled former Bradford & Bingley headquarters". The Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 13 February 2015. ^ "Dozing bats put brake on demolition of Bradford & Bingley HQ". Yorkshire Post. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015. ^ Tate, Chris (15 January 2015). "Demolition day arrives for former Bradford and Bingley headquarters". The Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 13 February 2015. ^ Stanford, Mark (12 January 2017). "VIDEO: Sainsbury's sells former Bradford & Bingley site to Lidl". Telegraph & Argus. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ a b "Who'll get custody of Bradford and Bingley's bowler hat?". BBC News. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. ^ "Bradford & Bingley sponsorship". Yorkshire County Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008. ^ "Bradford and Bingley Rugby Club". Bradford and Bingley Rugby Club. Retrieved 2 December 2008. ^ "History". Bradford City A.F.C. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bradford & Bingley. 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Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responsesBanking and finance stability and reform Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget, 2009 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest-rate policy Government interventions, rescues, and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage-backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests (United States; c. 2009) 2009 May Day protests (Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Asia; 2009) Arab Spring (MENA; 2010–2012) Occupy movement (worldwide; 2011–2012) Occupy Wall Street Related topics 2000s energy crisis 2008 Central Asia energy crisis Effects of the Great Recession on museums Decline of newspapers 2007–2008 world food price crisis Retail apocalypse European debt crisis 2007–2008 financial crisis List of countries by public debt vteCommercial and retail banks in the United KingdomBanking in the United KingdomBarclays Barclays Bank Barclays Wealth HSBC Holdings First Direct HSBC UK Bank HSBC Private Bank M&S Bank Lloyds Banking Group Bank of Scotland Birmingham Midshires Halifax Lloyds Bank NatWest Group1 NatWest Coutts & Co. Royal Bank of Scotland Messrs. Drummond Holt's Military Banking Ulster Bank Isle of Man Bank Santander Group Cahoot Cater Allen Santander UK Wholly state-owned National Savings and Investments UK Government Investments UK Asset Resolution Challenger banks Atom Bank Monzo Starling Bank Tandem Bank Zopa Other retail Al Rayan Bank Aldermore AIB Group (UK) Allied Irish Bank (GB) AIB (NI) Bank of Ireland Chase The Co-operative Bank Smile Danske Bank easyMoney Handelsbanken Hodge Bank Kent Reliance Kingdom Bank Metro Bank Paragon Reliance Bank Secure Trust Bank Sainsbury's Bank Shawbrook Bank Standard Chartered Tesco Bank Triodos Bank TSB Bank Unity Trust Bank Virgin Money Clydesdale Bank Yorkshire Bank Wesleyan Bank Other commercial and private Arbuthnot Latham & Co Bank and Clients Butterfield Bank C. Hoare & Co Cambridge & Counties Bank Close Brothers Group Duncan Lawrie J.P. Morgan Kleinwort Hambros Rothschild & Co Weatherbys Big Four banks are underlined and private banks are shown in italics 1 Partially owned by UK Government Investments vteFormer building societies of the United Kingdom Building Societies Association Banking in the United Kingdom Abbey National Aberavon Mutual Permanent Aid to Thrift Alliance and Leicester Anglia Barnsley Bedford Bedford Crown Bexhill Bingley Permanent Birmingham Midshires Bolton Bradford and Bingley Bradford Equitable Bristol and West Britannia Burnley Bury St Edmunds Catholic Century Chelsea Cheltenham and Gloucester Chesham Cheshire Cheshunt Chilterns City & Metropolitan City of Derry City of London Clay Cross Benefit Co-operative Permanent Coventry Provident Derbyshire Dunfermline Eastbourne Essex Equitable Frome Selwood Gainsborough Gateway Greenwich Guardian Halifax Hampshire Haywards Heath Heart of England Hendon Herts and Essex Ilkeston Permanent Kent Reliance Ketley's Lambeth Lancastrian Leamington Spa Leeds Permanent Louth, Mablethorpe and Sutton Mercantile Mid Sussex Mornington National & Provincial North of England Northern Rock Norwich and Peterborough Nottingham Imperial Peckham Portman Portsmouth Regency Rowley Regis Scarborough Sheffield Shepshed St Pancras St Stephen's Staffordshire Standard Stroud & Swindon Sun Surrey Sussex County Temperance Town and Country Tynemouth Universal Walthamstow Wessex West Cumbria West of England Woolwich Category Portal Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Bingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingley"},{"link_name":"demutualisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demutualisation"},{"link_name":"building society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_society"},{"link_name":"credit crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis"},{"link_name":"nationalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalised"},{"link_name":"Abbey National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_National"},{"link_name":"Santander Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Group"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_UK"},{"link_name":"BGL Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGL_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Defunct British bankBradford & Bingley plc was a British bank with headquarters in the West Yorkshire town of Bingley.The bank was formed in December 2000 by demutualisation of the Bradford & Bingley Building Society following a vote of the building society's members, who swapped their nominal share of the building society for at least 250 shares of the newly formed bank.In 2008, partly due to the credit crunch, the bank was nationalised and in effect split into two parts; the mortgage book and investment portfolios remained with the now publicly owned Bradford & Bingley plc, and the deposits and branch network (and a licence to use the B&B name for those aspects) was sold to Abbey National, itself owned by the Spanish Santander Group. The branch network was rebranded Santander on 11 January 2010 and the Bradford & Bingley name mainly relates to the nationalised section of the bank. From 2010, the brand has been used under licence for insurance products by BGL Group.[2]","title":"Bradford & Bingley"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford Equitable Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Equitable_Building_Society"},{"link_name":"Bingley Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingley_Building_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whiting-3"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The Bradford & Bingley Building Society was the product of a merger between the Bradford Equitable Building Society (Bradford EBS) and the Bingley Building Society (Bingley BS) in 1964. There had been a move towards consolidation in the industry which had as many as 681 societies. In 1963 Bingley made the approach and the merger was effected with the understanding that there would be complete parity of control. Although Bingley BS had the larger number of branches (29 v 23) it was smaller by assets compared to the Bradford EBS (£43m v £56m). The Head Office was to be at Bingley; Bradford EBS had the President and Bingley BS the Vice President; and there were Joint Managing Directors. The new Society ranked number eight in the industry.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whiting-3"},{"link_name":"Lloyds TSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyds_TSB"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"demutualised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demutualised"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"}],"sub_title":"Sustained Growth","text":"The period between the formation of the Bradford & Bingley Building Society and the conversion to a public company in 2000 saw sustained and substantial growth. Financial growth was aided by inflation, particularly in house prices, but the increase in members was from 164,000 in 1964 to 1.85m in 1988.As well as organic development through the opening of new branches there were 24 acquisitions of other building societies between 1967 and 1987. The Hearts of Oak Society in 1982 was of particular benefit as it brought in 28 branches, mainly in the south-east. By 1988 the number of branches had increased from the 52 post-merger to around 250. Despite all this, the Society was still only number eight in the industry – a reflection of the amalgamations that were taking place elsewhere.[3]In May 1997 the society bought Mortgage Express from Lloyds TSB for £64 million.[4]In December 2000, following a vote by members, the society demutualised and floated on the London Stock Exchange (using the symbol BB). Former members of the society each received a minimum of 250 shares worth £567.50 at the time, and savers with more savings receiving more shares worth up to £5,000 each.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradford_%26_Bingley_Newcastle_New_Bridge_Street_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"buy-to-let","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy-to-let"},{"link_name":"self-certification mortgages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-certification_mortgages&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"rights issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_issue"},{"link_name":"underwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters"},{"link_name":"TPG Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPG_Capital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Financial Services Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority"},{"link_name":"nationalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Northern Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rock"},{"link_name":"Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_(Special_Provisions)_Act_2008"},{"link_name":"Nationalisation of Northern Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_of_Northern_Rock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2007–2008 Financial Crisis","text":"A branch of the bank in Newcastle upon Tyne in October 2008B&B had chosen to specialise in buy-to-let and self-certification mortgages – its strategy left it exposed to the sub-prime crisis.[5]In response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis in June 2008 the company launched a £400 million rights issue. This was not well subscribed by shareholders, leaving much of issue with underwriters. The issue had not been helped when TPG Capital, who had previously agreed to take a 23% stake in the company, withdrew their support.[6]Due to the effects of the credit crunch, in September 2008 the company's share price dropped to a record low. On 25 September 2008 they announced that 370 jobs were to go.[7] The bank had also been seeking options from the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the government to secure the future of the company, including selling the company to another bank or nationalisation.[8] With Bradford & Bingley being nationalised, the structure was already in place from the legislation involved in the nationalisation of the Northern Rock bank in February (see Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 and Nationalisation of Northern Rock). The European regulators approved the government's rescue plan for Bradford & Bingley after just 24 hours.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Santander Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-12"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_National"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-12"},{"link_name":"UK Financial Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Financial_Investments"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Part nationalisation and sale of the savings book & branch network to Abbey National","text":"There were reports from various sources that Bradford & Bingley was to be nationalised in its entirety,[10] because a suitable buyer could not be found. With the structure already in place form the legislation involved in the nationalisation of the Northern Rock bank in February 2008 (see Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 and Nationalisation of Northern Rock, Bradford & Bingley was nationalised on 29 September 2008. European regulators approved the government's rescue plan for Bradford & Bingley after just 24 hours.On 29 September 2008 it was also announced that the Spanish Santander Group under its Abbey National brand would acquire all of Bradford & Bingley's £20 billion (2.7 million customers) savings business and branch network.[11] Santander paid £612 million, including the transfer of £208 million of capital relating to offshore companies.[12] Bradford & Bingley's 197 retail branches, 141 agencies and related employees were transferred to Santander's subsidiary Abbey.[13] The mortgage book, personal loan book, headquarters, treasury assets and its wholesale liabilities were taken into public ownership and closed to new business.[12]In November 2008, the government set up a new company, UK Financial Investments (UKFI), to manage the shareholdings in Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"UK Shareholders Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Shareholders_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Upper Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbey_and_Bradford_and_Bingley.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hounslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow"}],"sub_title":"Bradford & Bingley Shares","text":"When the shares closed on 26 September they were worth 20 pence each, valuing the bank at £256 million, substantially less than Santander paid for it. In March 2006 the bank had been valued at £3.2 billion.[15]Bradford & Bingley's shareholders were not reimbursed for their shares which the government had taken over. Over 300 shareholders complained to the UK Shareholders Association that they had not received information relating to the fate of their holdings.[16] Peter Clokey of PricewaterhouseCoopers was appointed by the government in June 2009 to act as independent valuer of the business, and it was reported that shareholders would be told how much compensation they were entitled to by June 2010.[17]Clokey's assessment was published on 5 July 2010, finding that shareholders were not entitled to any compensation.[18] The decision was appealed to the Upper Tribunal's Tax and Chancery Chamber where on 19 July 2012, Judge Sir Stephen Oliver recorded that the court was satisfied that the valuer had carried out his duties wholly in accordance with the compensation scheme.[19]Neighbouring Bradford & Bingley and Abbey branches on Hounslow High Street, both have subsequently been rebranded as Santander","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Santander UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_UK"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Alliance & Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%26_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Northern Rock (Asset Management)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rock_(Asset_Management)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"UK Asset Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Asset_Resolution"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Post Nationalisation","text":"In April 2009, the Financial Times reported that Bradford & Bingley may sell assets such as its commercial loan book, to assist in the running down its £42.2 billion loan book over the next ten years.[20] In October, the Telegraph reported that the mortgage part of Bradford and Bingley would be mirroring the decision by Northern Rock to split their assets into good and bad assets, to attempt to pay off its £18.4 billion loan early.[21]On 11 January 2010, the combined business of Abbey and the Bradford & Bingley branch network was renamed Santander UK, and all branches were rebranded at a cost of £12 million.[22] Alliance & Leicester was rebranded at the end of November 2010.[23]On 25 January 2010, the European Commission approved the state aid given to the bank.[24] On 24 March 2010 UKFI announced the merger of the mortgage business with the bad bank of Northern Rock, Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc.[25] The two businesses were merged under a single holding company, UK Asset Resolution, on 1 October 2010.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asset Sales","text":"Under UKAR's ownnership, a number of asset sales were undertaken, with the proceeds use to repay the government loan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Asset Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Asset_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Davidson Kempner Capital Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_Kempner_Capital_Management"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Transfer of ownership to Davidson Kempner and Hyalite Mortgages","text":"On 29 October 2021, ownership of Bradford and Bingley was transferred from UK Asset Resolution to Davidson Kempner Capital Management, returning the company to private ownership.[27][28] The government loan was repaid at this point, which ended the government's financial interest in Bradford & Bingley.On 23 October 2023, Bradford and Bingley, and Mortgage Express ceased to operate with all remaining accounts transferred to Hyalite Mortgages, a division of Topaz Finance Limited.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"lending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lending"}],"text":"The group ran two distinct businesses: retail and lending.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prelims-30"},{"link_name":"GMAC-RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMAC-RFC"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prelims-30"},{"link_name":"Bradford & Bingley International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_%26_Bingley_International"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"}],"sub_title":"Retail","text":"Bradford & Bingley distributed brand-name and third party financial products. As at 31 December 2007 they had 197 branches and 140 third party agent locations offering retail products and face to face advice in addition to online and intermediary distribution.[30]Bradford & Bingley's approach to mortgage advising was innovative as they advised on and sold other providers mortgages as well as their own from 2000 to 2006. In late 2006, as part of their aim to become the UK's leading specialist lender, Bradford & Bingley reverted to selling only their own mortgages under the Bradford & Bingley and Mortgage Express brands. In addition, Bradford & Bingley acquired mortgages from GMAC-RFC and Kensington Mortgage Group Ltd; this accounted for 44% of gross residential advances during 2007.[30]As mentioned above, the savings business and branch network was transferred to Abbey National, part of the Santander Group, where it was subsequently rebranded under the Santander name. Bradford & Bingley International was an offshore subsidiary of Bradford & Bingley based on the Isle of Man, and this was also transferred to Santander through Abbey National.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"real estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Lending","text":"Bradford & Bingley had its own lending products including mortgage and commercial real estate products. Bradford & Bingley also provided loan quotes through Compare the Loan[31] for those who did not have a Bradford & Bingley branch locally. Since the takeover by HM Treasury of the lending operations, Bradford & Bingley no longer offered new mortgages or other lending products.Bradford & Bingley had developed Mortgage Express into a 'niche' lending brand dealing with specialist lending with more complicated underwriting requirements such as buy-to-let and self-certification mortgages. Mortgage Express is also closed to new business, following Bradford & Bingley's nationalisation.[32]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradford_Bingley_HO1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Crossflatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossflatts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Lidl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Headquarters","text":"Bradford & Bingley's former headquarters building, Main Street, BingleyBradford & Bingley's former headquarters were on Main Street in Bingley. A new office in Crossflatts in Bingley was built in 2004, which became the new company headquarters. Following Santander's purchase of the savings business, it was confirmed in May 2009 that remaining Bradford & Bingley staff would transfer to the company's head office in Crossflatts, and that the Bingley building would be sold or sub-let.[33]Sainsbury's bought the building in 2010 and unveiled plans to redevelop it as a supermarket.[34] Planning permission for a new supermarket was granted in September 2011,[35] but in April 2012, Sainsbury's admitted that building work would not begin for another 12 months.[36] In November 2013 the company revealed it would not go ahead with a new supermarket, but would instead demolish the building and sell the site.[37] Demolition work was delayed by the discovery of roosting bats and asbestos,[38][39] but began in January 2015.[40] On 12 January 2017, it was confirmed that Sainsbury's had sold the site to rival supermarket company Lidl.[41]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bowler hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_hat"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowler-42"},{"link_name":"Stan Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Laurel"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bowler-42"}],"sub_title":"Trademarks","text":"During the nationalisation process, it was revealed that the bank had registered more than 100 separate trademarks featuring the bowler hat, its long-running logo.[42] The bank had also purchased a bowler hat in 1995 which had formerly belonged to Stan Laurel, for £2,000.[42]Ownership of the trademarks transferred to Santander with the licence to use the Bradford & Bingley name as part of the sale.","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorkshire County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bradford & Bingley RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_%26_Bingley_RFC"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Bradford City A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Valley Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Parade"}],"text":"Bradford & Bingley were previously sponsors of Yorkshire County Cricket Club,[43] Bradford & Bingley RFC (formerly Bingley Bees),[44] and team sponsor of Bradford City A.F.C.[45] Valley Parade stadium had previously been known as Bradford & Bingley Stadium through sponsorship rights.","title":"Sponsorship"}]	[{"image_text":"A branch of the bank in Newcastle upon Tyne in October 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bradford_%26_Bingley_Newcastle_New_Bridge_Street_West.jpg/220px-Bradford_%26_Bingley_Newcastle_New_Bridge_Street_West.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neighbouring Bradford & Bingley and Abbey branches on Hounslow High Street, both have subsequently been rebranded as Santander","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Abbey_and_Bradford_and_Bingley.JPG/220px-Abbey_and_Bradford_and_Bingley.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bradford & Bingley's former headquarters building, Main Street, Bingley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bradford_Bingley_HO1.JPG/220px-Bradford_Bingley_HO1.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Union for Bradford and Bingley Staff and Associated Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Bradford_and_Bingley_Staff_and_Associated_Companies"}]	[{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Bradford & Bingley. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705060719/http://www.bbg.co.uk/bbg/ob/directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"url":"http://www.bbg.co.uk/bbg/ob/directors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". BGL Group. Retrieved 10 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bradfordandbingley-insurance.co.uk/about-us.asp","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGL_Group","url_text":"BGL Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Bradford & Bingley buys arm of Lloyds TSB\". The Independent. 24 May 1997. Retrieved 21 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bradford--bingley-buys-arm-of-lloyds-tsb-1263214.html","url_text":"\"Bradford & Bingley buys arm of Lloyds TSB\""}]},{"reference":"Treanor, Jill (28 September 2008). \"Timeline: the demise of Bradford and Bingley\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/sep/28/banks1","url_text":"\"Timeline: the demise of Bradford and Bingley\""}]},{"reference":"Kollewe, Julia (15 August 2008). \"Bradford & Bingley rights issue: banks could be left with large stakes\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/aug/15/bradfordbingleybusiness.rightsissues","url_text":"\"Bradford & Bingley rights issue: banks could be left with large stakes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bradford & Bingley cuts 370 jobs\". BBC News. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7635346.stm","url_text":"\"Bradford & Bingley cuts 370 jobs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treasury in talks to secure B&B\". BBC News. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7639199.stm","url_text":"\"Treasury in talks to secure B&B\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Rory (1 October 2008). \"Europe approves Bradford & Bingley rescue in record time\". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4863698.ece","url_text":"\"Europe approves Bradford & Bingley rescue in record time\""}]},{"reference":"Conway, Edmund; Griffiths, Katherine (27 September 2008). \"Bradford & Bingley rescue will cost taxpayer billions\". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killection	Killection	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References"]	2020 studio album by LordiKillectionStudio album by LordiReleased31 January 2020Recorded2019StudioFinnvox Studios (Helsinki)Lappia Studios (Tornio)Studio JJ (Tampere)Here Studios (Helsinki)The Mökki (Rovaniemi)Birdrock Electric (Tampere)Length52:3456:05 (with bonus track)LabelAFMProducerMr LordiLordi chronology Sexorcism(2018) Killection(2020) Lordiversity(2021) Singles from Killection "Shake the Baby Silent"Released: 8 November 2019 "I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You"Released: 29 November 2019 "Like a Bee to the Honey"Released: 17 January 2020 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingBlabbermouth.net7.5/10 Killection is the tenth studio album by the Finnish rock band Lordi. It was released on 31 January 2020, via AFM Records. The band stated that the album is considered a 'fictional compilation' and would contain songs you would normally hear in the early 1970s to mid-1990s. It is the first album to feature Hiisi on bass guitar, following the departure of longtime member OX. Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Radio SCG 10"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:232."Horror for Hire"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:223."Shake the Baby Silent"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi, Hella3:364."Like a Bee to the Honey"Paul Stanley, Jean BeauvoirPaul Stanley, Jean Beauvoir4:135."Apollyon"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi5:116."SCG10 The Last Hour"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:317."Blow My Fuse"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:318."I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:119."Zombimbo"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:5310."Up to No Good"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:5811."SCG10 Demonic Semitones"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:2012."Cutterfly"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:2013."Evil"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:3414."Scream Demon"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi, Amen, Jean Beauvoir4:3815."SCG10 I Am Here"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:51 Vinyl bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength15."Carnivore"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:26 Personnel All information from the album booklet. Lordi Mr Lordi – lead vocals, production, artwork, layout, all instruments (1, 6, 11, 15) Amen – guitars Mana – drums, backing vocals, executive producer, recording (additional vocals) Hella – keyboards, backing vocals Hiisi – bass guitar Guest/session musicians Michael Monroe – saxophone on "Like a Bee to the Honey" Dylan Broda – vocals (1, 11) Joseph Terwilliger – additional vocals (1) Kari A. Kilgast – vocals, voice impersonations (1, 4) Ralph Ruiz – vocals (6, 11, 15) Backing vocals Dylan Broda Tracy Lipp Isabella Larsson Toivo Hellberg Noora Kosmina Katja Auvinen Riitta Hyyppä Maria Jyrkäs Niki Westerback Netta Laurenne Production Janne Halmkrona – executive producer Eero Kokko – photography Mikko Karmila – recording, mixing Janne Huotari – recording, mixing Rake Eskolin – mixing Juuso Nordlund – recording, mixing Toivo Hellberg – recording, mixing Mika Jussila – mastering Matti Vatanen – recording Nalle – recording Tracy Lipp – recording, mixing Charts Sales chart performance for Killection Chart (2020) Peakposition Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 8 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 13 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 28 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 24 References ^ "LORDI: Lyric Video For New Song 'Shake The Baby Silent'". Blabbermouth.net. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. ^ "LORDI: Music Video For New Song 'I Dug A Hole In The Yard For You'". Blabbermouth.net. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "Lordi Posts New Lyric Video "Like A Bee To The Honey" Online". Metal Underground. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020. ^ "Killection - LORDI". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ "LORDI To Release 'Killection' Album In January". Blabbermouth.net. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ "LORDI Announce New Album "Killection" And 2020 Tour". NordicMetal.net. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ "Lordi Envision Greater Longevity With 'Killection' Album". Loudwire. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019. ^ "LORDI Frontman Got 'Tired And Bored' Of Albums Always Sounding The Same". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Finnish Masked Band Lordi Reveal Their New Bass Player". ultimate-guitar.com. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "LORDI's Longtime Bassist OX To Exit Band After Summer Festivals". Blabbermouth. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. ^ (2020). "Killection liner notes." In Killection . AFM. ^ "Lordi: Killection" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 9 February 2020. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Lordi – Killection - A Fictional Compilation Album" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2020. 6. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Lordi – Killection - A Fictional Compilation Album". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 February 2020. vteLordi Mr Lordi Hella Mana Hiisi Kone G-Stealer Enary Magnum Kita Kalma Awa Otus OX Amen Studio albums Get Heavy The Monsterican Dream The Arockalypse Deadache Babez for Breakfast To Beast or Not to Beast Scare Force One Monstereophonic (Theaterror vs. Demonarchy) Sexorcism Killection Skelectric Dinosaur Superflytrap The Masterbeast from the Moon Abusement Park Humanimals Abracadaver Spooky Sextravaganza Spectacular Screem Writers Guild Box sets Lordiversity DVDs Recordead Live – Sextourcism in Z7 Singles "Would You Love a Monsterman?" "Devil Is a Loser" "Hard Rock Hallelujah" "Who's Your Daddy?" "It Snows in Hell" "They Only Come Out at Night" "Bite It Like a Bulldog" "The Riff" Movies Dark Floors See also Lordi's Square Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2020s hard rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Lordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordi"},{"link_name":"AFM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFM_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"2020 studio album by LordiKillection is the tenth studio album by the Finnish rock band Lordi. It was released on 31 January 2020, via AFM Records.[5][6] The band stated that the album is considered a 'fictional compilation' and would contain songs you would normally hear in the early 1970s to mid-1990s.[7][8]It is the first album to feature Hiisi on bass guitar,[9] following the departure of longtime member OX.[10]","title":"Killection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Jean Beauvoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Beauvoir"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"Radio SCG 10\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:232.\"Horror for Hire\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:223.\"Shake the Baby Silent\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi, Hella3:364.\"Like a Bee to the Honey\"Paul Stanley, Jean BeauvoirPaul Stanley, Jean Beauvoir4:135.\"Apollyon\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi5:116.\"SCG10 The Last Hour\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:317.\"Blow My Fuse\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:318.\"I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:119.\"Zombimbo\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:5310.\"Up to No Good\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:5811.\"SCG10 Demonic Semitones\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:2012.\"Cutterfly\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:2013.\"Evil\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi4:3414.\"Scream Demon\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi, Amen, Jean Beauvoir4:3815.\"SCG10 I Am Here\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi1:51Vinyl bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength15.\"Carnivore\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"Mr Lordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Lordi"},{"link_name":"Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Joseph Terwilliger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Terwilliger"}],"text":"All information from the album booklet.[11]Lordi\n\nMr Lordi – lead vocals, production, artwork, layout, all instruments (1, 6, 11, 15)\nAmen – guitars\nMana – drums, backing vocals, executive producer, recording (additional vocals)\nHella – keyboards, backing vocals\nHiisi – bass guitar\nGuest/session musicians\n\nMichael Monroe – saxophone on \"Like a Bee to the Honey\"\nDylan Broda – vocals (1, 11)\nJoseph Terwilliger – additional vocals (1)\nKari A. Kilgast – vocals, voice impersonations (1, 4)\nRalph Ruiz – vocals (6, 11, 15)\n\n\nBacking vocals\n\nDylan Broda\nTracy Lipp\nIsabella Larsson\nToivo Hellberg\nNoora Kosmina\nKatja Auvinen\nRiitta Hyyppä\nMaria Jyrkäs\nNiki Westerback\nNetta LaurenneProductionJanne Halmkrona – executive producer\nEero Kokko – photography\nMikko Karmila – recording, mixing\nJanne Huotari – recording, mixing\nRake Eskolin – mixing\nJuuso Nordlund – recording, mixing\nToivo Hellberg – recording, mixing\nMika Jussila – mastering\nMatti Vatanen – recording\nNalle – recording\nTracy Lipp – recording, mixing","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"LORDI: Lyric Video For New Song 'Shake The Baby Silent'\". Blabbermouth.net. 8 November 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmaji	Rasmaji	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°54′04″N 48°46′48″E / 37.90111°N 48.78000°E / 37.90111; 48.78000Village in Gilan, IranRasmaji رسمجيvillageRasmajiCoordinates: 37°54′04″N 48°46′48″E / 37.90111°N 48.78000°E / 37.90111; 48.78000Country IranProvinceGilanCountyTaleshBakhshCentralRural DistrictKuhestani-ye TaleshPopulation (2006) • Total160Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Rasmaji (Persian: رسمجي, also Romanized as Rasmajī; also known as Rasmahjī) is a village in Kuhestani-ye Talesh Rural District, in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 160, in 37 families. References ^ Rasmaji can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "6003344" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Talesh CountyCapital Hashtpar DistrictsCentralCities Hashtpar Rural Districts and villagesKuhestani-ye Talesh Aq Owlar Asbu Sara Ava Bareh Posht Bask Bilyabin Dizgah Dulah Sar Hasan Dayerman Hudi Kabud Mehr Kasemjan Kashtami Kulaneh Lamir Lanbeh Lir Lor Lowadeh Lurun Makash Maryan Masalakuh Mashin Khaneh Mordvan Navan Nema Huni Poshteh Hir Qaleh Bin Qaleh Chal Qaleh Za Rasmaji Razeh Sardab Khaneh Posht Seleh Yurdi Shileh Vasht Si Na Huni Siaposht Sigh Chal Sileh Sar Tan Dabin Tangab Vaneh Khuni Vizadasht Zarbil Saheli-ye Jokandan Anush Mahalleh-ye Jow Kandan Chelownah Sar Dirakari Dizgah Mahalleh Dul Beyn Jamakuh Jow Kandan-e Bozorg Khaseh Sara Khvajeh Geri Kuakari Nalband Nasur Mahalleh Peysara Poshteh Qanbar Mahalleh Qoruq Rahnama Mahalleh Saragah Sheykh Mahalleh Shilan Siah Gol Tangdeh Tul Gilan Titak Tork Mahalleh Wireless Gas Company Tula Rud Anbara Pesht Anush Mahalleh Arba Sar Barzagaru Challeh Khuni Dahaneh Siah Darun Derazlu Hareh Shun Dasht Hayan Haymar Hendeh Garan Jowlandan Kalleh Dasht Kandeh Sara Khalifeh Gari Kishavisheh-ye Olya Kishavisheh-ye Sofla Lalkeh Poshteh Mian Kuh Nik Kari Owleh Kari-ye Tula Rud Paluteh Postan Sar Rik Shah Rasul Siahuni Siyun Sar Suraposht Takiabad Tarshabur Tazehabad Tula Rud-e Bala Tula Rud-e Pain Vazneh Sar AsalemCities Asalem Rural Districts and villagesAsalem Alalan-e Qadim Bala Deh Bodagh Mahalleh Chekhreh Mahalleh Gharib Mahalleh Gilak Mahalleh-ye Alalan Gilandeh Hajj Bahram Mahalleh Hajj Shahbaz Mahalleh Hajjiyeh Mahalleh Jangemireh Kalah Sara Karband Karim Sara Khaneqah Bala va Pain Lachu Mahalleh Lamir-e Sofla Miandeh-ye Pain Narenj Dul Qandi Sara Rostam Mahalleh Rowham Beyk Mahalleh Sheykh Sara Siah Chal Taher Beyk Mahalleh Taqi Sara Tork Mahalleh-ye Alalan Uleh Kari Asalem Vardeh Sara Yeganeh Mahalleh Zaman Mahalleh Khaleh Sara Ali Sara Allah Deh Digeh Sara Getge Sara Gisum Khaleh Saray-e Panjah va Haft Khaleh Saray-e Panjah va Noh Latain Molla Mahalleh Pir-e Harat Rangarj Mahalleh Siah Bil Vishkhes Mahalleh Kharajgil Asb Buni Asiab Sham Chovazhiyeh Darya Bon Deraz Mahalleh Do Khaleh Kuh Gijow Gilandeh Keshavar Khalian Kharajgil Khataiyeh Kureh Rud Lakateshem Larzdeh Lavabon Metesh Nav Nav-e Bala Nav-e Pain Rezvan Si Bostan Vargeh Darreh Yari Mahalleh HaviqCities Chubar Haviq Rural Districts and villagesChubar Anovi Ayarneh Bakhshi Hayati Bala Mahalleh-ye Chubar Chaleh Bijar Darvar Mahalleh Deraz Geri Duadadeh Geruf Hajj Yadollah Mahalleh Hileh Sara Ilkufi Kachum Mahalleh Kashbil Khalajlar Khalkhalian Khudkar Mahalleh Kohneh Hayyat Kuh-e Bon Lalakah Mahalleh Lemir Lenzi Lishki Masjed-e Qabaqi Meskin Moharrum Zumeh Motal Sara Motla Dasht Naqaleh Kesh Now Deh Palasi Qarah Dasht Roku Rudbar Sara Sardab Huni Sefid Sangan Shad Galdi Mahalleh Sholoqun Takhteh Puri Valeh Chul Vanistan Viznah Vosi Yeylaq-e Viznah Zandeh Kesh Haviq Aghasi Babalu Mahalleh Bagheshlu Mahalleh Bazargah Bijar Bin Hashtaruchuni Helis Henzeni Henzeni-ye Bala Herandan Khalileh Sara Kuhestan Kuhestan-e Haviq Lenza Mazhdeh Ali Nav Owtar Mahalleh-ye Shirabad Owtar Rik-e Haviq Seydgah-e Haviq Seyyed Mahalleh-ye Shirabad Shirabad Mahalleh Shirabad Suli Mahalleh Sutapara Zomori Kargan RudCities Lisar Rural Districts and villagesKhotbeh Sara Anbu Ashik Aghasi Bura Sara Chuladeh Chupan Mahalleh Hellah Dommah Kalamar Keshavarz-e Khotbeh Sara Keshli Khotbeh Sara Khvajeh Kari Kuhestan Li Sara Lisar Mahalleh Lovachol Mazalem Kam Randal Shad Milarzan Sust Tamsheh Lameh Tanbu Tork Mahalleh Lisar Agari Bujaq Amir Beyglu Benun Borun-e Bala Borun-e Pain Davan Gol Hareh Dasht Homasar Lapaqa Sadeq Latan Parat Mahmudabad Namazi Mahalleh Nowmandan Owtar Peysara Qaleh Bin Qaleh Dush Seyyed Lar Siah Jafar Siah Kat Takhteh Zormi Iran portal This Talesh County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kuhestani-ye Talesh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhestani-ye_Talesh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Talesh_County)"},{"link_name":"Talesh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talesh_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Gilan, IranRasmaji (Persian: رسمجي, also Romanized as Rasmajī; also known as Rasmahjī)[1] is a village in Kuhestani-ye Talesh Rural District, in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 160, in 37 families.[2]","title":"Rasmaji"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberStorm_2:_Corporate_Wars	CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars	["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","2.1 Corporate mechanics","2.2 Combat","3 Development","4 Reviews","5 References","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1998 video gameCyberStorm 2: Corporate WarsDeveloper(s)DynamixPublisher(s)Sierra On-LineProducer(s)Neil HaldarDesigner(s)Graeme BaylessProgrammer(s)Stephen CordonArtist(s)Mary Ann FernandesPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseNA: June 4, 1998EU: 1998Genre(s)Turn-based tactics, Real-time strategyMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars is a turn-based and real-time strategy game developed by Dynamix and released in 1998 as a sequel to MissionForce: CyberStorm. It was published by Sierra On-Line. Plot CyberStorm 2 takes place long after the events of the first game, with the Cybrids no longer representing a major threat. A jumpgate has been discovered in the Typheous system, and eight Earth corporations want to control it. Each of them therefore starts up a branch in the system, and begin to battle it out with the latest in military technology. Gameplay The game is played from a top-down isometric view-perspective. In some respects it is similar to MissionForce: CyberStorm, using many of the same graphical assets, although several changes to the gameplay has been made. There are two modes of play: turn-based and real-time. The player begins by choosing which corporation they want to work for, each of which has their own strengths and weaknesses in different areas, such as finances, engineering and bioengineering as well as military capability. The player progresses through a selection of random missions, with special missions becoming available from time to time. These are written scenarios and tend to be quite profitable. The eventual goal is to take over the entire system by defeating all rival companies. Corporate mechanics HERC Base in CyberStorm 2 There are other changes to the game mechanics as well: the player is now responsible for maintaining almost everything, from research allocation (needed to develop new weapons and other technologies), to base construction and defenses. Essentially, the player is in charge of a subsidiary of the parent corporation. The player must secure all income for the base by setting up mines, either by finding unclaimed mining areas or destroying mining operations of rival corporations. Although the player can earn money on mission rewards, steady income only comes from the number of mines that the player can keep up. Only steady income can be allocated to research. The player determines how fast the technology levels of weapons, armor, shielding, life support, sensors, etc. will progress by allocating funds to the various sections of research and the technology level of their command building in the base. The player must also maintain the base. Options include improving the technology levels of the buildings, which make them harder to destroy and give them improved capabilities (command center controls research ability, vehicle bay technology level limits the types of units that can be built, launch pad limits the number of units that can be sent off world, turrets' technology level controls their firepower). Combat Combat in CyberStorm 2 The player may command only four to eight units on the battlefield at a time (the number depending upon which corporation they are aligned with). The player's units are dropped onto the battlefield to fight either rival corporations or the occasional Cybrid group. The player has many choices of units for their force, including: "HERCs" (Humaniform-Emulation Roboticized Combat Unit with Leg-Articulated Navigation): these are the walking giant robots of the game. HERCs move somewhat slower than other units but are able to jump up and down terrain levels. HERCs always turn to face their target. Most of the HERCs from the first game are available, as well as several new models. Tanks: Ground-based tanks have a turret which rotates and tracks the enemy. This is a substantial difference from the other units, since ground tanks need not turn their bodies to fire at their target. Shield focus still moves with the body, not the turret. Grav Tanks: Gravitiational drive tanks hover, are very fast, and are not limited by terrain. However, the armament, armor, and shielding of the grav tank tends to be far inferior to the ground tank or the herc. Grav tanks have no turret, and always turn to face their target. Gameplay involves destroying buildings and/or enemy units. Buildings (including turrets) are unshielded, but can have very heavy and effective armor. Enemy units have shields and armor to defend them. Typically, the player must knock down one of the eight shield facings to create a hole using weapons that are effective against shields, then use weapons that are effective against armor to finish off the unit. Alternatively, some weapons can pass through shields, either partially or completely, to damage the armor underneath. CyberStorm 2 mapping is based upon a grid system rather than the hexagonal one used in the first game. This gives the units eight directions of facing (four box sides, plus four corners), and shields are now octagonal in shape to work with the new map layout. Development The game went gold on April 28, 1998. Reviews The Duelist #34 References ^ "New Releases". GameSpot. June 4, 1998. Archived from the original on June 12, 2000. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Mullen, Micheal (April 28, 1998). "CyberStorm 2 Goes Gold". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 3, 1999. Retrieved April 24, 2022. ^ "The Duelist # 34". February 1999. External links CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars at MobyGames CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars at GameFAQs vteMetaltech, CyberStorm, and Tribes video gamesMetaltech series Earthsiege Battledrome Earthsiege 2 Starsiege CyberStorm series MissionForce: CyberStorm CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars Tribes series Starsiege: Tribes Tribes 2 Aerial Assault Vengeance Ascend 3: Rivals vteDynamixA subsidiary of Sierra Entertainment3-D Ultra Pinball Creep Night The Lost Continent Minigolf Deluxe NASCAR Pinball Lionel Traintown Cool Pool Pinball: Thrill Ride A-10 Tank Killer A-10 Tank Killer Silent Thunder Aces Aces of the Pacific Aces of the Deep Front Page Sports Football Pro Baseball '94 Football '95 Football '96 Trophy Bass 2 Northern Lakes Baseball '96 Football '97 Baseball '98 Other Trophy Bass Gamestar sports games Suzuki's RM 250 Motocross 16-bit ports only GBA Championship Basketball: Two-on-Two Championship Baseball GFL Championship Football The Incredible Machine The Incredible Machine 2 3.0 Contraptions Even More Contraptions Metaltech Earthsiege Battledrome Earthsiege 2 MissionForce: CyberStorm Starsiege Starsiege: Tribes CyberStorm 2 Tribes 2 Red Baron Red Baron II 3-D Skyfox / Arcticfox Skyfox Arcticfox Skyfox II: The Cygnus Conflict Stellar 7 Stellar 7 Arcticfox Nova 9: The Return of Gir Draxon Stellar 7: Draxon's Revenge Other games1980s The Train: Escape to Normandy Caveman Ughlympics Abrams Battle Tank MechWarrior Ghostbusters II Deathtrack Die Hard David Wolf: Secret Agent Project Firestart 1990s Rise of the Dragon The Adventures of Willy Beamish Heart of China Sid & Al's Incredible Toons Betrayal at Krondor Alien Legacy Space Quest V Take a Break! Pinball Bouncers CyberGladiators Rama Hunter Hunted Outpost 2: Divided Destiny People Jeff Tunnell Damon Slye	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dynamix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamix"},{"link_name":"MissionForce: CyberStorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MissionForce:_CyberStorm"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"}],"text":"1998 video gameCyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars is a turn-based and real-time strategy game developed by Dynamix and released in 1998 as a sequel to MissionForce: CyberStorm. It was published by Sierra On-Line.","title":"CyberStorm 2: Corporate Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_establishment"}],"text":"CyberStorm 2 takes place long after the events of the first game, with the Cybrids no longer representing a major threat.A jumpgate has been discovered in the Typheous system, and eight Earth corporations want to control it. Each of them therefore starts up a branch in the system, and begin to battle it out with the latest in military technology.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isometric view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection#%22Isometric%22_projection_in_video_games_and_pixel_art"},{"link_name":"MissionForce: CyberStorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MissionForce:_CyberStorm"},{"link_name":"turn-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-based_tactics"},{"link_name":"real-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"}],"text":"The game is played from a top-down isometric view-perspective. In some respects it is similar to MissionForce: CyberStorm, using many of the same graphical assets, although several changes to the gameplay has been made.There are two modes of play: turn-based and real-time. The player begins by choosing which corporation they want to work for, each of which has their own strengths and weaknesses in different areas, such as finances, engineering and bioengineering as well as military capability.The player progresses through a selection of random missions, with special missions becoming available from time to time. These are written scenarios and tend to be quite profitable. The eventual goal is to take over the entire system by defeating all rival companies.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyberstorm2_hercbase.png"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"}],"sub_title":"Corporate mechanics","text":"HERC Base in CyberStorm 2There are other changes to the game mechanics as well: the player is now responsible for maintaining almost everything, from research allocation (needed to develop new weapons and other technologies), to base construction and defenses. Essentially, the player is in charge of a subsidiary of the parent corporation.The player must secure all income for the base by setting up mines, either by finding unclaimed mining areas or destroying mining operations of rival corporations. Although the player can earn money on mission rewards, steady income only comes from the number of mines that the player can keep up.Only steady income can be allocated to research. The player determines how fast the technology levels of weapons, armor, shielding, life support, sensors, etc. will progress by allocating funds to the various sections of research and the technology level of their command building in the base.The player must also maintain the base. Options include improving the technology levels of the buildings, which make them harder to destroy and give them improved capabilities (command center controls research ability, vehicle bay technology level limits the types of units that can be built, launch pad limits the number of units that can be sent off world, turrets' technology level controls their firepower).","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyberstorm2_combat_screen.png"},{"link_name":"grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_graph#Grid"},{"link_name":"hexagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon"},{"link_name":"octagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon"}],"sub_title":"Combat","text":"Combat in CyberStorm 2The player may command only four to eight units on the battlefield at a time (the number depending upon which corporation they are aligned with). The player's units are dropped onto the battlefield to fight either rival corporations or the occasional Cybrid group. The player has many choices of units for their force, including:\"HERCs\" (Humaniform-Emulation Roboticized Combat Unit with Leg-Articulated Navigation): these are the walking giant robots of the game. HERCs move somewhat slower than other units but are able to jump up and down terrain levels. HERCs always turn to face their target. Most of the HERCs from the first game are available, as well as several new models.\nTanks: Ground-based tanks have a turret which rotates and tracks the enemy. This is a substantial difference from the other units, since ground tanks need not turn their bodies to fire at their target. Shield focus still moves with the body, not the turret.\nGrav Tanks: Gravitiational drive tanks hover, are very fast, and are not limited by terrain. However, the armament, armor, and shielding of the grav tank tends to be far inferior to the ground tank or the herc. Grav tanks have no turret, and always turn to face their target.Gameplay involves destroying buildings and/or enemy units. Buildings (including turrets) are unshielded, but can have very heavy and effective armor. Enemy units have shields and armor to defend them. Typically, the player must knock down one of the eight shield facings to create a hole using weapons that are effective against shields, then use weapons that are effective against armor to finish off the unit. Alternatively, some weapons can pass through shields, either partially or completely, to damage the armor underneath.CyberStorm 2 mapping is based upon a grid system rather than the hexagonal one used in the first game. This gives the units eight directions of facing (four box sides, plus four corners), and shields are now octagonal in shape to work with the new map layout.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The game went gold on April 28, 1998.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Duelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duelist_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Duelist #34[3]","title":"Reviews"}]	[{"image_text":"HERC Base in CyberStorm 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Cyberstorm2_hercbase.png/300px-Cyberstorm2_hercbase.png"},{"image_text":"Combat in CyberStorm 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Cyberstorm2_combat_screen.png/300px-Cyberstorm2_combat_screen.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"New Releases\". GameSpot. June 4, 1998. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Castle_of_Freaks	Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks	["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Footnotes","6.1 References","7 External links"]	1974 filmFrankenstein's Castle of FreaksTheatrical release posterDirected byDick RandallScreenplay by Mark Smith William Rose Roberto Spano Mario Francini Produced by Dick Randall Oscar Brazzi Starring Rosanno Brazzi Michael Dunn Edmund Purdom Gordon Mitchell William Russell CinematographyMario ManciniEdited byEnzo MicarelliMusic byMarcello GiganteProductioncompanyClassic Film InternationalDistributed byNettunia FilmRelease date 19 February 1974 (1974-02-19) (Italy) Running time89 minutesCountryItalyBox office₤51.004 million Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks (Italian: Terror! Il castello delle donne maledette) is a 1974 Italian horror film. Plot summary A Neanderthal man is lynched by villagers and Count Frankenstein brings the monster back to life. Trying to avoid detection from the authorities and the locals, his creation escapes and wreaks havoc. Cast Rossano Brazzi as Count Frankenstein Michael Dunn as Genz Edmund Purdom as Prefect Ewing Gordon Mitchell as Igor Loren Ewing as Goliath Luciano Pigozzi as Hans Xiro Papas as Kreegin Salvatore Baccaro as Ook (credited as Boris Lugosi) Eric Mann as Eric Laura De Benedittis as Vald Robert Marx as Koerner Christiane Rücker as Krista (credited as Christiane Royce) Production Italian film critic and historian Roberto Curti stated that production details of the film were "shady if not contradictory". These include the identity of the director of the film. Among the different hypotheses of who directed the film included Spanish actor Ramiro Olvieros and producer Oscar Brazzi, cinematographer Mario Mancini, producer Dick Randall and screenwriter William Rose. The Italian copyright agency SIAE certified that director Robert H. Oliver was a pseudonym of Mancini. Actor Gordon Mitchell contradicts this, saying that the director was Robert Oliver, while the actress Simone Blondell recalled only that the director "spoke English, he wasn't Italian" Among the crew, assistant director Gianlorenzo Battaglia denied Mancini directed the film, stating that "the American director left the film because of disagreements with the producer, and so Mario finished it on his own. I'm not 100% sure though!" The film was shot in late 1972 and finished in early 1973. Release Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks was distributed theatrically in Italy by Nettunia Film on 19 February 1974. It grossed a total of 51,005,000 Italian lire on its domestic release. The film was released in the United States on Aquarius Releasing and Box-Office International Pictures in January 1975. The film was released in the United States under various titles including Terror Castle, The House of Freaks, The Monsters of Dr. Frankenstein and Dr. Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks. It was released in the United Kingdom as Frankenstein's Castle. Curti described the film as having a minor cult status in the United States when it aired on Elvira's Movie Macabre in the 1980s. Reception In a retrospective look on the film, Curti described it as "One of the trashiest horror movies produced in Italy in the 1970s". Louis Paul wrote a negative review of the film in his book Italian Horror Film Directors, opining that the film was "little more than low-budget horror at its worst". Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g h Curti 2017, p. 134. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Curti 2017, p. 135. ^ a b Curti 2017, p. 137. ^ Paul 2005, p. 28. References Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605. Paul, Louis (2005). Italian Horror Film Directors. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8749-3. External links Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks at IMDb Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks at AllMovie vteMary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Characters Frankenstein's monster Victor Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza FilmsUniversal series Frankenstein (1931) Bride of Frankenstein (1935) Son of Frankenstein (1939) The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943) House of Frankenstein (1944) House of Dracula (1945) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948) Characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Ludwig Frankenstein Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) The Evil of Frankenstein (1964) Frankenstein Created Woman (1967) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969) The Horror of Frankenstein (1970) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974) Toho series Frankenstein vs. Baragon (1965) The War of the Gargantuas (1966) Parodies Mad Monster Party? (1967) Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972) Young Frankenstein (1974) Frankenstein all'italiana (1975) Frankenweenie (1984) Transylvania 6-5000 (1985) The Monster Squad (1987) Frankenhooker (1990) Monster Mash (1995) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein (1999) Monster Mash (2000) Frankenström (2001) Frankenthumb (2002) Igor (2008) The Bride of Gingy (2010) Frankenweenie (2012) Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy (2014) Monster Family (2017) Lisa Frankenstein (2024) The Munsters Munster, Go Home! (1966) The Munsters' Revenge (1981) Here Come the Munsters (1995) The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas (1996) The Munsters (2022) Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania (2012) Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015) Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022) Others Frankenstein (1910) Life Without Soul (1915) Il mostro di Frankenstein (1921) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957) Frankenstein 1970 (1958) Frankenstein's Daughter (1958) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster (1965) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966) Los Monstruos del Terror (1970) Lady Frankenstein (1971) Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971) Frankenstein '80 (1972) Flesh for Frankenstein (1973) Blackenstein (1973) Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks (1974) Frankenstein Legend of Terror (1981) Frankenstein Island (1981) The Bride (1985) Frankenstein Unbound (1990) Frankenstein (1992) Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994) Van Helsing (2004) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove (2005) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl (2009) House of the Wolf Man (2009) Frankenstein: Day of the Beast (2011) Frankenstein's Army (2013) The Frankenstein Theory (2013) I, Frankenstein (2014) Army of Frankensteins (2014) Frankenstein vs. The Mummy (2015) Frankenstein (2015) Victor Frankenstein (2015) The Great Yokai War: Guardians (2021) The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster (2023) The Bride! (2025) Frankenstein (TBA) Television Tales of Frankenstein (1958) The Munsters (1964–1966) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (1966–1968) Groovie Goolies (1970-1971) Frankenstein (1973) Frankenstein: The True Story (1973) Monster Squad (1976) Struck by Lightning (1979) The Munsters Today (1988-1991) Monster Force (1994) House of Frankenstein (1997) Frankenstein (2004 TV film) Frankenstein (2004 miniseries) Frankenstein (2007) Mary Shelley's Frankenhole (2010) Once Upon a Time "The Doctor" (2012) "In the Name of the Brother" (2013) Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) Frankenstein, MD (2014) The Frankenstein Chronicles (2015–2017) Second Chance (2016) Hotel Transylvania: The Series (2017–2020) Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth (2017) Stage Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein (1823) Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887) Frankenstein (1927) Fortitude (1968) Joined At The Heart (2007) Frankenstein – A New Musical (2007) Young Frankenstein (2007) Frankenstein (2011 play) Frankenstein's Wedding (2011 play) Novels Frankenstein's Aunt (1978) Gothic Romance (1984) Frankenstein's Aunt Returns (1989) Frankenstein's Cat (2001) Dean Koontz's Frankenstein Prodigal Son (2005) City of Night (2005) Dead and Alive (2009) Lost Souls (2010) The Dead Town (2011) Frankenstein in Baghdad (2013) Comics Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein Frankenstein (DC Comics) Frankenstein (Dell Comics) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics) Frankenstein (Prize Comics) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein's Monster Frankenstein Frankenstein: The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Code: Realize Related Universal Classic Monsters Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Frankenstein Day Frankenstein's Promethean dimension Johann Konrad Dippel Franken-FMs (radio stations) Frankenstein complex Frankenstrat (guitar) "Frankenstein" (1973 single) "Dr. Stein" (1988 single) Frankenstein (Death Race)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"}],"text":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks (Italian: Terror! Il castello delle donne maledette) is a 1974 Italian horror film.","title":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"}],"text":"A Neanderthal man is lynched by villagers and Count Frankenstein brings the monster back to life. Trying to avoid detection from the authorities and the locals, his creation escapes and wreaks havoc.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rossano Brazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Brazzi"},{"link_name":"Michael Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dunn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Purdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Purdom"},{"link_name":"Gordon Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Loren Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loren_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pigozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pigozzi"},{"link_name":"Xiro Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiro_Papas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Baccaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Baccaro"},{"link_name":"Eric Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Mann"},{"link_name":"Laura De Benedittis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_De_Benedittis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christiane Rücker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_R%C3%BCcker"}],"text":"Rossano Brazzi as Count Frankenstein\nMichael Dunn as Genz\nEdmund Purdom as Prefect Ewing\nGordon Mitchell as Igor\nLoren Ewing as Goliath\nLuciano Pigozzi as Hans\nXiro Papas as Kreegin\nSalvatore Baccaro as Ook (credited as Boris Lugosi)\nEric Mann as Eric\nLaura De Benedittis as Vald\nRobert Marx as Koerner\nChristiane Rücker as Krista (credited as Christiane Royce)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"Mario Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Dick Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Randall_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"Gordon Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017137-3"}],"text":"Italian film critic and historian Roberto Curti stated that production details of the film were \"shady if not contradictory\".[2] These include the identity of the director of the film.[2] Among the different hypotheses of who directed the film included Spanish actor Ramiro Olvieros and producer Oscar Brazzi, cinematographer Mario Mancini, producer Dick Randall and screenwriter William Rose.[2] The Italian copyright agency SIAE certified that director Robert H. Oliver was a pseudonym of Mancini.[2] Actor Gordon Mitchell contradicts this, saying that the director was Robert Oliver, while the actress Simone Blondell recalled only that the director \"spoke English, he wasn't Italian\"[2] Among the crew, assistant director Gianlorenzo Battaglia denied Mancini directed the film, stating that \"the American director left the film because of disagreements with the producer, and so Mario finished it on his own. I'm not 100% sure though!\"[2]The film was shot in late 1972 and finished in early 1973.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"Italian lire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"Elvira's Movie Macabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira%27s_Movie_Macabre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017137-3"}],"text":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks was distributed theatrically in Italy by Nettunia Film on 19 February 1974.[2] It grossed a total of 51,005,000 Italian lire on its domestic release.[2] The film was released in the United States on Aquarius Releasing and Box-Office International Pictures in January 1975.[2]The film was released in the United States under various titles including Terror Castle, The House of Freaks, The Monsters of Dr. Frankenstein and Dr. Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks.[2] It was released in the United Kingdom as Frankenstein's Castle.[2] Curti described the film as having a minor cult status in the United States when it aired on Elvira's Movie Macabre in the 1980s.[3]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017135-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul200528-4"}],"text":"In a retrospective look on the film, Curti described it as \"One of the trashiest horror movies produced in Italy in the 1970s\".[2] Louis Paul wrote a negative review of the film in his book Italian Horror Film Directors, opining that the film was \"little more than low-budget horror at its worst\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017134_1-7"},{"link_name":"Curti 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2017"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017135_2-11"},{"link_name":"Curti 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2017"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017137_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurti2017137_3-1"},{"link_name":"Curti 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCurti2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul200528_4-0"},{"link_name":"Paul 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaul2005"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Curti 2017, p. 134.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Curti 2017, p. 135.\n\n^ a b Curti 2017, p. 137.\n\n^ Paul 2005, p. 28.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1476629605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476629605"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-8749-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8749-3"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605.\nPaul, Louis (2005). Italian Horror Film Directors. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8749-3.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476629605","url_text":"978-1476629605"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Louis (2005). Italian Horror Film Directors. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8749-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8749-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-8749-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069851/","external_links_name":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Frankenstein1974-BorisLugosi","external_links_name":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v95742","external_links_name":"Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Philipp	Adolf Philipp	["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	American composer Adolf Philipp, also known as Adolph Philipp (January 29, 1864 – July 30, 1936), was a successful Broadway composer, writer, lyricist, director, and performer. He used the pseudonyms Jean Briquet and Paul Hervé as well as his own name. Biography Adolf Philipp was born in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. His early play, The Poor Nobleman, ran for a thousand nights in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and was performed in major cities throughout the German Empire. He emigrated to the United States in 1889 and became an American citizen on June 2, 1898. He developed an interest in portraying German-American life. After founding the Deutsch-Amerikanisches Theater in Berlin, which enjoyed only limited success from 1904 to 1907, he cultivated a more receptive audience in New York City for his string of musical comedies and plays from 1907 to 1934, and in 1912 he opened the Adolf Philipp Theatre in Manhattan on East Fifty-Seventh Street. Adolf Philipp's frequent business partner was his brother, Paul Philipp, a Broadway producer and father of Robert Philipp, the noted American Impressionist painter, who in his earlier years performed on stage in Europe in Adolf's productions. Works Sheet music from Adele Broadway and other theatrical works From Across the Pond (1907); libretto by Adolf Philipp and Mortimer M. Theise Two Islands (1907); music by Louis A. Hirsch, E. Ray Goetz, Harold Orlob; libretto by Adolf Philipp and Mortimer M. Theise Alma, Where Do You Live?, Lyrical Comedy in 3 acts (1909); music by Jean Briquet; book and lyrics by George V. Hobart; from the French of Paul Hervé and German Alma, wo wohnst du? of Adolf Philipp Teresa, Be Mine, Musical Play (1910); music by Jean Briquet; lyrics by Adolf Philipp; original German book Therese sei nicht böse by Paul Hervé Auction Pinochle (1912); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Adolf Philipp; original French book Une Partie de cartes by Paul Hervé Adele, French Operetta in 3 acts (1913); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Edward A. Paulton and Adolf Philipp; original French libretto by Paul Hervé The Midnight Girl, Musical Play (1914); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Edward A. Paulton and Adolf Philipp; original German book Das Mitternacht Mädel by Paul Hervé The Girl Who Smiles, Musical Play (1915); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton; original French libretto by Paul Hervé Two Is Company, Musical Comedy (1915); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton; original French libretto by Paul Hervé Kissing Time (1920); based on a libretto by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton Kultur (1933); written by Adolf Philipp Hotel Alimony (1934); written by A. W. Pezet from a farce by Adolf Philipp and Max Simon Filmography Alma, Where Do You Live? (dir. Hal Clarendon, 1917) The Corner Grocer (dir. George Cowl, 1917) References ^ "Library of Congress. Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries". Part 1, Group 3. Dramatic Composition and Motion Pictures. United States Government Printing Office. 1940. p. 207. Retrieved 4 October 2013. ^ "Adolf Philipp," Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ "American Theatre Fails," The New York Times, June 6, 1907. ^ "Adolf Philipp Opens His Theatre," The New York Times, November 24, 1912. ^ Kendall Fine Art, Robert Philipp: The Last American Impressionist, Atlanta, 2005 ^ "Adolf Philipp," Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved September 15, 2013. External links Adolf Philipp at the Internet Broadway Database Jean Briquet (Adolf Philipp) at the Internet Broadway Database Paul Hervé (Adolf Philipp) at the Internet Broadway Database Adolf Philipp at IMDb Free scores by Adolf Philipp at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic 2 3 Poland Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Adolf Philipp, also known as Adolph Philipp (January 29, 1864 – July 30, 1936), was a successful Broadway composer, writer, lyricist, director, and performer. He used the pseudonyms Jean Briquet and Paul Hervé as well as his own name.[1]","title":"Adolf Philipp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"musical comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"East Fifty-Seventh Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Philipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Philipp"},{"link_name":"American Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Adolf Philipp was born in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. His early play, The Poor Nobleman, ran for a thousand nights in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and was performed in major cities throughout the German Empire. He emigrated to the United States in 1889 and became an American citizen on June 2, 1898. He developed an interest in portraying German-American life. After founding the Deutsch-Amerikanisches Theater in Berlin, which enjoyed only limited success from 1904 to 1907, he cultivated a more receptive audience in New York City for his string of musical comedies and plays from 1907 to 1934, and in 1912 he opened the Adolf Philipp Theatre in Manhattan on East Fifty-Seventh Street.[2][3][4]Adolf Philipp's frequent business partner was his brother, Paul Philipp, a Broadway producer and father of Robert Philipp, the noted American Impressionist painter, who in his earlier years performed on stage in Europe in Adolf's productions.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdeleSS1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Louis A. Hirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_A._Hirsch"},{"link_name":"E. Ray Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Ray_Goetz"},{"link_name":"Harold Orlob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Orlob"},{"link_name":"George V. Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V._Hobart"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_(musical)"}],"text":"Sheet music from AdeleBroadway[6] and other theatrical worksFrom Across the Pond (1907); libretto by Adolf Philipp and Mortimer M. Theise\nTwo Islands (1907); music by Louis A. Hirsch, E. Ray Goetz, Harold Orlob; libretto by Adolf Philipp and Mortimer M. Theise\nAlma, Where Do You Live?, Lyrical Comedy in 3 acts (1909); music by Jean Briquet; book and lyrics by George V. Hobart; from the French of Paul Hervé and German Alma, wo wohnst du? of Adolf Philipp\nTeresa, Be Mine, Musical Play (1910); music by Jean Briquet; lyrics by Adolf Philipp; original German book Therese sei nicht böse by Paul Hervé\nAuction Pinochle (1912); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Adolf Philipp; original French book Une Partie de cartes by Paul Hervé\nAdele, French Operetta in 3 acts (1913); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Edward A. Paulton and Adolf Philipp; original French libretto by Paul Hervé\nThe Midnight Girl, Musical Play (1914); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Edward A. Paulton and Adolf Philipp; original German book Das Mitternacht Mädel by Paul Hervé\nThe Girl Who Smiles, Musical Play (1915); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton; original French libretto by Paul Hervé\nTwo Is Company, Musical Comedy (1915); music by Jean Briquet and Adolf Philipp; book and lyrics by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton; original French libretto by Paul Hervé\nKissing Time (1920); based on a libretto by Adolf Philipp and Edward A. Paulton\nKultur (1933); written by Adolf Philipp\nHotel Alimony (1934); written by A. W. Pezet from a farce by Adolf Philipp and Max Simon","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Corner Grocer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corner_Grocer"}],"text":"Alma, Where Do You Live? (dir. Hal Clarendon, 1917)\nThe Corner Grocer (dir. George Cowl, 1917)","title":"Filmography"}]	[{"image_text":"Sheet music from Adele","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AdeleSS1.jpg/240px-AdeleSS1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Library of Congress. Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries\". Part 1, Group 3. Dramatic Composition and Motion Pictures. United States Government Printing Office. 1940. p. 207. Retrieved 4 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hFdhAAAAIAAJ&q=Adolf+Philipp+Briquet&pg=PA207","url_text":"\"Library of Congress. Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hFdhAAAAIAAJ&q=Adolf+Philipp+Briquet&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"\"Library of Congress. Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0679966/bio","external_links_name":"\"Adolf Philipp,\""},{"Link":"http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=3910","external_links_name":"\"Adolf Philipp,\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/3910","external_links_name":"Adolf Philipp"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/6671","external_links_name":"Jean Briquet (Adolf Philipp)"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/8044","external_links_name":"Paul Hervé (Adolf Philipp)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0679966/","external_links_name":"Adolf Philipp"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1550140/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064373245","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78699474","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGYcH6KWBkDrfWtMMwYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16185339w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16185339w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049618238","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99020110","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838364&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838365&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838366&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598465405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/82a1310d-ae4f-43fd-b130-80e590ab2d28","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langer_vote	Langer vote	["1 History","1.1 1987 election","2 The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response","3 Langer's challenge","3.1 Arguments","3.2 Judgement","4 The prosecution of Langer","4.1 Federal Court Appeals","5 Subsequent events","6 See also","7 References"]	Now informal voting method in Australia A Langer vote was a style of voting in the Australian electoral system designed to avoid the requirement to express preferences for all candidates without the vote being rejected as informal. The title is a tribute to Albert Langer, an Australian political activist, who advocated for the use of this style as a de facto method of optional preferential voting for making a valid vote for the voter's preferred candidates while the deliberate "error" avoided the vote being counted for one of the major political parties. Voters were advised to mark 1, 2, . .n, for favoured candidates, but to mark a repetition of the next digit against each of the remaining candidates. For example, a vote would be marked 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. The votes for the first and second candidates would be counted but the remaining candidates would then not receive preferences. From 1983 this was a valid vote, however since 1998 the Electoral Act requires that there be no repeated numbers. History Preferential voting was introduced in Federal elections in 1918. While voting was voluntary at the time, a valid vote was required to express a preference for every candidate, described as full preferential voting, and a failure to mark ballots in consecutive numerical order meant that the vote was informal. This was confirmed by the High Court in a case concerning the 1928 election. This was a half senate election in which 3 senators were to be elected for Victoria. 6 candidates were nominated, however Maj Gen John Forsyth died before the ballot. Most ballot papers were reprinted with just the 5 remaining candidates. The Labor how-to-vote card had Forsyth listed as #5 and more than 11,000 ballots had numbered the candidates 1, 2, 3, 4 & 6. Starke J noted that the Electoral Act required that a ballot paper being given effect according to the voter's intention so far as his intention is clear and accepted that in this case the voters preferences were clear. Despite this however Starke J held that the Electoral Act "absolutely and imperatively" required that a voter use consecutive numbers so that the votes were properly rejected as informal. In 1983 the Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform was concerned at the informality rate for Senate voting.: p 62 The Electoral Act was amended so that while a voter was formally required to express a preference for all candidates, a vote that erroneously did not comply with this requirement was saved from being rejected as informal. Subsection 270(1) applied to the Senate and subsection 270(2) to the House of Representatives. 1987 election In 1987 Harold Van Moorst and Langer were part of "The Coalition Against Poverty and Unemployment" and were urging people to either (1) not vote at the election on 11 July 1987 (2) to deliberately vote informally or (3) informing electors of the effect of section 270 of the Electoral Act, set out in a document headed "How not to give preferences" so that electors could avoid voting for the major parties. The Australian Electoral Commission applied to the Supreme Court of Victoria for an order preventing Van Moorst from encouraging people not to vote. Langer was added as a defendant at his own request. Murphy J granted the injunction until the defendants could put on evidence and the matter could be heard. After hearing the evidence on 2 July, Vincent J held that it was an offence not to vote and an offence to incite people not to vote. Vincent J also held it was an offence to use a representation of a ballot paper to vote other than in accordance with the directions on the ballot paper and granted injunctions to prevent Van Moorst or Langer distributing documents to that effect. Van Moorst and Langer did have some measure of success however in that Vincent J held that it was not an offence to vote informally, nor to inform voters as to the effect of s 270 of the Electoral Act, holding that . The system of compulsory voting requires that electors record votes at each election. It is, of course, integral to the operation of that system that all electors make choices. It is not integral that they must choose between the candidates or that, contrary to the dictates of their consciences, they must vote for persons who they may regard as being totally unacceptable to fill the offices for which they present themselves. ... That choice in my view does permit them to say in effect "A plague on all their houses". Van Moorst and Langer sought a declaration that (1) electors were entitled to deliberately vote informally and (2) electors were entitled to make a Langer vote. They also sought orders requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publicise these declarations. Murray J declined to make either of the declarations, holding they merely sought to repeat the effect of the judgement of Vincent J and that they had no standing to seek an order requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publish them. The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response The campaign was not effective in 1987, with just 2,082 exhausted votes being recorded. For the 1990 election however this jumped to 18,765 exhausted votes. Following the 1990 election the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters recommended that it be made an offence to encourage others to vote other than in accordance with full preferential voting. The Electoral Act was again amended to include s 329A which provided as follows: 329A. (1) A person must not, during the relevant period in relation to a House of Representatives election under this Act, print, publish or distribute, or cause, permit or authorise to be printed, published or distributed, any matter or thing with the intention of encouraging persons voting at the election to fill in a ballot paper otherwise than in accordance with section 240. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months. The purpose of s 270 was said to be that voters "do not have their votes discarded because of an unintentional mistake", but that s 329A was necessary to ensure that "people do not go out and intentionally frustrate the will of this Parliament by advocating an optional preferential system". For the 1993 election the number of exhausted votes dropped back to 7,325. Langer's challenge Langer v CommonwealthCourtHigh Court of AustraliaFull case nameLanger v Commonwealth of Australia, the Australian Electoral Commission & Cox Decided2 & 20 February 1996Citations HCA 43, (1996) 186 CLR 302Transcript HCATrans 338 (4 October 1995)Court membershipJudges sittingBrennan CJ, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJCase opinions5:1 S329A was a valid law of the Commonwealth In the week before the 1993 election Langer sought a declaration from the High Court that s 329A was not a valid act of the Commonwealth. On 11 March 1993 Deane J refused to make the declaration sought and referred the matter for consideration by the Full Court. The matter was not heard until 4 October 1995, and the order was handed down on 7 February 1996, one month prior to the 1996 election while the reasons for judgement were not handed down until 20 February 1996. Arguments Langer represented himself, and argued that: -(1) the wording of section 240 did not require consecutive numbers without repeats; -(2) the Langer vote was a valid method of voting; -(3) this impacted on free and fair elections in that it was an attempt to prevent discussion of a method of casting a valid vote; -(4) the AEC was intimidating and misleading people about how they could vote. The Commonwealth was represented by the Solicitor-General, Gavan Griffith QC, and argued that s 240 required full preferential voting and that s 270 was a savings provision that was intended to apply to unintentional errors. S329A was necessary to protect the integrity of compulsory preferential voting. Judgement All of the Court held that a Langer vote was a valid vote under the then electoral laws. The majority, Brennan CJ, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ, upheld the validity of s329A. Brennan CJ "What the Constitution requires is that the law prescribe a method of voting which leaves the voter free to make a choice, not that the law leave the voter free to choose the method of voting by which a voter's choice is to be made. A method which requires full preferential voting satisfies the constitutional requirement.": at p 316 Similarly Toohey and Gaudron JJ held that s 328A assisted in the maintenance of a system of full preferential voting and was confined to conduct that was intended to encourage non-compliance with s 240 and was not concerned with conduct that was intended only to inform.: at p 330 Each of McHugh J,: at p 339 and Gummow J,: at p 351 held that the purpose of s 329A was to prevent the full preference system of voting from being undermined. Dawson J dissented on the basis that the constitutional power of the Parliament to make laws about elections for the House of Representatives arose from sections 31 and 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution, which meant the law needed to be for the purpose of electing members of parliament, who must be "directly chosen by the people. The purpose of s 329A was not incidental to the election of representatives but rather to prevent the dissemination of information about how a person could cast a vote in a particular - and permissible - form.: at pp 324–5 The prosecution of Langer Langer v Australian Electoral CommissionCourtFederal Court of AustraliaCitations FCA 1277 & FCA 1295Case historyPrior actionsAustralian Electoral Commission v Langer VicRP 42 1 VR 576Commonwealth Electoral Commission v Langer VSC 6Court membershipJudges sittingBlack CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ The High Court upheld the validity of s329A on Friday 2 February 1996. On Monday 5 February 1996 the Australian Electoral Commission commenced proceedings in the Supreme Court of Victoria, seeking an order to prevent Langer from breaching s329A. This was not a prosecution for a breach of s329A, but instead it was an order to prevent a breach under s383. Beach J found that Langer had published material with the intention of encouraging people to fill in their ballot papers otherwise than in accordance with s240 of the Electoral Act and granted an order to prevent him from continuing to do so. Langer made it clear to the Court that he did not intend to comply with the order and immediately proceeded outside the court where he distributed leaflets contrary to the Court order. On 14 February 1996, Beach J found that Langer was in contempt of court and would continue to breach the order unless he was prevented from doing so. Beach J sentenced Langer to be imprisoned until 30 April 1996. Federal Court Appeals Langer appealed to the Federal Court challenging the order of the Supreme Court. Langer argued that s240 did not require elector write numbers consecutively and he was therefore not advocating a breach of s240. A Full Court of the Federal Court, Black CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ dismissed his appeal against the order. Langer also appealed against his conviction for contempt and the appeal was heard by the same full court. Langer submitted that ...it would be very desirable for you to let me go at once. I have achieved my objectives. There is no further useful purpose that you can serve on my behalf by continuing to make a complete mockery of the judicial system and the electoral system in this country, and I have better things to do.": at p 129 The Electoral Commission submitted that its interests were not served by the imprisonment of Langer after the date of the election on 2 March 1996. Black CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ held that the finding that Langer intended to breach the order was fully justified and upheld his conviction for contempt. The Court held however that the term of imprisonment was too long and ordered his release on 7 March 1996. Subsequent events The number of exhausted votes in the 1996 election increased spectacularly from 7,325 in 1993 to 48,979.: at pp 16–7 Amnesty International described Langer as Australia's first prisoner of conscience for over 20 years, alleging that his imprisonment was a breach of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. During the campaign John Howard described s329A as stupid.: at p 16–7 In 1998 section 329A was repealed and the Parliament attempted to make the Langer voting method invalid by amendments to the Electoral Act. A Langer vote is now classed as an informal or invalid vote.The treatment of ‘Langer-style’ votes changed in 1998. Langer-style ballots are typically numbered so that, at a point chosen by the elector, the preferences stop or begin to repeat (for example, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. . .). Before 1998, such ballots were counted up to the point that the numbering stopped or became non-consecutive, and were then classified as exhausted. Until 1993, the number of Langer-style votes was small, but in 1996 there was a considerable increase. It is possible this was due to the well-publicised court action against Albert Langer. Since legislative change in 1998, Langer-style votes have been counted as informal, and their number has declined considerably. It was not until 2016 that the Parliament permitted optional preferential voting for the Senate. Full preferential voting is still required for the House of Representatives. See also Optional Preferential Voting References ^ a b c Bryant v Commonwealth of Australia FCA 1242 (30 September 1998). ^ a b c Twomey, Anne. "Free to Choose or Compelled to Lie? - The Rights of Voters after Langer v The Commonwealth" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) (1996) 24 Federal Law Review 201. ^ "Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)" (PDF). sections 123 and 124. ^ a b Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform (13 September 1983). "First report - Electoral Reform" (PDF). Parliament of Australia. ^ a b "Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1900 - Present". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Langer v Commonwealth HCA 43, (1996) 186 CLR 302. ^ Blakey v Elliott HCA 7, (1929) 41 CLR 502. ^ "Electoral Backgrounder: informal voting" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. ^ Commonwealth Electoral Legislation Amendment Act 1983 (Cth) s 103. ^ The terms of s 270(2) & (3) at that time are set out in the judgment of Brennan CJ in Langer v Commonwealth HCA 43 at , (1996) 186 CLR 302 at pp 313-4. ^ Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer VicSC 257 (26 June 1987). ^ a b Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer VicSC 270 (2 July 1987). ^ Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer VicSC 278 (6 July 1987). ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 s 329A as at 15 June 1995. ^ Senator Bolkus, Minister for Administrative Services (1 December 1992). "Electoral and Referendum Amendment Bill 1992" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: Senate. pp. 3914–3916. ^ a b Langer v Commonwealth HCATrans 338 (4 October 1995). ^ Langer v Commonwealth HCATrans 59 (7 February 1996) ^ State election laws applied until "the Parliament otherwise provides", pursuant to the Constitution (Cth) s 31 and the parliament has power to make laws about any such matter:Constitution (Cth) s 51(xxxvi). ^ Constitution (Cth) s 24. ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) s 383. ^ Australian Electoral Commission v Langer VicRP 42 1 VR 576. ^ Commonwealth Electoral Commission v Langer VSC 6. ^ Langer v Australian Electoral Commission FCA 1277 ^ a b "Supplementary Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters: advocacy of optional preferential voting" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 30 August 1996. ^ a b Langer v Australian Electoral Commission FCA 1295 ^ Field, C (30 April 1996). "'Tweedledum and Tweedledee 1,2,3,3' - The Albert Langer Story". Current Issues Brief 14 1995-96. Parliamentary Library. ^ Electoral and Referendum Amendment Act 1998 (Cth). ^ "Analysis of informal voting during the 2004 House of Representatives Election" (PDF). Research Report Number 7. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. ^ "Election 2016: It's time to vote. Let's take a look at how to do that exactly". abc.net.au. 2 July 2016. vtePolitics of AustraliaCommonwealth Monarch Governor-General Prime Minister Cabinet (Shadow Cabinet) Executive Council Ministry Foreign relations Parliament House of Representatives Senate Opposition Leader High Court Lower Courts Constitution Statute of Westminster Australia Act Federal elections Pre-1972 1972 1974 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Next By-elections Referendums Timeline State/territory governments Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State and Territory Shadow Cabinet NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas ACT NT State/territory elections NT 2020 ACT 2020 Qld 2020 WA 2021 SA 2022 Vic 2022 NSW 2023 Tas 2024 NT 2024 ACT 2024 Qld 2024 WA 2025 SA 2026 Vic 2026 NSW 2027 Tas 2028 Timeline Local government New South Wales (list) Northern Territory (list) Queensland (list) South Australia (list) Tasmania (list) Victoria (list) Western Australia (list) Political parties Coalition (Liberal, National, Liberal National, Country Liberal) Centre Alliance Greens Katter Labor Lambie One Nation UAP Other parties Historical Political terminology Battlers Bjelkemander Branch stacking Casual vacancy Caucus revolt Chardonnay socialist Contempt of parliament Despatch box Donkey vote Dorothy Dixer Double dissolution Faceless men Forgotten People Group voting ticket Hardworking Families How-to-vote card Independent politicians Kirribilli agreement Langer vote Leadership spill Mortgage belt Nationalism Parliamentary secretary Playmander Pub test Quiet Australians Responsible government Stolen Generations Working Family Worm	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_electoral_system"},{"link_name":"Albert Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Langer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"political activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist"},{"link_name":"optional preferential voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"}],"text":"A Langer vote was a style of voting in the Australian electoral system designed to avoid the requirement to express preferences for all candidates without the vote being rejected as informal. The title is a tribute to Albert Langer,[1] an Australian political activist, who advocated for the use of this style as a de facto method of optional preferential voting for making a valid vote for the voter's preferred candidates while the deliberate \"error\" avoided the vote being counted for one of the major political parties.[2]Voters were advised to mark 1, 2, . .n, for favoured candidates, but to mark a repetition of the next digit against each of the remaining candidates. For example, a vote would be marked 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. The votes for the first and second candidates would be counted but the remaining candidates would then not receive preferences. From 1983 this was a valid vote, however since 1998 the Electoral Act requires that there be no repeated numbers.[1]","title":"Langer vote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSC_Report_83-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"},{"link_name":"1928 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Maj Gen John Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsyth_(general)"},{"link_name":"how-to-vote card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How-to-vote_card"},{"link_name":"Starke J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Starke"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blakey-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC_Backgrounder-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSC_Report_83-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s270-10"}],"text":"Preferential voting was introduced in Federal elections in 1918.[3][4][5] While voting was voluntary at the time,[5] a valid vote was required to express a preference for every candidate, described as full preferential voting,[6] and a failure to mark ballots in consecutive numerical order meant that the vote was informal. This was confirmed by the High Court in a case concerning the 1928 election. This was a half senate election in which 3 senators were to be elected for Victoria. 6 candidates were nominated, however Maj Gen John Forsyth died before the ballot. Most ballot papers were reprinted with just the 5 remaining candidates. The Labor how-to-vote card had Forsyth listed as #5 and more than 11,000 ballots had numbered the candidates 1, 2, 3, 4 & 6. Starke J noted that the Electoral Act required that a ballot paper being given effect according to the voter's intention so far as his intention is clear and accepted that in this case the voters preferences were clear. Despite this however Starke J held that the Electoral Act \"absolutely and imperatively\" required that a voter use consecutive numbers so that the votes were properly rejected as informal.[7]In 1983 the Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform was concerned at the informality rate for Senate voting.[8][4]: p 62 The Electoral Act was amended so that while a voter was formally required to express a preference for all candidates, a vote that erroneously did not comply with this requirement was saved from being rejected as informal.[9] Subsection 270(1) applied to the Senate and subsection 270(2) to the House of Representatives.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"election on 11 July 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Murphy J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Murphy_(jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy_J-11"},{"link_name":"Vincent J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vincent_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent_J-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent_J-12"},{"link_name":"Murray J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Murray_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray_J-13"}],"sub_title":"1987 election","text":"In 1987 Harold Van Moorst and Langer were part of \"The Coalition Against Poverty and Unemployment\" and were urging people to either (1) not vote at the election on 11 July 1987 (2) to deliberately vote informally or (3) informing electors of the effect of section 270 of the Electoral Act, set out in a document headed \"How not to give preferences\" so that electors could avoid voting for the major parties. The Australian Electoral Commission applied to the Supreme Court of Victoria for an order preventing Van Moorst from encouraging people not to vote. Langer was added as a defendant at his own request. Murphy J granted the injunction until the defendants could put on evidence and the matter could be heard.[11] After hearing the evidence on 2 July, Vincent J held that it was an offence not to vote and an offence to incite people not to vote. Vincent J also held it was an offence to use a representation of a ballot paper to vote other than in accordance with the directions on the ballot paper and granted injunctions to prevent Van Moorst or Langer distributing documents to that effect.[12] Van Moorst and Langer did have some measure of success however in that Vincent J held that it was not an offence to vote informally, nor to inform voters as to the effect of s 270 of the Electoral Act, holding that .The system of compulsory voting requires that electors record votes at each election. It is, of course, integral to the operation of that system that all electors make choices. It is not integral that they must choose between the candidates or that, contrary to the dictates of their consciences, they must vote for persons who they may regard as being totally unacceptable to fill the offices for which they present themselves.\n...\n\nThat choice in my view does permit them to say in effect \"A plague on all their houses\".[12]Van Moorst and Langer sought a declaration that (1) electors were entitled to deliberately vote informally and (2) electors were entitled to make a Langer vote. They also sought orders requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publicise these declarations. Murray J declined to make either of the declarations, holding they merely sought to repeat the effect of the judgement of Vincent J and that they had no standing to seek an order requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publish them.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s329A-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"}],"text":"The campaign was not effective in 1987, with just 2,082 exhausted votes being recorded. For the 1990 election however this jumped to 18,765 exhausted votes.[2] Following the 1990 election the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters recommended that it be made an offence to encourage others to vote other than in accordance with full preferential voting. The Electoral Act was again amended to include s 329A which provided as follows:329A. (1) A person must not, during the relevant period in relation to a House of Representatives election under this Act, print, publish or distribute, or cause, permit or authorise to be printed, published or distributed, any matter or thing with the intention of encouraging persons voting at the election to fill in a ballot paper otherwise than in accordance with section 240.\nPenalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.[14]The purpose of s 270 was said to be that voters \"do not have their votes discarded because of an unintentional mistake\", but that s 329A was necessary to ensure that \"people do not go out and intentionally frustrate the will of this Parliament by advocating an optional preferential system\".[15]For the 1993 election the number of exhausted votes dropped back to 7,325.[2]","title":"The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Deane J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deane"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transcript-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1996 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"}],"text":"In the week before the 1993 election Langer sought a declaration from the High Court that s 329A was not a valid act of the Commonwealth. On 11 March 1993 Deane J refused to make the declaration sought and referred the matter for consideration by the Full Court. The matter was not heard until 4 October 1995,[16] and the order was handed down on 7 February 1996,[17] one month prior to the 1996 election while the reasons for judgement were not handed down until 20 February 1996.[6]","title":"Langer's challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solicitor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gavan Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavan_Griffith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transcript-16"}],"sub_title":"Arguments","text":"Langer represented himself, and argued that: \n-(1) the wording of section 240 did not require consecutive numbers without repeats; \n-(2) the Langer vote was a valid method of voting; \n-(3) this impacted on free and fair elections in that it was an attempt to prevent discussion of a method of casting a valid vote; \n-(4) the AEC was intimidating and misleading people about how they could vote. \nThe Commonwealth was represented by the Solicitor-General, Gavan Griffith QC, and argued that s 240 required full preferential voting and that s 270 was a savings provision that was intended to apply to unintentional errors. S329A was necessary to protect the integrity of compulsory preferential voting.[16]","title":"Langer's challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Brennan"},{"link_name":"CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Toohey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toohey_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Gaudron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gaudron"},{"link_name":"McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McHugh_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Gummow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gummow"},{"link_name":"JJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justices"},{"link_name":"Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Brennan"},{"link_name":"CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"},{"link_name":"Dawson J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Dawson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s31-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s24-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"}],"sub_title":"Judgement","text":"All of the Court held that a Langer vote was a valid vote under the then electoral laws. The majority, Brennan CJ, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ, upheld the validity of s329A.Brennan CJ \"What the Constitution requires is that the law prescribe a method of voting which leaves the voter free to make a choice, not that the law leave the voter free to choose the method of voting by which a voter's choice is to be made. A method which requires full preferential voting satisfies the constitutional requirement.\"[6]: at p 316 Similarly Toohey and Gaudron JJ held that s 328A assisted in the maintenance of a system of full preferential voting and was confined to conduct that was intended to encourage non-compliance with s 240 and was not concerned with conduct that was intended only to inform.[6]: at p 330 Each of McHugh J,[6]: at p 339 and Gummow J,[6]: at p 351 held that the purpose of s 329A was to prevent the full preference system of voting from being undermined.Dawson J dissented on the basis that the constitutional power of the Parliament to make laws about elections for the House of Representatives arose from sections 31 and 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution,[18] which meant the law needed to be for the purpose of electing members of parliament, who must be \"directly chosen by the people.[19] The purpose of s 329A was not incidental to the election of representatives but rather to prevent the dissemination of information about how a person could cast a vote in a particular - and permissible - form.[6]: at pp 324–5","title":"Langer's challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s383-20"},{"link_name":"Beach J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Beach_(jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach_Inj-21"},{"link_name":"contempt of court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach_Contempt-22"}],"text":"The High Court upheld the validity of s329A on Friday 2 February 1996. On Monday 5 February 1996 the Australian Electoral Commission commenced proceedings in the Supreme Court of Victoria, seeking an order to prevent Langer from breaching s329A. This was not a prosecution for a breach of s329A, but instead it was an order to prevent a breach under s383.[20] Beach J found that Langer had published material with the intention of encouraging people to fill in their ballot papers otherwise than in accordance with s240 of the Electoral Act and granted an order to prevent him from continuing to do so.[21]Langer made it clear to the Court that he did not intend to comply with the order and immediately proceeded outside the court where he distributed leaflets contrary to the Court order. On 14 February 1996, Beach J found that Langer was in contempt of court and would continue to breach the order unless he was prevented from doing so. Beach J sentenced Langer to be imprisoned until 30 April 1996.[22]","title":"The prosecution of Langer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Black_(judge)"},{"link_name":"CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lockhart_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"JJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justices"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-order_appeal-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC77-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contempt_appeal-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contempt_appeal-25"}],"sub_title":"Federal Court Appeals","text":"Langer appealed to the Federal Court challenging the order of the Supreme Court. Langer argued that s240 did not require elector write numbers consecutively and he was therefore not advocating a breach of s240. A Full Court of the Federal Court, Black CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ dismissed his appeal against the order.[23]Langer also appealed against his conviction for contempt and the appeal was heard by the same full court. Langer submitted that...it would be very desirable for you to let me go at once. I have achieved my objectives. There is no further useful purpose that you can serve on my behalf by continuing to make a complete mockery of the judicial system and the electoral system in this country, and I have better things to do.\"[24]: at p 129The Electoral Commission submitted that its interests were not served by the imprisonment of Langer after the date of the election on 2 March 1996.[25]Black CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ held that the finding that Langer intended to breach the order was fully justified and upheld his conviction for contempt. The Court held however that the term of imprisonment was too long and ordered his release on 7 March 1996.[25]","title":"The prosecution of Langer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC77-24"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"informal or invalid vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_vote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The number of exhausted votes in the 1996 election increased spectacularly from 7,325 in 1993 to 48,979.[24]: at pp 16–7 Amnesty International described Langer as Australia's first prisoner of conscience for over 20 years, alleging that his imprisonment was a breach of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. During the campaign John Howard described s329A as stupid.[26]: at p 16–7In 1998 section 329A was repealed and the Parliament attempted to make the Langer voting method invalid by amendments to the Electoral Act.[27] A Langer vote is now classed as an informal or invalid vote.[1]The treatment of ‘Langer-style’ votes changed in 1998. Langer-style ballots are typically numbered so that, at a point chosen by the elector, the preferences stop or begin to repeat (for example, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. . .). Before 1998, such ballots were counted up to the point that the numbering stopped or became non-consecutive, and were then classified as exhausted. Until 1993, the number of Langer-style votes was small, but in 1996 there was a considerable increase. It is possible this was due to the well-publicised court action against Albert Langer. Since legislative change in 1998, Langer-style votes have been counted as informal, and their number has declined considerably.[28]It was not until 2016 that the Parliament permitted optional preferential voting for the Senate. Full preferential voting is still required for the House of Representatives.[29]","title":"Subsequent events"}]	[]	[{"title":"Optional Preferential Voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_Preferential_Voting"}]	[{"reference":"Twomey, Anne. \"Free to Choose or Compelled to Lie? - The Rights of Voters after Langer v The Commonwealth\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)","url_text":"Twomey, Anne"},{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLRev/1996/7.pdf","url_text":"\"Free to Choose or Compelled to Lie? - The Rights of Voters after Langer v The Commonwealth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/cea1918271918260/cea1918271918260.pdf","url_text":"\"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)\""}]},{"reference":"Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform (13 September 1983). \"First report - Electoral Reform\" (PDF). Parliament of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_committees?url=reports/1983/1983_pp227.pdf","url_text":"\"First report - Electoral Reform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1900 - Present\". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/Reform_present.htm","url_text":"\"Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1900 - Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral Backgrounder: informal voting\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705054642/http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Backgrounders/files/2010-eb-informal-voting.pdf","url_text":"\"Electoral Backgrounder: informal voting\""},{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Backgrounders/files/2010-eb-informal-voting.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Senator Bolkus, Minister for Administrative Services (1 December 1992). \"Electoral and Referendum Amendment Bill 1992\" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: Senate. pp. 3914–3916.","urls":[{"url":"http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/1992-12-01/toc_pdf/S%201992-12-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Electoral and Referendum Amendment Bill 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Supplementary Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters: advocacy of optional preferential voting\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 30 August 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/australian_electoral_system/files/jscem/1996_election/sub77.pdf","url_text":"\"Supplementary Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters: advocacy of optional preferential voting\""}]},{"reference":"Field, C (30 April 1996). \"'Tweedledum and Tweedledee 1,2,3,3' - The Albert Langer Story\". Current Issues Brief 14 1995-96. Parliamentary Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib9596/96CIB14","url_text":"\"'Tweedledum and Tweedledee 1,2,3,3' - The Albert Langer Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Analysis of informal voting during the 2004 House of Representatives Election\" (PDF). Research Report Number 7. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609113038/http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/research/papers/paper7/research_paper7.pdf","url_text":"\"Analysis of informal voting during the 2004 House of Representatives Election\""},{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/research/papers/paper7/research_paper7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2016: It's time to vote. Let's take a look at how to do that exactly\". abc.net.au. 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-30/election-2016-preferences-explainer-voting/7556562","url_text":"\"Election 2016: It's time to vote. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gabriel_Fredersdorf	Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf	["1 References","2 Sources"]	Prussian valet to Frederick the Great (1708–1758) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael Gabriel FredersdorfBorn1708Gartz, Kingdom of PrussiaDied12 January 1758(1758-01-12) (aged 49–50)Potsdam, Kingdom of PrussiaNationalityGermanOccupationValetKnown forFriendship with Frederick the Great Zernikow House Fredersdorf's grave chapel at Zernikow Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf (1708 – 12 January 1758) was the longest-standing valet and companion of Frederick II of Prussia. The two young men met when the future Frederick II was still in prison for having attempted to run off with his former companion, Hans Hermann von Katte. At the time, Fredersdorf was four years older than the heir to the throne and served in the army, being the son of a peasant. Both contemporaries and historians have speculated that Fredersdorf and Frederick II had a homosexual relationship, yet there is no definitive proof. Voltaire would later describe the relationship in his Memoires as, "This soldier, young, handsome, well made, and who played the flute, served to entertain the prisoner in more than one fashion." When Frederick moved to Rheinsberg Palace with his wife in 1736, he made Fredersdorf his valet. When he ascended to the throne in 1740, he furthermore made him his private treasurer and, within less than a month, gave him the estate of Zernikow as a present. Later he also made him director of the royal theatre. When the king moved to Sanssouci, his valet's bedroom adjoined his own, still shown today. The royal gardens director Heinrich Ludwig Manger later called the chamberlain the king's chamber lover in a book of 1789. For several years, Fredersdorf had been courting Caroline Marie Elisabeth Daum (* 27. July 1730 in Potsdam; † 10. March 1810 in Berlin), the daughter of the rich arms manufacturer and banker Gottfried Adolph Daum. The king was unwilling to let his servant marry. However, once Fredersdorf, who was often ill, explained to Frederick that bettering his health urgently required someone to look after him, the king acquiesced. In a letter to Fredersdorf dated to November 1753, the king wrote: "marry sooner rather than later, if this will be of use to your care". The church book of the Potsdam Garrison Church records the marriage took place on 30 December, 1753. Caroline, who had been wed to serve as nursemaid, spent her marriage "as a virgin amidst a thousand worries". Despite this, the couple managed to come to an agreement, and Caroline lived "in blissful freedom, harmony, and inner joy" with her husband until his death. Fredersdorf was dismissed on 9 April 1757, being accused of financial irregularities. He died, ashamed of his lost honor, within less than a year. He was buried in Zernikow. He had no children. His wife however remarried and had children with her second husband, royal chamberlain Johann Labes. Later she raised her grandson, the poet Ludwig Achim von Arnim. References ^ Tim Blanning, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia, Random House 2016, pp. 55–56, p77 ^ Wolfgang Burgdorf, Friedrich der Große (Freiburg: Herder 2011), pp. 67ff. ^ Peter-Michael Hahn, Friedrich II. von Preußen: Feldherr, Autokrat und Selbstdarsteller (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag 2013), chapter 2. ^ Susan W. Henderson, "Frederick the Great of Prussia: A Homophile Perspective", Gai Saber 1, no. 1 (1977), pp. 46–54. ^ Compton, Lewis. Homosexuality and Civilisation, Harvard University Press, 2003, p203 ^ History of Potsdam Buildings, especially under King Frederick the Second, published in 1789/90. vol. 1 (describing the royal architect Friedrich Wilhelm Diterichs' dismissal who "may not have flattered enough to be the king's chamber lover – German: "Kammerliebling" – of that time"). ^ Achim von Arnim (2003), Heinz Härtl (ed.), "Grosmutter v Labes", Anekdoten, die wir erlebten und hörten (in German), Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, p. 28, ISBN 3-892-44663-6 ^ „lasse Dihr lieber heüte wie Morgen Trauen, wann Das zu Deiner flege helfen kan“ Friedrich II, Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf (1926), Johannes Richter (ed.), Die Briefe Friedrichs des Grossen an seinen vormaligen Kammerdiener Fredersdorf (in German), Berlin-Grunewald: H. Klemm, p. 240 ^ Friedrich II, Michael Gabriel Fredersdorf (1926), Johannes Richter (ed.), Die Briefe Friedrichs des Grossen an seinen vormaligen Kammerdiener Fredersdorf (in German), Berlin-Grunewald: H. Klemm, p. 20 ^ „als Jungfrau unter tausend Kümmernissen“ Achim von Arnim (2003), Heinz Härtl (ed.), "Grosmutter v Labes", Anekdoten, die wir erlebten und hörten (in German), Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, p. 28, ISBN 3-892-44663-6 ^ „unter seliger Freyheit, Uebereinstimmung und innerer Heiterkeit“ Achim von Arnim (2003), Heinz Härtl (ed.), "Grosmutter v Labes", Anekdoten, die wir erlebten und hörten (in German), Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, p. 28, ISBN 3-892-44663-6 Sources Crompton, Louis (2006). Homosexuality and Civilization. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-6740-2233-1. (at Harvard University Press) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gutshaus_Zernikow_BB_08_2013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zernikow_Erbbegraebnis.jpg"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Hans Hermann von Katte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hermann_von_Katte"},{"link_name":"heir to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_to_the_throne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blanning-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfgang_Burgdorf_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compton-5"},{"link_name":"Rheinsberg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinsberg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Zernikow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fwoltersdorf"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Sanssouci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Adolph Daum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Adolph_Daum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Achim von Arnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Achim_von_Arnim"}],"text":"Prussian valet to Frederick the Great (1708–1758)Zernikow HouseFredersdorf's grave chapel at ZernikowMichael Gabriel Fredersdorf (1708 – 12 January 1758) was the longest-standing valet and companion of Frederick II of Prussia.The two young men met when the future Frederick II was still in prison for having attempted to run off with his former companion, Hans Hermann von Katte. At the time, Fredersdorf was four years older than the heir to the throne and served in the army, being the son of a peasant.Both contemporaries and historians[1][2][3][4] have speculated that Fredersdorf and Frederick II had a homosexual relationship, yet there is no definitive proof. Voltaire would later describe the relationship in his Memoires as, \"This soldier, young, handsome, well made, and who played the flute, served to entertain the prisoner in more than one fashion.\"[5]When Frederick moved to Rheinsberg Palace with his wife in 1736, he made Fredersdorf his valet. When he ascended to the throne in 1740, he furthermore made him his private treasurer and, within less than a month, gave him the estate of Zernikow as a present. Later he also made him director of the royal theatre. When the king moved to Sanssouci, his valet's bedroom adjoined his own, still shown today. The royal gardens director Heinrich Ludwig Manger later called the chamberlain the king's chamber lover in a book of 1789.[6]For several years, Fredersdorf had been courting Caroline Marie Elisabeth Daum (* 27. July 1730 in Potsdam; † 10. March 1810 in Berlin), the daughter of the rich arms manufacturer and banker Gottfried Adolph Daum. The king was unwilling to let his servant marry. However, once Fredersdorf, who was often ill, explained to Frederick that bettering his health urgently required someone to look after him, the king acquiesced.[7] In a letter to Fredersdorf dated to November 1753, the king wrote: \"marry sooner rather than later, if this will be of use to your [palliative] care\".[8] The church book of the Potsdam Garrison Church records the marriage took place on 30 December, 1753.[9] Caroline, who had been wed to serve as nursemaid, spent her marriage \"as a virgin amidst a thousand worries\".[10] Despite this, the couple managed to come to an agreement, and Caroline lived \"in blissful freedom, harmony, and inner joy\" with her husband until his death.[11]Fredersdorf was dismissed on 9 April 1757, being accused of financial irregularities. He died, ashamed of his lost honor, within less than a year. He was buried in Zernikow. He had no children. His wife however remarried and had children with her second husband, royal chamberlain Johann Labes. 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Homosexuality and Civilization. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-6740-2233-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Magazine	Teen magazine	["1 History","2 Audience","3 Subgenres","4 On the web","5 Critical reception","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Magazine aimed at teenage readers This article is about the genre. For the magazine, see Teen (magazine). Teen magazines are magazines aimed at teenage readers. They usually consist of gossip, news, fashion tips and interviews and may include posters, stickers, small samples of cosmetics or other products and inserts. The teen magazine industry is overwhelmingly female-oriented. Several publications, such as Teen Ink and Teen Voices, cater to both male and female audiences, although publications specifically targeting teenage boys are rare. Many scholars have critiqued teen magazines, as the topics presented are narrow and only present a limited range of female roles, some believe that they are effective because of the relationship developed between magazine and reader. There is a distinct feminine space that is made by the text itself as editors of teen magazines focus on making the content of their text appropriate to the analytical ability of their readers. Along with most mainstream magazines, teen magazines are typically sold in print at supermarkets, pharmacies, bookstores and newsstands. History Teen magazines first gained prominence in the United States during the 1940s, with Seventeen magazine being the first known publication geared towards a demographic of teenage girls. Examples of popular magazines during that time include Sassy, YM, CosmoGirl, Teen, and Teen People. Nowadays, popular contemporary American teen magazines include Seventeen, Teen Vogue, J-14, and Tiger Beat. Teen magazines are produced in many countries worldwide, and are widely popular in Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. In the United Kingdom, Fleetway's Honey (1960–1986) is regarded as having established the sector. Large-scale Canadian teen magazines include the Faze magazine. Since 1972, teen magazines in the United States have reached out to the African-American market with publications such as Right On! (produced by Sterling-McFadden, which also produces Tiger Beat) and Word Up!. In the United Kingdom, changes in the way teenagers spend their money (and the fact that there were fewer of them, though they had more cash) led to many casualties in the 1990s because titles were unable to compete with mobile, digital and online media. Magazine publishers have moved down the age range with publications for "tweenagers" (those aged 9 to 13) gaining popularity, such as It's Hot, BOP, J-14 and Tiger Beat. Audience Although in the United States, adolescence is generally considered to be the period between the ages 11 and 19, and teen magazines usually cater to people within that range, many readers comprise an even wider age range. According to a 2006 report by Magazine Publishers of America, 78% of teens read magazines. Of the media that adolescents refer to for information about sex, teen magazines are particularly important because they influence knowledge, attitudes, and values about sex and sexuality, especially for teenage girls. According to Amy S. Pattee, author of The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines, the experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success. Compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is most likely to be left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about. Subgenres Teen magazines tend to be categorised as lifestyle (e.g. Sugar), entertainment (often based on music), or comics. While some teen magazines focus almost exclusively on music and film stars, others feature more extensive coverage of lifestyle issues and are virtually junior versions of magazines such as Cosmopolitan or Cleo. Cosmopolitan is more focused on readers between the ages of 18 and 25, whereas Seventeen and Teen Vogue are geared towards teenagers and focus more on the bubbly teen gossip, celebrity culture, and newly stated trends on fashion and beauty. On the web In recent years, rapid technological advancement and the rise of the Internet has led to the emergence of online teen magazines. Examples include Faze in Canada, which is published in both web and print versions, and Rookie, an independently run online magazine and book series founded in 2011 by Editor-in-Chief Tavi Gevinson, which publishes writing, photography, and other forms of artwork by and for teenagers. With a digital format, the accessibility of teen magazines has also greatly increased, reaching readers from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities. In the UK, sales in the teen magazine sector peaked in 1998. Teenagers had many more attractions competing for their cash and their attention, such as media delivered on the web and through mobile phones. Also, the booming celebrity weeklies attracted more teens from ever-younger ages (driven by celebrity TV series). In response to this, in April 2007, National Magazines - publisher of Cosmopolitan and Cosmo Girl! - launched a digital weekly magazine for teens, Jellyfish, in a trial. This was the second attempt in the UK to establish a new online business model, the first being Monkey from Dennis, which aims to sell to men aged 18 to 34. In both cases, readers sign up to be sent the 'eMag' by email. Each issue features interactive elements and 'pages' that can be 'turned'. However, National Magazines closed Cosmo Girl! in June and the Jellyfish experiment was drawn to a close in August. Critical reception The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success As teen magazines are full of images of society's definition of physical perfection, compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about. Teen magazines overtly suggest through content and pictures, how women should look, dress, and act; they more subtly suggest, through exclusion of pictures and content what women should not do, be, or think. The teen magazine, with its images of corporeal perfection and promises of social success, can be seen as evidence of a social ideal to which developing teens may aspire when reading the magazine. Self-development is influenced by an individual's alignment with a social group. Such identification may lead an adolescent to form a mirror group, or clique of her own. As teens seek refuge in a socially safe category; teen magazines in particular offer monthly images of social promise. Childhood is commonly considered to be a time/space of innocence. Research shows that the over sexualisation in teen magazines is believed to be a contributing factor of pushing girls into adolescence prematurely. Premature adolescence has proven to lead to a wide range of issues including body image, eating disorders, sexual violence, and self-esteem. Teen magazines are not only over sexualized, but sexually ambivalent as well—that is, messages about sex and sexuality contradict each other. For example, Carpenter noted that Seventeen magazine offers traditional scenarios of sex by urging teenage girls to refrain from intercourse until love or marriage is present, yet the same magazine simultaneously offers recreational scenarios of sex in which teenage girls are encouraged to explore their sexuality before marriage and with multiple partners. Research shows that teen magazines are also having cultural impacts on its readers. Kelley Massoni, author of Modeling Work, considers teen magazines as a possible source for girl's perceptions about the work world, including their own career futures. The labor market in Seventeen-land is heavily skewed towards professional occupations, particularly in the entertainment industry. A close reading of the text reveals four primary messages about the world of work: entertainment careers are a viable and prestigious option, men are the norm as workers, men hold the power, and fashion modeling is the pinnacle of "women's work". The embarrassing stories column that is popular in most, if not all, teen magazines, is constructed not only to entertain the reader but also to offer behavioral guidance. The texts of these columns, titled, “Say Anything” in YM, “Trauma Rama” in Seventeen, and “Why Me?” in Teen, consist of a collection of embarrassing incidents in the magazine readers’ lives. Readers are encouraged to write to the magazine's editors with their own tales, which, if published, are rated by the magazine staff. These ratings imply an mutual empathy and personal interaction between the author of the story and the reader. When reading of a fellow teen's traumatic experience involving a leaking maxi-pad and a light-colored dress or the humiliation involved in passing loud gas during a silent chemistry test, it does seem as if no barriers exist between the personal and the publishable. These texts included in teen magazines are socially instructive. Clearly, teenaged girls caught “out of control” (making out with a partner, showing off to attract attention, applying makeup with a heavy or an uneducated hand) risk embarrassment and social alienation. The teenage reader, made aware of the risks of certain behaviors in certain scenarios can, by studying these columns, develops a certain understanding of societal rules. See also Children's literature portal List of teen magazines Teen drama - list of teen dramas Teen film - list of teen films Teen idol Teen pop Teen sitcom - list of teen sitcoms References ^ "Teen Magazines - Genres". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09. ^ "Teen Magazines - History". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09. ^ "Faze - Love. Share. Grow". Faze. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Teen Magazines - Home". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09. ^ "Teen Magazines - Impact". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09. ^ Vares, Tiina; Jackson, Sue (2015). "Preteen girls, magazines, and the negotiation of young sexual femininity". Gender and Education. 27 (6): 700–713. doi:10.1080/09540253.2015.1078453. S2CID 145427598. ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059. ^ Bishop, John Douglas (2000). "Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?". Business Ethics Quarterly. 10 (2): 371–398. doi:10.2307/3857882. JSTOR 3857882. ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059. ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059. ^ Vares, Tiina; Jackson, Sue (2015). "Preteen girls, magazines, and the negotiation of young sexual femininity". Gender and Education. 27 (6): 700–713. doi:10.1080/09540253.2015.1078453. S2CID 145427598. ^ Massoni, Kelley (2004). "Modeling Work: Occupational Messages in Seventeen Magazine". Gender and Society. 18 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1177/0891243203259133. JSTOR 4149373. S2CID 145126551. ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059. ^ Bishop, John Douglas (2000). "Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?". Business Ethics Quarterly. 10 (2): 371–398. doi:10.2307/3857882. JSTOR 3857882. MagForum.com A comprehensive guide to teen magazines covering the last few decades The first cover of Jellyfish can be seen at Archived March 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Teen Life - Bulgarian lifestyle teen magazine 'Jellyfish closure is another blow for teen sector,' Guardian, 14 August 2007: Media.Guardian.co.uk External links Enverdo - online magazine Monthly V SHINE International Faze Magazine Relate Magazine Stunnazine Magazine Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teen (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"teenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager"},{"link_name":"posters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posters"},{"link_name":"stickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label"},{"link_name":"cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"Teen Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Ink"},{"link_name":"Teen Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Voices"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the genre. For the magazine, see Teen (magazine).Teen magazines are magazines aimed at teenage readers. They usually consist of gossip, news, fashion tips and interviews and may include posters, stickers, small samples of cosmetics or other products and inserts.The teen magazine industry is overwhelmingly female-oriented. Several publications, such as Teen Ink and Teen Voices, cater to both male and female audiences, although publications specifically targeting teenage boys are rare.[1] Many scholars have critiqued teen magazines, as the topics presented are narrow and only present a limited range of female roles, some believe that they are effective because of the relationship developed between magazine and reader. There is a distinct feminine space that is made by the text itself as editors of teen magazines focus on making the content of their text appropriate to the analytical ability of their readers.Along with most mainstream magazines, teen magazines are typically sold in print at supermarkets, pharmacies, bookstores and newsstands.","title":"Teen magazine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"YM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"CosmoGirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CosmoGirl"},{"link_name":"Teen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Seventeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Teen Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue"},{"link_name":"J-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-14_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fleetway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetway"},{"link_name":"Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Faze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faze_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Right On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_On!_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat"},{"link_name":"Word Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_Up_Magazine"},{"link_name":"BOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bop_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"J-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-14_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat"}],"text":"Teen magazines first gained prominence in the United States during the 1940s, with Seventeen magazine being the first known publication geared towards a demographic of teenage girls.[2] Examples of popular magazines during that time include Sassy, YM, CosmoGirl, Teen, and Teen People. Nowadays, popular contemporary American teen magazines include Seventeen, Teen Vogue, J-14, and Tiger Beat.Teen magazines are produced in many countries worldwide, and are widely popular in Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. In the United Kingdom, Fleetway's Honey (1960–1986) is regarded as having established the sector. Large-scale Canadian teen magazines include the Faze[3] magazine.Since 1972, teen magazines in the United States have reached out to the African-American market with publications such as Right On! (produced by Sterling-McFadden, which also produces Tiger Beat) and Word Up!.In the United Kingdom, changes in the way teenagers spend their money (and the fact that there were fewer of them, though they had more cash) led to many casualties in the 1990s because titles were unable to compete with mobile, digital and online media. Magazine publishers have moved down the age range with publications for \"tweenagers\" (those aged 9 to 13) gaining popularity, such as It's Hot, BOP, J-14 and Tiger Beat.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Although in the United States, adolescence is generally considered to be the period between the ages 11 and 19, and teen magazines usually cater to people within that range, many readers comprise an even wider age range.[4] According to a 2006 report by Magazine Publishers of America, 78% of teens read magazines.[5] Of the media that adolescents refer to for information about sex, teen magazines are particularly important because they influence knowledge, attitudes, and values about sex and sexuality, especially for teenage girls.[6]According to Amy S. Pattee, author of The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines, the experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success.[7] Compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is most likely to be left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about.","title":"Audience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleo_(magazine)"}],"text":"Teen magazines tend to be categorised as lifestyle (e.g. Sugar), entertainment (often based on music), or comics.While some teen magazines focus almost exclusively on music and film stars, others feature more extensive coverage of lifestyle issues and are virtually junior versions of magazines such as Cosmopolitan or Cleo. Cosmopolitan is more focused on readers between the ages of 18 and 25, whereas Seventeen and Teen Vogue are geared towards teenagers and focus more on the bubbly teen gossip, celebrity culture, and newly stated trends on fashion and beauty.","title":"Subgenres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Faze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faze_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tavi Gevinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavi_Gevinson"},{"link_name":"Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Publishing"}],"text":"In recent years, rapid technological advancement and the rise of the Internet has led to the emergence of online teen magazines. Examples include Faze in Canada, which is published in both web and print versions, and Rookie, an independently run online magazine and book series founded in 2011 by Editor-in-Chief Tavi Gevinson, which publishes writing, photography, and other forms of artwork by and for teenagers. With a digital format, the accessibility of teen magazines has also greatly increased, reaching readers from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities.In the UK, sales in the teen magazine sector peaked in 1998. Teenagers had many more attractions competing for their cash and their attention, such as media delivered on the web and through mobile phones. Also, the booming celebrity weeklies attracted more teens from ever-younger ages (driven by celebrity TV series). In response to this, in April 2007, National Magazines - publisher of Cosmopolitan and Cosmo Girl! - launched a digital weekly magazine for teens, Jellyfish, in a trial. This was the second attempt in the UK to establish a new online business model, the first being Monkey from Dennis, which aims to sell to men aged 18 to 34. In both cases, readers sign up to be sent the 'eMag' by email. Each issue features interactive elements and 'pages' that can be 'turned'. However, National Magazines closed Cosmo Girl! in June and the Jellyfish experiment was drawn to a close in August.","title":"On the web"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success[8] As teen magazines are full of images of society's definition of physical perfection, compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about.Teen magazines overtly suggest through content and pictures, how women should look, dress, and act; they more subtly suggest, through exclusion of pictures and content what women should not do, be, or think.[9] The teen magazine, with its images of corporeal perfection and promises of social success, can be seen as evidence of a social ideal to which developing teens may aspire when reading the magazine. Self-development is influenced by an individual's alignment with a social group.[10] Such identification may lead an adolescent to form a mirror group, or clique of her own. As teens seek refuge in a socially safe category; teen magazines in particular offer monthly images of social promise.Childhood is commonly considered to be a time/space of innocence. Research shows that the over sexualisation in teen magazines is believed to be a contributing factor of pushing girls into adolescence prematurely. Premature adolescence has proven to lead to a wide range of issues including body image, eating disorders, sexual violence, and self-esteem. Teen magazines are not only over sexualized, but sexually ambivalent as well—that is, messages about sex and sexuality contradict each other. For example, Carpenter noted that Seventeen magazine offers traditional scenarios of sex by urging teenage girls to refrain from intercourse until love or marriage is present, yet the same magazine simultaneously offers recreational scenarios of sex in which teenage girls are encouraged to explore their sexuality before marriage and with multiple partners.[11]Research shows that teen magazines are also having cultural impacts on its readers. Kelley Massoni, author of Modeling Work, considers teen magazines as a possible source for girl's perceptions about the work world, including their own career futures. The labor market in Seventeen-land is heavily skewed towards professional occupations, particularly in the entertainment industry.[12] A close reading of the text reveals four primary messages about the world of work: entertainment careers are a viable and prestigious option, men are the norm as workers, men hold the power, and fashion modeling is the pinnacle of \"women's work\".The embarrassing stories column that is popular in most, if not all, teen magazines, is constructed not only to entertain the reader but also to offer behavioral guidance. The texts of these columns, titled, “Say Anything” in YM, “Trauma Rama” in Seventeen, and “Why Me?” in Teen, consist of a collection of embarrassing incidents in the magazine readers’ lives. Readers are encouraged to write to the magazine's editors with their own tales, which, if published, are rated by the magazine staff. These ratings imply an mutual empathy and personal interaction between the author of the story and the reader. When reading of a fellow teen's traumatic experience involving a leaking maxi-pad and a light-colored dress or the humiliation involved in passing loud gas during a silent chemistry test, it does seem as if no barriers exist between the personal and the publishable.[13] These texts included in teen magazines are socially instructive. Clearly, teenaged girls caught “out of control” (making out with a partner, showing off to attract attention, applying makeup with a heavy or an uneducated hand) risk embarrassment and social alienation. The teenage reader, made aware of the risks of certain behaviors in certain scenarios can, by studying these columns, develops a certain understanding of societal rules.[14]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"},{"title":"List of teen magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teen_magazines"},{"title":"Teen drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_drama"},{"title":"list of teen dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teen_dramas"},{"title":"Teen film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film"},{"title":"list of teen films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teen_films"},{"title":"Teen idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_idol"},{"title":"Teen pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_pop"},{"title":"Teen sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_sitcom"},{"title":"list of teen sitcoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teen_sitcoms"}]	[{"reference":"\"Teen Magazines - Genres\". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Moorhouse/genres.html","url_text":"\"Teen Magazines - Genres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teen Magazines - History\". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Moorhouse/history.html","url_text":"\"Teen Magazines - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faze - Love. Share. Grow\". Faze. Retrieved 30 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faze.ca/","url_text":"\"Faze - Love. Share. Grow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teen Magazines - Home\". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Moorhouse/index.html","url_text":"\"Teen Magazines - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teen Magazines - Impact\". iml.jou.ufl.edu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_D.M._Sweat	Lorenzo De Medici Sweat	["1 Early life and education","2 Marriage and family","3 Political career","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician Lorenzo De Medici SweatMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maine's 1st districtIn officeMarch 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865Preceded byJohn N. GoodwinSucceeded byJohn Lynch Personal detailsBorn(1818-05-26)May 26, 1818Parsonsfield, Massachusetts (now Maine), U.S.DiedJuly 26, 1898(1898-07-26) (aged 80)Portland, Maine, U.S.Resting placeEvergreen CemeteryPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseMargaret Jane MusseyChildrennoneAlma materBowdoin CollegeHarvard Law SchoolProfessionAttorney Lorenzo De Medici Sweat (May 26, 1818 – July 26, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Maine. Early life and education He was born in the town of Parsonsfield in the Massachusetts District of Maine, where he attended Parsonsfield Seminary, a Free Will Baptist school. Sweat attended Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1837, and studied law with Rufus McIntire. He attended Harvard Law School, and after graduating in 1840 he was admitted to the bar and practiced law in New Orleans. Marriage and family Sweat returned to Maine and settled in Portland, where he continued to practice law. In 1849, he married novelist Margaret Jane Mussey and purchased a home adjoining author and critic, John Neal. The couple did not have children. Political career Sweat held various local offices including Portland City Solicitor from 1856 to 1860. He served as a member of the Maine State Senate from 1861 to 1862. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress and served from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865. He voted against the Thirteenth Amendment. He was defeated for reelection in 1864, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1866. He later was a delegate to the Union National Convention held in Philadelphia in 1868, and to the 1872 Democratic National Convention. In 1872 he was selected as a member of the Democratic National Committee. He served until 1876 and received credit for helping Samuel J. Tilden receive that year's Democratic nomination for president. He was an honorary commissioner to the World's Exposition in Paris in 1867 and that in Vienna in 1873. His house in Portland, the McLellan-Sweat Mansion, was later adapted for use as the Portland Museum of Art, following a bequest by his wife. Today it is a National Historic Landmark. He is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland, Maine. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Sweat, Lorenzo De Medici 1818–1898". Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved October 19, 2021. ^ Barry, William David (1986). "John Neal 1793–1876". In Shettlewoth, Earle G. Jr.; Roger G., Reed (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Maine. Vol. 3. Augusta, Maine: Maine Historic Preservation Commission. p. 2. ^ Gallant, Chris (November 20, 2012). "Margaret Jane Mussey-Sweat". The Portland Daily Sun. Portland, Maine. External links Lorenzo De Medici Sweat at Find a Grave U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJohn N. Goodwin Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maine's 1st congressional district March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 Succeeded byJohn Lynch Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"}],"text":"Lorenzo De Medici Sweat (May 26, 1818 – July 26, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.","title":"Lorenzo De Medici Sweat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parsonsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonsfield,_Maine"},{"link_name":"District of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Parsonsfield Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsonsfield_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Free Will Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"Rufus McIntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_McIntire"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"}],"text":"He was born in the town of Parsonsfield in the Massachusetts District of Maine, where he attended Parsonsfield Seminary, a Free Will Baptist school. Sweat attended Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1837, and studied law with Rufus McIntire. He attended Harvard Law School, and after graduating in 1840 he was admitted to the bar and practiced law in New Orleans.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"Margaret Jane Mussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Jane_Mussey"},{"link_name":"John Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sweat returned to Maine and settled in Portland, where he continued to practice law.[1] In 1849, he married novelist Margaret Jane Mussey and purchased a home adjoining author and critic, John Neal.[2] The couple did not have children.[3]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maine State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"1872 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World's Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Paris in 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Vienna in 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"},{"link_name":"McLellan-Sweat Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLellan-Sweat_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Portland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Portland,_Maine)"},{"link_name":"Portland, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress-1"}],"text":"Sweat held various local offices including Portland City Solicitor from 1856 to 1860. He served as a member of the Maine State Senate from 1861 to 1862.[1]He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress and served from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865.[1] He voted against the Thirteenth Amendment.[citation needed] He was defeated for reelection in 1864, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1866.[1]He later was a delegate to the Union National Convention held in Philadelphia in 1868, and to the 1872 Democratic National Convention. In 1872 he was selected as a member of the Democratic National Committee. He served until 1876[1] and received credit for helping Samuel J. Tilden receive that year's Democratic nomination for president.[citation needed]He was an honorary commissioner to the World's Exposition in Paris in 1867 and that in Vienna in 1873.[1]His house in Portland, the McLellan-Sweat Mansion, was later adapted for use as the Portland Museum of Art, following a bequest by his wife. Today it is a National Historic Landmark.[citation needed]He is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland, Maine.[1]","title":"Political career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sweat, Lorenzo De Medici 1818–1898\". Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved October 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001100","url_text":"\"Sweat, Lorenzo De Medici 1818–1898\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress","url_text":"United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Barry, William David (1986). \"John Neal 1793–1876\". In Shettlewoth, Earle G. Jr.; Roger G., Reed (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Maine. Vol. 3. Augusta, Maine: Maine Historic Preservation Commission. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/tools/whatsnew/attach.php?id=607163&an=1","url_text":"\"John Neal 1793–1876\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_G._Shettleworth_Jr.","url_text":"Shettlewoth, Earle G. Jr."},{"url":"https://www.maine.gov/mhpc/programs/education/publications","url_text":"A Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Maine"}]},{"reference":"Gallant, Chris (November 20, 2012). \"Margaret Jane Mussey-Sweat\". The Portland Daily Sun. Portland, Maine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portland_Daily_Sun","url_text":"The Portland Daily Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine","url_text":"Portland, Maine"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S001100","external_links_name":"\"Sweat, Lorenzo De Medici 1818–1898\""},{"Link":"https://www.maine.gov/tools/whatsnew/attach.php?id=607163&an=1","external_links_name":"\"John Neal 1793–1876\""},{"Link":"https://www.maine.gov/mhpc/programs/education/publications","external_links_name":"A Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Maine"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/20362","external_links_name":"Lorenzo De Medici Sweat"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/305358/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/50882252","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhP9QdGtFKtYRBFy6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92060916","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001100","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ms54kh","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_D%27Amato	Brian D'Amato	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","2.1 The Sacrifice Game Trilogy","3 References","4 External links"]	American novelist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification, as its only attribution is to self-published sources; articles should not be based solely on such sources. Please help by adding reliable, independent sources. Immediately remove contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brian D'Amato is an American author and sculptor. Biography When he was young, his father taught at Wellesley College. During this time, Hillary Clinton (at the time, named Hillary Rodham), a student at the college, babysat him. D'Amato went to high school at New Trier High School in the suburbs of Chicago. D'Amato received a BA from Yale University and an MA from the CUNY Graduate Center. At Yale, D'Amato studied with John Hollander, Erwin Hauer, and William Bailey. At the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he studied with Robert Pincus-Witten. In the 1990s, D'Amato showed sculptures and installations at galleries and museums including the Whitney Museum, the Wexner Center for the Arts, and the New Museum of Contemporary Art. He has written for magazines, including Harper's Bazaar, Index Magazine, Vogue, Flash Art, and Artforum, and he has taught art and art history at the City University of New York, Ohio State University, and Yale University. D'Amato's 1992 novel, Beauty, a thriller (with horror elements) about cosmetic surgery, was translated into several languages. His next novel, titled In the Courts of the Sun, is the first book of The Sacrifice Game trilogy and was published by Dutton in 2009. New American Library published a trade paperback edition in 2009. The second book in the trilogy, The Sacrifice Game, was published by Dutton 2012. Beauty is being republished by Little, Brown and Company's Mulholland Classics line in 2013. D'Amato's work is often associated with the genres of Biopunk, Transhumanism in fiction, and Posthumanism. D'Amato is the son of Northwestern Law professor Anthony D'Amato and mystery novelist Barbara D'Amato. Bibliography Beauty (1992) The Sacrifice Game Trilogy In the Courts of the Sun (2009) The Sacrifice Game (2012) References ^ a b Hamilton, Terri Finch (31 May 2009). "Profile: Artist and author Brian D'amato is a man of many talents". mlive. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ a b Article in "Profile: Artist and author Brian D'amato is a man of many talents" ^ Article in "Softworlds (Janine Cirincione, Brian D'Amato, and Michael Ferraro)" ^ Article in "Occupied Territory: A New Museum Trilogy" ^ a b Chris Morgan, "D'Amato, Brian", David Pringle, St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost & Gothic Writers. London : St. James Press, 1998, ISBN 1558622063 (pp 165-166). ^ d'Amato, Brian (1992). Beauty: A Novel. ISBN 9780385306768. ^ "Penguin Random House: Authors" ^ d'Amato, Brian (2012). The Sacrifice Game. ISBN 9780525952411. ^ d'Amato, Brian (12 March 2013). Beauty. ISBN 9780316217248. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brian D'Amato is an American author and sculptor.","title":"Brian D'Amato"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"babysat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babysat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlive1-1"},{"link_name":"New Trier High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Trier_High_School"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlive1-1"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"CUNY Graduate Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY_Graduate_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlive.com-2"},{"link_name":"John Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollander"},{"link_name":"Erwin Hauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Hauer"},{"link_name":"Robert Pincus-Witten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pincus-Witten"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum"},{"link_name":"Wexner Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Index Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Flash Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Art"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-5"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutton_Penguin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New American Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_American_Library"},{"link_name":"Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutton_Penguin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Biopunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopunk"},{"link_name":"Transhumanism in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Posthumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanism"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Barbara D'Amato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_D%27Amato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlive.com-2"}],"text":"When he was young, his father taught at Wellesley College. During this time, Hillary Clinton (at the time, named Hillary Rodham), a student at the college, babysat him.[1]D'Amato went to high school at New Trier High School in the suburbs of Chicago.[1]D'Amato received a BA from Yale University and an MA from the CUNY Graduate Center.[2] At Yale, D'Amato studied with John Hollander, Erwin Hauer, and William Bailey. At the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he studied with Robert Pincus-Witten.In the 1990s, D'Amato showed sculptures and installations at galleries and museums including the Whitney Museum, the Wexner Center for the Arts,[3] and the New Museum of Contemporary Art.[4] He has written for magazines, including Harper's Bazaar, Index Magazine, Vogue, Flash Art, and Artforum, and he has taught art and art history at the City University of New York, Ohio State University, and Yale University.[5]D'Amato's 1992 novel, Beauty, a thriller (with horror elements) about cosmetic surgery, was translated into several languages.[5][6] His next novel, titled In the Courts of the Sun, is the first book of The Sacrifice Game trilogy and was published by Dutton in 2009.[7] New American Library published a trade paperback edition in 2009. The second book in the trilogy, The Sacrifice Game, was published by Dutton 2012.[8] Beauty is being republished by Little, Brown and Company's Mulholland Classics line in 2013.[9] D'Amato's work is often associated with the genres of Biopunk, Transhumanism in fiction, and Posthumanism. D'Amato is the son of Northwestern Law professor Anthony D'Amato and mystery novelist Barbara D'Amato.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Beauty (1992)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Sacrifice Game Trilogy","text":"In the Courts of the Sun (2009)\nThe Sacrifice Game (2012)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hamilton, Terri Finch (31 May 2009). \"Profile: Artist and author Brian D'amato is a man of many talents\". mlive. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Seid%C5%8D	Yushima Seidō	["1 Background","2 Shōheikō","2.1 Education at Shōheikō","2.2 Shōheikō alumni and scholars","3 Institutional history after 1871 and legacy","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°42′03″N 139°45′59″E / 35.70083°N 139.76639°E / 35.70083; 139.76639Confucian temple in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan Yushima Seidō湯島聖堂Taiseiden (Main Hall) of the Yushima SeidōReligionAffiliationConfucianismRiteJapanese Neo-ConfucianismLocationLocationBunkyō, TokyoCountryJapanShown within TokyoShow map of TokyoYushima Seidō (Japan)Show map of JapanGeographic coordinates35°42′03″N 139°45′59″E / 35.70083°N 139.76639°E / 35.70083; 139.76639ArchitectureFounderTokugawa YoshinaoCompleted1632National Historic Site of Japan The Yushima Seido, c. 1830 The 1872 exhibition at the Yushima Seido, considered the founding event of the Tokyo National Museum (ukiyo-e print) Ruins of the temple following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Entrance gate of present-day Yushima Seido Yushima Seidō (湯島聖堂, lit. 'Yushima Sacred Hall'), is a Confucian temple (聖堂) in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the shogunate, the Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo (昌平坂学問所)), or Shōheikō (昌平黌), was founded on its grounds. Background In 1632, Tokugawa Yoshinao, the 9th son of Tokugawa Ieyasu and daimyō of Owari Domain was granted permission to build an academy in Edo for the study and propagation of Confucianism. The first structure, the Sensei-den (先聖殿), constructed by the neo-Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan (1583–1657) in his grounds at Shinobu-ga-oka (now in Ueno Park). Under succeeding generations of Tokugawa shoguns and under the leadership of the Hayashi clan, Japanese Neo-Confucianism, particularly as developed in the teachings of Zhu Xi became the official orthodoxy and basis of the political philosophy of the Tokugawa shogunate. The fifth shogun, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, moved the building to its present site in 1691, where it became the Taiseiden (大成殿) of Yushima Seidō. The Hayashi school of Confucianism moved at the same time, and after the Kansei Edict solidified the position of neo-Confucianism the official philosophy of Japan, the school became a state-sponsored academy in 1797, the most important school of this kind in the country for the sons of hatamoto and many of the sons of various daimyo. The school was known as the Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo (昌平坂学問所) or Shōheikō (昌平黌), after the supposed birthplace area of Confucius (昌平, Shōhei in Japanese). The rector of Shoheikō was for all intents and purposes at the head of the educational system in Edo. The academy covered a much larger area than the current grounds of the temple, including where the modern Tokyo Medical and Dental University stands. In addition to lectures at the academy, ceremonies were held in spring and autumn at the adjacent Confucian temple. In 1871, after the Meiji Restoration, Neo-Confucianism fell from official favor and the academy was closed, although it is considered the direct predecessor of the Tokyo Imperial University. The Tokyo Medical and Dental University still occupies part of the grounds. In 1872, Japan's first teachers college was built on the site of the academy. Part of the grounds became the site of Japan's first museum, which was later relocated to Ueno to become the Tokyo National Museum. The country's first library, the predecessor of the National Diet Library was also constructed on the grounds. The grounds became a National Historic Site in 1922. The surviving Edo period structures were all destroyed in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The current Yushima Seidō building was designed by Itō Chūta and was completed in 1935. The opening ceremony for the new building was attended by representatives of both the Republic of China and Manchukuo. Shōheikō Colonnade along the courtyard sides Education at Shōheikō The school had three kinds of students: direct trainees of the Shogunate bureaucracy (稽古人, Keikonin), resident trainees (書生, Shosei) and free listeners (聴聞人, Chōmonjin) attending only open lessons. The Keikonin were from the hatamoto and gokenin families in Edo, direct vassals of the Shogunate. A small dormitory for them was available, but its capacity was limited, and most Keikonin students would commute daily from their Edo estates. A larger dormitory was available for the Shosei resident trainees, who were coming as scholarship students from all Han fiefs of the country. Besides lessons, the Shosei students lived on campus and spent a lot of time scholarly debating among themselves, naturally creating a strong alumni network spanning all over the country, which was key during the Meiji restoration. An introduction by a Keikonin following by an interview by the teaching staff was needed to enroll the school. Courses were focusing on confucian teachings with in-depth studies from start to end of Chinese texts. Unsurprisingly, the Four books and Five classics were studied extensively. On top of lessons for the resident students and the Keikonin, there were open courses available to the common people every day. Several kinds of examinations were performed, from the Sodokuginmi (素読吟味, litt."Reading examination"), held yearly to evaluate younger trainees and whether they could continue or not their studies, to the prestigious Gakumonginmi (学問吟味, litt. "Scholar examination"), held only 19 times in the whole history of the school. Shōheikō alumni and scholars Saitō Chikudō Takasugi Shinsaku Akizuki Teijirō Kume Kunitake Kurimoto Jōun Kiyokawa Hachiro Matsumoto Keido Edayoshi Shinyo Mishima Choshu Institutional history after 1871 and legacy Tablet above the main entrance to the Taiseiden The colour scheme of the original Taiseiden is believed to have been one of vermilion paint with verdigris. After being burnt down on a number of occasions, the Taiseiden was rebuilt in 1799 in the style of the Confucian temple in Mito, which used black paint. This building survived through the Meiji period, was used to host the Yushima Seidō Exposition in 1872, and was designated a national historical site in 1922, but was burnt down in the Great Kantō earthquake of the following year. The current Taiseiden is in reinforced concrete and was designed by Itō Chūta. Since the Meiji restoration, Yushima Seidō has temporarily shared its premises with a number of different institutions, including the Ministry of Education, the Tokyo National Museum, and the forerunners of today’s Tsukuba University and Ochanomizu University (which is now in a different location but retains "Ochanomizu" in its name). Inside the compound is the world's largest statue of Confucius, donated in 1975 by the Lions Club of Taipei, Taiwan. There are also statues of the Four Sages, Yan Hui, Zengzi, Kong Ji, and Mencius. In the 1970s, the Taiseiden was used as the location for scenes in NTV's Monkey television series. Along with the nearby Yushima Tenman-gū, the Yushima Seidō attracts students praying for success in their examinations. See also List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tōkyō) Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) – neo-Confucianist teacher Fujiwara Seika – Japanese disciple of Zhu Xi Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars) Wagakukodansho, a shogunate-sanctioned education institute focused on Japanese classics and Japanese history Igakukan, a shogunate-sanctioned education institute focusing on traditional Chinese medicine Bansho Shirabesho, a late Edo period institute on the translation/study of foreign works References ^ Patricia Jane Graham (2007). Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600-2005. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-8248-3191-2. ^ "湯島聖堂" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. ^ Yoshimura, Hisao (December 2016). "朱子学の官学「昌平黌」" . Kigyoka Club. Retrieved July 10, 2020. ^ Hashimoto, Akihito. "江戸幕府学問吟味受験者の学習歴" . Japan Society for the Historical Studies of Education. Bibliography Flags beside the entrance to the Yushima Seido Brownlee, John S. (1997) Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0644-2 Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 978-4-13-027031-1 Brownlee, John S. (1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-997-8 Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82155-1 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-521-52918-1 (paper) De Bary, William Theodore, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12984-8 OCLC 255020415 Kelly, Boyd. (1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Vol. 1. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-33-6 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5 OCLC 48943301 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 36644 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1720-0. Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650–1675" in Early Modern Japan, (Fall 2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. External links Media related to Yushima Seido at Wikimedia Commons Tokyo's Shōhei-kō (Yushima Sedō) today Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yushima_Seid%C3%B4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motosyouheizakaseidou-hakurannkaizu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yushima_Seido_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG"},{"link_name":"Great Kanto Earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Kanto_Earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham2007-1"},{"link_name":"Confucian temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_temple"},{"link_name":"聖堂","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82#Japanese"},{"link_name":"Bunkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Genroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genroku"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"黌","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8C"}],"text":"Confucian temple in Bunkyō, Tokyo, JapanThe Yushima Seido, c. 1830The 1872 exhibition at the Yushima Seido, considered the founding event of the Tokyo National Museum (ukiyo-e print)Ruins of the temple following the 1923 Great Kanto EarthquakeEntrance gate of present-day Yushima SeidoYushima Seidō[1] (湯島聖堂, lit. 'Yushima Sacred Hall'), is a Confucian temple (聖堂) in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the shogunate, the Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo (昌平坂学問所)), or Shōheikō (昌平黌), was founded on its grounds.","title":"Yushima Seidō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokugawa Yoshinao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinao"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Owari Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owari_Domain"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"neo-Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucian"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Razan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Razan"},{"link_name":"Ueno Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Park"},{"link_name":"Hayashi clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_clan_(Confucian_scholars)"},{"link_name":"Japanese Neo-Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Neo-Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Zhu Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Tsunayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Tsunayoshi"},{"link_name":"Kansei Edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansei_Edict"},{"link_name":"hatamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatamoto"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Confucian temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_temple"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Medical and Dental University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Medical_and_Dental_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Diet Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1923 Great Kanto Earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kanto_Earthquake"},{"link_name":"Itō Chūta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Ch%C5%ABta"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"}],"text":"In 1632, Tokugawa Yoshinao, the 9th son of Tokugawa Ieyasu and daimyō of Owari Domain was granted permission to build an academy in Edo for the study and propagation of Confucianism. The first structure, the Sensei-den (先聖殿), constructed by the neo-Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan (1583–1657) in his grounds at Shinobu-ga-oka (now in Ueno Park). Under succeeding generations of Tokugawa shoguns and under the leadership of the Hayashi clan, Japanese Neo-Confucianism, particularly as developed in the teachings of Zhu Xi became the official orthodoxy and basis of the political philosophy of the Tokugawa shogunate.The fifth shogun, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, moved the building to its present site in 1691, where it became the Taiseiden (大成殿) of Yushima Seidō. The Hayashi school of Confucianism moved at the same time, and after the Kansei Edict solidified the position of neo-Confucianism the official philosophy of Japan, the school became a state-sponsored academy in 1797, the most important school of this kind in the country for the sons of hatamoto and many of the sons of various daimyo. The school was known as the Shōhei-zaka Gakumonjo (昌平坂学問所) or Shōheikō (昌平黌), after the supposed birthplace area of Confucius (昌平, Shōhei in Japanese). The rector of Shoheikō was for all intents and purposes at the head of the educational system in Edo. The academy covered a much larger area than the current grounds of the temple, including where the modern Tokyo Medical and Dental University stands. In addition to lectures at the academy, ceremonies were held in spring and autumn at the adjacent Confucian temple.In 1871, after the Meiji Restoration, Neo-Confucianism fell from official favor and the academy was closed, although it is considered the direct predecessor of the Tokyo Imperial University. The Tokyo Medical and Dental University still occupies part of the grounds. In 1872, Japan's first teachers college was built on the site of the academy. Part of the grounds became the site of Japan's first museum, which was later relocated to Ueno to become the Tokyo National Museum. The country's first library, the predecessor of the National Diet Library was also constructed on the grounds. The grounds became a National Historic Site in 1922.[2] The surviving Edo period structures were all destroyed in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The current Yushima Seidō building was designed by Itō Chūta and was completed in 1935. The opening ceremony for the new building was attended by representatives of both the Republic of China and Manchukuo.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YushimaSeido8678.jpg"}],"text":"Colonnade along the courtyard sides","title":"Shōheikō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hatamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatamoto"},{"link_name":"gokenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokenin"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Four books and Five classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Education at Shōheikō","text":"The school had three kinds of students: direct trainees of the Shogunate bureaucracy (稽古人, Keikonin), resident trainees (書生, Shosei) and free listeners (聴聞人, Chōmonjin) attending only open lessons. The Keikonin were from the hatamoto and gokenin families in Edo, direct vassals of the Shogunate. A small dormitory for them was available, but its capacity was limited, and most Keikonin students would commute daily from their Edo estates. A larger dormitory was available for the Shosei resident trainees, who were coming as scholarship students from all Han fiefs of the country. Besides lessons, the Shosei students lived on campus and spent a lot of time scholarly debating among themselves, naturally creating a strong alumni network spanning all over the country, which was key during the Meiji restoration.[3]An introduction by a Keikonin following by an interview by the teaching staff was needed to enroll the school. Courses were focusing on confucian teachings with in-depth studies from start to end of Chinese texts. Unsurprisingly, the Four books and Five classics were studied extensively. On top of lessons for the resident students and the Keikonin, there were open courses available to the common people every day.Several kinds of examinations were performed, from the Sodokuginmi (素読吟味, litt.\"Reading examination\"), held yearly to evaluate younger trainees and whether they could continue or not their studies, to the prestigious Gakumonginmi (学問吟味, litt. \"Scholar examination\"), held only 19 times [4] in the whole history of the school.","title":"Shōheikō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saitō Chikudō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Chikud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Takasugi Shinsaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasugi_Shinsaku"},{"link_name":"Akizuki Teijirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki_Teijir%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kume Kunitake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kume_Kunitake"},{"link_name":"Kurimoto Jōun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurimoto_J%C5%8Dun"},{"link_name":"Kiyokawa Hachiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiyokawa_Hachiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto Keido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matsumoto_Keido&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edayoshi Shinyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edayoshi_Shinyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mishima Choshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mishima_Choshu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Shōheikō alumni and scholars","text":"Saitō Chikudō\nTakasugi Shinsaku\nAkizuki Teijirō\nKume Kunitake\nKurimoto Jōun\nKiyokawa Hachiro\nMatsumoto Keido\nEdayoshi Shinyo\nMishima Choshu","title":"Shōheikō"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YushimaSeido8674.jpg"},{"link_name":"vermilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion"},{"link_name":"verdigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris"},{"link_name":"Mito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Yushima Seidō Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Seid%C5%8D_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Great Kantō earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Itō Chūta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Ch%C5%ABta"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Tsukuba University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba_University"},{"link_name":"Ochanomizu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochanomizu_University"},{"link_name":"Lions Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Club"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Yan Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Hui_(disciple_of_Confucius)"},{"link_name":"Zengzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengzi"},{"link_name":"Kong Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television"},{"link_name":"Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_(television_series)"},{"link_name":"Yushima Tenman-gū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Tenman-g%C5%AB"}],"text":"Tablet above the main entrance to the TaiseidenThe colour scheme of the original Taiseiden is believed to have been one of vermilion paint with verdigris. After being burnt down on a number of occasions, the Taiseiden was rebuilt in 1799 in the style of the Confucian temple in Mito, which used black paint. This building survived through the Meiji period, was used to host the Yushima Seidō Exposition in 1872, and was designated a national historical site in 1922, but was burnt down in the Great Kantō earthquake of the following year. The current Taiseiden is in reinforced concrete and was designed by Itō Chūta.Since the Meiji restoration, Yushima Seidō has temporarily shared its premises with a number of different institutions, including the Ministry of Education, the Tokyo National Museum, and the forerunners of today’s Tsukuba University and Ochanomizu University (which is now in a different location but retains \"Ochanomizu\" in its name).Inside the compound is the world's largest statue of Confucius, donated in 1975 by the Lions Club of Taipei, Taiwan. There are also statues of the Four Sages, Yan Hui, Zengzi, Kong Ji, and Mencius.In the 1970s, the Taiseiden was used as the location for scenes in NTV's Monkey television series.Along with the nearby Yushima Tenman-gū, the Yushima Seidō attracts students praying for success in their examinations.","title":"Institutional history after 1871 and legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"The Yushima Seido, c. 1830","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yushima_Seid%C3%B4.jpg/220px-Yushima_Seid%C3%B4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1872 exhibition at the Yushima Seido, considered the founding event of the Tokyo National Museum (ukiyo-e print)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Motosyouheizakaseidou-hakurannkaizu.jpg/220px-Motosyouheizakaseidou-hakurannkaizu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the temple following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Yushima_Seido_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG/220px-Yushima_Seido_after_Great_Kanto_earthquake.JPG"},{"image_text":"Entrance gate of present-day Yushima Seido","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg/220px-YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colonnade along the courtyard sides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/YushimaSeido8678.jpg/220px-YushimaSeido8678.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tablet above the main entrance to the Taiseiden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YushimaSeido8674.jpg/140px-YushimaSeido8674.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flags beside the entrance to the Yushima Seido","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/YushimaSeidoFlags8628.jpg/220px-YushimaSeidoFlags8628.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tōkyō)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D)"},{"title":"Zhu Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi"},{"title":"Fujiwara Seika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika"},{"title":"Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_clan_(Confucian_scholars)"},{"title":"Wagakukodansho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagakuk%C5%8Ddansho"},{"title":"Igakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igakukan"},{"title":"Bansho Shirabesho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansho_Shirabesho"}]	[{"reference":"Patricia Jane Graham (2007). Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600-2005. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-8248-3191-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EBABpv4uXYgC&pg=PA200","url_text":"Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3191-2","url_text":"978-0-8248-3191-2"}]},{"reference":"\"湯島聖堂\" [Yushima Seido] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/678","url_text":"\"湯島聖堂\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Yoshimura, Hisao (December 2016). \"朱子学の官学「昌平黌」\" [Shoheiko - the bureaucrat confucian school]. Kigyoka Club. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://kigyoka.com/news/magazine/magazine_20161108.html","url_text":"\"朱子学の官学「昌平黌」\""}]},{"reference":"Hashimoto, Akihito. \"江戸幕府学問吟味受験者の学習歴\" [Educational background of students passing the Gakumonginmi examination]. Japan Society for the Historical Studies of Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kyouikushigaku/32/0/32_KJ00009273424/_pdf","url_text":"\"江戸幕府学問吟味受験者の学習歴\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yushima_Seid%C5%8D&params=35_42_03_N_139_45_59_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°42′03″N 139°45′59″E / 35.70083°N 139.76639°E / 35.70083; 139.76639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yushima_Seid%C5%8D&params=35_42_03_N_139_45_59_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°42′03″N 139°45′59″E / 35.70083°N 139.76639°E / 35.70083; 139.76639"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EBABpv4uXYgC&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600-2005"},{"Link":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/678","external_links_name":"\"湯島聖堂\""},{"Link":"http://kigyoka.com/news/magazine/magazine_20161108.html","external_links_name":"\"朱子学の官学「昌平黌」\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kyouikushigaku/32/0/32_KJ00009273424/_pdf","external_links_name":"\"江戸幕府学問吟味受験者の学習歴\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&pg=PP1&dq=A+History+of+Japan,+1582-1941:+Internal+and+External+Worlds&sig=iP-31EOBkNoG-4Plhd0Ugb88_0w","external_links_name":"A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255020415","external_links_name":"255020415"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301","external_links_name":"48943301"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36644","external_links_name":"36644"},{"Link":"http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=357&pID=1187#bridge","external_links_name":"Tokyo's Shōhei-kō (Yushima Sedō) today"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134167683","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005024382","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00643439","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Maior_Municipality	Rio Maior	["1 Parishes","2 Climate","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°20′N 8°56′W / 39.333°N 8.933°W / 39.333; -8.933Municipality in Santarém, Portugal Municipality in Alentejo, PortugalRio MaiorMunicipality FlagCoat of armsCoordinates: 39°20′N 8°56′W / 39.333°N 8.933°W / 39.333; -8.933Country PortugalRegionAlentejoIntermunic. comm.Lezíria do TejoDistrictSantarémParishes10Government • PresidentLuís Filipe Santana Dias (PSD)Area • Total272.76 km2 (105.31 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total21,192 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC±00:00 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)Local holidayNovember 6Websitehttp://www.cm-riomaior.pt Rio Maior (Portuguese pronunciation: ⓘ) is a municipality in the Santarém District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 21,192, in an area of 272.76 km². The present mayor is Isaura Morais of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the first woman to be elected mayor in the municipality. The municipal holiday is November 6. Parishes Administratively, the municipality is divided into ten civil parishes (freguesias): Alcobertas Arrouquelas Asseiceira Azambujeira e Malaqueijo Fráguas Marmeleira e Assentiz Outeiro da Cortiçada e Arruda dos Pisões Rio Maior São João da Ribeira e Ribeira de São João São Sebastião Climate Rio Maior has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Rio Maior registered a temperature of 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) on 4 August 2018 and −6.2 °C (20.8 °F) on January and February. Climate data for Rio Maior, 1961-1990 normals, 1984-2020 precipitation Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 22.1(71.8) 26.4(79.5) 27.2(81.0) 29.0(84.2) 37.0(98.6) 41.7(107.1) 40.7(105.3) 41.4(106.5) 39.8(103.6) 34.4(93.9) 28.7(83.7) 22.8(73.0) 41.7(107.1) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.7(58.5) 15.4(59.7) 17.6(63.7) 18.9(66.0) 21.5(70.7) 25.0(77.0) 27.7(81.9) 28.3(82.9) 27.4(81.3) 23.0(73.4) 17.9(64.2) 15.1(59.2) 21.0(69.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 9.1(48.4) 10.2(50.4) 11.8(53.2) 13.3(55.9) 15.7(60.3) 18.8(65.8) 21.2(70.2) 21.5(70.7) 20.2(68.4) 16.6(61.9) 12.3(54.1) 9.7(49.5) 15.0(59.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.5(38.3) 5.0(41.0) 6.0(42.8) 7.7(45.9) 9.9(49.8) 12.6(54.7) 14.7(58.5) 14.7(58.5) 13.0(55.4) 10.2(50.4) 6.7(44.1) 4.3(39.7) 9.0(48.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 104.0(4.09) 72.2(2.84) 55.1(2.17) 63.7(2.51) 58.9(2.32) 16.5(0.65) 8.2(0.32) 6.4(0.25) 40.5(1.59) 96.0(3.78) 113.4(4.46) 113.8(4.48) 748.7(29.46) Average relative humidity (%) 88 85 78 74 71 70 68 66 71 81 87 89 77 Source: IPMA, Portuguese Environment Agency Notable people Duarte da Silva Marques (born 1983 in Rio Maior) a triathlete, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics Pedro Oliveira (born 1988 in Rio Maior) a backstroke and butterfly swimmer, participated in the 2008 & 2012 Summer Olympics Miguel Carvalho (born 1994) a racewalker, took part in the 2016 Summer Olympics References ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05. ^ "Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552, 103-104" (PDF). Diário da República (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2014. ^ "August 2018 bulletin" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ a b "Plano Municipal de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios" (PDF). Rio Maior Municipality. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ "SNIRH > Dados de Base". snirh.apambiente.pt. Retrieved 19 June 2021. External links Portugal portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rio Maior. Town Hall official website Photos from Rio Maior vteMunicipalities of Santarém District Abrantes Alcanena Almeirim Alpiarça Benavente Cartaxo Chamusca Constância Coruche Entroncamento Ferreira do Zêzere Golegã Mação Ourém Rio Maior Salvaterra de Magos Santarém Sardoal Tomar Torres Novas Vila Nova da Barquinha Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area This Santarém location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈʁi.u mɐˈjɔɾ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Pt-pt_Rio_Maior_FF.ogg/Pt-pt_Rio_Maior_FF.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pt-pt_Rio_Maior_FF.ogg"},{"link_name":"Santarém District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgt-2"},{"link_name":"Isaura Morais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaura_Morais"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party (PSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)"}],"text":"Municipality in Santarém, PortugalMunicipality in Alentejo, PortugalRio Maior (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u mɐˈjɔɾ] ⓘ) is a municipality in the Santarém District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 21,192,[1] in an area of 272.76 km².[2]The present mayor is Isaura Morais of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the first woman to be elected mayor in the municipality. The municipal holiday is November 6.","title":"Rio Maior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freguesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freguesia_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alcobertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcobertas"}],"text":"Administratively, the municipality is divided into ten civil parishes (freguesias):[3]Alcobertas\nArrouquelas\nAsseiceira\nAzambujeira e Malaqueijo\nFráguas\nMarmeleira e Assentiz\nOuteiro da Cortiçada e Arruda dos Pisões\nRio Maior\nSão João da Ribeira e Ribeira de São João\nSão Sebastião","title":"Parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPMA-5"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"IPMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPMA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPMA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rio Maior has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Rio Maior registered a temperature of 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) on 4 August 2018[4] and −6.2 °C (20.8 °F) on January and February.[5]Climate data for Rio Maior, 1961-1990 normals, 1984-2020 precipitation\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n41.7(107.1)\n\n40.7(105.3)\n\n41.4(106.5)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n34.4(93.9)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n41.7(107.1)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n21.0(69.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n15.0(59.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n9.0(48.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n104.0(4.09)\n\n72.2(2.84)\n\n55.1(2.17)\n\n63.7(2.51)\n\n58.9(2.32)\n\n16.5(0.65)\n\n8.2(0.32)\n\n6.4(0.25)\n\n40.5(1.59)\n\n96.0(3.78)\n\n113.4(4.46)\n\n113.8(4.48)\n\n748.7(29.46)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n88\n\n85\n\n78\n\n74\n\n71\n\n70\n\n68\n\n66\n\n71\n\n81\n\n87\n\n89\n\n77\n\n\nSource: IPMA,[5] Portuguese Environment Agency[6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duarte da Silva Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_da_Silva_Marques"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pedro Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Oliveira_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Miguel Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Carvalho_(racewalker)"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Duarte da Silva Marques (born 1983 in Rio Maior) a triathlete, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nPedro Oliveira (born 1988 in Rio Maior) a backstroke and butterfly swimmer, participated in the 2008 & 2012 Summer Olympics\nMiguel Carvalho (born 1994) a racewalker, took part in the 2016 Summer Olympics","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país\". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","url_text":"\"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país\""},{"url":"http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552, 103-104\" (PDF). Diário da República (in Portuguese). 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Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://snirh.apambiente.pt/snirh/_dadosbase/site/janela_relatorio.php?sites=920685076&pars=1436794570&tmin=01/05/1985&tmax=19/06/2021","url_text":"\"SNIRH > Dados de Base\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rio_Maior&params=39_20_N_8_56_W_type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°20′N 8°56′W / 39.333°N 8.933°W / 39.333; -8.933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rio_Maior&params=39_20_N_8_56_W_type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°20′N 8°56′W / 39.333°N 8.933°W / 39.333; -8.933"},{"Link":"http://www.cm-riomaior.pt/","external_links_name":"http://www.cm-riomaior.pt"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0","external_links_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estatística"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","external_links_name":"\"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552, 103-104\""},{"Link":"https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/im.publicacoes/edicoes.online/20180924/QyzZvZwgxxBnLFiHkSkX/cli_20180801_20180831_pcl_mm_co_pt.pdf","external_links_name":"\"August 2018 bulletin\""},{"Link":"https://fogos.icnf.pt/pmdfci/14_Santarem/1414/2G/Caderno_I/Texto/PMDFCI_RioMaior_Caderno_I.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Plano Municipal de Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios\""},{"Link":"https://snirh.apambiente.pt/snirh/_dadosbase/site/janela_relatorio.php?sites=920685076&pars=1436794570&tmin=01/05/1985&tmax=19/06/2021","external_links_name":"\"SNIRH > Dados de Base\""},{"Link":"http://www.cm-riomaior.pt/","external_links_name":"Town Hall official website"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/vitor107/sets/1539423/","external_links_name":"Photos from Rio Maior"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131552158","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4355757-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/efb554ad-e37a-492a-bd6d-edc67a386fcf","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_Maior&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5	Somatostatin receptor 5	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens SSTR5IdentifiersAliasesSSTR5, SS-5-R, Somatostatin receptor 5External IDsMGI: 894282; HomoloGene: 20287; GeneCards: SSTR5; OMA:SSTR5 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 16 (human)Band16p13.3Start1,072,747 bpEnd1,081,454 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17 A3.3\|17 12.62 cMStart25,708,849 bpEnd25,716,262 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright auricleapex of heartanterior pituitaryright adrenal cortexleft ventricleDescending thoracic aortaleft adrenal cortexascending aortaright coronary arterymetanephrosTop expressed inembryoembryochoroid plexus of fourth ventriclesoleus muscleentorhinal cortexsuperior frontal gyrusprimary motor cortexsuperior colliculusbasal forebrainstriatum of neuraxisMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function neuropeptide binding G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity somatostatin receptor activity peptide binding Cellular component integral component of membrane neuron projection plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane membrane Biological process positive regulation of cytokinesis G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger glucose homeostasis signal transduction negative regulation of cell population proliferation regulation of insulin secretion somatostatin signaling pathway chemical synaptic transmission cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus neuropeptide signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez675520609EnsemblENSG00000162009ENSMUSG00000050824UniProtP35346O08858RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001053NM_001172560NM_001172572NM_001172573NM_001191008NM_011425RefSeq (protein)NP_001044NP_001166031NP_001177937NP_035555Location (UCSC)Chr 16: 1.07 – 1.08 MbChr 17: 25.71 – 25.72 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Somatostatin receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR5 gene. Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biological effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SSTR5 is a member of the superfamily of receptors having seven transmembrane segments. See also Somatostatin receptor References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162009 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050824 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Takeda J, Fernald AA, Yamagata K, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (Aug 1995). "Localization of human somatostatin receptor 5 gene (SSTR5) to chromosome band 16p13.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics. 26 (3): 638–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80195-R. PMID 7607700. ^ "Entrez Gene: SSTR5 somatostatin receptor 5". Further reading Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, et al. (1992). "Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1): 251–5. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89..251Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.1.251. PMC 48214. PMID 1346068. Montminy MR, Goodman RH, Horovitch SJ, Habener JF (1984). "Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (11): 3337–40. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3337M. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.11.3337. PMC 345502. PMID 6145156. Panetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, et al. (1994). "Molecular cloning, functional characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor (somatostatin receptor type 5) with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28". Mol. Pharmacol. 45 (3): 417–27. PMID 7908405. O'Carroll AM, Raynor K, Lolait SJ, Reisine T (1994). "Characterization of cloned human somatostatin receptor SSTR5". Mol. Pharmacol. 46 (2): 291–8. PMID 8078491. Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, Kubota A, et al. (1993). "Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a fourth (hSSTR4) and a fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (2): 844–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2122. PMID 8373420. Yamada Y, Stoffel M, Espinosa R, et al. (1993). "Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization to human chromosomes 14, 17, and 22 and identification of simple tandem repeat polymorphisms". Genomics. 15 (2): 449–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1088. PMID 8449518. Fukusumi S, Kitada C, Takekawa S, et al. (1997). "Identification and characterization of a novel human cortistatin-like peptide". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 232 (1): 157–63. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6252. PMID 9125122. Ain KB, Taylor KD, Tofiq S, Venkataraman G (1997). "Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in human thyroid and thyroid carcinoma cell lines". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (6): 1857–62. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.4013. PMID 9177396. S2CID 25337792. de Lecea L, Ruiz-Lozano P, Danielson PE, et al. (1997). "Cloning, mRNA expression, and chromosomal mapping of mouse and human preprocortistatin". Genomics. 42 (3): 499–506. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4763. PMID 9205124. Jaïs P, Terris B, Ruszniewski P, et al. (1997). "Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in human endocrine gastroentero-pancreatic tumours". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 27 (8): 639–44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1740719.x. PMID 9279525. S2CID 23503397. Hukovic N, Panetta R, Kumar U, et al. (1998). "The cytoplasmic tail of the human somatostatin receptor type 5 is crucial for interaction with adenylyl cyclase and in mediating desensitization and internalization". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (33): 21416–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21416. PMID 9694905. Sharma K, Patel YC, Srikant CB (1999). "C-terminal region of human somatostatin receptor 5 is required for induction of Rb and G1 cell cycle arrest". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1): 82–90. doi:10.1210/mend.13.1.0220. PMID 9892014. Kumar U, Sasi R, Suresh S, et al. (1999). "Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in human pancreatic islet cells: a quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis". Diabetes. 48 (1): 77–85. doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.77. PMID 9892225. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, et al. (2000). "Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo- and heterodimers". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 7862–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.7862. PMID 10713101. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, et al. (2000). "Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity". Science. 288 (5463): 154–7. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..154R. doi:10.1126/science.288.5463.154. PMID 10753124. Daniels RJ, Peden JF, Lloyd C, et al. (2001). "Sequence, structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (4): 339–52. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.4.339. PMID 11157797. Ballarè E, Persani L, Lania AG, et al. (2001). "Mutation of somatostatin receptor type 5 in an acromegalic patient resistant to somatostatin analog treatment". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (8): 3809–14. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7787. PMID 11502816. S2CID 17616592. Pasquali D, Notaro A, Esposito D, et al. (2002). "". Minerva Endocrinol. 26 (3): 175–9. PMID 11753241. Papotti M, Bongiovanni M, Volante M, et al. (2002). "Expression of somatostatin receptor types 1-5 in 81 cases of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis". Virchows Arch. 440 (5): 461–75. doi:10.1007/s00428-002-0609-x. PMID 12021920. S2CID 28584328. External links "Somatostatin Receptors: sst5". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-12-09. somatostatin+receptor+5 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14) Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7) Other Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9) Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate PeptideNeuropeptide B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2) Other Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a (1 2)) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin A B Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2) MiscellaneousTaste, bitter TAS2R 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor type 1 Orphan GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183) Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3) Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion ADGRB Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 2 3 ADGRC Cadherin 1 2 3 ADGRE EMR 1 2 3 CD97 ADGRG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ADGRL Latrophilin 1 2 3 ELTD1 Orphan GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157) Other Calcitonin CALCRL Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2) Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet TAS1R 1 2 3 Vomeronasal receptor, type 2 Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4) Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) Smoothened Smoothened vteGH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulatorsGH(somatotropin) Agonists: Albusomatropin Bovine somatotropin Efpegsomatropin Eftansomatropin alfa Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Lonapegsomatropin Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) Somagrebove Somapacitan Somatosalm Somatotropin Somatropin pegol Somatrem Sometribove Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP) Somavaratan Somavubove Somidobove Antagonists: G120K-hGH Pegvisomant Antisense oligonucleotides: Atesidorsen Binding proteins: GHBPTooltip Growth hormone-binding protein GHIH(somatostatin) Agonists: BIM-23052 CH-275 Cortistatin-14 Depreotide Edotreotide Ilatreotide L-803,087 L-817,818 Lanreotide NNC 26-9100 Octreotate Octreotide Pasireotide Pentetreotide RC-160 Seglitide Somatostatin (GHIH) Somatostatin (1-28) SRIF-14 SRIF-28 TT-232 Vapreotide Veldoreotide Antagonists: BIM-23056 Cyclosomatostatin CYN-154806 Satoreotide GHRH(somatocrinin) Agonists: Peptide: ALRN-5281 CJC-1295 Dumorelin GHRH Modified GRF (1-29) Rismorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Tesamorelin Antagonists: MZ-5-156 GHS(ghrelin) Agonists: Peptide: Alexamorelin Cortistatin-14 EP-51216 Examorelin (hexarelin) Ghrelin GHRP-1 GHRP-3 GHRP-4 GHRP-5 GHRP-6 Ipamorelin Lenomorelin Livoletide LY-444711 Pralmorelin (GHRP-2) Relamorelin Tabimorelin Ulimorelin; Non-peptide: Adenosine Anamorelin Capromorelin CP-464709 Ibutamoren (MK-677) L-692,585 Macimorelin SM-130686; Unsorted: LY-426410 LY-444711 Antagonists: A-778193 Cortistatin-8 (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 JMV2959 YIL-781 IGF-1(somatomedin) See here instead. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. This transmembrane receptor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7607700-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"Somatostatin receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSTR5 gene.[5]Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biological effects of somatostatin are probably mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. SSTR5 is a member of the superfamily of receptors having seven transmembrane segments.[6]","title":"Somatostatin receptor 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and 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cytoplasmic tail of the human somatostatin receptor type 5 is crucial for interaction with adenylyl cyclase and in mediating desensitization and internalization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21416"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.33.21416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21416"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9694905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694905"},{"link_name":"\"C-terminal region of human somatostatin receptor 5 is required for induction of Rb and G1 cell cycle 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structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F10.4.339"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/hmg/10.4.339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F10.4.339"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11157797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157797"},{"link_name":"\"Mutation of somatostatin receptor type 5 in an acromegalic patient resistant to somatostatin analog treatment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.8.7787"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/jcem.86.8.7787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.86.8.7787"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11502816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502816"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17616592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17616592"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11753241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753241"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00428-002-0609-x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00428-002-0609-x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12021920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12021920"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28584328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28584328"}],"text":"Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, et al. (1992). \"Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1): 251–5. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89..251Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.1.251. PMC 48214. PMID 1346068.\nMontminy MR, Goodman RH, Horovitch SJ, Habener JF (1984). \"Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (11): 3337–40. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3337M. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.11.3337. PMC 345502. PMID 6145156.\nPanetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, et al. (1994). \"Molecular cloning, functional characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor (somatostatin receptor type 5) with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28\". Mol. Pharmacol. 45 (3): 417–27. PMID 7908405.\nO'Carroll AM, Raynor K, Lolait SJ, Reisine T (1994). \"Characterization of cloned human somatostatin receptor SSTR5\". Mol. Pharmacol. 46 (2): 291–8. PMID 8078491.\nYamada Y, Kagimoto S, Kubota A, et al. (1993). \"Cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of a fourth (hSSTR4) and a fifth (hSSTR5) human somatostatin receptor subtype\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (2): 844–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2122. PMID 8373420.\nYamada Y, Stoffel M, Espinosa R, et al. (1993). \"Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization to human chromosomes 14, 17, and 22 and identification of simple tandem repeat polymorphisms\". Genomics. 15 (2): 449–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1088. PMID 8449518.\nFukusumi S, Kitada C, Takekawa S, et al. (1997). \"Identification and characterization of a novel human cortistatin-like peptide\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 232 (1): 157–63. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6252. PMID 9125122.\nAin KB, Taylor KD, Tofiq S, Venkataraman G (1997). \"Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in human thyroid and thyroid carcinoma cell lines\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (6): 1857–62. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.4013. PMID 9177396. S2CID 25337792.\nde Lecea L, Ruiz-Lozano P, Danielson PE, et al. (1997). \"Cloning, mRNA expression, and chromosomal mapping of mouse and human preprocortistatin\". Genomics. 42 (3): 499–506. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4763. PMID 9205124.\nJaïs P, Terris B, Ruszniewski P, et al. (1997). \"Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in human endocrine gastroentero-pancreatic tumours\". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 27 (8): 639–44. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1740719.x. PMID 9279525. S2CID 23503397.\nHukovic N, Panetta R, Kumar U, et al. (1998). \"The cytoplasmic tail of the human somatostatin receptor type 5 is crucial for interaction with adenylyl cyclase and in mediating desensitization and internalization\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (33): 21416–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21416. PMID 9694905.\nSharma K, Patel YC, Srikant CB (1999). \"C-terminal region of human somatostatin receptor 5 is required for induction of Rb and G1 cell cycle arrest\". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1): 82–90. doi:10.1210/mend.13.1.0220. PMID 9892014.\nKumar U, Sasi R, Suresh S, et al. (1999). \"Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) in human pancreatic islet cells: a quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis\". Diabetes. 48 (1): 77–85. doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.77. PMID 9892225.\nRocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, et al. (2000). \"Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo- and heterodimers\". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 7862–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.7862. PMID 10713101.\nRocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, et al. (2000). \"Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity\". Science. 288 (5463): 154–7. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..154R. doi:10.1126/science.288.5463.154. PMID 10753124.\nDaniels RJ, Peden JF, Lloyd C, et al. (2001). \"Sequence, structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (4): 339–52. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.4.339. PMID 11157797.\nBallarè E, Persani L, Lania AG, et al. (2001). \"Mutation of somatostatin receptor type 5 in an acromegalic patient resistant to somatostatin analog treatment\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (8): 3809–14. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.8.7787. PMID 11502816. S2CID 17616592.\nPasquali D, Notaro A, Esposito D, et al. (2002). \"[Somatostatin receptor genes expression and effects of octreotide on orbital fibroblasts from Graves' ophthalmopathy]\". Minerva Endocrinol. 26 (3): 175–9. PMID 11753241.\nPapotti M, Bongiovanni M, Volante M, et al. (2002). \"Expression of somatostatin receptor types 1-5 in 81 cases of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis\". Virchows Arch. 440 (5): 461–75. doi:10.1007/s00428-002-0609-x. PMID 12021920. S2CID 28584328.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Somatostatin receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6755","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=20609","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Takeda J, Fernald AA, Yamagata K, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (Aug 1995). \"Localization of human somatostatin receptor 5 gene (SSTR5) to chromosome band 16p13.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization\". Genomics. 26 (3): 638–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80195-R. PMID 7607700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980195-R","url_text":"10.1016/0888-7543(95)80195-R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7607700","url_text":"7607700"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: SSTR5 somatostatin receptor 5\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6755","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: SSTR5 somatostatin receptor 5\""}]},{"reference":"Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, et al. (1992). \"Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1): 251–5. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89..251Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.1.251. PMC 48214. 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Retrieved 2008-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184415/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2435","url_text":"\"Somatostatin Receptors: sst5\""},{"url":"http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2435","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11334","external_links_name":"SSTR5"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:894282","external_links_name":"894282"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=20287","external_links_name":"20287"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SSTR5","external_links_name":"SSTR5"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000162009","external_links_name":"SSTR5 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000162009","external_links_name":"Top 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidesabur%C5%8D_Kurushima	Hidesaburō Kurushima	["1 Background","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]	Japanese engineer, author, and President of the Boy Scouts of Japan You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (February 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ja\|久留島秀三郎}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Hidesaburō Kurushima久留島秀三郎Chief Scout of the Scout Association of JapanIn office1966–1970Preceded byMishima MichiharuSucceeded bySaburō Matsukata Scouting portal Hidesaburō Kurushima (久留島秀三郎, Kurushima Hidesaburō, September 11, 1888 – September 22, 1970) was President (from 1954), then International Commissioner, and Chairman of the National Board of the Boy Scouts of Japan, the younger brother of Nakano Chūhachi (中野忠八). An engineer, he had a successful career in mining, shipping and chemicals. He was also an accomplished author, published several books on Indochina, and short stories in addition to scientific publications related to his work. He was the discoverer of Hakore hot springs. Background He became a Scout leader in 1916, and participated in the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark in 1924. He also participated in the organization of the 5th Nippon Jamboree in 1970 in Asagiri Plateau, Shizuoka Prefecture. Kurushima related an anecdote about two soldiers during the Pacific War to visiting American Scouts in Japan. After a terrible battle, an American Marine was wounded in the jungle. He saw a Japanese soldier approaching with his bayonet, but he was so weak that he collapsed and lost consciousness, certain to be killed. When he awoke, he was surprised to find his wounds bandaged and a little note written in Japanese near him. The marine was rescued and transported to a field hospital, where he showed the paper to the doctor and asked him to translate. The note said that the Japanese soldier had approached the marine to kill him, but when the marine fell he did the Scout salute, and as the Japanese soldier had also been a Scout, they were brother Scouts. The Japanese soldier could not kill the marine, instead he bandaged the marine's wounds, finally wishing him good luck and goodbye. In 1967, Kurushima was awarded the 43rd Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, at the 21st World Scout Conference. In 1959 he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award. References ^ Boys' Life magazine http://boyslife.org/wayback/ ^ "List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award". scout.org. WOSM. Retrieved 2019-05-01. ^ 䝪䞊䜲䝇䜹䜴䝖日本連盟きじ章受章者 (PDF). Reinanzaka Scout Club (in Japanese). 2014-05-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-11. Further reading Dr. László Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985, complete list through 1981 Scouting Round the World, John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press 1959 p. 31, 249 External links Archive copy Scouting Preceded byMishima Michiharu Chief Scout of the Scout Association of Japan 1966–1970 Succeeded bySaburō Matsukata Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan This Scouting or Guiding article about a person is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Japanese engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg"},{"link_name":"Scouting portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Scouting"},{"link_name":"Boy Scouts of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nakano Chūhachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakano_Ch%C5%ABhachi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"Hakore hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakore_hot_springs&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Scouting portalHidesaburō Kurushima (久留島秀三郎, Kurushima Hidesaburō, September 11, 1888 – September 22, 1970) was President (from 1954), then International Commissioner, and Chairman of the National Board of the Boy Scouts of Japan, the younger brother of Nakano Chūhachi (中野忠八). 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He also participated in the organization of the 5th Nippon Jamboree in 1970 in Asagiri Plateau, Shizuoka Prefecture.Kurushima related an anecdote about two soldiers during the Pacific War to visiting American Scouts in Japan. After a terrible battle, an American Marine was wounded in the jungle. He saw a Japanese soldier approaching with his bayonet, but he was so weak that he collapsed and lost consciousness, certain to be killed. When he awoke, he was surprised to find his wounds bandaged and a little note written in Japanese near him. The marine was rescued and transported to a field hospital, where he showed the paper to the doctor and asked him to translate. The note said that the Japanese soldier had approached the marine to kill him, but when the marine fell he did the Scout salute, and as the Japanese soldier had also been a Scout, they were brother Scouts. The Japanese soldier could not kill the marine, instead he bandaged the marine's wounds, finally wishing him good luck and goodbye.[1]In 1967, Kurushima was awarded the 43rd Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, at the 21st World Scout Conference.[2] In 1959 he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"László Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Nagy_(Scouting)"},{"link_name":"World Scout Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scout_Foundation"},{"link_name":"John S. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._Wilson"}],"text":"Dr. László Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985, complete list through 1981\nScouting Round the World, John S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Osborne	Elizabeth Osborne	["1 Career","1.1 Select exhibitions","2 Recognition","3 References","4 External links"]	American painter Elizabeth OsborneBorn(1936-06-05)June 5, 1936Philadelphia, PANationalityAmericanEducationPennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, University of PennsylvaniaKnown forOil Painting, Watercolor PaintingMovementFigurative painting, Abstract paintingAwardsFulbright Scholar, Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, PAFA Distinguished Alumni Award, Ford Foundation Purchase Prize, MacDowell Colony Grant Elizabeth Osborne (born 1936, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American painter who lives and works in Philadelphia. Working primarily in oil paint and watercolor, her paintings are known to bridge ideas about formalist concerns, particularly luminosity with her explorations of nature, atmosphere and vistas. Beginning with figurative paintings in the 1960s and '70s, she moved on to bold, color drenched, landscapes and eventually abstractions that explore color spectrums. Her experimental assemblage paintings that incorporated objects began an inquiry into psychological content that she continued in a series of self-portraits and a long-running series of solitary female nudes and portraits. Osborne's later abstract paintings present a culmination of ideas—distilling her study of luminosity, the landscape, and light. Career "Black Doorway I" (1966) by Osborne; it was exhibited as "Woman in Doorway" in early 1966. Photo taken at the Delaware Art Museum in 2017. After graduating from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the University of Pennsylvania in 1959 for her undergraduate studies, Osborne was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and traveled to Paris to study art. In 1963, she became the third woman to join the faculty at PAFA and for many years was the sole female faculty member. She retired from teaching at PAFA in 2011. In 2008, she was honored with a career survey exhibition at the museum of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts organized by curator Robert Cozzolino, bringing together works from all periods of her career and accompanied by a major monograph publication. Osborne currently lives and works in Philadelphia and is represented by Locks Gallery. Her work is in numerous public collections including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the McNay Art Museum, the Reading Art Museum, the Delaware Art Museum, the Woodmere Art Museum, and the Palmer Museum of Art. She is represented by Berry Campbell Gallery in New York City. Select exhibitions "Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties" (October 8, 2016 - January 8, 2017) the Delaware Art Museum "Veils of Color: Juxtapositions and Recent Work by Elizabeth Osborne" (July 25 – November 15, 2015) the James A. Michener Art Museum "The Artist in the Garden" (2015), Michener Art Museum "Luminous Gestures" (2013), Locks Gallery, solo exhibition "The Color of Light" (2012), the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts solo career-survey curated by Robert Cozzolino with accompanying monograph publication "The Female Gaze: Women Artists Making Their World", (2012) The Linda Lee Alter Collection of Art by Women, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts "Flirting with Abstraction," (2012) Woodmere Art Museum "Narcissus in the Studio: Portraits and Self Portraits" (2011) the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Elizabeth Osborne: Floating Landscapes 1971-79 (2006) Locks Gallery, Philadelphia, solo exhibition "Elizabeth Osborne: Recent Prints", (2005) solo exhibition at the Print Center in Philadelphia Four Visions/Four Painters: Murray Dessner, Bruce Samuelson, Elizabeth Osborne and Vincent Desiderio" (2004) Philip and Muriel Berman Museum of Art, "The Modern Still Life: Drawings, Watercolors, and Collages from the Collection" (1992), Philadelphia Museum of Art "Elizabeth Osborne: Paintings and Watercolors" (1976) solo exhibition at Marian Locks Gallery, Philadelphia Recognition In 2013, Osborne received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In 1968, she received a prestigious Rosenthal Award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters and in 1964 was a Fulbright Scholar in Paris, France. References ^ "A painter showing her true colors by Edward Sozanski" (PDF). The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. ^ "Penn Gazette: Elizabeth Osborne". ^ a b "Elizabeth Osborne: The Color of Light". PAFA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections ^ "PAFA: Elizabeth Osborne- Rockwood Still Life". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ "Elizabeth Osborne: CV Locks Gallery" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ "Berry Campbell Gallery: Now Representing Elizabeth Osborne (b. 1936)". Retrieved 2022-02-10. ^ "Berry Campbell Gallery: Elizabeth Osborne - Works". Retrieved 2022-02-10. ^ "Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties : Delaware Art Museum". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15. ^ "Exhibitions \| James A. Michener Art MuseumJames A. Michener Art Museum". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15. ^ The Artist in the Garden, Michener Art Museum ^ "Luminous Gestures at Locks Gallery". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ PAFA: The Female Gaze ^ "Woodmere Art Museum: Flirting with Abstraction". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ "PAFA: Narcissus". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ "Floating Landscapes at Locks Gallery". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ The Print Center: Past Exhibitions 2005 ^ "Ursinus College: Four Visions/Four Painters". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ PMA: The Modern Still Life ^ "Locks Gallery CV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-03-07. ^ "PAFA 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). ^ Art of the Print External links Elizabeth Osborne and curator Robert Cozzolino on WHYY Elizabeth Osborne on WRTI discussing her career survey "The Color of Light" at PAFA The Color of Light at PAFA Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"oil paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"watercolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Elizabeth Osborne (born 1936, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American painter who lives and works in Philadelphia. Working primarily in oil paint and watercolor, her paintings are known to bridge ideas about formalist concerns, particularly luminosity with her explorations of nature, atmosphere and vistas. Beginning with figurative paintings in the 1960s and '70s, she moved on to bold, color drenched, landscapes and eventually abstractions that explore color spectrums. Her experimental assemblage paintings that incorporated objects began an inquiry into psychological content that she continued in a series of self-portraits and a long-running series of solitary female nudes and portraits. Osborne's later abstract paintings present a culmination of ideas—distilling her study of luminosity, the landscape, and light.[1]","title":"Elizabeth Osborne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackDoorwayI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delaware Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAFAColor-3"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"Black Doorway I\" (1966) by Osborne; it was exhibited as \"Woman in Doorway\" in early 1966. Photo taken at the Delaware Art Museum in 2017.After graduating from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the University of Pennsylvania in 1959 for her undergraduate studies, Osborne was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and traveled to Paris to study art. In 1963, she became the third woman to join the faculty at PAFA and for many years was the sole female faculty member.[2] She retired from teaching at PAFA in 2011. In 2008, she was honored with a career survey exhibition at the museum of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts organized by curator Robert Cozzolino, bringing together works from all periods of her career and accompanied by a major monograph publication.[3] Osborne currently lives and works in Philadelphia and is represented by Locks Gallery.Her work is in numerous public collections including the Philadelphia Museum of Art,[4] the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,[5] the McNay Art Museum,\nthe Reading Art Museum, the Delaware Art Museum, the Woodmere Art Museum, and the Palmer Museum of Art.[6] She is represented by Berry Campbell Gallery in New York City.[7][8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAFAColor-3"},{"link_name":"Linda Lee Alter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Lee_Alter"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Philip and Muriel Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_and_Muriel_Berman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Select exhibitions","text":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties\" (October 8, 2016 - January 8, 2017) the Delaware Art Museum [9]\n\"Veils of Color: Juxtapositions and Recent Work by Elizabeth Osborne\" (July 25 – November 15, 2015) the James A. Michener Art Museum [10]\n\"The Artist in the Garden\" (2015), Michener Art Museum[11]\n\"Luminous Gestures\" (2013), Locks Gallery, solo exhibition [12]\n\"The Color of Light\" (2012), the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts solo career-survey curated by Robert Cozzolino with accompanying monograph publication[3]\n\"The Female Gaze: Women Artists Making Their World\", (2012) The Linda Lee Alter Collection of Art by Women, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts[13]\n\"Flirting with Abstraction,\" (2012) Woodmere Art Museum [14]\n\"Narcissus in the Studio: Portraits and Self Portraits\" (2011) the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts [15]\nElizabeth Osborne: Floating Landscapes 1971-79 (2006) Locks Gallery, Philadelphia, solo exhibition [16]\n\"Elizabeth Osborne: Recent Prints\", (2005) solo exhibition at the Print Center in Philadelphia [17]\nFour Visions/Four Painters: Murray Dessner, Bruce Samuelson, Elizabeth Osborne and Vincent Desiderio\" (2004) Philip and Muriel Berman Museum of Art,[18]\n\"The Modern Still Life: Drawings, Watercolors, and Collages from the Collection\" (1992), Philadelphia Museum of Art[19]\n\"Elizabeth Osborne: Paintings and Watercolors\" (1976) solo exhibition at Marian Locks Gallery, Philadelphia [20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 2013, Osborne received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.[21] In 1968, she received a prestigious Rosenthal Award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters and in 1964 was a Fulbright Scholar in Paris, France.[22]","title":"Recognition"}]	[{"image_text":"\"Black Doorway I\" (1966) by Osborne; it was exhibited as \"Woman in Doorway\" in early 1966. Photo taken at the Delaware Art Museum in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/BlackDoorwayI.jpg/170px-BlackDoorwayI.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"A painter showing her true colors by Edward Sozanski\" (PDF). The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201200/http://www.locksgallery.com/press_pdf/07-19-09%2C%20inquirer.pdf","url_text":"\"A painter showing her true colors by Edward Sozanski\""},{"url":"http://www.locksgallery.com/press_pdf/07-19-09,%20inquirer.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Penn Gazette: Elizabeth Osborne\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0101/0101pro4.html","url_text":"\"Penn Gazette: Elizabeth Osborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Color of Light\". PAFA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143502/https://www.pafa.org/elizabeth-osborne-color-light","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Color of Light\""},{"url":"https://www.pafa.org/elizabeth-osborne-color-light","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAFA: Elizabeth Osborne- Rockwood Still Life\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131553/https://www.pafa.edu/collection/rookwood-still-life","url_text":"\"PAFA: Elizabeth Osborne- Rockwood Still Life\""},{"url":"https://www.pafa.edu/collection/rookwood-still-life","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: CV Locks Gallery\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063323/http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: CV Locks Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Now Representing Elizabeth Osborne (b. 1936)\". Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://berrycampbell.com/news/613/","url_text":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Now Representing Elizabeth Osborne (b. 1936)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Elizabeth Osborne - Works\". Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://berrycampbell.com/artist/Elizabeth_Osborne/works/","url_text":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Elizabeth Osborne - Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties : Delaware Art Museum\". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116040631/http://www.delart.org/exhibits/elizabeth-osborne-the-sixties/","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties : Delaware Art Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.delart.org/exhibits/elizabeth-osborne-the-sixties/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibitions \| James A. Michener Art MuseumJames A. Michener Art Museum\". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116030805/https://www.michenermuseum.org/exhibition/veils-of-color-juxtapositions-and-recent-work-by-elizabeth-osborne/?PHPSESSID=knl1arm4nda3g7bjvbp5ftpu11","url_text":"\"Exhibitions \| James A. Michener Art MuseumJames A. Michener Art Museum\""},{"url":"https://www.michenermuseum.org/exhibition/veils-of-color-juxtapositions-and-recent-work-by-elizabeth-osborne/?PHPSESSID=knl1arm4nda3g7bjvbp5ftpu11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Luminous Gestures at Locks Gallery\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203117/http://www.locksgallery.com/exhibits_works.php?eid=162","url_text":"\"Luminous Gestures at Locks Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.locksgallery.com/exhibits_works.php?eid=162","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodmere Art Museum: Flirting with Abstraction\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133044/http://woodmereartmuseum.org/exhibition/flirting-with-abstraction-modern-and-contemporary-art-of-philadelphia/","url_text":"\"Woodmere Art Museum: Flirting with Abstraction\""},{"url":"http://woodmereartmuseum.org/exhibition/flirting-with-abstraction-modern-and-contemporary-art-of-philadelphia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAFA: Narcissus\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132451/https://www.pafa.org/narcissus-studio-artist-portraits-and-self-portraits","url_text":"\"PAFA: Narcissus\""},{"url":"https://www.pafa.org/narcissus-studio-artist-portraits-and-self-portraits","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Floating Landscapes at Locks Gallery\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142629/http://www.locksgallery.com/exhibits_works.php?eid=47","url_text":"\"Floating Landscapes at Locks Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.locksgallery.com/exhibits_works.php?eid=47","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ursinus College: Four Visions/Four Painters\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090000/http://news.ursinus.edu/2012/ursinus-news-events/four-painters-are-the-focus-of-berman-exhibition/","url_text":"\"Ursinus College: Four Visions/Four Painters\""},{"url":"http://news.ursinus.edu/2012/ursinus-news-events/four-painters-are-the-focus-of-berman-exhibition/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Locks Gallery CV\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063323/http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","url_text":"\"Locks Gallery CV\""},{"url":"http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PAFA 2013 Annual Report\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pafa.org/sites/default/files/media-assets/PAFA_AnnualReport3_21_14.pdf","url_text":"\"PAFA 2013 Annual Report\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201200/http://www.locksgallery.com/press_pdf/07-19-09%2C%20inquirer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A painter showing her true colors by Edward Sozanski\""},{"Link":"http://www.locksgallery.com/press_pdf/07-19-09,%20inquirer.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0101/0101pro4.html","external_links_name":"\"Penn Gazette: Elizabeth Osborne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143502/https://www.pafa.org/elizabeth-osborne-color-light","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Color of Light\""},{"Link":"https://www.pafa.org/elizabeth-osborne-color-light","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/results.html?searchTxt=&keySearch=+Search+&searchNameID=15642&searchClassID=&searchOrigin=&searchDeptID=&accessionID=&page=1","external_links_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131553/https://www.pafa.edu/collection/rookwood-still-life","external_links_name":"\"PAFA: Elizabeth Osborne- Rockwood Still Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.pafa.edu/collection/rookwood-still-life","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063323/http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: CV Locks Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.locksgallery.com/artists/bio/locksCvOsborne.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://berrycampbell.com/news/613/","external_links_name":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Now Representing Elizabeth Osborne (b. 1936)\""},{"Link":"https://berrycampbell.com/artist/Elizabeth_Osborne/works/","external_links_name":"\"Berry Campbell Gallery: Elizabeth Osborne - Works\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116040631/http://www.delart.org/exhibits/elizabeth-osborne-the-sixties/","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Osborne: The Sixties : Delaware Art Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.delart.org/exhibits/elizabeth-osborne-the-sixties/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171116030805/https://www.michenermuseum.org/exhibition/veils-of-color-juxtapositions-and-recent-work-by-elizabeth-osborne/?PHPSESSID=knl1arm4nda3g7bjvbp5ftpu11","external_links_name":"\"Exhibitions \| James A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areshsky_Uyezd	Aresh uezd	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Administrative divisions","4 Economy","5 Demographics","5.1 Russian Empire Census","5.2 Kavkazskiy kalendar","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 40°39′00″N 47°28′34″E / 40.65000°N 47.47611°E / 40.65000; 47.47611Uezd in Caucasus, Russian EmpireAresh uezd Арешскій уѣздъUezd Coat of armsLocation in the Elizavetpol GovernorateCountryRussian EmpireViceroyaltyCaucasusGovernorateElizavetpolEstablished1874Abolished1929CapitalAresh(present-day Agdash)Area • Total2,638.21 km2 (1,018.62 sq mi)Population (1916) • Total99,400 • Density38/km2 (98/sq mi) • Rural100.00% The Aresh uezd, later known as the Agdash uezd, was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire and later of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Aresh (present-day Agdash) from 1874 until its formal abolition in 1929 by Soviet authorities. Geography The Aresh uezd was located in the northeastern section of Elizavetpol Governorate, on the eastern bank of the Kura River, bordering the Baku Governorate to the east, the Nukha uezd to the north, the Elizavetpol uezd to the northwest and Jebrail uezd to the southwest. The area of the uezd was 2822.9 square verst. The territory of the county was mainly made up of lowlands. The county capital was initially in Uchkovakh, later being moved to Agdash, which was considered the largest cotton-trading center in the lowlands of Transcaucasia. History The territory of Aresh uezd was located in the Turyanchay River basin. The area was called Aresh (Azerbaijani: Ərəş) in the Middle Ages and formed a part of Shirvan Baylarbaylik which was gradually made significantly weaker after repeated Ottoman-Safavid conflicts on its territory, eventually being subdued into the Shaki Khanate in the 1750s. After the establishment of Russian rule, Aresh was a part of Nukha uezd of Baku Governorate, however, in 1874, the territory was detached and established as a separate Aresh uezd of the newly established Elizavetpol Governorate in 1868. The Aresh uezd was formally abolished by Soviet authorities in 1929, and superseded by the Agdash Rayon, which was established in its place in 1930. Administrative divisions The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Aresh uezd in 1912 were as follows: Name 1912 population Area 1-y uchastok (1-й участокъ) 34,078 575.84 square versts (655.34 km2; 253.03 sq mi) 2-y uchastok (2-й участокъ) 28,410 890.66 square versts (1,013.63 km2; 391.36 sq mi) 3-y uchastok (3-й участокъ) 10,420 851.60 square versts (969.17 km2; 374.20 sq mi) Economy The population was engaged primarily in agricultural farming and gardening. During summers, they would take the cattle to the mountains and return only in September. Wool production played an important role in the economy of uezd. Demographics Russian Empire Census According to the Russian Empire Census, the Aresh uezd had a population of 67,277 on 28 January 1897, including 36,623 men and 30,654 women. The plurality of the population indicated Tatar to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kyurin (Lezgian) speaking minorities. Linguistic composition of the Aresh uezd in 1897 Language Native speakers % Tatar 47,133 70.06 Armenian 13,822 20.54 Kyurin 5,869 8.72 Russian 155 0.23 Kazi-Kumukh 128 0.19 Avar-Andean 71 0.11 Jewish 34 0.05 Greek 8 0.01 Persian 8 0.01 Georgian 8 0.01 Belarusian 7 0.01 Polish 6 0.01 Udi 4 0.01 German 1 0.00 Other 23 0.03 TOTAL 67,277 100.00 Kavkazskiy kalendar According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Aresh uezd had a population of 99,400 on 14 January 1916, including 53,144 men and 46,256 women, 97,280 of whom were the permanent population, and 2,180 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Sunni Muslims to be the overwhelming majority of the population of the county with significant Armenian and Shia Muslim minorities: Nationality Number % Sunni Muslims 62,155 62.53 Armenians 19,161 19.28 Shia Muslims 16,935 17.04 Russians 1,047 1.05 Roma 37 0.04 Asiatic Christians 30 0.03 Jews 15 0.02 Other Europeans 13 0.01 Georgians 7 0.01 TOTAL 99,400 100.00 Notes ^ Russian: Аре́шскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Aréshsky uyézdAzerbaijani: آریش قضاسی, romanized: Āreş qaz̤āsı ^ Russian: Агдашский уезд, romanized: Agdashskiy uyezdAzerbaijani: آغداش قضاسی, romanized: Āğdāş qaz̤āsı ^ a b Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani". ^ Primarily Turco-Tatars. ^ Primarily Tatars. References ^ "Выпуск 15-й. Арешский уезд." . Азербайджанская сельскохозяйственная перепись 1921 года (in Russian and Azerbaijani). Baku: Azerbaijani Central Statistical Bureau. 1922. p. 64 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia. ^ "Выпуск 1-й. Учебные заведения." . Перепись просветительных учреждений Азербайджана 31 января 1922 года: списки просветительных учреждений (in Russian and Azerbaijani). Baku: Azerbaijani Central Statistical Bureau. 1922. p. 13 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia. ^ Agaian, Tshatur (1956). Крестьянская реформа в Азербайджане в 1870 году . Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. p. 61. Retrieved 2013-04-09. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elisavetpol (government)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 280; see three lines from end. The government is divided into eight districts, Elisavetpol, Aresh...... ^ a b "Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Агдаш" . Retrieved 2011-08-05. ^ a b "Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Арешский уезд" . Retrieved 2011-08-05. ^ Khalafov, M.S. (1964). История государства и права Азербайджанской ССР . Vol. 1. Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. Institute of Philosophy and Law. p. 46. Retrieved 2013-04-09. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1913 год, pp. 152–159. ^ Bournoutian 2018, p. 35 (note 25). ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 50. ^ a b "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России" . Retrieved 2013-04-09. ^ "АРЕШСКИЙ УЕЗД (1897 г.)" . Retrieved 2011-08-05. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год, pp. 190–197. ^ a b Hovannisian 1971, p. 67. Bibliography Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914. Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843. Кавказский календарь на 1913 год (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Кавказский календарь на 1917 год (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023. vteAdministrative divisions of the Elizavetpol Governorate Aresh Jevanshir Elizavetpol Zangezur Kazakh Jebrail Nukha Shusha 40°39′00″N 47°28′34″E / 40.65000°N 47.47611°E / 40.65000; 47.47611	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"uezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uezd"},{"link_name":"Elizavetpol Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavetpol_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Agdash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdash,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aresh-7"}],"text":"Uezd in Caucasus, Russian EmpireThe Aresh uezd,[a] later known as the Agdash uezd,[b] was a county (uezd) of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire and later of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Aresh (present-day Agdash) from 1874[3] until its formal abolition in 1929 by Soviet authorities.[4][5]","title":"Aresh uezd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)"},{"link_name":"Baku Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Nukha uezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukha_uezd"},{"link_name":"Elizavetpol uezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavetpol_uezd"},{"link_name":"Jebrail uezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebrail_uezd"},{"link_name":"verst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brockhaus-8"},{"link_name":"Agdash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdash,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aresh-7"}],"text":"The Aresh uezd was located in the northeastern section of Elizavetpol Governorate, on the eastern bank of the Kura River, bordering the Baku Governorate to the east, the Nukha uezd to the north, the Elizavetpol uezd to the northwest and Jebrail uezd to the southwest. The area of the uezd was 2822.9 square verst. The territory of the county was mainly made up of lowlands.[6] The county capital was initially in Uchkovakh, later being moved to Agdash, which was considered the largest cotton-trading center in the lowlands of Transcaucasia.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turyanchay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Shirvan Baylarbaylik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvan_Baylarbaylik"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shaki Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Baku Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Agdash Rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdash_Rayon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The territory of Aresh uezd was located in the Turyanchay River basin. The area was called Aresh (Azerbaijani: Ərəş) in the Middle Ages and formed a part of Shirvan Baylarbaylik which was gradually made significantly weaker after repeated Ottoman-Safavid conflicts on its territory, eventually being subdued into the Shaki Khanate in the 1750s.After the establishment of Russian rule, Aresh was a part of Nukha uezd of Baku Governorate, however, in 1874, the territory was detached and established as a separate Aresh uezd of the newly established Elizavetpol Governorate in 1868.The Aresh uezd was formally abolished by Soviet authorities in 1929, and superseded by the Agdash Rayon, which was established in its place in 1930.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uchastoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchastok"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_1913_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4152%E2%80%93159-10"}],"text":"The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Aresh uezd in 1912 were as follows:[8]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brockhaus-8"}],"text":"The population was engaged primarily in agricultural farming and gardening. During summers, they would take the cattle to the mountains and return only in September. Wool production played an important role in the economy of uezd.[6]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Empire Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caucasian_Tatars-13"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Lezgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgian_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Russian Empire Census","text":"According to the Russian Empire Census, the Aresh uezd had a population of 67,277 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 36,623 men and 30,654 women. The plurality of the population indicated Tatar[c] to be their mother tongue, with significant Armenian and Kyurin (Lezgian) speaking minorities.[11][12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kavkazskiy kalendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkazskiy_kalendar"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Shia Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_1917_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4190%E2%80%93197-16"}],"sub_title":"Kavkazskiy kalendar","text":"According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Aresh uezd had a population of 99,400 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 53,144 men and 46,256 women, 97,280 of whom were the permanent population, and 2,180 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Sunni Muslims to be the overwhelming majority of the population of the county with significant Armenian and Shia Muslim minorities:[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_alphabet#Letters_eliminated_in_1917%E2%80%9318"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Azerbaijani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Azerbaijani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Caucasian_Tatars_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Caucasian_Tatars_13-1"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"Turkic-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian201835_(note_25)-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsutsiev201450-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197167-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197167-17"}],"text":"^ Russian: Аре́шскій уѣ́здъ, romanized: Aréshsky uyézdAzerbaijani: آریش قضاسی, romanized: Āreş qaz̤āsı[1]\n\n^ Russian: Агдашский уезд, romanized: Agdashskiy uyezdAzerbaijani: آغداش قضاسی, romanized: Āğdāş qaz̤āsı[2]\n\n^ a b Before 1918, Azerbaijanis were generally known as \"Tatars\". This term, employed by the Russians, referred to Turkic-speaking Muslims of the South Caucasus. After 1918, with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and \"especially during the Soviet era\", the Tatar group identified itself as \"Azerbaijani\".[9][10]\n\n^ Primarily Turco-Tatars.[14]\n\n^ Primarily Tatars.[14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bournoutian, George A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bournoutian"},{"link_name":"Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.vk.com/doc278943367_618038722?hash=jAqVew1rS2HAJ5umtdy6Q9oMhappCSV2wVQtujeUo6X"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-351-06260-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-06260-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1037283914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037283914"},{"link_name":"Hovannisian, Richard G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0520019843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520019843"},{"link_name":"Кавказский календарь на 1913 год","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prlib.ru/item/417318"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220419155400/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318"},{"link_name":"Кавказский календарь на 1917 год","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.prlib.ru/item/417322"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322"},{"link_name":"Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Atlas_of_the_Ethno-Political_History_of_the_Caucasus.pdf"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300153088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300153088"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230617051826/https://abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Atlas_of_the_Ethno-Political_History_of_the_Caucasus.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Elizavetpol_Governorate"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Elizavetpol_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Elizavetpol_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Elizavetpol Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavetpol_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Aresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jevanshir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevanshir_uezd"},{"link_name":"Elizavetpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizavetpol_uezd"},{"link_name":"Zangezur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangezur_uezd"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_uezd"},{"link_name":"Jebrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebrail_Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Nukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukha_uezd"},{"link_name":"Shusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha_uezd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Yelizavetpol_Governorate.png"},{"link_name":"40°39′00″N 47°28′34″E / 40.65000°N 47.47611°E / 40.65000; 47.47611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aresh_uezd&params=40_39_00_N_47_28_34_E_"}],"text":"Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.\nHovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.\nКавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.\nКавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.\nTsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.vteAdministrative divisions of the Elizavetpol Governorate\nAresh\nJevanshir\nElizavetpol\nZangezur\nKazakh\nJebrail\nNukha\nShusha40°39′00″N 47°28′34″E / 40.65000°N 47.47611°E / 40.65000; 47.47611","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Выпуск 15-й. Арешский уезд.\" [Part 15. Aresh uezd.]. Азербайджанская сельскохозяйственная перепись 1921 года [1921 Azerbaijani agricultural census] (in Russian and Azerbaijani). Baku: Azerbaijani Central Statistical Bureau. 1922. p. 64 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia.","urls":[{"url":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/90888-t-1-vyp-15-areshskiy-uezd-1922#mode/inspect/page/70/zoom/4","url_text":"\"Выпуск 15-й. Арешский уезд.\""},{"url":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/91220","url_text":"Азербайджанская сельскохозяйственная перепись 1921 года"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Public_Historical_Library_of_Russia","url_text":"State Public Historical Library of Russia"}]},{"reference":"\"Выпуск 1-й. Учебные заведения.\" [Part 1. Educational institutions.]. Перепись просветительных учреждений Азербайджана 31 января 1922 года: списки просветительных учреждений [Census of educational institutions of Azerbaijan on 31 January 1922: lists of educational institutions. Part 1. Educational institutions.] (in Russian and Azerbaijani). Baku: Azerbaijani Central Statistical Bureau. 1922. p. 13 – via State Public Historical Library of Russia.","urls":[{"url":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/90916-vyp-1-uchebnye-zavedeniya-1922#mode/inspect/page/19/zoom/4","url_text":"\"Выпуск 1-й. Учебные заведения.\""},{"url":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/91222","url_text":"Перепись просветительных учреждений Азербайджана 31 января 1922 года: списки просветительных учреждений"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Public_Historical_Library_of_Russia","url_text":"State Public Historical Library of Russia"}]},{"reference":"Agaian, Tshatur (1956). Крестьянская реформа в Азербайджане в 1870 году [Peasant reforms in Azerbaijan in 1870]. Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. p. 61. Retrieved 2013-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mCpBAAAAIAAJ&q=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+1870+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83","url_text":"Крестьянская реформа в Азербайджане в 1870 году"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Azerbaijan","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Elisavetpol (government)\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 280; see three lines from end. The government is divided into eight districts, Elisavetpol, Aresh......","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Elisavetpol_(government)","url_text":"\"Elisavetpol (government)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Агдаш\" [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia Dictionary. Agdash]. Retrieved 2011-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/000/773.htm","url_text":"\"Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Агдаш\""}]},{"reference":"\"Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Арешский уезд\" [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia Dictionary. Areshsky Uyezd]. Retrieved 2011-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://gatchina3000.ru/big/005/5123_brockhaus-efron.htm","url_text":"\"Большой энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Арешский уезд\""}]},{"reference":"Khalafov, M.S. (1964). История государства и права Азербайджанской ССР [History of State and Law of Azerbaijan SSR]. Vol. 1. Baku, Azerbaijan: National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. Institute of Philosophy and Law. p. 46. Retrieved 2013-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hWk5AQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0","url_text":"История государства и права Азербайджанской ССР"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Azerbaijan","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR"}]},{"reference":"\"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России\" [First All Russian Imperial Census of 1897. Population split according to languages spoken; uyezds of Russian empire except for governorates in European part of empire]. Retrieved 2013-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=378","url_text":"\"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России\""}]},{"reference":"\"АРЕШСКИЙ УЕЗД (1897 г.)\" [Areshskiy Uyezd (1897)]. Retrieved 2011-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/aresh1897.html","url_text":"\"АРЕШСКИЙ УЕЗД (1897 г.)\""}]},{"reference":"Bournoutian, George A. (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06260-2. OCLC 1037283914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bournoutian","url_text":"Bournoutian, George A."},{"url":"https://m.vk.com/doc278943367_618038722?hash=jAqVew1rS2HAJ5umtdy6Q9oMhappCSV2wVQtujeUo6X","url_text":"Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-06260-2","url_text":"978-1-351-06260-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037283914","url_text":"1037283914"}]},{"reference":"Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520019843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian","url_text":"Hovannisian, Richard G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520019843","url_text":"978-0520019843"}]},{"reference":"Кавказский календарь на 1913 год [Caucasian calendar for 1913] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318","url_text":"Кавказский календарь на 1913 год"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220419155400/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417318","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322","url_text":"Кавказский календарь на 1917 год"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (PDF). Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300153088. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Atlas_of_the_Ethno-Political_History_of_the_Caucasus.pdf","url_text":"Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300153088","url_text":"9780300153088"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230617051826/https://abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Atlas_of_the_Ethno-Political_History_of_the_Caucasus.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aresh_uezd&params=40_39_00_N_47_28_34_E_","external_links_name":"40°39′00″N 47°28′34″E / 40.65000°N 47.47611°E / 40.65000; 47.47611"},{"Link":"http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/90888-t-1-vyp-15-areshskiy-uezd-1922#mode/inspect/page/70/zoom/4","external_links_name":"\"Выпуск 15-й. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hutchings	Frederick Hutchings	["1 Early life","2 Cricket career","3 Military service","4 Personal life and family","5 References","6 External links"]	English cricketer Frederick HutchingsPersonal informationFull nameFrederick Vaughan HutchingsBorn(1880-06-03)3 June 1880Southborough, KentDied6 August 1934(1934-08-06) (aged 54)Hamburg, GermanyBattingRight-handedRoleBatsmanRelationsKenneth Hutchings (brother)William Hutchings (brother)Domestic team information YearsTeam1901–1905Kent Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 4 Runs scored 89 Batting average 14.83 100s/50s 0/0 Top score 31 Catches/stumpings 0/–Source: CricInfo, 17 November 2017 Frederick Vaughan Hutchings (3 June 1880 – 6 August 1934) was an English amateur cricketer who played in four first-class cricket matches in the early years of the 20th century. He served in the Army Service Corps in the First World War and was seriously injured. Early life Hutchings was born at Southborough near Tunbridge Wells in Kent, the second son of Edward and Catherine Hutchings. His father was a surgeon and had been a keen cricketer. He was educated at Tonbridge School where he played in the cricket team as a right-handed opening batsman from 1896 to 1899 and represented the school at rackets at Queen's Club in 1898. He topped the school cricket averages in 1897 and scored a century against Oxford Authentics in the same season. He left the school in 1899 and worked as a stockbroker's clerk on the London Stock Exchange. Cricket career After a single appearance for the Kent County Cricket Club Second XI in 1899, Hutchings made his first-class cricket debut for the county in May 1901 against MCC at Lord's. He played again against the touring South Africans later the same month but did not play again until a single appearance for the county in 1905. His final first-class match was for MCC against Yorkshire in August 1905. In his four first-class matches he made a total of 89 runs with a highest score of 31. He did not bowl. Military service Hutchings volunteered for military service in September 1915. He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in October, serving in the Army Service Corps, initially at Grove Park with the Mechanical Transport Reserve Depot. He was attached to the Holt Caterpillar Section at Aldershot and then at the Avonmouth Tractor Depot. Hutchings was seriously injured in an accident at Aldershot in 1916 and in 1917 was stationed at Larkhill on Salisbury Plain when he was fit for light duties. He suffered a recurrence of haematuria later the same year and was found permanently unfit for service in April, leaving service with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant. Hutchings was awarded the Silver War Badge and in 1918 was employed by the Admiralty at Woolwich Arsenal. Personal life and family Hutchings married Maud Spens at Chelsea, London in May 1907. He was still working at the Stock Exchange at this time, but by the start of the war was supporting himself through private income and was the secretary of a golf course. His three brothers all went to Tonbridge and played in the cricket XI, with his oldest brother William and youngest brother Kenneth both playing first-class cricket for Kent – Kenneth also playing in seven Test matches for England. All four brothers served in the war, Kenneth being killed in action in 1916 and the others all injured. Hutchings was sometimes known by his middle name Vaughan. He died suddenly at Hamburg in Germany in August 1934 aged 54. References ^ a b c Lewis P (2013) For Kent and Country, p.216. Brighton: Reveille Press. ^ a b c Frederick Hutchings, CricInfo. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ a b Hutchings, Kenneth Lotherington, Tonbridge at War. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ Steed HE (ed) (1911) The register of Tonbridge School from 1826 to 1910 : also lists of exhibitioners, &c. previous to 1826 and of headmasters and second masters, p.285. London: Rivingtons. (Available online, retrieved 2017-11-17). ^ a b c d e f Lewis Op. cit., pp.216–218. ^ Frederick Hutchings, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ Supplement to the London Gazette, 1915-10-23. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ For example: 'County Items', Canterbury Journal, 1906-11-17, p.2, at the British Newspaper Archive. External links Frederick Hutchings at ESPNcricinfo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricketer"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"Frederick Vaughan Hutchings (3 June 1880 – 6 August 1934) was an English amateur cricketer who played in four first-class cricket matches in the early years of the 20th century. He served in the Army Service Corps in the First World War and was seriously injured.","title":"Frederick Hutchings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southborough,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis216-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taw-3"},{"link_name":"Tonbridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_School"},{"link_name":"rackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackets_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsr285-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis216-1"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"}],"text":"Hutchings was born at Southborough near Tunbridge Wells in Kent, the second son of Edward and Catherine Hutchings. His father was a surgeon and had been a keen cricketer.[1][2][3] He was educated at Tonbridge School where he played in the cricket team as a right-handed opening batsman from 1896 to 1899 and represented the school at rackets at Queen's Club in 1898.[4] He topped the school cricket averages in 1897 and scored a century against Oxford Authentics in the same season.[1] He left the school in 1899 and worked as a stockbroker's clerk on the London Stock Exchange.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"touring South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_cricket_team_in_England_in_1901"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"}],"text":"After a single appearance for the Kent County Cricket Club Second XI in 1899, Hutchings made his first-class cricket debut for the county in May 1901 against MCC at Lord's. He played again against the touring South Africans later the same month but did not play again until a single appearance for the county in 1905. His final first-class match was for MCC against Yorkshire in August 1905.[5][6] In his four first-class matches he made a total of 89 runs with a highest score of 31. He did not bowl.[2]","title":"Cricket career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Army Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Park,_Lewisham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz10477-7"},{"link_name":"Holt Caterpillar Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_tractor"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot"},{"link_name":"Avonmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonmouth"},{"link_name":"Larkhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhill"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain"},{"link_name":"haematuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematuria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"},{"link_name":"Silver War Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_War_Badge"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Woolwich Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"}],"text":"Hutchings volunteered for military service in September 1915. He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in October, serving in the Army Service Corps, initially at Grove Park with the Mechanical Transport Reserve Depot.[7] He was attached to the Holt Caterpillar Section at Aldershot and then at the Avonmouth Tractor Depot. Hutchings was seriously injured in an accident at Aldershot in 1916 and in 1917 was stationed at Larkhill on Salisbury Plain when he was fit for light duties. He suffered a recurrence of haematuria later the same year and was found permanently unfit for service in April, leaving service with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant.[5]Hutchings was awarded the Silver War Badge and in 1918 was employed by the Admiralty at Woolwich Arsenal.[5]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"Kenneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis216-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taw-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis217-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-2"}],"text":"Hutchings married Maud Spens at Chelsea, London in May 1907. He was still working at the Stock Exchange at this time, but by the start of the war was supporting himself through private income and was the secretary of a golf course.[5] His three brothers all went to Tonbridge and played in the cricket XI, with his oldest brother William and youngest brother Kenneth both playing first-class cricket for Kent – Kenneth also playing in seven Test matches for England.[1] All four brothers served in the war, Kenneth being killed in action in 1916 and the others all injured.[3]Hutchings was sometimes known by his middle name Vaughan.[8] He died suddenly at Hamburg in Germany in August 1934 aged 54.[5][2]","title":"Personal life and family"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15079.html","external_links_name":"CricInfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15079.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Hutchings"},{"Link":"http://tonbridgeatwar.daisy.websds.net/Authenticated/ViewDets.aspx?RecID=190&TableName=ta_factfile","external_links_name":"Hutchings, Kenneth Lotherington"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b29012715","external_links_name":"Available online"},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/30/30502/30502.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Hutchings"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29337/supplement/10477/data.pdf","external_links_name":"Supplement to the London Gazette"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/15079.html","external_links_name":"Frederick Hutchings"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory-Weiss_tear	Mallory–Weiss syndrome	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 History","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mallory–Weiss syndrome" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Medical conditionMallory–Weiss syndromeOther namesGastro-esophageal laceration syndromeMallory–Weiss tear affecting the esophageal side of the gastroesophageal junctionSpecialtyGastroenterology Mallory–Weiss syndrome or gastro-esophageal laceration syndrome refers to bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus. This is usually caused by severe vomiting because of alcoholism or bulimia, but can be caused by any condition which causes violent vomiting and retching such as food poisoning. The syndrome presents with hematemesis. The laceration is sometimes referred to as a Mallory–Weiss tear. Signs and symptoms Mallory–Weiss Syndrome often presents as an episode of vomiting up blood (hematemesis) after violent retching or vomiting, but may also be noticed as old blood in the stool (melena), and a history of retching may be absent. In most cases, the bleeding stops spontaneously after 24–48 hours, but endoscopic or surgical treatment is sometimes required. The condition is rarely fatal. Causes It is often associated with alcoholism and eating disorders and there is some evidence that presence of a hiatal hernia is a predisposing condition. Forceful vomiting causes tearing of the mucosa at the junction. NSAID abuse is also a rare association. In rare instances some chronic disorders like Ménière's disease that cause long term nausea and vomiting could be a factor. The tear involves the mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer (contrast to Boerhaave syndrome which involves all the layers). Most patients are between the ages of 30 and 50 years, although it has been reported in infants aged as young as 3 weeks, as well as in older people. Hyperemesis gravidarum, which is severe morning sickness associated with vomiting and retching in pregnancy, is also a known cause of Mallory–Weiss tear. Diagnosis Definitive diagnosis is by endoscopy of the esophagus and stomach. Proper history taking by the medical doctor to distinguish other conditions that cause haematemesis but definitive diagnosis is by conducting esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Treatment Treatment is usually supportive as persistent bleeding is uncommon. However cauterization or injection of epinephrine to stop the bleeding may be undertaken during the index endoscopy procedure. Very rarely embolization of the arteries supplying the region may be required to stop the bleeding. If all other methods fail, high gastrostomy can be used to ligate the bleeding vessel. A Blakemore tube will not be able to stop bleeding as here the bleeding is arterial and the pressure in the balloon is not sufficient to overcome the arterial pressure. History The condition was first described in 1929 by G. Kenneth Mallory and Soma Weiss in 15 alcoholic patients. See also Boerhaave syndrome – Full thickness esophageal ruptures are also often secondary to vomiting/retching. Hematemesis References ^ "Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (Mallory-Weiss Tear)". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021. ^ Sattar, Husain A. (2011). Fundamentals of Pathology. Pathoma, LLC. ISBN 9780983224600. ^ Caroli A, Follador R, Gobbi V, Breda P, Ricci G (1989). "". Minerva Dietologica e Gastroenterologica (in Italian). 35 (1): 7–12. PMID 2657497. ^ R, Eslava García; Jl, Negrete Pardo; P, Muñoz Kim; S, García (April 1990). "". Revista de Gastroenterologia de Mexico. 55 (2): 75–7. PMID 2287873. ^ Boerhaave Syndrome at eMedicine ^ Ba¸k-Romaniszyn, L.; Małecka-Panas, E.; Czkwianianc, E.; Płaneta-Małecka, I. (1999-03-01). "Mallory–Weiss syndrome in children". Diseases of the Esophagus. 12 (1): 65–67. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00006.x. ISSN 1120-8694. PMID 10941865. ^ Kitagawa, Takashi; Takano, Hideya; Sohma, Mitsuhiro; Mutoh, Eiji; Takeda, Shouzo (1994). "Clinical Study of Mallory–Weiss Syndrome in the Aged Patients Over 75 Year. Mainly Five Cases Induced by the Endoscopic Examination". Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics. 31 (5): 374–379. doi:10.3143/geriatrics.31.374. ISSN 0300-9173. PMID 8072208. ^ Parva M, Finnegan M, Keiter C, Mercogliano G, Perez CM (August 2009). "Mallory–Weiss tear diagnosed in the immediate postpartum period: a case report". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 31 (8): 740–3. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34280-3. PMID 19772708. ^ Hastings, Paul R.; Peters, Kenneth W.; Cohn, Isidore (November 1981). "Mallory–Weiss syndrome". The American Journal of Surgery. 142 (5): 560–562. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(81)90425-6. PMID 7304810. ^ "Gastroscopy – examination of oesophagus and stomach by endoscope". BUPA. December 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2007-10-07. ^ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (November 2004). "Upper Endoscopy". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-07. ^ "What is Upper GI Endoscopy?". Patient Center -- Procedures. American Gastroenterological Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-07. ^ Gawrieh S, Shaker R (2005). "Treatment of actively bleeding Mallory–Weiss syndrome: epinephrine injection or band ligation?". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 7 (3): 175. doi:10.1007/s11894-005-0030-0. PMID 15913474. S2CID 195343875. ^ Weiss S, Mallory GK (1932). "Lesions of the cardiac orifice of the stomach produced by vomiting". Journal of the American Medical Association. 98 (16): 1353–5. doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02730420011005. External links ClassificationDICD-10: K22.6ICD-9-CM: 530.7MeSH: D008309DiseasesDB: 7803External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000269eMedicine: ped/1359Patient UK: Mallory–Weiss syndrome vteDiseases of the human digestive systemUpper GI tractEsophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory–Weiss syndrome Zenker's diverticulum Barrett's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Esophageal stricture Inlet patch Megaesophagus Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis Acute esophageal necrosis Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic (gastric) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Functional dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Buried bumper syndrome Gastrinoma Zollinger–Ellison syndrome Lower GI tract EnteropathySmall intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic (duodenal) ulcer Curling's ulcer Malabsorption: Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Whipple's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine (Appendix/Colon) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Dysentery Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD Large and/or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn's disease Vascular: Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction: Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Functional Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome Anal canal Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding Blood in stool Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia AccessoryLiver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver MASLD Vascular Budd–Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstone / Cholelithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct/ Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula OtherHernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit's Grynfeltt–Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"bulimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hematemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis"}],"text":"Medical conditionMallory–Weiss syndrome or gastro-esophageal laceration syndrome refers to bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus.[1] This is usually caused by severe vomiting because of alcoholism or bulimia,[2] but can be caused by any condition which causes violent vomiting and retching such as food poisoning. The syndrome presents with hematemesis. The laceration is sometimes referred to as a Mallory–Weiss tear.","title":"Mallory–Weiss syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hematemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis"},{"link_name":"melena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melena"},{"link_name":"endoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic"},{"link_name":"surgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mallory–Weiss Syndrome often presents as an episode of vomiting up blood (hematemesis) after violent retching or vomiting, but may also be noticed as old blood in the stool (melena), and a history of retching may be absent.In most cases, the bleeding stops spontaneously after 24–48 hours, but endoscopic or surgical treatment is sometimes required. The condition is rarely fatal.[citation needed]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"eating disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder"},{"link_name":"hiatal hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatus_hernia"},{"link_name":"NSAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ménière's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Boerhaave syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boerhaave-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hyperemesis gravidarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"It is often associated with alcoholism[3] and eating disorders and there is some evidence that presence of a hiatal hernia is a predisposing condition. Forceful vomiting causes tearing of the mucosa at the junction. NSAID abuse is also a rare association.[4] In rare instances some chronic disorders like Ménière's disease that cause long term nausea and vomiting could be a factor.The tear involves the mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer (contrast to Boerhaave syndrome which involves all the layers).[5] Most patients are between the ages of 30 and 50 years, although it has been reported in infants aged as young as 3 weeks, as well as in older people.[6][7] Hyperemesis gravidarum, which is severe morning sickness associated with vomiting and retching in pregnancy, is also a known cause of Mallory–Weiss tear.[8]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy"},{"link_name":"esophagus and stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"esophagogastroduodenoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Definitive diagnosis is by endoscopy of the esophagus and stomach.[9] Proper history taking by the medical doctor to distinguish other conditions that cause haematemesis but definitive diagnosis is by conducting esophagogastroduodenoscopy.[10][11][12]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cauterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauterization"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15913474-13"},{"link_name":"embolization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolization"},{"link_name":"gastrostomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrostomy"}],"text":"Treatment is usually supportive as persistent bleeding is uncommon. However cauterization or injection of epinephrine[13] to stop the bleeding may be undertaken during the index endoscopy procedure. Very rarely embolization of the arteries supplying the region may be required to stop the bleeding. If all other methods fail, high gastrostomy can be used to ligate the bleeding vessel. A Blakemore tube will not be able to stop bleeding as here the bleeding is arterial and the pressure in the balloon is not sufficient to overcome the arterial pressure.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. Kenneth Mallory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Kenneth_Mallory"},{"link_name":"Soma Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_Weiss"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The condition was first described in 1929 by G. Kenneth Mallory and Soma Weiss in 15 alcoholic patients.[14]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Boerhaave syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome"},{"title":"Hematemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (Mallory-Weiss Tear)\". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/mallory-weiss-syndrome-mallory-weiss-tear/","url_text":"\"Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (Mallory-Weiss Tear)\""}]},{"reference":"Sattar, Husain A. (2011). Fundamentals of Pathology. Pathoma, LLC. ISBN 9780983224600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983224600","url_text":"9780983224600"}]},{"reference":"Caroli A, Follador R, Gobbi V, Breda P, Ricci G (1989). \"[Mallory–Weiss syndrome. Personal experience and review of the literature]\". Minerva Dietologica e Gastroenterologica (in Italian). 35 (1): 7–12. PMID 2657497.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2657497","url_text":"2657497"}]},{"reference":"R, Eslava García; Jl, Negrete Pardo; P, Muñoz Kim; S, García (April 1990). \"[Mallory–Weiss Syndrome. Surgical Treatment After Sclerotherapy. Presentation of a Case and Review of the Literature]\". Revista de Gastroenterologia de Mexico. 55 (2): 75–7. PMID 2287873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2287873","url_text":"2287873"}]},{"reference":"Ba¸k-Romaniszyn, L.; Małecka-Panas, E.; Czkwianianc, E.; Płaneta-Małecka, I. (1999-03-01). \"Mallory–Weiss syndrome in children\". Diseases of the Esophagus. 12 (1): 65–67. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00006.x. ISSN 1120-8694. PMID 10941865.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/dote/article/12/1/65/2419852","url_text":"\"Mallory–Weiss syndrome in children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1442-2050.1999.00006.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00006.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1120-8694","url_text":"1120-8694"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10941865","url_text":"10941865"}]},{"reference":"Kitagawa, Takashi; Takano, Hideya; Sohma, Mitsuhiro; Mutoh, Eiji; Takeda, Shouzo (1994). \"Clinical Study of Mallory–Weiss Syndrome in the Aged Patients Over 75 Year. Mainly Five Cases Induced by the Endoscopic Examination\". Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics. 31 (5): 374–379. doi:10.3143/geriatrics.31.374. ISSN 0300-9173. PMID 8072208.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3143%2Fgeriatrics.31.374","url_text":"\"Clinical Study of Mallory–Weiss Syndrome in the Aged Patients Over 75 Year. Mainly Five Cases Induced by the Endoscopic Examination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3143%2Fgeriatrics.31.374","url_text":"10.3143/geriatrics.31.374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9173","url_text":"0300-9173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8072208","url_text":"8072208"}]},{"reference":"Parva M, Finnegan M, Keiter C, Mercogliano G, Perez CM (August 2009). \"Mallory–Weiss tear diagnosed in the immediate postpartum period: a case report\". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 31 (8): 740–3. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34280-3. PMID 19772708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1701-2163%2816%2934280-3","url_text":"10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34280-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19772708","url_text":"19772708"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Paul R.; Peters, Kenneth W.; Cohn, Isidore (November 1981). \"Mallory–Weiss syndrome\". The American Journal of Surgery. 142 (5): 560–562. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(81)90425-6. PMID 7304810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9610%2881%2990425-6","url_text":"10.1016/0002-9610(81)90425-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7304810","url_text":"7304810"}]},{"reference":"\"Gastroscopy – examination of oesophagus and stomach by endoscope\". BUPA. 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S2CID 195343875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-005-0030-0","url_text":"10.1007/s11894-005-0030-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15913474","url_text":"15913474"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195343875","url_text":"195343875"}]},{"reference":"Weiss S, Mallory GK (1932). \"Lesions of the cardiac orifice of the stomach produced by vomiting\". Journal of the American Medical Association. 98 (16): 1353–5. doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02730420011005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association","url_text":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1932.02730420011005","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1932.02730420011005"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22","external_links_name":"\"Mallory–Weiss syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss+syndrome%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/mallory-weiss-syndrome-mallory-weiss-tear/","external_links_name":"\"Mallory-Weiss Syndrome (Mallory-Weiss Tear)\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2657497","external_links_name":"2657497"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2287873","external_links_name":"2287873"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171683-overview","external_links_name":"Boerhaave Syndrome"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/dote/article/12/1/65/2419852","external_links_name":"\"Mallory–Weiss syndrome in children\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1442-2050.1999.00006.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00006.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1120-8694","external_links_name":"1120-8694"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10941865","external_links_name":"10941865"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3143%2Fgeriatrics.31.374","external_links_name":"\"Clinical Study of Mallory–Weiss Syndrome in the Aged Patients Over 75 Year. Mainly Five Cases Induced by the Endoscopic Examination\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3143%2Fgeriatrics.31.374","external_links_name":"10.3143/geriatrics.31.374"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-9173","external_links_name":"0300-9173"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8072208","external_links_name":"8072208"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1701-2163%2816%2934280-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34280-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19772708","external_links_name":"19772708"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9610%2881%2990425-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0002-9610(81)90425-6"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7304810","external_links_name":"7304810"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006035730/http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/Gastrointestinal.html","external_links_name":"\"Gastroscopy – examination of oesophagus and stomach by endoscope\""},{"Link":"http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/Gastrointestinal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024122838/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/upperendoscopy/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Upper Endoscopy\""},{"Link":"http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/upperendoscopy/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014913/http://www.gastro.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=859","external_links_name":"\"What is Upper GI Endoscopy?\""},{"Link":"http://www.gastro.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=859","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-005-0030-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11894-005-0030-0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15913474","external_links_name":"15913474"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195343875","external_links_name":"195343875"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1932.02730420011005","external_links_name":"10.1001/jama.1932.02730420011005"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/K22.6","external_links_name":"K22.6"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=530.7","external_links_name":"530.7"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008309","external_links_name":"D008309"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7803.htm","external_links_name":"7803"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000269.htm","external_links_name":"000269"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/1359-overview","external_links_name":"ped/1359"},{"Link":"https://patient.info/doctor/mallory-weiss-syndrome","external_links_name":"Mallory–Weiss syndrome"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng	Kiến Tường	["1 Geography","2 Climate","3 History","4 Administration","5 Economy","6 Infrastructure","7 Education","8 References"]	Coordinates: 10°47′N 105°56′E / 10.78°N 105.94°E / 10.78; 105.94You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (October 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|vi\|Kiến Tường}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Town in Long An, VietnamKiến Tường Thị xã Kiến TườngTown (Class-4)Kiến Tường TownInteractive map outlining Kiến TườngKiến TườngLocation within VietnamShow map of VietnamKiến TườngLocation within Southeast AsiaShow map of Southeast AsiaKiến TườngLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaCoordinates: 10°47′N 105°56′E / 10.78°N 105.94°E / 10.78; 105.94CountryVietnamProvinceLong AnCreated18 March 2013Government • People's Council ChairĐỗ Văn Thiệt • People's Committee ChairNguyễn Văn VũArea • Town (Class-4)204.28 km2 (78.87 sq mi) • Urban25.4876 km2 (9.8408 sq mi)Population • Estimate (2013)64,589 • Density316/km2 (820/sq mi) • Urban40,991 • Urban density1,608/km2 (4,160/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (Indochina Time)WebsiteOfficial website Kiến Tường is a district-level town in Long An Province, Vietnam. The administrative area is centered around a town called Mộc Hóa. Its population in 2013 was reported to be 64,589. Geography Kiến Tường is located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Ho Chi Minh City, on the Vàm Cỏ Tây River in the heart of the Đồng Tháp Mười wetland. It covers an area of 204.28 square kilometres (78.87 sq mi), and borders the districts of Mộc Hóa to the east, Tân Thạnh to the south, Tân Hưng to the west and Vĩnh Hưng to the northwest. To its north is Kampong Rou District of Svay Rieng Province in Cambodia. Climate Climate data for Kiến Tường (Mộc Hóa) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 34.8(94.6) 35.8(96.4) 37.2(99.0) 38.2(100.8) 38.6(101.5) 37.0(98.6) 35.4(95.7) 35.0(95.0) 34.3(93.7) 33.5(92.3) 33.5(92.3) 33.7(92.7) 38.6(101.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.4(88.5) 32.4(90.3) 33.9(93.0) 34.9(94.8) 33.9(93.0) 32.6(90.7) 32.1(89.8) 31.6(88.9) 31.2(88.2) 30.8(87.4) 30.8(87.4) 30.6(87.1) 32.2(90.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.9(78.6) 26.3(79.3) 27.5(81.5) 28.7(83.7) 28.5(83.3) 27.7(81.9) 27.3(81.1) 27.5(81.5) 27.8(82.0) 27.6(81.7) 27.2(81.0) 26.1(79.0) 27.3(81.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.2(72.0) 22.4(72.3) 23.4(74.1) 24.8(76.6) 25.3(77.5) 24.9(76.8) 24.5(76.1) 24.9(76.8) 25.2(77.4) 25.2(77.4) 24.4(75.9) 22.5(72.5) 24.1(75.4) Record low °C (°F) 16.4(61.5) 18.0(64.4) 16.2(61.2) 22.3(72.1) 21.7(71.1) 21.9(71.4) 21.3(70.3) 21.6(70.9) 22.1(71.8) 21.3(70.3) 18.7(65.7) 15.7(60.3) 15.7(60.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 14(0.6) 7(0.3) 13(0.5) 60(2.4) 185(7.3) 165(6.5) 180(7.1) 173(6.8) 253(10.0) 317(12.5) 152(6.0) 40(1.6) 1,557(61.3) Average precipitation days 2.4 1.0 2.2 6.8 16.3 16.9 19.7 18.1 20.4 21.1 12.8 5.0 142.6 Average relative humidity (%) 76.8 77.0 76.3 76.5 82.0 84.6 85.0 84.6 83.8 82.4 79.2 76.7 80.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 266 251 279 247 225 184 195 186 186 200 226 240 2,686 Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology History The town of Kiến Tường was originally known as Mộc Hóa, and the general area has been continuously inhabited since the 18th century. On 22 October 1956, the government of South Vietnam established the province of Kiến Tường with Mộc Hóa as its capital. After the Fall of Saigon, this province was incorporated into Long An Province in 1976. The town of Mộc Hóa and surrounding areas were split from the rest of Mộc Hóa District in 2013 to create the current district-level town of Kiến Tường. Administration Kiến Tường is divided into three wards numbered 1 through 3, and five rural communes: Bình Hiệp, Bình Tân, Thạnh Hưng, Thạnh Trị and Tuyên Thạnh. The People's Council Chair of the town is Đỗ Văn Thiệt and the People's Committee Chair is Nguyễn Văn Vũ. Economy Kiến Tường is planned to become the economic centre of the Đồng Tháp Mười region. Agriculture is currently the main economic activity, accounting for 70% of employment in the administrative district. Fishing and traditional handicrafts also form part of the local economy. Infrastructure National Route 62 enters the district from the southeast, connecting Tân Thạnh District with the town of Kiến Tường. From there it turns north and ends at the Bình Hiệp border crossing to Cambodia. Education Vocational Long An college - Kien Tuong Campus - is the only college operating in the town. It provides career training programs for local students and nearby towns in Dong Thap Muoi region. Brief history of development of Long An Vocational College: The predecessor of Long An Vocational College was Long An Vocational College. On January 9, 2007, Long An Provincial People's Committee signed Decision No. 76/QD- People's Committee on upgrading Long An Thanh Vocational School to Long An Vocational College. On October 16, 2009, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs signed Decision No. 1308/QD- LDTBXH to establish Long An Vocational College on the basis of upgrading from Long An Vocational School. Long An Vocational College is the only public school in Long An Province. Currently, the school has 3 campuses: + Facility 01: Located at No. 60 National Highway 1, Ward 05, Tan An City, Long An Province (500m from Tan An Bridge towards Ho Chi Minh City) with an area of 4.7 ha. + Facility 02: Located in Huong Tho Phu commune, Tan An city, Long An province with an area of 2.4 hectares. + Facility 03: Located in Kien Tuong Town, Long An province with an area of 2.4 hectares. References ^ a b c d e f "Kien Tuong Town". Province of Long An. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ a b c "Tỉnh Long An có thêm thị xã Kiến Tường". Thanh Niên. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction" (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018. ^ a b c "Truyền thống văn hóa". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "Lịch sử". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "Hội đồng nhân dân". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ "Ủy ban nhân dân". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017. vteCities in VietnamMunicipalitiesSpecial Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Class-1 Cantho Danang Haiphong Municipal citiesClass-1 Thủ Đức Provincial citiesClass-1 Bắc Ninh Biên Hòa Buôn Ma Thuột Da Lat Hạ Long Hải Dương Huế Long Xuyên Mỹ Tho Nam Định Nha Trang Pleiku Quy Nhon Thái Nguyên Thanh Hóa Thủ Dầu Một Việt Trì Vinh Vũng Tàu Class-2 Bà Rịa Bạc Liêu Bắc Giang Bến Tre Cà Mau Cao Lãnh Cẩm Phả Châu Đốc Đồng Hới Hà Tĩnh Lào Cai Lạng Sơn Móng Cái Ninh Bình Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm Phan Thiết Phủ Lý Phú Quốc Quảng Ngãi Rạch Giá Sa Đéc Sơn La Tam Kỳ Tân An Thái Bình Trà Vinh Tuy Hòa Uông Bí Vị Thanh Vĩnh Long Vĩnh Yên Class-3 Bắc Kạn Bảo Lộc Bến Cát Cam Ranh Cao Bằng Chí Linh Dĩ An Điện Biên Phủ Đông Hà Đồng Xoài Gia Nghĩa Gò Công Hà Giang Hà Tiên Hòa Bình Hội An Hưng Yên Hồng Ngự Kon Tum Lai Châu Long Khánh Ngã Bảy Phổ Yên Phúc Yên Sầm Sơn Sóc Trăng Sông Công Tân Uyên Tam Điệp Tây Ninh Thuận An Tuyên Quang Từ Sơn Yên Bái District-level townsClass-3 An Nhơn Bỉm Sơn Bình Minh Cai Lậy Cửa Lò Đông Triều Kỳ Anh La Gi Long Mỹ Phú Mỹ Phú Thọ Quảng Yên Sông Cầu Sơn Tây Tân Châu Class-4 An Khê Ayun Pa Ba Đồn Bình Long Buôn Hồ Chơn Thành Duy Tiên Duyên Hải Điện Bàn Đức Phổ Đông Hòa Giá Rai Hòa Thành Hoài Nhơn Hoàng Mai Hồng Lĩnh Hương Thủy Hương Trà Kiến Tường Kinh Môn Mường Lay Mỹ Hào Ngã Năm Nghi Sơn Nghĩa Lộ Ninh Hòa Phước Long Quảng Trị Quế Võ Sa Pa Thái Hòa Thuận Thành Tịnh Biên Trảng Bàng Việt Yên Vĩnh Châu vteDistricts of the Mekong DeltaCần Thơ city Urban districts Bình Thủy Cái Răng Ninh Kiều※ Ô Môn Thốt Nốt Cờ Đỏ Phong Điền Thới Lai Vĩnh Thạnh An Giang province Châu Đốc city Long Xuyên city※ Tân Châu town An Phú Châu Phú Châu Thành Chợ Mới Phú Tân Thoại Sơn Tịnh Biên Tri Tôn Bạc Liêu province Bạc Liêu city※ Giá Rai town Đông Hải Hòa Bình Hồng Dân Phước Long Vĩnh Lợi Bến Tre province Bến Tre city※ Ba Tri Bình Đại Châu Thành Chợ Lách Giồng Trôm Mỏ Cày Bắc Mỏ Cày Nam Thạnh Phú Cà Mau province Cà Mau city※ Cái Nước Đầm Dơi Năm Căn Ngọc Hiển Phú Tân Thới Bình Trần Văn Thời U Minh Đồng Tháp province Cao Lãnh city※ Hồng Ngự city Sa Đéc city Cao Lãnh Châu Thành Hồng Ngự Lai Vung Lấp Vò Tân Hồng Tam Nông Thanh Bình Tháp Mười Hậu Giang province Ngã Bảy city Vị Thanh city※ Long Mỹ town Châu Thành Châu Thành A Long Mỹ Phụng Hiệp Vị Thủy Kiên Giang province Hà Tiên city Rạch Giá city※ Phú Quốc Island city An Biên An Minh Châu Thành Giang Thành Giồng Riềng Gò Quao Hòn Đất Kiên Hải Island Kiên Lương Tân Hiệp U Minh Thượng Vĩnh Thuận Long An province Tân An city※ Kiến Tường town Bến Lức Cần Đước Cần Giuộc Châu Thành Đức Hòa Đức Huệ Mộc Hóa Tân Hưng Tân Thạnh Tân Trụ Thạnh Hóa Thủ Thừa Vĩnh Hưng Sóc Trăng province Sóc Trăng city※ Ngã Năm town Vĩnh Châu town Châu Thành Cù Lao Dung Kế Sách Long Phú Mỹ Tú Mỹ Xuyên Thạnh Trị Trần Đề Tiền Giang province Mỹ Tho city※ Cai Lậy town Gò Công town Cái Bè Cai Lậy Châu Thành Chợ Gạo Gò Công Đông Gò Công Tây Tân Phú Đông Tân Phước Trà Vinh province Trà Vinh city※ Duyên Hải town Càng Long Cầu Kè Cầu Ngang Châu Thành Duyên Hải Tiểu Cần Trà Cú Vĩnh Long province Vĩnh Long city※ Bình Minh town Bình Tân Long Hồ Mang Thít Tam Bình Trà Ôn Vũng Liêm ※ denotes provincial seat.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district-level town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District-level_town_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Long An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_An_Province"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creation-2"}],"text":"Town in Long An, VietnamKiến Tường is a district-level town in Long An Province, Vietnam. The administrative area is centered around a town called Mộc Hóa. Its population in 2013 was reported to be 64,589.[2]","title":"Kiến Tường"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"Vàm Cỏ Tây River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A0m_C%E1%BB%8F_T%C3%A2y_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10823006#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Đồng Tháp Mười","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Th%C3%A1p_M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longan-1"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mộc Hóa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%99c_H%C3%B3a_District"},{"link_name":"Tân Thạnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Th%E1%BA%A1nh_District,_Long_An"},{"link_name":"Tân Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_H%C6%B0ng_District"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_H%C6%B0ng_District"},{"link_name":"Kampong Rou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Rou_District"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svay_Rieng_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longan-1"}],"text":"Kiến Tường is located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Ho Chi Minh City, on the Vàm Cỏ Tây River [Wikidata] in the heart of the Đồng Tháp Mười wetland.[1] It covers an area of 204.28 square kilometres (78.87 sq mi), and borders the districts of Mộc Hóa to the east, Tân Thạnh to the south, Tân Hưng to the west and Vĩnh Hưng to the northwest. To its north is Kampong Rou District of Svay Rieng Province in Cambodia.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBST-3"}],"text":"Climate data for Kiến Tường (Mộc Hóa)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n13(0.5)\n\n60(2.4)\n\n185(7.3)\n\n165(6.5)\n\n180(7.1)\n\n173(6.8)\n\n253(10.0)\n\n317(12.5)\n\n152(6.0)\n\n40(1.6)\n\n1,557(61.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n2.4\n\n1.0\n\n2.2\n\n6.8\n\n16.3\n\n16.9\n\n19.7\n\n18.1\n\n20.4\n\n21.1\n\n12.8\n\n5.0\n\n142.6\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n76.8\n\n77.0\n\n76.3\n\n76.5\n\n82.0\n\n84.6\n\n85.0\n\n84.6\n\n83.8\n\n82.4\n\n79.2\n\n76.7\n\n80.4\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n266\n\n251\n\n279\n\n247\n\n225\n\n184\n\n195\n\n186\n\n186\n\n200\n\n226\n\n240\n\n2,686\n\n\nSource: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[3]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-4"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Kiến Tường","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"Mộc Hóa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%99c_H%C3%B3a_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creation-2"}],"text":"The town of Kiến Tường was originally known as Mộc Hóa, and the general area has been continuously inhabited since the 18th century.[4] On 22 October 1956, the government of South Vietnam established the province of Kiến Tường with Mộc Hóa as its capital. After the Fall of Saigon, this province was incorporated into Long An Province in 1976.[5] The town of Mộc Hóa and surrounding areas were split from the rest of Mộc Hóa District in 2013 to create the current district-level town of Kiến Tường.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"rural communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_commune_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Bình Hiệp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_Hi%E1%BB%87p&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bình Tân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_T%C3%A2n_(commune)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thạnh Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%A1nh_H%C6%B0ng,_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thạnh Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%A1nh_Tr%E1%BB%8B_(commune)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuyên Thạnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuy%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%A1nh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longan-1"},{"link_name":"People's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam#People's_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"People's Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam#People's_Committee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kiến Tường is divided into three wards numbered 1 through 3, and five rural communes: Bình Hiệp, Bình Tân, Thạnh Hưng, Thạnh Trị and Tuyên Thạnh.[1] The People's Council Chair of the town is Đỗ Văn Thiệt[6] and the People's Committee Chair is Nguyễn Văn Vũ.[7]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longan-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-4"}],"text":"Kiến Tường is planned to become the economic centre of the Đồng Tháp Mười region.[1] Agriculture is currently the main economic activity, accounting for 70% of employment in the administrative district.[4] Fishing and traditional handicrafts also form part of the local economy.[4]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Route_62_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10811006#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Tân Thạnh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Th%E1%BA%A1nh_District,_Long_An_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longan-1"}],"text":"National Route 62 [Wikidata] enters the district from the southeast, connecting Tân Thạnh District with the town of Kiến Tường. From there it turns north and ends at the Bình Hiệp border crossing to Cambodia.[1]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Vocational Long An college - Kien Tuong Campus - is the only college operating in the town. It provides career training programs for local students and nearby towns in Dong Thap Muoi region.Brief history of development of Long An Vocational College:The predecessor of Long An Vocational College was Long An Vocational College. On January 9, 2007, Long An Provincial People's Committee signed Decision No. 76/QD- People's Committee on upgrading Long An Thanh Vocational School to Long An Vocational College. On October 16, 2009, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs signed Decision No. 1308/QD- LDTBXH to establish Long An Vocational College on the basis of upgrading from Long An Vocational School.Long An Vocational College is the only public school in Long An Province. Currently, the school has 3 campuses:+ Facility 01: Located at No. 60 National Highway 1, Ward 05, Tan An City, Long An Province (500m from Tan An Bridge towards Ho Chi Minh City) with an area of 4.7 ha.+ Facility 02: Located in Huong Tho Phu commune, Tan An city, Long An province with an area of 2.4 hectares.+ Facility 03: Located in Kien Tuong Town, Long An province with an area of 2.4 hectares.","title":"Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kien Tuong Town\". Province of Long An. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.longan.gov.vn/Lists/ThongTinGioiThieu/DispForm.aspx?PageIndex=0&CategoryId=Potentials%20and%20development%20orientation%20of%20localities&ID=53&InitialTabId=Ribbon.Read","url_text":"\"Kien Tuong Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tỉnh Long An có thêm thị xã Kiến Tường\". Thanh Niên. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/tinh-long-an-co-them-thi-xa-kien-tuong-35884.html","url_text":"\"Tỉnh Long An có thêm thị xã Kiến Tường\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_Ni%C3%AAn","url_text":"Thanh Niên"}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction\" (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf","url_text":"\"Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction\""},{"url":"http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Truyền thống văn hóa\". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/GioiThieuChung/DispForm.aspx?ID=21","url_text":"\"Truyền thống văn hóa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lịch sử\". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/GioiThieuChung/DispForm.aspx?ID=32","url_text":"\"Lịch sử\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hội đồng nhân dân\". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/BoMayHanhChinh/DispForm.aspx?ID=1","url_text":"\"Hội đồng nhân dân\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ủy ban nhân dân\". Town of Kiến Tường. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/BoMayHanhChinh/DispForm.aspx?ID=2","url_text":"\"Ủy ban nhân dân\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&params=10.78_N_105.94_E_type:city_region:VN-41","external_links_name":"10°47′N 105°56′E / 10.78°N 105.94°E / 10.78; 105.94"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&params=10.78_N_105.94_E_type:city_region:VN-41","external_links_name":"10°47′N 105°56′E / 10.78°N 105.94°E / 10.78; 105.94"},{"Link":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Pages/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://eng.longan.gov.vn/Lists/ThongTinGioiThieu/DispForm.aspx?PageIndex=0&CategoryId=Potentials%20and%20development%20orientation%20of%20localities&ID=53&InitialTabId=Ribbon.Read","external_links_name":"\"Kien Tuong Town\""},{"Link":"http://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/tinh-long-an-co-them-thi-xa-kien-tuong-35884.html","external_links_name":"\"Tỉnh Long An có thêm thị xã Kiến Tường\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180722172120/http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction\""},{"Link":"http://ibst.vn/DATA/nhyen/QCVN%2002-2009%20BXD%20So%20lieu%20tu%20nhien.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/GioiThieuChung/DispForm.aspx?ID=21","external_links_name":"\"Truyền thống văn hóa\""},{"Link":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/GioiThieuChung/DispForm.aspx?ID=32","external_links_name":"\"Lịch sử\""},{"Link":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/BoMayHanhChinh/DispForm.aspx?ID=1","external_links_name":"\"Hội đồng nhân dân\""},{"Link":"https://kientuong.longan.gov.vn/Lists/BoMayHanhChinh/DispForm.aspx?ID=2","external_links_name":"\"Ủy ban nhân dân\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Island_(South_Australia)	Owen Island (South Australia)	["1 Description","2 Formation, geology and oceanography","3 Flora and fauna","4 Naming","5 Protected areas status","6 References"]	Coordinates: 34°51′30″S 136°00′31″E / 34.85846°S 136.0087°E / -34.85846; 136.0087Island in South Australia This article is about the island in South Australia. For the island in the Antarctic, see Owen Island. Owen IslandOwen IslandGeographyLocationSpencer GulfCoordinates34°51′30″S 136°00′31″E / 34.85846°S 136.0087°E / -34.85846; 136.0087Area20.1 ha (50 acres)Highest elevation12 m (39 ft)AdministrationAustralia Owen Island, formerly known as Rabbit Island and also known as Little Taylor Island, is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located in Spencer Gulf off the east coast of Jussieu Peninsula on Eyre Peninsula approximately. 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln. Since 1972, the island has been part of the Lincoln National Park. Description Owen Island which is located approximately 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln and is located 460 m (1,510 ft) north of Taylor Island, has a maximum height of 12 m (39 ft). Sandy beaches exist on the island’s west side with a submerged sand spit near the island’s south-western point. Sand dominates the island with wind-blown dunes extending beyond the limits of tide and storm surges which was reported in 1996 as ‘providing a bed for a high diversity of plants. It is reported that the island is sheltered from the impact of the sea due to the closeness of the much larger Taylor Island plus the additional shelter offered by the mainland and other islands to the south. As of 1996, it is reported as being accessible by boat. Formation, geology and oceanography Owen Island was formed about 6000 years ago when sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene. The island is a granite outcrop capped with a residual layer of calcarenite. The island rises from the seabed at 10 m (33 ft) within 100 m (330 ft) to 300 m (980 ft) on its east side while on its west and south side while the same transition occurs over a distance of approximately 850 m (2,790 ft). The passage between the island’s south coast and Taylor Island is relatively shallow with a maximum charted depth of 5.2 m (17 ft) due to both islands sharing the same geological base strata. Flora and fauna As of 1996, the flora is reported as consisting of two distinct areas. The coastal sand supports plants such as grey saltbush, sea spurge and two-horned sea rocket. The rest of the island supports a shrubland dominated by nitre bush and saltbush. Other species observed in the shrubland included Australian hollyhock, black-anther flax lily, bower spinach, coastal lignum, karkalla, native juniper and variable groundsel. As of 1996, the fauna was reported as consisting of the following vertebrates: five species of birds including Pacific gulls, rock parrots and a breeding colony of white-faced storm petrels, and one species of reptile, the southern grass skink. Naming The island was formerly known as Rabbit Island, however it was renamed under "the Crown Lands Act" around about 1960 in order to reportedly avoid confusion with the Rabbit Island located in Louth Bay. The new name acknowledged the Owen family who was leasing Taylor Island at the time of the name change. The island is known "locally known as Little Taylor Island due to its close proximity to Taylor Island." Protected areas status Owen Island first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967. Since 1972, it has been part of the Lincoln National Park. References ^ a b "Search results for 'Owen Island' with the following datasets selected - 'Gazetteer', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas' and 'SA Government Regions'". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian government. Retrieved 7 February 2018. ^ a b c d Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. pp. 242–243. Retrieved 13 December 2013. ^ Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 12. Retrieved 13 December 2013. ^ Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service Hydrographic Department (1983). Port Lincoln and approaches (chart no. Aus 134). ^ "CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. 16 March 1967. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 5 February 2018. ^ Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 140. Retrieved 13 December 2013. ^ "Lincoln National Park Management Plan". Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources. 2004. pp. 2, 47 & 49. Retrieved 26 January 2014. vteIslands of South AustraliaWest coast of Eyre PeninsulaGenerally Avoid Bay Islands Black Rocks Sudden Jerk Baird Bay Jones Unnamed Cap Eba Germein Greenly Liguanea Neptune Islands Nicolas Baudin Nuyts Reef Olive Pigface Price Purdie Rocky Island (north) Rocky Island (south) Sinclair Curta Rocks Whidbey Isles Four Hummocks Perforated Price Island Golden Williams Investigator Group Flinders Pearson Isles Pearson Dorothee Veteran Isles Topgallant Waldegrave Islands Ward Islands Nuyts Archipelago Blefescu Breakwater Evans Eyre Franklin Gliddon Reef Goat Isles of St Francis Dog Egg Fenelon Freeling Hart Masillon Smooth St Francis West Lacy Lounds Lilliput Purdie Islands St Peter Spencer GulfGenerally Bicker Isles Bird Boston Curlew Entrance Gambier Islands Wedge Grantham Goose Green Lipson Louth Rabbit Shag Tumby Wardang Weeroona Jussieu Peninsula coastline Carcase Rock Donington Grindall Hopkins Lewis Little Owen Smith Taylor Thistle Sir Joseph Banks Group Blyth Boucaut Dalby Dangerous Reef Duffield English Hareby Kirkby Langton Lusby Marum Partney Reevesby Roxby Seal Rock Sibsey Spilsby Stickney Winceby Pondalowie Bay Royston Middle South Investigator Strait Althorpe Islands Althorpe Haystack Seal Chinamans Hat Kangaroo IslandMain article Kangaroo Island Nepean Bay Beatrice Islets Busby Islet Pelican Lagoon Islets West and south coasts Casuarina Islets Douglas Rock Lipson Reef Nobby Islet North Rock Paisley Islet Pelorus Islet South West Rock Unnamed island (Hanson Bay) Young Rock Gulf St Vincent Garden Torrens Troubridge Backstairs Passage The Pages Encounter Bay and adjoining waters Granite Pullen Seal West Wright South east coast Baudin Rocks Penguin MainlandArtificial islands Delfin Murray River List of Murray River islands Hindmarsh Pomanda Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Owen Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Island"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Spencer Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Jussieu Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussieu_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Port Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lincoln National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Park"}],"text":"Island in South AustraliaThis article is about the island in South Australia. For the island in the Antarctic, see Owen Island.Owen Island, formerly known as Rabbit Island and also known as Little Taylor Island, is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located in Spencer Gulf off the east coast of Jussieu Peninsula on Eyre Peninsula approximately. 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln. Since 1972, the island has been part of the Lincoln National Park.","title":"Owen Island (South Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Island"},{"link_name":"sand spit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(landform)"},{"link_name":"dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"},{"link_name":"tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"storm surges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pages242-3-2"}],"text":"Owen Island which is located approximately 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) south-east of Port Lincoln and is located 460 m (1,510 ft) north of Taylor Island, has a maximum height of 12 m (39 ft). Sandy beaches exist on the island’s west side with a submerged sand spit near the island’s south-western point. Sand dominates the island with wind-blown dunes extending beyond the limits of tide and storm surges which was reported in 1996 as ‘providing a bed for a high diversity of plants. It is reported that the island is sheltered from the impact of the sea due to the closeness of the much larger Taylor Island plus the additional shelter offered by the mainland and other islands to the south. As of 1996, it is reported as being accessible by boat.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page12-3"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"calcarenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcarenite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pages242-3-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C134-4"}],"text":"Owen Island was formed about 6000 years ago when sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene.[3] The island is a granite outcrop capped with a residual layer of calcarenite.[2] The island rises from the seabed at 10 m (33 ft) within 100 m (330 ft) to 300 m (980 ft) on its east side while on its west and south side while the same transition occurs over a distance of approximately 850 m (2,790 ft). The passage between the island’s south coast and Taylor Island is relatively shallow with a maximum charted depth of 5.2 m (17 ft) due to both islands sharing the same geological base strata.[4]","title":"Formation, geology and oceanography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grey saltbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_saltbush"},{"link_name":"sea spurge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_spurge"},{"link_name":"shrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"},{"link_name":"nitre bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitraria_billardierei"},{"link_name":"Australian hollyhock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_hollyhock"},{"link_name":"black-anther flax lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianella_revoluta"},{"link_name":"bower spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonia_implexicoma"},{"link_name":"coastal lignum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muehlenbeckia"},{"link_name":"karkalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpobrotus_rossii"},{"link_name":"native juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum_insulare"},{"link_name":"variable groundsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_groundsel"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Pacific gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_gull"},{"link_name":"rock parrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_parrot"},{"link_name":"white-faced storm petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_storm_petrel"},{"link_name":"southern grass skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudemoia_entrecasteauxii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pages242-3-2"}],"text":"As of 1996, the flora is reported as consisting of two distinct areas. The coastal sand supports plants such as grey saltbush, sea spurge and two-horned sea rocket. The rest of the island supports a shrubland dominated by nitre bush and saltbush. Other species observed in the shrubland included Australian hollyhock, black-anther flax lily, bower spinach, coastal lignum, karkalla, native juniper and variable groundsel. As of 1996, the fauna was reported as consisting of the following vertebrates: five species of birds including Pacific gulls, rock parrots and a breeding colony of white-faced storm petrels, and one species of reptile, the southern grass skink.[2]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louth Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_Bay,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"}],"text":"The island was formerly known as Rabbit Island, however it was renamed under \"the Crown Lands Act\" around about 1960 in order to reportedly avoid confusion with the Rabbit Island located in Louth Bay. The new name acknowledged the Owen family who was leasing Taylor Island at the time of the name change. The island is known \"locally known as Little Taylor Island due to its close proximity to Taylor Island.\"[1]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCR-1967-5"},{"link_name":"Lincoln National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page140-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LNP-MPpage2-7"}],"text":"Owen Island first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.[5] Since 1972, it has been part of the Lincoln National Park.[6][7]","title":"Protected areas status"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Owen Island' with the following datasets selected - 'Gazetteer', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas' and 'SA Government Regions'\". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian government. Retrieved 7 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Owen Island' with the following datasets selected - 'Gazetteer', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas' and 'SA Government Regions'\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). \"South Australia's offshore islands\" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. pp. 242–243. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","url_text":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). \"South Australia's offshore islands\" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 12. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","url_text":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""}]},{"reference":"Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service Hydrographic Department (1983). Port Lincoln and approaches (chart no. Aus 134).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. 16 March 1967. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf","url_text":"\"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). \"South Australia's offshore islands\" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. p. 140. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","url_text":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln National Park Management Plan\". Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources. 2004. pp. 2, 47 & 49. Retrieved 26 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/2b8b7120-6e6b-481c-86d8-9e4f00b1b08c/PARKS_PDFS_LINCOLN_NP_MP.pdf.","url_text":"\"Lincoln National Park Management Plan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Owen_Island_(South_Australia)&params=34.85846_S_136.0087_E_type:isle_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"34°51′30″S 136°00′31″E / 34.85846°S 136.0087°E / -34.85846; 136.0087"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Owen_Island_(South_Australia)&params=34.85846_S_136.0087_E_type:isle_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"34°51′30″S 136°00′31″E / 34.85846°S 136.0087°E / -34.85846; 136.0087"},{"Link":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","external_links_name":"\"Search results for 'Owen Island' with the following datasets selected - 'Gazetteer', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas' and 'SA Government Regions'\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Australia's offshore islands\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/2b8b7120-6e6b-481c-86d8-9e4f00b1b08c/PARKS_PDFS_LINCOLN_NP_MP.pdf.","external_links_name":"\"Lincoln National Park Management Plan\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bivens	Stokely Hathaway	["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 Ring of Honor (2014–2016)","1.2 Independent circuit (2016–2019)","1.3 Evolve (2016–2018)","1.4 Major League Wrestling (2017–2018)","1.5 WWE (2019–2022)","1.6 All Elite Wrestling / Return to ROH (2022–present)","1.6.1 The Firm (2022–2023)","1.6.2 Managing Kris Statlander (2024–present)","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 References","4 External links"]	American professional wrestler and manager Stokely HathawayHathaway in 2018Birth nameStokely HathawayBorn (1990-11-12) November 12, 1990 (age 33)Harlem, New York, U.S.Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Chuck Taylor™Court MooreMalcolm BivensRamonStokely HathawayBilled height5 ft 8 in (173 cm)Billed weight174 lb (79 kg)Trained byROH DojoDebut2014 Stokely Hathaway (born November 12, 1990) is an American professional wrestling manager and professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as the on-screen manager for Kris Statlander. He is best known for his tenures in Evolve and Ring of Honor. He also appeared for WWE on their NXT brand, as manager to the Diamond Mine, using the ring name Malcolm Bivens. Professional wrestling career Ring of Honor (2014–2016) On April 18, 2014, Hathaway had the first match of his career, teaming with Moose as they unsuccessfully challenged The Brutal Burgers. He soon became a member of Prince Nana's villainous stable The Embassy. He adopted the managing role and performed for a while under the name Ramon, where he most notably managed Moose. On March 28, 2016, Hathaway made his last appearance at ROH. Independent circuit (2016–2019) Stokely Hathaway started on the indie circuit in 2016 after leaving Ring of Honor, working for companies such as Beyond Wrestling. Hathaway managed a group called "The Dream Team," which consisted of Maxwell Jacob Friedman (MJF), Faye Jackson (the First Lady of The Dream Team), and Thomas Sharp. Hathaway was involved in a rivalry with Orange Cassidy. Evolve (2016–2018) On April 2, 2016, at EVOLVE 59, Hathaway debuted in Evolve as TJP's manager, where he unsuccessfully challenged Tommy End. After a brief stint managing Timothy Thatcher, Hathaway became a member of EVOLVE's leading stable Catch Point, remaining in a managerial role. Hathaway had his first Evolve match at Evolve 110, where he teamed with Chris Dickinson and Dominic Garrini in a losing effort against The Skulk. At Evolve 111, Hathaway teamed with Dickinson, where they unsuccessfully challenged Tracy Williams. Hathaway and Williams' careers were on the line in an "I Quit" match, and Hathaway's career with Evolve ended as a result of the loss. Although Hathaway had to leave Evolve after Evolve 111, he made a surprise appearance on September 8, 2018, where he unsuccessfully challenged Chris Dickinson, his final Evolve appearance. Major League Wrestling (2017–2018) In 2017, Stokely started in Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a manager of Black Friday Management. Hathaway managed Low Ki during the time before Major League Wrestling, secured their television deal with BeIN Sports in March 2018. Due to already having a television deal with Evolve Wrestling Stokley Hathaway, Matt Riddle, Darby Allin, and Priscilla Kelly all had to leave MLW once their television tapings started. MLW wrote Stokley Hathaway off of TV by him being kidnapped by random kidnappers. Later in 2018 Stokley resurfaced in MLW in the crowd, however after that single appearance he did not appear on MLW television again. WWE (2019–2022) See also: Diamond Mine (professional wrestling) On March 11, 2019, WWE announced the signing of Hathaway, revealing that he was already at the Performance Center. He started as the manager to Babatunde under the name of Court Moore, he later changed his name to Malcolm Bivens and began to manage wrestlers like Jermaine Haley. At the May 16 NXT house show, Hathaway started going by the new name and managed the team Rinku Singh and Saurav Gurjar. He began to work on NXT's weekly show as the villainous manager of Singh and Gurjar as Bivens Enterprises, but the storyline was dropped and Bivens was taken off of television. He returned in December, managing Tyler Rust. On the June 22, 2021, episode of NXT, Bivens and Rust were revealed to be a part of the Diamond Mine stable along with Hachiman and Roderick Strong. Hathaway was released by WWE on April 29, 2022. He had reportedly turned down a contract renewal offer prior to his release. All Elite Wrestling / Return to ROH (2022–present) The Firm (2022–2023) Stokely Hathaway made his debut in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) at Double or Nothing. He appeared at the end of a match between TBS Champion Jade Cargill and Anna Jay, aligning himself with Cargill and establishing himself as a heel. In the lead up to All Out 2022, Hathaway started courting wrestlers such as Ethan Page, Lee Moriarty, Colten Gunn, Austin Gunn, and Big Bill to be his new clients. Hathaway and his clients then attacked the Casino Ladder match, taking out every competitor in the ring, clearing the way for the just-entering and masked Joker. At the end of the PPV's main event, the Joker revealed himself to be Maxwell Jacob Friedman, reuniting the latter. On the September 14 episode of AEW Dynamite, Hathaway revealed the name of his group to be "The Firm" and that they were MJF's "retainer team" helping him whenever he would need them. The partnership was short-lived when, on the October 26 episode, MJF would fire Hathaway for disobeying his orders not to attack AEW World Championship Jon Moxley and the Firm would subsequently turn on him. Hathaway would simultaneously enter a long-term feud with Matt Hardy. On the October 12 episode of Dynamite, Hathaway revealed he bought Private Party’s contracts from LFI. During this segment, a challenge was made for AEW Rampage for a match between Ethan Page and Isiah Kassidy to free Private Party from The Firm's control. But if Page won, The Firm would acquire Matt Hardy's contract as well. On the October 14 episode of Rampage, Page won the match which Hardy and Private Party would have to join The Firm. Hardy and Kassidy would team with The Firm over several months, unsuccessfully challenging the likes of The Elite for the AEW World Trios Championship and JungleHOOK, the latter of which resulted in Hathaway having his first singles match in AEW against Hook in a No Disqualification match after Hardy failed to beat him for the FTW Championship, which Hathaway would lose. On April 12, 2023 episode of Dynamite, Hardy and Kassidy were turned on by The Firm but were later saved by Hook and a returning Jeff Hardy. This would lead to the Firm Deletion match at the Hardy Compound, where the Hardy Boyz, Kassidy and Hook would defeat Hathaway, Page, Moriarty, and Bill, with Maxel Hardy hitting a Swanton Bomb on Hathaway. This would effectively disband The Firm, with the Gunns allying with Jay White and Juice Robinson of Bullet Club Gold and Hathaway being named to the Board of Directors of Ring of Honor alongside Jerry Lynn. Managing Kris Statlander (2024–present) After spending the summer of 2023 as one of ROH's authority figures, Hathaway returned to a managing position in early 2024, winning the grudging acceptance of Kris Statlander and Willow Nightingale after a campaign to "Give Stokely a Chance" that featured Cameo messages from Kurt Angle and George Santos. The partnership solidified by Revolution, with a win over Skye Blue and Julia Hart at Zero Hour, and a post-match declaration that they were "family.", turning Hathaway face in the process. On May 26 at Double or Nothing after Nightingale was defeated by Mercedes Moné, Hathaway berated Nightingale until Statlander pushed him over, seemingly terminating his role as their manager. Moments later, on the ramp Statlander attacked Nightingale and aligned herself with Hathaway once again, revealing the prior events to be a ruse. As a result of the attack, Hathaway once again turned heel. Championships and accomplishments Alpha-1 Wrestling A1 Outer Limits Championship (1 time) References ^ a b c "Stokely Hathaway, Cal Bloom and Robert Strauss join the WWE Performance Center". WWE. Retrieved March 11, 2019. ^ a b Satin, Ryan. "Stokely Hathaway Debuts At NXT Live Event With New Name (PHOTOS)". Pro Wrestling Sheet. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ "Stokely Hathaway". CAGEMATCH. ^ Greer, Jamie (11 March 2019). "Stokely Hathaway, Robbie E and Cal Bloom Join WWE Performance Center". Last Word On Pro Wrestling. Retrieved March 11, 2019. ^ Thomas, Jeremy. "ROH Field of Honor Results 8.15.14 – Brooklyn, NY". 411MANIA. Retrieved April 16, 2014. ^ Kraetsch, Rich (8 April 2016). "EVOLVE 59 RESULTS & REVIEW: RICOCHET VS WILL OSPREAY". Voices of Wrestling. Retrieved April 8, 2016. ^ Taylor, Warren (8 May 2016). "EVOLVE 60 RESULTS & REVIEW". Voices of Wrestling. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ Csonka, Larry. "Csonka's EVOLVE 110 Review". 411MANIA. Retrieved August 11, 2018. ^ Sapp, Sean Ross. "Stokely Hathaway's WWN Career Ended After EVOLVE 111". Fightful. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ Elizabeth, Claire (8 September 2018). "Evolve 113 recap & review: Drake bests Janela, Stokely gets Pazuzu Bombed, and Swerve breaks Hot Sauce's arm". Cageside Seats. Retrieved September 8, 2018. ^ Satin, Ryan (March 26, 2018). "Major League Wrestling Signs TV Deal". ^ "Stokely Hathaway kidnapped?". MLW: Major League Wrestling®. April 29, 2018. ^ "NXT Largo, FL, live results: Dream vs. Cole vs. Riddle title match". WON/F4W - WWE news, Pro Wrestling News, WWE Results, UFC News, UFC results. April 13, 2019. ^ "411MANIA". WWE News: Stokely Hathaway Gets A New NXT Name, Every Successful Money in the Bank Cash-In, WWE Announces Watch Along For Sunday’s PPV. ^ "Russ Taylor Makes NXT Debut In Timothy Thatcher, Tommaso Ciampa Segment". Fightful. ^ "Malcolm Bivens makes a proposition for Tyler Rust: WWE NXT, Dec. 9, 2020". YouTube. ^ "WWE NXT Results for 12/16/20 NXT Championship Number One Contender Match". Fightful. ^ "WWE NXT Results for 12/23/20 A Very Gargano Christmas Special, Lorcan & Burch Retain". Fightful. ^ Lambert, Jeremy (June 22, 2021). "Roderick Strong And Malcolm Bivens Lead Diamond Mine, Attack Kushida On 6/22 NXT". Fightful. Retrieved June 22, 2021. ^ Wilkins, Rob. "WWE NXT Results For 6/22/21 O'Reilly vs. Kushida, Adam Cole in action, Diamond Mine debut, and Samoa Joe". Fightful. ^ Lambert, Jeremy (April 29, 2022). "Malcolm Bivens, Dakota Kai, Harland, Dexter Lumis, More Released By WWE". Fightful. Retrieved April 30, 2022. ^ Thomas, Jeremy (April 29, 2022). "More on WWE's Releases Of Dakota Kai, Malcolm Bivens, Harland & More". 411 Mania. Retrieved April 30, 2022. Kai apparently saw her release coming and had indicated to WWE that she wasn't planning on renewing her contract. ^ Powell, Jason (May 29, 2022). "AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Hangman Page vs. CM Punk for the AEW Championship, MJF vs. Wardlow, Thunder Rosa vs. Serena Deeb for the AEW Women's Title, Owen Hart Cup tournament finals, The Hardys vs. The Young Bucks, Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus vs. Ricky Starks and Powerhouse Hobbs vs. Keith Lee and Swerve Strickland for the AEW Tag Titles". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 29, 2022. ^ "AEW Dynamite Results for October 12, 2022". ^ "AEW Rampage Preview for October 14, 2022". ^ "Jeff Hardy is back in AEW". ^ "AEW Rampage live results: The Firm Deletion". 5 May 2023. ^ "AEW Star to be ROH's New Authority Figure – TJR Wrestling". 5 June 2023. ^ "Kurt Angle Thinks Willow Nightingale And Kris Statlander Should #GiveStokelyAChance". ^ "George Santos Wouldn't Lie, Wants You To Give Stokely Hathaway A Chance". ^ https://twitter.com/AEW/status/1764470359368007687 ^ "2024 AEW Double or Nothing results, recap, grades: MJF returns; Mercedes Mone, Will Ospreay win titles". CBSSports.com. 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-05-27. External links Malcolm Bivens on X Stokely Hathaway at IMDb Stokely Hathaway's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database vteAll Elite WrestlingPersonnelMen's division Aaron Solo Action Andretti Adam Cole Adam Copeland "Hangman" Adam Page Alex Reynolds Angélico Angelo Parker Anthony Bowens Anthony Ogogo AR Fox Ari Daivari Austin Gunn Bandido Big Bill Billy Gunn Bishop Kaun The Blade Blake Christian Boulder Brandon Cutler Brian Cage Brody King Bryan Danielson Bryan Keith Buddy Matthews The Butcher Cash Wheeler Chris Jericho Christian Cage Chuck Taylor Claudio Castagnoli Colt Cabana Colten Gunn Danhausen Daniel Garcia Dante Martin Darby Allin Darius Martin Dax Harwood Dralístico Dustin Rhodes Eddie Kingston Evil Uno Griff Garrison Hook Isiah Kassidy Jack Perry Jay Lethal Jay White Jeff Jarrett John Silver Johnny TV Jon Moxley Josh Woods Juice Robinson Katsuyori Shibata Kazuchika Okada Keith Lee Kenny Omega Killswitch Kip Sabian Komander Konosuke Takeshita Kota Ibushi Kyle Fletcher Kyle O'Reilly Lance Archer Lee Johnson Lee Moriarty Malakai Black Mark Briscoe Mark Davis Marq Quen Matt Menard Matt Sydal Matt Taven Matthew Jackson Max Caster Mike Bennett Miro MJF Nicholas Jackson Nick Comoroto Nick Wayne Orange Cassidy Ortiz Pac Penta El Zero M Peter Avalon Powerhouse Hobbs Preston Vance Rey Fenix Ricky Starks Rocky Romero Roderick Strong Rush Sammy Guevara Samoa Joe Satnam Singh Scorpio Sky Serpentico Shane Taylor Swerve Strickland Toa Liona Tony Nese Trent Beretta Wardlow Wheeler Yuta Will Ospreay Zack Knight Women's division Abadon Anna Jay Athena Billie Starkz Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D. Deonna Purrazzo Diamante Emi Sakura Harley Cameron Hikaru Shida Jamie Hayter Julia Hart Kamille Kiera Hogan Kris Statlander Leila Grey Leyla Hirsch Madison Rayne Mariah May Marina Shafir Megan Bayne Mercedes Martinez Mercedes Moné Nyla Rose Penelope Ford Queen Aminata Red Velvet Riho Ruby Soho Saraya Serena Deeb Skye Blue Tay Melo Taya Valkyrie Thunder Rosa Toni Storm Willow Nightingale Yuka Sakazaki Other on-air personnel Alex Abrahantes CJ Don Callis Jake Roberts Karen Jarrett Luther Maria Kanellis Mark Sterling Prince Nana Ric Flair Sonjay Dutt Stokely Hathaway Stables and tag teams The Acclaimed Bang Bang Gang Blackpool Combat Club The Butcher and the Blade The Dark Order Alex Reynolds and John Silver Death Triangle Lucha Brothers The Don Callis Family The Elite The Young Bucks La Facción Ingobernable FTR Iron Savages House of Black The Learning Tree The Outcasts Private Party Undisputed Kingdom Referees Aubrey Edwards Bryce Remsburg Paul Turner Rick Knox Stephon Smith Broadcast team Alex Marvez Carlos Cabrera Excalibur Ian Riccaboni Jim Ross Justin Roberts Lexy Nair Nigel McGuinness Renee Paquette RJ City Taz Tony Schiavone Backstage personnel Chris Hero Christopher Daniels Dean Malenko Jennifer Pepperman Jerry Lynn Jimmy Jacobs Kevin Matthews Michael Nakazawa Pat Buck Paul Wight Q. T. Marshall RD Evans Rebel Sarah Stock Scott Taylor Tony Chimel Khan family Shahid Khan Tony Khan Programming All Access Battle of the Belts Collision Episodes Television specials Dark Episodes Dynamite Episodes Television specials Elevation Episodes Rampage Episodes Television specials Special events Pay-per-view events All In All Out Double or Nothing Dynasty Forbidden Door Full Gear Revolution WrestleDream Worlds End ChampionshipsMen's World (reigns) International Continental TNT (reigns) FTW Tag Team Unified World Trios Trios ROH Six-Man Tag Team (reigns) Women's Women's World TBS Accomplishments Casino Battle Royale Dynamite Diamond Ring Tournaments Owen Hart Cup Continental Classic Awards Sister promotions Ring of Honor PartnershipsCurrent Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre CyberFight DDT Pro-Wrestling Pro Wrestling Noah Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide New Japan Pro-Wrestling Revolution Pro Wrestling World Wonder Ring Stardom Former Impact Wrestling National Wrestling Alliance Oriental Wrestling Entertainment Pro Wrestling Wave See also AEW alumni AEW Plus AEW video games Fight Forever All In (2018) Chris Jericho's Rock 'N' Wrestling Rager at Sea Daily's Place Starrcast Universal Studios Soundstage 21 Wednesday Night Wars	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"All Elite Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Kris Statlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Statlander"},{"link_name":"Evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolve_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"NXT brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_NXT"},{"link_name":"Diamond Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Mine_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathawayPC-1"}],"text":"Stokely Hathaway (born November 12, 1990) is an American professional wrestling manager and professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as the on-screen manager for Kris Statlander. He is best known for his tenures in Evolve and Ring of Honor. He also appeared for WWE on their NXT brand, as manager to the Diamond Mine, using the ring name Malcolm Bivens.[1]","title":"Stokely Hathaway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prince Nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nana"},{"link_name":"villainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathawayROH-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathawayFieldofHonor-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ring of Honor (2014–2016)","text":"On April 18, 2014, Hathaway had the first match of his career, teaming with Moose as they unsuccessfully challenged The Brutal Burgers.[citation needed] He soon became a member of Prince Nana's villainous stable The Embassy.[4] He adopted the managing role and performed for a while under the name Ramon, where he most notably managed Moose.[5] On March 28, 2016, Hathaway made his last appearance at ROH.[citation needed]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell Jacob Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Jacob_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Orange Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Cassidy"}],"sub_title":"Independent circuit (2016–2019)","text":"Stokely Hathaway started on the indie circuit in 2016 after leaving Ring of Honor, working for companies such as Beyond Wrestling. Hathaway managed a group called \"The Dream Team,\" which consisted of Maxwell Jacob Friedman (MJF), Faye Jackson (the First Lady of The Dream Team), and Thomas Sharp. Hathaway was involved in a rivalry with Orange Cassidy.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EVOLVE 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Evolve_Wrestling_events#EVOLVE_59"},{"link_name":"Evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolve_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"TJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Perkins"},{"link_name":"Tommy End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakai_Black"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathawayEVOLVE59-6"},{"link_name":"Timothy Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tracy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Williams"},{"link_name":"\"I Quit\" match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22I_Quit%22_match"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Evolve (2016–2018)","text":"On April 2, 2016, at EVOLVE 59, Hathaway debuted in Evolve as TJP's manager, where he unsuccessfully challenged Tommy End.[6] After a brief stint managing Timothy Thatcher, Hathaway became a member of EVOLVE's leading stable Catch Point, remaining in a managerial role.[7] Hathaway had his first Evolve match at Evolve 110, where he teamed with Chris Dickinson and Dominic Garrini in a losing effort against The Skulk.[8] At Evolve 111, Hathaway teamed with Dickinson, where they unsuccessfully challenged Tracy Williams. Hathaway and Williams' careers were on the line in an \"I Quit\" match, and Hathaway's career with Evolve ended as a result of the loss.[9] Although Hathaway had to leave Evolve after Evolve 111, he made a surprise appearance on September 8, 2018, where he unsuccessfully challenged Chris Dickinson, his final Evolve appearance.[10]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Low Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Ki"},{"link_name":"BeIN Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeIN_Sports"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Matt Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Riddle"},{"link_name":"Darby Allin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_Allin"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Dolin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Major League Wrestling (2017–2018)","text":"In 2017, Stokely started in Major League Wrestling (MLW) as a manager of Black Friday Management. Hathaway managed Low Ki during the time before Major League Wrestling, secured their television deal with BeIN Sports in March 2018.[11] Due to already having a television deal with Evolve Wrestling Stokley Hathaway, Matt Riddle, Darby Allin, and Priscilla Kelly all had to leave MLW once their television tapings started. MLW wrote Stokley Hathaway off of TV by him being kidnapped by random kidnappers. Later in 2018 Stokley resurfaced in MLW in the crowd, however after that single appearance he did not appear on MLW television again.[12]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diamond Mine (professional wrestling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Mine_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HathawayPC-1"},{"link_name":"Babatunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Azeez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NXTLiveDebut-2"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Reed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rinku Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinku_Singh_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Saurav Gurjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurav_Gurjar"},{"link_name":"villainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Tyler Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Rust"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Diamond Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Mine_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Hachiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Roderick Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Strong"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"WWE (2019–2022)","text":"See also: Diamond Mine (professional wrestling)On March 11, 2019, WWE announced the signing of Hathaway, revealing that he was already at the Performance Center.[1] He started as the manager to Babatunde under the name of Court Moore,[2] he later changed his name to Malcolm Bivens and began to manage wrestlers like Jermaine Haley.[13] At the May 16 NXT house show, Hathaway started going by the new name[14] and managed the team Rinku Singh and Saurav Gurjar. He began to work on NXT's weekly show as the villainous manager of Singh and Gurjar as Bivens Enterprises, but the storyline was dropped and Bivens was taken off of television. He returned in December, managing Tyler Rust.[15][16][17][18] On the June 22, 2021, episode of NXT, Bivens and Rust were revealed to be a part of the Diamond Mine stable along with Hachiman and Roderick Strong.[19][20] Hathaway was released by WWE on April 29, 2022. He had reportedly turned down a contract renewal offer prior to his release.[21][22]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All Elite Wrestling / Return to ROH (2022–present)","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Elite Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Double or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_or_Nothing_(2022)"},{"link_name":"TBS Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_TBS_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jade Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Cargill"},{"link_name":"Anna Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jay"},{"link_name":"heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoN2022-23"},{"link_name":"All Out 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Out_(2022)"},{"link_name":"Ethan Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Page"},{"link_name":"Lee Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Moriarty"},{"link_name":"Colten Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colten_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Austin Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Big Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Jacob Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Jacob_Friedman"},{"link_name":"AEW Dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_Dynamite"},{"link_name":"AEW World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_World_Champion"},{"link_name":"Jon Moxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Moxley"},{"link_name":"Matt Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Private Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Party_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"LFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ingobernables"},{"link_name":"AEW Rampage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_Rampage"},{"link_name":"Isiah Kassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiah_Kassidy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elite_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"AEW World Trios Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEW_World_Trios_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Boy_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"HOOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"FTW Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTW_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"the Hardy Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardy_Boyz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jay White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_White"},{"link_name":"Juice Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Bullet Club Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Club#Members"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"All Elite Wrestling / Return to ROH (2022–present) - The Firm (2022–2023)","text":"Stokely Hathaway made his debut in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) at Double or Nothing. He appeared at the end of a match between TBS Champion Jade Cargill and Anna Jay, aligning himself with Cargill and establishing himself as a heel.[23] In the lead up to All Out 2022, Hathaway started courting wrestlers such as Ethan Page, Lee Moriarty, Colten Gunn, Austin Gunn, and Big Bill to be his new clients. Hathaway and his clients then attacked the Casino Ladder match, taking out every competitor in the ring, clearing the way for the just-entering and masked Joker. At the end of the PPV's main event, the Joker revealed himself to be Maxwell Jacob Friedman, reuniting the latter. On the September 14 episode of AEW Dynamite, Hathaway revealed the name of his group to be \"The Firm\" and that they were MJF's \"retainer team\" helping him whenever he would need them. The partnership was short-lived when, on the October 26 episode, MJF would fire Hathaway for disobeying his orders not to attack AEW World Championship Jon Moxley and the Firm would subsequently turn on him.Hathaway would simultaneously enter a long-term feud with Matt Hardy. On the October 12 episode of Dynamite, Hathaway revealed he bought Private Party’s contracts from LFI. During this segment, a challenge was made for AEW Rampage for a match between Ethan Page and Isiah Kassidy to free Private Party from The Firm's control.[24] But if Page won, The Firm would acquire Matt Hardy's contract as well. On the October 14 episode of Rampage, Page won the match which Hardy and Private Party would have to join The Firm.[25] Hardy and Kassidy would team with The Firm over several months, unsuccessfully challenging the likes of The Elite for the AEW World Trios Championship and JungleHOOK, the latter of which resulted in Hathaway having his first singles match in AEW against Hook in a No Disqualification match after Hardy failed to beat him for the FTW Championship, which Hathaway would lose.On April 12, 2023 episode of Dynamite, Hardy and Kassidy were turned on by The Firm but were later saved by Hook and a returning Jeff Hardy.[26] This would lead to the Firm Deletion match at the Hardy Compound, where the Hardy Boyz, Kassidy and Hook would defeat Hathaway, Page, Moriarty, and Bill, with Maxel Hardy hitting a Swanton Bomb on Hathaway.[27] This would effectively disband The Firm, with the Gunns allying with Jay White and Juice Robinson of Bullet Club Gold and Hathaway being named to the Board of Directors of Ring of Honor alongside Jerry Lynn.[28]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kris Statlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Statlander"},{"link_name":"Willow Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Kurt Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Angle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"George Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santos"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Double or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_or_Nothing_(2024)"},{"link_name":"heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"All Elite Wrestling / Return to ROH (2022–present) - Managing Kris Statlander (2024–present)","text":"After spending the summer of 2023 as one of ROH's authority figures, Hathaway returned to a managing position in early 2024, winning the grudging acceptance of Kris Statlander and Willow Nightingale after a campaign to \"Give Stokely a Chance\" that featured Cameo messages from Kurt Angle[29] and George Santos.[30] The partnership solidified by Revolution, with a win over Skye Blue and Julia Hart at Zero Hour, and a post-match declaration that they were \"family.\", turning Hathaway face in the process.[31] On May 26 at Double or Nothing after Nightingale was defeated by Mercedes Moné, Hathaway berated Nightingale until Statlander pushed him over, seemingly terminating his role as their manager. Moments later, on the ramp Statlander attacked Nightingale and aligned herself with Hathaway once again, revealing the prior events to be a ruse. As a result of the attack, Hathaway once again turned heel.[32]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alpha-1 Wrestling\nA1 Outer Limits Championship (1 time)","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stokely Hathaway, Cal Bloom and Robert Strauss join the WWE Performance Center\". WWE. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/robert-strauss-stokely-hathaway-cal-bloom-wwe-performance-center","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway, Cal Bloom and Robert Strauss join the WWE Performance Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"Satin, Ryan. \"Stokely Hathaway Debuts At NXT Live Event With New Name (PHOTOS)\". Pro Wrestling Sheet. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/stokely-hathaway-new-name/#.XJWmNihvbiw","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway Debuts At NXT Live Event With New Name (PHOTOS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stokely Hathaway\". CAGEMATCH.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=16632&gimmick=Stokely+Hathaway","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway\""}]},{"reference":"Greer, Jamie (11 March 2019). \"Stokely Hathaway, Robbie E and Cal Bloom Join WWE Performance Center\". Last Word On Pro Wrestling. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lastwordonprowrestling.com/2019/03/11/stokely-hathaway-robbe-e-and-cal-bloom-join-wwe-performance-center/","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway, Robbie E and Cal Bloom Join WWE Performance Center\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jeremy. \"ROH Field of Honor Results 8.15.14 – Brooklyn, NY\". 411MANIA. Retrieved April 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/roh-field-of-honor-results-8-15-14-brooklyn-ny/","url_text":"\"ROH Field of Honor Results 8.15.14 – Brooklyn, NY\""}]},{"reference":"Kraetsch, Rich (8 April 2016). \"EVOLVE 59 RESULTS & REVIEW: RICOCHET VS WILL OSPREAY\". Voices of Wrestling. Retrieved April 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2016/04/08/evolve-59-results-review/","url_text":"\"EVOLVE 59 RESULTS & REVIEW: RICOCHET VS WILL OSPREAY\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Warren (8 May 2016). \"EVOLVE 60 RESULTS & REVIEW\". Voices of Wrestling. Retrieved May 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2016/05/08/evolve-60-results-review/","url_text":"\"EVOLVE 60 RESULTS & REVIEW\""}]},{"reference":"Csonka, Larry. \"Csonka's EVOLVE 110 Review\". 411MANIA. Retrieved August 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/csonkas-evolve-110-review/","url_text":"\"Csonka's EVOLVE 110 Review\""}]},{"reference":"Sapp, Sean Ross. \"Stokely Hathaway's WWN Career Ended After EVOLVE 111\". Fightful. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/stokely-hathaway-s-wwn-career-ended-after-evolve-111","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway's WWN Career Ended After EVOLVE 111\""}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth, Claire (8 September 2018). \"Evolve 113 recap & review: Drake bests Janela, Stokely gets Pazuzu Bombed, and Swerve breaks Hot Sauce's arm\". Cageside Seats. Retrieved September 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagesideseats.com/2018/9/8/17836088/evolve-113-recap-review-drake-janela-stokely-pazuzu-bomb-swerve-hot-sauce-theory-fox","url_text":"\"Evolve 113 recap & review: Drake bests Janela, Stokely gets Pazuzu Bombed, and Swerve breaks Hot Sauce's arm\""}]},{"reference":"Satin, Ryan (March 26, 2018). \"Major League Wrestling Signs TV Deal\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/major-league-wrestling-tv-deal/","url_text":"\"Major League Wrestling Signs TV Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stokely Hathaway kidnapped?\". MLW: Major League Wrestling®. April 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mlw.com/2018/04/29/stokely-hathaway-kidnapped/","url_text":"\"Stokely Hathaway kidnapped?\""}]},{"reference":"\"NXT Largo, FL, live results: Dream vs. Cole vs. Riddle title match\". WON/F4W - WWE news, Pro Wrestling News, WWE Results, UFC News, UFC results. April 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/nxt-largo-fl-live-results-dream-vs-cole-vs-riddle-title-match-281521","url_text":"\"NXT Largo, FL, live results: Dream vs. Cole vs. Riddle title match\""}]},{"reference":"\"411MANIA\". WWE News: Stokely Hathaway Gets A New NXT Name, Every Successful Money in the Bank Cash-In, WWE Announces Watch Along For Sunday’s PPV.","urls":[{"url":"http://411mania.com/wrestling/stokley-hathaway-gets-a-new-nxt-name/","url_text":"\"411MANIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russ Taylor Makes NXT Debut In Timothy Thatcher, Tommaso Ciampa Segment\". Fightful.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/russ-taylor-makes-nxt-debut-timothy-thatcher-tommaso-ciampa-segment","url_text":"\"Russ Taylor Makes NXT Debut In Timothy Thatcher, Tommaso Ciampa Segment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malcolm Bivens makes a proposition for Tyler Rust: WWE NXT, Dec. 9, 2020\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1uTulu2AzY&ab_channel=WWE","url_text":"\"Malcolm Bivens makes a proposition for Tyler Rust: WWE NXT, Dec. 9, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/16/20 NXT Championship Number One Contender Match\". Fightful.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/wwe-nxt-results-live-coverage-121620-nxt-championship-number-one-contender-match","url_text":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/16/20 NXT Championship Number One Contender Match\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/23/20 A Very Gargano Christmas Special, Lorcan & Burch Retain\". Fightful.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/wwe-nxt-results-live-coverage-122320-very-gargano-christmas-special","url_text":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/23/20 A Very Gargano Christmas Special, Lorcan & Burch Retain\""}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Jeremy (June 22, 2021). \"Roderick Strong And Malcolm Bivens Lead Diamond Mine, Attack Kushida On 6/22 NXT\". Fightful. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/roderick-strong-and-malcolm-bivens-lead-diamond-mine-against-kushida-622-nxt","url_text":"\"Roderick Strong And Malcolm Bivens Lead Diamond Mine, Attack Kushida On 6/22 NXT\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, Rob. \"WWE NXT Results For 6/22/21 O'Reilly vs. Kushida, Adam Cole in action, Diamond Mine debut, and Samoa Joe\". Fightful.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/nxt-results-62221-o-reilly-vs-kushida-adam-cole-action-diamond-mine-debut-and-samoa-joe","url_text":"\"WWE NXT Results For 6/22/21 O'Reilly vs. Kushida, Adam Cole in action, Diamond Mine debut, and Samoa Joe\""}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Jeremy (April 29, 2022). \"Malcolm Bivens, Dakota Kai, Harland, Dexter Lumis, More Released By WWE\". Fightful. Retrieved April 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/malcolm-bivens-dakota-kai-harland-more-released-wwe","url_text":"\"Malcolm Bivens, Dakota Kai, Harland, Dexter Lumis, More Released By WWE\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jeremy (April 29, 2022). \"More on WWE's Releases Of Dakota Kai, Malcolm Bivens, Harland & More\". 411 Mania. Retrieved April 30, 2022. Kai apparently saw her release coming and had indicated to WWE that she wasn't planning on renewing her contract.","urls":[{"url":"https://411mania.com/wrestling/more-on-wwe-releases-malcolm-bivens-dakota-kai-harland","url_text":"\"More on WWE's Releases Of Dakota Kai, Malcolm Bivens, Harland & More\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Jason (May 29, 2022). \"AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Hangman Page vs. CM Punk for the AEW Championship, MJF vs. Wardlow, Thunder Rosa vs. Serena Deeb for the AEW Women's Title, Owen Hart Cup tournament finals, The Hardys vs. The Young Bucks, Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus vs. Ricky Starks and Powerhouse Hobbs vs. Keith Lee and Swerve Strickland for the AEW Tag Titles\". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/05/29/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-hangman-page-vs-cm-punk-for-the-aew-championship-mjf-vs-wardlow-thunder-rosa-vs-serena-deeb-for-the-aew-womens-title-owen-hart-cup-tourn/","url_text":"\"AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Hangman Page vs. CM Punk for the AEW Championship, MJF vs. Wardlow, Thunder Rosa vs. Serena Deeb for the AEW Women's Title, Owen Hart Cup tournament finals, The Hardys vs. The Young Bucks, Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus vs. Ricky Starks and Powerhouse Hobbs vs. Keith Lee and Swerve Strickland for the AEW Tag Titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEW Dynamite Results for October 12, 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-october-12-2022","url_text":"\"AEW Dynamite Results for October 12, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEW Rampage Preview for October 14, 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-rampage-preview-for-october-14-2022","url_text":"\"AEW Rampage Preview for October 14, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Hardy is back in AEW\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagesideseats.com/aew/2023/4/12/23681206/jeff-hardy-returns-aew-dynamite-april-12-2022-video-dui-suspension","url_text":"\"Jeff Hardy is back in AEW\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEW Rampage live results: The Firm Deletion\". 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-rampage-live-results-the-firm-deletion","url_text":"\"AEW Rampage live results: The Firm Deletion\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEW Star to be ROH's New Authority Figure – TJR Wrestling\". 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tjrwrestling.net/news/aew-star-to-be-rohs-new-authority-figure/","url_text":"\"AEW Star to be ROH's New Authority Figure – TJR Wrestling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurt Angle Thinks Willow Nightingale And Kris Statlander Should #GiveStokelyAChance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kurt-angle-thinks-willow-nightingale-and-kris-statlander-should-givestokelyachance","url_text":"\"Kurt Angle Thinks Willow Nightingale And Kris Statlander Should #GiveStokelyAChance\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Santos Wouldn't Lie, Wants You To Give Stokely Hathaway A Chance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrestlezone.com/news/1437081-george-santos-wouldnt-lie-wants-you-to-give-stokely-hathaway-a-chance","url_text":"\"George Santos Wouldn't Lie, Wants You To Give Stokely Hathaway A Chance\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 AEW Double or Nothing results, recap, grades: MJF returns; Mercedes Mone, Will Ospreay win titles\". CBSSports.com. 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/pro-wrestling/news/2024-aew-double-or-nothing-results-recap-grades-mjf-returns-mercedes-mone-will-ospreay-win-titles/live/","url_text":"\"2024 AEW Double or Nothing results, recap, grades: MJF returns; Mercedes Mone, Will Ospreay win titles\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/robert-strauss-stokely-hathaway-cal-bloom-wwe-performance-center","external_links_name":"\"Stokely Hathaway, Cal Bloom and Robert Strauss join the WWE Performance Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/stokely-hathaway-new-name/#.XJWmNihvbiw","external_links_name":"\"Stokely Hathaway Debuts At NXT Live Event With New Name (PHOTOS)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=16632&gimmick=Stokely+Hathaway","external_links_name":"\"Stokely Hathaway\""},{"Link":"https://lastwordonprowrestling.com/2019/03/11/stokely-hathaway-robbe-e-and-cal-bloom-join-wwe-performance-center/","external_links_name":"\"Stokely 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111\""},{"Link":"https://www.cagesideseats.com/2018/9/8/17836088/evolve-113-recap-review-drake-janela-stokely-pazuzu-bomb-swerve-hot-sauce-theory-fox","external_links_name":"\"Evolve 113 recap & review: Drake bests Janela, Stokely gets Pazuzu Bombed, and Swerve breaks Hot Sauce's arm\""},{"Link":"https://www.prowrestlingsheet.com/major-league-wrestling-tv-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Major League Wrestling Signs TV Deal\""},{"Link":"https://mlw.com/2018/04/29/stokely-hathaway-kidnapped/","external_links_name":"\"Stokely Hathaway kidnapped?\""},{"Link":"https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/nxt-largo-fl-live-results-dream-vs-cole-vs-riddle-title-match-281521","external_links_name":"\"NXT Largo, FL, live results: Dream vs. Cole vs. Riddle title match\""},{"Link":"http://411mania.com/wrestling/stokley-hathaway-gets-a-new-nxt-name/","external_links_name":"\"411MANIA\""},{"Link":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/russ-taylor-makes-nxt-debut-timothy-thatcher-tommaso-ciampa-segment","external_links_name":"\"Russ Taylor Makes NXT Debut In Timothy Thatcher, Tommaso Ciampa Segment\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1uTulu2AzY&ab_channel=WWE","external_links_name":"\"Malcolm Bivens makes a proposition for Tyler Rust: WWE NXT, Dec. 9, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/wwe-nxt-results-live-coverage-121620-nxt-championship-number-one-contender-match","external_links_name":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/16/20 NXT Championship Number One Contender Match\""},{"Link":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/wwe-nxt-results-live-coverage-122320-very-gargano-christmas-special","external_links_name":"\"WWE NXT Results for 12/23/20 A Very Gargano Christmas Special, Lorcan & Burch 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Yokote	Michiko Yokote	["1 Screenwriting","1.1 Anime television series","1.2 Anime films","1.3 OVAs","1.4 ONAs","1.5 Live action TV","2 Books","2.1 Manga","2.2 Novels","3 References","4 External links"]	Japanese screenwriter You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (May 2015) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ja\|横手美智子}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Michiko Yokote (横手美智子, Yokote Michiko) is a Japanese screenwriter. Screenwriting • head writer denoted in bold Anime television series Patlabor: The TV Series (1990) Ranma ½ (1990–1992) Rurouni Kenshin (1996) Magical Project S (1996–1997) You’re Under Arrest (1996–1997) Adventures of Mini-Goddess (1998–1999) Cowboy Bebop (1998–1999) I’m Gonna Be An Angel! (1999) Magic User’s Club (1999) Phantom Thief Jeanne (1999–2000) Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran (2000) Strange Dawn (2000) The Kindaichi Case Files (2000) Gensomaden Saiyuki (2000–2001) Gravitation (2000–2001) You’re Under Arrest 2 (2001) Comic Party (2001) Haré+Guu (2001) Hikaru no Go (2001–2003) .hack//SIGN (2002) Tokyo Underground (2002) Seven of Seven (2002) Princess Tutu (2002–2003) Naruto (2002–2005) Air Master (2003) Full-Blast Science Adventure - So That's How It Is (2003–2004) Genshiken (2004) The Marshmallow Times (2004–2005) Bleach (2004–2009) Ginban Kaleidoscope (2005) Strawberry Marshmallow (2005) Kujibiki Unbalance (2006) xxxHolic (2006) Sgt. Frog (2006) Blood+ (2006) Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (2006) Kiba (2006) Digimon Data Squad (2006–2007) Gin Tama (2006–2013) Big Windup! (2007) Mononoke (2007) Junjo Romantica (2008) xxxHolic: Kei (2008) Nabari no Ou (2008) Junjo Romantica 2 (2008) Valkyria Chronicles (2009) Chrome Shelled Regios (2009) Kanamemo (2009) Kobato (2009–2010) Tamagotchi! (2009–2012) Squid Girl (2010) C³ (2011) The World's Greatest First Love (2011) Shinryaku!? Ika Musume (2011) Joshiraku (2012) Brave 10 (2012) Hiiro no Kakera (2012) Tari Tari (2012) Say I Love You (2012) Kamisama Kiss (2012) Tamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream (2012–2013) Shirokuma Cafe (2012–2013) Ixion Saga DT (2012–2013) Saint Seiya Omega: Chapter Mars (2012–2013) Genshiken 2 (2013) Red Data Girl (2013) Devils and Realist (2013) Senyu (2013) Tamako Market (2013) Nagi no Asukara (2013) Saint Seiya Omega: Chapter Zodiac Temples (2013–2014) Tamagotchi! Miracle Friends (2013–2014) Love Stage!! (2014) Girl Friend Beta (2014) No-Rin (2014) Witchcraft Works (2014) Notari Matsutarō (2014) Shirobako (2014–2015) GO-GO Tamagotchi! (2014–2015) Seiyu's Life! (2015) Prison School (2015) Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches (2015) Cute High Earth Defense Club Love! (2015) Mr. Osomatsu (2015) Dance with Devils (2015) Anti-Magic Academy: The 35th Test Platoon (2015) Junjo Romantica 3 (2015) Rin-ne (2015–2017) Cute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! LOVE! (2016) Handa-kun (2016) The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. (2016) Kiss Him, Not Me (2016) ReLIFE (2016) Sekkō Boys (2016) Rilu Rilu Fairilu: Yosei no Door (2016) D.Gray-man Hallow (2016) Dagashi Kashi (2016) Masamune-kun's Revenge (2017–2023) Chronos Ruler (2017) Knight's & Magic (2017) Children of the Whales (2017) Teasing Master Takagi-san (2018–2022) Okko's Inn (2018) Dagashi Kashi 2 (2018) Comic Girls (2018) Happy Sugar Life (2018) HUG! Pretty Cure (2018) Tsurune (2018–2019) Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale (2019) The Magnificent Kotobuki (2019) Ao-chan Can't Study! (2019) The Ones Within (2019) Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It (2020) Heaven's Design Team (2021) The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! (2021) Saiyuki Reload: Zeroin (2022) - with Aya Matsui Tribe Nine (2022) Love All Play (2022) The Greatest Demon Lord Is Reborn as a Typical Nobody (2022) Call of the Night (2022) Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill (2023) Onimai: I'm Now Your Sister! (2023) The Dreaming Boy Is a Realist (2023) Train to the End of the World (2024) Oblivion Battery (2024) Love Is Indivisible by Twins (2024) Puniru Is a Cute Slime (TBA) Anime films Ah! My Goddess The Movie (2000) Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter - Overture (2004) Hikaru no Go: Journey to the North Star Cup (2004) Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion (2007) Crayon Shin-chan: Super-Dimension! The Storm Called My Bride (2010) Zunda Horizon (2017) Shirobako: The Movie (2020) Bright: Samurai Soul (2021) OVAs GinRei (1994) You’re Under Arrest (1994–1995) Cho Kido Densetsu Dynagiga (1998) Saint Seiya: Hades (2002–2003) Haré+Guu DELUXE (2002–2003) Haré+Guu FINAL (2003–2004) Kujibiki Unbalance (2004–2005) Iriya no Sora, UFO no Natsu (2005) Genshiken (2006–2007) Urusei Yatsura: Obstacle Course Swim Meet (2008) Strawberry Marshmallow Encore (2009) Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru: Futari no Elder (2012) Yuruyuri Nachuyasumi! (2015) ONAs Good Night World (2023) The Grimm Variations (2024) Live action TV Moero!! Robocon (1999) Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004–2005) Mahou Sentai Magiranger (2005–2006) Juken Sentai Gekiranger (2007–2008) Tensou Sentai Goseiger (2010–2011) Mashin Sentai Kiramager (2020–2021) Books Manga Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (2002-2005) Novels Patlabor (2) Syntax Error Patlabor (3) Third Mission Patlabor (4) Black Jack Vol. 1 Patlabor (5) Black Jack Vol. 2 References ^ "Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Staff, Visual, January Premiere Revealed". Anime News Network. September 23, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Chronos Ruler/Jikan no Shihaisha Manga Gets TV Anime in 2017". Anime News Network. December 17, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Knight's & Magic TV Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Summer Debut". Anime News Network. March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Kujira no Kora wa Sajō ni Utau TV Anime's Video Reveals J.C. Staff, October Debut". Anime News Network. March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Karakai Jōzu no Takagi-san Anime Reveals Promo Video, Cast, Staff, Visual, January Debut". Anime News Network. October 6, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Tsurune Archery Anime's Teaser Video Reveals Cast, Staff, October Debut". Anime News Network. June 28, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Bushiroad Makes Original Mermaid TV Anime Colorful Pastrale ~from Bermuda Triangle~". Anime News Network. August 18, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Shirobako Creators Unveil Air Combat TV Anime Kōya no Kotobuki Hikōtai". Anime News Network. September 12, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Ao-chan Can't Study! Manga About Lewd Girl Gets TV Anime". Anime News Network. December 3, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Heaven's Design Team Anime Unveils Staff, Visual, July 2021 Premiere". Anime News Network. June 19, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! Anime Unveils Cast, Staff, July 31 Debut With Half-Year Run". Anime News Network. May 14, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Saiyuki Reload -ZEROIN- Anime's Promo Videos Reveal January 6 Premiere". Anime News Network. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ^ "Akatsuki, Too Kyo Games' Tribe Nine Project Gets TV Anime, Smartphone RPG, Webtoon". Anime News Network. September 30, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "'Love All Play' Badminton TV Anime's 2nd Teaser Unveils Lead Voice Actor Natsuki Hanae". Anime News Network. November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ "The Greatest Demon Lord is Reborn as a Typical Nobody Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Opening Theme, April 2022 Premiere". Anime News Network. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021. ^ "Kotoyama's Vampire Manga Call of the Night Gets TV Anime Next July". Anime News Network. November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill Novels Get TV Anime by MAPPA in January". Anime News Network. October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022. ^ "ONIMAI: I'm Now Your Sister! Gender-Bending Comedy Manga Gets TV Anime". Anime News Network. April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ "Yumemiru Danshi wa Genjitsushugisha Novels Get TV Anime in 2023". Anime News Network. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022. ^ "Shūmatsu Train Doko e Iku? Original TV Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Promo Video, 2024 Debut". Anime News Network. July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2023. ^ "Bōkyaku Battery Baseball TV Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast, April 2024 Debut". Anime News Network. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023. ^ "Koi wa Futago de Warikirenai Anime Reveals Main Staff, New Visual". Anime News Network. March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024. ^ "Puniru wa Kawaii Slime TV Anime Reveals Visual, Main Staff". Anime News Network. March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024. ^ "Netflix Reveals More Staff for Bright: Samurai Soul Anime Film". Anime News Network. June 11, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Uru Okabe's Good Night World Manga Gets Netflix Anime Adaptation on October 12". Anime News Network. July 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ Luster, Joseph (June 15, 2021). "Netflix Taps Clamp and Wit Studio For Brothers Grimm Anime". Otaku USA. Retrieved June 15, 2021. External links Michiko Yokote at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Michiko Yokote anime at Media Arts Database (in Japanese) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Japan Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"}],"text":"Michiko Yokote (横手美智子, Yokote Michiko) is a Japanese screenwriter.","title":"Michiko Yokote"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"• head writer denoted in bold","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patlabor: The TV Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlabor:_The_TV_Series"},{"link_name":"Ranma ½","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD"},{"link_name":"Rurouni Kenshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Magical Project S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Project_S"},{"link_name":"You’re Under Arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Mini-Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess!"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop"},{"link_name":"I’m Gonna Be An Angel!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Be_An_Angel!"},{"link_name":"Magic User’s Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_User%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"Phantom Thief Jeanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Thief_Jeanne"},{"link_name":"Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carried_by_the_Wind:_Tsukikage_Ran"},{"link_name":"Strange Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Dawn"},{"link_name":"The Kindaichi Case Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kindaichi_Case_Files"},{"link_name":"Gensomaden Saiyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(manga)"},{"link_name":"You’re Under Arrest 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Comic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Party"},{"link_name":"Haré+Guu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9%2BGuu"},{"link_name":"Hikaru no Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_no_Go"},{"link_name":".hack//SIGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hack//SIGN"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Underground"},{"link_name":"Seven of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"Princess Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tutu"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Air Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Master"},{"link_name":"Full-Blast Science Adventure - So That's How It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-Blast_Science_Adventure_-_So_That%27s_How_It_Is"},{"link_name":"Genshiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshiken"},{"link_name":"The Marshmallow Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshmallow_Times"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Ginban Kaleidoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginban_Kaleidoscope"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Marshmallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Marshmallow"},{"link_name":"Kujibiki Unbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujibiki_Unbalance"},{"link_name":"xxxHolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XxxHolic"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Frog"},{"link_name":"Blood+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%2B"},{"link_name":"Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayakashi:_Samurai_Horror_Tales"},{"link_name":"Kiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiba_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Digimon Data Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digimon_Data_Squad"},{"link_name":"Gin Tama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Tama"},{"link_name":"Big Windup!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Windup!"},{"link_name":"Mononoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononoke_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Junjo Romantica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junjo_Romantica:_Pure_Romance"},{"link_name":"xxxHolic: Kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XxxHolic"},{"link_name":"Nabari no Ou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabari_no_Ou"},{"link_name":"Junjo Romantica 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junjo_Romantica:_Pure_Romance"},{"link_name":"Valkyria Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Chrome Shelled Regios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Shelled_Regios"},{"link_name":"Kanamemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamemo"},{"link_name":"Kobato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobato"},{"link_name":"Tamagotchi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagotchi!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Squid Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_Girl"},{"link_name":"C³","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"The World's Greatest First Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Greatest_First_Love"},{"link_name":"Shinryaku!? Ika Musume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_Girl"},{"link_name":"Joshiraku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshiraku"},{"link_name":"Brave 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_10"},{"link_name":"Hiiro no Kakera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiro_no_Kakera"},{"link_name":"Tari Tari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tari_Tari"},{"link_name":"Say I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_I_Love_You_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Kamisama Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamisama_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Tamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagotchi!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shirokuma Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirokuma_Cafe"},{"link_name":"Ixion Saga DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixion_Saga_DT"},{"link_name":"Saint Seiya Omega: Chapter Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya_Omega"},{"link_name":"Genshiken 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshiken"},{"link_name":"Red Data Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Data_Girl"},{"link_name":"Devils and Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_and_Realist"},{"link_name":"Senyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyu"},{"link_name":"Tamako Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamako_Market"},{"link_name":"Nagi no Asukara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagi_no_Asukara"},{"link_name":"Saint Seiya Omega: Chapter Zodiac Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya_Omega"},{"link_name":"Tamagotchi! Miracle Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagotchi!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love Stage!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Stage!!"},{"link_name":"Girl Friend Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Friend_Beta"},{"link_name":"No-Rin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Rin"},{"link_name":"Witchcraft Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_Works"},{"link_name":"Notari Matsutarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notari_Matsutar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shirobako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirobako"},{"link_name":"GO-GO Tamagotchi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagotchi!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Seiyu's Life!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyu%27s_Life!"},{"link_name":"Prison School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_School"},{"link_name":"Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamada-kun_and_the_Seven_Witches"},{"link_name":"Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_High_Earth_Defense_Club_Love!"},{"link_name":"Mr. Osomatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Osomatsu"},{"link_name":"Dance with Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_with_Devils"},{"link_name":"Anti-Magic Academy: The 35th Test Platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Magic_Academy:_The_35th_Test_Platoon"},{"link_name":"Junjo Romantica 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junjo_Romantica:_Pure_Romance"},{"link_name":"Rin-ne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin-ne"},{"link_name":"Cute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! LOVE!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_High_Earth_Defense_Club_Love!"},{"link_name":"Handa-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakamon"},{"link_name":"The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disastrous_Life_of_Saiki_K."},{"link_name":"Kiss Him, Not Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Him,_Not_Me"},{"link_name":"ReLIFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReLIFE"},{"link_name":"Sekkō Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekk%C5%8D_Boys"},{"link_name":"Rilu Rilu Fairilu: Yosei no Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilu_Rilu_Fairilu"},{"link_name":"D.Gray-man Hallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Gray-man_Hallow"},{"link_name":"Dagashi Kashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagashi_Kashi"},{"link_name":"Masamune-kun's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamune-kun%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chronos Ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronos_Ruler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Knight's & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Children of the Whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Whales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Teasing Master Takagi-san","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teasing_Master_Takagi-san"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Okko's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okko%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dagashi Kashi 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagashi_Kashi"},{"link_name":"Comic Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Girls"},{"link_name":"Happy Sugar Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Sugar_Life"},{"link_name":"HUG! Pretty Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUG!_Pretty_Cure"},{"link_name":"Tsurune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurune"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle:_Colorful_Pastrale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Kotobuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Kotobuki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ao-chan Can't Study!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao-chan_Can%27t_Study!"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Ones Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ones_Within"},{"link_name":"Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fell_in_Love,_So_I_Tried_to_Prove_It"},{"link_name":"Heaven's Design Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s_Design_Team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Jahy_Will_Not_Be_Defeated!"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saiyuki Reload: Zeroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tribe Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_Nine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Love All Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_All_Play_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Greatest Demon Lord Is Reborn as a Typical Nobody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Demon_Lord_Is_Reborn_as_a_Typical_Nobody"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Call of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_the_Night"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campfire_Cooking_in_Another_World_with_My_Absurd_Skill"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Onimai: I'm Now Your Sister!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onimai:_I%27m_Now_Your_Sister!"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Dreaming Boy Is a Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreaming_Boy_Is_a_Realist"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Train to the End of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_to_the_End_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Oblivion Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivion_Battery"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Love Is Indivisible by Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Indivisible_by_Twins"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Puniru Is a Cute Slime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puniru_Is_a_Cute_Slime"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Anime television series","text":"Patlabor: The TV Series (1990)\nRanma ½ (1990–1992)\nRurouni Kenshin (1996)\nMagical Project S (1996–1997)\nYou’re Under Arrest (1996–1997)\nAdventures of Mini-Goddess (1998–1999)\nCowboy Bebop (1998–1999)\nI’m Gonna Be An Angel! (1999)\nMagic User’s Club (1999)\nPhantom Thief Jeanne (1999–2000)\nCarried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran (2000)\nStrange Dawn (2000)\nThe Kindaichi Case Files (2000)\nGensomaden Saiyuki (2000–2001)\nGravitation (2000–2001)\nYou’re Under Arrest 2 (2001)\nComic Party (2001)\nHaré+Guu (2001)\nHikaru no Go (2001–2003)\n.hack//SIGN (2002)\nTokyo Underground (2002)\nSeven of Seven (2002)\nPrincess Tutu (2002–2003)\nNaruto (2002–2005)\nAir Master (2003)\nFull-Blast Science Adventure - So That's How It Is (2003–2004)\nGenshiken (2004)\nThe Marshmallow Times (2004–2005)\nBleach (2004–2009)\nGinban Kaleidoscope (2005)\nStrawberry Marshmallow (2005)\nKujibiki Unbalance (2006)\nxxxHolic (2006)\nSgt. Frog (2006)\nBlood+ (2006)\nAyakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (2006)\nKiba (2006)\nDigimon Data Squad (2006–2007)\nGin Tama (2006–2013)\nBig Windup! (2007)\nMononoke (2007)\nJunjo Romantica (2008)\nxxxHolic: Kei (2008)\nNabari no Ou (2008)\nJunjo Romantica 2 (2008)\nValkyria Chronicles (2009)\nChrome Shelled Regios (2009)\nKanamemo (2009)\nKobato (2009–2010)\nTamagotchi! (2009–2012)\nSquid Girl (2010)\nC³ (2011)\nThe World's Greatest First Love (2011)\nShinryaku!? Ika Musume (2011)\nJoshiraku (2012)\nBrave 10 (2012)\nHiiro no Kakera (2012)\nTari Tari (2012)\nSay I Love You (2012)\nKamisama Kiss (2012)\nTamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream (2012–2013)\nShirokuma Cafe (2012–2013)\nIxion Saga DT (2012–2013)\nSaint Seiya Omega: Chapter Mars (2012–2013)\nGenshiken 2 (2013)\nRed Data Girl (2013)\nDevils and Realist (2013)\nSenyu (2013)\nTamako Market (2013)\nNagi no Asukara (2013)\nSaint Seiya Omega: Chapter Zodiac Temples (2013–2014)\nTamagotchi! Miracle Friends (2013–2014)\nLove Stage!! (2014)\nGirl Friend Beta (2014)\nNo-Rin (2014)\nWitchcraft Works (2014)\nNotari Matsutarō (2014)\nShirobako (2014–2015)\nGO-GO Tamagotchi! (2014–2015)\nSeiyu's Life! (2015)\nPrison School (2015)\nYamada-kun and the Seven Witches (2015)\nCute High Earth Defense Club Love! (2015)\nMr. Osomatsu (2015)\nDance with Devils (2015)\nAnti-Magic Academy: The 35th Test Platoon (2015)\nJunjo Romantica 3 (2015)\nRin-ne (2015–2017)\nCute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! LOVE! (2016)\nHanda-kun (2016)\nThe Disastrous Life of Saiki K. (2016)\nKiss Him, Not Me (2016)\nReLIFE (2016)\nSekkō Boys (2016)\nRilu Rilu Fairilu: Yosei no Door (2016)\nD.Gray-man Hallow (2016)\nDagashi Kashi (2016)\nMasamune-kun's Revenge (2017–2023)[1]\nChronos Ruler (2017)[2]\nKnight's & Magic (2017)[3]\nChildren of the Whales (2017)[4]\nTeasing Master Takagi-san (2018–2022)[5]\nOkko's Inn (2018)\nDagashi Kashi 2 (2018)\nComic Girls (2018)\nHappy Sugar Life (2018)\nHUG! Pretty Cure (2018)\nTsurune (2018–2019)[6]\nBermuda Triangle: Colorful Pastrale (2019)[7]\nThe Magnificent Kotobuki (2019)[8]\nAo-chan Can't Study! (2019)[9]\nThe Ones Within (2019)\nScience Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It (2020)\nHeaven's Design Team (2021)[10]\nThe Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! (2021)[11]\nSaiyuki Reload: Zeroin (2022) - with Aya Matsui[12]\nTribe Nine (2022)[13]\nLove All Play (2022)[14]\nThe Greatest Demon Lord Is Reborn as a Typical Nobody (2022)[15]\nCall of the Night (2022)[16]\nCampfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill (2023)[17]\nOnimai: I'm Now Your Sister! (2023)[18]\nThe Dreaming Boy Is a Realist (2023)[19]\nTrain to the End of the World (2024)[20]\nOblivion Battery (2024)[21]\nLove Is Indivisible by Twins (2024)[22]\nPuniru Is a Cute Slime (TBA)[23]","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ah! My Goddess The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah!_My_Goddess_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter - Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saint_Seiya_films"},{"link_name":"Hikaru no Go: Journey to the North Star Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_no_Go"},{"link_name":"Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach:_The_DiamondDust_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Crayon Shin-chan: Super-Dimension! The Storm Called My Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan:_Super-Dimension!_The_Storm_Called_My_Bride"},{"link_name":"Zunda Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Animator_Training_Project"},{"link_name":"Shirobako: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirobako:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Bright: Samurai Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright:_Samurai_Soul"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Anime films","text":"Ah! My Goddess The Movie (2000)\nSaint Seiya Heaven Chapter - Overture (2004)\nHikaru no Go: Journey to the North Star Cup (2004)\nBleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion (2007)\nCrayon Shin-chan: Super-Dimension! The Storm Called My Bride (2010)\nZunda Horizon (2017)\nShirobako: The Movie (2020)\nBright: Samurai Soul (2021)[24]","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GinRei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Robo:_The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still"},{"link_name":"You’re Under Arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Under_Arrest_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Saint Seiya: Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya"},{"link_name":"Haré+Guu DELUXE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9%2BGuu"},{"link_name":"Haré+Guu FINAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%A9%2BGuu"},{"link_name":"Kujibiki Unbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujibiki_Unbalance"},{"link_name":"Iriya no Sora, UFO no Natsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriya_no_Sora,_UFO_no_Natsu"},{"link_name":"Genshiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshiken"},{"link_name":"Urusei Yatsura: Obstacle Course Swim Meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Marshmallow Encore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Marshmallow"},{"link_name":"Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru: Futari no Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otome_wa_Boku_ni_Koishiteru"},{"link_name":"Yuruyuri Nachuyasumi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruyuri"}],"sub_title":"OVAs","text":"GinRei (1994)\nYou’re Under Arrest (1994–1995)\nCho Kido Densetsu Dynagiga (1998)\nSaint Seiya: Hades (2002–2003)\nHaré+Guu DELUXE (2002–2003)\nHaré+Guu FINAL (2003–2004)\nKujibiki Unbalance (2004–2005)\nIriya no Sora, UFO no Natsu (2005)\nGenshiken (2006–2007)\nUrusei Yatsura: Obstacle Course Swim Meet (2008)\nStrawberry Marshmallow Encore (2009)\nOtome wa Boku ni Koishiteru: Futari no Elder (2012)\nYuruyuri Nachuyasumi! (2015)","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Night World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Night_World"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Grimm Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grimm_Variations"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"ONAs","text":"Good Night World (2023)[25]\nThe Grimm Variations (2024)[26]","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moero!! Robocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganbare!!_Robocon"},{"link_name":"Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusou_Sentai_Dekaranger"},{"link_name":"Mahou Sentai Magiranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahou_Sentai_Magiranger"},{"link_name":"Juken Sentai Gekiranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juken_Sentai_Gekiranger"},{"link_name":"Tensou Sentai Goseiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensou_Sentai_Goseiger"},{"link_name":"Mashin Sentai Kiramager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashin_Sentai_Kiramager"}],"sub_title":"Live action TV","text":"Moero!! Robocon (1999)\nTokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004–2005)\nMahou Sentai Magiranger (2005–2006)\nJuken Sentai Gekiranger (2007–2008)\nTensou Sentai Goseiger (2010–2011)\nMashin Sentai Kiramager (2020–2021)","title":"Screenwriting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid_Melody_Pichi_Pichi_Pitch"}],"sub_title":"Manga","text":"Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (2002-2005)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patlabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlabor"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Patlabor (2) Syntax Error\nPatlabor (3) Third Mission\nPatlabor (4) Black Jack Vol. 1\nPatlabor (5) Black Jack Vol. 2","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Staff, Visual, January Premiere Revealed\". Anime News Network. September 23, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-23/masamune-kun-revenge-anime-staff-visual-january-premiere-revealed/.106809","url_text":"\"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Staff, Visual, January Premiere Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronos Ruler/Jikan no Shihaisha Manga Gets TV Anime in 2017\". Anime News Network. December 17, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-17/chronos-ruler-jikan-no-shihaisha-manga-gets-tv-anime-in-2017/.110031","url_text":"\"Chronos Ruler/Jikan no Shihaisha Manga Gets TV Anime in 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Knight's & Magic TV Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Summer Debut\". Anime News Network. March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/knight-and-magic-tv-anime-promo-video-reveals-cast-staff-summer-debut/.113444","url_text":"\"Knight's & Magic TV Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Summer Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Kujira no Kora wa Sajō ni Utau TV Anime's Video Reveals J.C. Staff, October Debut\". Anime News Network. March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/kujira-no-kora-wa-sajo-ni-utau-tv-anime-video-reveals-j.c-staff-october-debut/.113482","url_text":"\"Kujira no Kora wa Sajō ni Utau TV Anime's Video Reveals J.C. Staff, October Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Karakai Jōzu no Takagi-san Anime Reveals Promo Video, Cast, Staff, Visual, January Debut\". Anime News Network. October 6, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-10-06/karakai-jozu-no-takagi-san-anime-reveals-promo-video-cast-staff-visual-january-debut/.122378","url_text":"\"Karakai Jōzu no Takagi-san Anime Reveals Promo Video, Cast, Staff, Visual, January Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Tsurune Archery Anime's Teaser Video Reveals Cast, Staff, October Debut\". Anime News Network. June 28, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-06-28/tsurune-archery-anime-teaser-video-reveals-cast-staff-october-debut/.133559","url_text":"\"Tsurune Archery Anime's Teaser Video Reveals Cast, Staff, October Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Bushiroad Makes Original Mermaid TV Anime Colorful Pastrale ~from Bermuda Triangle~\". Anime News Network. August 18, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-08-18/bushiroad-makes-original-mermaid-tv-anime-colorful-pastrale-~from-bermuda-triangle~/.135623","url_text":"\"Bushiroad Makes Original Mermaid TV Anime Colorful Pastrale ~from Bermuda Triangle~\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Shirobako Creators Unveil Air Combat TV Anime Kōya no Kotobuki Hikōtai\". Anime News Network. September 12, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-09-12/shirobako-creators-unveil-air-combat-tv-anime-koya-no-kotobuki-hikotai/.136710","url_text":"\"Shirobako Creators Unveil Air Combat TV Anime Kōya no Kotobuki Hikōtai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Ao-chan Can't Study! Manga About Lewd Girl Gets TV Anime\". Anime News Network. December 3, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-12-03/ao-chan-cant-study-manga-about-lewd-girl-gets-tv-anime/.140337","url_text":"\"Ao-chan Can't Study! Manga About Lewd Girl Gets TV Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Heaven's Design Team Anime Unveils Staff, Visual, July 2021 Premiere\". Anime News Network. June 19, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-06-19/heaven-design-team-anime-unveils-staff-visual-july-2021-premiere/.160828","url_text":"\"Heaven's Design Team Anime Unveils Staff, Visual, July 2021 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! Anime Unveils Cast, Staff, July 31 Debut With Half-Year Run\". Anime News Network. May 14, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-05-14/the-great-jahy-will-not-be-defeated-anime-unveils-cast-staff-july-31-debut-with-half-year-run/.172780","url_text":"\"The Great Jahy Will Not Be Defeated! Anime Unveils Cast, Staff, July 31 Debut With Half-Year Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Saiyuki Reload -ZEROIN- Anime's Promo Videos Reveal January 6 Premiere\". Anime News Network. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-11-29/saiyuki-reload-zeroin-anime-promo-videos-reveal-january-6-premiere/.180093","url_text":"\"Saiyuki Reload -ZEROIN- Anime's Promo Videos Reveal January 6 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Akatsuki, Too Kyo Games' Tribe Nine Project Gets TV Anime, Smartphone RPG, Webtoon\". Anime News Network. September 30, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-09-30/akatsuki-too-kyo-games-tribe-nine-project-gets-tv-anime-smartphone-rpg-webtoon/.178001","url_text":"\"Akatsuki, Too Kyo Games' Tribe Nine Project Gets TV Anime, Smartphone RPG, Webtoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love All Play' Badminton TV Anime's 2nd Teaser Unveils Lead Voice Actor Natsuki Hanae\". Anime News Network. November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-11-25/love-all-play-badminton-tv-anime-2nd-teaser-unveils-lead-voice-actor-natsuki-hanae/.179974","url_text":"\"'Love All Play' Badminton TV Anime's 2nd Teaser Unveils Lead Voice Actor Natsuki Hanae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"The Greatest Demon Lord is Reborn as a Typical Nobody Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Opening Theme, April 2022 Premiere\". Anime News Network. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-12-16/the-greatest-demon-lord-is-reborn-as-a-typical-nobody-anime-1st-promo-video-reveals-cast-staff-/.180674","url_text":"\"The Greatest Demon Lord is Reborn as a Typical Nobody Anime's 1st Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Opening Theme, April 2022 Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Kotoyama's Vampire Manga Call of the Night Gets TV Anime Next July\". Anime News Network. November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-11-10/kotoyama-vampire-manga-call-of-the-night-gets-tv-anime-next-july/.179429","url_text":"\"Kotoyama's Vampire Manga Call of the Night Gets TV Anime Next July\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill Novels Get TV Anime by MAPPA in January\". Anime News Network. October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-29/campfire-cooking-in-another-world-with-my-absurd-skill-novels-get-tv-anime-by-mappa-in-january/.191336","url_text":"\"Campfire Cooking in Another World with My Absurd Skill Novels Get TV Anime by MAPPA in January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"ONIMAI: I'm Now Your Sister! Gender-Bending Comedy Manga Gets TV Anime\". Anime News Network. April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-04-21/onimai-im-now-your-sister-gender-bending-comedy-manga-gets-tv-anime/.184875","url_text":"\"ONIMAI: I'm Now Your Sister! Gender-Bending Comedy Manga Gets TV Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Yumemiru Danshi wa Genjitsushugisha Novels Get TV Anime in 2023\". Anime News Network. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-18/yumemiru-danshi-wa-genjitsushugisha-novels-get-tv-anime-in-2023/.192035","url_text":"\"Yumemiru Danshi wa Genjitsushugisha Novels Get TV Anime in 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Shūmatsu Train Doko e Iku? Original TV Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Promo Video, 2024 Debut\". Anime News Network. July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-07-30/shumatsu-train-doko-e-iku-original-tv-anime-reveals-cast-staff-promo-video-2024-debut/.200804","url_text":"\"Shūmatsu Train Doko e Iku? Original TV Anime Reveals Cast, Staff, Promo Video, 2024 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Bōkyaku Battery Baseball TV Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast, April 2024 Debut\". Anime News Network. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-12-17/bokyaku-battery-baseball-tv-anime-reveals-staff-more-cast-april-2024-debut/.205604","url_text":"\"Bōkyaku Battery Baseball TV Anime Reveals Staff, More Cast, April 2024 Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Koi wa Futago de Warikirenai Anime Reveals Main Staff, New Visual\". Anime News Network. March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-03-23/koi-wa-futago-de-warikirenai-anime-reveals-main-staff-new-visual/.209133","url_text":"\"Koi wa Futago de Warikirenai Anime Reveals Main Staff, New Visual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Puniru wa Kawaii Slime TV Anime Reveals Visual, Main Staff\". Anime News Network. March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-03-16/puniru-wa-kawaii-slime-tv-anime-reveals-visual-main-staff/.208813","url_text":"\"Puniru wa Kawaii Slime TV Anime Reveals Visual, Main Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Netflix Reveals More Staff for Bright: Samurai Soul Anime Film\". Anime News Network. June 11, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-06-11/netflix-reveals-more-staff-for-bright-samurai-soul-anime-film/.173816","url_text":"\"Netflix Reveals More Staff for Bright: Samurai Soul Anime Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Uru Okabe's Good Night World Manga Gets Netflix Anime Adaptation on October 12\". Anime News Network. July 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-07-31/uru-okabe-good-night-world-manga-gets-netflix-anime-adaptation-on-october-12/.200839","url_text":"\"Uru Okabe's Good Night World Manga Gets Netflix Anime Adaptation on October 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Luster, Joseph (June 15, 2021). \"Netflix Taps Clamp and Wit Studio For Brothers Grimm Anime\". Otaku USA. Retrieved June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://otakuusamagazine.com/netflix-taps-clamp-and-wit-studio-for-brothers-grimm-anime/","url_text":"\"Netflix Taps Clamp and Wit Studio For Brothers Grimm Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku_USA","url_text":"Otaku USA"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%E6%A8%AA%E6%89%8B%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%BA%E5%AD%90&sl=ja&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-09-23/masamune-kun-revenge-anime-staff-visual-january-premiere-revealed/.106809","external_links_name":"\"Masamune-kun's Revenge Anime's Staff, Visual, January Premiere Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-17/chronos-ruler-jikan-no-shihaisha-manga-gets-tv-anime-in-2017/.110031","external_links_name":"\"Chronos Ruler/Jikan no Shihaisha Manga Gets TV Anime in 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/knight-and-magic-tv-anime-promo-video-reveals-cast-staff-summer-debut/.113444","external_links_name":"\"Knight's & Magic TV Anime's Promo Video Reveals Cast, Staff, Summer Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-03-15/kujira-no-kora-wa-sajo-ni-utau-tv-anime-video-reveals-j.c-staff-october-debut/.113482","external_links_name":"\"Kujira no Kora wa Sajō ni Utau TV Anime's Video Reveals J.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_manufacturing	Truck	["1 History","1.1 Steam wagons","1.2 Internal combustion","1.3 Diesel engines","1.4 Electric motors","1.5 Etymology","1.6 International variance","2 Types by size","2.1 Ultra light","2.2 Very light","2.3 Light","2.4 Medium","2.5 Heavy","2.6 Off-road","2.7 Maximum sizes by country","3 Design","3.1 Cab","3.2 Engines and motors","3.3 Drivetrain","3.4 Frame","3.5 Body types","4 Sales and sales issues","4.1 Manufacturers","4.2 Truck market worldwide","5 Driving","5.1 Australia","5.2 Europe","5.3 South Africa","5.4 United States","6 Environmental effects","7 Operator health and safety","8 Operations issues","8.1 Taxes","8.2 Damage to pavement","8.3 Commercial insurance","9 Safety","9.1 Trucking accidents","9.2 HGV safety in the EU","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Commercial or utilitarian motor vehicle "Trucks" and "Lorry" redirect here. For other uses, see Truck (disambiguation) and Lorry (disambiguation). Freightliner M2 dump truck A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport freight, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature body-on-frame construction, with a cabin that is independent of the payload portion of the vehicle. Smaller varieties may be mechanically similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful and may be configured to be mounted with specialized equipment, such as in the case of refuse trucks, fire trucks, concrete mixers, and suction excavators. In American English, a commercial vehicle without a trailer or other articulation is formally a "straight truck" while one designed specifically to pull a trailer is not a truck but a "tractor". The majority of trucks currently in use are powered by diesel engines, although small- to medium-size trucks with gasoline engines exist in North America. The market-share of electrically powered trucks is growing rapidly, expected to reach 7% globally by 2027, and are already in service in various roles. In the European Union, vehicles with a gross combination mass of up to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) are defined as light commercial vehicles, and those over as large goods vehicles. History Steam wagons Sentinel steam wagon Main article: Steam wagon Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-19th century. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a steam tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton. Steam-powered wagons were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and 1935 in the United Kingdom, when a change in road tax rules made them uneconomic against the new diesel lorries. Internal combustion Daimler Motor-Lastwagen from 1898 1903 Eldridge truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. In 1895, Karl Benz designed and built the first internal combustion truck. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become busses by Netphener. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler, the Daimler Motor Lastwagen. Other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and Büssing, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and was available with 5 or 8 horsepower (4 or 6 kW) engines. Another early American truck was built by George Eldridge of Des Moines, Iowa, in 1903. It was powered by an engine with two opposed cylinders, and had a chain drive A 1903 Eldridge truck is displayed at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 1.5 to 2 t (3,300 to 4,400 lb). After World War I, several advances were made: electric starters, and 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines. Diesel engines Foden diesel truck from 1931 Although it had been invented in 1897, the diesel engine did not appear in production trucks until Benz introduced it in 1923. The diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, Autocar introduced diesel engines for heavy applications in the mid-1930s. Demand was high enough that Autocar launched the "DC" model (diesel conventional) in 1939. However, it took much longer for diesel engines to be broadly accepted in the US: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s. Electric motors Main article: Electric truck 1911 Walker Electric truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. President Joe Biden test driving the Ford F-150 Lightning all-electric pick up at Ford's Rouge Electric Vehicle Center Electrically powered trucks predate internal combustion ones and have been continuously available since the mid-19th-century. In the 1920s Autocar Trucks was the first of the major truck manufacturers to offer a range of electric trucks for sale. Electric trucks were successful for urban delivery roles and as specialized work vehicles like forklifts and pushback tugs. The higher energy density of liquid fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks in favor of, first, gasoline, and then diesel and CNG-fueled engines until battery technology advanced in the 2000s when new chemistries and higher-volume production broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. Today, manufacturers are electrifying all trucks ahead of national regulatory requirements, with long-range over-the-road trucks being the most challenging. Etymology This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mannesmann Mulag truck at the Finlayson factory in Tampere, Finland in 1921 Truck is used in American English, and is common in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and South Africa, while lorry is the equivalent in British English, and is the usual term in countries like Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore and India. The first known usage of "truck" was in 1611 when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships' cannon carriages, and comes from "Trokhos" (Greek) = "wheel". In its extended usage, it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. Its expanded application to "motor-powered load carrier" has been in usage since 1930, shortened from "motor truck", which dates back to 1901. "Lorry" has a more uncertain origin, but probably has its roots in the rail transport industry, where the word is known to have been used in 1838 to refer to a type of truck (a goods wagon as in British usage, not a bogie as in the American), specifically a large flat wagon. It might derive from the verb lurry (to carry or drag along, or to lug) which was in use as early as 1664, but that association is not definitive. The expanded meaning of lorry, "self-propelled vehicle for carrying goods", has been in usage since 1911. International variance Further information: List of truck types Trucks parked near Plaza, by the side of Highway in USA In Pakistan and India the majority of trucks are colorful and decorated. In the United States, Canada, and the Philippines, "truck" is usually reserved for commercial vehicles larger than regular passenger cars, but includes large SUVs, pickups, and other vehicles with an open load bed. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the word "truck" is mostly reserved for larger vehicles. In Australia and New Zealand, a pickup truck is frequently called a ute (short for "utility" vehicle), while in South Africa it is called a bakkie (Afrikaans: "small open container"). In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, and Hong Kong lorry is used instead of truck, but only for the medium and heavy types, while truck is used almost exclusively to refer to pickups. Types by size See also: Truck classification and List of truck types Ultra light Often produced as variations of golf cars, with internal combustion or battery electric drive, these are used typically for off-highway use on estates, golf courses, and parks. While not suitable for highway use some variations may be licensed as slow speed vehicles for operation on streets, generally as a body variation of a neighborhood electric vehicle. A few manufactures produce specialized chassis for this type of vehicle, while Zap Motors markets a version of their Xebra electric tricycle (licensable in the U.S. as a motorcycle). Might-E Truck from Canadian Electric Vehicles Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV battery-electric truck Dairy Crest electric milk float truck Very light Popular in Europe and Asia, many mini-trucks are factory redesigns of light automobiles, usually with monocoque bodies. Specialized designs with substantial frames such as the Italian Piaggio shown here are based upon Japanese designs (in this case by Daihatsu) and are popular for use in "old town" sections of European cities that often have very narrow alleyways. Regardless of name, these small trucks serve a wide range of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the Kei car laws, which allow vehicle owners a break in taxes for buying a smaller and less-powerful vehicle (currently, the engine is limited to 660 cc displacement). These vehicles are used as on-road utility vehicles in Japan. These Japanese-made mini-trucks that were manufactured for on-road use are competing with off-road ATVs in the United States, and import regulations require that these mini-trucks have a 25 mph (40 km/h) speed governor as they are classified as low-speed vehicles. These vehicles have found uses in construction, large campuses (government, university, and industrial), agriculture, cattle ranches, amusement parks, and replacements for golf carts. Major mini-truck manufacturers and their brands include: Daihatsu Hijet, Honda Acty, Tata Ace, Mazda Scrum, Mitsubishi Minicab, Subaru Sambar, and Suzuki Carry. Piaggio Porter in Palmero Suzuki Carry in Taiwan Tata Super Ace in Indonesia Light Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 13,900 lb (6.3 t)) and are used by individuals and businesses alike. In the EU they may not weigh more than 3.5 t (7,700 lb) and are allowed to be driven with a driving licence for cars. Pickup trucks, called utes in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, but not so in Europe, where this size of commercial vehicle is most often made as vans. Ford Ranger pickup truck Lindner Unitrac 95L truck harvesting hay in Switzerland Holden Ute (VF) in Australia Medium Medium trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 13,000 and 33,000 lb (5.9 and 15.0 t). For the UK and the EU the weight is between 3.5 and 7.5 t (7,700 and 16,500 lb). Local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks and fire-fighting trucks) are normally around this size. Fuso Canter (8th gen) in Taiwan SML Isuzu in Ghana Fire-fighting truck in Switzerland Heavy Heavy trucks are the largest on-road trucks, Class 8. These include vocational applications such as heavy dump trucks, concrete pump trucks, and refuse hauling, as well as ubiquitous long-haul 4x2 and 6×4 tractor units. Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight. The number of steering axles and the suspension type also influence the amount of the road wear. In many countries with good roads a six-axle truck may have a maximum weight of 44 t (97,000 lb) or more. A cement mixer A 6×4 truck hauling a Walmart container Seddon Atkinson Stratos refuse compactor Off-road Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the Liebherr T 282B mining truck. ALMA antenna transporter with 28 tires Liebherr T 282B diesel-electric mining truck Maximum sizes by country Further information: Road train A Mack Titan road train in Australia Australia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5 t (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons) and be 25 m (82 ft) long, and road trains used in the outback can weigh 172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons) and be 53.5 m (176 ft) long. The European Union also has complex regulations. The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of a truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated. In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic. The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that the truck can have on the Interstate highway system. Each State determines the maximum permissible vehicle, combination, and axle weight on state and local roads. Country Maximumwith three axles With one trailer Maximum combination Australia 23 t (22.6 long tons; 25.4 short tons) 12 m (39 ft) 172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons)53.5 m (176 ft) China 25 t (24.6 long tons; 27.6 short tons)12 m (39 ft) 49 t (48.2 long tons; 54.0 short tons)16.5 m (54 ft) 55 t (54.1 long tons; 60.6 short tons)18.75 m (62 ft) EU 26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons) 12 m (39 ft) 16.5 m (54 ft) 44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)18.75 m (62 ft) Finland 28 t (27.6 long tons; 30.9 short tons)13 m (43 ft) 76 t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)34.5 m (113 ft 2 in) 76 t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)34.5 m (113 ft) Ireland 26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)12 m (39 ft) 30 t (29.5 long tons; 33.1 short tons)16.5 m (54 ft 2 in) 44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)22 m (72 ft) Sweden 26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)24 m (79 ft) 74 t (72.8 long tons; 81.6 short tons)25.25 m (82 ft 10 in) 74 t (72.8 long tons; 81.6 short tons)34.5 m (113 ft) UK 26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)12 m (39 ft) 44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)16.5 m (54 ft) 44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)18.75 m (62 ft) USA(Interstate) 54,000 lb (24 t)45 ft (13.7 m) 80,000 lb (36 t)none 80,000 lb (36 t) none Uniquely, the State of Michigan has a gross vehicle weight limit of 164,000 lb (74 t), which is twice the U.S. federal limit. A measure to change the law was defeated in the Michigan Senate in 2019. Design Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles, suspension and roadwheels, an engine and a drivetrain. Pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electrical systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers. Cab A cabover truck Streamlined conventional cab Cab beside engine The "cab", or "cabin" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A "sleeper" is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. There are several cab configurations: "Cab over engine" (COE) or "flat nose"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, and is widely used in the rest of the world. They were common in North American heavy-duty trucks but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this design is still popular in North America among medium- and light-duty trucks. To reach the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of "tilt-cab". This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads require the short turning radius afforded by the shorter wheelbase of the cab over engine layout. "Cab-under" is where the driver is positioned at the front at the lowest point possible as means for maximum cargo space as possible. Examples were made by Hunslet, Leyland, Bussing, Strick and Steinwinter. "Conventional" cabs seated the driver behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Many new cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood (bonnet) and other features to lower drag. Conventional cabs are the most common in North America, Australia, and China, and are known in the UK as "American cabs" and in the Netherlands as "torpedo cabs". "Cab beside engine" designs are used for terminal tractors at shipping yards and for other specialist vehicles carrying long loads such as pipes. This type is often made by replacing the passenger side of a cab-over truck with an extended section of the load bed. A further step from this is the side loading forklift that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load. Engines and motors Cummins ISB 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engine Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines (petrol engines), but many diesel engined models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with a turbocharger and intercooler. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. A large proportion of refuse trucks in the United States employ CNG (compressed natural gas) engines for their low fuel cost and reduced carbon emissions. A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by the last remaining major independent engine manufacturer (Cummins) but most global OEMs such as Volvo Trucks and Daimler AG promote their own "captive" engines. In the European Union, all new truck engines must comply with Euro VI emission regulations. As of 2019 several alternative technologies are competing to displace the use of diesel engines in heavy trucks. CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications. Heavy electric trucks and hydrogen-powered trucks are new to the market in 2021, but major freight haulers are interested. Although cars will be first the phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles includes trucks. According to The Economist magazine "Electric lorries will probably run on hydrogen, not batteries, which are too expensive." Other researchers say that once faster chargers are available batteries will become competitive against diesel for all, except perhaps the heaviest, trucks. Drivetrain A truck rear suspension and drive axles overview Eaton Roadranger 18 speed "crash box" with automated gearshift Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchromesh (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require double-clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating", a method of changing gears which does not use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. "Skip changing" is also widely used; in principle, the operation is the same as double-clutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single-gear change. Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and automated manual transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12, and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with a manual transmission, while conventional automatic or automated manual transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the "range and split" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so‑called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gear selection. Frame A truck rear frame (chassis) section view Pickup truck frame (right rear view) A truck frame consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C‑shaped rails, or beams, held together by crossmembers. These frames are referred to as ladder frames due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop. The frame is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminum for a lighter weight. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of a fifth wheel hitch. Body types Box trucks have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space. The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted. Chassis cab trucks have a fully enclosed cab at the front, with bare chassis frame-rails behind, suitable for subsequent permanent attachment of a specialized payload, like a fire-truck or ambulance body. Concrete mixers have a rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes. Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty. Dual drive/Steer trucks are vehicles used to steer the rear of trailers. Dump trucks ("tippers" in the UK) transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck. Flatbed trucks have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted, often in the form of a stakebody. Refrigerator trucks have insulated panels as walls and a roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted. Refuse trucks have a specialized body for collecting and, often, compacting trash collected from municipal, commercial, and industrial sites. This application has the widest use of the cab-over configuration in North America, to provide better maneuverability in tight situations. They are also among the most severe-duty and highest GVWR trucks on public roads. Semi-tractors ("artics" in the UK) have a fifth wheel for towing a semi-trailer instead of a body. Tank trucks ("tankers" in the UK) are designed to carry liquids or gases. They usually have a cylindrical tank lying horizontally on the chassis. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported. Wreckers ("recovery lorries" in the UK) are used to recover and/or tow disabled vehicles. They are normally equipped with a boom with a cable; wheel/chassis lifts are becoming common on newer trucks. Sales and sales issues Manufacturers Main article: List of truck manufacturers Truck market worldwide Largest truck manufacturers in the world as of 2015. Pos. Make Units 1 Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Unimog, Western Star, Fuso, BharatBenz) 506,663 2 Navistar International 359,000 3 Dongfeng 336,869 4 Tata 317,780 5 Volvo Group (Volvo, Mack, Renault, UD Nissan) 207,475 6 Volkswagen Group (MAN, Scania, Caminhões e Ônibus) 179,035 7 Hino 162,870 8 Paccar (DAF, Kenworth, Peterbilt, Leyland) 154,700 9 Iveco 140,200 Driving In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. The requirements and limitations vary with each different jurisdiction. Australia Inside a Mack truck In Australia, a truck driver's license is required for any motor vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) exceeding 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons). The motor vehicles classes are further expanded as: Combination HC: Heavy Combination, a typical prime mover plus semi-trailer combination. MC: Multi Combination, e.g., B Doubles/road trains Rigid LR: Light rigid: a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons) but not more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. MR: Medium rigid: a rigid vehicle with 2 axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes vehicles in class LR. HR: Heavy Rigid: a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in class MR. Heavy vehicle transmission There is also a heavy vehicle transmission condition for a license class HC, HR, or MC test passed in a vehicle fitted with an automatic or synchromesh transmission; a driver's license will be restricted to vehicles of that class fitted with a synchromesh or automatic transmission. To have the condition removed, a person needs to pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with non-synchromesh transmission (constant mesh or crash box). Europe Inside a Mercedes-Benz truck Driving licensing has been harmonized throughout the European Union and the EEA (and practically all European non-member states), so that common rules apply within Europe (see European driving licence). As an overview, to drive a vehicle weighing more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons) for commercial purposes requires a specialist license (the type varies depending on the use of the vehicle and number of seats). For licenses first acquired after 1997, that weight was reduced to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), not including trailers. Since 2013, the C1 license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 and up to 7.5 tonnes. The C license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 tonnes with a trailer up to 750 kg, and the CE category allows driving category C vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg. South Africa To drive any vehicle with a GVM exceeding 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), a code C1 drivers license is required. Furthermore, if the vehicle exceeds 16 t (15.7 long tons; 17.6 short tons) a code C license becomes necessary. To drive any vehicle in South Africa towing a trailer with a GVM more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons), further restrictions apply and the driver must possess a license suitable for the GVM of the total combination as well as an articulated endorsement. This is indicated with the letter "E" prefixing the license code. In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be driven by a driver possessing a Public Driver's Permit, (or PrDP) of the applicable type. This is an additional license that is added to the DL card of the operator and subject to annual renewal unlike the five-year renewal period of a normal license. The requirements for obtaining the different classes are below. "G": Required for the transport of general goods, requires a criminal record check and a fee on issuing and renewal. "P": Required for the transport of paying passengers, requires a more stringent criminal record check, additionally the driver must be over the age of 21 at time of issue. A G class PrDP will be issued at the same time. "D": Required for the transport of dangerous materials, requires all of the same checks as class P., and in addition the driver must be over 25 at time of issue. United States Inside a Navistar 9000 In the United States, a commercial driver's license is required to drive any type of commercial vehicle weighing 26,001 lb (11,794 kg) or more. The federal government regulates how many hours a driver may be on the clock, how much rest and sleep time is required (e.g., 11 hours driving/14 hours on-duty followed by 10 hours off, with a maximum of 70 hours/8 days or 60 hours/7 days, 34 hours restart ) Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments to track each driver's hours must sometimes be fitted. In 2006, the US trucking industry employed 1.8 million drivers of heavy trucks. There is a shortage of willing trained long-distance truck drivers. Part of the reason for this is the economic fallout from deregulation of the trucking industry. Michael H. Belzer, associate professor, in the economics department at Wayne State University and co-author of Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation, argues that low pay, bad working conditions and unsafe conditions have been a direct result of deregulation. The book cites poor working conditions and an unfair pay system as responsible for high annual employee turnover in the industry. In 2018, in the US, 5,096 large trucks and buses were involved in fatal crashes: The number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes is 4,862, The number of large trucks involved in injury crashes is 112,000, The number of large trucks involved in property damage only crashes is 414,000. Environmental effects See also: Diesel exhaust and Environmental effects of transport Exhaust fumes from a small truck Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward trucks has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022. Like cars, trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution. Unlike cars, as of 2022, most trucks run on diesel, and diesel exhaust is especially dangerous for health. Some countries have different vehicle emission standards for trucks and cars. NOx and particulates emitted by trucks are very dangerous to health, causing thousands of early deaths annually in the US alone. As older trucks are usually the worst, many cities have banned 20th century trucks. Air pollution also threatens professional truck drivers. Over a quarter of global transport CO2 emissions are from road freight, in 2021 over 1700 million tonnes from medium and heavy trucks, so many countries are further restricting truck CO2 emissions to help limit climate change. Many environmental organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe. Several countries have pledged that 30% of sales of trucks and buses will be zero emission by 2030. With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade. There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed. Operator health and safety Truck cab filter housing using a contiguous series of pre-, HEPA, and charcoal panel filters A truck cab is a hazard control that protects the truck operator from hazardous airborne pollutants. As an enclosure, it is an example of an engineering control. Enclosed operator cabs have been used on agriculture, mining, and construction vehicles for several decades. Most modern-day enclosed cabs have heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for primarily maintaining a comfortable temperature and providing breathable air for their occupants. Various levels of filtration can be incorporated into the HVAC system to remove airborne pollutants such as dusts, diesel particulate matter (DPM), and other aerosols. Two key elements of an effective environmental enclosure are a good filtration system and an enclosure with good integrity (sealed isolation from the outside environment). It is recommended that a filtration system filter out at least 95% or greater of airborne respirable aerosols from the intake airflow, with an additional recirculation filtering component for the inside air. Good enclosure integrity is also needed to achieve positive pressure to prevent wind-driven aerosol penetration into the enclosure, as well as to minimize air leakage around the filtration system. Test methods and mathematical modeling of environmental enclosures are also beneficial for quantifying and optimizing filtration system designs, as well as maintaining optimum protection factor performance for enclosure occupants. Operations issues Taxes Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a state level than other road vehicles and are subject to extensive regulation. A few reasons commercial trucks pay higher road use taxes: they are bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more wear and tear per hour on roadways; and trucks and their drivers are on the road for more hours per day. Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions. Damage to pavement The life of a pavement is measured by the number of passes of a vehicle axle. It may be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor, which states that the damage by the pass of a vehicle axle is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so a ten-ton axle consumes 10,000 times the life of the pavement as a one-ton axle. For that reason, loaded trucks cost the same as thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls. Commercial insurance This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with US and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Primary liability insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies, and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Interstate trucks in the U.S. are required to have a minimum of $75,000 in liability insurance. This includes motor carriers operating vehicles with a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000 lb (4.5 t) (which transport non-hazardous materials). All motor carriers operating vehicles transporting materials classified as hazardous, and which have a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000 lb (4.5 t) must have a minimum of $1,000,000 in liability insurance. All motor carriers operating vehicles such as hopper-type cargo vehicles or tankers with a capacity in excess of 3,500 US gal (13,000 L) must have a minimum of $5,000,000 in liability insurance. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation. Motor truck cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled. Safety Trucking accidents Trucking accident In 2002 and 2004, there were over 5,000 fatalities related to trucking accidents in the United States. The trucking industry has since made significant efforts in increasing safety regulations. In 2008, the industry had successfully lowered the fatality rate to just over 4,000 deaths, but trucking accidents are still an issue that causes thousands of deaths and injuries each year. Approximately 6,000 trucking accident fatalities occur annually in the United States. Fatalities are not the only issue caused by trucking accidents. Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with trucking accidents: 14.4% of trucking accidents cause cargo to spill 6.5% cause open flames Following increased pressure from The Times "Cities Fit For Cycling" campaign and from other media in Spring 2012, warning signs are now displayed on the backs of many heavy goods vehicles (HGV). These signs are directed against a common type of accident that occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the cyclist. The signs, such as the winning design of the InTANDEM road safety competition launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside. HGV safety in the EU In-vehicle speed limitation is required applying a 90 km/h limit to commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes. Front, side, and rear underrun protection is required on commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes. Trucks must be fitted with blind-spot mirrors that give drivers a wider field of vision than conventional mirrors. 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Retrieved 27 September 2016. ^ a b "Heavy goods vehicles". Mobility and transport – European Commission. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020. ^ "Blind spot mirrors". Mobilità u Trasport – European Commission. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Truck. Truck at Curlie Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Different sizes and classes of trucks in the UK Hutchinson, Rollin W. Jr. (January 1912). "Motor Trucks – The New Freighters: Quicker and More Reliable Service, Cleaner and Less Congested Cities, Concrete Examples of Saving". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIII: 268–187. Retrieved 10 July 2009. vteAutomotive industry Car Motor vehicle By countryAfrica Egypt Kenya Morocco Nigeria South Africa List of manufacturers Asia Bangladesh China manufacturers India manufacturers Indonesia Iran Japan manufacturers Malaysia manufacturers North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia South Korea manufacturers Taiwan manufacturers Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam List of manufacturers Europe Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic manufacturers France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Hungary Ireland Italy manufacturers Netherlands Poland manufacturers Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Spain manufacturers Sweden manufacturers Ukraine United Kingdom manufacturers List of manufacturers North America Canada manufacturers Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina manufacturers Brazil manufacturers Oceania Australia manufacturers New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best-selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques by parent company Bus manufacturers Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Drive time Facelift Rebadging list of vehicles Debadging Glossary Category Commons List Portal Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truck (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lorry (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorry_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_(14240376744).jpg"},{"link_name":"Freightliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks"},{"link_name":"motor vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight"},{"link_name":"body-on-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-on-frame"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"refuse trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuse_truck"},{"link_name":"fire trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_truck"},{"link_name":"concrete mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"suction excavators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction_excavator"},{"link_name":"tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"gasoline engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_engine"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"electrically powered trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_truck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"gross combination mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_combination_mass"},{"link_name":"light commercial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"large goods vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle"}],"text":"Commercial or utilitarian motor vehicle\"Trucks\" and \"Lorry\" redirect here. For other uses, see Truck (disambiguation) and Lorry (disambiguation).Freightliner M2 dump truckA truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport freight, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature body-on-frame construction, with a cabin that is independent of the payload portion of the vehicle. Smaller varieties may be mechanically similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful and may be configured to be mounted with specialized equipment, such as in the case of refuse trucks, fire trucks, concrete mixers, and suction excavators. In American English, a commercial vehicle without a trailer or other articulation is formally a \"straight truck\" while one designed specifically to pull a trailer is not a truck but a \"tractor\".[1]The majority of trucks currently in use are powered by diesel engines, although small- to medium-size trucks with gasoline engines exist in North America. The market-share of electrically powered trucks is growing rapidly, expected to reach 7% globally by 2027, and are already in service in various roles.[2] In the European Union, vehicles with a gross combination mass of up to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) are defined as light commercial vehicles, and those over as large goods vehicles.","title":"Truck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works"},{"link_name":"Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"steam wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon"},{"link_name":"semi-trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"steam tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractor"},{"link_name":"De Dion-Bouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"sub_title":"Steam wagons","text":"Sentinel steam wagonTrucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769.[citation needed] However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-19th century. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881,[citation needed] towed by a steam tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton. Steam-powered wagons were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and 1935 in the United Kingdom, when a change in road tax rules made them uneconomic against the new diesel lorries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daimler Motor-Lastwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Motor_Lastwagen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1903EldridgeTruck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iowa 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_80"},{"link_name":"Karl Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benz"},{"link_name":"internal combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler"},{"link_name":"Daimler Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Lastwagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Motor_Lastwagen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Büssing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCssing"},{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Iowa 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_80"},{"link_name":"two-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_engine"},{"link_name":"electric starters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_motor"}],"sub_title":"Internal combustion","text":"Daimler Motor-Lastwagen from 18981903 Eldridge truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.In 1895, Karl Benz designed and built the first internal combustion truck. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become busses by Netphener. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler, the Daimler Motor Lastwagen.[3] Other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and Büssing, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and was available with 5 or 8 horsepower (4 or 6 kW) engines.[4] Another early American truck was built by George Eldridge of Des Moines, Iowa, in 1903. It was powered by an engine with two opposed cylinders, and had a chain drive[5] A 1903 Eldridge truck is displayed at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 1.5 to 2 t (3,300 to 4,400 lb). After World War I, several advances were made: electric starters, and 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foden_Diesel_Truck_(40746179963).jpg"},{"link_name":"Foden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foden_Trucks"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Diesel engines","text":"Foden diesel truck from 1931Although it had been invented in 1897, the diesel engine did not appear in production trucks until Benz introduced it in 1923.[6] The diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, Autocar introduced diesel engines for heavy applications in the mid-1930s. Demand was high enough that Autocar launched the \"DC\" model (diesel conventional) in 1939. However, it took much longer for diesel engines to be broadly accepted in the US: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iowa 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"President Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Rouge Electric Vehicle Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex"},{"link_name":"Electrically powered trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_truck"},{"link_name":"Autocar Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"forklifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift#Battery-electric"},{"link_name":"pushback tugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_support_equipment#Pushback_tugs_and_tractors"},{"link_name":"chemistries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery#Electric_vehicle_battery_types"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Electric motors","text":"1911 Walker Electric truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.President Joe Biden test driving the Ford F-150 Lightning all-electric pick up at Ford's Rouge Electric Vehicle CenterElectrically powered trucks predate internal combustion ones and have been continuously available since the mid-19th-century. In the 1920s Autocar Trucks was the first of the major truck manufacturers to offer a range of electric trucks for sale.[9] Electric trucks were successful for urban delivery roles and as specialized work vehicles like forklifts and pushback tugs. The higher energy density of liquid fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks in favor of, first, gasoline, and then diesel and CNG-fueled engines until battery technology advanced in the 2000s when new chemistries and higher-volume production broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. Today, manufacturers are electrifying all trucks ahead of national regulatory requirements, with long-range over-the-road trucks being the most challenging.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mannesmann Mulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannesmann"},{"link_name":"Finlayson factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlayson_(company)"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_English"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"rail transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"goods wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_wagon"},{"link_name":"bogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"Mannesmann Mulag truck at the Finlayson factory in Tampere, Finland in 1921Truck is used in American English, and is common in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and South Africa, while lorry is the equivalent in British English, and is the usual term in countries like Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore and India.[original research?]The first known usage of \"truck\" was in 1611 when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships' cannon carriages, and comes from \"Trokhos\" (Greek) = \"wheel\". In its extended usage, it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. Its expanded application to \"motor-powered load carrier\" has been in usage since 1930, shortened from \"motor truck\", which dates back to 1901.[12][13]\"Lorry\" has a more uncertain origin, but probably has its roots in the rail transport industry, where the word is known to have been used in 1838 to refer to a type of truck (a goods wagon as in British usage, not a bogie as in the American), specifically a large flat wagon. It might derive from the verb lurry (to carry or drag along, or to lug) which was in use as early as 1664, but that association is not definitive.[14] The expanded meaning of lorry, \"self-propelled vehicle for carrying goods\", has been in usage since 1911.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of truck types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_truck_types"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_Pakistan.jpg"},{"link_name":"ute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"pickups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"}],"sub_title":"International variance","text":"Further information: List of truck typesTrucks parked near Plaza, by the side of Highway in USAIn Pakistan and India the majority of trucks are colorful and decorated.In the United States, Canada, and the Philippines, \"truck\" is usually reserved for commercial vehicles larger than regular passenger cars, but includes large SUVs, pickups, and other vehicles with an open load bed.In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the word \"truck\" is mostly reserved for larger vehicles. In Australia and New Zealand, a pickup truck is frequently called a ute (short for \"utility\" vehicle),[17] while in South Africa it is called a bakkie (Afrikaans: \"small open container\").In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, and Hong Kong lorry is used instead of truck, but only for the medium and heavy types, while truck is used almost exclusively to refer to pickups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truck classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_classification"},{"link_name":"List of truck types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_truck_types"}],"text":"See also: Truck classification and List of truck types","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_car"},{"link_name":"battery electric drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"neighborhood electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Zap Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_Motors"}],"sub_title":"Ultra light","text":"Often produced as variations of golf cars, with internal combustion or battery electric drive, these are used typically for off-highway use on estates, golf courses, and parks. While not suitable for highway use some variations may be licensed as slow speed vehicles for operation on streets, generally as a body variation of a neighborhood electric vehicle. A few manufactures produce specialized chassis for this type of vehicle, while Zap Motors markets a version of their Xebra electric tricycle (licensable in the U.S. as a motorcycle).","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu"},{"link_name":"Kei car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_car"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Daihatsu Hijet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Hijet"},{"link_name":"Honda Acty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Acty"},{"link_name":"Tata Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Ace"},{"link_name":"Mazda Scrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Scrum"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Minicab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab"},{"link_name":"Subaru Sambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Sambar"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Carry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Carry"}],"sub_title":"Very light","text":"Popular in Europe and Asia, many mini-trucks are factory redesigns of light automobiles, usually with monocoque bodies. Specialized designs with substantial frames such as the Italian Piaggio shown here are based upon Japanese designs (in this case by Daihatsu) and are popular for use in \"old town\" sections of European cities that often have very narrow alleyways.Regardless of name, these small trucks serve a wide range of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the Kei car laws, which allow vehicle owners a break in taxes for buying a smaller and less-powerful vehicle (currently, the engine is limited to 660 cc displacement). These vehicles are used as on-road utility vehicles in Japan. These Japanese-made mini-trucks that were manufactured for on-road use are competing with off-road ATVs in the United States, and import regulations require that these mini-trucks have a 25 mph (40 km/h) speed governor as they are classified as low-speed vehicles.[18] These vehicles have found uses in construction, large campuses (government, university, and industrial), agriculture, cattle ranches, amusement parks, and replacements for golf carts.[19]Major mini-truck manufacturers and their brands include: Daihatsu Hijet, Honda Acty, Tata Ace, Mazda Scrum, Mitsubishi Minicab, Subaru Sambar, and Suzuki Carry.","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"driving licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Pickup trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"}],"sub_title":"Light","text":"Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 13,900 lb (6.3 t)) and are used by individuals and businesses alike. In the EU they may not weigh more than 3.5 t (7,700 lb) and are allowed to be driven with a driving licence for cars.Pickup trucks, called utes in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, but not so in Europe, where this size of commercial vehicle is most often made as vans.","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dump trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck"},{"link_name":"garbage trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truck"},{"link_name":"fire-fighting trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_apparatus"}],"sub_title":"Medium","text":"Medium trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 13,000 and 33,000 lb (5.9 and 15.0 t). For the UK and the EU the weight is between 3.5 and 7.5 t (7,700 and 16,500 lb). Local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks and fire-fighting trucks) are normally around this size.","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_8_truck"},{"link_name":"6×4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6x4_(drivetrain)"},{"link_name":"tractor units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Heavy","text":"Heavy trucks are the largest on-road trucks, Class 8. These include vocational applications such as heavy dump trucks, concrete pump trucks, and refuse hauling, as well as ubiquitous long-haul 4x2 and 6×4 tractor units.[20]Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight. The number of steering axles and the suspension type also influence the amount of the road wear. In many countries with good roads a six-axle truck may have a maximum weight of 44 t (97,000 lb) or more.","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liebherr T 282B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebherr_T_282B"}],"sub_title":"Off-road","text":"Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the Liebherr T 282B mining truck.","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_train"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_train-cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mack Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Titan"},{"link_name":"road train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_train"},{"link_name":"road trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_train"},{"link_name":"outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus6-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurlex-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_combined_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_axle_weight_rating"},{"link_name":"State of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egan-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Michigan Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Senate"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chatti-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHA-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egan1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egan2-41"}],"sub_title":"Maximum sizes by country","text":"Further information: Road trainA Mack Titan road train in AustraliaAustralia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5 t (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons) and be 25 m (82 ft) long, and road trains used in the outback can weigh 172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons) and be 53.5 m (176 ft) long.[22][23]The European Union also has complex regulations. The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of a truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated. In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic.[24]The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that the truck can have on the Interstate highway system.[25] Each State determines the maximum permissible vehicle, combination, and axle weight on state and local roads.Uniquely, the State of Michigan has a gross vehicle weight limit of 164,000 lb (74 t), which is twice the U.S. federal limit.[34][35][36] A measure to change the law was defeated in the Michigan Senate in 2019.[37][38][39][40][41]","title":"Types by size"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cab"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"axles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"roadwheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"drivetrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powertrain"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_cooling"},{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical"},{"link_name":"trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)"}],"text":"Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles, suspension and roadwheels, an engine and a drivetrain. Pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electrical systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenworth_T2000,_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame,_2015.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azeri_%22Smerch%22,_parade_in_Baku,_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"sleeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_sleeper"},{"link_name":"Cab over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_over"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200058%E2%80%9361-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"streamlined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wikt:streamline"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"terminal tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_tractor"},{"link_name":"shipping yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"forklift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift"}],"sub_title":"Cab","text":"A cabover truckStreamlined conventional cabCab beside engineThe \"cab\", or \"cabin\" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A \"sleeper\" is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks.There are several cab configurations:\"Cab over engine\" (COE) or \"flat nose\"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, and is widely used in the rest of the world. They were common in North American heavy-duty trucks but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this design is still popular in North America among medium- and light-duty trucks. To reach the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of \"tilt-cab\". This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads require the short turning radius afforded by the shorter wheelbase of the cab over engine layout.[42]\n\"Cab-under\" is where the driver is positioned at the front at the lowest point possible as means for maximum cargo space as possible.[43][44][45][46] Examples were made by Hunslet, Leyland, Bussing, Strick[47] and Steinwinter.[48]\n\"Conventional\" cabs seated the driver behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Many new cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood (bonnet) and other features to lower drag. Conventional cabs are the most common in North America, Australia, and China, and are known in the UK as \"American cabs\"[citation needed] and in the Netherlands as \"torpedo cabs\".[citation needed]\n\"Cab beside engine\" designs are used for terminal tractors at shipping yards and for other specialist vehicles carrying long loads such as pipes. This type is often made by replacing the passenger side of a cab-over truck with an extended section of the load bed.A further step from this is the side loading forklift that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cummins_Engine_(LKW).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cummins ISB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_B_Series_engine#6.7_ISB"},{"link_name":"sport utility vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle"},{"link_name":"vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van"},{"link_name":"pickups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"gasoline engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_engine"},{"link_name":"diesel engined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stroke_cycle"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"intercooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler"},{"link_name":"V12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"Detroit Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Diesel"},{"link_name":"two stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_stroke_cycle"},{"link_name":"CNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNG"},{"link_name":"Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Volvo Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Daimler AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Euro VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit"},{"link_name":"electric trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_truck"},{"link_name":"hydrogen-powered trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#Heavy_trucks"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_station"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Engines and motors","text":"Cummins ISB 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engineMost small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines (petrol engines), but many diesel engined models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with a turbocharger and intercooler. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. A large proportion of refuse trucks in the United States employ CNG (compressed natural gas) engines for their low fuel cost and reduced carbon emissions.A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by the last remaining major independent engine manufacturer (Cummins) but most global OEMs such as Volvo Trucks and Daimler AG promote their own \"captive\" engines.[49]In the European Union, all new truck engines must comply with Euro VI emission regulations.[50]As of 2019[update] several alternative technologies are competing to displace the use of diesel engines in heavy trucks. CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications. Heavy electric trucks and hydrogen-powered trucks are new to the market in 2021,[51][52] but major freight haulers are interested.[53][54] Although cars will be first the phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles includes trucks.[55] According to The Economist magazine \"Electric lorries will probably run on hydrogen, not batteries, which are too expensive.\"[56] Other researchers say that once faster chargers are available batteries will become competitive against diesel for all, except perhaps the heaviest, trucks.[57]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rear_axles_tandem.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eaton_Autoshift.jpg"},{"link_name":"transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"synchromesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromesh"},{"link_name":"double-clutching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-clutching"},{"link_name":"Automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"automated manual transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission"}],"sub_title":"Drivetrain","text":"A truck rear suspension and drive axles overviewEaton Roadranger 18 speed \"crash box\" with automated gearshiftSmall trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchromesh (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as \"crash boxes\", require double-clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as \"floating\", a method of changing gears which does not use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear.Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. \"Skip changing\" is also widely used; in principle, the operation is the same as double-clutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single-gear change.Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and automated manual transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12, and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with a manual transmission, while conventional automatic or automated manual transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the \"range and split\" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so‑called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gear selection.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_truck_chassis_section.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"crossmembers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmember"},{"link_name":"ladder frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_frame"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"tow bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)"},{"link_name":"fifth wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_wheel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Frame","text":"A truck rear frame (chassis) section viewPickup truck frame (right rear view)A truck frame consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C‑shaped rails, or beams, held together by crossmembers. These frames are referred to as ladder frames due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop.The frame is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminum for a lighter weight. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of a fifth wheel hitch.[citation needed]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Box trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_truck"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200030%E2%80%9331-58"},{"link_name":"Chassis cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis_cab"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"fire-truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine"},{"link_name":"ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulance#Design_and_construction"},{"link_name":"Concrete mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Dump trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200034%E2%80%9335-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Flatbed trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_truck"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200028%E2%80%9329-67"},{"link_name":"stakebody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stakebody"},{"link_name":"Refrigerator trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator_truck"},{"link_name":"Refuse trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truck"},{"link_name":"cab-over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab-over"},{"link_name":"GVWR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVWR"},{"link_name":"Semi-tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit"},{"link_name":"Tank trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_truck"},{"link_name":"liquids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquids"},{"link_name":"gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200032%E2%80%9333-68"},{"link_name":"Wreckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200046%E2%80%9347-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Body types","text":"Box trucks have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space. The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted.[58]Chassis cab trucks have a fully enclosed cab at the front, with bare chassis frame-rails behind, suitable for subsequent permanent attachment of a specialized payload, like a fire-truck or ambulance body.Concrete mixers have a rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes. Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty.[59][60]Dual drive/Steer trucks are vehicles used to steer the rear of trailers.[61][62][63][64]Dump trucks (\"tippers\" in the UK) transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded (\"dumped\") on the ground behind the truck.[65][66]Flatbed trucks have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted,[67] often in the form of a stakebody.Refrigerator trucks have insulated panels as walls and a roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted.Refuse trucks have a specialized body for collecting and, often, compacting trash collected from municipal, commercial, and industrial sites. This application has the widest use of the cab-over configuration in North America, to provide better maneuverability in tight situations. They are also among the most severe-duty and highest GVWR trucks on public roads.Semi-tractors (\"artics\" in the UK) have a fifth wheel for towing a semi-trailer instead of a body.Tank trucks (\"tankers\" in the UK) are designed to carry liquids or gases. They usually have a cylindrical tank lying horizontally on the chassis. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported.[68]Wreckers (\"recovery lorries\" in the UK) are used to recover and/or tow disabled vehicles. They are normally equipped with a boom with a cable; wheel/chassis lifts are becoming common on newer trucks.[69][70][71]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and sales issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Manufacturers","title":"Sales and sales issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Truck market worldwide","title":"Sales and sales issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. The requirements and limitations vary with each different jurisdiction.","title":"Driving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG"},{"link_name":"truck driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_driver"},{"link_name":"Gross Vehicle Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Vehicle_Mass"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Inside a Mack truckIn Australia, a truck driver's license is required for any motor vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) exceeding 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons). The motor vehicles classes are further expanded as:CombinationHC: Heavy Combination, a typical prime mover plus semi-trailer combination.\nMC: Multi Combination, e.g., B Doubles/road trainsRigidLR: Light rigid: a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons) but not more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM.\nMR: Medium rigid: a rigid vehicle with 2 axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes vehicles in class LR.\nHR: Heavy Rigid: a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in class MR.Heavy vehicle transmissionThere is also a heavy vehicle transmission condition for a license class HC, HR, or MC test passed in a vehicle fitted with an automatic or synchromesh transmission; a driver's license will be restricted to vehicles of that class fitted with a synchromesh or automatic transmission. To have the condition removed, a person needs to pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with non-synchromesh transmission (constant mesh or crash box).[81]","title":"Driving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"EEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area"},{"link_name":"European driving licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_driving_licence"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Inside a Mercedes-Benz truckDriving licensing has been harmonized throughout the European Union and the EEA (and practically all European non-member states), so that common rules apply within Europe (see European driving licence). As an overview, to drive a vehicle weighing more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons) for commercial purposes requires a specialist license (the type varies depending on the use of the vehicle and number of seats). For licenses first acquired after 1997, that weight was reduced to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), not including trailers.[citation needed]Since 2013, the C1 license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 and up to 7.5 tonnes. The C license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 tonnes with a trailer up to 750 kg, and the CE category allows driving category C vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg.","title":"Driving"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"To drive any vehicle with a GVM exceeding 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), a code C1 drivers license is required. Furthermore, if the vehicle exceeds 16 t (15.7 long tons; 17.6 short tons) a code C license becomes necessary.To drive any vehicle in South Africa towing a trailer with a GVM more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons), further restrictions apply and the driver must possess a license suitable for the GVM of the total combination as well as an articulated endorsement. This is indicated with the letter \"E\" prefixing the license code.In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be driven by a driver possessing a Public Driver's Permit, (or PrDP) of the applicable type. This is an additional license that is added to the DL card of the operator and subject to annual renewal unlike the five-year renewal period of a normal license.The requirements for obtaining the different classes are below.\"G\": Required for the transport of general goods, requires a criminal record check and a fee on issuing and renewal.\n\"P\": Required for the transport of paying passengers, requires a more stringent criminal record check, additionally the driver must be over the age of 21 at time of issue. A G class PrDP will be issued at the same time.\n\"D\": Required for the transport of dangerous materials, requires all of the same checks as class P., and in addition the driver must be over 25 at time of issue.","title":"Driving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab.JPG"},{"link_name":"commercial driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"US trucking industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"deregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation"},{"link_name":"Michael H. Belzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Belzer"},{"link_name":"associate professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNews-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Inside a Navistar 9000In the United States, a commercial driver's license is required to drive any type of commercial vehicle weighing 26,001 lb (11,794 kg) or more.[82] The federal government regulates how many hours a driver may be on the clock, how much rest and sleep time is required (e.g., 11 hours driving/14 hours on-duty followed by 10 hours off, with a maximum of 70 hours/8 days or 60 hours/7 days, 34 hours restart )[83] Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments to track each driver's hours must sometimes be fitted.\nIn 2006, the US trucking industry employed 1.8 million drivers of heavy trucks.[84]There is a shortage of willing trained long-distance truck drivers.[85] Part of the reason for this is the economic fallout from deregulation of the trucking industry. Michael H. Belzer, associate professor, in the economics department at Wayne State University and co-author of Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation, argues that low pay, bad working conditions and unsafe conditions have been a direct result of deregulation.[86][87] The book cites poor working conditions and an unfair pay system as responsible for high annual employee turnover in the industry.[88][89]In 2018, in the US, 5,096 large trucks and buses were involved in fatal crashes:The number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes is 4,862,\nThe number of large trucks involved in injury crashes is 112,000,\nThe number of large trucks involved in property damage only crashes is 414,000.[90]","title":"Driving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diesel exhaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust"},{"link_name":"Environmental effects of transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975-_US_vehicle_production_share,_by_vehicle_type.svg"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-92"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit"},{"link_name":"diesel exhaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_exhaust"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"NOx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx"},{"link_name":"particulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_pollution"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"CO2 emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"limit climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"turbocharger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger"},{"link_name":"exhaust brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_brake"},{"link_name":"retarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder_(mechanical_engineering)"},{"link_name":"noise regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_regulation"},{"link_name":"engine braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_braking"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Diesel exhaust and Environmental effects of transportExhaust fumes from a small truckTrucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward trucks has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.[91] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[92]Like cars, trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution.[93] Unlike cars, as of 2022[update], most trucks run on diesel, and diesel exhaust is especially dangerous for health.[94] Some countries have different vehicle emission standards for trucks and cars.[95][96]NOx and particulates emitted by trucks are very dangerous to health,[97][98] causing thousands of early deaths annually in the US alone.[99] As older trucks are usually the worst,[100] many cities have banned 20th century trucks.[101] Air pollution also threatens professional truck drivers.[102]Over a quarter of global transport CO2 emissions are from road freight,[103] in 2021 over 1700 million tonnes from medium and heavy trucks,[104] so many countries are further restricting truck CO2 emissions to help limit climate change.[105] Many environmental organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.[106] Several countries have pledged that 30% of sales of trucks and buses will be zero emission by 2030.[107]With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks.[108] There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade. There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed.[citation needed]","title":"Environmental effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_cab_filters.png"},{"link_name":"hazard control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"engineering control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_controls"},{"link_name":"heating, ventilation, and air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC"},{"link_name":"dusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust"},{"link_name":"aerosols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-109"},{"link_name":"positive pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_pressure"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-109"}],"text":"Truck cab filter housing using a contiguous series of pre-, HEPA, and charcoal panel filtersA truck cab is a hazard control that protects the truck operator from hazardous airborne pollutants.[citation needed] As an enclosure, it is an example of an engineering control. Enclosed operator cabs have been used on agriculture, mining, and construction vehicles for several decades. Most modern-day enclosed cabs have heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for primarily maintaining a comfortable temperature and providing breathable air for their occupants. Various levels of filtration can be incorporated into the HVAC system to remove airborne pollutants such as dusts, diesel particulate matter (DPM), and other aerosols.[109]Two key elements of an effective environmental enclosure are a good filtration system and an enclosure with good integrity (sealed isolation from the outside environment). It is recommended that a filtration system filter out at least 95% or greater of airborne respirable aerosols from the intake airflow, with an additional recirculation filtering component for the inside air. Good enclosure integrity is also needed to achieve positive pressure to prevent wind-driven aerosol penetration into the enclosure, as well as to minimize air leakage around the filtration system. Test methods and mathematical modeling of environmental enclosures are also beneficial for quantifying and optimizing filtration system designs, as well as maintaining optimum protection factor performance for enclosure occupants.[109]","title":"Operator health and safety"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Taxes","text":"Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a state level than other road vehicles and are subject to extensive regulation.[110] A few reasons commercial trucks pay higher road use taxes: they are bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more wear and tear per hour on roadways; and trucks and their drivers are on the road for more hours per day. Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions.","title":"Operations issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chatti-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHA-39"}],"sub_title":"Damage to pavement","text":"The life of a pavement is measured by the number of passes of a vehicle axle. It may be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor,[111] which states that the damage by the pass of a vehicle axle is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so a ten-ton axle consumes 10,000 times the life of the pavement as a one-ton axle. For that reason, loaded trucks cost the same as thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls.[38][39]","title":"Operations issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commercial insurance","text":"Primary liability insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies, and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Interstate trucks in the U.S. are required to have a minimum of $75,000 in liability insurance. This includes motor carriers operating vehicles with a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000 lb (4.5 t) (which transport non-hazardous materials). All motor carriers operating vehicles transporting materials classified as hazardous, and which have a gross weight rating in excess of 10,000 lb (4.5 t) must have a minimum of $1,000,000 in liability insurance. All motor carriers operating vehicles such as hopper-type cargo vehicles or tankers with a capacity in excess of 3,500 US gal (13,000 L) must have a minimum of $5,000,000 in liability insurance. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.Motor truck cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.","title":"Operations issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elst_(Overbetuwe)_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"heavy goods vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle"},{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclist"},{"link_name":"InTANDEM road safety competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intandemcompetition.com"}],"sub_title":"Trucking accidents","text":"Trucking accidentIn 2002 and 2004, there were over 5,000 fatalities related to trucking accidents in the United States. The trucking industry has since made significant efforts in increasing safety regulations. In 2008, the industry had successfully lowered the fatality rate to just over 4,000 deaths, but trucking accidents are still an issue that causes thousands of deaths and injuries each year. Approximately 6,000 trucking accident fatalities occur annually in the United States. Fatalities are not the only issue caused by trucking accidents. Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with trucking accidents:14.4% of trucking accidents cause cargo to spill\n6.5% cause open flamesFollowing increased pressure from The Times \"Cities Fit For Cycling\" campaign and from other media in Spring 2012, warning signs are now displayed on the backs of many heavy goods vehicles (HGV). These signs are directed against a common type of accident that occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the cyclist. The signs, such as the winning design of the InTANDEM road safety competition launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU_Safety-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU_Safety-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"HGV safety in the EU","text":"In-vehicle speed limitation is required applying a 90 km/h limit to commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.[112]Front, side, and rear underrun protection is required on commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.[112]Trucks must be fitted with blind-spot mirrors that give drivers a wider field of vision than conventional mirrors.[113]","title":"Safety"}]	[{"image_text":"Freightliner M2 dump truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg/290px-Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sentinel steam wagon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg/220px-1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daimler Motor-Lastwagen from 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg/220px-DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg"},{"image_text":"1903 Eldridge truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1903EldridgeTruck.jpg/220px-1903EldridgeTruck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foden diesel truck from 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg/220px-Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1911 Walker Electric truck on display at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg/220px-1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Joe Biden test driving the Ford F-150 Lightning all-electric pick up at Ford's Rouge Electric Vehicle Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg/220px-President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mannesmann Mulag truck at the Finlayson factory in Tampere, Finland in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg/220px-Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trucks parked near Plaza, by the side of Highway in USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg/220px-Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Pakistan and India the majority of trucks are colorful and decorated.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Truck_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Truck_Pakistan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Might-E Truck from Canadian Electric Vehicles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Might-E_Truck.jpg/220px-Might-E_Truck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV battery-electric truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg/220px-Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dairy Crest electric milk float truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg/220px-Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Piaggio Porter in Palmero","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palermo_3352.jpg/220px-Palermo_3352.jpg"},{"image_text":"Suzuki Carry in Taiwan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg/220px-%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tata Super Ace in Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg/220px-Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ford Ranger pickup truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg/220px-2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lindner Unitrac 95L truck harvesting hay in Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg/220px-Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holden Ute (VF) in Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg/220px-2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fuso Canter (8th gen) in Taiwan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg/220px-DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg"},{"image_text":"SML Isuzu in Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg/220px-20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fire-fighting truck in Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg/220px-Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cement mixer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg/220px-34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 6×4 truck hauling a Walmart container","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg/220px-Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seddon Atkinson Stratos refuse compactor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg/220px-Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg"},{"image_text":"ALMA antenna transporter with 28 tires[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg/220px-Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liebherr T 282B diesel-electric mining truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Liebherr_T282.jpg/220px-Liebherr_T282.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Mack Titan road train in Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Road_train-cropped.jpg/290px-Road_train-cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cabover truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/220px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg"},{"image_text":"Streamlined conventional cab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/220px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cab beside engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG/220px-Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cummins ISB 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/220px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A truck rear suspension and drive axles overview","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/220px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eaton Roadranger 18 speed \"crash box\" with automated gearshift","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/220px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg"},{"image_text":"A truck rear frame (chassis) section view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/220px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pickup truck frame (right rear view)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/220px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside a Mack truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/220px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG"},{"image_text":"Inside a Mercedes-Benz truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside a Navistar 9000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/220px-Truck_cab.JPG"},{"image_text":"Exhaust fumes from a small truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg/220px-Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward trucks has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.[91] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[92]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/220px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Truck cab filter housing using a contiguous series of pre-, HEPA, and charcoal panel filters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/220px-Truck_cab_filters.png"},{"image_text":"Trucking accident","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/220px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"Cars portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars"},{"title":"Air brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(road_vehicle)"},{"title":"Animal transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_transporter"},{"title":"Articulated hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_hauler"},{"title":"Autonomous truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_truck"},{"title":"Ballast tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tractor"},{"title":"Campervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campervan"},{"title":"Cutaway van chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaway_van_chassis"},{"title":"Dekotora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekotora"},{"title":"Food truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_truck"},{"title":"Glossary of the American trucking industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_American_trucking_industry"},{"title":"Great West Truck Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_West_Truck_Show"},{"title":"Gun truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_truck"},{"title":"Hand truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_truck"},{"title":"Kei truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_truck"},{"title":"Haul truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_truck"},{"title":"Large goods vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle"},{"title":"List of military trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_trucks"},{"title":"List of pickup trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pickup_trucks"},{"title":"List of trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trucks"},{"title":"Logging truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging_truck"},{"title":"Multi-stop truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stop_truck"},{"title":"Roll-off truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-off_(dumpster)"},{"title":"Tail lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_lift"},{"title":"Terminal tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_tractor"},{"title":"Traffic congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion"},{"title":"Truck art in South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_art_in_South_Asia"},{"title":"Truck classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_classification"},{"title":"Truck hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_hijacking"},{"title":"Truck scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_scale"},{"title":"Truck stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_stop"}]	[{"reference":"\"Glossary\" (PDF). trucking.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191129105447/https://www.trucking.org/ATA%20Docs/What%20We%20Do/Image%20and%20Outreach%20Programs/STR/Trucking%20Glossary.pdf","url_text":"\"Glossary\""},{"url":"https://www.trucking.org/ATA%20Docs/What%20We%20Do/Image%20and%20Outreach%20Programs/STR/Trucking%20Glossary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gies, Erica (18 December 2017). \"Electric Trucks Begin Reporting for Duty, Quietly and Without All the Fumes\". Inside Climate News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021. Replacing fleets of medium- and heavy-duty trucks can help cut greenhouse gas emissions and make cities quieter and cleaner. Because trucks need so much hauling power, they have eluded electrification until recently; a battery that could pull significant weight would itself be too hefty and too expensive. But now, improvements in battery technology are paying off, bringing down both size and cost. The number of hybrid-electric and electric trucks is set to grow almost 25 percent annually, from 1 percent of the market in 2017 to 7 percent in 2027, a jump from about 40,000 electric trucks worldwide this year to 371,000.","urls":[{"url":"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122017/electric-truck-urban-package-delivery-ups-tesla-semi-daimler-byd-china-battery/","url_text":"\"Electric Trucks Begin Reporting for Duty, Quietly and Without All the Fumes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210613220740/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18122017/electric-truck-urban-package-delivery-ups-tesla-semi-daimler-byd-china-battery/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Truck History\". About.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. 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The measure, approved unanimously Thursday by the California Air Resources Board, says that by 2045 all new trucks sold in the state should be zero-emissions.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883634480/californias-landmark-electric-truck-rule-targets-diesel-death-zone#:~:text=Victoria%20says%20California%27s%20electric%20truck%20mandate%20could%20help,tons%20of%20climate-warming%20carbon%20dioxide%20from%20the%20atmosphere.","url_text":"\"California's Landmark Electric Truck Rule Targets 'Diesel Death Zone'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210609093456/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883634480/californias-landmark-electric-truck-rule-targets-diesel-death-zone#:~:text=Victoria%20says%20California%27s%20electric%20truck%20mandate%20could%20help,tons%20of%20climate-warming%20carbon%20dioxide%20from%20the%20atmosphere.","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shephardson, David; Groom, Nichola (25 June 2020). \"California passes landmark mandate for zero emission trucks\". 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US Department of Transportation. May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/FREIGHT/policy/rpt_congress/truck_sw_laws/index.htm","url_text":"\"Compilation of Exixting State Truck Size and Weight Limit Laws\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807093248/http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/FREIGHT/policy/rpt_congress/truck_sw_laws/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Paul (13 March 2018). \"Does your body ache from hitting potholes? 5 reasons Michigan has lousy roads\". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. 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MDOT points to lack of funding compared to Ohio\""},{"url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/michigan/pothole-questions-why-are-ohios-roads-better-than-michigans-roads","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oosting, Jonathhan (2 December 2014). \"Michigan road funding: Proposal to cut truck weight limits fails in state Senate\". MLive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/2014/12/michigan_roads_bill_to_reduce.html","url_text":"\"Michigan road funding: Proposal to cut truck weight limits fails in state Senate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLive","url_text":"MLive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190416153641/https://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/2014/12/michigan_roads_bill_to_reduce.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chatti, K. (February 2009). \"Effect of Michigan Multi-Axle Trucks on Pavement Distress\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Polytechnic	Seneca Polytechnic	["1 History","2 Campuses","2.1 Newnham Campus","2.2 Seneca@York","2.3 King Campus","2.4 Markham Campus","2.5 Peterborough Campus","2.6 Seneca Downtown","2.7 Yorkgate Campus","3 Former locations","4 Academics","4.1 Faculties, schools and centres","4.2 Seneca Libraries","4.3 Seneca Archives and Special Collections","5 International","6 Residence","7 Athletics","8 Concerts","9 Notable people","9.1 Alumni","9.2 Faculty","9.3 Presidents","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°47′44″N 79°20′56″W / 43.79556°N 79.34889°W / 43.79556; -79.34889Public college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seneca Polytechnic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seneca College of Applied Arts and TechnologyOther nameSeneca PolytechnicTypePublicEstablished1966ChairAshif SomaniPresidentDavid AgnewStudents30,000 full-time and 60,000 part-time annually 20,012 FTEs (2020)UndergraduatesAvailablePostgraduatesAvailableLocationToronto, Ontario, Canada43°47′44″N 79°20′56″W / 43.79556°N 79.34889°W / 43.79556; -79.34889CampusUrbanColours RedNicknameThe StingAffiliations Colleges Ontario, Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, Colleges and Institutes Canada, Canadian Bureau for International Education, Polytechnics Canada, Ontario Colleges Athletic Association MascotSammy StingWebsitewww.senecapolytechnic.ca Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, branded as Seneca Polytechnic since 2023, is a multi-campus public college in the Greater Toronto Area and Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It offers full-time and part-time programs at the baccalaureate, diploma, certificate, and graduate levels attended primarily by international students, from whom it draws 80 per cent of its tuition revenue. Seneca Polytechnic has Canada's largest enrolment of international students, with 9,318 enrolled in 2020-2021. History A sign marks the future site of Seneca's Finch Campus (renamed Newnham Campus in 1984), June 1968. Seneca opened in 1966 as part of a provincial initiative to establish an Ontario-wide network of colleges of applied arts and technology providing career-oriented diploma and certificate courses as well as continuing education programs to Ontario communities. The province was responding to the increasing need for sophisticated applied learning as technology continued to change the nature of work and the provincial economy. General education was considered an important element in post secondary education, and breadth courses continue to be a part of every program. In 2001, the colleges were granted the ability to offer baccalaureate degrees. Seneca is one of five Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning that can offer up to 15 per cent of its program activity at the degree level. Campuses Seneca has campus locations throughout the Greater Toronto Area and in Peterborough. Newnham Campus Newnham Campus's 1,113-bed student residence opened in 1998 The Newnham Campus is one of the largest college campuses in Canada. It has more than 15,000 full-time students in business, engineering, aviation, early childhood education, fashion, opticianry, information and communications technology, and liberal arts. The campus, initially known as Finch Campus, was renamed in 1984 after founding president William Thomson Newnham, and is also the site of continuing education activity during the evenings and weekends. The campus includes a 1,113-bed residence, sports centre, and daycare centre. It is located west of the intersection of Highway 404 and Finch Avenue East . The campus's first building was opened in 1969 and has involved various architects (William H.D. Hurst (Phase 1); John B. Parkin (Phase 2 with Searle, Wilbee and Rowland); Abram, Nowski, and McLaughlin (arena)). In 1973 a 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft) domed planetarium was added to the Phase 3 section of the campus, but it has since closed. In fall 2011, a 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft) expansion, designed for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, was officially opened at the campus. The new building, designed by Craig Applegath of Dialog, features three 80-seat classrooms; twenty-three 40-seat classrooms; fourteen 40-seat computer labs; a multi-purpose auditorium for 240 students that can be turned into a conference room or two 120-seat lecture halls; increased computing commons and library space; several new areas of collaborative student study and work space; a new "front door" for the campus; and improved campus access for people with disabilities. The atrium in the new space was named after Frederick Minkler, Seneca's first chair of the board of governors. In 2019, Seneca's Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship (CITE) opened at Newnham Campus. CITE includes Seneca's innovation centre known HELIX, technology labs for mechatronics and robotics courses, and computer labs and classrooms. CITE is infused with Indigenous design, the highlight of which is a 9.1 m (30 ft) diameter medallion in terrazzo rendered from an original work by Joseph Sagaj. Seneca@York Seneca@York's Stephen E. Quinlan Building Seneca@York Campus, located on York University's Keele Campus, includes the Stephen E. Quinlan Building, designed by architect Raymond Moriyama and named after Seneca's third president Steve Quinlan. Seneca also shares the Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Building (formerly known as TEL building) with York University. Several schools are located at this campus, including the Schools of Creative Arts and Animation, Media, Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry, English and Liberal Studies, and Legal, Public and Office Administration. King Campus Seneca's Eaton Hall, located on the shores of Lake Seneca at King Campus King Campus is located on 282 ha (700 acres) of woods, lake and fields in King City. It is home to full and part-time programs in Applied Arts, Health Sciences, and Community Services; which include Public Safety, Nursing, Social Service Worker, Child and Youth Care, Behavioural Sciences, Early Childhood Education, Environmental Landscape Management, Recreation and Leisure Services, Underwater Skills, and Veterinary Assistant and Veterinary Technician. There is a residence for Seneca students on campus. Seneca Residence is a suite-style building for about 230 students with a lounge, laundry room, and common kitchen. Eaton Hall, the former summer home of the Eaton family, is on the shore of Lake Seneca. Eaton Hall is the former home of Seneca's Management Development Centre, and has also been the setting of several films, including David Cronenberg's A History of Violence, Richard Benjamin's Mrs. Winterbourne, and William Fruet's Death Weekend (The House by the Lake). In June 2011, the Government of Ontario announced a $43 million project to expand services at the campus, including a new building with 25 classrooms, a library, computer services, and health care training laboratories. The project became Magna Hall, a 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft) facility that officially opened on 27 September 2018. Named in recognition of a significant gift from Magna International, it includes 25 classrooms, computer labs, specialty labs, a library, a student centre and a multi-purpose athletic and recreation space. A 10 ha (25 acres) part of the campus at the northwest corner of Dufferin Street and 15th Sideroad will house a community centre for King City. The township of King will lease the land for $1 per year for 99 years. Markham Campus Seneca's Markham Campus Markham Campus opened in 2005, becoming the first post-secondary education facility in the city of Markham. The campus houses full and part-time programs in the areas of business, marketing, and tourism, as well as the college's departments of Finance, Human Resources, and Information Technology Services. Since 2011, the campus has been home to the Confucius Institute. In 2020, Seneca International Academy (SIA) was established within Markham Campus for international students. The academy offers dedicated services for international students. Peterborough Campus Peterborough Airport in Peterborough is the home of Seneca's aviation campus, including a fleet of aircraft and flight training devices used by students enrolled in the Bachelor of Aviation Program. Opened in January 2014, in response to the pending closure of Buttonville Airport, the campus serves the second, third and fourth years of the degree program, while first-year students study at Newnham Campus. Some courses and services at the Peterborough Campus are offered in partnership with Fleming College. As of November 2023, Seneca's fleet consists of 21 aircraft: seventeen Cessna 172 (172S model, eight are Garmin G1000 equipped) and four Beechcraft Barons (Baron 58 model, two are G1000 equipped). They operate as ICAO airline designator BZQ, and telephony STING. Seneca Downtown Opened in October 2019 and located in downtown Toronto, Seneca Downtown provides in-class, online and hybrid courses for post-secondary graduates and working professionals. Yorkgate Campus Open since 1994, Yorkgate Campus serves as an access and outreach centre for the Jane-Finch community, Yorkgate also offers post-secondary programs including, since 2013, Practical Nursing and Social Service Worker. The facility is located on the second floor of the Yorkgate Mall at Finch Avenue West and Jane Street in Toronto. Former locations Seneca's first homes from 1967 to 1969 were various buildings in North York: Sheppard Campus at 43 Sheppard Avenue East, a converted factory; the college vacated it for Newnham Campus, and the site is now a low-rise office tower. Several North York Board of Education offices A Woolworth store at Sheppard Avenue East and Yonge Street; the strip mall was demolished and is now the site of a condo development, Hullmark Centre. Lewis S. Beattie Secondary School (now École secondaire catholique Monseigneur-de-Charbonnel of the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir) at Drewy Avenue west of Yonge Street Other former Seneca Polytechnic campuses include: Jane Campus home to Seneca's Centre for Advanced Technologies. Students studying at the campus pursue careers in the areas of Tool Design, Computer Numerical Control (CNC), and Metals Machining Trades such as Tool & Die Maker and Mould Maker. The building is located at 21 Beverly Hills Drive in Toronto and can be seen from the westbound collector lanes of Highway 401. Seneca's Jane Campus closed in May 2019. Vaughan Campus officially opened its doors on 28 January 2011, at 1490 Major Mackenzie Drive West, in Vaughan. It offered services including academic upgrading, employment services and workplace essential skills training for professionals, as well as a centre for entrepreneurship. The campus closed in March 2020. Newmarket Campus offered Employment Ontario services and access to resources and information. Programs at this location included employment counselling, job search workshops, job development services, and computer skills training. Academic upgrading was offered in the day and evening. The campus was located in Nature's Emporium Plaza, 16655 Yonge St. in Newmarket. Yorkdale Campus on Dufferin Street, south of Lawrence Avenue West in North York, was home to the Travel and Tourism program from the 1980s to 2000. Formerly C.B. Parsons Junior High, it is now home to Fieldstone Day School. The building was owned by the North York Board of Education and is now owned by the Toronto District School Board. Markham Information Centre located at the northeast corner of McCowan Road and Highway 7. The office later relocated to 6061 Highway 7 east of Markham Road (Employment and Community Services). Buttonville Campus located at the Buttonville Municipal Airport housed Seneca's aviation program from 1968 to 2013. The aviation program later relocated to Peterborough Airport. Don Mills Campus located in a former IBM building at 1380 Don Mills Road in North York. Don Mills Campus opened in 1991 and housed the School of Computer Studies and Financial Services Department. Gordon Baker Campus located at 155 Gordon Baker Drive, Unit 102. Gordon Baker Campus opened in the early 1990s and was home to Seneca's real estate program. Computer training was also offered. Caledonia Campus located at 1200 Lawrence Avenue West in Toronto. Caledonia Campus opened in 1986 and offered English as a Second Language and summer language programs. Caledonia once housed Seneca's English Language Institute. Fairmeadow Campus located at 17 Fairmeadow Avenue in North York. Fairmeadow Campus housed many of Seneca's administrative functions including accounting, purchasing, personnel and media services. Fairmeadow was also home to Seneca's Suzuki School of Music which instructed students in the Suzuki Method. Formerly Fairmeadow PS. School of Communication Arts located at 1124 Finch Avenue West in North York. The School of Communication Arts opened in the fall of 1987 and was dedicated entirely to creative and communication arts. Dufferin Campus located at 1000 Finch Avenue West in Downsview. Dufferin Campus opened on 8 September 1975 and was the headquarters of the Business and Industrial Training Division. The campus also housed facilities for the Dental Hygiene and Dental Assistant programs. Academics Seneca@York Library Seneca offers more than 145 full-time programs and 135 part-time programs including 14 Bachelor's degrees and 30 graduate certificates. Many programs offer experiential learning opportunities such as co-op, placements, internships and community service options, and some include a mandatory co-op period prior to graduation. Seneca also offers career search assistance to graduating students. Seneca Polytechnic programs are developed and kept current with the assistance of advisory committees made up of industry members. Seneca Polytechnic has more than 70 transfer agreements with both local and international post-secondary institutions, including universities in Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These agreements allow students to apply their college education to obtain credit towards a university degree. Faculties, schools and centres Applied Arts & Health Sciences Animal Health Community Services Early Childhood Education English and Liberal Studies Health Sciences Public Safety and Police Studies Recreation Underwater Skills Applied Science & Engineering Technology Centre for Development of Open Technology, School of Information and Communications Technology Aviation Biological Sciences & Applied Chemistry Centre for Advanced Technologies Centre for the Built Environment Information Technology Administration and Security English and Liberal Studies Fire Protection Software Design and Data Science York/Seneca Institute for Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education Business Faculty of Business on Newnham Campus Accounting & Financial Services Business Management Centre for Financial Services Centre for Human Resources English and Liberal Studies International Business Legal and Public Administration/Office Administration Tourism Fintech Communication, Art & Design Animation Arts Centre Creative Arts and Animation English and Liberal Studies Fashion Marketing Media Arts Arts and Science English Language Institute English and Liberal Studies Continuing Education Business Community Creative Education Environment Humanities Language Technology Seneca Libraries Seneca libraries offer print, audiovisual and electronic resources including books, magazines, journals, videos, DVDs, slides, recordings and a variety of topical databases. A high percentage of the collection is now digital. Services include research support, library instruction and a large circulating collection. The libraries provide online help through e-mail and the live reference chat services, "AskUS" and "askON". The Seneca Libraries' website also hosts research guides tailored to program-specific offerings. The library facilities are located at the Newnham, York University, Markham and King campuses and offer facilities for group and individual study and electronic training centres, the Sandbox, and workstations equipped with instructional software and information resources tailored to course requirements. Seneca Archives and Special Collections Seneca Archives and Special Collections identifies, preserves, and makes available for use the documentary heritage of Seneca Polytechnic. The service collects inactive records of long-term value produced by Seneca's departments and other services, as well as the records of individuals and organizations closely associated with the college. Seneca Archives and Special Collections holdings consist of textual records, graphic records, sound and moving image records, architectural drawings, publications, artifacts, and more. The Archives' resources are open to all members of the College community and outside researchers for the purposes of research, teaching, publication, television and radio programs, and for general interest. International Seneca has been active in international education for decades and now attracts about 10,000 international students each year from about 130 countries. Seneca's English Language Institute prepares international students for post-secondary study through intensive language training that can last anywhere from two months to more than a year. The college has several partnerships with overseas institutions and is expanding its activities in joint applied research and work / study abroad options. Ethical problems with Canadian college's international student enrolment has become an issue which has resulted in 23 of 24 Ontario colleges implementing standards of practice to protect international students. Seneca Polytechnic has not implemented standards. Residence King Campus Student Residence Seneca Polytechnic currently offers residence at both the Newnham Campus and the King Campus. Seneca residences are composed of suite-style units containing two bedrooms, a bathroom and kitchenette. Each bedroom contains a double bed, desk, chair, closet and dresser space, as well as cable TV, internet access and phone. Students also have access to a common kitchen, laundry rooms, lounge areas, a games room and a convenience store. Buildings have a front desk and 24-hour video monitoring, and are accessed by swipe card. The King Campus residence houses 233 students in a three-storey low-rise structure, while the Newnham Campus residence houses 1,113 students in a high-rise tower with a dining hall, convenience store, and restaurant all within the building. Seneca Polytechnic Residence have organized a free shuttle service from the Newnham Campus to the Markham, Seneca@York and King campuses. Seneca has accommodation for 1,330 students, less than 5 per cent of its total headcount. Despite the high tuition costs paid by international students a college spokesperson indicated the more municipal, provincial and federal tax money were needed to build more student housing. Athletics The school's athletic teams are named "The Sting". The Seneca Sting is one of the most-decorated athletic programs in the history of the Ontario Colleges Athletic Association (OCAA), having won more than 450 medals since 1967. Seneca has eighteen varsity sports teams for men and women, including badminton, baseball, basketball, cross country running, dance, rugby, soccer (indoor and outdoor), softball, and volleyball. The Seneca Sports Centre located at the Newnham Campus includes a full ice arena, a triple gymnasium, six tennis courts, a softball diamond, two beach volleyball courts, a soccer field, and a fitness centre with a dance studio. Seneca Polytechnic also offers various fields, gymnasiums and fitness equipment at other campuses. Concerts Seneca hosted a number of concerts in the 1970s and 1980s at the Minkler Auditorium and Seneca Field House (both at Newnham Campus). Monty Python's Flying Circus performed at the Minkler Auditorium on their first Canadian tour in 1973. The Grateful Dead performed at Seneca Polytechnic's Field House on 2 November 1977. Other famous artists who performed in the late seventies and eighties at Seneca include Patti Smith, Bruce Springsteen (in one of his first Canadian appearances), David Bowie, Thin Lizzy (1977), Graham Parker, Sparks, Teenage Head, Max Webster (1977), Blondie, and Iggy Pop. Notable people Alumni Enza Anderson – political activist and media personality Bobby Ash – children's TV host Mathis Bailey — novelist and writer Lyriq Bent – actor Rachel Bonnetta – Canadian sports presenter Boris Cherniak – entertainer Al Connelly – musician Alvin Curling – Canadian former diplomat and former Liberal MPP Dini Dimakos – stand-up comedian Dan Harris – politician Geraldine Heaney – hockey player and coach Angela James – hockey player; one of the first two women inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame Chuck (Spider) Jones – broadcaster Rukhsana Khan – author, writer, storyteller Wiz Kilo – hip-hop artist P.J. Marcellino – documentary filmmaker Vivienne Poy – fashion designer and Canadian senator Brian Price – Canadian Olympic rowing team Nathan Lloyd Smith – soldier killed in the Tarnak Farm incident Hodan Nalayeh – media executive and entrepreneur Evanka Osmak – sports anchor Beverly Thomson – host of Canada AM Yasmin Warsame – model Jason Chan – Hong Kong pop singer, entertainer Bill Welychka – former MuchMusic and MuchMoreMusic personality, now weather anchor Faculty Nanda Lwin – music historian, author, journalist, and professor of civil engineering technology Paula Todd – journalist, author, and professor of broadcast journalism and digital media Jamie Zeppa – writer Hershell Ezrin – public affairs specialist Presidents William Thomson Newnham 1966–1984 W. Roy McCutcheon 1984–1992 Steve Quinlan 1992–2001 Rick Miner 2001–2009 David Agnew 2009–present See also Higher education in Ontario List of colleges in Ontario The Spine, a computer-animated short by Chris Landreth created with Seneca College animators References ^ "Seneca at a Glance". senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 5 June 2021. ^ "Ontario College FTEs". Ontario Colleges Library Service. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Strategic Plan and Polytechnic Branding". www.senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 19 April 2023. "The credential on all certificates, diplomas and degrees identifies Seneca by its official name: Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology. We aren't asking the government to change our legal name ^ "By Credential - Seneca, Toronto, Canada". senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "College enrolment - Dataset -Ontario Data Catalogue". Government of Ontario. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Rana, Uday (6 September 2023). "International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?". Global News. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "CourseCompare releases ranking of the most international colleges in Canada amid record year for immigration and international student growth". NewsWire. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Seneca Archives and Special Collections ^ Skolnik, Michael L. (24 May 2012). "College Baccalaureate Degrees and the Diversification Of Baccalaureate Production in Ontario" (PDF). Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 May 2018. ^ "Campuses and Locations - Seneca, Toronto, Canada". www.senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "Google Drive Viewer". 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Year in review: Celebrating achievements across the Seneca community (Newnham Campus Atrium dedicated to Dr. Frederick W. Minkler)". Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "Seneca celebrates grand opening of CITE". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Seneca terrazzo medallion named Project of the Year by industry association". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ Wang, Sheila (1 October 2018). "Seneca College King Campus celebrates grand opening of $99M Magna Hall". York Region. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ Pavilons, Mark (7 November 2018). "King okays ground lease for recreation complex". King Weekly Sentinel. Retrieved 26 December 2018. ^ "A year in review: Accomplishments of innovation, engagement and academic success". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ "Seneca International Academy". Seneca Polytechnic. ^ Anderson, Lance (9 January 2014). "Seneca College's School of Aviation takes flight". Peterborough Examiner. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Seneca College Of Applied Arts And Technology". Transport Canada. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ "ICAO Designators for Canadian Aircraft Operating Agencies, Aeronautical Authorities and Services" (PDF). Nav Canada. 4 May 2023. p. 7. Retrieved 28 February 2023. Seneca College: BZQ, STING ^ "The Seneca Story" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2012. ^ a b c "History". Senecac.on.ca. Retrieved 14 July 2015. ^ "So long, the little campus that grew - Seneca, Toronto, Canada". ^ Tom Bartsiokas, Seneca 50: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (2017, Seneca) ^ OCAS. "Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology". Ontariocolleges.ca. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "Degree Transfer Guide". Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ Keung, Nicholas (16 March 2023). "Ontario colleges move to protect international students, before and after they come to Canada". Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Akkaymak, Guliz (15 June 2023). "Ontario needs to better protect international students". Policy Options. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ Rana, Uday (6 September 2023). "International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?". Global News. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "The Official Home of the Seneca Sting". Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "AGO in Photos". AGO. Retrieved 24 February 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seneca College. Official website Official athletic website vtePost-secondary education in OntarioDegree-granting institutionsPublic universities Algoma Brock Carleton Guelph Hearst‡ Lakehead Laurentian/Laurentienne* Laurier McMaster Nipissing NOSM* OCAD U Ontario Tech Ottawa* Queen's RMC/CMR* Sudbury* TMU Toronto Trent UOF‡ Waterloo Western Windsor York Private universities Canada Christian Emmanuel FaithWay Baptist Great Lakes Heritage Huntington Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies Institute for Christian Studies Master's Our Lady Seat of Wisdom Redeemer St. Philip's Talpiot Thorneloe Toronto Baptist Tyndale Yeshivas Ner Yisroel Public universities grant degrees under the authority of an Act of the Legislative Assembly or a Royal Charter.Private universities grant degrees under the authority of an Act of the Legislative Assembly or may provide individual degree programs with the consent of the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities.Degree programs offeredunder Ministerial Consent Adler Toronto CCNM CMCC Glenn Gould RCC/Yorkville Affiliated/federated schools Assumption Brescia Canterbury Concordia Conrad Grebel Dominican/Dominicain* Glendon* Huron Iona King's Martin Luther OAC Renison Saint Paul* St. Jerome's United ‡French-language institution; *bilingual institution (English/French).CollegesColleges of applied arts and technology Algonquin† Boréal‡ Cambrian† Canadore Centennial† Confederation† Durham Fanshawe† Fleming† George Brown† Georgian† La Cité†‡ Lambton† Loyalist† Mohawk† Niagara† Northern St. Clair† St. Lawrence† Sault Seneca† Institutes of technology and advanced learning Conestoga† Humber† Sheridan† Defunct Grands-Lacs‡ †Degree programs offered ‡French-language institutionOther recognized institutionsSpecialist institutions Michener Institute Aboriginal institutes Anishinabek FNTI Kenjgewin Teg Iohahi:io Akwesasne Negahneewin Ogwehoweh Oshki-Pimache-O-Win Seven Generations Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig Six Nations Polytechnic vteSports in the Greater Toronto AreaGeneral List of sports teams in Toronto Sports in Toronto Baseball MLB Toronto Blue Jays IBL Toronto Maple Leafs Basketball NBA Toronto Raptors WNBA Toronto WNBA team NBA G League Raptors 905 CEBL Scarborough Shooting Stars Brampton Honey Badgers Esports CDL Toronto Ultra OWL Toronto Defiant Football CFL Toronto Argonauts CJFL GTA Grizzlies Hockey NHL Toronto Maple Leafs AHL Toronto Marlies PWHL PWHL Toronto OHL Mississauga Steelheads Oshawa Generals OJHL Aurora Tigers Brampton Capitals Burlington Cougars Dixie Beehives Georgetown Raiders Markham Waxers Milton Icehawks Mississauga Chargers Newmarket Hurricanes North York Rangers Oakville Blades Orangeville Flyers Pickering Panthers St. Michael's Buzzers Stouffville Spirit Streetsville Derbys Toronto Jr. Canadiens Vaughan Vipers Villanova Knights Whitby Fury GMHL Bradford Bulls Bradford Rattlers New Tecumseth Civics Toronto Predators ACHL Whitby Dunlops Lacrosse MSL Brampton Excelsiors OLA Jr. A Brampton Excelsiors Jr. A Orangeville Northmen Toronto Beaches Whitby Warriors OLA Jr. B Clarington Green Gaels Halton Hills Bulldogs Markham Ironheads Mimico Mountaineers Mississauga Tomahawks Newmarket Saints Oakville Buzz Orangeville Northmen Jr. B Rugby league NARL Toronto Wolfpack Soccer MLS Toronto FC CPL York United FC MLS Next Pro Toronto FC II L1O Alliance United Blue Devils FC Darby FC Master's FA North Mississauga SC North Toronto Nitros Pickering FC Scrosoppi FC Sigma FC Unionville Milliken SC Vaughan Azzurri Woodbridge Strikers CSL FC Ukraine United FC Continentals Halton United Milton SC Scarborough SC Serbian White Eagles FC University athletics Ontario Tech Ridgebacks TMU Bold Toronto Varsity Blues York Lions College athletics Seneca Sting Humber Hawks George Brown Huskies Durham Lords Centennial Colts Sheridan Bruins Roller derby WFTDA Hogtown Roller Derby Toronto Roller Derby Quadball MLQ Toronto Raiders Swimming ISL Toronto Titans Ultimate UFA Toronto Rush Sports venues Birchmount Stadium BMO Field CAA Centre Centennial Park Stadium Coca-Cola Coliseum Esther Shiner Stadium Lamport Stadium Maple Leaf Gardens Monarch Park Stadium Ontario Place West Channel Paramount Fine Foods Centre Rogers Centre Scotiabank Arena Sobeys Stadium Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club Ground Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre Toronto Track and Field Centre Varsity Arena Varsity Stadium Woodbine Racetrack York Lions Stadium Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_certificate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"international students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tuition revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition_payments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Public college in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSeneca College of Applied Arts and Technology, branded as Seneca Polytechnic since 2023,[3] is a multi-campus public college in the Greater Toronto Area and Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It offers full-time and part-time programs at the baccalaureate, diploma, certificate, and graduate levels[4] attended primarily by international students,[5] from whom it draws 80 per cent of its tuition revenue.[6] Seneca Polytechnic has Canada's largest enrolment of international students, with 9,318 enrolled in 2020-2021.[7]","title":"Seneca Polytechnic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finch_Sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"post secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A sign marks the future site of Seneca's Finch Campus (renamed Newnham Campus in 1984), June 1968.[8]Seneca opened in 1966 as part of a provincial initiative to establish an Ontario-wide network of colleges of applied arts and technology providing career-oriented diploma and certificate courses as well as continuing education programs to Ontario communities. 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Seneca is one of five Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning that can offer up to 15 per cent of its program activity at the degree level.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Seneca has campus locations throughout the Greater Toronto Area and in Peterborough.[10]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SenecaNewnhamStudentResidence.jpg"},{"link_name":"opticianry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optician"},{"link_name":"William Thomson Newnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_Newnham"},{"link_name":"Highway 404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_404"},{"link_name":"Finch Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch_Avenue"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John B. Parkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Parkin"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Indigenous design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_art#Indigenous_art"},{"link_name":"terrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrazzo"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sagaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Sagaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Newnham Campus","text":"Newnham Campus's 1,113-bed student residence opened in 1998The Newnham Campus is one of the largest college campuses in Canada. It has more than 15,000 full-time students in business, engineering, aviation, early childhood education, fashion, opticianry, information and communications technology, and liberal arts. The campus, initially known as Finch Campus, was renamed in 1984 after founding president William Thomson Newnham, and is also the site of continuing education activity during the evenings and weekends. The campus includes a 1,113-bed residence, sports centre, and daycare centre. It is located west of the intersection of Highway 404 and Finch Avenue East [citation needed].The campus's first building was opened in 1969 and has involved various architects (William H.D. Hurst (Phase 1); John B. Parkin (Phase 2 with Searle, Wilbee and Rowland); Abram, Nowski, and McLaughlin (arena)). In 1973 a 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft) domed planetarium was added to the Phase 3 section of the campus, but it has since closed.[11]In fall 2011, a 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft) expansion, designed for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, was officially opened at the campus. The new building, designed by Craig Applegath of Dialog, features three 80-seat classrooms; twenty-three 40-seat classrooms; fourteen 40-seat computer labs; a multi-purpose auditorium for 240 students that can be turned into a conference room or two 120-seat lecture halls; increased computing commons and library space; several new areas of collaborative student study and work space; a new \"front door\" for the campus; and improved campus access for people with disabilities. The atrium in the new space was named after Frederick Minkler, Seneca's first chair of the board of governors.[12]In 2019, Seneca's Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship (CITE) opened at Newnham Campus.[13] CITE includes Seneca's innovation centre known HELIX, technology labs for mechatronics and robotics courses, and computer labs and classrooms. CITE is infused with Indigenous design, the highlight of which is a 9.1 m (30 ft) diameter medallion in terrazzo rendered from an original work by Joseph Sagaj.[14]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senecaatyork.JPG"},{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University"},{"link_name":"Raymond Moriyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Moriyama"}],"sub_title":"Seneca@York","text":"Seneca@York's Stephen E. Quinlan BuildingSeneca@York Campus, located on York University's Keele Campus, includes the Stephen E. Quinlan Building, designed by architect Raymond Moriyama and named after Seneca's third president Steve Quinlan. Seneca also shares the Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Building (formerly known as TEL building) with York University. Several schools are located at this campus, including the Schools of Creative Arts and Animation, Media, Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry, English and Liberal Studies, and Legal, Public and Office Administration.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EatonHall3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eaton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Hall_(King_City)"},{"link_name":"King City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Eaton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Hall_(King_City)"},{"link_name":"Eaton family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_family_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"David Cronenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg"},{"link_name":"A History of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence"},{"link_name":"Richard Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Winterbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Winterbourne"},{"link_name":"William Fruet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fruet"},{"link_name":"Death Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Weekend"},{"link_name":"Government of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Magna International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_International"},{"link_name":"Dufferin Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufferin_Street"},{"link_name":"King City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comcentre-16"}],"sub_title":"King Campus","text":"Seneca's Eaton Hall, located on the shores of Lake Seneca at King CampusKing Campus is located on 282 ha (700 acres) of woods, lake and fields in King City. It is home to full and part-time programs in Applied Arts, Health Sciences, and Community Services; which include Public Safety, Nursing, Social Service Worker, Child and Youth Care, Behavioural Sciences, Early Childhood Education, Environmental Landscape Management, Recreation and Leisure Services, Underwater Skills, and Veterinary Assistant and Veterinary Technician. There is a residence for Seneca students on campus. Seneca Residence is a suite-style building for about 230 students with a lounge, laundry room, and common kitchen.Eaton Hall, the former summer home of the Eaton family, is on the shore of Lake Seneca. Eaton Hall is the former home of Seneca's Management Development Centre, and has also been the setting of several films, including David Cronenberg's A History of Violence, Richard Benjamin's Mrs. Winterbourne, and William Fruet's Death Weekend (The House by the Lake).In June 2011, the Government of Ontario announced a $43 million project to expand services at the campus, including a new building with 25 classrooms, a library, computer services, and health care training laboratories. The project became Magna Hall, a 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft) facility that officially opened on 27 September 2018.[15] Named in recognition of a significant gift from Magna International, it includes 25 classrooms, computer labs, specialty labs, a library, a student centre and a multi-purpose athletic and recreation space.A 10 ha (25 acres) part of the campus at the northwest corner of Dufferin Street and 15th Sideroad will house a community centre for King City. The township of King will lease the land for $1 per year for 99 years.[16]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SenecaMarkhamCampus21.jpg"},{"link_name":"Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Confucius Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Markham Campus","text":"Seneca's Markham CampusMarkham Campus opened in 2005, becoming the first post-secondary education facility in the city of Markham. The campus houses full and part-time programs in the areas of business, marketing, and tourism, as well as the college's departments of Finance, Human Resources, and Information Technology Services. Since 2011, the campus has been home to the Confucius Institute.[17]In 2020, Seneca International Academy[18] (SIA) was established within Markham Campus for international students. The academy offers dedicated services for international students.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peterborough Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Airport"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Buttonville Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Fleming College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_College"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleet-20"},{"link_name":"Cessna 172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172"},{"link_name":"172S model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_172#172S"},{"link_name":"Garmin G1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin_G1000"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron"},{"link_name":"Baron 58 model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron#Baron_58"},{"link_name":"ICAO airline designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_codes#ICAO_airline_designator"},{"link_name":"telephony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_codes#Call_signs_(flight_identification_or_flight_ID)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanICAOD-21"}],"sub_title":"Peterborough Campus","text":"Peterborough Airport in Peterborough is the home of Seneca's aviation campus, including a fleet of aircraft and flight training devices used by students enrolled in the Bachelor of Aviation Program. Opened in January 2014,[19] in response to the pending closure of Buttonville Airport, the campus serves the second, third and fourth years of the degree program, while first-year students study at Newnham Campus. Some courses and services at the Peterborough Campus are offered in partnership with Fleming College.As of November 2023, Seneca's fleet consists of 21 aircraft:[20] seventeen Cessna 172 (172S model, eight are Garmin G1000 equipped) and four Beechcraft Barons (Baron 58 model, two are G1000 equipped). They operate as ICAO airline designator BZQ, and telephony STING.[21]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Toronto"},{"link_name":"hybrid courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blended_learning"}],"sub_title":"Seneca Downtown","text":"Opened in October 2019 and located in downtown Toronto, Seneca Downtown provides in-class, online and hybrid courses for post-secondary graduates and working professionals.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane-Finch community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_and_Finch"},{"link_name":"Jane Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Street_(Toronto)"}],"sub_title":"Yorkgate Campus","text":"Open since 1994, Yorkgate Campus serves as an access and outreach centre for the Jane-Finch community, Yorkgate also offers post-secondary programs including, since 2013, Practical Nursing and Social Service Worker. The facility is located on the second floor of the Yorkgate Mall at Finch Avenue West and Jane Street in Toronto.","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"Sheppard Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"North York Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"},{"link_name":"Woolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"Yonge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonge_Street"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"},{"link_name":"Lewis S. Beattie Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drewry_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"École secondaire catholique Monseigneur-de-Charbonnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_catholique_Monseigneur-de-Charbonnel"},{"link_name":"Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"},{"link_name":"Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Major Mackenzie Drive West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbered_roads_in_York_Region#King's_Highways"},{"link_name":"Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Dufferin Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufferin_Street"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Avenue"},{"link_name":"North York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York"},{"link_name":"North York Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Toronto District School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board"},{"link_name":"McCowan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_north%E2%80%93south_roads_in_Toronto#McCowan_Road"},{"link_name":"Highway 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Markham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_48"},{"link_name":"Buttonville Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttonville_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Peterborough Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_Airport"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Don Mills Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_north%E2%80%93south_roads_in_Toronto#Don_Mills_Road"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Method"},{"link_name":"Downsview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Seneca's first homes from 1967 to 1969 were various buildings in North York:Sheppard Campus at 43 Sheppard Avenue East, a converted factory;[22] the college vacated it for Newnham Campus, and the site is now a low-rise office tower.\nSeveral North York Board of Education offices[23]\nA Woolworth store at Sheppard Avenue East and Yonge Street;[23] the strip mall was demolished and is now the site of a condo development, Hullmark Centre.\nLewis S. Beattie Secondary School (now École secondaire catholique Monseigneur-de-Charbonnel of the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir) at Drewy Avenue west of Yonge Street[23]Other former Seneca Polytechnic campuses include:Jane Campus home to Seneca's Centre for Advanced Technologies. Students studying at the campus pursue careers in the areas of Tool Design, Computer Numerical Control (CNC), and Metals Machining Trades such as Tool & Die Maker and Mould Maker. The building is located at 21 Beverly Hills Drive in Toronto and can be seen from the westbound collector lanes of Highway 401. Seneca's Jane Campus closed in May 2019.[24]\nVaughan Campus officially opened its doors on 28 January 2011, at 1490 Major Mackenzie Drive West, in Vaughan. It offered services including academic upgrading, employment services and workplace essential skills training for professionals, as well as a centre for entrepreneurship. The campus closed in March 2020.\nNewmarket Campus offered Employment Ontario services and access to resources and information. Programs at this location included employment counselling, job search workshops, job development services, and computer skills training. Academic upgrading was offered in the day and evening. The campus was located in Nature's Emporium Plaza, 16655 Yonge St. in Newmarket.\nYorkdale Campus on Dufferin Street, south of Lawrence Avenue West in North York, was home to the Travel and Tourism program from the 1980s to 2000. Formerly C.B. Parsons Junior High, it is now home to Fieldstone Day School. The building was owned by the North York Board of Education and is now owned by the Toronto District School Board.\nMarkham Information Centre located at the northeast corner of McCowan Road and Highway 7. The office later relocated to 6061 Highway 7 east of Markham Road (Employment and Community Services).\nButtonville Campus located at the Buttonville Municipal Airport housed Seneca's aviation program from 1968 to 2013. The aviation program later relocated to Peterborough Airport.\nDon Mills Campus located in a former IBM building at 1380 Don Mills Road in North York. Don Mills Campus opened in 1991 and housed the School of Computer Studies and Financial Services Department.\nGordon Baker Campus located at 155 Gordon Baker Drive, Unit 102. Gordon Baker Campus opened in the early 1990s and was home to Seneca's real estate program. Computer training was also offered.\nCaledonia Campus located at 1200 Lawrence Avenue West in Toronto. Caledonia Campus opened in 1986 and offered English as a Second Language and summer language programs. Caledonia once housed Seneca's English Language Institute.\nFairmeadow Campus located at 17 Fairmeadow Avenue in North York. Fairmeadow Campus housed many of Seneca's administrative functions including accounting, purchasing, personnel and media services. Fairmeadow was also home to Seneca's Suzuki School of Music which instructed students in the Suzuki Method. Formerly Fairmeadow PS.\nSchool of Communication Arts located at 1124 Finch Avenue West in North York. The School of Communication Arts opened in the fall of 1987 and was dedicated entirely to creative and communication arts.\nDufferin Campus located at 1000 Finch Avenue West in Downsview. Dufferin Campus opened on 8 September 1975 and was the headquarters of the Business and Industrial Training Division. The campus also housed facilities for the Dental Hygiene and Dental Assistant programs.[25]","title":"Former locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:[email protected]"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Seneca@York LibrarySeneca offers more than 145 full-time programs and 135 part-time programs including 14 Bachelor's degrees and 30 graduate certificates.[26]Many programs offer experiential learning opportunities such as co-op, placements, internships and community service options, and some include a mandatory co-op period prior to graduation. Seneca also offers career search assistance to graduating students. Seneca Polytechnic programs are developed and kept current with the assistance of advisory committees made up of industry members.Seneca Polytechnic has more than 70 transfer agreements with both local and international post-secondary institutions, including universities in Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[27] These agreements allow students to apply their college education to obtain credit towards a university degree.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SenecaCentreForDevelopmentOfOpenTechnology.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FacultyOfBusinessSenecaCollege.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Faculties, schools and centres","text":"Applied Arts & Health SciencesAnimal Health\nCommunity Services\nEarly Childhood Education\nEnglish and Liberal Studies\nHealth Sciences\nPublic Safety and Police Studies\nRecreation\nUnderwater SkillsApplied Science & Engineering TechnologyCentre for Development of Open Technology, School of Information and Communications TechnologyAviation\nBiological Sciences & Applied Chemistry\nCentre for Advanced Technologies\nCentre for the Built Environment\nInformation Technology Administration and Security\nEnglish and Liberal Studies\nFire Protection\nSoftware Design and Data Science\nYork/Seneca Institute for Mathematics, Science, and Technology EducationBusinessFaculty of Business on Newnham CampusAccounting & Financial Services\nBusiness Management\nCentre for Financial Services\nCentre for Human Resources\nEnglish and Liberal Studies\nInternational Business\nLegal and Public Administration/Office Administration\nTourism\nFintechCommunication, Art & DesignAnimation Arts Centre\nCreative Arts and Animation\nEnglish and Liberal Studies\nFashion\nMarketing\nMediaArtsArts and Science\nEnglish Language Institute\nEnglish and Liberal StudiesContinuing EducationBusiness\nCommunity\nCreative\nEducation\nEnvironment\nHumanities\nLanguage\nTechnology","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seneca Libraries","text":"Seneca libraries offer print, audiovisual and electronic resources including books, magazines, journals, videos, DVDs, slides, recordings and a variety of topical databases. A high percentage of the collection is now digital. Services include research support, library instruction and a large circulating collection. The libraries provide online help through e-mail and the live reference chat services, \"AskUS\" and \"askON\". The Seneca Libraries' website also hosts research guides tailored to program-specific offerings. The library facilities are located at the Newnham, York University, Markham and King campuses and offer facilities for group and individual study and electronic training centres, the Sandbox, and workstations equipped with instructional software and information resources tailored to course requirements.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seneca Archives and Special Collections","text":"Seneca Archives and Special Collections identifies, preserves, and makes available for use the documentary heritage of Seneca Polytechnic. The service collects inactive records of long-term value produced by Seneca's departments and other services, as well as the records of individuals and organizations closely associated with the college. Seneca Archives and Special Collections holdings consist of textual records, graphic records, sound and moving image records, architectural drawings, publications, artifacts, and more. The Archives' resources are open to all members of the College community and outside researchers for the purposes of research, teaching, publication, television and radio programs, and for general interest.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Seneca has been active in international education for decades and now attracts about 10,000 international students each year from about 130 countries. Seneca's English Language Institute prepares international students for post-secondary study through intensive language training that can last anywhere from two months to more than a year. The college has several partnerships with overseas institutions and is expanding its activities in joint applied research and work / study abroad options.Ethical problems with Canadian college's international student enrolment has become an issue which has resulted in 23 of 24 Ontario colleges implementing standards of practice to protect international students.[28] Seneca Polytechnic has not implemented standards.[29]","title":"International"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SenecaKingResidence.jpg"},{"link_name":"video monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television"},{"link_name":"international students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"King Campus Student ResidenceSeneca Polytechnic currently offers residence at both the Newnham Campus and the King Campus. Seneca residences are composed of suite-style units containing two bedrooms, a bathroom and kitchenette. Each bedroom contains a double bed, desk, chair, closet and dresser space, as well as cable TV, internet access and phone. Students also have access to a common kitchen, laundry rooms, lounge areas, a games room and a convenience store. Buildings have a front desk and 24-hour video monitoring, and are accessed by swipe card. The King Campus residence houses 233 students in a three-storey low-rise structure, while the Newnham Campus residence houses 1,113 students in a high-rise tower with a dining hall, convenience store, and restaurant all within the building. Seneca Polytechnic Residence have organized a free shuttle service from the Newnham Campus to the Markham, Seneca@York and King campuses.Seneca has accommodation for 1,330 students, less than 5 per cent of its total headcount. Despite the high tuition costs paid by international students a college spokesperson indicated the more municipal, provincial and federal tax money were needed to build more student housing.[30]","title":"Residence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario Colleges Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Colleges_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The school's athletic teams are named \"The Sting\". The Seneca Sting is one of the most-decorated athletic programs in the history of the Ontario Colleges Athletic Association (OCAA), having won more than 450 medals since 1967.[citation needed] Seneca has eighteen varsity sports teams for men and women, including badminton, baseball, basketball, cross country running, dance, rugby, soccer (indoor and outdoor), softball, and volleyball.[31] The Seneca Sports Centre located at the Newnham Campus includes a full ice arena, a triple gymnasium, six tennis courts, a softball diamond, two beach volleyball courts, a soccer field, and a fitness centre with a dance studio. Seneca Polytechnic also offers various fields, gymnasiums and fitness equipment at other campuses.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monty Python's Flying Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Thin Lizzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Lizzy"},{"link_name":"Graham Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Parker"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks_(band)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Head_(band)"},{"link_name":"Max Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Webster"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Seneca hosted a number of concerts in the 1970s and 1980s at the Minkler Auditorium and Seneca Field House (both at Newnham Campus). Monty Python's Flying Circus performed at the Minkler Auditorium on their first Canadian tour in 1973. The Grateful Dead performed at Seneca Polytechnic's Field House on 2 November 1977. Other famous artists who performed in the late seventies and eighties at Seneca include Patti Smith, Bruce Springsteen (in one of his first Canadian appearances), David Bowie, Thin Lizzy (1977), Graham Parker, Sparks, Teenage Head, Max Webster (1977), Blondie, and Iggy Pop.[32]","title":"Concerts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enza Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enza_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ash"},{"link_name":"Mathis Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathis_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Lyriq Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyriq_Bent"},{"link_name":"Rachel Bonnetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Bonnetta"},{"link_name":"Boris Cherniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Cherniak"},{"link_name":"Al Connelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Connelly"},{"link_name":"Alvin Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Curling"},{"link_name":"Dini Dimakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini_Dimakos"},{"link_name":"Dan Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Harris_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Angela James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_James"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Chuck (Spider) Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rukhsana Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukhsana_Khan"},{"link_name":"Wiz Kilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Kilo"},{"link_name":"P.J. Marcellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._Marcellino"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Poy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Poy"},{"link_name":"Brian Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Price_(rowing)"},{"link_name":"Tarnak Farm incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnak_Farm_incident"},{"link_name":"Hodan Nalayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodan_Nalayeh"},{"link_name":"Evanka Osmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanka_Osmak"},{"link_name":"Beverly Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Canada AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AM"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Warsame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame"},{"link_name":"Jason Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Chan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Welychka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Welychka"},{"link_name":"MuchMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"MuchMoreMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_(Canadian_TV_channel)"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"Enza Anderson – political activist and media personality\nBobby Ash – children's TV host\nMathis Bailey — novelist and writer\nLyriq Bent – actor\nRachel Bonnetta – Canadian sports presenter\nBoris Cherniak – entertainer\nAl Connelly – musician\nAlvin Curling – Canadian former diplomat and former Liberal MPP\nDini Dimakos – stand-up comedian\nDan Harris – politician\nGeraldine Heaney – hockey player and coach\nAngela James – hockey player; one of the first two women inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame\nChuck (Spider) Jones – broadcaster\nRukhsana Khan – author, writer, storyteller\nWiz Kilo – hip-hop artist\nP.J. Marcellino – documentary filmmaker\nVivienne Poy – fashion designer and Canadian senator\nBrian Price – Canadian Olympic rowing team\nNathan Lloyd Smith – soldier killed in the Tarnak Farm incident\nHodan Nalayeh – media executive and entrepreneur\nEvanka Osmak – sports anchor\nBeverly Thomson – host of Canada AM\nYasmin Warsame – model\nJason Chan – Hong Kong pop singer, entertainer\nBill Welychka – former MuchMusic and MuchMoreMusic personality, now weather anchor","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanda Lwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Lwin"},{"link_name":"Paula Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Todd"},{"link_name":"Jamie Zeppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Zeppa"},{"link_name":"Hershell Ezrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershell_Ezrin"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seneca_Polytechnic&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"William Thomson Newnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_Newnham"},{"link_name":"W. Roy McCutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Roy_McCutcheon"},{"link_name":"Steve Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Quinlan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rick Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Miner"},{"link_name":"David Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Agnew_(president)"}],"sub_title":"Faculty","text":"Nanda Lwin – music historian, author, journalist, and professor of civil engineering technology\nPaula Todd – journalist, author, and professor of broadcast journalism and digital media\nJamie Zeppa – writer\nHershell Ezrin – public affairs specialist\nPresidents[edit]\nWilliam Thomson Newnham 1966–1984\nW. Roy McCutcheon 1984–1992\nSteve Quinlan 1992–2001\nRick Miner 2001–2009\nDavid Agnew 2009–present","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"A sign marks the future site of Seneca's Finch Campus (renamed Newnham Campus in 1984), June 1968.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Finch_Sign.jpg/220px-Finch_Sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newnham Campus's 1,113-bed student residence opened in 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SenecaNewnhamStudentResidence.jpg/220px-SenecaNewnhamStudentResidence.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seneca@York's Stephen E. Quinlan Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Senecaatyork.JPG/220px-Senecaatyork.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seneca's Eaton Hall, located on the shores of Lake Seneca at King Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/EatonHall3.JPG/220px-EatonHall3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seneca's Markham Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SenecaMarkhamCampus21.jpg/220px-SenecaMarkhamCampus21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seneca@York Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Seneca%40YorkLib.JPG/220px-Seneca%40YorkLib.JPG"},{"image_text":"Centre for Development of Open Technology, School of Information and Communications Technology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SenecaCentreForDevelopmentOfOpenTechnology.jpg/220px-SenecaCentreForDevelopmentOfOpenTechnology.jpg"},{"image_text":"Faculty of Business on Newnham Campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FacultyOfBusinessSenecaCollege.jpg/220px-FacultyOfBusinessSenecaCollege.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Campus Student Residence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SenecaKingResidence.jpg/220px-SenecaKingResidence.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Higher education in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ontario"},{"title":"List of colleges in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Ontario"},{"title":"The Spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spine_(film)"},{"title":"Chris Landreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Landreth"}]	[{"reference":"\"Seneca at a Glance\". senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/annual-report/seneca-at-a-glance.html","url_text":"\"Seneca at a Glance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ontario College FTEs\". Ontario Colleges Library Service. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocls.ca/colleges/ftes","url_text":"\"Ontario College FTEs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Plan and Polytechnic Branding\". www.senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 19 April 2023. \"The credential on all certificates, diplomas and degrees identifies Seneca by its official name: Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology. [...] We aren't asking the government to change our legal name","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/strategic-plan/faq.html","url_text":"\"Strategic Plan and Polytechnic Branding\""}]},{"reference":"\"By Credential - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\". senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/programs/bycredential.html","url_text":"\"By Credential - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"College enrolment - Dataset -Ontario Data Catalogue\". Government of Ontario. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.ontario.ca/dataset/college-enrolment","url_text":"\"College enrolment - Dataset -Ontario Data Catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"Rana, Uday (6 September 2023). \"International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?\". Global News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9939599/housing-for-international-students-canada/","url_text":"\"International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News","url_text":"Global News"}]},{"reference":"\"CourseCompare releases ranking of the most international colleges in Canada amid record year for immigration and international student growth\". NewsWire. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/coursecompare-releases-ranking-of-the-most-international-colleges-in-canada-amid-record-year-for-immigration-and-international-student-growth-850718570.html","url_text":"\"CourseCompare releases ranking of the most international colleges in Canada amid record year for immigration and international student growth\""}]},{"reference":"Skolnik, Michael L. (24 May 2012). \"College Baccalaureate Degrees and the Diversification Of Baccalaureate Production in Ontario\" (PDF). Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 27 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/32379/1/M%20Skolnik%20-%20Baccalaureate.pdf","url_text":"\"College Baccalaureate Degrees and the Diversification Of Baccalaureate Production in Ontario\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campuses and Locations - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\". www.senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/campuses.html","url_text":"\"Campuses and Locations - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Drive Viewer\". 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202155403/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ABxfPOOJaU4J:www.senecacollege.ca/retirees/05_e-mail_newsletter/03_2009/07_e-sentinel_december/001_finch_phases_in_p217-297.pdf+&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjd4sqkbRibW2NifrR_-vd8R25PgbYzicEjSHRXz9etXuhy394Ap6Ubdm1RE4Q8jYo-aspfscjaHi9F22ySbH0-qPPHxiaJ3_7AP37DT85AEoTAEFFCccDd_R100vRRuqi-Yxgq&sig=AHIEtbTv2fufo7XMi0_OJRoIGfzbFdwMJw","url_text":"\"Google Drive Viewer\""},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ABxfPOOJaU4J:www.senecacollege.ca/retirees/05_e-mail_newsletter/03_2009/07_e-sentinel_december/001_finch_phases_in_p217-297.pdf+&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjd4sqkbRibW2NifrR_-vd8R25PgbYzicEjSHRXz9etXuhy394Ap6Ubdm1RE4Q8jYo-aspfscjaHi9F22ySbH0-qPPHxiaJ3_7AP37DT85AEoTAEFFCccDd_R100vRRuqi-Yxgq&sig=AHIEtbTv2fufo7XMi0_OJRoIGfzbFdwMJw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Year in review: Celebrating achievements across the Seneca community (Newnham Campus Atrium dedicated to Dr. Frederick W. Minkler)\". Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/annual-report/2012-13/year-in-review.html","url_text":"\"Year in review: Celebrating achievements across the Seneca community (Newnham Campus Atrium dedicated to Dr. Frederick W. Minkler)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seneca celebrates grand opening of CITE\". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/news-and-events/seneca-news/cite-grand-opening.html","url_text":"\"Seneca celebrates grand opening of CITE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seneca terrazzo medallion named Project of the Year by industry association\". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/news-and-events/past-media-releases/2019/seneca-terrazzo-medallion-named-project-of-the-year-by-industry-association.html","url_text":"\"Seneca terrazzo medallion named Project of the Year by industry association\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Sheila (1 October 2018). \"Seneca College King Campus celebrates grand opening of $99M Magna Hall\". York Region. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkregion.com/news/seneca-college-king-campus-celebrates-grand-opening-of-99m-magna-hall/article_e0fcdbf1-445c-53c3-b615-8ae7a0d112cd.html?","url_text":"\"Seneca College King Campus celebrates grand opening of $99M Magna Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Pavilons, Mark (7 November 2018). \"King okays ground lease for recreation complex\". King Weekly Sentinel. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kingsentinel.com/?p=10746","url_text":"\"King okays ground lease for recreation complex\""}]},{"reference":"\"A year in review: Accomplishments of innovation, engagement and academic success\". Seneca Polytechnic. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/annual-report/2011-12/year-in-review.html","url_text":"\"A year in review: Accomplishments of innovation, engagement and academic success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seneca International Academy\". Seneca Polytechnic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/international/seneca-international-academy.html","url_text":"\"Seneca International Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Lance (9 January 2014). \"Seneca College's School of Aviation takes flight\". Peterborough Examiner. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/news/seneca-colleges-school-of-aviation-takes-flight/article_51c7eb8b-22d6-52fd-bc45-bb20c611bb36.html","url_text":"\"Seneca College's School of Aviation takes flight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Seneca College Of Applied Arts And Technology\". Transport Canada. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/RchSimpRes.aspx?cn=%7C%7C&mn=%7C%7C&sn=%7C%7C&on=SENECA+COLLEGE%7C&m=%7C%7C&print=y","url_text":"\"Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Quick Search Result for Seneca College Of Applied Arts And Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Canada","url_text":"Transport Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"ICAO Designators for Canadian Aircraft Operating Agencies, Aeronautical Authorities and Services\" (PDF). Nav Canada. 4 May 2023. p. 7. Retrieved 28 February 2023. Seneca College: BZQ, STING","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navcanada.ca/en/canadian-icao-designators---indicatifs-oaci-canadien.pdf","url_text":"\"ICAO Designators for Canadian Aircraft Operating Agencies, Aeronautical Authorities and Services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav_Canada","url_text":"Nav Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"The Seneca Story\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222222941/http://www.senecacollege.ca/retirees/05_e-mail_newsletter/03_2009/01_newsletter_february/001b_seneca_story_p_10-28.pdf","url_text":"\"The Seneca Story\""},{"url":"http://www.senecacollege.ca/retirees/05_e-mail_newsletter/03_2009/01_newsletter_february/001b_seneca_story_p_10-28.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Senecac.on.ca. Retrieved 14 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senecac.on.ca/about/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"So long, the little campus that grew - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/news-and-events/seneca-news/so-long-the-little-campus-that-grew.html","url_text":"\"So long, the little campus that grew - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\""}]},{"reference":"OCAS. \"Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology\". Ontariocolleges.ca. Retrieved 23 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontariocolleges.ca/portal/page/portal/ONTCOL/Plan/Seneca","url_text":"\"Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Degree Transfer Guide\". Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/pathways/guide.html","url_text":"\"Degree Transfer Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Keung, Nicholas (16 March 2023). \"Ontario colleges move to protect international students, before and after they come to Canada\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/ontario-colleges-move-to-protect-international-students-before-and-after-they-come-to-canada/article_d27a9a48-7881-582a-bb12-748b2f0b3c89.html","url_text":"\"Ontario colleges move to protect international students, before and after they come to Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Akkaymak, Guliz (15 June 2023). \"Ontario needs to better protect international students\". Policy Options. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/june-2023/ontario-international-students-protection/","url_text":"\"Ontario needs to better protect international students\""}]},{"reference":"Rana, Uday (6 September 2023). \"International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?\". Global News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9939599/housing-for-international-students-canada/","url_text":"\"International students pay sky-high fees. Whose job is it to house them?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Home of the Seneca Sting\". Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senecasting.ca/landing/index","url_text":"\"The Official Home of the Seneca Sting\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGO in Photos\". AGO. Retrieved 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://artmatters.ca/wp/2013/10/in-photos-david-bowies-late-70s-pop-stop-in-toronto/","url_text":"\"AGO in Photos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seneca_Polytechnic&params=43_47_44_N_79_20_56_W_region:CA-ON_type:edu","external_links_name":"43°47′44″N 79°20′56″W / 43.79556°N 79.34889°W / 43.79556; -79.34889"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seneca_Polytechnic&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22","external_links_name":"\"Seneca Polytechnic\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seneca+Polytechnic%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seneca_Polytechnic&params=43_47_44_N_79_20_56_W_region:CA-ON_type:edu","external_links_name":"43°47′44″N 79°20′56″W / 43.79556°N 79.34889°W / 43.79556; -79.34889"},{"Link":"http://www.senecapolytechnic.ca/","external_links_name":"www.senecapolytechnic.ca"},{"Link":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/annual-report/seneca-at-a-glance.html","external_links_name":"\"Seneca at a Glance\""},{"Link":"https://www.ocls.ca/colleges/ftes","external_links_name":"\"Ontario College FTEs\""},{"Link":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/about/reports/strategic-plan/faq.html","external_links_name":"\"Strategic Plan and Polytechnic Branding\""},{"Link":"https://www.senecacollege.ca/programs/bycredential.html","external_links_name":"\"By Credential - Seneca, Toronto, Canada\""},{"Link":"https://data.ontario.ca/dataset/college-enrolment","external_links_name":"\"College enrolment - Dataset -Ontario Data Catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9939599/housing-for-international-students-canada/","external_links_name":"\"International students pay sky-high fees. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad	Nanum of Akkad	["1 See also","2 References"]	King of the Akkadian Empire NanumKing of AkkadKing of SumerKing of the Akkadian EmpireReignc. 2191-2190 BCPredecessorImiSuccessorIlulu Nanum or Nanium, according to the Sumerian King List, was one of four rivals (the others being Ilulu, Igigi, and Imi) vying to be king of the Akkadian Empire during a three-year period following the death of Shar-kali-sharri. This chaotic period came to an end when Dudu consolidated his power over the realm. See also List of Mesopotamian dynasties History of Mesopotamia References ^ Thorkild Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), pp. 112-115 vteRulers of the Ancient Near East Territories/dates Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Kish/Assur Akshak/Akkad Uruk Adab Umma Lagash Ur Elam 4000–3200 BCE Naqada INaqada II Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE) Susa I Uruk period(4000–3100 BCE)(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)(Anonymous "King-priests") Susa II(Uruk influence or control) 3200–3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period(Naqada III)Early or legendary kings: Upper EgyptFinger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Lower EgyptHedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash 3100–2900 BCE Early Dynastic PeriodFirst Dynasty of EgyptNarmer PaletteNarmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period(3100–2900 BCE) Proto-Elamiteperiod(Susa III)(3100–2700 BCE) 2900 BCE Second Dynasty of EgyptHotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE) First EblaiteKingdom First kingdom of Mari Kish I dynastyJushur, Kullassina-belNangishlishma,En-tarah-anaBabum, Puannum, Kalibum 2800 BCE Kalumum Zuqaqip AtabMashda Arwium EtanaBalih En-me-nunaMelem-Kish Barsal-nuna Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta") 2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE) Zamug, Tizqar, IlkuIltasadum LugalbandaDumuzid, the Fisherman Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit") Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period(2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2600 BCE Third Dynasty of EgyptDjoser(First Egyptian pyramids)Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE) SagisuAbur-limAgur-limIbbi-DamuBaba-Damu Kish II dynasty(5 kings)UhubMesilim Ur-NungalUdulkalamaLabashum LagashEn-hegalLugal-shaengur UrA-ImdugudUr-PabilsagMeskalamdug(Queen Puabi)Akalamdug Enun-dara-annaMes-heMelamannaLugal-kitun AdabNin-kisalsiMe-durbaLugal-dalu 2575 BCE Old Kingdom of EgyptFourth Dynasty of EgyptSnefru KhufuDjedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Ur I dynastyMesannepada"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE) Second kingdom of MariIkun-ShamashIku-ShamaganAnsudSa'umuIshtup-IsharIkun-MariIblul-IlNizi Kish III dynastyKu-Baba♀ Akshak dynastyUnziUndalulu Uruk II dynastyEnsha-kushanna Mug-si Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku Lagash I dynastyUr-NansheAkurgal A'annepadaMeskiagnunEluluBalulu Awan dynastyPeliTataUkkutaheshHishur 2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of EgyptUserkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Enar-DamuIshar-Malik UshEnakalle Elamite invasions(3 kings) Shushun-taranaNapilhush 2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 2400 BCE Adub-DamuIgrish-HalamIrkab-Damu Kish IV dynastyPuzur-SuenUr-Zababa Urur Lugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsi E-iginimpa'eMeskigal Ur-LummaIlGishakidu(Queen Bara-irnun) EnannatumEntemenaEnannatum IIEnentarzi Ur II dynastyNanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II Kiku-siwe-tempti 2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of EgyptTeti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Adab dynastyLugalannemundu"King of the four quarters of the world" 2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-DaganIkun-IsharIshqi-Mari Invasion by MariAnbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter Ukush LugalandaUrukagina Luh-ishan 2350 BCE Puzur-NirahIshu-IlShu-Sin Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE) Akkadian EmpireSargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu Akkadian Governors:EshpumIlshu-rabiEpirmupiIli-ishmani 2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal(vassal of the Akkadians) 2200 BCE First Intermediate PeriodSeventh Dynasty of EgyptEighth Dynasty of EgyptMenkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Second EblaiteKingdom Third kingdom of Mari(Shakkanakkudynasty)IdidishShu-DaganIshma-Dagan(Vassals of the Akkadians) Shar-Kali-Sharri Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)DuduShu-turul Uruk IV dynastyUr-niginUr-gigir Lagash II dynastyPuzer-MamaUr-Ningirsu IPirig-meLu-BabaLu-gulaKa-ku Hishep-RatepHeluKhitaPuzur-Inshushinak 2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of EgyptMeryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE) Nûr-MêrIshtup-IlumIshgum-AdduApil-kin Gutian dynasty(21 kings)La-erabumSi'um Kuda (Uruk)Puzur-iliUr-Utu Umma II dynastyLugalannatum(vassal of the Gutians) Ur-BabaGudeaUr-NingirsuUr-garNam-mahani Tirigan 2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of EgyptMeryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal 2100 BCE (Vassals of UR III) Iddi-ilumIli-IsharTura-DaganPuzur-Ishtar(Vassals of Ur III) Ur III dynasty"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin 2025-1763 BCE Amorite invasions Ibbi-Sin Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty) Middle Kingdom of EgyptEleventh Dynasty of EgyptMentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Third EblaiteKingdom (Amorites)Ibbit-LimImmeya Indilimma (Amorite Shakkanakkus)Hitial-ErraHanun-Dagan(...)Lim Dynastyof Mari(Amorites)Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu) Old AssyriaPuzur-Ashur IShalim-ahumIlu-shumaErishum IIkunumSargon IPuzur-Ashur IINaram-SinErishum II Isin-Larsa period(Amorites)Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishuDynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin IIUruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu Sukkalmah dynastySiwe-Palar-Khuppak Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptAmenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 1800–1595 BCE Thirteenth Dynasty of EgyptFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abraham(Biblical)Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon Yamhad(Yamhad dynasty)(Amorites) Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynasty1808–1736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Adaside dynasty1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II First Babylonian dynasty("Old Babylonian Period")(Amorites)Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-DitanaEarly Kassite rulers Second Babylonian dynasty("Sealand Dynasty")Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishuIshkibal Shushushi GulkisharmDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh AyadaragalamaAkurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty AbydosDynasty SeventeenthDynasty Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt("Hyksos")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a HyksosSemqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Mitanni(1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar 1531–1155 BCE TutankhamunNew Kingdom of EgyptEighteenth Dynasty of EgyptAhmose I Amenhotep I Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite EmpireUgarit Nineteenth Dynasty of EgyptRamesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ Elamite EmpireShutrukid dynastyShutruk-Nakhunte 1155–1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of EgyptSetnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XIThird Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II PhoeniciaKings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of SidonKingdom of IsraelSaulIsh-boshethDavidSolomon Syro-Hittite states Middle AssyriaEriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE) 1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli 911–745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of EgyptShoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef Kingdom of SamariaKingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian EmpireAdad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V Ninth Babylonian DynastyNinurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri Humban-Tahrid dynastyUrtakTeummanUmmanigashTammaritu IIndabibiHumban-haltash III 745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of EgyptTaharqa("Black Pharaohs")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Assyrian conquest of Egypt Assyrian conquest of Elam 626–539 BCE Late PeriodTwenty-sixth Dynasty of EgyptNecho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Neo-Babylonian EmpireNabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Median EmpireDeioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages 539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt) Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon Achaemenid EmpireCyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III Twenty-eighth Dynasty of EgyptTwenty-ninth Dynasty of EgyptThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 331–141 BCE Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic EgyptPtolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀ Hellenistic PeriodSeleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus ISeleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes 141–30 BCE Kingdom of JudeaSimon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian EmpireMithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I 30 BCE–116 CE Roman Empire (Roman conquest of Egypt)Province of Egypt Judea Syria 116–117 CE Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan Parthamaspates of Parthia 117–224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 224–270 CE Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanCoin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm 270–273 CE Palmyrene EmpireVaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus 273–395 CE Roman Empire Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia 395–618 CE Byzantine Empire Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 618–628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)Province of EgyptShahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanKhosrow II Kavad II 628–641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 639–651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia Chronology of the Neolithic period Rulers of Ancient Central Asia ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. ^ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7. ^ a b c Per Sumerian King List ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.	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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_I_Count_on_You	Can I Count On You	["1 Music video","2 Chart performance","2.1 Year-end charts","3 References"]	1991 single by McBride & the Ride"Can I Count On You"Single by McBride & the Ridefrom the album Burnin' Up the Road B-side"Turn to Blue"ReleasedMarch 16, 1991GenreCountryLength3:18LabelMCASongwriter(s)Terry McBride, Bill Carter, Ruth EllsworthProducer(s)Tony Brown, Steve FishellMcBride & the Ride singles chronology "Every Step of the Way" (1990) "Can I Count On You" (1991) "Same Old Star" (1991) "Can I Count On You" is a song written by Terry McBride, Bill Carter and Ruth Ellsworth, and recorded by American country music group McBride & the Ride. It was released in March 1991 as the third single from the album Burnin' Up the Road. The song reached number 15 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and peaked at number 9 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. Music video The music video was directed by Bill Young and premiered in early 1991. Chart performance Chart (1991) Peakposition Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 9 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 15 Year-end charts Chart (1991) Position Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 99 References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 219. ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 1574." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 20, 1991. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ "McBride & the Ride Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1991". RPM. December 21, 1991. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013. vteMcBride & the Ride Terry McBride Ray Herndon Billy Thomas Keith Edwards Randy Frazier Gary Morse Jeff Roach Kenny Vaughan Bob Britt Rick Gerken Studio albums Burnin' Up the Road Sacred Ground Hurry Sundown Terry McBride & the Ride Amarillo Sky Singles "Can I Count on You" "Same Old Star" "Sacred Ground" "Going Out of My Mind" "Just One Night" "Love on the Loose, Heart on the Run" "Hurry Sundown" "Squeeze Box" "Amarillo Sky" Discography This 1990 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McBride_(musician)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"McBride & the Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBride_%26_the_Ride"},{"link_name":"Burnin' Up the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnin%27_Up_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Can I Count On You\" is a song written by Terry McBride, Bill Carter and Ruth Ellsworth, and recorded by American country music group McBride & the Ride. It was released in March 1991 as the third single from the album Burnin' Up the Road. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Make_Good	Summer Make Good	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	2004 studio album by MúmSummer Make GoodStudio album by MúmReleased12 April 2004 (2004-04-12)StudioGaltarviti (Westfjords)Garðskagaviti (Southern Peninsula)GenreElectronicapost-rockLength46:50LabelFatCatMúm chronology Finally We Are No One(2002) Summer Make Good(2004) Go Go Smear the Poison Ivy(2007) Singles from Summer Make Good "Nightly Cares"Released: 15 March 2004 Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic71/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative Press4/5Drowned in Sound8/10Entertainment WeeklyCMojoPitchfork4.5/10QSlant MagazineStylus Magazine7/10Tiny Mix Tapes4/5 Summer Make Good is the third studio album by Icelandic band Múm. It was released on 12 April 2004 by FatCat Records. The CD edition of Summer Make Good was released in a cardboard sleeve. 28 June 2004 saw the release of a "limited presentation" edition of the album: a hardcover book (with dust jacket) containing artwork, and with the CD slotted into the inside back cover. Track listing All tracks are written by Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, Gunnar Örn Tynes and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir, except where noted. No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Hú hviss – A Ship" 1:272."Weeping Rock, Rock" 6:183."Nightly Cares" 4:584."The Ghosts You Draw on My Back"SmárasonTynesK. A. ValtýsdóttirSamuli Kosminen4:145."Stir" 2:416."Sing Me Out the Window" 4:427."The Island of Children's Children" 5:168."Away" 1:289."Oh, How the Boat Drifts"SmárasonTynesK. A. ValtýsdóttirGyða Valtýsdóttir5:1110."Small Deaths Are the Saddest" 1:3011."Will the Summer Make Good for All of Our Sins?" 4:0212."Abandoned Ship Bells" 5:03Total length:46:50 Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Additional musicians Ólöf Arnalds – guitar, viola, Stroh violin, xylophone, backing vocals Girls from Austurbæjarskóli (Ársól Þóra Sigurðardóttir, Brynja Siggeirsdóttir, Halla Björg Sigurþórsdóttir, Perla Hafþórsdóttir, Vigdís Perla Maack and Viktoria Sigurðardóttir) – vocals on "Weeping Rock, Rock" Samuli Kosminen – drums, percussion, sampler Eiríkur Orri Ólafsson – trumpet, pianette, Moog synthesizer, whistle Adam Pierce – harp Halldór Arnar Úlfarsson – halldorophone Production Graeme Durham – editing Orri Jónsson – mixing, recording Múm – mixing Mandy Parnell – mastering Design Dave Howell – artwork Dave Thomas – artwork Charts Chart (2004) Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 85 Belgian Alternative Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 40 French Albums (SNEP) 129 Irish Albums (IRMA) 45 Italian Albums (FIMI) 56 UK Albums (OCC) 159 UK Independent Albums (OCC) 27 US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 11 References ^ a b Walsh, Austin (24 September 2013). "Fuse Electronic Music Review: Múm's The Word". The Arts Fuse. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Nightly Cares". FatCat Records. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Summer Make Good by Mum Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ Phares, Heather. "Summer Make Good – Múm". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Múm: Summer Make Good". Alternative Press. No. 190. May 2004. p. 96. ^ Robertson, Neil (16 April 2004). "Album Review: Múm – Summer Make Good". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ Cherkis, Jason (7 May 2004). "Múm: Summer Make Good". Entertainment Weekly. No. 764. p. 86. ^ Perry, Andrew (April 2004). "Múm: Summer Make Good". Mojo. No. 125. p. 102. ^ Sylvester, Nick (13 April 2004). "Múm: Summer Make Good". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Múm: Summer Make Good". Q. No. 213. April 2004. p. 117. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (22 May 2004). "Review: Múm, Summer Make Good". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ Schepper, Ron (13 April 2004). "Mum – Summer Make Good". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 November 2004. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Múm – Summer Make Good". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ "Summer Make Good". FatCat Records. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ References for songwriting credits: "Hú hviss – A Ship": "Hu Hviss – A Ship". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Weeping Rock, Rock": "Weeping Rock, Rock". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Nightly Cares": "Nightly Cares". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "The Ghosts You Draw on My Back": "The Ghosts You Draw On My Back". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Stir": "Stir". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Sing Me Out the Window": "Sing Me Out The Window". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "The Island of Children's Children": "The Island Of Children's Children". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Away": "Away". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Oh, How the Boat Drifts": "Oh How The Boat Drifts". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Small Deaths Are the Saddest": "Small Deaths Are The Saddest". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Will the Summer Make Good for All of Our Sins?": "Will Summer Make Good For All Of Our Sins?". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "Abandoned Ship Bells": "Abandoned Ship Bells". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ^ Summer Make Good (liner notes). Múm. FatCat Records. 2004. fatcd26.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Ultratop.be – Múm – Summer Make Good" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Alternatieve Albums" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Lescharts.com – Múm – Summer Make Good". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Múm". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Múm – Summer Make Good". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Chart Log UK: M – My Vitriol". Zobbel.de. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Top Dance/Electronic Albums". Billboard. 22 May 2004. Retrieved 2 November 2017. External links Summer Make Good at Discogs (list of releases) Summer Make Good at MusicBrainz (list of releases) vteMúm Gunnar Örn Tynes Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason Gyða Valtýsdóttir Samuli Kosminen Róbert Sturla Reynisson Sigurlaug Gísladóttir Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir Ólöf Arnalds Eiríkur Orri Olafsson Hildur Guðnadóttir Studio albums Yesterday Was Dramatic – Today Is OK Finally We Are No One Summer Make Good Go Go Smear the Poison Ivy Sing Along to Songs You Don't Know Smilewound Soundtracks Blái hnötturinn Compilations Please Smile My Noise Bleed Late Night Tales Extended plays Dusk Log The Peel Session Singles "Green Grass of Tunnel" "Whistle" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Múm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAm"},{"link_name":"FatCat Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FatCat_Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"dust jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_jacket"}],"text":"Summer Make Good is the third studio album by Icelandic band Múm. It was released on 12 April 2004 by FatCat Records.[14]The CD edition of Summer Make Good was released in a cardboard sleeve. 28 June 2004 saw the release of a \"limited presentation\" edition of the album: a hardcover book (with dust jacket) containing artwork, and with the CD slotted into the inside back cover.","title":"Summer Make Good"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rvar_%C3%9E%C3%B3reyjarson_Sm%C3%A1rason"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Örn Tynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_%C3%96rn_Tynes"},{"link_name":"Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%ADn_Anna_Valt%C3%BDsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Samuli Kosminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edea_(musical_group)#Samuli_Kosminen"},{"link_name":"Gyða Valtýsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0a_Valt%C3%BDsd%C3%B3ttir"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Örvar Þóreyjarson Smárason, Gunnar Örn Tynes and Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir, except where noted.[15]No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Hú hviss – A Ship\" 1:272.\"Weeping Rock, Rock\" 6:183.\"Nightly Cares\" 4:584.\"The Ghosts You Draw on My Back\"SmárasonTynesK. A. ValtýsdóttirSamuli Kosminen4:145.\"Stir\" 2:416.\"Sing Me Out the Window\" 4:427.\"The Island of Children's Children\" 5:168.\"Away\" 1:289.\"Oh, How the Boat Drifts\"SmárasonTynesK. A. ValtýsdóttirGyða Valtýsdóttir5:1110.\"Small Deaths Are the Saddest\" 1:3011.\"Will the Summer Make Good for All of Our Sins?\" 4:0212.\"Abandoned Ship Bells\" 5:03Total length:46:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ólöf Arnalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%B6f_Arnalds"},{"link_name":"Stroh violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroh_violin"},{"link_name":"Samuli Kosminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edea_(musical_group)#Samuli_Kosminen"},{"link_name":"sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"pianette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minipiano"},{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Adam Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice_Parade"},{"link_name":"halldorophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldorophone"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Mandy Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandy_Parnell"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"}],"text":"Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[16]Additional musiciansÓlöf Arnalds – guitar, viola, Stroh violin, xylophone, backing vocals\nGirls from Austurbæjarskóli (Ársól Þóra Sigurðardóttir, Brynja Siggeirsdóttir, Halla Björg Sigurþórsdóttir, Perla Hafþórsdóttir, Vigdís Perla Maack and Viktoria Sigurðardóttir) – vocals on \"Weeping Rock, Rock\"\nSamuli Kosminen – drums, percussion, sampler\nEiríkur Orri Ólafsson – trumpet, pianette, Moog synthesizer, whistle\nAdam Pierce – harp\nHalldór Arnar Úlfarsson – halldorophoneProductionGraeme Durham – editing\nOrri Jónsson – mixing, recording\nMúm – mixing\nMandy Parnell – masteringDesignDave Howell – artwork\nDave Thomas – artwork","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Walsh, Austin (24 September 2013). \"Fuse Electronic Music Review: Múm's The Word\". 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Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5506-summer-make-good/","url_text":"\"Múm: Summer Make Good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Múm: Summer Make Good\". Q. No. 213. April 2004. p. 117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (22 May 2004). \"Review: Múm, Summer Make Good\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/mum-summer-make-good/","url_text":"\"Review: Múm, Summer Make Good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Schepper, Ron (13 April 2004). \"Mum – Summer Make Good\". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 November 2004. 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Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/492174831","url_text":"\"Stir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers","url_text":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers"}]},{"reference":"\"Sing Me Out The Window\". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/492174859","url_text":"\"Sing Me Out The Window\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers","url_text":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers"}]},{"reference":"\"The Island Of Children's Children\". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Verstraelen	Anthonie Verstraelen	[]	Dutch painter This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anthonie Verstraelen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Winterlandschap, 1623 Anthonie Verstraelen or Van Stralen (Gorkum, 1593/1594 - Amsterdam, 1641) was a Dutch landscape painter, best known (with Hendrik Avercamp and his nephew Barend Avercamp) for his winter scenes. Gillis van Stralen, Antonie's father, was a textile merchant. The family originated in Weert but moved between 1584–1590 to Gorkum, presumably because of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma's armies marching through the area. We don't hear much from Anthonie Verstraelen, until 1635 when he married Catalijntje van Oosten from Antwerp. The location of the wedding is unknown. The couple went to live in Oude Spiegelstraat, near Singel. In Amsterdam Antonie got into a dispute with the Sint Lucasgilde, for its laxness in allowing in too many non-citizen painters. In 1641 he was buried in the Westerkerk. In 1644 his two children inherited two hundred guilder each from the sale of their father's paintings. The paintings must have been sold very cheap. His widow remarried their guardian Emmanuel Jacobszoon van Hoogerheijm, an unknown Leiden 'fijnschilder'. Three months later their first son became born, Jacob van Hogerheijm, who also became a forgotten painter. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winterlandschap,_Antonie_Verstralen_(1623).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkum"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"landscape painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painter"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Avercamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Avercamp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barend Avercamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barend_Avercamp"},{"link_name":"Weert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weert"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Singel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singel"},{"link_name":"Sint Lucasgilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"Westerkerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerkerk"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"fijnschilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijnschilder"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771918#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/95841431"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1196123519"},{"link_name":"KulturNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturnav.org/58fe462d-d884-40cb-ab28-b137f295bf9b"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/80709"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500025903"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/01177685"}],"text":"Winterlandschap, 1623Anthonie Verstraelen or Van Stralen (Gorkum, 1593/1594 - Amsterdam, 1641) was a Dutch landscape painter, best known (with Hendrik Avercamp and his nephew Barend Avercamp) for his winter scenes.Gillis van Stralen, Antonie's father, was a textile merchant. The family originated in Weert but moved between 1584–1590 to Gorkum, presumably because of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma's armies marching through the area.We don't hear much from Anthonie Verstraelen, until 1635 when he married Catalijntje van Oosten from Antwerp. The location of the wedding is unknown. The couple went to live in Oude Spiegelstraat, near Singel. In Amsterdam Antonie got into a dispute with the Sint Lucasgilde, for its laxness in allowing in too many non-citizen painters.In 1641 he was buried in the Westerkerk. In 1644 his two children inherited two hundred guilder each from the sale of their father's paintings. The paintings must have been sold very cheap. His widow remarried their guardian Emmanuel Jacobszoon van Hoogerheijm, an unknown Leiden 'fijnschilder'. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_Plant	Euphorbia lathyris	["1 Growth","2 Chemical characteristics","3 Habitat","4 Uses","5 References"]	Flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lathyris Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia Species: E. lathyris Binomial name Euphorbia lathyrisL. Synonyms Euphorbia lathyrus (lapsus) Euphorbia lathyris, the caper spurge or paper spurge, is a species of spurge native to southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal), northwest Africa, and eastward through southwest Asia to western China. Other names occasionally used include gopher spurge, gopher plant or mole plant. Growth It is an erect biennial (occasionally annual) plant growing up to 1.5 m tall, with a glaucous blue-green stem. The leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs, and are lanceolate, 5–15 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glaucous blue-green with a waxy texture and pale greenish-white midrib and veins. The flowers are green to yellow-green, 4 mm diameter, with no petals. The seeds are green ripening to brown or grey, produced in globular clusters 13–17 mm diameter of three seeds compressed together. Chemical characteristics All parts of the plant, including the seeds and roots, are poisonous. Handling may cause skin irritation as the plant produces latex. While poisonous to humans and most livestock, goats sometimes eat it and are immune to the toxin. However, the toxin can be passed through the goat's milk. Habitat Away from its native range, it is widely naturalised in many regions, where it is often considered an invasive weed. It grows in partial shade to full sun in USDA zones 5–9. Uses It is used in folk medicine as a remedy for cancer, corns, and warts and has purportedly been used by beggars to induce skin boils. Seeds References ^ a b c "Euphorbia lathyris". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b Flora Europaea: Euphorbia lathyris ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2 ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. OCLC 25202760. ^ Poisonous Plant Information: Caper Spurge Archived 2006-10-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Purdue University: Euphorbia lathyris Taxon identifiersEuphorbia lathyris Wikidata: Q164223 Wikispecies: Euphorbia lathyris APDB: 105796 APNI: 92636 BHL: 358476 BioLib: 39389 Calflora: 3557 Cal-IPC: euphorbia-lathyris CoL: 3CPFX Ecocrop: 6029 eFloraSA: Euphorbia_lathyrus EoL: 1144553 EPPO: EPHLA EUNIS: 170168 FloraBase: 34160 FNA: 200012568 FoC: 200012568 GBIF: 3066965 GRIN: 70275 iNaturalist: 77114 IPA: 18687 IPNI: 347072-1 ITIS: 28093 NatureServe: 2.143475 NBN: NBNSYS0000003725 NCBI: 212925 NSWFlora: Euphorbia~lathyris NZOR: e64677b4-e296-41cc-b905-0f0dc8d9d5ee NZPCN: 3935 Observation.org: 6773 Open Tree of Life: 907417 PalDat: Euphorbia_lathyris PFI: 2937 Plant List: kew-80521 PLANTS: EULA4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:347072-1 RHS: 74306 SANBI: 574-207 Tropicos: 12800159 VASCAN: 5611 VicFlora: 15834d70-681d-4edc-8c41-f798712d6235 WFO: wfo-0000962968	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spurge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurge"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flora-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blamey-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-1"}],"text":"Euphorbia lathyris, the caper spurge or paper spurge, is a species of spurge native to southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal), northwest Africa, and eastward through southwest Asia to western China.[1][2][3]Other names occasionally used include gopher spurge, gopher plant or mole plant.[1]","title":"Euphorbia lathyris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"decussate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decussate"},{"link_name":"glaucous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glaucous"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blamey-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhs-4"}],"text":"It is an erect biennial (occasionally annual) plant growing up to 1.5 m tall, with a glaucous blue-green stem. The leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs, and are lanceolate, 5–15 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glaucous blue-green with a waxy texture and pale greenish-white midrib and veins. The flowers are green to yellow-green, 4 mm diameter, with no petals. The seeds are green ripening to brown or grey, produced in globular clusters 13–17 mm diameter of three seeds compressed together.[3][4]","title":"Growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"All parts of the plant, including the seeds and roots, are poisonous. Handling may cause skin irritation as the plant produces latex. While poisonous to humans and most livestock, goats sometimes eat it and are immune to the toxin. However, the toxin can be passed through the goat's milk.[5]","title":"Chemical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flora-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhs-4"},{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"}],"text":"Away from its native range, it is widely naturalised in many regions, where it is often considered an invasive weed.[1][2][4] It grows in partial shade to full sun in USDA zones 5–9.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_lathyris.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_lathyris_L._side_wiew.jpg"}],"text":"It is used in folk medicine as a remedy for cancer, corns, and warts and has purportedly been used by beggars to induce skin boils.[6]Seeds","title":"Uses"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Euphorbia lathyris\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=70275","url_text":"\"Euphorbia lathyris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_United_Soccer_Association	Women's United Soccer Association	["1 History","1.1 Establishment","2 Media coverage","2.1 TNT and CNN/SI (2001)","2.2 Pax (2002–2003)","2.3 ESPN2 (2003)","3 Teams","4 WUSA Awards","4.1 Founders Cup champions","5 League suspension","6 See also","7 References"]	Professional soccer league Football leagueWomen's United Soccer Association (WUSA)Founded2000Folded2003Country United StatesConfederationCONCACAF (North America)Number of teams8Level on pyramid1Domestic cup(s)Founders CupLast championsWashington Freedom (1st title)Most championshipsBay Area CyberRaysCarolina CourageWashington Freedom (1 title each)TV partnersTurner Sports The Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) was the world's first women's soccer league in which all the players were paid as professionals. Founded in February 2000, the league began its first season in April 2001 with eight teams in the United States. The league suspended operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the end of its third season, after making cumulative losses of around US$100 million. History Establishment As a result of the US women's national team's (USWNT) first-place showing in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, a seemingly viable market for the sport germinated. Feeding on the momentum of their victory, the twenty USWNT players, in partnership with John Hendricks of the Discovery Channel, sought out the investors, markets, and players necessary to form an eight-team league. The twenty founding players were Michelle Akers, Brandi Chastain, Tracy Ducar, Lorrie Fair, Joy Fawcett, Danielle Fotopoulos, Julie Foudy, Mia Hamm, Kristine Lilly, Shannon MacMillan, Tiffeny Milbrett, Carla Overbeck, Cindy Parlow, Christie Pearce, Tiffany Roberts, Briana Scurry, Kate (Markgraf) Sobrero, Tisha Venturini, Saskia Webber, and Sara Whalen. Initial investment in the league was provided by the following: Time Warner Cable, $5 million Cox Enterprises, $5 million Cox Communications, $5 million Amos Hostetter Jr., $5 million Comcast Corporation, $5 million John Hendricks and Comcast Corporation, $2.5 million each Amos Hostetter Jr. and John Hendricks, $2.5 million each The U.S. Soccer Federation approved membership of the league as a sanctioned Division 1 women's professional soccer league on August 18, 2000. Tony DiCicco was made commissioner. Media coverage At various times, games were televised on TNT, CNNSI, ESPN2, PAX TV, and various local and regional sports channels via Comcast, Cox, Fox, AT&T, and MSG. TNT and CNN/SI (2001) See also: Soccer on Turner Sports TNT broadcast the first WUSA game on April 21, 2001, which was contest between the Atlanta Beat and New York Power at Bobby Dodd Stadium in Atlanta. Former U.S. national team member Wendy Gebauer Palladino helped called the game alongside broadcaster JP Dellacamera and American soccer great Michelle Akers. About 22 games were scheduled to be broadcast nationally on TNT or CNN/SI in 2001. 15 games were initially expected to be shown on TNT and seven games on CNN/SI over the course of June to August. The deal included broadcast of playoffs and the championship game, the Founders Cup. During a four-year span, TNT and CNN/SI were due to televise at least 88 games, under a $3 million TV contract. Ratings were not available for CNN/SI for the 2001 season as the cable TV provider did not reach enough households to be a statistical factor. Pax (2002–2003) After the 2001 season, the WUSA opted out of its four-year agreement to go with a two-year pact with the Pax network. The WUSA's reasoning that Pax's offer for a 4 p.m. Saturday timeslot was more desirable than the noon timeslot that TNT offered. The change from TNT and CNN/SI to Pax however, may have immediately depressed ratings by confusing fans. To be more specific, the WUSA's ratings plunged from the 0.4 to 0.2 average it got on TNT to a 0.1 average on Pax. In other words, where as an average of 425,000 households tuned in to watch the games on TNT, fewer than 100,000 watched them on Pax. Keep in mind that Pax was a station available in 90 million, 5 million more than TNT. The move to Pax also came as AOL Time Warner considered morphing CNN/SI into a basketball channel that would be co-owned with the National Basketball Association. Pax's coverage in itself, concerned the broadcast of the WUSA Game of the Week, on 19 consecutive Saturdays beginning in April at 4:00 p.m. (ET). In 2003, the league wouldn't decide on the opponents for the final Pax Game of the Week on August 9 in order to provide soccer fans with the best possible matchup with playoff implications. The decision on the two opponents for the August 9 game would be made in early August. In total, Pax was scheduled to televise 18 regular season games and one WUSA Playoff Semifinal in the second week of August. Pax would receive certain cross-promotional opportunities with the league, including signs at each team venue, although the WUSA would handle ad sales for the games. The agreement carried a reported value of $2 million. ESPN2 (2003) See also: Soccer on ESPN For the WUSA's third and final season, they announced that ESPN2 would join Pax in broadcasting 23 league games in 2003. This would begin with a rematch of Founders Cup II with the Washington Freedom visit the Carolina Courage on April 5. ESPN2 was scheduled to broadcast only four of the 23 nationally televised games. This included the All-Star Game on June 19 and the Founders Cup on August 24. Beth Mowins and Anson Dorrance handled WUSA games on not just Pax but ESPN2 also. The WUSA ultimately scored a 0.1 percent rating on Pax and 0.2 percent on ESPN2. Teams The WUSA franchises were located in Philadelphia; Boston; New York City; Washington, D.C.; Cary, N.C.; Atlanta; San Jose, Ca.; and San Diego: Team Stadium City Founded Joined WUSA Left Notes Atlanta Beat Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta, Georgia 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league Boston Breakers Nickerson Field Boston, Massachusetts 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league Carolina Courage SAS Stadium Cary, North Carolina 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league New York Power Mitchel Athletic Complex Uniondale, New York 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league Philadelphia Charge Villanova Stadium Villanova, Pennsylvania 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league San Diego Spirit Torero Stadium San Diego, California 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league San Jose CyberRays Spartan Stadium San Jose, California 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved with league Washington Freedom RFK Stadium Washington, DC 2000 2001 2003 Hiatus, resumed with USL W-League in 2006 ^ Originally intended to be in Orlando, Florida, and were going to be called the Orlando Tempest ^ Originally called the Bay Area CyberRays Atlanta BeatBoston BreakersCarolina CourageNew York PowerPhiladelphia ChargeSan Diego SpiritSan Jose CyberRaysWashington Freedomclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the teams For the inaugural season, each roster primarily consisted of players from the United States, although up to four international players were allowed on each team's roster. Among the international players were China's Sun Wen, Pu Wei, Fan Yunjie, Zhang Ouying, Gao Hong, Zhao Lihong, and Bai Jie; Germany's Birgit Prinz, Conny Pohlers, Steffi Jones and Maren Meinert; Norway's Hege Riise, Unni Lehn, and Dagny Mellgren; Brazil's Sissi, Kátia and Pretinha; and Canada's Charmaine Hooper, Sharolta Nonen, and Christine Latham. The league also hosted singular talents from nations which were not then at the forefront of women's soccer, such as Maribel Dominguez of Mexico, Homare Sawa of Japan, Julie Fleeting of Scotland, Cheryl Salisbury of Australia, Marinette Pichon of France, and Kelly Smith of England. WUSA Awards Founders Cup champions The Founders Cup (named in honor of the 20 founding players) was awarded to the winner of a four-team, single-elimination postseason playoff. Season Champion Score Runner-Up City 2001 Bay Area CyberRays 3–3 asdet4–2 pen Atlanta Beat Foxboro, MA 2002 Carolina Courage 3–2 Washington Freedom Atlanta, GA 2003 Washington Freedom 2–1 asdet Atlanta Beat San Diego, CA "asdet" stands for "after sudden death extra time". WUSA's sudden death overtime was 15 minutes long (two 7½-minute periods) and used only in the playoffs. League suspension The WUSA played for three full seasons, suspending operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the conclusion of the third season. Neither television ratings nor attendance met forecasts, while the league spent its initial $40 million budget, planned to last five years, by the end of the first season. Even though the players took salary cuts of up to 30% for the final season, with the founding players (who also held an equity stake in the league) taking the largest cuts, that was not enough to bring expenses under control. In the hopes of an eventual relaunch of the league, all rights to team names, logos, and similar properties were preserved. Efforts to line up new sources of capital and operating funds continued. In June 2004, the WUSA held two "WUSA Festivals" in Los Angeles and Blaine, Minnesota, featuring matches between reconstituted WUSA teams (often with marquee players borrowed from other teams), in order to maintain the league in the public eye and sustain interest in women's professional soccer. With the WUSA on hiatus, the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) and the W-League regained their status as the premier women's soccer leagues in the United States, and many former WUSA players joined those teams. A new women's professional soccer league in the United States called Women's Professional Soccer started in 2009. However, that league suspended operations in January 2012. It was succeeded by the National Women's Soccer League which continues to this day. See also List of WUSA drafts Women's Professional Soccer National Women's Soccer League Women's sports References ^ Hellborg, Anna Maria (November 21, 2012). "The Challenges of Women's Professional Soccer in the US A theoretically and empirically informed discussion" (PDF). idrottsforum.org: 15. Retrieved December 3, 2022. ^ Straus, Brian (April 13, 2001). "WUSA: Following the phenomenal success of the 1999 Women's World Cup, the first women's professional soccer league was formed around the core of the U.S. national team. But to succeed, it will have to be more than Mia vs. Brandi". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2023. ^ King, Bill. "Confident, yes, but can new league survive?". Sport Business Journal. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ "ESPN.com: GEN - WUSA failed Marketing 101". www.espn.com. ^ O'Conner McDonough, Meghan. "The case of Women's United Soccer Association: explaining the rise and fall of a social movement organization". Louisville University Library. ^ "ESPN.com - SOCCER - Plan calls for 8- to 10-team league in U.S." www.espn.com. ^ Lauletta, Dan. "In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future – Equalizer Soccer". ^ Miller, Gretchen; Scheyer, Jonathan; Sherrard, Emily. "Women's United Soccer Association". Soccer Politics. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ Jones, Grahame L. (April 11, 2000). "Women's Soccer League Is Unveiled". Los Angeles Times. ^ "WUSA Granted U.S. Soccer Membership as Division I Women's Professional Soccer League". USSF. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ "PLUS: SOCCER -- WOMEN'S UNITED SOCCER ASSOCIATION; DiCicco Is Named As Commissioner". Associated Press. April 27, 2000 – via NYTimes.com. ^ "Ohio State's Lori Walker to Announce USA vs. Finland Match ..." Ohio State University. ^ Smallwood, John (November 25, 2012). "John Smallwood: No reason to thing this women's soccer league will succeed". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ "Women's soccer in deals". CNN Money. April 10, 2000. ^ "Walker Set to Call WUSA National Telecast". Ohio State University. August 5, 2003. ^ Nordin, Kendra (April 13, 2001). "Women stars have league of their own". The Christian Science Monitor. ^ "Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) Announces Television Coverage for Every Game During Inaugural Season". USSF. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ "FOUR FORMER TAR HEELS IN INAUGURAL WUSA GAME". Go Heels. April 9, 2001. ^ Lauletta, Dan (April 10, 2019). "In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future". The Equalizer. ^ Felicien, Bria (April 20, 2020). "A look back at WUSA's Atlanta Beat, 19 years after inaugural match". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ^ Klein, Jeff Z. (April 17, 2001). "Foot Soldiers". The Village Voice. ^ "DELLACAMERA AND UNC'S GEBAUER TO ANNOUNCE FOR TNT AND CNN/SI'S WUSA GAMES". Go Heels. March 13, 2001. ^ "WUSA: TNT and CNNSI to show 22 games". Soccer America. February 20, 2001. ^ Stossel, Scott. "As American as Women's Soccer?". The Atlantic. ^ "WUSA: TNT and CNNSI to show 22 games". Soccer America. February 20, 2001. Retrieved June 6, 2016. ^ WUSA 2001 Carolina Courage v Washington Freedom regular season on YouTube ^ Tedesco, Richard (April 17, 2000). "WUSA scores Turner pact". Broadcasting+Cable. ^ Penner, Mike (April 16, 2001). "It's the Birth of a Notion". Los Angeles. ^ George, John (April 9, 2001). "Women's soccer team ready to Charge". Philadelphia Business Journal. ^ "Ten Former Irish Players Making Their Mark In Women's ..." The University of Notre Dame. August 8, 2001. ^ WUSA 2001 Bay Area CyberRays v Atlanta Beat Founders Cup I on YouTube ^ Trecker, Jamie. "WMLS? No way, say U.S. women". ESPN.com. ^ Wahl, Grant. "BATTLE OF THE SEXES". Sports Illustrated. ^ "WUSA – big success despite small TV audiences". FIFA. October 19, 2001. ^ Howard, Johnette (October 11, 2003). "WUSA THE EPILOGUE: Lack of television insight is No. 1 reason league is on the shelf". Newsday. ^ Henderson, Christopher. "MARKETING OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S SOCCER IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH FEMINIST THEORIES" (PDF). ^ "WUSA had big drop in attendance". ESPN.com. ^ Umstead, R. Thomas (December 18, 2001). "Pax TV Nets WUSA Pact". Multichannel News. ^ Longman, Jere (June 3, 2002). "SOCCER; U.S. Soccer: Sport of 70's, 80's and 90's Still Waits". The New York Times. ^ Longman, Jere (September 16, 2003). "SOCCER; Women's Soccer League Folds on World Cup's Eve". The New York Times. ^ Schultz, Jaime (March 15, 2014). Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport. University of Illinois Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780252095962. ^ Rosner, Shropshire, Scott, Kenneth (2011). The Business of Sports. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 9780763780784.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Soccer Superstar Mia Hamm To Answer This Week's 'AOL Question Of The Game' On TNT". WarnerMedia. May 17, 2001. ^ Trecker, Jerry (April 11, 2002). "WUSA: THE SECOND SEASON BEGINS". Hartford Courant. ^ Smolkin, Rachel (June 26, 2002). "Women's soccer league faces endurance test". Chicago Tribune. ^ Desbordes, Michel (May 23, 2012). Marketing and Football. Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 9781136380655. ^ Reynolds, Mike (August 25, 2002). "Cable's League of Its Own, Soccer's WUSA, Struggles". ^ Straus, Brian (August 23, 2002). "Half-Full or Half-Empty? WUSA Glass a Bit of Both". The Washington Post. ^ "SOCCER: WUSA second year has higher expectations". The Associated Press. April 13, 2002. ^ Romano, Allison (December 19, 2001). "WUSA subs Pax TV for Turner". Broadcasting+Cable. ^ "FORMER NOTRE DAME PLAYER MONICA GERARDO SCORES GAMEWINNING GOAL IN WUSA SEMIFINALS". The University of Notre Dame. August 17, 2002. ^ "TV: WUSA moves to PAX". Soccer America. December 18, 2001. ^ Wilner, Barry (April 4, 2003). "WUSA, World Cup feed off each other". ESPNFC. ^ Rusnak, Jeff (March 30, 2003). "BEND IT LIKE BECKHAM, WUSA SET TO OPEN". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. ^ Umstead, R. Thomas (December 23, 2001). "WUSA, Pax Net TV Soccer Pact". Multichannel News. ^ Rovell, Darren (September 15, 2002). "SPORTSBUSINESS - Rovell: WUSA quickly failed". ESPN.com. ^ Bialik, Fry, Carl, Jason (September 16, 2003). "Women's Soccer League Folds Just Days Before World Cup". The Wall Street Journal.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Straus, Brian (September 16, 2003). "Women's Pro Soccer League Forced to Fold". The Washington Post. ^ "ESPN2 to Broadcast WUSA Games". OurSportsCentral. April 3, 2003. ^ WUSA: Founders Cup II 8/24/2002 on YouTube ^ "WUSA, ESPN2 Near TV Deal". Multichannel. March 28, 2003. ^ "Atlanta Beat to Face Mia Hamm & the Washington Freedom in Founders Cup III". OurSports Central. August 18, 2003. ^ "Mowins and Dorrance Named to PAX Broadcast Team". OurSports Central. April 9, 2002. ^ WUSA on PAX: Washington Freedom vs. Philadelphia Charge on YouTube ^ WUSA on PAX: 2002 WUSA All-Star Game on YouTube ^ Cohen, Andrew. "Madness, Indeed". Athletic Business. ^ "America Offers Opportunities for Foreign Females". September 6, 2000 – via NYTimes.com. ^ Longman, Jere (September 16, 2003). "SOCCER; Women's Soccer League Folds on World Cup's Eve" – via NYTimes.com. ^ Fraser John Boyd (August 2008). Failure to Launch: A study int o Launch: A study into the Nor o the North American Soccer League th American Soccer League and the Women's United Soccer Association and their factors of failures through Michael Pough Michael Porter's Models of Strategy Formation (MA thesis). University of Tennessee. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ Longman, Jere. "SOCCER; Women's Soccer League Folds on World Cup's Eve". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ Smith, Michelle. "SOCCER / Collapse of WUSA leaves void / College, pro players ponder their futures". San Francisco Gate. Retrieved April 14, 2019. ^ Bell, Jack. "Goal Goal The New York Times Soccer Blog W.P.S. Suspends Operations". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Preceded byFirst Division 1 soccer league in the United States 2000–2003 Succeeded byWomen's Professional Soccer vteWomen's United Soccer AssociationTeams Atlanta Beat Boston Breakers Carolina Courage New York Power Philadelphia Charge San Diego Spirit San Jose CyberRays Washington Freedom Miscellaneous Player allocation Foreign player allocation Drafts Records and statistics Stadiums Television coverage Seasons 2001 2002 2003 vteUnited States women's national soccer teamGeneral History Head coaches United States Soccer Federation Statistics Results 1985–99 2000–19 2020–29 All-time record World Cup record Olympic record Players Players Hat-tricks Players Association USWNT All-Time Best XI U.S. Soccer Player of the Year Goals Abby Wambach Alex Morgan Awards and honors FIFA Women's World Cup winners 1991 1999 2015 2019 Summer Olympic Games gold-medal winners 1996 2004 2008 2012 Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year (1999) Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year (1999) Outstanding Team ESPY Award (2000, 2015) Glamour Awards: Game Changers (2015) New York City ticker-tape parade (2015, 2019) Culture and lore Triple-Edged Sword The American Outlaws Canada rivalry Japan rivalry Mexico rivalry Team pay discrimination claim MediaFilm Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team Abby Head On (2013) An Equal Playing Field (2015) LFG (2021) Television Just for Kicks (2002) Nine for IX: The 99ers (2013) The Kicks (2015) Keeping Score (2016) Video games FIFA 16 Associated professional leagues Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) 2001–2003, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) 2009–2011, National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) 2013–present vteDefunct soccer leagues in the United StatesOutdoor ALPF (1894–1895) NAFL (1895–1921) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–1947) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–1985) WSA (1985–1989) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–1989) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) A-L (1996–2004) USL-1 (2005–2010) NASL (2011–2017) APSL (2015–2018) Indoor/arena MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–1998) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2002–2008) XSL (2008–2009) MISL (2008–2014) Women's WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) USL W-League (1995–2015) vteMajor women's sport leagues in North America Leaguesby sportBasketball WNBA WABA WBDA Athletes Unlimited American League (defunct) WABA (1984) (defunct) WBA (defunct) NWBL (defunct) WBL (defunct) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Ice hockey PWHL NCAA Division I NCAA Division III U Sports CWHL (defunct) WWHL (defunct) PHF (defunct) Soccer NWSL USL Super League (beginning play in 2024) WPSL UWS Liga MX LIMEFFE NCAA Division I NAIA U Sports WPS (defunct) WUSA (defunct) WLS (defunct) WPSL Elite (defunct) USL USL (1995) (defunct) Northern Super League (beginning play in 2025) Softball Athletes Unlimited AFP WPF NCAA Division I (WCWS) NAIA NPF (defunct) Gridironfootball WNFC WFA USWFL MWFL WWCFL AFWL (defunct) IWFL (defunct) LFL (defunct) LFL Canada (defunct) NWFA (defunct) WAFL (defunct) WFA (defunct) WFL (defunct) WPFL (defunct) Rugby union WPL Lacrosse UWLX (defunct) WPLL (defunct) Other sports Golf Ringette Roller derby Ultimate disc Volleyball Leaguesby associationNCAA Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Field hockey Golf Gymnastics Lacrosse Rowing Swimming and diving Tennis Indoor track and field Outdoor track and field Volleyball Water polo NAIA Cross country Golf Swimming and diving Tennis Indoor track and field Outdoor track and field Volleyball Lacrosse Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_sports"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_sports"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confident,_yes,_but_can_new_league_survive?-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) was the world's first women's soccer league in which all the players were paid as professionals.[1] Founded in February 2000, the league began its first season in April 2001 with eight teams in the United States.[2] The league suspended operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the end of its third season, after making cumulative losses of around US$100 million.[3][4]","title":"Women's United Soccer Association"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"1999 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michelle Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Akers"},{"link_name":"Brandi Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi_Chastain"},{"link_name":"Tracy Ducar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Ducar"},{"link_name":"Lorrie Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrie_Fair"},{"link_name":"Joy Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Fawcett"},{"link_name":"Danielle Fotopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Fotopoulos"},{"link_name":"Julie Foudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Foudy"},{"link_name":"Mia Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Kristine Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Lilly"},{"link_name":"Shannon MacMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_MacMillan"},{"link_name":"Tiffeny Milbrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffeny_Milbrett"},{"link_name":"Carla Overbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Overbeck"},{"link_name":"Cindy Parlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Parlow"},{"link_name":"Christie Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Rampone"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Briana Scurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briana_Scurry"},{"link_name":"Kate (Markgraf) Sobrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Markgraf"},{"link_name":"Tisha Venturini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_Venturini"},{"link_name":"Saskia Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Webber"},{"link_name":"Sara Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Whalen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Women%E2%80%99s_United_Soccer_Association-8"},{"link_name":"Time Warner Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cox Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Cox Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Communications"},{"link_name":"Amos Hostetter 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germinated.[5]Feeding on the momentum of their victory, the twenty USWNT players, in partnership with John Hendricks of the Discovery Channel, sought out the investors, markets, and players necessary to form an eight-team league.[6] The twenty founding players were Michelle Akers, Brandi Chastain, Tracy Ducar, Lorrie Fair, Joy Fawcett, Danielle Fotopoulos, Julie Foudy, Mia Hamm, Kristine Lilly, Shannon MacMillan, Tiffeny Milbrett, Carla Overbeck, Cindy Parlow, Christie Pearce, Tiffany Roberts, Briana Scurry, Kate (Markgraf) Sobrero, Tisha Venturini, Saskia Webber, and Sara Whalen.[7]Initial investment in the league was provided by the following:[8]Time Warner Cable, $5 million[9]\nCox Enterprises, $5 million\nCox Communications, $5 million\nAmos Hostetter Jr., $5 million\nComcast Corporation, $5 million\nJohn Hendricks and Comcast Corporation, $2.5 million each\nAmos Hostetter Jr. and John Hendricks, $2.5 million eachThe U.S. Soccer Federation approved membership of the league as a sanctioned Division 1 women's professional soccer league on August 18, 2000.[10] Tony DiCicco was made commissioner.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Network_Television"},{"link_name":"CNNSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"PAX 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games were televised on TNT, CNNSI, ESPN2, PAX TV, and various local and regional sports channels via Comcast,[12][13] Cox,[14] Fox, AT&T, and MSG.[15][16][17]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccer on Turner Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_on_Turner_Sports"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Beat_(WUSA)"},{"link_name":"New York Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Power"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bobby Dodd Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dodd_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"U.S. national 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Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Akers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"TNT and CNN/SI (2001)","text":"See also: Soccer on Turner SportsTNT[18] broadcast the first[19] WUSA game on April 21, 2001, which was contest between the Atlanta Beat and New York Power[20] at Bobby Dodd Stadium in Atlanta.[21] Former U.S. national team member Wendy Gebauer Palladino helped called the game alongside broadcaster JP Dellacamera[22] and American soccer great Michelle Akers. About 22 games[23][24] were scheduled to be broadcast nationally on TNT or CNN/SI[25] in 2001. 15 games were initially expected to be shown on TNT[26] and seven games[27] on CNN/SI over the course of June to August.[28] The deal included broadcast of playoffs and the championship game,[29][30] the Founders Cup.[31] During a four-year span, TNT and CNN/SI were due to televise at least 88 games,[32] under a $3 million TV contract.[33]Ratings were not available for CNN/SI[34] for the 2001 season as the cable TV provider did not reach enough households to be a statistical factor.","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_WUSA_season"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Pax network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television#PAX_(1998%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"AOL Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia#AOL_Time_Warner_(2001%E2%80%932003)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"basketball channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_TV"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Pax (2002–2003)","text":"After the 2001 season, the WUSA opted out[35] of its four-year[36] agreement to go with a two-year pact[37] with the Pax network.[38][39][40][41] The WUSA's reasoning that Pax's offer for a 4 p.m. Saturday timeslot was more desirable[42] than the noon[43] timeslot that TNT offered.The change[44] from TNT and CNN/SI to Pax however, may have immediately depressed ratings by confusing fans.[45] To be more specific, the WUSA's ratings plunged from the 0.4[46] to 0.2[47] average it got on TNT to a 0.1 average on Pax. In other words, where as an average of 425,000 households tuned in to watch the games on TNT, fewer than 100,000 watched them on Pax. Keep in mind that Pax was a station available in 90 million,[48] 5 million more than TNT.[49] The move to Pax also came as AOL Time Warner[50] considered morphing CNN/SI into a basketball channel that would be co-owned with the National Basketball Association.Pax's coverage in itself, concerned the broadcast of the WUSA Game of the Week, on 19 consecutive Saturdays[51] beginning in April at 4:00 p.m.[52] (ET). In 2003, the league wouldn't decide on the opponents for the final Pax Game of the Week on August 9 in order to provide soccer fans with the best possible matchup with playoff implications. The decision on the two opponents for the August 9 game would be made in early August. In total,[53] Pax was scheduled to televise 18[54] regular season games and one WUSA Playoff Semifinal in the second week of August.Pax would receive certain cross-promotional opportunities with the league, including signs at each team venue, although the WUSA would handle ad sales for the games. The agreement carried a reported value of $2 million.[55][56]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccer on ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_on_ESPN"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_WUSA_season"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Washington Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Carolina Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Courage"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Beth Mowins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Mowins"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Anson Dorrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Dorrance"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"ESPN2 (2003)","text":"See also: Soccer on ESPNFor the WUSA's third and final season,[57][58] they announced that ESPN2[59] would join Pax in broadcasting 23 league games in 2003. This would begin with a rematch of Founders Cup II[60] with the Washington Freedom visit the Carolina Courage on April 5. ESPN2 was scheduled to broadcast only four of the 23 nationally televised games. This included the All-Star Game[61] on June 19 and the Founders Cup[62] on August 24. Beth Mowins[63] and Anson Dorrance handled WUSA games on not just Pax[64][65] but ESPN2 also.The WUSA ultimately scored a 0.1 percent rating on Pax and 0.2 percent on ESPN2.[66]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cary, N.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"San Jose, Ca.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Beat_(WUSA)"},{"link_name":"Boston Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Breakers_(WUSA)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Courage"},{"link_name":"New York Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Power"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Charge"},{"link_name":"San Diego Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Spirit"},{"link_name":"San Jose CyberRays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_CyberRays"},{"link_name":"Washington Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Freedom"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage\|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sun Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Pu Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Wei"},{"link_name":"Fan Yunjie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Yunjie"},{"link_name":"Zhang Ouying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Ouying"},{"link_name":"Gao Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Hong_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Zhao Lihong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Lihong"},{"link_name":"Bai Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Jie"},{"link_name":"Birgit Prinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Prinz"},{"link_name":"Conny Pohlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Pohlers"},{"link_name":"Steffi Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Jones"},{"link_name":"Maren Meinert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maren_Meinert"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hege Riise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hege_Riise"},{"link_name":"Unni Lehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni_Lehn"},{"link_name":"Dagny Mellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagny_Mellgren"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Sissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissi_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kátia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1tia_Cilene_Teixeira_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Pretinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delma_Gon%C3%A7alves"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Charmaine Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmaine_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Sharolta Nonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharolta_Nonen"},{"link_name":"Christine Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Latham"},{"link_name":"Maribel Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribel_Dominguez"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Homare Sawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homare_Sawa"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Julie Fleeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Fleeting"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Marinette Pichon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinette_Pichon"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Kelly Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Smith"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"The WUSA franchises were located in Philadelphia; Boston; New York City; Washington, D.C.; Cary, N.C.; Atlanta; San Jose, Ca.; and San Diego:^ Originally intended to be in Orlando, Florida, and were going to be called the Orlando Tempest\n\n^ Originally called the Bay Area CyberRaysAtlanta BeatBoston BreakersCarolina CourageNew York PowerPhiladelphia ChargeSan Diego SpiritSan Jose CyberRaysWashington Freedomclass=notpageimage\| Locations of the teamsFor the inaugural season, each roster primarily consisted of players from the United States, although up to four international players were allowed on each team's roster.[67] Among the international players were China's Sun Wen, Pu Wei, Fan Yunjie, Zhang Ouying, Gao Hong, Zhao Lihong, and Bai Jie; Germany's Birgit Prinz, Conny Pohlers, Steffi Jones and Maren Meinert; Norway's Hege Riise, Unni Lehn, and Dagny Mellgren; Brazil's Sissi, Kátia and Pretinha; and Canada's Charmaine Hooper, Sharolta Nonen, and Christine Latham.The league also hosted singular talents from nations which were not then at the forefront of women's soccer, such as Maribel Dominguez of Mexico, Homare Sawa of Japan, Julie Fleeting of Scotland, Cheryl Salisbury of Australia, Marinette Pichon of France, and Kelly Smith of England.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WUSA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Founders Cup champions","text":"The Founders Cup (named in honor of the 20 founding players) was awarded to the winner of a four-team, single-elimination postseason playoff.\"asdet\" stands for \"after sudden death extra time\". WUSA's sudden death overtime was 15 minutes long (two 7½-minute periods) and used only in the playoffs.","title":"WUSA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"logos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_sports"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Blaine, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCCER;_Women's_Soccer_League_Folds_on_World_Cup's_Eve-72"},{"link_name":"Women's Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"W-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_W-League_(1995%E2%80%932015)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOCCER_/_Collapse_of_WUSA_leaves_void_/_College,_pro_players_ponder_their_futures-73"},{"link_name":"Women's Professional Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goal_Goal_The_New_York_Times_Soccer_Blog_W.P.S._Suspends_Operations-74"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"}],"text":"The WUSA played for three full seasons, suspending operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the conclusion of the third season.[68] Neither television ratings nor attendance met forecasts, while the league spent its initial $40 million budget, planned to last five years, by the end of the first season. Even though the players took salary cuts of up to 30% for the final season, with the founding players (who also held an equity stake in the league) taking the largest cuts, that was not enough to bring expenses under control.[69] In the hopes of an eventual relaunch of the league, all rights to team names, logos, and similar properties were preserved. Efforts to line up new sources of capital and operating funds continued. In June 2004, the WUSA held two \"WUSA Festivals\" in Los Angeles and Blaine, Minnesota, featuring matches between reconstituted WUSA teams (often with marquee players borrowed from other teams), in order to maintain the league in the public eye and sustain interest in women's professional soccer.[70]With the WUSA on hiatus, the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) and the W-League regained their status as the premier women's soccer leagues in the United States, and many former WUSA players joined those teams.[71]A new women's professional soccer league in the United States called Women's Professional Soccer started in 2009. However, that league suspended operations in January 2012.[72] It was succeeded by the National Women's Soccer League which continues to this day.","title":"League suspension"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of WUSA drafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WUSA_drafts"},{"title":"Women's Professional Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Soccer"},{"title":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"title":"Women's sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_sports"}]	[{"reference":"Hellborg, Anna Maria (November 21, 2012). \"The Challenges of Women's Professional Soccer in the US A theoretically and empirically informed discussion\" (PDF). idrottsforum.org: 15. Retrieved December 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://idrottsforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hellborg121126.pdf","url_text":"\"The Challenges of Women's Professional Soccer in the US A theoretically and empirically informed discussion\""}]},{"reference":"Straus, Brian (April 13, 2001). \"WUSA: Following the phenomenal success of the 1999 Women's World Cup, the first women's professional soccer league was formed around the core of the U.S. national team. But to succeed, it will have to be more than Mia vs. Brandi\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2001/04/13/wusa-following-the-phenomenal-success-of-the-1999-womens-world-cup-the-first-womens-professional-soccer-league-was-formed-around-the-core-of-the-us-national-team-but-to-succeed-it-will-have-to-be-more-than-mia-vs-brandi/fcbd430e-7faa-45bf-b656-81d8dbaa570b/","url_text":"\"WUSA: Following the phenomenal success of the 1999 Women's World Cup, the first women's professional soccer league was formed around the core of the U.S. national team. But to succeed, it will have to be more than Mia vs. Brandi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827080443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2001/04/13/wusa-following-the-phenomenal-success-of-the-1999-womens-world-cup-the-first-womens-professional-soccer-league-was-formed-around-the-core-of-the-us-national-team-but-to-succeed-it-will-have-to-be-more-than-mia-vs-brandi/fcbd430e-7faa-45bf-b656-81d8dbaa570b/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Bill. \"Confident, yes, but can new league survive?\". Sport Business Journal. Retrieved April 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2009/03/02/SBJ-In-Depth/Confident-Yes-But-Can-New-League-Survive.aspx","url_text":"\"Confident, yes, but can new league survive?\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN.com: GEN - WUSA failed Marketing 101\". www.espn.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/columns/ratto_ray/1617105.html","url_text":"\"ESPN.com: GEN - WUSA failed Marketing 101\""}]},{"reference":"O'Conner McDonough, Meghan. \"The case of Women's United Soccer Association: explaining the rise and fall of a social movement organization\". Louisville University Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1944&context=etd","url_text":"\"The case of Women's United Soccer Association: explaining the rise and fall of a social movement organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN.com - SOCCER - Plan calls for 8- to 10-team league in U.S.\" www.espn.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/soccer/news/2000/0215/358455.html","url_text":"\"ESPN.com - SOCCER - Plan calls for 8- to 10-team league in U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"Lauletta, Dan. \"In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future – Equalizer Soccer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/04/10/wusa-womens-united-soccer-association-history-retrospective/","url_text":"\"In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future – Equalizer Soccer\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Gretchen; Scheyer, Jonathan; Sherrard, Emily. \"Women's United Soccer Association\". Soccer Politics. Retrieved April 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/research-projects/womens-soccer-in-the-u-s/womens-soccer-after-1999/womens-united-soccer-assocation/","url_text":"\"Women's United Soccer Association\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Grahame L. (April 11, 2000). \"Women's Soccer League Is Unveiled\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-11-sp-18487-story.html","url_text":"\"Women's Soccer League Is Unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"WUSA Granted U.S. Soccer Membership as Division I Women's Professional Soccer League\". USSF. Retrieved April 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/12/07/wusa-granted-u-s-soccer-membership-as-division-i-womens-professional-soccer-league","url_text":"\"WUSA Granted U.S. Soccer Membership as Division I Women's Professional Soccer League\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLUS: SOCCER -- WOMEN'S UNITED SOCCER ASSOCIATION; DiCicco Is Named As Commissioner\". Associated Press. April 27, 2000 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/27/sports/plus-soccer-women-s-united-soccer-association-dicicco-is-named-as-commissioner.html","url_text":"\"PLUS: SOCCER -- WOMEN'S UNITED SOCCER ASSOCIATION; DiCicco Is Named As Commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio State's Lori Walker to Announce USA vs. Finland Match ...\" Ohio State University.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/ohio-states-lori-walker-to-announce-usa-vs-finland-match-on-espn2/","url_text":"\"Ohio State's Lori Walker to Announce USA vs. Finland Match ...\""}]},{"reference":"Smallwood, John (November 25, 2012). \"John Smallwood: No reason to thing this women's soccer league will succeed\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/columnists/john_smallwood/20121125_John_Smallwood__No_reason_to_thing_this_women_s_soccer_league_will_succeed.html","url_text":"\"John Smallwood: No reason to thing this women's soccer league will succeed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's soccer in deals\". CNN Money. April 10, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2000/04/10/deals/soccer/","url_text":"\"Women's soccer in deals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walker Set to Call WUSA National Telecast\". Ohio State University. August 5, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/walker-set-to-call-wusa-national-telecast/","url_text":"\"Walker Set to Call WUSA National Telecast\""}]},{"reference":"Nordin, Kendra (April 13, 2001). \"Women stars have league of their own\". The Christian Science Monitor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0413/p12s1.html","url_text":"\"Women stars have league of their own\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) Announces Television Coverage for Every Game During Inaugural Season\". USSF. Retrieved April 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/57/womens-united-soccer-association-wusa-announces-television-coverage-for-every-game-during-inaugural","url_text":"\"Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) Announces Television Coverage for Every Game During Inaugural Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOUR FORMER TAR HEELS IN INAUGURAL WUSA GAME\". Go Heels. April 9, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://goheels.com/news/2001/4/9/205487656.aspx","url_text":"\"FOUR FORMER TAR HEELS IN INAUGURAL WUSA GAME\""}]},{"reference":"Lauletta, Dan (April 10, 2019). \"In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future\". The Equalizer.","urls":[{"url":"https://equalizersoccer.com/2019/04/10/wusa-womens-united-soccer-association-history-retrospective/","url_text":"\"In failure, WUSA left behind blueprint for distant future\""}]},{"reference":"Felicien, Bria (April 20, 2020). \"A look back at WUSA's Atlanta Beat, 19 years after inaugural match\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/soccer/look-back-wusa-atlanta-beat-years-after-inaugural-match/7kcYMLv6VwU87RhfcK0ixH/","url_text":"\"A look back at WUSA's Atlanta Beat, 19 years after inaugural match\""}]},{"reference":"Klein, Jeff Z. (April 17, 2001). \"Foot Soldiers\". The Village Voice.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2001/04/17/foot-soldiers/","url_text":"\"Foot Soldiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"DELLACAMERA AND UNC'S GEBAUER TO ANNOUNCE FOR TNT AND CNN/SI'S WUSA GAMES\". Go Heels. March 13, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://goheels.com/news/2001/3/13/205478390.aspx","url_text":"\"DELLACAMERA AND UNC'S GEBAUER TO ANNOUNCE FOR TNT AND CNN/SI'S WUSA GAMES\""}]},{"reference":"\"WUSA: TNT and CNNSI to show 22 games\". Soccer America. February 20, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/13138/wusa-tnt-and-cnnsi-to-show-22-games.html","url_text":"\"WUSA: TNT and CNNSI to show 22 games\""}]},{"reference":"Stossel, Scott. \"As American as Women's Soccer?\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/06/as-american-as-women-s-soccer/302250/","url_text":"\"As American as Women's Soccer?\""}]},{"reference":"\"WUSA: TNT and CNNSI to show 22 games\". Soccer America. February 20, 2001. 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Philadelphia Business Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2001/04/09/story8.html","url_text":"\"Women's soccer team ready to Charge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Former Irish Players Making Their Mark In Women's ...\" The University of Notre Dame. August 8, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://und.com/ten-former-irish-players-making-their-mark-in-women-s-united-soccer-association/","url_text":"\"Ten Former Irish Players Making Their Mark In Women's ...\""}]},{"reference":"Trecker, Jamie. \"WMLS? No way, say U.S. women\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/soccer/s/2000/0412/477455.html","url_text":"\"WMLS? No way, say U.S. women\""}]},{"reference":"Wahl, Grant. \"BATTLE OF THE SEXES\". Sports Illustrated.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/2000/05/01/battle-of-the-sexes","url_text":"\"BATTLE OF THE SEXES\""}]},{"reference":"\"WUSA – big success despite small TV audiences\". FIFA. 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ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/news/2002/0825/1422648.html","url_text":"\"WUSA had big drop in attendance\""}]},{"reference":"Umstead, R. Thomas (December 18, 2001). \"Pax TV Nets WUSA Pact\". Multichannel News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.multichannel.com/news/pax-tv-nets-wusa-pact-146951","url_text":"\"Pax TV Nets WUSA Pact\""}]},{"reference":"Longman, Jere (June 3, 2002). \"SOCCER; U.S. Soccer: Sport of 70's, 80's and 90's Still Waits\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/03/sports/soccer-us-soccer-sport-of-70-s-80-s-and-90-s-still-waits.html","url_text":"\"SOCCER; U.S. Soccer: Sport of 70's, 80's and 90's Still Waits\""}]},{"reference":"Longman, Jere (September 16, 2003). \"SOCCER; Women's Soccer League Folds on World Cup's Eve\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/16/sports/soccer-women-s-soccer-league-folds-on-world-cup-s-eve.html","url_text":"\"SOCCER; Women's Soccer League Folds on World Cup's Eve\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Jaime (March 15, 2014). Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport. University of Illinois Press. p. 191. ISBN 9780252095962.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-7kAgAAQBAJ&q=Women%27s+United+Soccer+Association+CNN%2FSI&pg=PA191","url_text":"Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252095962","url_text":"9780252095962"}]},{"reference":"Rosner, Shropshire, Scott, Kenneth (2011). The Business of Sports. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 103. 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Hartford Courant.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2002-04-11-0204111783-story,amp.html","url_text":"\"WUSA: THE SECOND SEASON BEGINS\""}]},{"reference":"Smolkin, Rachel (June 26, 2002). \"Women's soccer league faces endurance test\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-06-26-0206260021-story.html","url_text":"\"Women's soccer league faces endurance test\""}]},{"reference":"Desbordes, Michel (May 23, 2012). Marketing and Football. Routledge. p. 379. 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WUSA Glass a Bit of Both\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOCCER: WUSA second year has higher expectations\". The Associated Press. April 13, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2002/04-13/0035_soccer__wusa_second_year_has_high.html","url_text":"\"SOCCER: WUSA second year has higher expectations\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Allison (December 19, 2001). \"WUSA subs Pax TV for Turner\". Broadcasting+Cable.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/wusa-subs-pax-tv-turner-90696","url_text":"\"WUSA subs Pax TV for Turner\""}]},{"reference":"\"FORMER NOTRE DAME PLAYER MONICA GERARDO SCORES GAMEWINNING GOAL IN WUSA SEMIFINALS\". The University of Notre Dame. August 17, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://und.com/former-notre-dame-player-monica-gerardo-scores-gamewinning-goal-in-wusa-semifinals/","url_text":"\"FORMER NOTRE DAME PLAYER MONICA GERARDO SCORES GAMEWINNING GOAL IN WUSA SEMIFINALS\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV: WUSA moves to PAX\". Soccer America. 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Suspends Operations\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://idrottsforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hellborg121126.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Challenges of Women's Professional Soccer in the US A theoretically and empirically informed discussion\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2001/04/13/wusa-following-the-phenomenal-success-of-the-1999-womens-world-cup-the-first-womens-professional-soccer-league-was-formed-around-the-core-of-the-us-national-team-but-to-succeed-it-will-have-to-be-more-than-mia-vs-brandi/fcbd430e-7faa-45bf-b656-81d8dbaa570b/","external_links_name":"\"WUSA: Following the phenomenal success of the 1999 Women's World Cup, the first women's professional soccer league was formed around the core of the U.S. national team. 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Suspends Operations\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132727456","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003106109","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinbach_Hall	Steinbach Hall	["1 History","2 Architectural significance","3 References"]	Coordinates: 41°18′56″N 72°55′24″W / 41.31546°N 72.92343°W / 41.31546; -72.92343Steinbach HallGeneral informationAddress52 Hillhouse AvenueTown or cityNew Haven, ConnecticutCountryUnited StatesCoordinates41°18′56″N 72°55′24″W / 41.31546°N 72.92343°W / 41.31546; -72.92343Construction started1848Completed1849OwnerYale UniversityDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Henry Austin Steinbach Hall, also known as the John Pitkin Norton House, is a historic building on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. History The house was built in 1848–49 as a private residence for John Pitkin Norton, a science professor at Yale University. It was purchased by Yale University in 1923. It was home to the Yale School of Management until 2015, when the Department of Astronomy moved into the building. Architectural significance The house was designed by architect Henry Austin as an Italian villa. It includes "flat and semicircular arch motifs in window openings, bracketed cornices, and recessed front entry behind arcade with semicircular arches." It was "remodelled" by architect Edward Larrabee Barnes in 1979. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Hillhouse Avenue Historic District since September 13, 1985. References ^ a b Caplan, Colin M. (2007). A Guide to Historic New Haven, Connecticut. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781596292451. OCLC 156784851. ^ a b c d "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Hillhouse Avenue Historic District". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 14, 2017. ^ "Astronomy Department moves to Hillhouse Mansions". Department of Astronomy. Yale University. August 21, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steinbach Hall. vteYale UniversityPeople Namesake: Elihu Yale President: Peter Salovey (predecessors) Provost: Scott Strobel Dean of Yale Law School Faculty Sterling Professors People list Schools Faculty of Arts and Sciences Undergraduate: College Graduate: Graduate Arts and Sciences Professional: Architecture Art Divinity Andover Newton Berkeley Drama Engineering & Applied Science Environment Global Affairs Law Management Medicine Music Nursing Public Health Sacred Music Defunct: Sheffield Scientific School Campus Connecticut Hall Evans Hall Harkness Tower Hewitt Quadrangle Hillhouse Avenue Horchow Hall Memorial Quadrangle Old Campus Rudolph Hall Science Hill Steinbach Hall Sterling Law Building Yale-Myers Forest Residential Benjamin Franklin Berkeley Branford Davenport Timothy Dwight Jonathan Edwards Grace Hopper (formerly Calhoun) Morse Pauli Murray Pierson Saybrook Silliman Ezra Stiles Trumbull Library andmuseums Library Bass Rare Book & Manuscript Medical Law Sterling Memorial Walpole Library Museum of Natural History Art Gallery Center for British Art Collection of Musical Instruments Research Child Study Center Cowles Foundation Haskins Laboratories Human Relations Area Files MacMillan Center Rudd Center Yale Cancer Center Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism Athletics Team: Yale Bulldogs Mascot: Handsome Dan Sports: Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Men's lacrosse Rugby Men's soccer Women's soccer Men's squash Swimming and diving Arenas: Yale Bowl (football) Ingalls Rink (hockey) Yale Golf Course Bush Field (baseball) Reese Stadium (soccer and lacrosse) Payne Whitney Gymnasium Rivalries: Harvard–Yale Regatta Harvard–Yale football rivalry Artistic A cappella The Alley Cats The Spizzwinks The Whiffenpoofs Dramatic Association Precision Marching Band Related Publications: Alumni Magazine Bladderball Daily News The Herald Law Journal Literary Magazine Gruber Foundation Manuscript Society Open Yale Courses The Record Rumpus Magazine Russell Trust Association Skull and Bones Silliman Lectures Sustainable Food Program World Fellows Yale-NUS College Terry Lectures Untitled , 2008 Category Commons Wikinews This article about a building or structure in Connecticut is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"}],"text":"Steinbach Hall, also known as the John Pitkin Norton House, is a historic building on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States.","title":"Steinbach Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Pitkin Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pitkin_Norton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caplan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npsform-2"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yaleastronomy-3"}],"text":"The house was built in 1848–49 as a private residence for John Pitkin Norton, a science professor at Yale University.[1]It was purchased by Yale University in 1923.[2] It was home to the Yale School of Management until 2015, when the Department of Astronomy moved into the building.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Austin_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caplan-1"},{"link_name":"flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_arch"},{"link_name":"semicircular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular_arch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npsform-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Larrabee Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Larrabee_Barnes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npsform-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Hillhouse Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillhouse_Avenue_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npsform-2"}],"text":"The house was designed by architect Henry Austin as an Italian villa.[1] It includes \"flat and semicircular arch motifs in window openings, bracketed cornices, and recessed front entry behind arcade with semicircular arches.\"[2]It was \"remodelled\" by architect Edward Larrabee Barnes in 1979.[2] It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Hillhouse Avenue Historic District since September 13, 1985.[2]","title":"Architectural significance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Caplan, Colin M. (2007). A Guide to Historic New Haven, Connecticut. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781596292451. OCLC 156784851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KNR2CQAAQBAJ&dq=John+Pitkin+Norton+House&pg=PT42","url_text":"A Guide to Historic New Haven, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596292451","url_text":"9781596292451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156784851","url_text":"156784851"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Hillhouse Avenue Historic District\". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-Political_System_of_Samos	Military-Political System of Samos	["1 References","2 External links"]	State in the island of Samos (1821–1834) Military-Political System of SamosΣτρατοπολιτικόν Σύστημα Σάμου1821–1834 Flag of the Samian revolution, with the emblems of the Filiki Etaireia and the initials of the motto "Freedom or Death"StatusRegional government in revolt against the Ottoman Empire, part of the Provisional Greek governmentCapitalVathyCommon languagesGreekReligion Greek OrthodoxGovernmentRepublicGovernor-General • April 1821 – April 1828 Lykourgos Logothetis• April 1828 – February 1829 Ioannis Kolettis• February–October 1829 Dimitrios Christidis• October 1829 – July 1830 Ioannis Kolettis• July 1830 – 1833 Lykourgos Logothetis History • Established May 1821• Administrative incorporation into Greece 1828–1830• Disestablished August 1834 Preceded by Succeeded by Eyalet of the Archipelago Principality of Samos The Military-Political System of Samos (Greek: Στρατοπολιτικόν Σύστημα Σάμου) was a provisional regime that existed in the island of Samos during the Greek War of Independence. Samos rose up against Ottoman rule on 18 April 1821, under the leadership of Konstantinos Lachanas. In May 1821, the Samiot leader Lykourgos Logothetis formalized the provisional administrative regime of the island, with the promulgation of the "Military-Political Organization of the Island of Samos" (Στρατοπολιτικός Διοργανισμός της Νήσου Σάμου). This constitutional document organized both the executive-legislative and military administration of the island. At the apex of the system was a Governor-General (Γενικός Διοικητής), assisted by three Political Judges (Πολιτικοί Κριτές) who were elected by a General Assembly of the island, composed of the elected ephors of each village, and the Secretary of the Administration (Γραμματεύς του Διοικητηρίου). There were also a Police President, Harbour Masters and Customs officials. The island's military was organized into four chiliarchies, with the Governor-General as the commander-in-chief. Logothetis appointed four of his closest aides as the first chiliarchs, who appointed subordinate pentakosiarchs, and they in turn appointed subordinate hekatontarchs, etc. Nevertheless, the Greek provisional government that emerged from the First National Assembly at Epidaurus attempted to abolish the separate Samian institutions with its law on provincial administration 30 April 1822, and impose an appointed governor, Kyriakos Moralis. This led to a short civil war on the island, with the supporters of the local system winning out. With the exception of a short period in 1828–1830, during the governorship of Ioannis Kapodistrias, when Samos was administered as part of the Province of the Eastern Sporades, the island retained its autonomous political system. Due to its proximity to the Anatolian shore and its distance from the main centres of the Greek Revolution on the Greek mainland, Samos was particularly vulnerable to Ottoman attack. With the crucial assistance of the Greek revolutionary fleet, the Samians were successful in repelling three Ottoman attempts at recapturing the island, in July 1821, August–September 1824 and July–August 1826. The island, however, was not incorporated into the independent Kingdom of Greece. Instead, the island resumed its separate government until it was transformed into an autonomous tributary principality in 1834. References ^ a b Επανάσταση του 1821 (1821-1834) (in Greek). Municipality of Samos. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2012. ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ′: Η ελληνική επανάσταση και η ίδρυση του ελληνικού κράτους (1821–1832) (in Greek). Ekdotiki Athinon. 1975. p. 125. ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ′: Η ελληνική επανάσταση και η ίδρυση του ελληνικού κράτους (1821–1832) (in Greek). Ekdotiki Athinon. 1975. pp. 169, 367–370, 429–430. External links ""Military-Political" System of Samos (1821)". Constitutions of the World Online. Retrieved 19 May 2012. Landros, Ch. ΣΤΡΑΤΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ: Το τοπικό πολίτευμα της Σάμου κατά την επανάσταση του 1821 (in Greek). Haravgi newspaper. 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Legion Serbs David Urquhart Olivier Voutier James Jakob Williams Moldavia and Wallachia(Danubian Principalities)Sacred Band Athanasios Agrafiotis Anastasios Christopoulos Diamandi Djuvara Stefanos Kanellos Alexandros Kantakouzinos Georgios Kantakouzinos Rallou Karatza Stamatios Kleanthis Georgios Lassanis Constantine Levidis Dimitrie Macedonski Anastasios Manakis Giorgakis Olympios Yiannis Pharmakis Michael Soutzos Roxani Soutzos Athanasios Tsakalov Tudor Vladimirescu Konstantinos Xenokratis Alexander Ypsilantis Demetrios Ypsilantis Nikolaos Ypsilantis Christoforos Zachariadis Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt Sultan Mahmud II Hurshid Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha Ismael Gibraltar Omer Vrioni Kara Mehmet Mahmud Dramali Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Reşid Mehmed Pasha Yussuf Pasha Ibrahim Pasha Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi Britain, France and Russia George Canning Stratford Canning Edward Codrington Henri de Rigny Lodewijk van Heiden Alexander I of Russia Nicholas I of Russia Financial aid London Philhellenic Committee Ludwig I of Bavaria Jean-Gabriel Eynard Lazaros Kountouriotis Ioannis Papafis Georgios Stavros Ioannis Varvakis Rothschild & Co Morea expeditionMilitary Nicolas Joseph Maison Antoine Simon Durrieu Antoine Virgile Schneider Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély Camille Alphonse Trézel Scientific Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois Pierre Peytier Stamatis Voulgaris Guillaume-Abel Blouet Gabriel Bibron Prosper Baccuet Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval Pierre-Narcisse Guérin Charles Lenormant Edgar Quinet Historians/Memoirists Dimitrios Ainian Fotis Chrysanthopoulos Ioannis Filimon George Finlay Ambrosios Frantzis Lambros Koutsonikas Konstantinos Metaxas Panoutsos Notaras Panagiotis Papatsonis Anastasios Polyzoidis Georgios Tertsetis Spyridon Trikoupis Art Eugène Delacroix Louis Dupré Peter von Hess Victor Hugo François Pouqueville Alexander Pushkin Karl Krazeisen Andreas Kalvos Dionysios Solomos Theodoros Vryzakis Hellas The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Le siège de Corinthe The Massacre at Chios The Free Besieged Hymn to Liberty The Archipelago on Fire Loukis Laras The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos Remembrance 25 March (Independence Day) Hymn to Liberty Eleftheria i thanatos Pedion tou Areos Propylaea (Munich) Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi) Royal Phalanx Evzones (Presidential Guard)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Lachanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Lachanas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lykourgos Logothetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykourgos_Logothetis"},{"link_name":"ephors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephor"},{"link_name":"chiliarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliarch"},{"link_name":"pentakosiarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentakosiarch"},{"link_name":"hekatontarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekatontarch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"First National Assembly at Epidaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Kapodistrias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias"},{"link_name":"Eastern Sporades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sporades"},{"link_name":"Anatolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Greek Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"autonomous tributary principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Samos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munic-1"}],"text":"The Military-Political System of Samos (Greek: Στρατοπολιτικόν Σύστημα Σάμου) was a provisional regime that existed in the island of Samos during the Greek War of Independence.Samos rose up against Ottoman rule on 18 April 1821, under the leadership of Konstantinos Lachanas. In May 1821, the Samiot leader Lykourgos Logothetis formalized the provisional administrative regime of the island, with the promulgation of the \"Military-Political Organization of the Island of Samos\" (Στρατοπολιτικός Διοργανισμός της Νήσου Σάμου). This constitutional document organized both the executive-legislative and military administration of the island. At the apex of the system was a Governor-General (Γενικός Διοικητής), assisted by three Political Judges (Πολιτικοί Κριτές) who were elected by a General Assembly of the island, composed of the elected ephors of each village, and the Secretary of the Administration (Γραμματεύς του Διοικητηρίου). There were also a Police President, Harbour Masters and Customs officials. The island's military was organized into four chiliarchies, with the Governor-General as the commander-in-chief. Logothetis appointed four of his closest aides as the first chiliarchs, who appointed subordinate pentakosiarchs, and they in turn appointed subordinate hekatontarchs, etc.[1][2]Nevertheless, the Greek provisional government that emerged from the First National Assembly at Epidaurus attempted to abolish the separate Samian institutions with its law on provincial administration 30 April 1822, and impose an appointed governor, Kyriakos Moralis. This led to a short civil war on the island, with the supporters of the local system winning out. With the exception of a short period in 1828–1830, during the governorship of Ioannis Kapodistrias, when Samos was administered as part of the Province of the Eastern Sporades, the island retained its autonomous political system.Due to its proximity to the Anatolian shore and its distance from the main centres of the Greek Revolution on the Greek mainland, Samos was particularly vulnerable to Ottoman attack. With the crucial assistance of the Greek revolutionary fleet, the Samians were successful in repelling three Ottoman attempts at recapturing the island, in July 1821, August–September 1824 and July–August 1826.[3] The island, however, was not incorporated into the independent Kingdom of Greece. Instead, the island resumed its separate government until it was transformed into an autonomous tributary principality in 1834.[1]","title":"Military-Political System of Samos"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Επανάσταση του 1821 (1821-1834) (in Greek). Municipality of Samos. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629002110/http://www.vathi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=33","url_text":"Επανάσταση του 1821 (1821-1834)"},{"url":"http://www.vathi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=33","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ′: Η ελληνική επανάσταση και η ίδρυση του ελληνικού κράτους (1821–1832) [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution and the founding of the Greek state (1821–1832)] (in Greek). Ekdotiki Athinon. 1975. p. 125.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΒ′: Η ελληνική επανάσταση και η ίδρυση του ελληνικού κράτους (1821–1832) [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XII: The Greek Revolution and the founding of the Greek state (1821–1832)] (in Greek). Ekdotiki Athinon. 1975. pp. 169, 367–370, 429–430.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"\"Military-Political\" System of Samos (1821)\". Constitutions of the World Online. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://modern-constitutions.de/GR-SA-1821-05-xx-el-e.html","url_text":"\"\"Military-Political\" System of Samos (1821)\""}]},{"reference":"Landros, Ch. ΣΤΡΑΤΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ: Το τοπικό πολίτευμα της Σάμου κατά την επανάσταση του 1821 (in Greek). Haravgi newspaper. Retrieved 19 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://xaravgi-samos.gr/issueitem.php?issue=123&issueitem=4190","url_text":"ΣΤΡΑΤΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ: Το τοπικό πολίτευμα της Σάμου κατά την επανάσταση του 1821"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629002110/http://www.vathi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=33","external_links_name":"Επανάσταση του 1821 (1821-1834)"},{"Link":"http://www.vathi.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=33","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://modern-constitutions.de/GR-SA-1821-05-xx-el-e.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Military-Political\" System of Samos (1821)\""},{"Link":"http://xaravgi-samos.gr/issueitem.php?issue=123&issueitem=4190","external_links_name":"ΣΤΡΑΤΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ: Το τοπικό πολίτευμα της Σάμου κατά την επανάσταση του 1821"}]

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