url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardin_Schellenberger | Bernardin Schellenberger | ["1 Life","2 Publications","2.1 Translator","2.2 Author","2.3 Collaboration","2.4 Hymn","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | German author and translator
Bernardin SchellenbergerBornBernd Schellenberger (1944-02-13) 13 February 1944 (age 80)Ellwangen, GermanyEducationUniversity of SalzburgUniversity of FreiburgOccupationsCatholic priestPriorphilosopherwritertranslatorOrganizationsMariawald Abbey
Bernardin Schellenberger (born 11 February 1944) is a German Catholic theologian, priest and former Trappist. He has worked as a writer and translator, focused on spiritual topics and the monastic tradition.
Life
Bernd Schellenberger was born in Ellwangen, and grew up in Stuttgart. He completed school in 1963 with the Abitur at the Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium . He then became a novice at the Franciscan Kloster Dietfurt , taking the monastic name Bernardin. He studied philosophy at the Hochschule der Bayerischen Franziskaner in Munich from 1964 to 1966, when he moved to Mariawald Abbey, a monastery of Trappists in Heimbach. Two years later, he studied monastic theology at the Abbaye du Mont-des-Cats . He continued theology studies at the University of Salzburg in 1969/70 and at the University of Freiburg from 1969 to 1972, graduating with the Diplom.
Schellenberger was consecrated as a priest in 1972. In 1975, he became prior of Mariawald. He published books and translated from 1978, first translating Henri Nouwen's The Genesee Diary – Report from a Trappist Monastery. He translated more works by Nouwen, Richard Rohr and many other American, French and Irish authors, with topics such as Zen meditation, Jewish mysticism, Church history, dealing with illness, improving health, family affairs, enneagram and social criticism.
In 1981, Schellenberger and two other friars left Mariawald and tried a community in an empty parish house in Donzdorf, but failed. He lived in the Abbey of the Genesee in Genesee County, New York from 1982, returning to Donzdorf in 1983, where he lived as a freelance writer. Beginning in 1988, he has lived and worked at times in Togo, helping Africans. In 1991, he married a woman with two children, for whom he cared. They separated in 1998. He has lived in Bad Tölz from 2006.
Publications
Works by Schellenberger are held by the German National Library, including:
Translator
Gibran, Khalil; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2002). Wenn du liebst, dringst du ans Licht Lebensweisheiten (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2105-6. OCLC 76347431.
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Tanz meiner Seele mystische Texte (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2218-3. OCLC 76472111.
Gibran, Khalil; Macke, August; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Das Lied in meinem Herzen (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2228-2. OCLC 76472107.
Author
Zwischen Rechberg und Staufen. Ottenbach und das Tal der Höfe (in German). Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2002. ISBN 3-87437-465-3. OCLC 51178574.
Gehimmelt und geerdet. Atemlesungen für spirituell Suchende (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2004. ISBN 978-3-429-02590-8. OCLC 76640419.
Schellenberger, Bernardin (2005). Die Stille atmen. Leben als Zisterzienser (in German). Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-7831-2605-1. OCLC 181458300.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Achte auf dein Leben. Mit Benedikt Spiritualität erfahren (in German). Volkach: Verl. der Ideen. 2015. ISBN 978-3-942006-16-3. OCLC 910439824.
Entdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-429-02764-3. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
Ich bin es, der mit dir redet. Die Botschaft des Johannesevangeliums (in German). Freiburg, Br: Herder. 2008. ISBN 978-3-451-32138-2. OCLC 315869013.
So lebten unsere Vorfahren. Die Geschichte von Winzingen und Umgebung (in German). Vol. II. Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2010. pp. 736–1900. ISBN 978-3-87437-549-8. OCLC 688609194.
Schellenberger, Bernardin (2014). Im Glanz des göttlichen Lichts. Orthodoxe Mystik: Geheimnis und Herausforderung (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-532-62465-4. OCLC 879874176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Benedikt von Nursia : Der Werdegang eines spirituellen Meisters - Inspiration für heute (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2015. ISBN 978-3-429-03812-0. OCLC 904546378.
Ein anderes Leben. Was ein Mönch erfährt (in German). Kevelaer. 2015. ISBN 978-3-8367-6011-9. OCLC 975001464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Collaboration
with Max Taucher: Krypten, Ursprung der Hoffnung. Echter, Würzburg 1985
with Ines Baumgarth: Treppen, Stufen des Lebens. Echter, Würzburg 1989
with Michael Albus : Glaubens A und O. Patmos, Düsseldorf 1995
with Albus: Der Zauber des Alltäglichen. Kreuz, Stuttgart 2001
with Albus: Worte aus der Wüste. Kreuz, Stuttgart 2003
with Jürgen Hoeren (eds.): Feiertage einmal anders betrachtet. Gespräche mit Prof. K.-J. Kuschel über den Sinn von Weihnachten, Ostern und Pfingsten. Echter, Würzburg 2004
with D. Weber, Fulbert Steffensky , Andrea Schwarz , Christoph Quarch and Hans-Joachim Höhn : Feuerwerke – Gebete am Himmel: Lebensfragen und Einsichten. (texts of a radio series of Hessischer Rundfunk 2004). Echter, Würzburg 2005
with Wolfgang Buchmüller : Ein Lied, das froh im Herzen jubelt. Texte der spirituellen Erfahrung der frühen Zisterzienser. Be&Be, Heiligenkreuz im Wienerwald 2010
Hymn
Schellenberger wrote the text of the hymn "Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet" (Blessed who is met by Christ on the way), which was included in the 2013 German Catholic hymnal Gotteslob, coupled with a 17th-century melody from Paris.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Bernardin Schellenberger". orden-online.de (in German). 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b c "Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger" (in German). Be&Be Verlag. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b c d e "Bernd Schellenberger". autoren-bw.de (in German). 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ Sommer, Bettina (18 January 2001). "Bernardin Schellenberger" (PDF). Das Rote Sofa (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ "Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger" (in German). German National Library. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ Ehebruster, Florian (March 2018). "Lied des Monats März 2018 / Gl 275 Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet" (PDF). Diocese of St. Pölten (in German). Retrieved 2 May 2022.
Further reading
"Das Ganze statt der Teile". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 20 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
External links
Official website
Tautor, Amelie. "Schellenberger: Kirche muss mystische Traditionen wiederentdecken – 360 Grad evangelisch". Sonntagsblatt (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist"},{"link_name":"monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic"}],"text":"German author and translatorBernardin Schellenberger (born 11 February 1944) is a German Catholic theologian, priest and former Trappist. He has worked as a writer and translator, focused on spiritual topics and the monastic tradition.","title":"Bernardin Schellenberger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Be&Be-2"},{"link_name":"Ellwangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellwangen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoren_BW-3"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium_Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"novice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Kloster Dietfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kloster_Dietfurt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_Dietfurt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Be&Be-2"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Mariawald Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariawald_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Trappists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist"},{"link_name":"Heimbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimbach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Be&Be-2"},{"link_name":"Abbaye du Mont-des-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbaye_du_Mont-des-Cats&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_du_Mont-des-Cats"},{"link_name":"University of Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"University of Freiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Freiburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"Henri Nouwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Nouwen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoren_BW-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Rohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rohr"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Church history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_history"},{"link_name":"enneagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoren_BW-3"},{"link_name":"Donzdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donzdorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"Abbey of the Genesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Genesee"},{"link_name":"Genesee County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoren_BW-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoren_BW-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sommer-4"},{"link_name":"Bad Tölz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_T%C3%B6lz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orden-1"}],"text":"Bernd Schellenberger[1][2] was born in Ellwangen,[3] and grew up in Stuttgart.[1] He completed school in 1963 with the Abitur at the Friedrich-Eugens-Gymnasium [de]. He then became a novice at the Franciscan Kloster Dietfurt [de], taking the monastic name Bernardin.[2] He studied philosophy at the Hochschule der Bayerischen Franziskaner in Munich from 1964 to 1966, when he moved to Mariawald Abbey, a monastery of Trappists in Heimbach.[1][2] Two years later, he studied monastic theology at the Abbaye du Mont-des-Cats [fr]. He continued theology studies at the University of Salzburg in 1969/70 and at the University of Freiburg from 1969 to 1972, graduating with the Diplom.[1]Schellenberger was consecrated as a priest in 1972. In 1975, he became prior of Mariawald.[1] He published books and translated from 1978, first translating Henri Nouwen's The Genesee Diary – Report from a Trappist Monastery.[3] He translated more works by Nouwen, Richard Rohr and many other American, French and Irish authors, with topics such as Zen meditation, Jewish mysticism, Church history, dealing with illness, improving health, family affairs, enneagram and social criticism.[3]In 1981, Schellenberger and two other friars left Mariawald and tried a community in an empty parish house in Donzdorf, but failed.[1] He lived in the Abbey of the Genesee in Genesee County, New York from 1982,[3] returning to Donzdorf in 1983, where he lived as a freelance writer. Beginning in 1988, he has lived and worked at times in Togo, helping Africans.[1][3][4] In 1991, he married a woman with two children, for whom he cared. They separated in 1998. He has lived in Bad Tölz from 2006.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-5"}],"text":"Works by Schellenberger are held by the German National Library, including:[5]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibran, Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Gibran"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7831-2105-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2105-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76347431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76347431"},{"link_name":"Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7831-2218-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2218-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76472111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472111"},{"link_name":"Macke, August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Macke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7831-2228-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2228-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76472107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472107"}],"sub_title":"Translator","text":"Gibran, Khalil; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2002). Wenn du liebst, dringst du ans Licht Lebensweisheiten (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2105-6. OCLC 76347431.\nJalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Tanz meiner Seele mystische Texte (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2218-3. OCLC 76472111.\nGibran, Khalil; Macke, August; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Das Lied in meinem Herzen (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2228-2. OCLC 76472107.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-87437-465-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87437-465-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"51178574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51178574"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-429-02590-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-02590-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76640419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76640419"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7831-2605-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2605-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"181458300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/181458300"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-942006-16-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942006-16-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"910439824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/910439824"},{"link_name":"Entdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4y_YtAEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-429-02764-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-02764-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-451-32138-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-451-32138-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"315869013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/315869013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-87437-549-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87437-549-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"688609194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/688609194"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-532-62465-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-532-62465-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"879874176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/879874176"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-429-03812-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-03812-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"904546378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/904546378"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8367-6011-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8367-6011-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975001464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/975001464"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"sub_title":"Author","text":"Zwischen Rechberg und Staufen. Ottenbach und das Tal der Höfe (in German). Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2002. ISBN 3-87437-465-3. OCLC 51178574.\nGehimmelt und geerdet. Atemlesungen für spirituell Suchende (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2004. ISBN 978-3-429-02590-8. OCLC 76640419.\nSchellenberger, Bernardin (2005). Die Stille atmen. Leben als Zisterzienser (in German). Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-7831-2605-1. OCLC 181458300.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nAchte auf dein Leben. Mit Benedikt Spiritualität erfahren (in German). Volkach: Verl. der Ideen. 2015. ISBN 978-3-942006-16-3. OCLC 910439824.\nEntdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-429-02764-3. Retrieved 24 May 2022.\nIch bin es, der mit dir redet. Die Botschaft des Johannesevangeliums (in German). Freiburg, Br: Herder. 2008. ISBN 978-3-451-32138-2. OCLC 315869013.\nSo lebten unsere Vorfahren. Die Geschichte von Winzingen und Umgebung (in German). Vol. II. Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2010. pp. 736–1900. ISBN 978-3-87437-549-8. OCLC 688609194.\nSchellenberger, Bernardin (2014). Im Glanz des göttlichen Lichts. Orthodoxe Mystik: Geheimnis und Herausforderung (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-532-62465-4. OCLC 879874176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nBenedikt von Nursia : Der Werdegang eines spirituellen Meisters - Inspiration für heute (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2015. ISBN 978-3-429-03812-0. OCLC 904546378.\nEin anderes Leben. Was ein Mönch erfährt (in German). Kevelaer. 2015. ISBN 978-3-8367-6011-9. OCLC 975001464.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Albus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Albus"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Hoeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Hoeren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Hoeren"},{"link_name":"Fulbert Steffensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulbert_Steffensky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbert_Steffensky"},{"link_name":"Andrea Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Schwarz_(Autorin)"},{"link_name":"Christoph Quarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Quarch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Quarch"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Höhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_H%C3%B6hn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_H%C3%B6hn"},{"link_name":"Hessischer Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Buchmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Buchm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Buchm%C3%BCller"}],"sub_title":"Collaboration","text":"with Max Taucher: Krypten, Ursprung der Hoffnung. Echter, Würzburg 1985\nwith Ines Baumgarth: Treppen, Stufen des Lebens. Echter, Würzburg 1989\nwith Michael Albus [de]: Glaubens A und O. Patmos, Düsseldorf 1995\nwith Albus: Der Zauber des Alltäglichen. Kreuz, Stuttgart 2001\nwith Albus: Worte aus der Wüste. Kreuz, Stuttgart 2003\nwith Jürgen Hoeren [de] (eds.): Feiertage einmal anders betrachtet. Gespräche mit Prof. K.-J. Kuschel über den Sinn von Weihnachten, Ostern und Pfingsten. Echter, Würzburg 2004\nwith D. Weber, Fulbert Steffensky [de], Andrea Schwarz [de], Christoph Quarch [de] and Hans-Joachim Höhn [de]: Feuerwerke – Gebete am Himmel: Lebensfragen und Einsichten. (texts of a radio series of Hessischer Rundfunk 2004). Echter, Würzburg 2005\nwith Wolfgang Buchmüller [de]: Ein Lied, das froh im Herzen jubelt. Texte der spirituellen Erfahrung der frühen Zisterzienser. Be&Be, Heiligenkreuz im Wienerwald 2010","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selig,_wem_Christus_auf_dem_Weg_begegnet"},{"link_name":"Gotteslob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotteslob"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ehebruster-6"}],"sub_title":"Hymn","text":"Schellenberger wrote the text of the hymn \"Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet\" (Blessed who is met by Christ on the way), which was included in the 2013 German Catholic hymnal Gotteslob, coupled with a 17th-century melody from Paris.[6]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Das Ganze statt der Teile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutschlandfunk.de/das-ganze-statt-der-teile-104.html"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk"}],"text":"\"Das Ganze statt der Teile\". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 20 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gibran, Khalil; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2002). Wenn du liebst, dringst du ans Licht Lebensweisheiten (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2105-6. OCLC 76347431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Gibran","url_text":"Gibran, Khalil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2105-6","url_text":"978-3-7831-2105-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76347431","url_text":"76347431"}]},{"reference":"Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Tanz meiner Seele mystische Texte (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2218-3. OCLC 76472111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi","url_text":"Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2218-3","url_text":"978-3-7831-2218-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472111","url_text":"76472111"}]},{"reference":"Gibran, Khalil; Macke, August; Schellenberger, Bernardin (2003). Das Lied in meinem Herzen (in German). Stuttgart: Kreuz. ISBN 978-3-7831-2228-2. OCLC 76472107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Macke","url_text":"Macke, August"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2228-2","url_text":"978-3-7831-2228-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472107","url_text":"76472107"}]},{"reference":"Zwischen Rechberg und Staufen. Ottenbach und das Tal der Höfe (in German). Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2002. ISBN 3-87437-465-3. OCLC 51178574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87437-465-3","url_text":"3-87437-465-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51178574","url_text":"51178574"}]},{"reference":"Gehimmelt und geerdet. Atemlesungen für spirituell Suchende (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2004. ISBN 978-3-429-02590-8. OCLC 76640419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-02590-8","url_text":"978-3-429-02590-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76640419","url_text":"76640419"}]},{"reference":"Schellenberger, Bernardin (2005). Die Stille atmen. Leben als Zisterzienser (in German). Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-7831-2605-1. OCLC 181458300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7831-2605-1","url_text":"978-3-7831-2605-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181458300","url_text":"181458300"}]},{"reference":"Achte auf dein Leben. Mit Benedikt Spiritualität erfahren (in German). Volkach: Verl. der Ideen. 2015. ISBN 978-3-942006-16-3. OCLC 910439824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-942006-16-3","url_text":"978-3-942006-16-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910439824","url_text":"910439824"}]},{"reference":"Entdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-429-02764-3. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4y_YtAEACAAJ","url_text":"Entdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-02764-3","url_text":"978-3-429-02764-3"}]},{"reference":"Ich bin es, der mit dir redet. Die Botschaft des Johannesevangeliums (in German). Freiburg, Br: Herder. 2008. ISBN 978-3-451-32138-2. OCLC 315869013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-451-32138-2","url_text":"978-3-451-32138-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315869013","url_text":"315869013"}]},{"reference":"So lebten unsere Vorfahren. Die Geschichte von Winzingen und Umgebung (in German). Vol. II. Weissenhorn: Konrad. 2010. pp. 736–1900. ISBN 978-3-87437-549-8. OCLC 688609194.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87437-549-8","url_text":"978-3-87437-549-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/688609194","url_text":"688609194"}]},{"reference":"Schellenberger, Bernardin (2014). Im Glanz des göttlichen Lichts. Orthodoxe Mystik: Geheimnis und Herausforderung (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-532-62465-4. OCLC 879874176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-532-62465-4","url_text":"978-3-532-62465-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879874176","url_text":"879874176"}]},{"reference":"Benedikt von Nursia : Der Werdegang eines spirituellen Meisters - Inspiration für heute (in German). Würzburg: Echter. 2015. ISBN 978-3-429-03812-0. OCLC 904546378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-429-03812-0","url_text":"978-3-429-03812-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904546378","url_text":"904546378"}]},{"reference":"Ein anderes Leben. Was ein Mönch erfährt (in German). Kevelaer. 2015. ISBN 978-3-8367-6011-9. OCLC 975001464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8367-6011-9","url_text":"978-3-8367-6011-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975001464","url_text":"975001464"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernardin Schellenberger\". orden-online.de (in German). 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orden-online.de/wissen/s/schellenberger-bernardin/","url_text":"\"Bernardin Schellenberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\" (in German). Be&Be Verlag. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bebeverlag.at/autoren/bernardin-schellenberger/","url_text":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bernd Schellenberger\". autoren-bw.de (in German). 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoren-bw.de/autor/734/bernd-schellenberger/","url_text":"\"Bernd Schellenberger\""}]},{"reference":"Sommer, Bettina (18 January 2001). \"Bernardin Schellenberger\" (PDF). Das Rote Sofa (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://marlisprinzing.de/alteseite/pdf-dateien/schellenberger_bernardin_2001.pdf","url_text":"\"Bernardin Schellenberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\" (in German). German National Library. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?reset=true&cqlMode=true&query=auRef%3D122887859&selectedCategory=any","url_text":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\""}]},{"reference":"Ehebruster, Florian (March 2018). \"Lied des Monats März 2018 / Gl 275 Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet\" (PDF). Diocese of St. Pölten (in German). Retrieved 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gotteslob.dsp.at/sites/www.dsp.at/files/u195/032018.pdf","url_text":"\"Lied des Monats März 2018 / Gl 275 Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_St._P%C3%B6lten","url_text":"Diocese of St. Pölten"}]},{"reference":"\"Das Ganze statt der Teile\". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 20 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/das-ganze-statt-der-teile-104.html","url_text":"\"Das Ganze statt der Teile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk","url_text":"Deutschlandfunk"}]},{"reference":"Tautor, Amelie. \"Schellenberger: Kirche muss mystische Traditionen wiederentdecken – 360 Grad evangelisch\". Sonntagsblatt (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/spiritualitaet-mystik/schellenberger-kirche-muss-mystische-traditionen-wiederentdecken","url_text":"\"Schellenberger: Kirche muss mystische Traditionen wiederentdecken – 360 Grad evangelisch\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76347431","external_links_name":"76347431"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472111","external_links_name":"76472111"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76472107","external_links_name":"76472107"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51178574","external_links_name":"51178574"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76640419","external_links_name":"76640419"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181458300","external_links_name":"181458300"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910439824","external_links_name":"910439824"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4y_YtAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Entdecke, dass du glücklich bist. Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315869013","external_links_name":"315869013"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/688609194","external_links_name":"688609194"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879874176","external_links_name":"879874176"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904546378","external_links_name":"904546378"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975001464","external_links_name":"975001464"},{"Link":"http://www.orden-online.de/wissen/s/schellenberger-bernardin/","external_links_name":"\"Bernardin Schellenberger\""},{"Link":"http://www.bebeverlag.at/autoren/bernardin-schellenberger/","external_links_name":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoren-bw.de/autor/734/bernd-schellenberger/","external_links_name":"\"Bernd Schellenberger\""},{"Link":"http://marlisprinzing.de/alteseite/pdf-dateien/schellenberger_bernardin_2001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bernardin Schellenberger\""},{"Link":"https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?reset=true&cqlMode=true&query=auRef%3D122887859&selectedCategory=any","external_links_name":"\"Bücher von Bernardin Schellenberger\""},{"Link":"https://gotteslob.dsp.at/sites/www.dsp.at/files/u195/032018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lied des Monats März 2018 / Gl 275 Selig, wem Christus auf dem Weg begegnet\""},{"Link":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/das-ganze-statt-der-teile-104.html","external_links_name":"\"Das Ganze statt der Teile\""},{"Link":"http://www.bernardin-schellenberger.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/spiritualitaet-mystik/schellenberger-kirche-muss-mystische-traditionen-wiederentdecken","external_links_name":"\"Schellenberger: Kirche muss mystische Traditionen wiederentdecken – 360 Grad evangelisch\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/72359/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000117007477","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/118477880","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkCXQcq3PhtFKvqch7CQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3028580","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12662692b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12662692b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122887859","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14092292","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81051232","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu2011629861&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068770499","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810666164005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14569700?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122887859.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/076075079","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_Container | Dart Container | ["1 Company history","2 Operations","3 Solo Cup Company","4 Controversies","5 References","6 External links"] | World's largest manufacturer of foam cups and containers
This article is about the container manufacturer. For the shipping company, see Dart Container Line.
Dart Container CorporationCompany typePrivateIndustrySingle-use food service packagingFounded1960FounderWilliam A. DartHeadquartersMason, MichiganNumber of locations45 production, distribution, and office facilitiesKey peopleRobert C. Dart, CEOProducts
Foam food service products
Plastic cups & containers
Paper cups
Revenue $3 Billion (2019)Number of employees15,000Websitedartcontainer.com
Dart Container Corporation of Mason, Michigan, United States, is the world's largest manufacturer of foam cups and containers, producing about as many as all competitors combined. Dart Container is privately held by the Dart family.
In May 2012, Dart acquired Illinois-based Solo Cup Company and now has approximately 15,000 employees and more than 45 production, distribution center, and office locations in eight countries.
Company history
Dart Manufacturing Company was founded in 1937 by William F. Dart as a machine shop, manufacturing key rings, steel tape measures, and dog tags for the Department of Defense. When his son, William A. Dart, came out of the University of Michigan with three degrees (metallurgy, mathematics, and engineering), he worked for DuPont briefly, then joined the family business in the late 1950s. He experimented with and perfected an expandable polystyrene (EPS) molding process, and shipped their first insulated foam cups in April 1960. Dart Container Corporation was incorporated in 1960. On September 17, 2019, Dart had partnered with Keep America Beautiful.
Operations
Dart Container Corporation is vertically integrated, which, according to the company, makes it "virtually self-sufficient".
In 2006, Family Business ranked Dart Container 37th in its listing of family companies, with an estimated $1.1 billion in sales, and 4,950 employees.
Solo Cup Company
Dart Container purchased Solo Cup Company in May 2012 in a deal valued at approximately $1 billion. The iconic Solo red cup was slated to remain under the Solo name.
Controversies
The company is owned by brothers Kenneth B. Dart and Robert C. Dart, who renounced their U.S. citizenship in 1994. Kenneth Dart then established a relationship with the nation of Belize, which promptly sought U.S. permission to open a consulate in Sarasota with Dart as its consul. The request was rejected by the State Department, and the brothers eventually moved to the Cayman Islands. They have several business concerns on the islands, including Dart Enterprises which is a holding company involved in several projects, including the Camana Bay town development.
In 2001, the US Internal Revenue Service said the Dart brothers improperly billed $11.6 million of personal security costs to Dart Container. In U.S. Tax Court, Dart Container argued the money was a valid business expense due to "specific threats and other facts and circumstances". Half the money went for corporate aircraft. The IRS asked for $4 million more for 1996 and 1997 taxes. In 2003, the Internal Revenue Service took the brothers to court, saying they owed an additional $19 million in 1998 and 1999 taxes. In 2002, the Dart brothers and their companies paid $26 million in back taxes.
In May 2013, fifty agents of the Argentine tax authority raided the local Dart Container subsidiary Dart Sudamericana SRL on alleged tax evasion charges. The tax authority claimed that the firm imported polystrene beads at inflated prices, thus avoiding taxable gains through the unfair transfer pricing scheme.
References
^ "Foam coffee cups are in trouble as cities and states ban them across the country. But a Michigan company with a factory in Chicago isn't ready to give up". Chicago Tribune. 10 February 2020.
^ Company website
^ Hoovers factsheet
^ "Archived copy" (PDF) (Press release). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-14.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c "Lansing Business Monthly". Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ "Dart Container family, Detroit Free Press, June 29, 1992 p. 11F". newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. June 29, 1992. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "Incorporated 1960 by W. A. Dart". Archived from the original on 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
^ Beautiful, Keep America (2019-09-17). "Dart Container Corporation Partners with Keep America Beautiful on National Plogging Initiatives". Globe Newswire. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
^ Top Family Businesses Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Dart Solo Acquisition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
^ Solo Cup Dart Container Purchase
^ a b c "Forbes Informer". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
^ "The US Cracks Down on Rich Tax Evaders". Los Angeles Times. 15 June 2008.
^ "The Informer". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05.
^ Dart Enterprises
^ Camana Bay - The Team
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dart Container.
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dart Container Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_Container_Line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoovers-3"},{"link_name":"Solo Cup Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Cup_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dart_Press_Release-4"}],"text":"This article is about the container manufacturer. For the shipping company, see Dart Container Line.Dart Container Corporation[2] of Mason, Michigan, United States, is the world's largest manufacturer of foam cups and containers, producing about as many as all competitors combined.[3] Dart Container is privately held by the Dart family.In May 2012, Dart acquired Illinois-based Solo Cup Company and now has approximately 15,000 employees and more than 45 production, distribution center, and office locations in eight countries.[4]","title":"Dart Container"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lans-5"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lans-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Keep America Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dart Manufacturing Company was founded in 1937 by William F. Dart as a machine shop, manufacturing key rings, steel tape measures, and dog tags for the Department of Defense.[5] When his son, William A. Dart, came out of the University of Michigan with three degrees (metallurgy, mathematics, and engineering), he worked for DuPont briefly, then joined the family business in the late 1950s.[6] He experimented with and perfected an expandable polystyrene (EPS) molding process, and shipped their first insulated foam cups in April 1960.[5] Dart Container Corporation was incorporated in 1960.[7] On September 17, 2019, Dart had partnered with Keep America Beautiful.[8]","title":"Company history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertically integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertically_integrated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lans-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Dart Container Corporation is vertically integrated, which, according to the company, makes it \"virtually self-sufficient\".[5]In 2006, Family Business ranked Dart Container 37th in its listing of family companies, with an estimated $1.1 billion in sales, and 4,950 employees.[9]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solo Cup Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Cup_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Dart Container purchased Solo Cup Company in May 2012 in a deal valued at approximately $1 billion.[10] The iconic Solo red cup was slated to remain under the Solo name.[11]","title":"Solo Cup Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._citizenship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes1-12"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-13"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dartent-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camanabay-16"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"U.S. Tax Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Tax_Court"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes1-12"},{"link_name":"back taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_taxes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes1-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The company is owned by brothers Kenneth B. Dart and Robert C. Dart, who renounced their U.S. citizenship in 1994.[12] Kenneth Dart then established a relationship with the nation of Belize, which promptly sought U.S. permission to open a consulate in Sarasota with Dart as its consul.[13] The request was rejected by the State Department, and the brothers eventually moved to the Cayman Islands.[14] They have several business concerns on the islands, including Dart Enterprises which is a holding company involved in several projects,[15] including the Camana Bay town development.[16]In 2001, the US Internal Revenue Service said the Dart brothers improperly billed $11.6 million of personal security costs to Dart Container. In U.S. Tax Court, Dart Container argued the money was a valid business expense due to \"specific threats and other facts and circumstances\". Half the money went for corporate aircraft. The IRS asked for $4 million more for 1996 and 1997 taxes. In 2003, the Internal Revenue Service took the brothers to court, saying they owed an additional $19 million in 1998 and 1999 taxes.[12] In 2002, the Dart brothers and their companies paid $26 million in back taxes.[12]In May 2013, fifty agents of the Argentine tax authority raided the local Dart Container subsidiary Dart Sudamericana SRL on alleged tax evasion charges. The tax authority claimed that the firm imported polystrene beads at inflated prices, thus avoiding taxable gains through the unfair transfer pricing scheme.[citation needed]","title":"Controversies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Foam coffee cups are in trouble as cities and states ban them across the country. But a Michigan company with a factory in Chicago isn't ready to give up\". Chicago Tribune. 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-nw-nyt-dart-foam-containers-20200210-6yn7lfmwkfbbbegppw7te6tyjy-story.html","url_text":"\"Foam coffee cups are in trouble as cities and states ban them across the country. But a Michigan company with a factory in Chicago isn't ready to give up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF) (Press release). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020040447/http://solocup.com/images/news-media-center/2012_Press_Releases/11-28-12%20mbdp%20incentive%20dart%20container%20press%20release%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.solocup.com/images/news-media-center/2012_Press_Releases/11-28-12%20mbdp%20incentive%20dart%20container%20press%20release%20final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lansing Business Monthly\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2012-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130127080026/http://www.lansingbusinessmonthly.com/articles/165-2005-april/2055-dart-delivers-with-innovation.html","url_text":"\"Lansing Business Monthly\""},{"url":"http://www.lansingbusinessmonthly.com/articles/165-2005-april/2055-dart-delivers-with-innovation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dart Container family, Detroit Free Press, June 29, 1992 p. 11F\". newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. June 29, 1992. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-dart-container-family/17379017/","url_text":"\"Dart Container family, Detroit Free Press, June 29, 1992 p. 11F\""}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated 1960 by W. A. Dart\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2006-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060906222527/http://decades.com/ByDecade/1960-1969/2.htm","url_text":"\"Incorporated 1960 by W. A. Dart\""},{"url":"http://www.decades.com/ByDecade/1960-1969/2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beautiful, Keep America (2019-09-17). \"Dart Container Corporation Partners with Keep America Beautiful on National Plogging Initiatives\". Globe Newswire. Retrieved 2022-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2019/09/17/1916779/0/en/Dart-Container-Corporation-Partners-with-Keep-America-Beautiful-on-National-Plogging-Initiatives.html","url_text":"\"Dart Container Corporation Partners with Keep America Beautiful on National Plogging Initiatives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dart Solo Acquisition\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016083858/http://dart.biz/web/products.nsf/files/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf/$FILE/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf","url_text":"\"Dart Solo Acquisition\""},{"url":"http://www.dart.biz/web/products.nsf/files/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf/$FILE/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Informer\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2017-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507131814/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0721/052_print.html","url_text":"\"Forbes Informer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0721/052_print.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The US Cracks Down on Rich Tax Evaders\". Los Angeles Times. 15 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/15/business/fi-perfin15","url_text":"\"The US Cracks Down on Rich Tax Evaders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Informer\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1029/028.html","url_text":"\"The Informer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194805/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1029/028.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://dartcontainer.com/","external_links_name":"dartcontainer.com"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-nw-nyt-dart-foam-containers-20200210-6yn7lfmwkfbbbegppw7te6tyjy-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Foam coffee cups are in trouble as cities and states ban them across the country. But a Michigan company with a factory in Chicago isn't ready to give up\""},{"Link":"http://www.dartcontainer.com/","external_links_name":"Company website"},{"Link":"http://www.hoovers.com/dart-container-corporation/--ID__40808--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml","external_links_name":"Hoovers factsheet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020040447/http://solocup.com/images/news-media-center/2012_Press_Releases/11-28-12%20mbdp%20incentive%20dart%20container%20press%20release%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.solocup.com/images/news-media-center/2012_Press_Releases/11-28-12%20mbdp%20incentive%20dart%20container%20press%20release%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130127080026/http://www.lansingbusinessmonthly.com/articles/165-2005-april/2055-dart-delivers-with-innovation.html","external_links_name":"\"Lansing Business Monthly\""},{"Link":"http://www.lansingbusinessmonthly.com/articles/165-2005-april/2055-dart-delivers-with-innovation.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-dart-container-family/17379017/","external_links_name":"\"Dart Container family, Detroit Free Press, June 29, 1992 p. 11F\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060906222527/http://decades.com/ByDecade/1960-1969/2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Incorporated 1960 by W. A. Dart\""},{"Link":"http://www.decades.com/ByDecade/1960-1969/2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2019/09/17/1916779/0/en/Dart-Container-Corporation-Partners-with-Keep-America-Beautiful-on-National-Plogging-Initiatives.html","external_links_name":"\"Dart Container Corporation Partners with Keep America Beautiful on National Plogging Initiatives\""},{"Link":"http://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/top150.html","external_links_name":"Top Family Businesses"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060823015056/http://www.familybusinessmagazine.com/top150.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016083858/http://dart.biz/web/products.nsf/files/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf/$FILE/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dart Solo Acquisition\""},{"Link":"http://www.dart.biz/web/products.nsf/files/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf/$FILE/Dart-Solo-Acquisition05042012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/story/2012-03-22/solo-cup-dart-container-purchase/53704060/1","external_links_name":"Solo Cup Dart Container Purchase"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507131814/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0721/052_print.html","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Informer\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2003/0721/052_print.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/15/business/fi-perfin15","external_links_name":"\"The US Cracks Down on Rich Tax Evaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1029/028.html","external_links_name":"\"The Informer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194805/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1029/028.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dartenterprises.biz/","external_links_name":"Dart Enterprises"},{"Link":"http://www.camanabay.com/about-us/the-team/","external_links_name":"Camana Bay - The Team"},{"Link":"https://www.dartcontainer.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kono_Tensei | Tensei Kono | ["1 Life","2 Writing career","3 Awards","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"] | Japanese writer
Tensei Kono (河野 典生, Kōno Tensei, January 27, 1935 – January 29, 2012) was a prominent Japanese mystery and science fiction writer who won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award and was a two-time finalist for the Naoki Prize. His short fiction including his often-reprinted story "Triceratops" has been translated into English in anthologies such as Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy, The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories and The World Treasury of Science Fiction. In total, he published more than 30 novels and short story collections.
Life
Kono was born in Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture and studied French literature at Keio University. While at the university he began writing poems, plays, and fantasy novels, publishing his play The Fallen Hawk in the school's literary magazine.
He died at the age of 77 on January 29, 2012 due to aspiration pneumonia.
Writing career
In 1958, Kono dropped out of Keio University and began working in television. The following year he submitted Going My Way to a call for original novels for the Nippon Television program Night Prism, where his work received an honorable mention. He also began publishing hard-boiled mystery stories in publications such as the Japanese edition of Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. In 1960 he published the collection of short stories Young Men Die in the Sun and the following year the collection On the Asphalt. In 1964 he won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜 A Livestock Named Murderous). As a result of his success in mystery writing he was named one of the "three hard-boiled crows" alongside fellow authors Takashi Takajo and Haruhiko Ōyabu, all of whom were born in 1935.
Kono's 1969 mystery novel Others' Castle was a finalist for the prestigious Naoki Prize, as was his 1974 book Group of Painting Knives.
In addition to writing mysteries, Kono also began writing science fiction and fantasy stories after meeting Masami Fukushima, the editor of SF Magazine. He became a prominent science fiction writer known for stories that mixed mysterious imagery from both nature and civilization. Among such works are his two collections of "city naturalist" short stories set in a surrealistic suburban landscape.
Kono's 1974 city naturalist story "Triceratops" ("トリケラトプス") is his work most frequently translated into English. The story was first published in English in the August 1982 issue of OMNI. The story is about a "normal, middle-class Japanese father and son who live in a subdivision normal in every way but one: the fabric of time is torn just enough to allow them to see dinosaurs in the streets." The story has since been reprinted in The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories, The Fifth Omni Book of Science Fiction, and The World Treasury of Science Fiction.
His story "Hikari," originally published in 1976 in Shukan Shosetsu, was translated and printed in the 2007 anthology Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy. The story focuses on a narrator riding a train at night who seeing a distant city of shining light and then learns about the people who live there. In a review in Strange Horizons, "Hikari" was described by Niall Harrison as "an odd but haunting story, deeply sceptical of transcendence."
Kono's city naturalist series has been described as "delicately evocative" and "among the best of any Japanese SF writer," with the stories in the series compared to the works of Ray Bradbury. Kono's writings have also been compared to both Jorge Luis Borges and the early works of J. G. Ballard.
Awards
1959 Honorable Mention, Nippon Television's "Prism of the Night" Original Story Award for "Going My Way"
1964 Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜, A Livestock Named Murderous)
1969 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Others' Castle
1974 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Group of Painting Knives
1975 Kadokawa Award for the novel Tomorrow the Birds Take Wing
Works
Young People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Arachi Publishing, 1960) - This collection contains different short stories from the Kadokawa Bunko version published in 1973.
On the Asphalt (アスファルトの上, Kofusha, 1961)
Under the Black Sun (黒い陽の下で, Naniwa Shobo, 1961) – Story for the film Black Sun (1964)
Murder Crowd (殺人群集, Kofusha 1961, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
The Shape of Hatred (憎悪のかたち, Shichiyosha, 1962)
Gunjo (群青, Hayakawa Shobo 1963, later Kadokawa Bunko)
The Samurai (ザ・サムライ, Togensha, 1963)
A Livestock Named Murderous Intent (殺意という名の家畜, Jewelssha, 1963, later published by Kadokawa Bunko and Futaba Bunko )
Three Stray Dogs (三匹の野良犬, Geibunsha, 1964)
Cruel Blues (残酷なブルース, Geibunsha, 1964)
Glass City (ガラスの街, Sanichi Shobo 1969)
Others’ Castles (他人の城, Sanichi Shobo, 1969, later Kodansha Bunko )
Green Era (緑の時代, Hayakawa Publishing, 1972, later Kadokawa Bunko, Hayakawa Bunko )
Young People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973) - This collection contains different short stories from the Arachi Publishing version published in 1960.
Crazy Duet Jazz Novels (狂熱のデュエット ジャズ小説集, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973)
Painting Knife Group (ペインティング・ナイフの群像, Shinchosha, 1974)
Town Natural History (街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1974, later published in paperback)
Someday, the days will be glaring (いつか、ギラギラする日々, Bungeishunjū 1974, later published by Shueisha Bunko)
Elegy in the Sun (陽だまりの挽歌, Kadokawa Shoten, 1974)
Midday Improvisation (真昼のアドリブ, Novel and Essay, Ushio Publishing, 1975)
Tomorrow the Birds Will Fly (明日こそ鳥は羽ばたく, Kadokawa Shoten, 1975, later Shueisha Bunko)
Songs of My Earth: Indian Tetralogy (わが大地のうた インド四部作, Tokuma Shoten, 1975)
Rogue Encyclopedia (悪漢図鑑, Kofusha Shoten 1976, later Shueisha Bunko)
The detective is now on the iron plate (探偵はいま鉄板の上, Shodensha, 1976, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
Jazz Book (ジャズの本, Seijisha, 1977)
Farewell, My Dark Days (さらば、わが暗黒の日々, Futaba Shinsho, 1977, later Shueisha Bunko)
Camouflage Forest (迷彩の森, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha 1977, later Kodansha Bunko)
The Hawk or King Kandool: A collection of early poetic works by Norio Kono (鷹またはカンドオル王 河野典生初期詩的作品集, Midnight Series, 1978)
The Mysterious Birds of Denpasar (デンパサールの怪鳥, Kaigai Publishing Department, 1978, later Shueisha Bunko)
Natural history of the city continued (続・街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1979)
Impromptu Travel to India: Kono Yamashita Live in India co-authored by Yōsuke Yamashita (インド即興旅行 ヤマシタ・コーノ・ライブ・イン・インディア, Tokuma Shoten, 1979, later published by Tokuma Bunko)
Kathmandu Yeti House (カトマンズ・イエティ・ハウス, Kodansha, 1980)
Town Guide: Voices and Their Journeys (町の案内図 声、そして彼らの旅, Tokuma Shoten, 1980)
Lucy Floats in the Sky with Explosives (ルーシーは爆薬持って空に浮かぶ, Shueisha, 1981)
Agatha Christie Murder Case (アガサ・クリスティ殺人事件, Shodensha, 1983)
That Was Bloody Saturday (あれは血の土曜日, Keibunsha Bunko, 1985)
Genmu/Obesity Madness (幻夢・肥満狂死曲, Shodensha, 1985)
The Counterattack of the Phantom Maoranni (怪人・毛酔翁（マオランニー）の逆襲, Shodensha, 1986)
The Hawk of Alta (アルタの鷹, Tainki Shobo, 1989)
Entertainment World Contemporary Studies: From Seiko Matsuda and Beat Takeshi to Mami Yamase and George Tokoro Living in Images (芸能界考現学 イメージの中を生きる 松田聖子、ビートたけしから、山瀬まみ、所ジョージへ, Tainki Shobo, 1990)
Flying Clan (翔ぶ一族, Adrenalize 2018) *E-book original
August is a cruel month: Showa Mystery Renaissance edited by Yuzuru Yamamae (八月は残酷な月 昭和ミステリールネサンス, Kobunsha Bunko, 2019)
Castles of Others/Forms of Hatred: Japanese Hard-Boiled Complete Works 3 edited by Jiro Kitakami, Sanzo Kusaka, and Matsuko Sugie (他人の城／憎悪のかたち 日本ハードボイルド全集3, Sogen Mystery Bunko, 2022)
References
^ Brown, Charles N.; Contento, William G. (1987-01-01). Science fiction, fantasy & horror. Locus Press. ISBN 978-0-9616629-4-3. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
^ Out of This World: Speculative Fiction in Translation from the Cold War to the New Millennium edited by Rachel S. Cordasco, University of Illinois Press, 2021, page 140.
^ a b c d "OMNIbus," OMNI, August 1982, page 8.
^ a b c d e "Kono Tensei," All of Naoki Prize 35, World of Literary Prizes, 4/28/2016, accessed 9/16/2023.
^ "Afterword," Young People Die in the Sunlight by Tensei Kono, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973.
^ Midday Improvisation by Tensei Kono, Ushio Publishing, 1975, page 178.
^ a b c The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories edited by John L. Apostolou and Martin H. Greenberg, Dembner Books, 1989, page 16.
^ "Japanese Science Fiction in English Translation" by John L. Apostolou, Extrapolation, volume 25, number 1, spring 1984, page 84.
^ a b c "Kono, Tensei," Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction edited by Neil Barron, R. R. Bowker Company, 1987, page 492.
^ Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review Annual 1988 edited by Robert A. Collins and Robert Latham, Meckler Corporation, 1988, page 147.
^ The Fifth Omni Book of Science Fiction edited by Ellen Datlow, Zebra Books, Kennsington Publishing, 1987, page 85.
^ "Review: Speculative Japan, edited by Gene van Troyer and Grania Davis" by Niall Harrison, Strange Horizons, August 18, 2008.
^ The World Treasury of Science Fiction edited by David G. Hartwell, Little Brown and Company, 1989, page 92.
^ "Black Sun (1964) - IMDb". IMDb.
External links
Tensei Kono at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Japan
Australia
Academics
CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of Japan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_Japan_Award"},{"link_name":"Naoki Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownContento1987-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMNI-3"}],"text":"Tensei Kono (河野 典生, Kōno Tensei, January 27, 1935 – January 29, 2012) was a prominent Japanese mystery and science fiction writer who won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award and was a two-time finalist for the Naoki Prize. His short fiction including his often-reprinted story \"Triceratops\" has been translated into English in anthologies such as Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy, The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories and The World Treasury of Science Fiction.[1][2] In total, he published more than 30 novels and short story collections.[3]","title":"Tensei Kono"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi,_K%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Kōchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"French literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"Keio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naoki-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naoki-4"}],"text":"Kono was born in Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture and studied French literature at Keio University.[4] While at the university he began writing poems, plays, and fantasy novels, publishing his play The Fallen Hawk in the school's literary magazine.[5][6]He died at the age of 77 on January 29, 2012 due to aspiration pneumonia.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard-boiled mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardboiled"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock%27s_Mystery_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of Japan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_Japan_Award"},{"link_name":"Naoki Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naoki-4"},{"link_name":"Masami Fukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masami_Fukushima"},{"link_name":"SF Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Extrapolation-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMNI-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonder-9"},{"link_name":"OMNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMNI-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The World Treasury of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Treasury_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonder-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Strange Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Horizons"},{"link_name":"Niall Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonder-9"},{"link_name":"Jorge Luis Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"},{"link_name":"J. G. Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Ballard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1958, Kono dropped out of Keio University and began working in television. The following year he submitted Going My Way to a call for original novels for the Nippon Television program Night Prism, where his work received an honorable mention. He also began publishing hard-boiled mystery stories in publications such as the Japanese edition of Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. In 1960 he published the collection of short stories Young Men Die in the Sun and the following year the collection On the Asphalt. In 1964 he won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜 A Livestock Named Murderous). As a result of his success in mystery writing he was named one of the \"three hard-boiled crows\" alongside fellow authors Takashi Takajo and Haruhiko Ōyabu, all of whom were born in 1935.Kono's 1969 mystery novel Others' Castle was a finalist for the prestigious Naoki Prize, as was his 1974 book Group of Painting Knives.[4]In addition to writing mysteries, Kono also began writing science fiction and fantasy stories after meeting Masami Fukushima, the editor of SF Magazine. He became a prominent science fiction writer[7][8] known for stories that mixed mysterious imagery from both nature and civilization. Among such works are his two collections of \"city naturalist\" short stories set in a surrealistic suburban landscape.[7][3][9]Kono's 1974 city naturalist story \"Triceratops\" (\"トリケラトプス\") is his work most frequently translated into English. The story was first published in English in the August 1982 issue of OMNI.[3] The story is about a \"normal, middle-class Japanese father and son who live in a subdivision normal in every way but one: the fabric of time is torn just enough to allow them to see dinosaurs in the streets.\"[10] The story has since been reprinted in The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories, The Fifth Omni Book of Science Fiction, and The World Treasury of Science Fiction.[7][9][11]His story \"Hikari,\" originally published in 1976 in Shukan Shosetsu, was translated and printed in the 2007 anthology Speculative Japan: Outstanding Tales of Japanese Science Fiction and Fantasy. The story focuses on a narrator riding a train at night who seeing a distant city of shining light and then learns about the people who live there. In a review in Strange Horizons, \"Hikari\" was described by Niall Harrison as \"an odd but haunting story, deeply sceptical of transcendence.\"[12]Kono's city naturalist series has been described as \"delicately evocative\" and \"among the best of any Japanese SF writer,\" with the stories in the series compared to the works of Ray Bradbury.[9] Kono's writings have also been compared to both Jorge Luis Borges and the early works of J. G. Ballard.[13]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of Japan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_Japan_Award"},{"link_name":"Naoki Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naoki-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naoki-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMNI-3"}],"text":"1959 Honorable Mention, Nippon Television's \"Prism of the Night\" Original Story Award for \"Going My Way\"\n1964 Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Satsui to iu Na no Kachiku (殺意という名の家畜, A Livestock Named Murderous)\n1969 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Others' Castle[4]\n1974 Finalist for the Naoki Prize for Group of Painting Knives[4]\n1975 Kadokawa Award for the novel Tomorrow the Birds Take Wing[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sun_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hayakawa Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayakawa_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Kadokawa Bunko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadokawa_Bunko"},{"link_name":"Bungeishunjū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungeishunj%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Shodensha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shodensha"},{"link_name":"Hayakawa Shobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayakawa_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Yōsuke Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Yamashita"}],"text":"Young People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Arachi Publishing, 1960) - This collection contains different short stories from the Kadokawa Bunko version published in 1973.\nOn the Asphalt (アスファルトの上, Kofusha, 1961)\nUnder the Black Sun (黒い陽の下で, Naniwa Shobo, 1961) – Story for the film Black Sun (1964)[14]\nMurder Crowd (殺人群集, Kofusha 1961, later published by Tokuma Bunko)\nThe Shape of Hatred (憎悪のかたち, Shichiyosha, 1962)\nGunjo (群青, Hayakawa Shobo 1963, later Kadokawa Bunko)\nThe Samurai (ザ・サムライ, Togensha, 1963)\nA Livestock Named Murderous Intent (殺意という名の家畜, Jewelssha, 1963, later published by Kadokawa Bunko and Futaba Bunko )\nThree Stray Dogs (三匹の野良犬, Geibunsha, 1964)\nCruel Blues (残酷なブルース, Geibunsha, 1964)\nGlass City (ガラスの街, Sanichi Shobo 1969)\nOthers’ Castles (他人の城, Sanichi Shobo, 1969, later Kodansha Bunko )\nGreen Era (緑の時代, Hayakawa Publishing, 1972, later Kadokawa Bunko, Hayakawa Bunko )\nYoung People Die in the Sunlight (陽光の下、若者は死ぬ, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973) - This collection contains different short stories from the Arachi Publishing version published in 1960.\nCrazy Duet Jazz Novels (狂熱のデュエット ジャズ小説集, Kadokawa Bunko, 1973)\nPainting Knife Group (ペインティング・ナイフの群像, Shinchosha, 1974)\nTown Natural History (街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1974, later published in paperback)\nSomeday, the days will be glaring (いつか、ギラギラする日々, Bungeishunjū 1974, later published by Shueisha Bunko)\nElegy in the Sun (陽だまりの挽歌, Kadokawa Shoten, 1974)\nMidday Improvisation (真昼のアドリブ, Novel and Essay, Ushio Publishing, 1975)\nTomorrow the Birds Will Fly (明日こそ鳥は羽ばたく, Kadokawa Shoten, 1975, later Shueisha Bunko)\nSongs of My Earth: Indian Tetralogy (わが大地のうた インド四部作, Tokuma Shoten, 1975)\nRogue Encyclopedia (悪漢図鑑, Kofusha Shoten 1976, later Shueisha Bunko)\nThe detective is now on the iron plate (探偵はいま鉄板の上, Shodensha, 1976, later published by Tokuma Bunko)\nJazz Book (ジャズの本, Seijisha, 1977)\nFarewell, My Dark Days (さらば、わが暗黒の日々, Futaba Shinsho, 1977, later Shueisha Bunko)\nCamouflage Forest (迷彩の森, Jitsugyo no Nihonsha 1977, later Kodansha Bunko)\nThe Hawk or King Kandool: A collection of early poetic works by Norio Kono (鷹またはカンドオル王 河野典生初期詩的作品集, Midnight Series, 1978)\nThe Mysterious Birds of Denpasar (デンパサールの怪鳥, Kaigai Publishing Department, 1978, later Shueisha Bunko)\nNatural history of the city continued (続・街の博物誌, Hayakawa Shobo, 1979)\nImpromptu Travel to India: Kono Yamashita Live in India co-authored by Yōsuke Yamashita (インド即興旅行 ヤマシタ・コーノ・ライブ・イン・インディア, Tokuma Shoten, 1979, later published by Tokuma Bunko)\nKathmandu Yeti House (カトマンズ・イエティ・ハウス, Kodansha, 1980)\nTown Guide: Voices and Their Journeys (町の案内図 声、そして彼らの旅, Tokuma Shoten, 1980)\nLucy Floats in the Sky with Explosives (ルーシーは爆薬持って空に浮かぶ, Shueisha, 1981)\n Agatha Christie Murder Case (アガサ・クリスティ殺人事件, Shodensha, 1983)\nThat Was Bloody Saturday (あれは血の土曜日, Keibunsha Bunko, 1985)\nGenmu/Obesity Madness (幻夢・肥満狂死曲, Shodensha, 1985)\nThe Counterattack of the Phantom Maoranni (怪人・毛酔翁（マオランニー）の逆襲, Shodensha, 1986)\nThe Hawk of Alta (アルタの鷹, Tainki Shobo, 1989)\nEntertainment World Contemporary Studies: From Seiko Matsuda and Beat Takeshi to Mami Yamase and George Tokoro Living in Images (芸能界考現学 イメージの中を生きる 松田聖子、ビートたけしから、山瀬まみ、所ジョージへ, Tainki Shobo, 1990)\nFlying Clan (翔ぶ一族, Adrenalize 2018) *E-book original\nAugust is a cruel month: Showa Mystery Renaissance edited by Yuzuru Yamamae (八月は残酷な月 昭和ミステリールネサンス, Kobunsha Bunko, 2019)\nCastles of Others/Forms of Hatred: Japanese Hard-Boiled Complete Works 3 edited by Jiro Kitakami, Sanzo Kusaka, and Matsuko Sugie (他人の城／憎悪のかたち 日本ハードボイルド全集3, Sogen Mystery Bunko, 2022)","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Brown, Charles N.; Contento, William G. (1987-01-01). Science fiction, fantasy & horror. Locus Press. ISBN 978-0-9616629-4-3. Retrieved 5 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KpkjAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Science fiction, fantasy & horror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616629-4-3","url_text":"978-0-9616629-4-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Sun (1964) - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0781599/","url_text":"\"Black Sun (1964) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KpkjAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Science fiction, fantasy & horror"},{"Link":"https://prizesworld.com/naoki/kogun/kogun62KT.htm","external_links_name":"Kono Tensei"},{"Link":"http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/reviews/speculative-japan-edited-by-gene-van-troyer-and-grania-davis/","external_links_name":"Review: Speculative Japan, edited by Gene van Troyer and Grania Davis"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0781599/","external_links_name":"\"Black Sun (1964) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?118540","external_links_name":"Tensei Kono"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083470913","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/111167914","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR8YGHcKfC3dKmpdk4bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013020629","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00035476","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35854767","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04564653?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenor | Aenor | ["1 List","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | For the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification, see AENOR.
Aénor (also Aenora, Ainora; the spelling Aénor suggests an original trisyllabic pronunciation) was a feminine given name in medieval France. It is likely the origin of, and by the later Middle Ages was replaced by, the name Eleanor (Alienor).
It arose as a latinization of an earlier Germanic name, via the form Adenordis (Aanordis, Anordis, Anor).
Use of the name seems to be mostly confined to the 12th century; before that, it would have retained its original form (Anordis or similar), and after 1200 it had been mostly ousted by its replacement Eleanor.
The form Adenordis is recorded in the 1090s.
It may itself be a corruption of Adamardis, apparently a feminine form of Ademar.
List
People with the name include:
Adenordis, a sister of Hugo of Chaumont (fl. 1090s)
Ainora (1102–1147) daughter of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, also known as Eleanor of Champagne, the first wife of Ralph I, Count of Vermandois who was displaced by Eleanor of Aquitaine's sister Petronilla of Aquitaine, leading to a two years' war (1142–44) in Champagne.
Aenor de Châtellerault (c. 1103–1130), also Adenordis, Adamardis, duchess of Aquitaine, wife of William X, Duke of Aquitaine and mother of Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Aenora (Eleonore) de Vermandois (b. c. 1151, d. between 1204 and 1214), a daughter of Raoul de Vermandois.
Aenora de Maubanc, also known as Eleanor Malbank, born c. 1172 in Norman England (Cheshire)
Aénor de Saint-Valery (1192–1250), wife of Robert III of Dreux.
See also
All pages with titles containing Aenor
References
^ Barbé, Jean-Maurice (1994). Tous les prénoms. Guides Gisserot (in French). Paris: Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. p. 19. ISBN 978-2-87747-158-9. OCLC 464021747. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
^ Zeitschrift für namenforschung 19 (1943) p. 105.
^ Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Touraine 22 (1872), p. 260;
Mark E. Blincoe, Angevin Society and the Early Crusades, 1095–1145, 2008, p. 294.
Jean Mabillon, Ouvrages posthumes, vol. 3 (1724), p. 391.
^ a b Archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis, vol. 33 (1903), p. 291.
^ Chartes originales antérieures à 1121 conservées en France Blois, AD Loir-et-Cher, 17 H 10 n° 1 (1096)
^ Zeitschrift für namenforschung 19 (1943) p. 111.
^ Geoffrey Barraclough, The Charters of the Anglo-Norman Earls of Chester, C. 1071–1237, Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire vol. 126 (1988), pp. 342, 393.
^ Nicolas Filleau de la Chaise, Histoire de Saint Louis, Coignard, 1688,
p. 182
External links
"Aenor" at behindthename.com
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AENOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AENOR"},{"link_name":"medieval France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barb%C3%A9_1994-1"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor"},{"link_name":"Germanic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamardis-4"},{"link_name":"Ademar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademar"}],"text":"For the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification, see AENOR.Aénor (also Aenora, Ainora; the spelling Aénor suggests an original trisyllabic pronunciation) was a feminine given name in medieval France.[1] It is likely the origin of, and by the later Middle Ages was replaced by, the name Eleanor (Alienor).It arose as a latinization of an earlier Germanic name, via the form Adenordis (Aanordis, Anordis, Anor).[2]\nUse of the name seems to be mostly confined to the 12th century; before that, it would have retained its original form (Anordis or similar), and after 1200 it had been mostly ousted by its replacement Eleanor.\nThe form Adenordis is recorded in the 1090s.[3]\nIt may itself be a corruption of Adamardis,[4] apparently a feminine form of Ademar.","title":"Aenor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Count of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Adela of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Ralph I, Count of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_I,_Count_of_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Petronilla of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Aenor de Châtellerault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenor_de_Ch%C3%A2tellerault"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamardis-4"},{"link_name":"William X, Duke of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_X,_Duke_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Raoul de Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_de_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Norman England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert III of Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_of_Dreux"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"People with the name include:Adenordis, a sister of Hugo of Chaumont (fl. 1090s)[5]\nAinora (1102–1147) daughter of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy, also known as Eleanor of Champagne, the first wife of Ralph I, Count of Vermandois who was displaced by Eleanor of Aquitaine's sister Petronilla of Aquitaine, leading to a two years' war (1142–44) in Champagne.\nAenor de Châtellerault (c. 1103–1130), also Adenordis, Adamardis,[4] duchess of Aquitaine, wife of William X, Duke of Aquitaine and mother of Eleanor of Aquitaine.\nAenora (Eleonore) de Vermandois (b. c. 1151, d. between 1204 and 1214), a daughter of Raoul de Vermandois.[6]\nAenora de Maubanc, also known as Eleanor Malbank, born c. 1172 in Norman England (Cheshire)[7]\nAénor de Saint-Valery (1192–1250), wife of Robert III of Dreux.[8]","title":"List"}] | [] | [{"title":"All pages with titles containing Aenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Aenor%22"}] | [{"reference":"Barbé, Jean-Maurice (1994). Tous les prénoms. Guides Gisserot (in French). Paris: Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. p. 19. ISBN 978-2-87747-158-9. OCLC 464021747. Retrieved 2018-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVywRpgGmE4C&pg=PA19","url_text":"Tous les prénoms"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Jean-Paul_Gisserot","url_text":"Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-158-9","url_text":"978-2-87747-158-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464021747","url_text":"464021747"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GVywRpgGmE4C&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"Tous les prénoms"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464021747","external_links_name":"464021747"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PGwmAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA260","external_links_name":"p. 260"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yns0cbcvR-cC&pg=PA294","external_links_name":"p. 294"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zKwWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA391","external_links_name":"p. 391"},{"Link":"http://www.histoirepassion.eu/spip.php?article619","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.cn-telma.fr/originaux/charte2308/","external_links_name":"Chartes originales antérieures à 1121 conservées en France Blois, AD Loir-et-Cher, 17 H 10 n° 1 (1096)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t95MmjT2mdkC&pg=P182","external_links_name":"p. 182"},{"Link":"http://www.behindthename.com/name/aenor","external_links_name":"\"Aenor\" at behindthename.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Aenor&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Sandrone | Stefano Sandrone | ["1 Life and works","2 Awards and honours","3 References"] | Italian neuroscientist
Stefano SandroneStefano Sandrone at the 2017 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in Boston, MassachusettsBorn1st of February 1988Canelli, ItalyCitizenshipItalyAlma materVita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityKing's College LondonAwardsH. Richard Tyler AwardBiennial Award for Outstanding BookLawrence C. McHenry AwardJulia Higgins AwardSfN Science Educator Award President's Award for Excellence in EducationA.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award (twice)TASME Mentorship PrizeScientific careerFieldsNeuroscienceEducational researchHistory of neuroscienceHistory of NeurologyInstitutionsImperial College London
Websitewww.stefanosandrone.com
Stefano Sandrone (1988) is an Italian neuroscientist, an educationalist and a Principal Teaching Fellow at Imperial College London.
Life and works
Stefano Sandrone was born in Canelli, Italy, on 1 February 1988, and obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience at King's College London, United Kingdom, where he started his career as a Teaching Fellow. In 2014 he was selected as a young scientist for the 64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Physiology or Medicine, which was attended by 37 Nobel Laureates, and appeared in Wired magazine's list of the 'most promising Italians under 35’.
In 2015 he co-authored the book entitled Brain Renaissance, and, for this, he won the biennial Award for Outstanding Book in the History of the Neurosciences presented by the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences. He also appeared as a contributor to the 41st edition of the Gray's Anatomy.
In 2016 Sandrone was awarded the H. Richard Tyler Award presented by the American Academy of Neurology, which is the world's largest association of neurologists,. In 2017 he was elected as Vice Chair of the History of Neurology Section within the same Academy, thus becoming the youngest Vice Chair at the American Academy of Neurology. In the same year he was also recognised as a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
In 2018 Sandrone was nominated as one of the eleven experts under 40 within the Health Research Section and the Section for the evaluation of health research projects presented by researchers under 40 at the Comitato Tecnico Sanitario, Italian Minister of Health.
In 2019 he was awarded the Lawrence C. McHenry Award from the American Academy of Neurology, thus winning his second Academy Award in three years. Moreover, in the same year he was elected as the youngest Chair within the American Academy of Neurology, and in July he was awarded the Julia Higgins Award from Imperial College London for 'his significant contribution to the support of academic women at the College'. Later in the year, he also won the Science Educator Award awarded from the Society for Neuroscience (SfN), which is 'the world's largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and the nervous system'.
In 2020 he won two additional educational awards, namely the President's Award for Excellence in Education awarded from Imperial College London and the A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology, thus winning his third Academy Award in four years. In the same year, he was also recognised as a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
In 2021 he published Nobel Life, a book edited by Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings and published by Cambridge University Press, which has been selected by Forbes as an honourable mention in The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021.
In 2022 he authored The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin, favourably reviewed by Lancet Neurology, and won the Trainees in the Association for the Study of Medical Education (TASME) Mentorship Prize. In 2024, he has won the A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology for the second time, his fourth Academy Award.
Sandrone's works also include the rediscovery of the manuscript of the first functional neuroimaging experiment, which has been featured in several magazines and newspapers, and the narration of the '(delayed) history of the brain lymphatic system' in Nature Medicine.
Awards and honours
2014 Included in Wired magazine list of 'promising Italians under 35’
2016 H. Richard Tyler Award for the History of Neurology presented by the American Academy of Neurology
2016 Biennial Award for Outstanding Book in the History of the Neurosciences presented by the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences
2019 Lawrence C. McHenry Award presented by the American Academy of Neurology
2019 Julia Higgins Award awarded from Imperial College London
2019 Science Educator Award awarded from the Society for Neuroscience
2020 President's Award for Excellence in Education awarded from Imperial College London
2020 A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology
2022 Trainees in the Association for the Study of Medical Education (TASME) Mentorship Prize
2023 High Commendation for Development of the Educational Portfolio at the Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London for the Silver Jubilee
2024 A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology
References
^ "Stefano Sandrone - The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings". www.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting - Laureates". www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Wired Under 35: STEFANO SANDRONE - Wired". wired.it. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Brain Renaissance: From Vesalius to Modern Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. 4 May 2015. ISBN 9780199383832. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) Award and Prize Recipients". Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
^ "ISHN.ORG". www.ishn.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Elsevier. "Gray's Anatomy - 41st Edition". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Awards History | American Academy of Neurology®". Archived from the original on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
^ a b "American Academy of Neurology Announces 2019 Scientific Research Award Winners". www.aan.com. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ "Join an AAN Section or Community". www.aan.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Nel club dei cervelli". lastampa.it. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ a b "Higher Education Academy - TRANSFORMING TEACHING INSPIRING LEARNING". www.heacademy.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "salute.gov.it". salute.gov.it. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
^ "Un neuroscienziato canellese l'under 35 piu' promettente". lastampa.it. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
^ "Staff praised for empowering women academics". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
^ a b "Society for Neuroscience Presents Science Education and Outreach Awards". sfn.org. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
^ "About SfN". sfn.org. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
^ a b "Imperial celebrates the 2020 winners of the President's Awards for Excellence". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ a b "Teaching and Education Awards". aan.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ Nobel Life. Cambridge University Press. June 2021. ISBN 9781108974301. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^ "The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^ The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin. Oxford University Press. September 2022. ISBN 9780190907587. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ "TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner". www.asme.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^ Sandrone, Stefano; Bacigaluppi, Marco; Galloni, Marco R.; Cappa, Stefano F.; Moro, Andrea; Catani, Marco; Filippi, Massimo; Monti, Martin M.; Perani, Daniela; Martino, Gianvito (1 February 2014). "Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light". Brain. 137 (2): 621–633. doi:10.1093/brain/awt091. hdl:2318/141932. PMID 23687118.
^ Abbott, Alison (May 2015). "Neurophysiology: The man who bared the brain". Nature. 521 (7551): 160. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..160A. doi:10.1038/521160a.
^ "A Machine to Weigh the Soul". Discover. May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "The man who weighed thoughts". New Scientist. November 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "The machine that tried to scan the brain in 1882". NPR. August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Here's How Neuroscientists in the 1800s Studied Blood Flow in the Brain". Smithsonian.org. April 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Stukenberg, Timo (September 2014). "Mit der Wippe die Gedanken wiegen". Spiegel Online. Spiegel.de. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ "Anatomía del cerebro". Investigación y Ciencia. May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Sandrone, Stefano; Moreno Zambrano, Daniel; Kipnis, Jonathan; van Gijn, Jan (4 April 2019). "A (delayed) history of the brain lymphatic system". Nature. 25 (2): 538–540. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0417-3. PMID 30948855. S2CID 96434900.
^ "Wired Under 35: Stefano Sandrone". wired.it. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ a b "Awards History". aan.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ "Staff praised for empowering women academics". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ "TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner". www.asme.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
ORCID
Scopus
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuroscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"educationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationalist"},{"link_name":"Teaching Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"}],"text":"Stefano Sandrone (1988) is an Italian neuroscientist, an educationalist and a Principal Teaching Fellow at Imperial College London.","title":"Stefano Sandrone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelli"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Teaching Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meeting"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nobel Laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Laureates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brain Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gray's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_2707-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heacademy-12"},{"link_name":"Italian Minister of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Health"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_2707-9"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Julia Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfn_2019-10-19-16"},{"link_name":"Society for Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imperial_191930-18"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_teaching-and-innovation-awards-19"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heacademy-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lancet Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"functional neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Nature Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Stefano Sandrone was born in Canelli, Italy, on 1 February 1988, and obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience at King's College London, United Kingdom, where he started his career as a Teaching Fellow. In 2014 he was selected as a young scientist for the 64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Physiology or Medicine,[1] which was attended by 37 Nobel Laureates,[2] and appeared in Wired magazine's list of the 'most promising Italians under 35’.[3]In 2015 he co-authored the book entitled Brain Renaissance,[4] and, for this, he won the biennial Award for Outstanding Book in the History of the Neurosciences[5] presented by the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences.[6] He also appeared as a contributor to the 41st edition of the Gray's Anatomy.[7]In 2016 Sandrone was awarded the H. Richard Tyler Award presented by the American Academy of Neurology,[8] which is the world's largest association of neurologists,.[9] In 2017 he was elected as Vice Chair of the History of Neurology Section within the same Academy,[10] thus becoming the youngest Vice Chair at the American Academy of Neurology.[11] In the same year he was also recognised as a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.[12]In 2018 Sandrone was nominated as one of the eleven experts under 40 within the Health Research Section and the Section for the evaluation of health research projects presented by researchers under 40 at the Comitato Tecnico Sanitario, Italian Minister of Health.[13]In 2019 he was awarded the Lawrence C. McHenry Award from the American Academy of Neurology,[9] thus winning his second Academy Award in three years. Moreover, in the same year he was elected as the youngest Chair within the American Academy of Neurology,[14] and in July he was awarded the Julia Higgins Award from Imperial College London for 'his significant contribution to the support of academic women at the College'.[15] Later in the year, he also won the Science Educator Award[16] awarded from the Society for Neuroscience (SfN), which is 'the world's largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and the nervous system'.[17]In 2020 he won two additional educational awards, namely the President's Award for Excellence in Education awarded from Imperial College London[18] and the A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology,[19] thus winning his third Academy Award in four years. In the same year, he was also recognised as a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.[12]In 2021 he published Nobel Life,[20] a book edited by Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings and published by Cambridge University Press, which has been selected by Forbes as an honourable mention in The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021.[21]In 2022 he authored The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin,[22] favourably reviewed by Lancet Neurology, and won the Trainees in the Association for the Study of Medical Education (TASME) Mentorship Prize.[23] In 2024, he has won the A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology for the second time, his fourth Academy Award.Sandrone's works also include the rediscovery of the manuscript of the first functional neuroimaging experiment,[24] which has been featured in several magazines and newspapers,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and the narration of the '(delayed) history of the brain lymphatic system' in Nature Medicine.[32]","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_awards-history-34"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_awards-history-34"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Society for Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfn_2019-10-19-16"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imperial_191930-18"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aan_teaching-and-innovation-awards-19"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Neurology"}],"text":"2014 Included in Wired magazine list of 'promising Italians under 35’[33]\n2016 H. Richard Tyler Award for the History of Neurology presented by the American Academy of Neurology[34]\n2016 Biennial Award for Outstanding Book in the History of the Neurosciences presented by the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences\n2019 Lawrence C. McHenry Award presented by the American Academy of Neurology[34]\n2019 Julia Higgins Award awarded from Imperial College London[35]\n2019 Science Educator Award awarded from the Society for Neuroscience[16]\n2020 President's Award for Excellence in Education awarded from Imperial College London[18]\n2020 A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology[19]\n2022 Trainees in the Association for the Study of Medical Education (TASME) Mentorship Prize [36]\n2023 High Commendation for Development of the Educational Portfolio at the Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London for the Silver Jubilee\n2024 A.B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology","title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stefano Sandrone - The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings\". www.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lindau-nobel.org/de/author/ssandrone/","url_text":"\"Stefano Sandrone - The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings\""}]},{"reference":"\"64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting - Laureates\". www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/meeting-2014","url_text":"\"64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting - Laureates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wired Under 35: STEFANO SANDRONE - Wired\". wired.it. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.it/economia/business/2014/09/10/wired-under-35-stefano-sandrone/","url_text":"\"Wired Under 35: STEFANO SANDRONE - Wired\""}]},{"reference":"Brain Renaissance: From Vesalius to Modern Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. 4 May 2015. ISBN 9780199383832. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/brain-renaissance-9780199383832?cc=us&lang=en&","url_text":"Brain Renaissance: From Vesalius to Modern Neuroscience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199383832","url_text":"9780199383832"}]},{"reference":"\"International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) Award and Prize Recipients\". Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2018-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209081506/http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ishn-awardees.htm","url_text":"\"International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) Award and Prize Recipients\""},{"url":"http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ishn-awardees.htm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISHN.ORG\". www.ishn.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ishn.org/","url_text":"\"ISHN.ORG\""}]},{"reference":"Elsevier. \"Gray's Anatomy - 41st Edition\". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elsevier.com/books/grays-anatomy/standring/978-0-7020-5230-9","url_text":"\"Gray's Anatomy - 41st Edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards History | American Academy of Neurology®\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145233/https://www.aan.com/research-and-awards/awards-history/","url_text":"\"Awards History | American Academy of Neurology®\""},{"url":"https://www.aan.com/research-and-awards/awards-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Academy of Neurology Announces 2019 Scientific Research Award Winners\". www.aan.com. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/2707","url_text":"\"American Academy of Neurology Announces 2019 Scientific Research Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Join an AAN Section or Community\". www.aan.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aan.com/membership/sections/","url_text":"\"Join an AAN Section or Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nel club dei cervelli\". lastampa.it. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastampa.it/2017/05/10/scienza/tuttoscienze/nel-club-dei-cervelli-ouO2SeDAWZrkgJE91E60QO/premium.html","url_text":"\"Nel club dei cervelli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Higher Education Academy - TRANSFORMING TEACHING INSPIRING LEARNING\". www.heacademy.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Higher Education Academy - TRANSFORMING TEACHING INSPIRING LEARNING\""}]},{"reference":"\"salute.gov.it\". salute.gov.it. Retrieved 11 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=795&area=Ricerca%20sanitaria&menu=comitato","url_text":"\"salute.gov.it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un neuroscienziato canellese l'under 35 piu' promettente\". lastampa.it. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastampa.it/asti/2019/06/04/news/e-un-neuroscienziato-canellese-l-under-35-piu-promettente-1.36538551","url_text":"\"Un neuroscienziato canellese l'under 35 piu' promettente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics","url_text":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society for Neuroscience Presents Science Education and Outreach Awards\". sfn.org. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest-news/2019/10/19/society-for-neuroscience-presents-science-education-and-outreach-awards","url_text":"\"Society for Neuroscience Presents Science Education and Outreach Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"About SfN\". sfn.org. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfn.org/about","url_text":"\"About SfN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial celebrates the 2020 winners of the President's Awards for Excellence\". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics/","url_text":"\"Imperial celebrates the 2020 winners of the President's Awards for Excellence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teaching and Education Awards\". aan.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aan.com/tools-and-resources/academic-neurologists-researchers/clerkship-and-course-director-resources2/teaching-and-innovation-awards/","url_text":"\"Teaching and Education Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Nobel Life. Cambridge University Press. June 2021. ISBN 9781108974301. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/nobel-life/nobel-life/0CDFBB20D8C60711F271372878FB56F0#","url_text":"Nobel Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108974301","url_text":"9781108974301"}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021\". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2021/12/01/the-best-higher-education-books-of-2021/?sh=88d5fa1192fd","url_text":"\"The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin. Oxford University Press. September 2022. ISBN 9780190907587. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-birth-of-modern-neuroscience-in-turin-9780190907587?cc=us&lang=en&","url_text":"The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190907587","url_text":"9780190907587"}]},{"reference":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\". www.asme.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.org.uk/news/tasme-mentorship-prize-2022-winner/","url_text":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\""}]},{"reference":"Sandrone, Stefano; Bacigaluppi, Marco; Galloni, Marco R.; Cappa, Stefano F.; Moro, Andrea; Catani, Marco; Filippi, Massimo; Monti, Martin M.; Perani, Daniela; Martino, Gianvito (1 February 2014). \"Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light\". Brain. 137 (2): 621–633. doi:10.1093/brain/awt091. hdl:2318/141932. PMID 23687118.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt091","url_text":"\"Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt091","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awt091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F141932","url_text":"2318/141932"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23687118","url_text":"23687118"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Alison (May 2015). \"Neurophysiology: The man who bared the brain\". Nature. 521 (7551): 160. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..160A. doi:10.1038/521160a.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521160a","url_text":"\"Neurophysiology: The man who bared the brain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..160A","url_text":"2015Natur.521..160A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521160a","url_text":"10.1038/521160a"}]},{"reference":"\"A Machine to Weigh the Soul\". Discover. May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2013/05/21/a-machine-to-weigh-the-soul/#.U0xi3dxH1lI","url_text":"\"A Machine to Weigh the Soul\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man who weighed thoughts\". New Scientist. November 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22029430.500-the-man-who-weighed-thoughts/","url_text":"\"The man who weighed thoughts\""}]},{"reference":"\"The machine that tried to scan the brain in 1882\". NPR. August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2014/08/17/340906546/the-machine-that-tried-to-scan-the-brain-in-1882","url_text":"\"The machine that tried to scan the brain in 1882\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's How Neuroscientists in the 1800s Studied Blood Flow in the Brain\". Smithsonian.org. April 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-how-neuroscientists-1800s-studied-blood-flow-brain-180950404/","url_text":"\"Here's How Neuroscientists in the 1800s Studied Blood Flow in the Brain\""}]},{"reference":"Stukenberg, Timo (September 2014). \"Mit der Wippe die Gedanken wiegen\". Spiegel Online. Spiegel.de. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/medizintechnik-vorlaeufer-von-mrt-misst-hirnaktivitaet-a-989930.html","url_text":"\"Mit der Wippe die Gedanken wiegen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomía del cerebro\". Investigación y Ciencia. May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/mente-y-cerebro/el-tacto-666/anatoma-del-cerebro-14019","url_text":"\"Anatomía del cerebro\""}]},{"reference":"Sandrone, Stefano; Moreno Zambrano, Daniel; Kipnis, Jonathan; van Gijn, Jan (4 April 2019). \"A (delayed) history of the brain lymphatic system\". Nature. 25 (2): 538–540. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0417-3. PMID 30948855. S2CID 96434900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41591-019-0417-3","url_text":"10.1038/s41591-019-0417-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948855","url_text":"30948855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96434900","url_text":"96434900"}]},{"reference":"\"Wired Under 35: Stefano Sandrone\". wired.it. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.it/economia/business/2014/09/10/wired-under-35-stefano-sandrone/","url_text":"\"Wired Under 35: Stefano Sandrone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards History\". aan.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aan.com/education-and-research/research/awards-history/","url_text":"\"Awards History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics/","url_text":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\""}]},{"reference":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\". www.asme.org.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.org.uk/news/tasme-mentorship-prize-2022-winner/","url_text":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.stefanosandrone.com/","external_links_name":"www.stefanosandrone.com"},{"Link":"http://www.lindau-nobel.org/de/author/ssandrone/","external_links_name":"\"Stefano Sandrone - The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/meeting-2014","external_links_name":"\"64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting - Laureates\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.it/economia/business/2014/09/10/wired-under-35-stefano-sandrone/","external_links_name":"\"Wired Under 35: STEFANO SANDRONE - Wired\""},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/brain-renaissance-9780199383832?cc=us&lang=en&","external_links_name":"Brain Renaissance: From Vesalius to Modern Neuroscience"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161209081506/http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ishn-awardees.htm","external_links_name":"\"International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) Award and Prize Recipients\""},{"Link":"http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ishn-awardees.htm/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ishn.org/","external_links_name":"\"ISHN.ORG\""},{"Link":"http://www.elsevier.com/books/grays-anatomy/standring/978-0-7020-5230-9","external_links_name":"\"Gray's Anatomy - 41st Edition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145233/https://www.aan.com/research-and-awards/awards-history/","external_links_name":"\"Awards History | American Academy of Neurology®\""},{"Link":"https://www.aan.com/research-and-awards/awards-history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/2707","external_links_name":"\"American Academy of Neurology Announces 2019 Scientific Research Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.aan.com/membership/sections/","external_links_name":"\"Join an AAN Section or Community\""},{"Link":"http://www.lastampa.it/2017/05/10/scienza/tuttoscienze/nel-club-dei-cervelli-ouO2SeDAWZrkgJE91E60QO/premium.html","external_links_name":"\"Nel club dei cervelli\""},{"Link":"http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Higher Education Academy - TRANSFORMING TEACHING INSPIRING LEARNING\""},{"Link":"http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=795&area=Ricerca%20sanitaria&menu=comitato","external_links_name":"\"salute.gov.it\""},{"Link":"http://www.lastampa.it/asti/2019/06/04/news/e-un-neuroscienziato-canellese-l-under-35-piu-promettente-1.36538551","external_links_name":"\"Un neuroscienziato canellese l'under 35 piu' promettente\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics","external_links_name":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfn.org/publications/latest-news/2019/10/19/society-for-neuroscience-presents-science-education-and-outreach-awards","external_links_name":"\"Society for Neuroscience Presents Science Education and Outreach Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfn.org/about","external_links_name":"\"About SfN\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics/","external_links_name":"\"Imperial celebrates the 2020 winners of the President's Awards for Excellence\""},{"Link":"https://www.aan.com/tools-and-resources/academic-neurologists-researchers/clerkship-and-course-director-resources2/teaching-and-innovation-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Teaching and Education Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/nobel-life/nobel-life/0CDFBB20D8C60711F271372878FB56F0#","external_links_name":"Nobel Life"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2021/12/01/the-best-higher-education-books-of-2021/?sh=88d5fa1192fd","external_links_name":"\"The Best Higher Education Books Of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-birth-of-modern-neuroscience-in-turin-9780190907587?cc=us&lang=en&","external_links_name":"The birth of modern neuroscience in Turin"},{"Link":"https://www.asme.org.uk/news/tasme-mentorship-prize-2022-winner/","external_links_name":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt091","external_links_name":"\"Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt091","external_links_name":"10.1093/brain/awt091"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F141932","external_links_name":"2318/141932"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23687118","external_links_name":"23687118"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521160a","external_links_name":"\"Neurophysiology: The man who bared the brain\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..160A","external_links_name":"2015Natur.521..160A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521160a","external_links_name":"10.1038/521160a"},{"Link":"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2013/05/21/a-machine-to-weigh-the-soul/#.U0xi3dxH1lI","external_links_name":"\"A Machine to Weigh the Soul\""},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22029430.500-the-man-who-weighed-thoughts/","external_links_name":"\"The man who weighed thoughts\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2014/08/17/340906546/the-machine-that-tried-to-scan-the-brain-in-1882","external_links_name":"\"The machine that tried to scan the brain in 1882\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-how-neuroscientists-1800s-studied-blood-flow-brain-180950404/","external_links_name":"\"Here's How Neuroscientists in the 1800s Studied Blood Flow in the Brain\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/medizintechnik-vorlaeufer-von-mrt-misst-hirnaktivitaet-a-989930.html","external_links_name":"\"Mit der Wippe die Gedanken wiegen\""},{"Link":"http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/mente-y-cerebro/el-tacto-666/anatoma-del-cerebro-14019","external_links_name":"\"Anatomía del cerebro\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41591-019-0417-3","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41591-019-0417-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948855","external_links_name":"30948855"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96434900","external_links_name":"96434900"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.it/economia/business/2014/09/10/wired-under-35-stefano-sandrone/","external_links_name":"\"Wired Under 35: Stefano Sandrone\""},{"Link":"https://www.aan.com/education-and-research/research/awards-history/","external_links_name":"\"Awards History\""},{"Link":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/191930/staff-praised-empowering-women-academics/","external_links_name":"\"Staff praised for empowering women academics\""},{"Link":"https://www.asme.org.uk/news/tasme-mentorship-prize-2022-winner/","external_links_name":"\"TASME Mentorship Prize 2022 Winner\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000436792628","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/310618011","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCqdpkVR4ktMRtHDjt8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1237518415","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007353299005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014187610","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0257452&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p39358898X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1823786X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-9093","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=54986841100","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/195405927","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Tasmanian_state_election | 1998 Tasmanian state election | ["1 Results","1.1 Distribution of seats","2 See also","3 References","4 Notes"] | 1998 Tasmanian state election
← 1996
29 August 1998
2002 →
All 25 seats to the House of Assembly13 seats needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Third party
ALP
LIB
Leader
Jim Bacon
Tony Rundle
Christine Milne
Party
Labor
Liberal
Greens
Leader since
14 April 1997
18 March 1996
1993
Leader's seat
Denison
Braddon
Lyons (lost seat)
Last election
14 seats
16 seats
4 seats
Seats won
14
10
1
Seat change
6
3
Popular vote
131,981
112,146
30,008
Percentage
44.79%
38.06%
10.18%
Swing
4.32
3.14
0.96
Results of the election
Premier before election
Tony Rundle
Liberal
Elected Premier
Jim Bacon
Labor
The 1998 Tasmanian state election was held on Saturday, 29 August 1998 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 25 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The number of members was reduced from 35 to 25. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system—five members were elected from each of five electorates. The quota required for election increased from 12.5% to 16.7%.
This election saw the end of two years of a Liberal minority government headed by Premier Tony Rundle, supported by the Tasmanian Greens. The Labor Party won government in its own right for the first time since 1979, with Jim Bacon as premier.
Labor retained all their seats despite the reduction in numbers. The Liberals lost six seats. The Greens' representation was reduced from four members to one—Peg Putt in Denison.
Results
See also: Results of the Tasmanian state election, 1998
Summary of the Results of the 1998 Tasmanian state election, House of AssemblyPartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–Labor131,98144.79 4.3214Liberal112,14638.06 3.1410 6Greens30,00810.18 0.961 3Tasmania First15,0175.10 5.100Democrats2,6270.89 0.150Democratic Socialist1020.03 0.030Independents2,7970.95 2.540 1Total294,678100.00–25–Valid votes294,67896.09Invalid/blank votes11,9773.91 1.49Total votes306,655100.00–Registered voters/turnout322,75495.01 0.97
Distribution of seats
Electorate
Seats held
Bass
Braddon
Denison
Franklin
Lyons
Labor
Liberal
Green
See also
Candidates of the 1998 Tasmanian state election
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1998-2002
References
Tasmanian Parliamentary Library: 1998 election results
Voting by Division from Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
Australian Parliamentary Library research note
Notes
^ House of Assembly Elections, Parliament of Tasmania.
vteElections and referendums in TasmaniaGeneral elections
1856
1861
1862
1866
1871
1872
1877
1882
1886
1891
1893
1897
1900
1903
1906
1909
1912
1913
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1941
1946
1948
1950
1955
1956
1959
1964
1969
1972
1976
1979
1982
1986
1989
1992
1996
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2021
2024
Next
Legislative Council elections
1909
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Local elections
1994
1996
1999
2000
2002
2005
2007
2009
2011
2014
2018
2022
2026
Referendums
1898
1899
1916
1968
1981 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Hare-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Tasmanian_Division)"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tony Rundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rundle"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Greens"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Tasmanian_Branch)"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Jim Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bacon_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Peg Putt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_Putt"}],"text":"The 1998 Tasmanian state election was held on Saturday, 29 August 1998 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 25 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The number of members was reduced from 35 to 25. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system[1]—five members were elected from each of five electorates. The quota required for election increased from 12.5% to 16.7%.This election saw the end of two years of a Liberal minority government headed by Premier Tony Rundle, supported by the Tasmanian Greens. The Labor Party won government in its own right for the first time since 1979, with Jim Bacon as premier.Labor retained all their seats despite the reduction in numbers. The Liberals lost six seats. The Greens' representation was reduced from four members to one—Peg Putt in Denison.","title":"1998 Tasmanian state election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Results of the Tasmanian state election, 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_Tasmanian_state_election,_1998"}],"text":"See also: Results of the Tasmanian state election, 1998","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Bass_(state)"},{"link_name":"Braddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Braddon_(state)"},{"link_name":"Denison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Denison_(state)"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Franklin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_(state)"}],"sub_title":"Distribution of seats","text":"Electorate\n\nSeats held\n\n\nBass\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nBraddon\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nDenison\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nFranklin\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\nLyons\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nLabor\n\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n\n \n\nGreen","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"House of Assembly Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/HAElections.htm"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tasmanian_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tasmanian_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tasmanian_elections"},{"link_name":"General elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Tasmanian_colonial_election"},{"link_name":"1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1861_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1862_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1866_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1871_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1872_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1877_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1882_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1886_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1891_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1893_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1897_Tasmanian_colonial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Tasmanian_colonial_election"},{"link_name":"1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1909_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council_periodic_election"},{"link_name":"Local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Tasmanian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tasmanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tasmanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tasmanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Tasmanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%931900_Australian_constitutional_referendums"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%931900_Australian_constitutional_referendums"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1916_Tasmanian_liquor_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Tasmanian_casino_referendum"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Tasmanian_power_referendum"}],"text":"^ House of Assembly Elections, Parliament of Tasmania.vteElections and referendums in TasmaniaGeneral elections\n1856\n1861\n1862\n1866\n1871\n1872\n1877\n1882\n1886\n1891\n1893\n1897\n1900\n1903\n1906\n1909\n1912\n1913\n1916\n1919\n1922\n1925\n1928\n1931\n1934\n1937\n1941\n1946\n1948\n1950\n1955\n1956\n1959\n1964\n1969\n1972\n1976\n1979\n1982\n1986\n1989\n1992\n1996\n1998\n2002\n2006\n2010\n2014\n2018\n2021\n2024\nNext\nLegislative Council elections\n1909\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\nLocal elections\n1994\n1996\n1999\n2000\n2002\n2005\n2007\n2009\n2011\n2014\n2018\n2022\n2026\nReferendums\n1898\n1899\n1916\n1968\n1981","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Candidates of the 1998 Tasmanian state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_of_the_1998_Tasmanian_state_election"},{"title":"Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1998-2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly,_1998-2002"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Elections/e1998.htm","external_links_name":"Tasmanian Parliamentary Library: 1998 election results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051027014633/http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/states/tas-98.txt","external_links_name":"Voting by Division from Adam Carr's Electoral Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225856/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1998-99/99rn06.htm","external_links_name":"Australian Parliamentary Library research note"},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/HAElections.htm","external_links_name":"House of Assembly Elections"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arseto | Arseto F.C. | ["1 Honours","1.1 AFC (Asian competitions)","2 Continental record","3 Notable former players","4 References"] | Indonesian football club
Football clubArsetoFull nameArseto Football ClubNickname(s)
The Cannon
Si Biru Langit (The Sky Blues)
Founded1978; as PS ArsetoDissolved1998Ground
Sriwedari Stadium (1983–1998)
Gelora Senayan Main Stadium (1978–1983)
LeagueLiga Indonesia Premier Division
Final season
1997–98
season abandoned
Home colours
Away colours
Arseto Football Club, which is commonly referred to simply as Arseto, was an Indonesian football club based in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia. They last played in the Liga Indonesia Premier Division.
The club was established in 1978 by Sigit Harjojudanto, who was the son of former President Suharto. At first, the club was based in Jakarta. However, the club moved to Solo in 1983 after Suharto declared 9 September as National Sports Day during the inauguration of Sriwedari Stadium. During its existence the club managed to win the 1990–92 Galatama title, as well as the 1985 Piala Galatama and 1985 Galatama-Perserikatan Invitational Championship. The team's home colours are blue, so they dubbed as Sky Blue Team and The White Buffalo. Arseto was dissolved in 1998 due to the political crisis and riots that year.
Honours
Domestic
League/Division
Titles
Runners-up
Seasons won
Seasons runners-up
Galatama
1
1
1990–92
1985
Cup Competitions
Titles
Runners-up
Seasons won
Seasons runners-up
Piala Galatama
1
0
1985
Galatama-Perserikatan Invitational Championship
1
0
1985
AFC (Asian competitions)
Asian Club Championship
1992–93 – Group stage
Continental record
Season
Competition
Round
Club
Home
Away
Aggregate
1992–93
Asian Club Championship
First round
Hải Quan
0–0
3–2
3–2
Second round
Kota Ranger
1–1
2–1
3–2
Third round
Thai Farmers Bank
3–0
0–2
3–2
Group A
Yomiuri
0–3
4th
Al-Shabab
0–3
Muharraq
0–3
Notable former players
Some Arseto players had competed for Indonesia national football team.
Abdul Kadir
Ricky Yacobi
Eddy Harto
Nasrul Koto
Eduard Tjong
Tonggo Tambunan
Edu Hombert
Yunus Mukhtar
Benny V. B.
Rochy Putiray
References
^ "Indonesia 1991/92". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
^ a b "Indonesia 1985". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
^ SKOR.ID; SkorID. "KIsah Arseto FC, Penguasa Jakarta yang Mati Karena Reformasi". www.skor.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-12-03.
^ "Asian Club Competitions 1992/93". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
This article about an Indonesian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta"},{"link_name":"Central Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Liga Indonesia Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Sigit Harjojudanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigit_Harjojudanto"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Sriwedari Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Sriwedari"},{"link_name":"Galatama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatama"},{"link_name":"political crisis and riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Football clubArseto Football Club, which is commonly referred to simply as Arseto, was an Indonesian football club based in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia. They last played in the Liga Indonesia Premier Division.The club was established in 1978 by Sigit Harjojudanto, who was the son of former President Suharto. At first, the club was based in Jakarta. However, the club moved to Solo in 1983 after Suharto declared 9 September as National Sports Day during the inauguration of Sriwedari Stadium. During its existence the club managed to win the 1990–92 Galatama title, as well as the 1985 Piala Galatama and 1985 Galatama-Perserikatan Invitational Championship. The team's home colours are blue, so they dubbed as Sky Blue Team and The White Buffalo. Arseto was dissolved in 1998 due to the political crisis and riots that year.[citation needed]","title":"Arseto F.C."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Asian_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"AFC (Asian competitions)","text":"Asian Club Championship\n1992–93[4] – Group stage","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Continental record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Abdul Kadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kadir_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ricky Yacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Yacobi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Eddy Harto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Harto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Nasrul Koto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasrul_Koto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Eduard Tjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Tjong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Rochy Putiray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochy_Putiray"}],"text":"Some Arseto players had competed for Indonesia national football team.Abdul Kadir\n Ricky Yacobi\n Eddy Harto\n Nasrul Koto\n Eduard Tjong\n Tonggo Tambunan\n Edu Hombert\n Yunus Mukhtar\n Benny V. B.\n Rochy Putiray","title":"Notable former players"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Indonesia 1991/92\". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indo92.html","url_text":"\"Indonesia 1991/92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesia 1985\". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indo85.html","url_text":"\"Indonesia 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"SKOR.ID; SkorID. \"KIsah Arseto FC, Penguasa Jakarta yang Mati Karena Reformasi\". www.skor.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skor.id/bola-nasional/sk-01335302/kisah-arseto-fc-penguasa-jakarta-yang-mati-karena-reformasi","url_text":"\"KIsah Arseto FC, Penguasa Jakarta yang Mati Karena Reformasi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Club Competitions 1992/93\". RSSSF. Retrieved 2020-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup93.html","url_text":"\"Asian Club Competitions 1992/93\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indo92.html","external_links_name":"\"Indonesia 1991/92\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indo85.html","external_links_name":"\"Indonesia 1985\""},{"Link":"https://www.skor.id/bola-nasional/sk-01335302/kisah-arseto-fc-penguasa-jakarta-yang-mati-karena-reformasi","external_links_name":"\"KIsah Arseto FC, Penguasa Jakarta yang Mati Karena Reformasi\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup93.html","external_links_name":"\"Asian Club Competitions 1992/93\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arseto_F.C.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Kumar_(historian) | Deepak Kumar (historian) | ["1 Books","2 References","3 Sources","4 Positions"] | Indian historian
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Deepak Kumar" historian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Deepak KumarDeepak KumarBorn1952IndiaOccupationHistorianYears active1976–presentEraBritish RajKnown forScience and the Raj (1995)
Deepak Kumar was a professor of History of Science and Education, at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Kumar lectured at numerous universities within India and abroad, held visiting fellowships at the universities of Cambridge, London, Leiden, The Smithsonian Institution, etc. and has also taught at Wisconsin University, Madison, USA, and York University in Toronto, Canada.
Kumar argues that British colonial rule in India played a major role in how European scientific fields developed. One of his major works is Science and the Raj: A study of British India is in the field of history of science in India.
A 2017 work is The Trishanku Nation reviewed in Sage Publications
In describing medical encounters in colonial India, Kumar argues that Western medical discourse occupied an important place in the process of colonization and it worked towards a scientific hegemony. "Indigenous systems were so marginalised that their practitioners often sought survival in resistance rather than collaboration."
A number of his publications are cataloged at WorldCat: These include, as of August 2021, publications in English (983), German (6), Arabic (2), and Hindi (2).
Books
Kumar, Deepak (ed.), Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947. Delhi: Anamika Prakashan, 1991
Kumar, Deepak (ed.), Disease and Medicine in India: A Historical Overview, Tulika, 2001 ISBN 81-85229-51-1
Kumar, Deepak, Science and the Raj: A Study of British India, Oxford University Press, 2006 (2nd edition) ISBN 0-19-568003-0
Kumar, Deepak & Roy MacLeod (eds.), Technology and the Raj, SAGE, New Delhi, 1995 (Enlarged Hindi version was published by Granthshilpi, Delhi in 2002, 2nd edition with a new Preface, published by Aakar Books, Delhi, 2022)
Kumar, Deepak, Vinita Damodaran, Rohan D'Souza (eds.), The British Empire and the Natural World: Environmental Encounters in South Asia, OUP, Delhi, 2010.
Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920
Kumar, Deepak & Chaube, Devendra (eds.), Hashiye ka Vritanta (Narrative of the Margins), in Hindi, Aadhar Publications, Panchkula, 2011.
Kumar, Deepak and Rajsekhar Basu (eds.) Medical Encounter in British India, OUP, Delhi, 2013. Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920
Kumar, Deepak, J.Bara, N.Khadria and R. Gayathri (eds.), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights, Manohar Books, Delhi, 2013.
Kumar, Deepak, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India, OUP, Delhi, 2016.
Kumar, Deepak and Raha, Bipasha (eds.), Tilling the Land: Agricultural Knowledge and Practices in Colonial India, Primus, Delhi, 2016.
Kumar, Deepak and Rajsekhar Basu (eds.) Medical Encounter in British India, OUP, Delhi, 2013.
Kumar, Deepak, Trishanku Rashtra, (in Hindi), Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi, 2018.
Kumar, Deepak, Aatam Khabar: Sanskriti, Samaj aur Hum, (in Hindi), Aakar Books, Delhi, 2022.
Kumar, Deepak, 'Culture' of Science and the Making of India, Primus, Delhi, 2022.
Kumar, Deepak, Science and Society in Modern India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2023.
References
^ a b c d "index". archives.ashoka.edu.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "Deepak Kumar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ "Deepak Kumar | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University". jnu.ac.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ Menon, Shailaja (July 2017). "Deepak Kumar, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India". History and Sociology of South Asia. 11 (2): 223–226. doi:10.1177/2230807516686431. ISSN 2230-8075. S2CID 157932478.
^ Gupta, Vikas (2015). "Book Review: Deepak Kumar, Joseph Bara, Nandita Khadria and Ch. Radha Gayathri (Eds), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights". Indian Historical Review. 42 (2): 365–368. doi:10.1177/0376983615597337. S2CID 147698258.
^ "Deepak Kumar - Search Results". www.worldcat.org.
Sources
Sardar, Ziauddin and Loon, Borin Van 2001. Introducing Science. US: Totem Books (UK: Icon Books).
Positions
Lecturer, Department of History, Kurukshetra University, 1976-1983.
Scientist, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, 1983-1997.
Associate Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 1998-1999
Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2000 to date.
Awards & Honours
President and Convenor, 20th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, held at JNU, New Delhi, on 14–17 November 2008.
President, International Commission on Science & Empire, IUHPS/DHS, 1997-2001.
President of the Modern India Section, Indian History Congress, 60th Session, Calicut, December 1999.
Professor R.C.Gupta Endowment History of Science Lecture Award given by the National Academy of Science, Allahabad, July 2001.
President, South Asia Section, Indian Association of Asian and Pacific Studies, Second Biennial Conference, Sambalpur University, 29–31 January 2004.
Vice-President, International Association of Historians of Asia, 2004–06, elected at the 18th IAHA Conf. held at Taipei in 2004.
Member, Academie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences, Paris.
Vice-President, Association of South Asian Environmental Historians, 2007- 2009, reelected 2010.
Selected Peer Reviewed Publications
The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self and Society in Contemporary India, OUP, Delhi, 2016.
Science and the Raj, Enlarged Second Edition by OUP, Delhi, in Jan.06. Paperback in Sept.06, reprint 2011. (Earlier Hindi version published by Granthsilpi, Delhi, in 1998. Urdu version published by NCPUL, New Delhi in 2009). Bengali translation titled British Bharter Vijnan, Sujan Pub., Kolkata, 2007.
Technology and the Raj, jointly edited with Professor Roy MacLeod of Sydney University, SAGE, New Delhi, 1995. Enlarged Hindi version was published by Granthshilpi, Delhi in 2002.
Edited with Vinita Damodaran and Rohan D’Souza, eds. The British Empire and the Natural World: Environmental Encounters in South Asia, OUP, Delhi, 2010.
"Reason, Science and Religion: Gleanings from the Colonial Past", Studies in People’s History, vol.1, issue 2, December 2014, pp. 181–198.
"Science Administration: A Historical Outline", Social Scientist, vol. 43, nos. 1-2, January 2015, pp. 31–42.
"HISTEM and the Making of Modern India – Some Questions and Explanations", Indian Journal of History of Science, vol.50, 4, 2015, pp. 616–628.
Teaching Experience
Lecturer, Department of History, Kurukshetra University, 1976-1983.
Scientist, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, 1983-1997.
Associate Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 1998-1999
Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2000-2017.
Currently Hon. Professor, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad
Administrative Experience
Head, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, (CSIR), 1986-1996.
Chairman, Z.H.Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2002-2004, again 2010 - 2011.
Chairman, Campus Development Committee, JNU, 2005-2007.
Senior Warden, Sabarmati Hostel, JNU, 1999-2005.
Director, Educational Records Research Unit, JNU, 2004 - 2010
Founder Chairman, Media Research Centre, SSS, JNU, June 2010 – 2014
Honours and Awards:
First Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya Chair, BHU, Banaras, May–July, 2015.
President and Convenor, 20th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, held at JNU, New Delhi, on 14–17 November 2008.
Founder President, International Commission on Science & Empire, IUHPS/DHS, 1997-2001.
President of the Modern India Section, Indian History Congress, 60th Session, Calicut, December 1999.
Professor R.C.Gupta Endowment History of Science Lecture Award given by the National Academy of Science, Allahabad, July 2001.
President, South Asia Section, Indian Association of Asian and Pacific Studies, Second Biennial Conference, Sambalpur University, 29–31 January 2004.
Vice-President, International Association of Historians of Asia, 2004–06, elected at the 18th IAHA Conf. held at Taipei in 2004.
Member, Academie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences, Paris.
Chair and Convenor, Science and Society Section, Indian Science Congress, 1993-95.
Lectures/Seminars/Talks Given abroad :
The universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield, Lancaster, Bath, Berlin, Sussex, Paris, Amsterdam, Leiden, Tokyo, Kyoto, York, Oslo, Vilnius, Simon Fraser, British Columbia, York, Heidelberg, Marburg, Hannover, Canberra, Jerusalem, Denver, Wisconsin, Pittsburgh, CUNY, New York, Clemson, South Carolina, Beijing, Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Istanbul, Lisbon, Seoul, NUS Singapore, Academia Sinica,Taipei, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., IIAS, Leiden, MIT, Boston, NIAS, Copenhagen, and School at Harrow, London.
Fellowships: Have held visiting fellowships/professorships at the universities of Cambridge, Leiden, London, Wisconsin, Jerusalem, Santiniketan, York, Canberra, Sussex, Tehran, Burdwan, Jadavpur, Hyderabad, Denver, British Columbia, Vilnius, Banaras, Max Planck, Berlin, and The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C..
Prof. Deepak Kumar's Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Faculty Page
Authority control databases: Academics
Google Scholar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"British colonial rule in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"science in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Deepak Kumar was a professor of History of Science and Education, at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.[3] Kumar lectured at numerous universities within India and abroad, held visiting fellowships at the universities of Cambridge, London, Leiden, The Smithsonian Institution, etc. and has also taught at Wisconsin University, Madison, USA, and York University in Toronto, Canada.[1]Kumar argues that British colonial rule in India played a major role in how European scientific fields developed. One of his major works is Science and the Raj: A study of British India is in the field of history of science in India.A 2017 work is The Trishanku Nation reviewed in Sage Publications [4]In describing medical encounters in colonial India, Kumar argues that Western medical discourse occupied an important place in the process of colonization and it worked towards a scientific hegemony. \"Indigenous systems were so marginalised that their practitioners often sought survival in resistance rather than collaboration.\" \n[5]A number of his publications are cataloged at WorldCat:[6] These include, as of August 2021, publications in English (983), German (6), Arabic (2), and Hindi (2).","title":"Deepak Kumar (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-85229-51-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85229-51-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-568003-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-568003-0"},{"link_name":"Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4405022"},{"link_name":"Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4405022"}],"text":"Kumar, Deepak (ed.), Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947. Delhi: Anamika Prakashan, 1991\nKumar, Deepak (ed.), Disease and Medicine in India: A Historical Overview, Tulika, 2001 ISBN 81-85229-51-1\nKumar, Deepak, Science and the Raj: A Study of British India, Oxford University Press, 2006 (2nd edition) ISBN 0-19-568003-0\nKumar, Deepak & Roy MacLeod (eds.), Technology and the Raj, SAGE, New Delhi, 1995 (Enlarged Hindi version was published by Granthshilpi, Delhi in 2002, 2nd edition with a new Preface, published by Aakar Books, Delhi, 2022)\nKumar, Deepak, Vinita Damodaran, Rohan D'Souza (eds.), The British Empire and the Natural World: Environmental Encounters in South Asia, OUP, Delhi, 2010.Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920Kumar, Deepak & Chaube, Devendra (eds.), Hashiye ka Vritanta (Narrative of the Margins), in Hindi, Aadhar Publications, Panchkula, 2011.\nKumar, Deepak and Rajsekhar Basu (eds.) Medical Encounter in British India, OUP, Delhi, 2013. Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920\nKumar, Deepak, J.Bara, N.Khadria and R. Gayathri (eds.), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights, Manohar Books, Delhi, 2013.\nKumar, Deepak, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India, OUP, Delhi, 2016.\nKumar, Deepak and Raha, Bipasha (eds.), Tilling the Land: Agricultural Knowledge and Practices in Colonial India, Primus, Delhi, 2016.\nKumar, Deepak and Rajsekhar Basu (eds.) Medical Encounter in British India, OUP, Delhi, 2013.\nKumar, Deepak, Trishanku Rashtra, (in Hindi), Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi, 2018.\nKumar, Deepak, Aatam Khabar: Sanskriti, Samaj aur Hum, (in Hindi), Aakar Books, Delhi, 2022.\nKumar, Deepak, 'Culture' of Science and the Making of India, Primus, Delhi, 2022.Kumar, Deepak, Science and Society in Modern India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2023.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sardar, Ziauddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar"},{"link_name":"Loon, Borin Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borin_Van_Loon"}],"text":"Sardar, Ziauddin and Loon, Borin Van 2001. Introducing Science. US: Totem Books (UK: Icon Books).","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prof. Deepak Kumar's Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Faculty Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927140505/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/deepakkumar/"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5250511#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.google.com/citations?user=TWwTdnEAAAAJ"}],"text":"Lecturer, Department of History, Kurukshetra University, 1976-1983.\nScientist, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, 1983-1997.\nAssociate Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 1998-1999\nProfessor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2000 to date.Awards & Honours\nPresident and Convenor, 20th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, held at JNU, New Delhi, on 14–17 November 2008.\nPresident, International Commission on Science & Empire, IUHPS/DHS, 1997-2001.\nPresident of the Modern India Section, Indian History Congress, 60th Session, Calicut, December 1999.\nProfessor R.C.Gupta Endowment History of Science Lecture Award given by the National Academy of Science, Allahabad, July 2001.\nPresident, South Asia Section, Indian Association of Asian and Pacific Studies, Second Biennial Conference, Sambalpur University, 29–31 January 2004.\nVice-President, International Association of Historians of Asia, 2004–06, elected at the 18th IAHA Conf. held at Taipei in 2004.\nMember, Academie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences, Paris.\nVice-President, Association of South Asian Environmental Historians, 2007- 2009, reelected 2010.Selected Peer Reviewed PublicationsThe Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self and Society in Contemporary India, OUP, Delhi, 2016.Science and the Raj, Enlarged Second Edition by OUP, Delhi, in Jan.06. Paperback in Sept.06, reprint 2011. (Earlier Hindi version published by Granthsilpi, Delhi, in 1998. Urdu version published by NCPUL, New Delhi in 2009). Bengali translation titled British Bharter Vijnan, Sujan Pub., Kolkata, 2007.Technology and the Raj, jointly edited with Professor Roy MacLeod of Sydney University, SAGE, New Delhi, 1995. Enlarged Hindi version was published by Granthshilpi, Delhi in 2002.Edited with Vinita Damodaran and Rohan D’Souza, eds. The British Empire and the Natural World: Environmental Encounters in South Asia, OUP, Delhi, 2010.\"Reason, Science and Religion: Gleanings from the Colonial Past\", Studies in People’s History, vol.1, issue 2, December 2014, pp. 181–198.\"Science Administration: A Historical Outline\", Social Scientist, vol. 43, nos. 1-2, January 2015, pp. 31–42.\"HISTEM and the Making of Modern India – Some Questions and Explanations\", Indian Journal of History of Science, vol.50, 4, 2015, pp. 616–628.Teaching Experience\nLecturer, Department of History, Kurukshetra University, 1976-1983.\nScientist, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, 1983-1997.\nAssociate Professor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 1998-1999\nProfessor, Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2000-2017.\nCurrently Hon. Professor, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, HyderabadAdministrative Experience\nHead, History and Philosophy of Science Division, NISTADS, (CSIR), 1986-1996.\nChairman, Z.H.Centre for Educational Studies, JNU, 2002-2004, again 2010 - 2011.\nChairman, Campus Development Committee, JNU, 2005-2007.\nSenior Warden, Sabarmati Hostel, JNU, 1999-2005.\nDirector, Educational Records Research Unit, JNU, 2004 - 2010\nFounder Chairman, Media Research Centre, SSS, JNU, June 2010 – 2014Honours and Awards:\nFirst Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya Chair, BHU, Banaras, May–July, 2015.\nPresident and Convenor, 20th International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, held at JNU, New Delhi, on 14–17 November 2008.\nFounder President, International Commission on Science & Empire, IUHPS/DHS, 1997-2001.\nPresident of the Modern India Section, Indian History Congress, 60th Session, Calicut, December 1999.\nProfessor R.C.Gupta Endowment History of Science Lecture Award given by the National Academy of Science, Allahabad, July 2001.\nPresident, South Asia Section, Indian Association of Asian and Pacific Studies, Second Biennial Conference, Sambalpur University, 29–31 January 2004.\nVice-President, International Association of Historians of Asia, 2004–06, elected at the 18th IAHA Conf. held at Taipei in 2004.\nMember, Academie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences, Paris.\nChair and Convenor, Science and Society Section, Indian Science Congress, 1993-95.Lectures/Seminars/Talks Given abroad :\nThe universities of Oxford, Cambridge, London, Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield, Lancaster, Bath, Berlin, Sussex, Paris, Amsterdam, Leiden, Tokyo, Kyoto, York, Oslo, Vilnius, Simon Fraser, British Columbia, York, Heidelberg, Marburg, Hannover, Canberra, Jerusalem, Denver, Wisconsin, Pittsburgh, CUNY, New York, Clemson, South Carolina, Beijing, Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Istanbul, Lisbon, Seoul, NUS Singapore, Academia Sinica,Taipei, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., IIAS, Leiden, MIT, Boston, NIAS, Copenhagen, and School at Harrow, London.Fellowships: Have held visiting fellowships/professorships at the universities of Cambridge, Leiden, London, Wisconsin, Jerusalem, Santiniketan, York, Canberra, Sussex, Tehran, Burdwan, Jadavpur, Hyderabad, Denver, British Columbia, Vilnius, Banaras, Max Planck, Berlin, and The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C..Prof. Deepak Kumar's Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Faculty PageAuthority control databases: Academics \nGoogle Scholar","title":"Positions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"index\". archives.ashoka.edu.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.ashoka.edu.in/paper_details/98","url_text":"\"index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deepak Kumar\". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TWwTdnEAAAAJ&hl=en","url_text":"\"Deepak Kumar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deepak Kumar | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University\". jnu.ac.in. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jnu.ac.in/content/deepakkumar","url_text":"\"Deepak Kumar | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University\""}]},{"reference":"Menon, Shailaja (July 2017). \"Deepak Kumar, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India\". History and Sociology of South Asia. 11 (2): 223–226. doi:10.1177/2230807516686431. ISSN 2230-8075. S2CID 157932478.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2230807516686431","url_text":"\"Deepak Kumar, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2230807516686431","url_text":"10.1177/2230807516686431"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2230-8075","url_text":"2230-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157932478","url_text":"157932478"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Vikas (2015). \"Book Review: Deepak Kumar, Joseph Bara, Nandita Khadria and Ch. Radha Gayathri (Eds), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights\". Indian Historical Review. 42 (2): 365–368. doi:10.1177/0376983615597337. S2CID 147698258.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0376983615597337?journalCode=ihra","url_text":"\"Book Review: Deepak Kumar, Joseph Bara, Nandita Khadria and Ch. Radha Gayathri (Eds), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0376983615597337","url_text":"10.1177/0376983615597337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147698258","url_text":"147698258"}]},{"reference":"\"Deepak Kumar - Search Results\". www.worldcat.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Deepak+Kumar&dblist=638&fq=ap:%22kumar,+deepak%22&qt=facet_ap:","url_text":"\"Deepak Kumar - Search Results\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian","external_links_name":"\"Deepak Kumar\" historian"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deepak+Kumar%22+historian&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405022","external_links_name":"Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405022","external_links_name":"Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920"},{"Link":"https://archives.ashoka.edu.in/paper_details/98","external_links_name":"\"index\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TWwTdnEAAAAJ&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Deepak Kumar\""},{"Link":"https://jnu.ac.in/content/deepakkumar","external_links_name":"\"Deepak Kumar | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University\""},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2230807516686431","external_links_name":"\"Deepak Kumar, The Trishanku Nation: Memory, Self, and Society in Contemporary India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2230807516686431","external_links_name":"10.1177/2230807516686431"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2230-8075","external_links_name":"2230-8075"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157932478","external_links_name":"157932478"},{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0376983615597337?journalCode=ihra","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Deepak Kumar, Joseph Bara, Nandita Khadria and Ch. Radha Gayathri (Eds), Education in Colonial India: Historical Insights\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0376983615597337","external_links_name":"10.1177/0376983615597337"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147698258","external_links_name":"147698258"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Deepak+Kumar&dblist=638&fq=ap:%22kumar,+deepak%22&qt=facet_ap:","external_links_name":"\"Deepak Kumar - Search Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927140505/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/deepakkumar/","external_links_name":"Prof. Deepak Kumar's Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) Faculty Page"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TWwTdnEAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Museum_of_Art | Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art | ["1 Original exhibition highlights","2 Museum building and sculpture garden","3 Museum Collections","3.1 Collection highlights","4 References"] | Block Museum of Art, Northwestern UniversityLocation within Chicago metropolitan areaEstablished1980Location40 Arts Circle DriveEvanston, IllinoisUnited States Coordinates42°03′09″N 87°40′22″W / 42.0524°N 87.6727°W / 42.0524; -87.6727TypeArtDirectorLisa Graziose Corrin (Since January, 2012)ArchitectLoebl Schlossman & HacklWebsitewww.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu
The Block Museum of Art is a free public art museum located on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. The Block Museum was established in 1980 when Chicago art collectors Mary (daughter of Albert Lasker) and Leigh B. Block (former vice president of Inland Steel Company) donated funds to Northwestern University for the construction of an art exhibition venue. In recognition of their gift, the university named the changing exhibition space the Mary and Leigh Block Gallery. The original conception of the museum was modeled on the German kunsthalle tradition, with no permanent collection, and a series of changing temporary exhibits. However, the Block Museum soon began to acquire a permanent collection as the university transferred many of its art pieces to the museum. In recognition of its growing collection and its expanding programming, the Gallery became the American Alliance of Museums accredited Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art in 1998. The Block embarked on a major reconstruction project in 1999 and reopened in a new facility in September 2000.
The Block Museum has strong partnerships with museums worldwide including with the Yale University Art Gallery, Princeton University Press, The Nasher Art Museum at Duke University, the Grey Art Gallery at NYU, and the Museum der Moderne Salzburg. The Block often collaborates with these museums on exhibitions that travel across the country and the world.
Original exhibition highlights
A Feast of Astonishments: Charlotte Moorman and the Avant-Garde, 1960s–1980s (January 16 – July 17, 2016)
Charlotte Moorman was a musician and performance artist and a champion of experimental art, whose avant-garde festivals in New York City brought new art forms to a broad public. Recognition of Moorman in art history has been limited mostly to her collaborations with other artists, including composer John Cage and pioneering multimedia artist Nam June Paik, and to her 1967 performance of Paik's "Opera Sextronique," for which she became known as the "topless cellist" after being arrested on indecency charges. A Feast of Astonishments used the artists archive to looks deeper to portray Moorman as a leading international figure in her own right. The exhibition traveled to New York University's Grey Art Gallery in Manhattan and to the Museum der Moderne Salzburg.
If You Remember, I’ll Remember (February 4 – June 18, 2017)
This group exhibition of contemporary work included works by artists Kristine Aono (b. 1960), Shan Goshorn (b. 1957), Samantha Hill (b. 1974), McCallum & Tarry (active 1998–2013), Dario Robleto (b. 1972), and Marie Watt (b. 1967). The exhibition contemplated the present through works of art exploring themes of love, mourning, war, relocation, internment, resistance, and civil rights in 19th and 20th century North America.
William Blake and the Age of Aquarius (September 23, 2017 – March 11, 2018)
This exhibition explored the impact of British visionary poet and artist William Blake on a broad range of American artists in the post-World War II period. This exhibition was the first to consider how Blake's art and ideas were absorbed and filtered through American visual artists from the end of World War II through the 1960s.Blake's radical vision influenced artists of the Beat generation and 1960s counterculture. Among the artists, musicians, and writers who looked to Blake were such diverse figures as Diane Arbus, Jay DeFeo, the Doors, Sam Francis, Allen Ginsberg, Jess, Agnes Martin, Ad Reinhardt, Charles Seliger, Maurice Sendak, Robert Smithson, Clyfford Still, and many others. This exhibition also explored visual cultures around such galvanizing moments of the 1960s as Woodstock and the Summer of Love.
Paint the Eyes Softer: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (January 13 – April 22, 2018)
Up is Down: Mid-Century Experiments in Advertising and Film at the Goldsholl Studio (September 18 – December 9, 2019)
In the 1950s, Chicago-based design firm Goldsholl Design Associates made a name for itself with innovative "designs-in-film." Headed by Morton and Millie Goldsholl, the studio produced television spots, films, trademarks, corporate identities, and print advertisements for international corporations like Kimberly-Clark, Motorola, and 7-Up. Although they were compared to some of the most celebrated design firms of the day, the Goldsholls and their designers are relatively unknown today. The Block Museum's exhibition Up is Down reexamined the innovative work of Goldsholl Design Associates and its national impact.
Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa (January 26 – July 21, 2019)
Presenting more than 250 artworks spanning five centuries and a vast geographic expanse, the exhibition features loans from partner institutions in Mali, Morocco, and Nigeria, many of which will be seen in North America for the first time. The Block Museum exhibition was curated by Kathleen Bickford Berzock and traveled to The Aga Khan Museum in Toronto (Sept. 21, 2019 – Feb. 23, 2020) and then to the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution (April 8 – Nov. 29, 2020)
Museum building and sculpture garden
The original museum building was constructed in 1980 and was designed by Chicago architecture firm Loebl Schlossman & Hackl. The Block's outdoor sculpture garden was established in 1989. Sixteen sculptures were gifts to Northwestern University by donors Mary and Leigh Block and other supporters. They are located outdoors and in indoor public spaces around Northwestern's Arts Circle, as well as in a sculpture garden designed by renowned Chicago architect John Vinci.
The Block embarked on a major reconstruction project in 1999 and reopened in a new facility in September 2000, with a design by Chicago architectural firm Lohan Associates. Designed by acclaimed Chicago architect Dirk Lohan (the grandson of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and substantially funded by a private donation from businessman, lawyer, and philanthropist Paul Leffmann, the glass, steel and limestone structure tripled the size of the original facility. The 2000 expansion tripled the museum's gallery size. The Block Museum is now home to three
In 2015, the museum launched a public lobby lounge known as The Block Spot, equipped with Wi-Fi, seating, study spaces and meeting spots. Block Spot was created with James Geier, president and co-founder of Chicago's award-winning 555 International, and with input from undergraduates in industrial designer and adjunct lecturer John Hartman's industrial design projects class at the Segal Design Institute, based at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
Museum Collections
The Block Museum houses a growing permanent collection of over 6,000 artworks. The collection is strong in prints, drawings, and photographs by American and European modern and contemporary artists. Specialized collections include American computer-generated artworks, Chicago-based printmakers of the 1930s and ‘40s, documentary photography of the Midwest, and South African prints of the early 1990s. Since 2016, The Block has increased the diversity of media and the international array of artists represented in its collection. Recent gifts and purchases have included videos, sculpture, drawings, photographs and installations by internationally known contemporary artists such as Paul Chan, Omar Victor Diop, Felix Gonzalez Torres and Carrie Mae Weems. An active teaching collection, the Block Museum's works are used in exhibitions, in wide-ranging curricula across the university, by students and faculty across disciplines, and by scholars and researchers regionally and nationally.
The Block Museum collection can be browsed online via the museum's website. To view objects from the collection, the public can make an appointment in The Eloise W. Martin Study Center.
Collection highlights
Jasper Johns, Decoy, 1971
Max Beckmann, On the Streetcar, 1922
Barbara Hepworth, Two Forms (Divided Circle), 1969
Jean Arp, Feuille Se Reposant (Resting Leaf), 1959
Joan Miró, Monument Dresse En Plein Ocean a La Gloire du Vent, 1967 and Constellation, 1971
Chuck Close, Alex/Reduction Block, 1993
Carrie Mae Weems, Ritual and Revolution, 1998
References
^ Mary Lasker Block Obituary, New York Times
^ a b "History of the Block Museum". Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
^ Waxman, Lori. "The brilliance of Charlotte Moorman, on full view at the Block". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
^ Foumberg, Jason. "Take a trip and trip out to 'William Blake and the Age of Aquarius'". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
^ "Designing A Life Beautiful: "Up Is Down" Tells the Chicago Story of America's Iconic Brands | Newcity Art". art.newcity.com. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
^ "Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time". Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
^ "In Centering West Africa, an Exhibition Tells Another Story of the Medieval Period". Hyperallergic. 2019-03-15. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
^ "Campus Art Walk: Block Museum - Northwestern University". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
^ NU Facilities - Project history Archived 2008-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Block Spot: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
^ "Block Museum receives major gift of contemporary art". news.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
^ "Collections – eMuseum". blockmuseum.emuseum.com. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
^ "Eloise W. Martin Study Center: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
vteNorthwestern UniversityLocated in: Evanston IL and various other locationsAcademics
Arts and Sciences
Communication
Music
Management
Engineering
Journalism
Education and Social Policy
Medicine
Theological
Law
Professional Studies
Research
Galter Pavilion
Segal Design Institute
McGaw Medical Center
International Institute for Nanotechnology
Northwestern Medicine
Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research
Argonne–Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center
Infrastructure Technology Institute
Evanston Campus
Buildings
Residences
Block Museum
Dearborn Observatory
Deering Library
The Lakefill
Lindheimer Astrophysical Research Center
Norris Center
Technological Institute
Old College
Former Roycemore School building
Pick-Staiger Concert Hall
Shakespeare Garden
Wirtz Center for the Performing Arts
The Rock
University Hall
University Library
Chicago Campus
Buildings
Residences
Galter Pavilion
Lurie Children's Hospital
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Prentice Women's Hospital
Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago)
Qatar Campus
Northwestern Qatar
Media Majlis
Institute for Advanced Study of the Global South
The Daily Q
Studio 20Q
Athletics
Northwestern Wildcats
Big Ten
Football
Men's Basketball
Women's Basketball
Baseball
NUMB
Field Hockey
Women's Lacrosse
Men's soccer
Softball
Patten Gymnasium
Rocky Miller Park
Ryan Field
Land of Lincoln Trophy
Welsh–Ryan Arena
Willie the Wildcat
Media
The Daily Northwestern
North by Northwestern
Northwestern University Law Review
Northwestern University Press
TriQuarterly
WNUR
Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology
Traditions
Dance Marathon
Dillo Day
Dolphin Show
Go U Northwestern
History
Student activism
Schwarts Lectures
Waa-Mu Show
People
Alumni
Faculty
Presidents
John Evans
Founded: 1851
Students: 21,208
Endowment: 15 billion
vteMuseums in ChicagoArt
Art Institute of Chicago
Arts Club of Chicago
Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art
Intuit
Loyola University Museum of Art
Museum of Contemporary Art
Museum of Contemporary Photography
National Museum of Mexican Art
National Veterans Art Museum
Renaissance Society
Smart Museum of Art
Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art
Architecture
Charnley-Persky House
Chicago Architecture Center
Clarke House
Driehaus Museum
Glessner House
Noble–Seymour–Crippen House
Robie House
Children
Bronzeville Children's Museum
Chicago Children's Museum
StoryBus
Culture
American Writers Museum
Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture
Museum of Broadcast Communications
National Radio Hall of Fame
Chicago Cultural Center
Chinese American Museum of Chicago
DANK Haus German American Cultural Center
Design Museum
Irish American Heritage Center
Leather Archives and Museum
Mitchell Museum of the American Indian
National Hellenic Museum
National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame
National Museum of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture
Polish Museum of America
Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership
Swedish American Museum
Ukrainian National Museum
History
Chicago History Museum
DuSable Museum of African American History
Hull House
Money Museum
Newberry Library
Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa
Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Pullman National Monument
Science
Adler Planetarium
Field Museum of Natural History
Henry Crown Space Center
International Museum of Surgical Science
Museum of Science and Industry
Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum
Planned
Barack Obama Presidential Center
Former
Col. Wood's Museum
Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Evanston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Albert Lasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker"},{"link_name":"Inland Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kunsthalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"American Alliance of Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums"},{"link_name":"Yale University Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Grey Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Museum der Moderne Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_der_Moderne_Salzburg"}],"text":"The Block Museum of Art is a free public art museum located on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. The Block Museum was established in 1980 when Chicago art collectors Mary (daughter of Albert Lasker) and Leigh B. Block (former vice president of Inland Steel Company) donated funds to Northwestern University for the construction of an art exhibition venue.[1] In recognition of their gift, the university named the changing exhibition space the Mary and Leigh Block Gallery. The original conception of the museum was modeled on the German kunsthalle tradition, with no permanent collection, and a series of changing temporary exhibits. However, the Block Museum soon began to acquire a permanent collection as the university transferred many of its art pieces to the museum.[2] In recognition of its growing collection and its expanding programming, the Gallery became the American Alliance of Museums accredited Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art in 1998. The Block embarked on a major reconstruction project in 1999 and reopened in a new facility in September 2000.The Block Museum has strong partnerships with museums worldwide including with the Yale University Art Gallery, Princeton University Press, The Nasher Art Museum at Duke University, the Grey Art Gallery at NYU, and the Museum der Moderne Salzburg. The Block often collaborates with these museums on exhibitions that travel across the country and the world.","title":"Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte Moorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Moorman"},{"link_name":"Nam June Paik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_June_Paik"},{"link_name":"Grey Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Museum der Moderne Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_der_Moderne_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kristine Aono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Aono"},{"link_name":"Shan Goshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Goshorn"},{"link_name":"McCallum & Tarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCallum_and_Tarry"},{"link_name":"Dario Robleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Robleto"},{"link_name":"Marie Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Watt"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Diane Arbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Arbus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Goldsholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Goldsholl_Associates"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Museum of African Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A Feast of Astonishments: Charlotte Moorman and the Avant-Garde, 1960s–1980s (January 16 – July 17, 2016)Charlotte Moorman was a musician and performance artist and a champion of experimental art, whose avant-garde festivals in New York City brought new art forms to a broad public. Recognition of Moorman in art history has been limited mostly to her collaborations with other artists, including composer John Cage and pioneering multimedia artist Nam June Paik, and to her 1967 performance of Paik's \"Opera Sextronique,\" for which she became known as the \"topless cellist\" after being arrested on indecency charges. A Feast of Astonishments used the artists archive to looks deeper to portray Moorman as a leading international figure in her own right. The exhibition traveled to New York University's Grey Art Gallery in Manhattan and to the Museum der Moderne Salzburg.[3]If You Remember, I’ll Remember (February 4 – June 18, 2017)This group exhibition of contemporary work included works by artists Kristine Aono (b. 1960), Shan Goshorn (b. 1957), Samantha Hill (b. 1974), McCallum & Tarry (active 1998–2013), Dario Robleto (b. 1972), and Marie Watt (b. 1967). The exhibition contemplated the present through works of art exploring themes of love, mourning, war, relocation, internment, resistance, and civil rights in 19th and 20th century North America.William Blake and the Age of Aquarius (September 23, 2017 – March 11, 2018)This exhibition explored the impact of British visionary poet and artist William Blake on a broad range of American artists in the post-World War II period. This exhibition was the first to consider how Blake's art and ideas were absorbed and filtered through American visual artists from the end of World War II through the 1960s.Blake's radical vision influenced artists of the Beat generation and 1960s counterculture. Among the artists, musicians, and writers who looked to Blake were such diverse figures as Diane Arbus, Jay DeFeo, the Doors, Sam Francis, Allen Ginsberg, Jess, Agnes Martin, Ad Reinhardt, Charles Seliger, Maurice Sendak, Robert Smithson, Clyfford Still, and many others. This exhibition also explored visual cultures around such galvanizing moments of the 1960s as Woodstock and the Summer of Love.[4]Paint the Eyes Softer: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (January 13 – April 22, 2018)\nUp is Down: Mid-Century Experiments in Advertising and Film at the Goldsholl Studio (September 18 – December 9, 2019)In the 1950s, Chicago-based design firm Goldsholl Design Associates made a name for itself with innovative \"designs-in-film.\" Headed by Morton and Millie Goldsholl, the studio produced television spots, films, trademarks, corporate identities, and print advertisements for international corporations like Kimberly-Clark, Motorola, and 7-Up. Although they were compared to some of the most celebrated design firms of the day, the Goldsholls and their designers are relatively unknown today. The Block Museum's exhibition Up is Down reexamined the innovative work of Goldsholl Design Associates and its national impact.[5]Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa (January 26 – July 21, 2019)Presenting more than 250 artworks spanning five centuries and a vast geographic expanse, the exhibition features loans from partner institutions in Mali, Morocco, and Nigeria, many of which will be seen in North America for the first time. The Block Museum exhibition was curated by Kathleen Bickford Berzock and traveled to The Aga Khan Museum in Toronto (Sept. 21, 2019 – Feb. 23, 2020) and then to the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution (April 8 – Nov. 29, 2020)[6][7]","title":"Original exhibition highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Loebl Schlossman & Hackl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebl_Schlossman_%26_Hackl"},{"link_name":"sculpture garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lohan Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lohan_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dirk Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Lohan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-2"},{"link_name":"Segal Design Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal_Design_Institute"},{"link_name":"McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The original museum building was constructed in 1980 and was designed by Chicago architecture firm Loebl Schlossman & Hackl. The Block's outdoor sculpture garden was established in 1989. Sixteen sculptures were gifts to Northwestern University by donors Mary and Leigh Block and other supporters. They are located outdoors and in indoor public spaces around Northwestern's Arts Circle, as well as in a sculpture garden designed by renowned Chicago architect John Vinci.[8]The Block embarked on a major reconstruction project in 1999 and reopened in a new facility in September 2000, with a design by Chicago architectural firm Lohan Associates.[9] Designed by acclaimed Chicago architect Dirk Lohan (the grandson of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and substantially funded by a private donation from businessman, lawyer, and philanthropist Paul Leffmann, the glass, steel and limestone structure tripled the size of the original facility. The 2000 expansion tripled the museum's gallery size.[2] The Block Museum is now home to threeIn 2015, the museum launched a public lobby lounge known as The Block Spot, equipped with Wi-Fi, seating, study spaces and meeting spots. Block Spot was created with James Geier, president and co-founder of Chicago's award-winning 555 International, and with input from undergraduates in industrial designer and adjunct lecturer John Hartman's industrial design projects class at the Segal Design Institute, based at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.[10]","title":"Museum building and sculpture garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Block Museum houses a growing permanent collection of over 6,000 artworks. The collection is strong in prints, drawings, and photographs by American and European modern and contemporary artists. Specialized collections include American computer-generated artworks, Chicago-based printmakers of the 1930s and ‘40s, documentary photography of the Midwest, and South African prints of the early 1990s. Since 2016, The Block has increased the diversity of media and the international array of artists represented in its collection. Recent gifts and purchases have included videos, sculpture, drawings, photographs and installations by internationally known contemporary artists such as Paul Chan, Omar Victor Diop, Felix Gonzalez Torres and Carrie Mae Weems. An active teaching collection, the Block Museum's works are used in exhibitions, in wide-ranging curricula across the university, by students and faculty across disciplines, and by scholars and researchers regionally and nationally.[11]The Block Museum collection can be browsed online via the museum's website.[12] To view objects from the collection, the public can make an appointment in The Eloise W. Martin Study Center.[13]","title":"Museum Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jasper Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Johns"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Two Forms (Divided Circle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Forms_(Divided_Circle)"},{"link_name":"Jean Arp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Arp"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Chuck Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Close"},{"link_name":"Carrie Mae Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems"}],"sub_title":"Collection highlights","text":"Jasper Johns, Decoy, 1971\nMax Beckmann, On the Streetcar, 1922\nBarbara Hepworth, Two Forms (Divided Circle), 1969\nJean Arp, Feuille Se Reposant (Resting Leaf), 1959\nJoan Miró, Monument Dresse En Plein Ocean a La Gloire du Vent, 1967 and Constellation, 1971\nChuck Close, Alex/Reduction Block, 1993\nCarrie Mae Weems, Ritual and Revolution, 1998","title":"Museum Collections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of the Block Museum\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2007-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232446/http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/about/history.html","url_text":"\"History of the Block Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Waxman, Lori. \"The brilliance of Charlotte Moorman, on full view at the Block\". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-charlotte-moorman-review-ent-0310-20160308-column.html","url_text":"\"The brilliance of Charlotte Moorman, on full view at the Block\""}]},{"reference":"Foumberg, Jason. \"Take a trip and trip out to 'William Blake and the Age of Aquarius'\". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/william-blake-age-aquarius-block-museum-northwestern/Content?oid=31766765","url_text":"\"Take a trip and trip out to 'William Blake and the Age of Aquarius'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Designing A Life Beautiful: \"Up Is Down\" Tells the Chicago Story of America's Iconic Brands | Newcity Art\". art.newcity.com. 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.newcity.com/2018/09/13/making-life-beautiful-with-design-and-film-up-is-down-tells-the-chicago-story-of-americas-iconic-brands/","url_text":"\"Designing A Life Beautiful: \"Up Is Down\" Tells the Chicago Story of America's Iconic Brands | Newcity Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time\". Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://caravansofgold.org/","url_text":"\"Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Centering West Africa, an Exhibition Tells Another Story of the Medieval Period\". Hyperallergic. 2019-03-15. Retrieved 2020-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyperallergic.com/488133/caravans-of-gold-fragments-in-time-art-culture-and-exchange-across-medieval-saharan-africa/","url_text":"\"In Centering West Africa, an Exhibition Tells Another Story of the Medieval Period\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campus Art Walk: Block Museum - Northwestern University\". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/campus-art-walk.html","url_text":"\"Campus Art Walk: Block Museum - Northwestern University\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Block Spot: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/the-block-spot.html","url_text":"\"The Block Spot: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Block Museum receives major gift of contemporary art\". news.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2016/05/block-museum-contemporary-art-peter-norton-gift/","url_text":"\"Block Museum receives major gift of contemporary art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections – eMuseum\". blockmuseum.emuseum.com. Retrieved 2020-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://blockmuseum.emuseum.com/collections","url_text":"\"Collections – eMuseum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eloise W. Martin Study Center: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\". www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/visit-the-study-center.html","url_text":"\"Eloise W. Martin Study Center: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mary_and_Leigh_Block_Museum_of_Art¶ms=42.0524_N_87.6727_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°03′09″N 87°40′22″W / 42.0524°N 87.6727°W / 42.0524; -87.6727"},{"Link":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/","external_links_name":"www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4DE1739F93AA25751C0A967948260","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232446/http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/about/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Block Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/about/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-charlotte-moorman-review-ent-0310-20160308-column.html","external_links_name":"\"The brilliance of Charlotte Moorman, on full view at the Block\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/william-blake-age-aquarius-block-museum-northwestern/Content?oid=31766765","external_links_name":"\"Take a trip and trip out to 'William Blake and the Age of Aquarius'\""},{"Link":"https://art.newcity.com/2018/09/13/making-life-beautiful-with-design-and-film-up-is-down-tells-the-chicago-story-of-americas-iconic-brands/","external_links_name":"\"Designing A Life Beautiful: \"Up Is Down\" Tells the Chicago Story of America's Iconic Brands | Newcity Art\""},{"Link":"https://caravansofgold.org/","external_links_name":"\"Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time\""},{"Link":"https://hyperallergic.com/488133/caravans-of-gold-fragments-in-time-art-culture-and-exchange-across-medieval-saharan-africa/","external_links_name":"\"In Centering West Africa, an Exhibition Tells Another Story of the Medieval Period\""},{"Link":"https://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/campus-art-walk.html","external_links_name":"\"Campus Art Walk: Block Museum - Northwestern University\""},{"Link":"http://www.northwestern.edu/fm/design/completed/block/index.html","external_links_name":"NU Facilities - Project history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080519114612/http://www.northwestern.edu/fm/design/completed/block/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/the-block-spot.html","external_links_name":"\"The Block Spot: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\""},{"Link":"https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2016/05/block-museum-contemporary-art-peter-norton-gift/","external_links_name":"\"Block Museum receives major gift of contemporary art\""},{"Link":"https://blockmuseum.emuseum.com/collections","external_links_name":"\"Collections – eMuseum\""},{"Link":"http://www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu/visit/visit-the-study-center.html","external_links_name":"\"Eloise W. Martin Study Center: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109436554","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134648122","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513623406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5537919-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265173005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00012165","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15034334?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/140549919","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Laughs | Jupiter Laughs | ["1 Reception","2 References","3 External links"] | 1940 play by A. J. Cronin
Jupiter LaughsWritten byA. J. CroninDate premieredMarch 4, 1940 (1940-03-04)Place premieredKing's Theatre, Glasgow
Jupiter Laughs AuthorA. J. CroninLanguageEnglishGenrePlayPublisherGollancz (UK) Little, Brown (US)Publication date1940Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages190OCLC1498417ASIN B000OHEBC2
Jupiter Laughs is A. J. Cronin's 1940 play in three acts about a doctor who falls in love with a colleague—a woman doctor who plans to become a medical missionary. The play was first staged in Glasgow at the King's Theatre and starred Henry Longhurst, Catherine Lacey and James Mason. In September 1940, it opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre and starred Alexander Knox and Jessica Tandy. Film adaptations include Shining Victory, with James Stephenson and Geraldine Fitzgerald, and Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You") with O.W. Fischer and Anouk Aimée.
Reception
Brooks Atkinson panned the play in his September 10, 1940, review in The New York Times, criticizing the work itself and its realization. "Dr. Cronin…is all thumbs in the theater… the story is maudlin and the characters cut out of colored cardboard. If the drama has any interior meaning, it does not penetrate the mechanical performance that Reginald Denham has directed."
References
^ a b "Dr Cronin's First Play - "Jupiter Laughs" at the King's: James Mason's Fine Performance". The Glasgow Herald. 5 March 1940. p. 8. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ "Jupiter Laughs: Biltmore Theatre". IBDB. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ Goble, Alan (1999). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 99. ISBN 9783110951943. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ "THE PLAY IN REVIEW; 'Jupiter Laughs' Is First Drama Written by Dr. A.J. Cronin--Professor Dante's 'Sim Sala Bim'--The Lunts Return to Broadway". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
External links
Jupiter Laughs at the Internet Broadway Database
vteWorks by A. J. CroninNovels
Hatter's Castle
Three Loves
Grand Canary
Woman of the Earth
Country Doctor
The Stars Look Down
The Citadel
Vigil in the Night
Enchanted Snow
The Valorous Years
The Keys of the Kingdom
The Green Years
Shannon's Way
The Spanish Gardener
Beyond This Place
Escape from Fear
A Thing of Beauty/Crusader's Tomb
The Northern Light
The Native Doctor/An Apple in Eden
The Judas Tree
A Song of Sixpence
A Pocketful of Rye
The Minstrel Boy/Desmonde
Lady with Carnations
Gracie Lindsay
Short stories
"Kaleidoscope in "K""
"The Innkeeper's Wife"
Play
Jupiter Laughs
Autobiography
Adventures in Two Worlds
Film adaptations
Once to Every Woman
Grand Canary
The Citadel
Vigil in the Night
The Stars Look Down
Shining Victory
Hatter's Castle
The Keys of the Kingdom
The Green Years
The Spanish Gardener
Web of Evidence
Television adaptations
Escape From Fear
Beyond This Place
Nicholas
The Citadel (1960 American)
The Citadel (1960 British)
Dr. Finlay's Casebook
The Ordeal of Dr. Shannon
Memorandum van een dokter
La Cittadella (1964)
Novi asistent
O Jardineiro Espanhol
E le stelle stanno a guardare
The Stars Look Down
Les Années d'illusion
The Citadel (1983)
Doctor Finlay
La Cittadella (2003)
This article on a play from the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. J. Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Cronin"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"King's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Catherine Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Lacey"},{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Biltmore Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Alexander Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Knox"},{"link_name":"Jessica Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Tandy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shining Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_Victory"},{"link_name":"James Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephenson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Ich suche Dich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich_suche_Dich"},{"link_name":"O.W. Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.W._Fischer"},{"link_name":"Anouk Aimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anouk_Aim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goble-3"}],"text":"Jupiter Laughs is A. J. Cronin's 1940 play in three acts about a doctor who falls in love with a colleague—a woman doctor who plans to become a medical missionary. The play was first staged in Glasgow at the King's Theatre and starred Henry Longhurst, Catherine Lacey and James Mason.[1] In September 1940, it opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre and starred Alexander Knox and Jessica Tandy.[2] Film adaptations include Shining Victory, with James Stephenson and Geraldine Fitzgerald, and Ich suche Dich (\"I Seek You\") with O.W. Fischer and Anouk Aimée.[3]","title":"Jupiter Laughs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooks Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brooks Atkinson panned the play in his September 10, 1940, review in The New York Times, criticizing the work itself and its realization. \"Dr. Cronin…is all thumbs in the theater… the story is maudlin and the characters cut out of colored cardboard. If the drama has any interior meaning, it does not penetrate the mechanical performance that Reginald Denham has directed.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dr Cronin's First Play - \"Jupiter Laughs\" at the King's: James Mason's Fine Performance\". The Glasgow Herald. 5 March 1940. p. 8. Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400305&id=M3ZDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5520,6007177&hl=en","url_text":"\"Dr Cronin's First Play - \"Jupiter Laughs\" at the King's: James Mason's Fine Performance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald","url_text":"The Glasgow Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Jupiter Laughs: Biltmore Theatre\". IBDB. Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/jupiter-laughs-1010","url_text":"\"Jupiter Laughs: Biltmore Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Goble, Alan (1999). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 99. ISBN 9783110951943. Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=%22jupiter+laughs%22","url_text":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110951943","url_text":"9783110951943"}]},{"reference":"\"THE PLAY IN REVIEW; 'Jupiter Laughs' Is First Drama Written by Dr. A.J. Cronin--Professor Dante's 'Sim Sala Bim'--The Lunts Return to Broadway\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/09/10/113104734.html?pageNumber=27","url_text":"\"THE PLAY IN REVIEW; 'Jupiter Laughs' Is First Drama Written by Dr. A.J. Cronin--Professor Dante's 'Sim Sala Bim'--The Lunts Return to Broadway\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1498417","external_links_name":"1498417"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000OHEBC2","external_links_name":"B000OHEBC2"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400305&id=M3ZDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5520,6007177&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Dr Cronin's First Play - \"Jupiter Laughs\" at the King's: James Mason's Fine Performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/jupiter-laughs-1010","external_links_name":"\"Jupiter Laughs: Biltmore Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=%22jupiter+laughs%22","external_links_name":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/09/10/113104734.html?pageNumber=27","external_links_name":"\"THE PLAY IN REVIEW; 'Jupiter Laughs' Is First Drama Written by Dr. A.J. Cronin--Professor Dante's 'Sim Sala Bim'--The Lunts Return to Broadway\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/4989","external_links_name":"Jupiter Laughs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiter_Laughs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker | Saint Nicholas | ["1 Biographical sources","2 Life and legends","2.1 Family and background","2.2 Generosity and travels","2.3 Bishop of Myra","2.4 Council of Nicaea","2.5 Other reputed miracles","3 Relics","3.1 Gemile","3.2 Myra","3.3 Bari","3.4 Venice","3.5 Other locations","3.6 Scientific analysis","4 Veneration and celebrations","4.1 Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia","5 Iconography","6 Music","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | 4th-century Christian saint
This article is about the fourth-century Christian saint. For the gift-bearing figure in modern folklore and popular culture, see Santa Claus. For other uses, see Saint Nicholas (disambiguation).
"Nicholas of Myra" redirects here. Not to be confused with Nicholas of Lyra.
SaintNicholas of MyraFull-length icon by Jaroslav Čermák, showing Saint Nicholas with a halo, dressed in clerical garb, and holding a book of the scriptures in his left hand while making the hand gesture for the sign of the cross with his rightDefender of the FaithWonderworkerHoly HierarchBishop of MyraBornTraditionally 15 March 270Patara, Lycia et Pamphylia, Roman EmpireDiedTraditionally 6 December 343(343-12-06) (aged 73)Myra, Diocese of Asia, Roman EmpireVenerated inAll Christian denominations which venerate saintsMajor shrineBasilica di San Nicola, Bari, ItalyFeast5/6 December in the Gregorian calendar; 19 December in the Julian calendar (main feast day – Saint Nicholas Day)22 May (translation of relics)AttributesVested as a bishop. In Eastern Christianity, wearing an omophorion and holding a Gospel Book.PatronageChildrencooperstravelerssailorsfishermenmerchantstoymakersbroadcastersthe falsely accusedrepentant thievesbrewerspharmacistsarcherspawnbrokersunmarried peopleprostitutesPrilepAberdeenGalwayAlbaniaRussiaGreeceHellenic NavyLiverpoolBariSiggiewiMoscowAmsterdamLorraineRoyal School of Church Music and Duchy of Lorrainestudents in various cities and countries around EuropeRussian Navy
Saint Nicholas of Myra (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Patara in Anatolia (in modern-day Antalya Province, Turkey) during the time of the Roman Empire. Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for early Christian saints, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the folklore of Santa Claus ("Saint Nick") through Sinterklaas.
Little is known about the historical Saint Nicholas. The earliest accounts of his life were written centuries after his death and probably contain legendary elaborations. He is said to have been born in the Anatolian seaport of Patara, Lycia, in Asia Minor to wealthy Christian parents. In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being forced into prostitution by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a dowry for each of them. Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon. In his youth, he is said to have made a pilgrimage to Egypt and Syria Palaestina. Shortly after his return, he became Bishop of Myra. He was later cast into prison during the persecution of Diocletian, but was released after the accession of Constantine.
An early list makes him an attendee at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, but he is never mentioned in any writings by people who were at the council. Late, unsubstantiated legends claim that he was temporarily defrocked and imprisoned during the council for slapping the heretic Arius. Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine.
Fewer than 200 years after Nicholas's death, the St. Nicholas Church was built in Myra under the orders of Theodosius II over the site of the church where he had served as bishop, and his remains were moved to a sarcophagus in that church. In 1087, while the Greek Christian inhabitants of the region were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim Seljuk Turks, and soon after the beginning of the East–West schism, a group of merchants from the Italian city of Bari removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the church without authorization and brought them to their hometown, where they are now enshrined in the Basilica di San Nicola. The remaining bone fragments from the sarcophagus were later removed by Venetian sailors and taken to Venice during the First Crusade.
Biographical sources
Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life. Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers. This is not surprising, since Nicholas lived during a turbulent time in Roman history. The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established. Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II (ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra, which thereby preserves an early mention of his name. The Byzantine historian Procopius also mentions that the Emperor Justinian I (ruled 527–565) renovated churches in Constantinople dedicated to Saint Nicholas and Saint Priscus, which may have originally been built as early as c. 490.
Nicholas's name also occurs as "Nicholas of Myra of Lycia" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, written sometime between 510 and 515. A single, offhand mention of Nicholas of Myra also occurs in the biography of another saint, Saint Nicholas of Sion, who apparently took the name "Nicholas" to honor him. The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion, written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him. According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure.
In his treatise De statu animarum post mortem (written c. 583), the theologian Eustratius of Constantinople cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body. Eustratius credits a lost Life of Saint Nicholas as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the Life of Saint Nicholas to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death. The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a Life of Saint Nicholas, written in the early ninth century by Michael the Archimandrite (814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death.
Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions. The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain. Catholic historian D. L. Cann and medievalist Charles W. Jones both consider Michael the Archimandrite's Life the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth. Jona Lendering, a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's Life does not contain a "conversion narrative", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability. He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD Neopythagorean philosopher Apollonius of Tyana in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer Philostratus. Christian storytellers were known to adapt older pagan legends and attribute them to Christian saints. As Apollonius's hometown of Tyana was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.
Life and legends
Family and background
Accounts of Saint Nicholas's life agree on the essence of his story, but modern historians disagree regarding how much of this story is actually rooted in historical fact. Traditionally, Nicholas was born in the city of Patara (Lycia et Pamphylia), a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in Asia Minor in the Roman Empire, to a wealthy family of Greek Christians. According to some accounts, his parents were named Epiphanius (Ἐπιφάνιος, Epiphánios) and Johanna (Ἰωάννα, Iōánna), but, according to others, they were named Theophanes (Θεοφάνης, Theophánēs) and Nonna (Νόννα, Nónna). In some accounts, Nicholas's uncle was the bishop of the city of Myra, also in Lycia. Recognizing his nephew's calling, Nicholas's uncle ordained him as a priest.
Generosity and travels
The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1425, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome)
After his parents died from an epidemic, Nicholas is said to have distributed their wealth to the poor. In his most famous exploit, which is first attested in Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas, Nicholas heard of a devout man who had once been wealthy but had lost all of his money due to the "plotting and envy of Satan." The man could not afford proper dowries for his three daughters. This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, be forced to become prostitutes. Hearing of the girls' plight, Nicholas decided to help them, but, being too modest to help the family in public (or to save them the humiliation of accepting charity), he went to the house under the cover of night and threw a purse filled with gold coins through the window opening into the house. The father immediately arranged a marriage for his first daughter, and after her wedding, Nicholas threw a second bag of gold through the same window late at night.
According to Michael the Archimandrite's account, after the second daughter was married, the father stayed awake for at least two "nights" and caught Saint Nicholas in the same act of charity toward the third daughter. The father fell on his knees, thanking him, and Nicholas ordered him not to tell anyone about the gifts. The scene of Nicholas's secret gift-giving is one of the most popular scenes in Christian devotional art, appearing in icons and frescoes from across Europe. Although depictions vary depending on time and place, Nicholas is often shown wearing a cowl while the daughters are typically shown in bed, dressed in their nightclothes. Many renderings contain a cypress tree or a cross-shaped cupola.
The historicity of this incident is disputed. Adam C. English argues for a historical kernel to the legend, noting the story's early attestation as well as the fact that no similar stories were told about any other Christian saints. Jona Lendering, who also argues for the story's authenticity, notes that a similar story is told in Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana, in which Apollonius gives money to an impoverished father but posits that Michael the Archimandrite's account is markedly different. Philostratus does not mention the fate of the daughters and, in his story, Apollonius's generosity is purely motivated out of sympathy for the father; in Michael the Archimandrite's account, however, Saint Nicholas is instead expressly stated to be motivated by a desire to save the daughters from being sold into prostitution. He argues that this desire to help women is most characteristic of fourth-century Christianity, due to the prominent role women played in the early Christian movement, rather than Greco-Roman paganism or the Christianity of Michael the Archimandrite's time in the ninth century, by which point the position of women had drastically declined.
Nicholas is also said to have visited the Holy Land. The ship he was on was nearly destroyed by a terrible storm but he rebuked the waves, causing the storm to subside. Thus, Nicholas became venerated as the patron saint of sailors and travelers.
While in Palestine, Nicholas is said to have lived in a crypt near Bethlehem, where the Nativity of Jesus is believed to have taken place. Over the crypt where Nicholas is believed to have lived now stands the "Church of Saint Nicholas" in Beit Jala, a Christian town of which Nicholas is the Patron saint.
Bishop of Myra
Saint Nicholas Saves Three Innocents from Death (1888) by Ilya Repin
After visiting the Holy Land, Nicholas returned to Myra. The bishop of Myra, who had succeeded Nicholas's uncle, had recently died and the priests in the city had decided that the first priest to enter the church that morning would be made bishop. Nicholas went to the church to pray and was therefore proclaimed the new bishop. He is said to have been imprisoned and tortured during the Great Persecution under the Emperor Diocletian (ruled 284–305), but was released under the orders of the Emperor Constantine the Great (ruled 306–337). This story sounds plausible, but is not attested in the earliest sources and is therefore unlikely to be historical.
One of the earliest attested stories of Saint Nicholas is one in which he saves three innocent men from execution. According to Michael the Archimandrite, three innocent men were condemned to death by the governor Eustathius. As they were about to be executed, Nicholas appeared, pushed the executioner's sword to the ground, released them from their chains, and angrily chastised a juror who had accepted a bribe. According to Jona Lendering, this story directly parallels an earlier story in Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana, in which Apollonius prevents the execution of a man falsely condemned of banditry. Michael the Archimandrite also tells another story in which the consul Ablabius accepted a bribe to put three famous generals to death, in spite of their actual innocence. Saint Nicholas appeared to Constantine and Ablabius in dreams, informing Constantine of the truth and frightening Ablabius into releasing the generals, for fear of Hell.
Later versions of the story are more elaborate, interweaving the two stories together. According to one version, Emperor Constantine sent three of his most trusted generals, named Ursos, Nepotianos, and Herpylion, to put down a rebellion in Phrygia. However, a storm forced them to take refuge in Myra. Unbeknownst to the generals, who were in the harbor, their soldiers further inland were fighting with local merchants and engaging in looting and destruction. Nicholas confronted the generals for allowing their soldiers to misbehave and the generals brought an end to the looting. Immediately after the soldiers had returned to their ships, Nicholas heard word of the three innocent men about to be executed and the three generals aided him in stopping the execution. Eustathius attempted to flee on his horse but Nicholas stopped his horse and chastised him for his corruption. Eustathius, under the threat of being reported directly to the Emperor, repented of his corrupt ways. Afterward, the generals succeeded in ending the rebellion and were promoted by Constantine to even higher status. The generals' enemies, however, slandered them to the consul Ablabius, telling him that they had not really put down the revolt, but instead encouraged their own soldiers to join it. The generals' enemies also bribed Ablabius and he had the three generals imprisoned. Nicholas then made his dream appearances and the three generals were set free.
Council of Nicaea
Detail of a late medieval Greek Orthodox fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping Arius at the First Council of Nicaea
In 325, Nicholas is said to have attended the First Council of Nicaea, where he is said to have been a staunch opponent of Arianism and a devoted supporter of Trinitarianism, and one of the bishops who signed the Nicene Creed. Nicholas's attendance at the Council of Nicaea is attested early by Theodore the Lector's list of attendees, which records him as the 151st attendee. However, he is conspicuously never mentioned by Athanasius of Alexandria, the foremost defender of Trinitarianism at the council, who knew all the notable bishops of the period, nor is he mentioned by the historian Eusebius, who was also present at the council. Adam C. English notes that lists of the attendees at Nicaea vary considerably, with shorter lists only including roughly 200 names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones. Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities:
Nicholas did not attend the Council of Nicaea, but someone at an early date was baffled that his name was not listed and so added him to the list. Many scholars tend to favor this explanation.
Nicholas did attend the Council of Nicaea, but, at an early date, someone decided to remove his name from the list, apparently deciding that it was better if no one remembered he had been there.
A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped "a certain Arian" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's miter and pallium. Steven D. Greydanus concludes that, because of the story's late attestation, it "has no historical value." Jona Lendering, however, defends the veracity and historicity of the incident, arguing that, as it was embarrassing and reflects poorly on Nicholas's reputation, it is inexplicable why later hagiographers would have invented it. Later versions of the legend embellish it, making the heretic Arius himself and having Nicholas punch him rather than merely slapping him with his open hand. In these versions of the story, Nicholas is also imprisoned, but Christ and the Virgin Mary appear to him in his cell. He tells them he is imprisoned "for loving you" and they free him from his chains and restore his vestments. The scene of Nicholas slapping Arius is celebrated in Eastern Orthodox icons and episodes of Saint Nicholas at Nicaea are shown in a series of paintings from the 1660s in the Basilica di San Nicola in Bari.
Other reputed miracles
Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne (created between 1503 and 1508)
One story tells how during a terrible famine, a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he killed them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham. Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, saw through the butcher's lies and resurrected the pickled children by making the sign of the cross. Jona Lendering opines that the story is "without any historical value". Adam C. English notes that the story of the resurrection of the pickled children is a late medieval addition to the legendary biography of Saint Nicholas and that it is not found in any of his earliest Lives. Although this story seems bizarre and horrifying to modern audiences, it was tremendously popular throughout the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, and widely beloved by ordinary folk. It is depicted in stained glass windows, wood panel paintings, tapestries, and frescoes. Eventually, the scene became so widely reproduced that, rather than showing the whole scene, artists began to merely depict Saint Nicholas with three naked children and a wooden barrel at his feet.
According to English, eventually, people who had forgotten or never learned the story began misinterpreting representations of it. That Saint Nicholas was shown with children led people to conclude he was the patron saint of children; meanwhile, the fact that he was shown with a barrel led people to conclude that he was the patron saint of brewers.
According to another story, during a great famine that Myra experienced in 311–312, a ship was in the port at anchor, loaded with wheat for the emperor in Constantinople. Nicholas invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in the time of need. The sailors at first disliked the request, because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the emperor. Only when Nicholas promised them that they would not suffer any loss for their consideration did the sailors agree. When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.
Relics
Gemile
Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of Gemile, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed.
It has long been traditionally assumed that Saint Nicholas was originally buried in his home town of Myra, where his relics are later known to have been kept, but some recent archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Nicholas may have originally been entombed in a rock-cut church located at the highest point on the small Turkish island of Gemile, only twenty miles away from his birthplace of Patara. Nicholas's name is painted on part of the ruined building. In antiquity, the island was known as "Saint Nicholas Island" and today it is known in Turkish as Gemiler Adasi, meaning "Island of Boats", in reference to Saint Nicholas's traditional role as the patron saint of seafarers.
The church was built in the fourth century, around the time of Nicholas's death, and is typical of saints' shrines from that time period. Nicholas was the only major saint associated with that part of Turkey. The church where historians believe he was originally entombed is at the western end of the great processional way.
Myra
Desecrated sarcophagus in the St. Nicholas Church, Demre, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087.
In the mid-7th century, Gemile was vulnerable to attack by Arab fleets, so Nicholas's remains appear to have been moved from the island to the city of Myra, where Nicholas had served as bishop for most of his life. Myra is located roughly 40 km (25 mi) east of Gemile and its location further inland made it safer from seafaring Arab forces.
It is said that, in Myra, the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smelled like rose water, called manna, or myrrh, which was believed by the faithful to possess miraculous powers. As it was widely known that all Nicholas's relics were at Myra in their sealed sarcophagus, it was rare during this period for forgers of relics to claim to possess those belonging to Saint Nicholas.
A solemn bronze statue of the saint by Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was donated by the Russian government in 2000, and was given a prominent place in the square fronting the medieval Church of St Nicholas. In 2005, mayor Süleyman Topçu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted an image more recognisable to foreign visitors. Protests from the Russian government against this were successful, and the bronze statue was returned (albeit without its original high pedestal) to a corner nearer the church.
On 28 December 2009, the Turkish government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of Saint Nicholas's skeletal remains to Turkey from the Italian government.
Turkish authorities asserted that Nicholas himself desired to be buried at his episcopal town, and that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. In 2017, an archaeological survey at St. Nicholas Church, Demre was reported to have found a temple below the modern church, with excavation work to be done that will allow researchers to determine whether it still holds Nicholas's body.
Bari
Basilica di San Nicola in Bari, Italy where most of the relics of Saint Nicholas are kept today
After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Byzantine Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading Seljuk Turks, and so Greek Christians of Myra became subjects of the Turks. At the same time the Catholic Church in the West had declared (in 1054 AD) that the Greek church, the official church of the Byzantine Empire, was in schism. Because of the many wars in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult.
Taking advantage of the confusion and the loss by the Greek Christian community of Myra of its Byzantine imperial protection, in the spring of 1087, Italian sailors from Bari in Apulia seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Greek Orthodox monks in the church.
Adam C. English describes the removal of the relics from Myra as "essentially a holy robbery" and notes the thieves were not only afraid of being caught or chased after by the locals, but also the power of Saint Nicholas himself. Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for them. The remains arrived on 9 May 1087. Two years later, Pope Urban II inaugurated a new church, the Basilica di San Nicola, to Saint Nicholas in Bari. The Pope himself personally placed Nicholas's relics into the tomb beneath the altar of the new church. The removal of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra and their arrival in Bari is reliably recorded by multiple chroniclers, including Orderic Vitalis and 9 May continued to be celebrated every year by western Christians as the day of Nicholas's "translation". Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Turks have both long regarded the unauthorized removal of the relics from Myra as a blatant theft, but the people of Bari have instead maintained that it was a rescue mission to save the bones from the Turkish invaders. A legend, shown on the ceiling of the Basilica di San Nicola, holds that Nicholas once visited Bari and predicted that his bones would one day rest there.
Statue of Nicholas in Bari.
Prior to the translation of Nicholas's relics to Bari, his following had been known in western Europe, but it had not been extremely popular. In autumn of 1096, Norman and Frankish soldiers mustered in Bari in preparation for the First Crusade. Although the Crusaders generally favored warrior saints, which Saint Nicholas was not, the presence of his relics in Bari made him materially accessible. Nicholas's associations with aiding travelers and seafarers also made him a popular choice for veneration. Nicholas's veneration by Crusaders helped promote his following throughout western Europe.
After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to produce "myrrh", much to the joy of their new owners. Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari. Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's feast day) by the clergy of the basilica. The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could be obtained in the shop nearby. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbour, and the tomb is below sea level, there have been several natural explanations proposed for the manna fluid, including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action.
In 1966, a vault in the crypt underneath the Basilica di San Nicola was dedicated as an Orthodox chapel with an iconostasis in commemoration of the recent lifting of the anathemas the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches had issued against each other during the Great Schism in 1054.
In May 2017, following talks between Pope Francis and Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill, a portion of the relics of St. Nicholas in Bari were sent on loan to Moscow. The relic was on display for veneration at Christ the Savior Cathedral before being taken to Saint Petersburg in mid-June prior to returning to Bari. More than a million people lined up in Moscow for a momentary glimpse of the gilded ark holding one of the saint's ribs.
Venice
The church of San Nicolò al Lido in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton
The sailors from Bari took only the main bones of Nicholas's skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave. The city of Venice had interest in obtaining the remaining fragments of his skeleton. In 1044, they dedicated the San Nicolò al Lido monastery basilica to him on the north end of the Lido di Venezia. According to a single chronicle written by an anonymous monk at this monastery, in 1100, a fleet of Venetian ships accompanied by Bishop Henri sailed past Myra on their way to Palestine for the First Crusade. Bishop Henri insisted for the fleet to turn back and set anchor in Myra. The Venetians took the remaining bones of Saint Nicholas, as well as those of several other bishops of Myra, from the church there, which was only guarded by four Orthodox monks, and brought them to Venice, where they deposited them in the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was lent credence in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which confirmed that the relics in the two cities are anatomically compatible and may belong to the same person. It is said that someone dies every time the bones of Saint Nicholas in Venice are disturbed. The last time the bones were examined was in July 1992.
Other locations
See also: Tomb of Saint Nicholas
Tomb of Saint Nicholas near Thomastown, Ireland
Because of Nicholas's skeleton's long confinement in Myra, after it was brought to Bari, the demand for pieces of it rose. Small bones quickly began to disperse across western Europe. The sailors who had transported the bones gave one tooth and two fragments chipped from Nicholas's sarcophagus to the Norman knight William Pantulf. Pantulf took these relics to his hometown of Noron in Normandy, where they were placed in the local Church of St. Peter in June 1092. In 1096, the duke of Apulia gave several bones of Saint Nicholas to the count of Flanders, which he then enshrined in the Abbey of Watten. According to legend, in 1101, Saint Nicholas appeared in a vision to a French clerk visiting the shrine at Bari and told him to take one of his bones with him to his hometown of Port, near Nancy. The clerk took a finger bone back with him to Port, where a chapel was built to Saint Nicholas. Port became an important center of devotion in the following of Nicholas and, in the fifteenth century, a church known as the Basilique Saint-Nicolas was built there dedicated to him. The town itself is now known as "Saint Nicolas de Port" in honor of Nicholas.
The clergy at Bari strategically gave away samples of Nicholas's bones to promote the following and enhance its prestige. Many of these bones were initially kept in Constantinople, but, after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, these fragments were scattered across western Europe. A hand claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in the San Nicola in Carcere in Rome. This church, whose name means "Saint Nicholas in Chains", was built on the site of a former municipal prison. Stories quickly developed about Nicholas himself having been held in that prison. Mothers would come to the church to pray to Saint Nicholas for their jailed sons to be released and repentant criminals would place votive offerings in the church. As a result of this, Nicholas became the patron saint of prisoners and those falsely accused of crimes. An index finger claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in a chapel along the Ostian Way in Rome. Another finger was held in Ventimiglia in Liguria. Today, many churches in Europe, Russia, and the United States claim to possess small relics, such as a tooth or a finger bone.
An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the twelfth century and buried near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave. According to the Irish antiquarian John Hunt, the tomb probably actually belongs to a local priest from Jerpoint Abbey.
Scientific analysis
18th-century Russian icon at Kizhi monastery, Karelia
Whereas the devotional importance of relics and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, Saint Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the allegedly continuing miracle of the manna, the archdiocese of Bari has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones. In the late 1950s, while the crypt was undergoing much-needed restoration, the bones were removed from it for the first time since their interment in 1089. A special Pontiffical Commission permitted Luigi Martino, a professor of human anatomy at the University of Bari, to examine the bones under the commission's supervision. Martino took thousands of measurements, detailed scientific drawings, photographs, and x-rays. These examinations revealed the saint to have died at over seventy years of age and to have been of average height and slender-to-average build. He also suffered from severe chronic arthritis in his spine and pelvis.
In 2004, at the University of Manchester, researchers Caroline Wilkinson and Fraco Introna reconstructed the saint's face based on Martino's examination. The review of the data revealed that the historical Saint Nicholas was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in height and had a broken nose, which had partially healed, revealing that the injury had been suffered ante mortem. The broken nose appeared to conform with hagiographical reports that Saint Nicholas had been beaten and tortured during the Diocletianic Persecution. The facial reconstruction was produced by Caroline Wilkinson at the University of Manchester and was shown on a BBC2 TV program The Real Face of Santa. In 2014, the Face Lab at Liverpool John Moores University produced an updated reconstruction of Saint Nicholas's face.
In 2017, two researchers from Oxford University, Professor Tom Higham and Doctor Georges Kazan, radiocarbon dated a fragment of a pelvis claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas. The fragment originally came from a church in Lyon, France and, at the time of testing, was in the possession of Father Dennis O'Neill, a priest from St Martha of Bethany Church in Illinois. The results of the radiocarbon dating confirmed that the pelvis dates to the fourth century AD, around the same time that Saint Nicholas would have died, and is not a medieval forgery. The bone was one of the oldest the Oxford team had ever examined.
According to Professor Higham, most of the relics the team has examined turn out to be too recent to have actually belonged to the saint to whom they are attributed, but he states, "This bone fragment, in contrast, suggests that we could possibly be looking at remains from St Nicholas himself." Kazan believes the pelvis fragment may come from the same individual as the skeleton divided between the churches in Bari and Venice, since the bone they tested comes from the left pubis, and the only pelvis bone in the collection at Bari is the left ilium. In the absence of DNA testing, however, it is not yet possible to know for certain whether the pelvis is from the same man.
Veneration and celebrations
Further information: Saint Nicholas Day
Among Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors, fishermen, ships and sailing. As a result, and over time, he has become the patron saint of several cities which maintain harbours. In centuries of Greek folklore, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of Poseidon. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece and particularly of the Hellenic Navy.
Eastern Orthodox Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Kuopio, Finland
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Nicholas's memory is celebrated on almost every Thursday of the year (together with the Apostles) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the Octoechos. Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra to Bari, an East Slavic version of his Life and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.
Devotional akathists and canons have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his intercession. He is mentioned in the Liturgy of Preparation during the Divine Liturgy (Eastern Orthodox Eucharist) and during the All-Night Vigil. Many Orthodox churches will have his icon, even if they are not named after him. In Oriental Orthodoxy, the Coptic Church observes the Departure of St. Nicholas on 10 Kiahk, or 10 Taḫśaś in Ethiopia, which corresponds to the Julian Calendar's 6 December and Gregorian Calendar's 19 December.
Nicholas had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, a practice celebrated on his feast day, 6 December. For those who still observe the Julian calendar the celebration currently takes place thirteen days later than it happens in the Gregorian calendar and Revised Julian calendar.
In Serbia, the most common Slava (annual ceremony and veneration of family's patron saint) is Saint Nicholas' day celebrated on 19 December.
In Monaco, the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate was built from 1874 on the site of St Nicholas's church, founded in 1252. A children's Mass is still held on 6 December in the cathedral.
Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English book of hours
In late medieval England, on Saint Nicholas Day parishes held Christmastide "boy bishop" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European and Central European countries. In medieval times, Christian nuns in Belgium and France began to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy, which gave rise to the practice of gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day. According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the Low Countries (which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various Nicholas fairs to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas. This and his miracle of him resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well. The custom of giving gifts on Saint Nicholas Day is popular in various parts of Christendom, with a popular tradition including children placing their shoes in the foyer for Saint Nicholas to deliver presents therein.
Santa Claus evolved from Dutch traditions regarding Saint Nicholas (Sinterklaas). When the Dutch established the colony of New Amsterdam, they brought the legend and traditions of Sinterklaas with them. Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York existed in the early settlements of the Hudson Valley, although by the early nineteenth century had fallen by the way. St. Nicholas Park, located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 127th Street, in an area originally settled by Dutch farmers, is named for St. Nicholas of Myra.
Nicholas is honored in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Churches, as well as in Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 6 December.
Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia
9 May – Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, in 1087.
10 May – Passage of the relics (sojourn) in 1087 of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker through the island of Zakynthos, while on their way to Bari.
20 May – Arrival of the relics in Bari.
29 July – Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.
Movable holiday on the Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados.
22 September – Synaxis of All Saints of Tula (commemoration of the protection of Tula from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1552).
6 December – Commemoration of his death.
Iconography
Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the Lipno Church
Saint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on Eastern Orthodox icons, particularly Russian and Serbian ones. He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the omophorion and holding a Gospel Book. Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded. Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full, white, fluffy beard and balding head. In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Council of Nicaea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion. Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing drowning sailors; Medieval Chants and Polyphony, image on the cover of the Book of Hours of Duke of Berry, 1410.
15th century icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Gregoriou Monastery, Mount Athos
In depictions of Saint Nicholas from Bari, he is usually shown as dark-skinned, probably to emphasize his foreign origin. The emphasis on his foreignness may have been intended to enhance Bari's reputation by displaying that it had attracted the patronage of a saint from a far-off country. In Roman Catholic iconography, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a bishop's vestments, a mitre and a crozier. The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold. Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected).
In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits. As in the Low Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures.
Music
In 1948, Benjamin Britten completed a cantata, Saint Nicolas on a text by Eric Crozier which covers the saint's legendary life in a dramatic sequence of events. A tenor soloist appears as Saint Nicolas, with a mixed choir, boys singers, strings, piano duet, organ and percussion.
See also
Saints portal
Saint Nicholas (European folklore)
Companions of Saint Nicholas
A Visit from St. Nicholas, 1823 poem
Saint Nicholas, patron saint archive
Belznickel
St. Nicholas Church (disambiguation) List of churches named after the saint.
Notes
^ Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hágios Nikólaos; Latin: Sanctus Nicolaus
^ The date of his birth and the year of his death are disputed, but 6 December has long been established as the traditional date of his death. Jeremy Seal remarks, "As vampires shun daylight, so saints are distinguished from ordinary mortals by the anniversaries they keep. The date of their death rather than their birth is commemorated."
^ Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikólaos ho Thaumaturgós
^ Joe L. Wheeler and Jona Lendering both note that the legends of Saint Nicholas are filled with sets of three, which may be symbolic for Nicholas's vehement defense of the Holy Trinity.
References
^ Book of Martyrs. Catholic Book Publishing. 1948.
^ "Serbia". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ "Who is St. Nicholas?". St. Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
^ "St. Nicholas". Orthodox America. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 2.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 2–3.
^ Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (December 2008). The book of general ignorance (Noticeably stouter ed.). Faber and Faber. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-571-24692-2.
^ Cunningham, Lawrence (2005). A brief history of saints. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4051-1402-8. The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Greek Anatolia (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy... Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early Greek Orthodox Bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus.
^ a b c d Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 9780310564560. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015. Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra… As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.
^ English, Adam C. (2012). The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Nicholas of Myra. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 57–63. ISBN 978-1-60258-636-9.
^ Wheeler 2010, pp. vii–x.
^ a b c Seal 2005, pp. 14–15.
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 14.
^ a b Wheeler 2010, pp. vii–viii.
^ a b c d e f Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013, p. 250.
^ a b c d Wheeler 2010, p. ix.
^ a b c d Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013, p. 251.
^ a b c Wheeler 2010, p. x.
^ Seal 2005, p. 15.
^ Cioffari, Gerardo (1987). "San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo". San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia: 44–45.
^ a b Wheeler 2010, p. xi.
^ Introduction to Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Lendering 2006, p. Nicholas of Myra.
^ a b c Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013, p. 249.
^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 0-313-30733-4. Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city… A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.
^ Burman, Edward (1991). Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance. Constable. p. 126. ISBN 0-09-469490-7. For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Claus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek.
^ Ingram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004). Greek Immigrants. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9780816056897. The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey) in the fourth century. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Lanzi, Gioia (2004). Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images. Liturgical Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-8146-2970-9. Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey.
^ Lanzi, Gioia (2004). Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images. Liturgical Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-8146-2970-9. Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ferguson 1976, p. 136.
^ Bennett, William J. (2009). The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas. Howard Books. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4165-6746-2.
^ a b c Michael the Archimandrite, Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Chapters 10–11
^ a b c Wheeler 2010, p. 38.
^ Michael the Archimandrite, Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Chapters 12–18)
^ a b Michael the Archimandrite, Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Chapters 16–18)
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 1.
^ a b c English & Crumm 2012.
^ "Stories from Beit Jala". St. Nicholas Center. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ "Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala".
^ Faber, Paul (2006). Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint. KIT Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 9789068324372. The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 AD in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of "victor of the people".
^ Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013, pp. 249–250.
^ a b c d e f g Wilkinson 2018, p. 163.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Lendering 2006, p. Medieval Saint.
^ a b Michael the Archimandrite, Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Chapter 31)
^ a b Michael the Archimandrite, Life of Saint Nicholas Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Chapter 33)
^ Wheeler 2010, pp. 38–39.
^ Wheeler 2010, pp. 39–40.
^ a b Wheeler 2010, p. 40.
^ Wheeler 2010, pp. 40–41.
^ Wheeler & Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 1), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005
^ Federer, William J. (2002). There Really Is a Santa Claus – History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions. Amerisearch, Inc. p. 26. ISBN 978-0965355742.
^ Davis, Leo Donald (1990). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology. Liturgical Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-8146-5616-1.
^ Wheeler 2010, p. xii.
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 93.
^ a b c d e f g h Greydanus 2016.
^ a b c d Wheeler 2010, p. 35.
^ "St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas". stnicholascenter.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
^ a b c English 2016, p. 132.
^ English 2016, pp. 132–133.
^ Le Saux, Françoise Hazel Marie (2005). A companion to Wace. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-043-5.
^ a b c d e f g Keys 1993.
^ a b c d e f g Jones 1978, pp. 176–193.
^ De Ceglia, Francesco Paolo: "The science of Santa Claus : discussions on the Manna of Nicholas of Myra in the modern age". In Nuncius – 27 (2012) 2, pp. 241–269.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 135–136.
^ "Saint Nicholas". St. John Cantius Parish. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ "Turks want Santa's bones returned". BBC News. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ "Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy". Todayszaman.com. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
^ "Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey". ir.ishtimes.com. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h Cullen 2017.
^ Seal 2005, p. 101.
^ Ott, Michael (1907). "Nicholas of Myra". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Butler, Albin (1860). Lives of the Saints. Vol. 2.
^ Wheeler, Joe L.; Rosenthal, Jim (2005). "Chapter 1". St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9781418504076.
^ Medrano 2017.
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 131.
^ a b Seal 2005, pp. 93–94.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 100–102.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 114–115.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 114–116.
^ Seal 2005, p. 117.
^ ""Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Filipov, David. "Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas", The Washington Post, June 29, 2017". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h University of Oxford 2017.
^ a b c Seal 2005, p. 136.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 125–127.
^ Seal 2005, p. 127.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 127–136.
^ "Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?" . enec.it (in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
^ "Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?" . enec.it (in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
^ Seal 2005, pp. 135–137.
^ a b c d e Seal 2005, p. 137.
^ a b c English 2016, p. 133.
^ "Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ "Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny" (PDF). An Chomhairle Oidhreachta/The Heritage Council. 2007. p. 81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
^ Hunt 1974.
^ "Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
^ a b "The Real Face of St. Nicholas". St Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ a b "The Real Face of Santa". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014. (navigate to 4th of 4 pictures)
^ a b c d e Coughlan 2017.
^ "Greece". St. Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
^ Goroshkova, Natalia. "ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY". OrthoChristian. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ "Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ "St. Nicholas the Wonderworker". Synaxarium (Lives of Saints). Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ "Commemorations for Kiahk 10". Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ Carus, Louise (1 October 2002). The Real St. Nicholas. Quest Books. p. 2. ISBN 9780835608138. In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on 6 December which many believe to be the anniversary of St Nicholas's death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Saint's feast date is 19 December). On 5 December, the eve of St Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that Saint Nicholas soon will be there.
^ DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013). Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4594-0560-8.
^ McKnight, George H. (1917). St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs. New York: Putnam's. pp. 37–52. ISBN 978-1115125055. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Sandford, John (3 April 2013). Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81610-9.
^ Joe Wheeler & Jim Rosenthal, "St. Nicholas A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 8), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.
^ Theology Overview Hageman, Howard G., 1979. "Review of Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend", Theology Today, Princeton. Princeton Theological Seminary. vol. 36, issue 3 Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ ""St. Nicholas Park", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
^ "Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου". Synaxaristis (in Greek). Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023 (PDF) (in Greek and English). Digital Chant Stand of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ". Synaxaristis (in Greek). Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Synaxis of the Saints of Tula". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ Wheeler, Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", p. 96, Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.
^ a b Seal 2005, p. 111.
^ a b "St. Nicholas". St. John Cantius Parish. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ "Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ". Britten-Pears Foundation. 1948. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
Sources
Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013), "The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction", Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The Conception Nostre Dame and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-24768-0
Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2017), "'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age", BBC News: Family & Education, retrieved 7 December 2017
Cullen, Ellie (6 December 2017), "Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch", The Atlantic
English, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012), "Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas", ReadTheSpirit online magazine
English, Adam C. (2016), Christmas: Theological Anticipations, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2
Ferguson, George (1976) , "St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari", Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136
Greydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016), Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had., National Catholic Register
Hunt, John (1974), Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press, ISBN 085667012X
Jones, Charles W. (1978), Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-40700-5
Keys, David (17 December 1993), "Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports", The Independent, retrieved 19 December 2011
Lendering, Jona (2006), "Nicholas of Myra", Livius.org
Medrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017), "Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches", Newsweek: Tech & Science
University of Oxford (5 December 2017), Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period., University of Oxford
Seal, Jeremy (2005), Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-58234-419-5
Wheeler, Joe L. (2010), Saint Nicholas, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, ISBN 978-1-59555-115-3
Wilkinson, Caroline (2018), "Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences", in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.), Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-3500-2830-2
Further reading
Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010). The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey. Osaka: Osaka University Press.
Wheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006). St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic. ISBN 9781418504076.
External links
Saint Nicholas at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsTexts from Wikisource
The Saint Nicholas Center
Biography of Saint Nicholas
The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas
Saint Nicholas at Curlie
"Saint Nicholas" in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
vteChristmas
Blue Christmas
Boxing Day
Children's Day
Christmas Eve
Saint Nicholas Day
St. Stephen's Day
Sol Invictus
Yule
InChristianity
Biblical Magi
Adoration of the Magi
Adoration of the Shepherds
Advent
Angel Gabriel
Annunciation
Annunciation to the shepherds
Baptism of the Lord
Bethlehem
Christmastide
Epiphany
Herod the Great
Jesus
Joseph
Mary
Massacre of the Innocents
flight into Egypt
Nativity Fast
Nativity of Jesus
in art
in later culture
Nativity scene
Neapolitan
Star of Bethlehem
Twelfth Night
In folklore
Badalisc
Caganer
Christkind
Grýla
Jack Frost
Korvatunturi
Kallikantzaros
Legend of the Christmas Spider
Mari Lwyd
Miner's figure
Nisse
North Pole
Old Man Winter
Perchta
Santa's workshop
Tió de Nadal
Turoń
Vertep
Wenceslaus
Yule cat
Yule Lads
Gift-bringers
Saint Nicholas
folklore
Santa Claus
Befana
Ded Moroz
Father Christmas
Grandpa Indian
Joulupukki
Julemanden
Noel Baba
Olentzero
Père Noël
Sinterklaas
Others
Companions ofSaint Nicholas
Belsnickel
Elves
Knecht Ruprecht
Krampus
Mrs. Claus
Père Fouettard
Sack Man
Santa Claus' daughter
Santa's reindeer
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Snegurochka
Zwarte Piet
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Advent wreath
Boar's Head Feast
Candle arches
Cards
Carols by Candlelight
Cavalcade of Magi
Christingle
Christmas jumper
Christmas Peace
Crackers
Decorations
Didukh
Events and celebrations
Feast of the Seven Fishes
Flying Santa
Gifts
Google Santa Tracker
Hampers
Las Posadas
Letters
Lights
Lord of Misrule
Markets
Meals and feasts
Midnight Mass
Moravian star
Nine Lessons and Carols
NORAD Tracks Santa
Nutcrackers
dolls
Ornaments
Parades
list
Piñatas
Poinsettia
Pyramids
Räuchermann
Seals
Secret Santa
Spanbaum
Szopka
Stamps
Stockings
Tree
Twelve Days
Wassailing
Windows
Yule goat
Yule log
By country
Australia
Colombia
Denmark
England
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
New Zealand
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Sweden
Ukraine
United States
American Civil War
Hawaii
New Mexico
Post-War United States
Music
Carols
list
Operas
Songs
Hit singles in the UK
Hit singles in the US
Music charts (Billboard)
Music books
Carols for Choirs
The Oxford Book of Carols
The New Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
Other media
In literature
novels
A Christmas Carol
Films (Christmas, Santa, Christmas horror)
Poetry
"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight"
A Visit from St. Nicholas
"Christmas Day in the Workhouse"
"Journey of the Magi"
"Tomten"
Christmas television specials
Yule Log
Apollo 8 Genesis reading
Inmodernsociety
Advent Conspiracy
Black Friday (partying)
Black Friday (shopping)
Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
Christmas and holiday season
Christmas club
Christmas creep
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Lectures
Christmas Mountains
Christmas seals
Christmas truce
Controversies
Cyber Monday
Economics
Giving Tuesday
Grinch
El Gordo
Jews and Christmas
In July
In August
NBA games
NFL games
Pikkujoulu
SantaCon
Santa's Candy Castle
Santa Claus Village
Scrooge
Small Business Saturday
Super Saturday
Ugly sweaters
Virginia O'Hanlon ("Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus")
White Christmas
Winter festivals
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Xmas
Food anddrinkDinner
Joulupöytä
Julebord
Kūčios
Réveillon
Thirteen desserts
Twelve-dish supper
Smörgåsbord
Wigilia
Sweets
Candy cane
Cake
Cookie
Cozonac
Fruitcake
Gingerbread
Kutia
Makówki
Melomakarono
Mince pie
Pampushka
Panettone
Pavlova
Pecan pie
Poppy seed roll
Pumpkin pie
Qurabiya
Red velvet cake
Stollen
Szaloncukor
Turrón
Yule log
Soup
Menudo
Borscht
Sauces
Bread sauce
Cranberry sauce
Redcurrant sauce
Beverages
Apple cider
Champurrado
Eggnog
Hot chocolate
Kissel
Mulled wine
Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumplings
Hallaca
Pierogi
Tamale
Varenyky
Meat and fish
Carp
Gefilte fish
Ham
Pickled herring
Roast goose
Romeritos
Stuffing
Tourtière (meat pie)
Turkey
Category
vteSymbols of GreeceNational symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem
Hymn to Liberty
Motto
Elefthería í Thánatos
National personifications
Greece by Delacroix
Grateful Hellas by Vryzakis
National holidays
25 March (1821)
28 October (1940)
Colours
Blue and white
Other symbolsHistorical symbols
Double-headed eagle
Phoenix
Drachma
Meander
Other official symbols
Vergina Sun
Natural
Dolphin
Owl
Mount Olympus
Olive Tree
Bay Laurel
Monuments
Acropolis of Athens
Delphi
Delos
Epidaurus
Knossos
Meteora
Mount Athos
Mycenae
Olympia
Vergina
Music
Aulos
Lyre
Tambourine
Laouto
Bouzouki
Folk
Rebetiko
National poets
Ancient: Homer
Modern: Dionysios Solomos, Kostis Palamas
National epics
Ancient: Iliad, Odyssey
Modern: Digenes Akritas, Erotokritos
Cuisine
Taverna
Wine
Souvlaki
Feta
Greek salad
Pita
Olive oil
Retsina
Ouzo
Patron Saints/Religion
Theotokos (Our Lady of Tinos)
Saint Andrew
Saint George
Saint Nicholas
Greek Orthodox Church
Former national symbols
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece
Greek crown jewels
Category
Portal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
3
4
5
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Lyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Lyra"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-center-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"Greek descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"intercession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercession"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"early Christian saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_saints"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Sinterklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinterklaas"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins,_Ace_2009_121-12"},{"link_name":"forced into prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_into_prostitution"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Myra"},{"link_name":"persecution of Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"First Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Arius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Greek Christian inhabitants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks"},{"link_name":"East–West schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_schism"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Basilica di San Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"}],"text":"This article is about the fourth-century Christian saint. For the gift-bearing figure in modern folklore and popular culture, see Santa Claus. For other uses, see Saint Nicholas (disambiguation).\"Nicholas of Myra\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Nicholas of Lyra.Saint Nicholas of Myra[a] (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343),[3][4][b] also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Patara in Anatolia (in modern-day Antalya Province, Turkey) during the time of the Roman Empire.[7][8] Because of the many miracles attributed to his intercession, he is also known as Nicholas the Wonderworker.[c] Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for early Christian saints, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the folklore of Santa Claus (\"Saint Nick\") through Sinterklaas.Little is known about the historical Saint Nicholas. The earliest accounts of his life were written centuries after his death and probably contain legendary elaborations. He is said to have been born in the Anatolian seaport of Patara, Lycia, in Asia Minor to wealthy Christian parents.[9] In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being forced into prostitution by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a dowry for each of them.[10] Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon. In his youth, he is said to have made a pilgrimage to Egypt and Syria Palaestina. Shortly after his return, he became Bishop of Myra. He was later cast into prison during the persecution of Diocletian, but was released after the accession of Constantine.An early list makes him an attendee at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, but he is never mentioned in any writings by people who were at the council. Late, unsubstantiated legends claim that he was temporarily defrocked and imprisoned during the council for slapping the heretic Arius. Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine.Fewer than 200 years after Nicholas's death, the St. Nicholas Church was built in Myra under the orders of Theodosius II over the site of the church where he had served as bishop, and his remains were moved to a sarcophagus in that church. In 1087, while the Greek Christian inhabitants of the region were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim Seljuk Turks, and soon after the beginning of the East–West schism, a group of merchants from the Italian city of Bari removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the church without authorization and brought them to their hometown, where they are now enshrined in the Basilica di San Nicola. The remaining bone fragments from the sarcophagus were later removed by Venetian sailors and taken to Venice during the First Crusade.","title":"Saint Nicholas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010vii%E2%80%93x-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200514%E2%80%9315-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200514-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010vii%E2%80%93viii-17"},{"link_name":"a turbulent time in Roman history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire#284%E2%80%93301:_Diocletian_and_the_Tetrarchy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010vii%E2%80%93viii-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010ix-19"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Saint Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscus_(saint)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013251-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010ix-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013251-20"},{"link_name":"Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_Ecclesiasticae_Tripartitae_Epitome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010ix-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Sion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200514%E2%80%9315-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010x-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200514%E2%80%9315-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010x-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200515-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010x-21"},{"link_name":"Eustratius of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustratius_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013251-20"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_literary_work"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013251-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Michael the Archimandrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_the_Archimandrite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010xi-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"medievalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Jones_(medievalist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010xi-24"},{"link_name":"Jona Lendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_Lendering"},{"link_name":"conversion narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_narrative"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"Neopythagorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopythagoreanism"},{"link_name":"Apollonius of Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana"},{"link_name":"Life of Apollonius of Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana"},{"link_name":"Philostratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philostratus"},{"link_name":"Tyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"}],"text":"Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life.[11][12] Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers.[13] This is not surprising,[14] since Nicholas lived during a turbulent time in Roman history.[14] The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established.[15] Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II (ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra, which thereby preserves an early mention of his name.[16] The Byzantine historian Procopius also mentions that the Emperor Justinian I (ruled 527–565) renovated churches in Constantinople dedicated to Saint Nicholas and Saint Priscus,[17][16] which may have originally been built as early as c. 490.[17]Nicholas's name also occurs as \"Nicholas of Myra of Lycia\" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome, written sometime between 510 and 515.[16][15] A single, offhand mention of Nicholas of Myra also occurs in the biography of another saint, Saint Nicholas of Sion, who apparently took the name \"Nicholas\" to honor him.[12][18] The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion, written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him.[12][18][15] According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure.[19][18]In his treatise De statu animarum post mortem (written c. 583), the theologian Eustratius of Constantinople cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body.[17] Eustratius credits a lost Life of Saint Nicholas as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the Life of Saint Nicholas to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death.[17][20] The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a Life of Saint Nicholas, written in the early ninth century by Michael the Archimandrite (814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death.[21]Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions.[22][23] The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain.[23] Catholic historian D. L. Cann and medievalist Charles W. Jones both consider Michael the Archimandrite's Life the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth.[21] Jona Lendering, a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's Life does not contain a \"conversion narrative\", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability.[23] He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD Neopythagorean philosopher Apollonius of Tyana in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer Philostratus. Christian storytellers were known to adapt older pagan legends and attribute them to Christian saints. As Apollonius's hometown of Tyana was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.[23]","title":"Biographical sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013249-27"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara,_Lycia"},{"link_name":"Lycia et Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins,_Ace_2009_121-12"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#History"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013249-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram,_W._Scott;_Ingram,_Asher_2004_24-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins,_Ace_2009_121-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins,_Ace_2009_121-12"},{"link_name":"Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"}],"sub_title":"Family and background","text":"Accounts of Saint Nicholas's life agree on the essence of his story, but modern historians disagree regarding how much of this story is actually rooted in historical fact.[24] Traditionally, Nicholas was born in the city of Patara (Lycia et Pamphylia), a port on the Mediterranean Sea,[9] in Asia Minor in the Roman Empire, to a wealthy family of Greek Christians.[24][25][26][27][28][9] According to some accounts, his parents were named Epiphanius (Ἐπιφάνιος, Epiphánios) and Johanna (Ἰωάννα, Iōánna),[29] but, according to others, they were named Theophanes (Θεοφάνης, Theophánēs) and Nonna (Νόννα, Nónna).[9] In some accounts, Nicholas's uncle was the bishop of the city of Myra, also in Lycia. Recognizing his nephew's calling, Nicholas's uncle ordained him as a priest.[30]","title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_063.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinacoteca Vaticana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael10%E2%80%9311-35"},{"link_name":"dowries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael10%E2%80%9311-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael10%E2%80%9311-35"},{"link_name":"purse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_purse"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael12%E2%80%9318-38"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael16%E2%80%9318-39"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael16%E2%80%9318-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal20051-40"},{"link_name":"cowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowl"},{"link_name":"cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal20051-40"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglishCrumm2012-41"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Nativity of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Beit Jala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jala"},{"link_name":"Patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Generosity and travels","text":"The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1425, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome)After his parents died from an epidemic, Nicholas is said to have distributed their wealth to the poor.[23][30] In his most famous exploit,[31] which is first attested in Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas, Nicholas heard of a devout man who had once been wealthy but had lost all of his money due to the \"plotting and envy of Satan.\"[23][32] The man could not afford proper dowries for his three daughters.[32][23][30][d] This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, be forced to become prostitutes.[23][30][32] Hearing of the girls' plight, Nicholas decided to help them, but, being too modest to help the family in public (or to save them the humiliation of accepting charity), he went to the house under the cover of night and threw a purse filled with gold coins through the window opening into the house.[23][30] The father immediately arranged a marriage for his first daughter, and after her wedding, Nicholas threw a second bag of gold through the same window late at night.[23][30][34]According to Michael the Archimandrite's account, after the second daughter was married, the father stayed awake for at least two \"nights\" and caught Saint Nicholas in the same act of charity toward the third daughter.[23][30][35] The father fell on his knees, thanking him, and Nicholas ordered him not to tell anyone about the gifts.[23][30][35] The scene of Nicholas's secret gift-giving is one of the most popular scenes in Christian devotional art, appearing in icons and frescoes from across Europe. Although depictions vary depending on time and place,[36] Nicholas is often shown wearing a cowl while the daughters are typically shown in bed, dressed in their nightclothes. Many renderings contain a cypress tree or a cross-shaped cupola.[36]The historicity of this incident is disputed.[23] Adam C. English argues for a historical kernel to the legend, noting the story's early attestation as well as the fact that no similar stories were told about any other Christian saints.[37] Jona Lendering, who also argues for the story's authenticity, notes that a similar story is told in Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana, in which Apollonius gives money to an impoverished father but posits that Michael the Archimandrite's account is markedly different.[23] Philostratus does not mention the fate of the daughters and, in his story, Apollonius's generosity is purely motivated out of sympathy for the father; in Michael the Archimandrite's account, however, Saint Nicholas is instead expressly stated to be motivated by a desire to save the daughters from being sold into prostitution.[23] He argues that this desire to help women is most characteristic of fourth-century Christianity, due to the prominent role women played in the early Christian movement, rather than Greco-Roman paganism or the Christianity of Michael the Archimandrite's time in the ninth century, by which point the position of women had drastically declined.[23]Nicholas is also said to have visited the Holy Land. The ship he was on was nearly destroyed by a terrible storm but he rebuked the waves, causing the storm to subside. Thus, Nicholas became venerated as the patron saint of sailors and travelers.[30]While in Palestine, Nicholas is said to have lived in a crypt near Bethlehem, where the Nativity of Jesus is believed to have taken place. Over the crypt where Nicholas is believed to have lived now stands the \"Church of Saint Nicholas\" in Beit Jala, a Christian town of which Nicholas is the Patron saint.[38][39]","title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_saves_three_innocents_from_death.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013249-27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"imprisoned and tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Great Persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Persecution"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013249%E2%80%93250-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201038-36"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael31-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael31-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"Ablabius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablabius_(consul)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael33-49"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael33-49"},{"link_name":"Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201038-36"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201038%E2%80%9339-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201039%E2%80%9340-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201040-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201040-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201040%E2%80%9341-53"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Myra","text":"Saint Nicholas Saves Three Innocents from Death (1888) by Ilya RepinAfter visiting the Holy Land, Nicholas returned to Myra. The bishop of Myra, who had succeeded Nicholas's uncle, had recently died[30] and the priests in the city had decided that the first priest to enter the church that morning would be made bishop. Nicholas went to the church to pray[30] and was therefore proclaimed the new bishop.[24][30][40] He is said to have been imprisoned and tortured during the Great Persecution under the Emperor Diocletian (ruled 284–305),[41][42] but was released under the orders of the Emperor Constantine the Great (ruled 306–337).[15] This story sounds plausible, but is not attested in the earliest sources and is therefore unlikely to be historical.[43]One of the earliest attested stories of Saint Nicholas is one in which he saves three innocent men from execution.[33][44] According to Michael the Archimandrite, three innocent men were condemned to death by the governor Eustathius. As they were about to be executed, Nicholas appeared, pushed the executioner's sword to the ground, released them from their chains, and angrily chastised a juror who had accepted a bribe.[44] According to Jona Lendering, this story directly parallels an earlier story in Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana, in which Apollonius prevents the execution of a man falsely condemned of banditry.[23] Michael the Archimandrite also tells another story in which the consul Ablabius accepted a bribe to put three famous generals to death, in spite of their actual innocence.[45] Saint Nicholas appeared to Constantine and Ablabius in dreams, informing Constantine of the truth and frightening Ablabius into releasing the generals, for fear of Hell.[45]Later versions of the story are more elaborate, interweaving the two stories together. According to one version, Emperor Constantine sent three of his most trusted generals, named Ursos, Nepotianos, and Herpylion, to put down a rebellion in Phrygia. However, a storm forced them to take refuge in Myra.[33] Unbeknownst to the generals, who were in the harbor, their soldiers further inland were fighting with local merchants and engaging in looting and destruction. Nicholas confronted the generals for allowing their soldiers to misbehave and the generals brought an end to the looting.[46] Immediately after the soldiers had returned to their ships, Nicholas heard word of the three innocent men about to be executed and the three generals aided him in stopping the execution. Eustathius attempted to flee on his horse but Nicholas stopped his horse and chastised him for his corruption.[47] Eustathius, under the threat of being reported directly to the Emperor, repented of his corrupt ways.[48] Afterward, the generals succeeded in ending the rebellion and were promoted by Constantine to even higher status.[48] The generals' enemies, however, slandered them to the consul Ablabius, telling him that they had not really put down the revolt, but instead encouraged their own soldiers to join it. The generals' enemies also bribed Ablabius and he had the three generals imprisoned. Nicholas then made his dream appearances and the three generals were set free.[49]","title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_slapping_Arius_at_the_Council_of_Nicaea_Greek_Icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Arius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius"},{"link_name":"First Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"First Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Trinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarianism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis,_Leo_Donald;_1990_58-56"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackerBurgessOgden2013250-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010ix-19"},{"link_name":"Athanasius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2010xii-57"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200514-16"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglishCrumm2012-41"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200593-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"miter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"pallium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallium"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"as it was embarrassing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"},{"link_name":"Arius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201035-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201035-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201035-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201035-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreydanus2016-59"},{"link_name":"Basilica di San Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200593-58"}],"sub_title":"Council of Nicaea","text":"Detail of a late medieval Greek Orthodox fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping Arius at the First Council of NicaeaIn 325, Nicholas is said to have attended the First Council of Nicaea,[15][23][50] where he is said to have been a staunch opponent of Arianism and a devoted supporter of Trinitarianism,[51] and one of the bishops who signed the Nicene Creed.[52] Nicholas's attendance at the Council of Nicaea is attested early by Theodore the Lector's list of attendees, which records him as the 151st attendee.[15][16] However, he is conspicuously never mentioned by Athanasius of Alexandria, the foremost defender of Trinitarianism at the council, who knew all the notable bishops of the period,[53] nor is he mentioned by the historian Eusebius, who was also present at the council.[13] Adam C. English notes that lists of the attendees at Nicaea vary considerably, with shorter lists only including roughly 200 names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones.[37] Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities:Nicholas did not attend the Council of Nicaea, but someone at an early date was baffled that his name was not listed and so added him to the list.[23] Many scholars tend to favor this explanation.[54][55]\nNicholas did attend the Council of Nicaea, but, at an early date, someone decided to remove his name from the list, apparently deciding that it was better if no one remembered he had been there.[23]A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped \"a certain Arian\" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's miter and pallium.[55] Steven D. Greydanus concludes that, because of the story's late attestation, it \"has no historical value.\"[55] Jona Lendering, however, defends the veracity and historicity of the incident, arguing that, as it was embarrassing and reflects poorly on Nicholas's reputation, it is inexplicable why later hagiographers would have invented it.[23] Later versions of the legend embellish it, making the heretic Arius himself[55][56] and having Nicholas punch him rather than merely slapping him with his open hand. In these versions of the story, Nicholas is also imprisoned,[55][56] but Christ and the Virgin Mary appear to him in his cell.[55][56] He tells them he is imprisoned \"for loving you\" and they free him from his chains and restore his vestments.[55][56] The scene of Nicholas slapping Arius is celebrated in Eastern Orthodox icons[55] and episodes of Saint Nicholas at Nicaea are shown in a series of paintings from the 1660s in the Basilica di San Nicola in Bari.[54]","title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Nicolas_Heures_d%27Anne_de_Bretagne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_Heures_of_Anne_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"sign of the cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016132-62"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglishCrumm2012-41"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016132-62"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976136-33"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016132-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016132%E2%80%93133-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Other reputed miracles","text":"Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne (created between 1503 and 1508)One story tells how during a terrible famine, a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he killed them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham.[30][57] Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, saw through the butcher's lies and resurrected the pickled children by making the sign of the cross.[30][58] Jona Lendering opines that the story is \"without any historical value\".[43] Adam C. English notes that the story of the resurrection of the pickled children is a late medieval addition to the legendary biography of Saint Nicholas and that it is not found in any of his earliest Lives.[37] Although this story seems bizarre and horrifying to modern audiences, it was tremendously popular throughout the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, and widely beloved by ordinary folk.[58][30][43] It is depicted in stained glass windows, wood panel paintings, tapestries, and frescoes. Eventually, the scene became so widely reproduced that, rather than showing the whole scene, artists began to merely depict Saint Nicholas with three naked children and a wooden barrel at his feet.[58]According to English, eventually, people who had forgotten or never learned the story began misinterpreting representations of it. That Saint Nicholas was shown with children led people to conclude he was the patron saint of children; meanwhile, the fact that he was shown with a barrel led people to conclude that he was the patron saint of brewers.[59]According to another story, during a great famine that Myra experienced in 311–312, a ship was in the port at anchor, loaded with wheat for the emperor in Constantinople. Nicholas invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in the time of need. The sailors at first disliked the request, because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the emperor. Only when Nicholas promised them that they would not suffer any loss for their consideration did the sailors agree. When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.[60]","title":"Life and legends"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemiler_Adas%C4%B1_kal%C4%B1nt%C4%B1lar%C4%B1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gemile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemiler_Island"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"Gemile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemiler_Island"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"}],"sub_title":"Gemile","text":"Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of Gemile, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed.[61]It has long been traditionally assumed that Saint Nicholas was originally buried in his home town of Myra, where his relics are later known to have been kept,[43][61] but some recent archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Nicholas may have originally been entombed in a rock-cut church located at the highest point on the small Turkish island of Gemile, only twenty miles away from his birthplace of Patara. Nicholas's name is painted on part of the ruined building. In antiquity, the island was known as \"Saint Nicholas Island\"[61] and today it is known in Turkish as Gemiler Adasi, meaning \"Island of Boats\", in reference to Saint Nicholas's traditional role as the patron saint of seafarers.[61]The church was built in the fourth century, around the time of Nicholas's death,[61] and is typical of saints' shrines from that time period. Nicholas was the only major saint associated with that part of Turkey. The church where historians believe he was originally entombed is at the western end of the great processional way.[61]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grab_Nikolaus.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Church, Demre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeys1993-65"},{"link_name":"manna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"miraculous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005135%E2%80%93136-68"},{"link_name":"Russian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Myra","text":"Desecrated sarcophagus in the St. Nicholas Church, Demre, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087. [62]In the mid-7th century, Gemile was vulnerable to attack by Arab fleets, so Nicholas's remains appear to have been moved from the island to the city of Myra, where Nicholas had served as bishop for most of his life. Myra is located roughly 40 km (25 mi) east of Gemile and its location further inland made it safer from seafaring Arab forces.[61]It is said that, in Myra, the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smelled like rose water, called manna, or myrrh, which was believed by the faithful to possess miraculous powers.[63] As it was widely known that all Nicholas's relics were at Myra in their sealed sarcophagus, it was rare during this period for forgers of relics to claim to possess those belonging to Saint Nicholas.[64]A solemn bronze statue of the saint by Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was donated by the Russian government in 2000, and was given a prominent place in the square fronting the medieval Church of St Nicholas. In 2005, mayor Süleyman Topçu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted an image more recognisable to foreign visitors. Protests from the Russian government against this were successful, and the bronze statue was returned (albeit without its original high pedestal) to a corner nearer the church.[65]On 28 December 2009, the Turkish government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of Saint Nicholas's skeletal remains to Turkey from the Italian government.[66][67]Turkish authorities asserted that Nicholas himself desired to be buried at his episcopal town, and that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. In 2017, an archaeological survey at St. Nicholas Church, Demre was reported to have found a temple below the modern church, with excavation work to be done that will allow researchers to determine whether it still holds Nicholas's body.[68]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Nicholas_Bari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica di San Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Turks"},{"link_name":"Greek Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005101-74"},{"link_name":"Greek church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Schism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2017-78"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"Orderic Vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005131-79"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200593%E2%80%9394-80"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978176%E2%80%93193-66"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005100%E2%80%93102-81"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal200593%E2%80%9394-80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Nicholas_of_Bari.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005114%E2%80%93115-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005114%E2%80%93116-83"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"recent lifting of the anathemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Great Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005117-84"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Bari","text":"Basilica di San Nicola in Bari, Italy where most of the relics of Saint Nicholas are kept today[69]After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Byzantine Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading Seljuk Turks, and so Greek Christians of Myra became subjects of the Turks.[62][70] At the same time the Catholic Church in the West had declared (in 1054 AD) that the Greek church, the official church of the Byzantine Empire, was in schism. Because of the many wars in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult.[62]Taking advantage of the confusion and the loss by the Greek Christian community of Myra of its Byzantine imperial protection, in the spring of 1087, Italian sailors from Bari in Apulia seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Greek Orthodox monks in the church.[62][71][72][73]Adam C. English describes the removal of the relics from Myra as \"essentially a holy robbery\" and notes the thieves were not only afraid of being caught or chased after by the locals, but also the power of Saint Nicholas himself.[74] Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for them. The remains arrived on 9 May 1087.[62][43] Two years later, Pope Urban II inaugurated a new church, the Basilica di San Nicola, to Saint Nicholas in Bari. The Pope himself personally placed Nicholas's relics into the tomb beneath the altar of the new church.[43] The removal of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra and their arrival in Bari is reliably recorded by multiple chroniclers, including Orderic Vitalis[75][43] and 9 May continued to be celebrated every year by western Christians as the day of Nicholas's \"translation\".[43] Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Turks have both long regarded the unauthorized removal of the relics from Myra as a blatant theft,[62][76] but the people of Bari have instead maintained that it was a rescue mission to save the bones from the Turkish invaders.[62][77] A legend, shown on the ceiling of the Basilica di San Nicola, holds that Nicholas once visited Bari and predicted that his bones would one day rest there.[76]Statue of Nicholas in Bari.Prior to the translation of Nicholas's relics to Bari, his following had been known in western Europe, but it had not been extremely popular.[43] In autumn of 1096, Norman and Frankish soldiers mustered in Bari in preparation for the First Crusade. Although the Crusaders generally favored warrior saints, which Saint Nicholas was not, the presence of his relics in Bari made him materially accessible.[78] Nicholas's associations with aiding travelers and seafarers also made him a popular choice for veneration. Nicholas's veneration by Crusaders helped promote his following throughout western Europe.[79]After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to produce \"myrrh\", much to the joy of their new owners. Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari. Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's feast day) by the clergy of the basilica. The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could be obtained in the shop nearby. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbour, and the tomb is below sea level, there have been several natural explanations proposed for the manna fluid, including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action.[citation needed]In 1966, a vault in the crypt underneath the Basilica di San Nicola was dedicated as an Orthodox chapel with an iconostasis in commemoration of the recent lifting of the anathemas the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches had issued against each other during the Great Schism in 1054.[80]In May 2017, following talks between Pope Francis and Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill, a portion of the relics of St. Nicholas in Bari were sent on loan to Moscow. The relic was on display for veneration at Christ the Savior Cathedral before being taken to Saint Petersburg in mid-June prior to returning to Bari.[81] More than a million people lined up in Moscow for a momentary glimpse of the gilded ark holding one of the saint's ribs.[82]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Nicol%C3%B2_(Venice).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Nicolò al Lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_al_Lido"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005136-88"},{"link_name":"San Nicolò al Lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_al_Lido"},{"link_name":"Lido di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_di_Venezia"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005125%E2%80%93127-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005127-90"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005127%E2%80%93136-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005131-79"}],"sub_title":"Venice","text":"The church of San Nicolò al Lido in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton[83][69]The sailors from Bari took only the main bones of Nicholas's skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave.[84] The city of Venice had interest in obtaining the remaining fragments of his skeleton. In 1044, they dedicated the San Nicolò al Lido monastery basilica to him on the north end of the Lido di Venezia.[85] According to a single chronicle written by an anonymous monk at this monastery, in 1100, a fleet of Venetian ships accompanied by Bishop Henri sailed past Myra on their way to Palestine for the First Crusade. Bishop Henri insisted for the fleet to turn back and set anchor in Myra.[86] The Venetians took the remaining bones of Saint Nicholas, as well as those of several other bishops of Myra, from the church there, which was only guarded by four Orthodox monks, and brought them to Venice, where they deposited them in the San Nicolò al Lido.[87] This tradition was lent credence in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which confirmed that the relics in the two cities are anatomically compatible and may belong to the same person.[88][89][83] It is said that someone dies every time the bones of Saint Nicholas in Venice are disturbed. The last time the bones were examined was in July 1992.[75]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomb of Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Saint_Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Nicholas%27_Tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005135%E2%80%93137-94"},{"link_name":"William Pantulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pantulf"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005136-88"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Watten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watten,_Nord"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005136-88"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-de-Port"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005137-95"},{"link_name":"Basilique Saint-Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Saint-Nicolas-de-Port"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005137-95"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Medieval_Saint-47"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005137-95"},{"link_name":"Sack of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"San Nicola in Carcere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005137-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016133-96"},{"link_name":"votive offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offerings"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016133-96"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2016133-96"},{"link_name":"Ventimiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimiglia"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005137-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"Thomastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomastown,_County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"County Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"John Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"Jerpoint Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerpoint_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt1974-99"}],"sub_title":"Other locations","text":"See also: Tomb of Saint NicholasTomb of Saint Nicholas near Thomastown, IrelandBecause of Nicholas's skeleton's long confinement in Myra, after it was brought to Bari, the demand for pieces of it rose. Small bones quickly began to disperse across western Europe.[90] The sailors who had transported the bones gave one tooth and two fragments chipped from Nicholas's sarcophagus to the Norman knight William Pantulf. Pantulf took these relics to his hometown of Noron in Normandy, where they were placed in the local Church of St. Peter in June 1092.[84] In 1096, the duke of Apulia gave several bones of Saint Nicholas to the count of Flanders, which he then enshrined in the Abbey of Watten.[84] According to legend, in 1101, Saint Nicholas appeared in a vision to a French clerk visiting the shrine at Bari and told him to take one of his bones with him to his hometown of Port, near Nancy. The clerk took a finger bone back with him to Port, where a chapel was built to Saint Nicholas.[91] Port became an important center of devotion in the following of Nicholas and, in the fifteenth century, a church known as the Basilique Saint-Nicolas was built there dedicated to him.[91] The town itself is now known as \"Saint Nicolas de Port\" in honor of Nicholas.[43]The clergy at Bari strategically gave away samples of Nicholas's bones to promote the following and enhance its prestige. Many of these bones were initially kept in Constantinople,[91] but, after the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, these fragments were scattered across western Europe. A hand claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in the San Nicola in Carcere in Rome.[91] This church, whose name means \"Saint Nicholas in Chains\", was built on the site of a former municipal prison. Stories quickly developed about Nicholas himself having been held in that prison.[92] Mothers would come to the church to pray to Saint Nicholas for their jailed sons to be released and repentant criminals would place votive offerings in the church.[92] As a result of this, Nicholas became the patron saint of prisoners and those falsely accused of crimes.[92] An index finger claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in a chapel along the Ostian Way in Rome. Another finger was held in Ventimiglia in Liguria.[91] Today, many churches in Europe, Russia, and the United States claim to possess small relics, such as a tooth or a finger bone.[93][69]An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the twelfth century and buried near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave.[94] According to the Irish antiquarian John Hunt, the tomb probably actually belongs to a local priest from Jerpoint Abbey.[95]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Nicholas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_icon"},{"link_name":"Kizhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizhi"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"archdiocese of Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bari-Bitonto"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"University of Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bari"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face2-102"},{"link_name":"Diocletianic Persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-face2-102"},{"link_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2018163-46"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlan2017-103"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlan2017-103"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlan2017-103"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlan2017-103"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"},{"link_name":"pubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Oxford2017-87"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlan2017-103"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2017-73"}],"sub_title":"Scientific analysis","text":"18th-century Russian icon at Kizhi monastery, KareliaWhereas the devotional importance of relics and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, Saint Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the allegedly continuing miracle of the manna, the archdiocese of Bari has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones.[96] In the late 1950s, while the crypt was undergoing much-needed restoration, the bones were removed from it for the first time since their interment in 1089. A special Pontiffical Commission permitted Luigi Martino, a professor of human anatomy at the University of Bari, to examine the bones under the commission's supervision.[42] Martino took thousands of measurements, detailed scientific drawings, photographs, and x-rays.[42] These examinations revealed the saint to have died at over seventy years of age and to have been of average height and slender-to-average build. He also suffered from severe chronic arthritis in his spine and pelvis.[42]In 2004, at the University of Manchester, researchers Caroline Wilkinson and Fraco Introna reconstructed the saint's face based on Martino's examination.[42] The review of the data revealed that the historical Saint Nicholas was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in height and had a broken nose, which had partially healed, revealing that the injury had been suffered ante mortem.[97][98] The broken nose appeared to conform with hagiographical reports that Saint Nicholas had been beaten and tortured during the Diocletianic Persecution.[42] The facial reconstruction was produced by Caroline Wilkinson at the University of Manchester and was shown on a BBC2 TV program The Real Face of Santa.[97][98] In 2014, the Face Lab at Liverpool John Moores University produced an updated reconstruction of Saint Nicholas's face.[42]In 2017, two researchers from Oxford University, Professor Tom Higham and Doctor Georges Kazan, radiocarbon dated a fragment of a pelvis claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas. The fragment originally came from a church in Lyon, France[83][99][69] and, at the time of testing, was in the possession of Father Dennis O'Neill, a priest from St Martha of Bethany Church in Illinois.[83][99][69] The results of the radiocarbon dating confirmed that the pelvis dates to the fourth century AD, around the same time that Saint Nicholas would have died, and is not a medieval forgery.[83][99][69] The bone was one of the oldest the Oxford team had ever examined.According to Professor Higham, most of the relics the team has examined turn out to be too recent to have actually belonged to the saint to whom they are attributed, but he states, \"This bone fragment, in contrast, suggests that we could possibly be looking at remains from St Nicholas himself.\"[83] Kazan believes the pelvis fragment may come from the same individual as the skeleton divided between the churches in Bari and Venice,[83][99][69] since the bone they tested comes from the left pubis, and the only pelvis bone in the collection at Bari is the left ilium.[83] In the absence of DNA testing, however, it is not yet possible to know for certain whether the pelvis is from the same man.[99][69]","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day"},{"link_name":"fishermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishermen"},{"link_name":"harbours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyh%C3%A4n_Nikolaoksen_katedraali_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Cathedral,_Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Kuopio, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles"},{"link_name":"Octoechos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octoechos_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"akathists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathist"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(hymnography)"},{"link_name":"intercession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercessory_prayer"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Preparation"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"All-Night Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Night_Vigil"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Coptic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synaxarium-107"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiahk10-108"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Revised Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carus2002-109"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slava_(tradition)"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_Immaculate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Grey_Hours_f.57.r_St._Nicholas.png"},{"link_name":"book of hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_hours"},{"link_name":"medieval England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Christmastide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmastide"},{"link_name":"boy bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_bishop"},{"link_name":"nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuns"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeeAnn2013-110"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"foyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyer"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Sinterklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinterklaas"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Hudson Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Park"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"calendar of saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"Further information: Saint Nicholas DayAmong Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors, fishermen, ships and sailing. As a result, and over time, he has become the patron saint of several cities which maintain harbours. In centuries of Greek folklore, Nicholas was seen as \"The Lord of the Sea\", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of Poseidon. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece and particularly of the Hellenic Navy.[100]Eastern Orthodox Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Kuopio, FinlandIn the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Nicholas's memory is celebrated on almost every Thursday of the year (together with the Apostles) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the Octoechos.[101] Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra to Bari, an East Slavic version of his Life and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.[102]Devotional akathists and canons have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his intercession. He is mentioned in the Liturgy of Preparation during the Divine Liturgy (Eastern Orthodox Eucharist) and during the All-Night Vigil. Many Orthodox churches will have his icon, even if they are not named after him. In Oriental Orthodoxy, the Coptic Church observes the Departure of St. Nicholas on 10 Kiahk, or 10 Taḫśaś in Ethiopia, which corresponds to the Julian Calendar's 6 December and Gregorian Calendar's 19 December.[103][104]Nicholas had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, a practice celebrated on his feast day, 6 December. For those who still observe the Julian calendar the celebration currently takes place thirteen days later than it happens in the Gregorian calendar and Revised Julian calendar.[105]In Serbia, the most common Slava (annual ceremony and veneration of family's patron saint) is Saint Nicholas' day celebrated on 19 December.In Monaco, the Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate was built from 1874 on the site of St Nicholas's church, founded in 1252. A children's Mass is still held on 6 December in the cathedral.Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English book of hoursIn late medieval England, on Saint Nicholas Day parishes held Christmastide \"boy bishop\" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European and Central European countries. In medieval times, Christian nuns in Belgium and France began to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy, which gave rise to the practice of gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day.[106] According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the Low Countries (which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various Nicholas fairs to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas. This and his miracle of him resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well.[107] The custom of giving gifts on Saint Nicholas Day is popular in various parts of Christendom, with a popular tradition including children placing their shoes in the foyer for Saint Nicholas to deliver presents therein.[108]Santa Claus evolved from Dutch traditions regarding Saint Nicholas (Sinterklaas). When the Dutch established the colony of New Amsterdam, they brought the legend and traditions of Sinterklaas with them.[109] Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York existed in the early settlements of the Hudson Valley, although by the early nineteenth century had fallen by the way.[110] St. Nicholas Park, located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 127th Street, in an area originally settled by Dutch farmers, is named for St. Nicholas of Myra.[111]Nicholas is honored in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Churches, as well as in Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 6 December.[112][113][114]","title":"Veneration and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia","text":"9 May – Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, in 1087.[115]\n10 May – Passage of the relics (sojourn) in 1087 of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker through the island of Zakynthos, while on their way to Bari.[116]\n20 May – Arrival of the relics in Bari.[117][118]\n29 July – Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.[119]\nMovable holiday on the Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados.[120]\n22 September – Synaxis of All Saints of Tula (commemoration of the protection of Tula from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1552).[121]\n6 December – Commemoration of his death.[122]","title":"Veneration and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikola_from_1294.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lipno Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipno_Church"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icons"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"omophorion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omophorion"},{"link_name":"Gospel Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Book"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Nicholas_icon_Gregoriou_monastery.jpg"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Gregoriou Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoriou_Monastery"},{"link_name":"dark-skinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_skin"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005111-128"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal2005111-128"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"vestments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestments"},{"link_name":"crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozier"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Nicholas-129"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Nicholas-129"}],"text":"Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the Lipno ChurchSaint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on Eastern Orthodox icons, particularly Russian and Serbian ones. He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the omophorion and holding a Gospel Book. Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded. Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full, white, fluffy beard and balding head. In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Council of Nicaea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion. Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing drowning sailors; Medieval Chants and Polyphony, image on the cover of the Book of Hours of Duke of Berry, 1410.[123]15th century icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Gregoriou Monastery, Mount AthosIn depictions of Saint Nicholas from Bari, he is usually shown as dark-skinned, probably to emphasize his foreign origin.[124] The emphasis on his foreignness may have been intended to enhance Bari's reputation by displaying that it had attracted the patronage of a saint from a far-off country.[124] In Roman Catholic iconography, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a bishop's vestments, a mitre and a crozier. The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold. Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected).[125]In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits. As in the Low Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures.[125]","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"cantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicolas_(Britten)"},{"link_name":"Eric Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Crozier"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"In 1948, Benjamin Britten completed a cantata, Saint Nicolas on a text by Eric Crozier which covers the saint's legendary life in a dramatic sequence of events. A tenor soloist appears as Saint Nicolas, with a mixed choir, boys singers, strings, piano duet, organ and percussion.[126]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal20052-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal20052-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal20052%E2%80%933-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201038-36"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2006Nicholas_of_Myra-26"}],"text":"^ Greek: Ἅγιος Νικόλαος, Hágios Nikólaos; Latin: Sanctus Nicolaus\n\n^ The date of his birth and the year of his death are disputed,[5] but 6 December has long been established as the traditional date of his death.[5] Jeremy Seal remarks, \"As vampires shun daylight, so saints are distinguished from ordinary mortals by the anniversaries they keep. The date of their death rather than their birth is commemorated.\"[6]\n\n^ Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός, Nikólaos ho Thaumaturgós\n\n^ Joe L. Wheeler and Jona Lendering both note that the legends of Saint Nicholas are filled with sets of three, which may be symbolic for Nicholas's vehement defense of the Holy Trinity.[33][23]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f__hjbhMw1IC&q=Nicholas+of+Myra+Council+of+Nicaea&pg=PA250"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-24768-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24768-0"},{"link_name":"\"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-42239197"},{"link_name":"\"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/father-christmas-bone-fragment-saint-nicholas-oxford-university-researchers-italy-christianity-a8094356.html"},{"link_name":"\"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.readthespirit.com/explore/adam-english-digging-back-to-the-real-st-nicholas/"},{"link_name":"Christmas: Theological Anticipations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BUtQDQAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+butchered+children+resurrected&pg=PT132"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4982-3933-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3933-2"},{"link_name":"Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ncregister.com/blog/steven-greydanus/lets-stop-celebrating-st.-nicholas-punching-arius"},{"link_name":"Hunt, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/irishmedievalfig0000hunt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"085667012X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085667012X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-40700-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40700-5"},{"link_name":"\"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/santas-tomb-is-found-off-turkey-academics-claim-to-have-found-where-st-nicholas-was-buried-david-keys-reports-1467871.html"},{"link_name":"Lendering, Jona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_Lendering"},{"link_name":"\"Nicholas of Myra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.livius.org/articles/person/nicholas-of-myra/"},{"link_name":"\"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newsweek.com/santa-claus-real-yes-and-his-bones-were-buried-bunch-different-churches-735531"},{"link_name":"Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-12-05-could-ancient-bones-suggest-santa-was-real#"},{"link_name":"Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gKhkokCFlhwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+Jeremy+Seal"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58234-419-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=g8ds_Q9PZbwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+real+person"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59555-115-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-115-3"},{"link_name":"\"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oU5NDwAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+imprisonment&pg=PA163"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-3500-2830-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-2830-2"}],"text":"Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013), \"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction\", Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The Conception Nostre Dame and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-24768-0\nCoughlan, Sean (6 December 2017), \"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age\", BBC News: Family & Education, retrieved 7 December 2017\nCullen, Ellie (6 December 2017), \"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch\", The Atlantic\nEnglish, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012), \"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas\", ReadTheSpirit online magazine\nEnglish, Adam C. (2016), Christmas: Theological Anticipations, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2\nFerguson, George (1976) [1954], \"St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari\", Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136\nGreydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016), Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had., National Catholic Register\nHunt, John (1974), Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press, ISBN 085667012X\nJones, Charles W. (1978), Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-40700-5\nKeys, David (17 December 1993), \"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports\", The Independent, retrieved 19 December 2011\nLendering, Jona (2006), \"Nicholas of Myra\", Livius.org\nMedrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017), \"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches\", Newsweek: Tech & Science\nUniversity of Oxford (5 December 2017), Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period., University of Oxford\nSeal, Jeremy (2005), Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-58234-419-5\nWheeler, Joe L. (2010), Saint Nicholas, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, ISBN 978-1-59555-115-3\nWilkinson, Caroline (2018), \"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences\", in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.), Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-3500-2830-2","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781418504076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418504076"}],"text":"Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010). The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey. Osaka: Osaka University Press.\nWheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006). St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic. ISBN 9781418504076.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1425, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gentile_da_Fabriano_063.jpg/220px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_063.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Nicholas Saves Three Innocents from Death (1888) by Ilya Repin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_saves_three_innocents_from_death.jpg/260px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_saves_three_innocents_from_death.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of a late medieval Greek Orthodox fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping Arius at the First Council of Nicaea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_slapping_Arius_at_the_Council_of_Nicaea_Greek_Icon.jpg/220px-Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra_slapping_Arius_at_the_Council_of_Nicaea_Greek_Icon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne (created between 1503 and 1508)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Saint_Nicolas_Heures_d%27Anne_de_Bretagne.jpg/220px-Saint_Nicolas_Heures_d%27Anne_de_Bretagne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of Gemile, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed.[61]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gemiler_Adas%C4%B1_kal%C4%B1nt%C4%B1lar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Gemiler_Adas%C4%B1_kal%C4%B1nt%C4%B1lar%C4%B1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Desecrated sarcophagus in the St. Nicholas Church, Demre, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087. [62]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grab_Nikolaus.jpg/220px-Grab_Nikolaus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basilica di San Nicola in Bari, Italy where most of the relics of Saint Nicholas are kept today[69]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/St._Nicholas_Bari.jpg/220px-St._Nicholas_Bari.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Nicholas in Bari.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Statue_of_Nicholas_of_Bari.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Nicholas_of_Bari.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church of San Nicolò al Lido in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton[83][69]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/San_Nicol%C3%B2_%28Venice%29.jpg/220px-San_Nicol%C3%B2_%28Venice%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Saint Nicholas near Thomastown, Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St_Nicholas%27_Tomb.jpg/220px-St_Nicholas%27_Tomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th-century Russian icon at Kizhi monastery, Karelia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Saint_Nicholas.jpg/170px-Saint_Nicholas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern Orthodox Saint Nicholas Cathedral in Kuopio, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pyh%C3%A4n_Nikolaoksen_katedraali_2.jpg/220px-Pyh%C3%A4n_Nikolaoksen_katedraali_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English book of hours","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_Grey_Hours_f.57.r_St._Nicholas.png/220px-De_Grey_Hours_f.57.r_St._Nicholas.png"},{"image_text":"Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the Lipno Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nikola_from_1294.jpg/220px-Nikola_from_1294.jpg"},{"image_text":"15th century icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Gregoriou Monastery, Mount Athos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/St._Nicholas_icon_Gregoriou_monastery.jpg/220px-St._Nicholas_icon_Gregoriou_monastery.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Saints portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saints"},{"title":"Saint Nicholas (European folklore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)"},{"title":"Companions of Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas"},{"title":"A Visit from St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas"},{"title":"Saint Nicholas, patron saint archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/December_6"},{"title":"Belznickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsnickel"},{"title":"St. Nicholas Church (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church_(disambiguation)"}] | [{"reference":"Book of Martyrs. Catholic Book Publishing. 1948.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Serbia\". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101208061010/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=494","url_text":"\"Serbia\""},{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=494","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who is St. Nicholas?\". St. Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101010104847/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=38","url_text":"\"Who is St. Nicholas?\""},{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=38","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Nicholas\". Orthodox America. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110907060906/http://www.roca.org/OA/5/5m.htm","url_text":"\"St. Nicholas\""},{"url":"http://www.roca.org/OA/5/5m.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (December 2008). The book of general ignorance (Noticeably stouter ed.). Faber and Faber. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-571-24692-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24692-2","url_text":"978-0-571-24692-2"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Lawrence (2005). A brief history of saints. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4051-1402-8. The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Greek Anatolia (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy... Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early Greek Orthodox Bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1402-8","url_text":"978-1-4051-1402-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox","url_text":"Greek Orthodox"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Ace (2009). Stories Behind Men of Faith. Zondervan. p. 121. ISBN 9780310564560. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015. Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra… As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPYqrdGhGEC&q=Nicholas+born+Greek+city+of+Patara+270+AD","url_text":"Stories Behind Men of Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310564560","url_text":"9780310564560"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911140845/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPYqrdGhGEC&q=Nicholas+born+Greek+city+of+Patara+270+AD#v=snippet&q=Nicholas%20born%20Greek%20city%20of%20Patara%20270%20AD&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"English, Adam C. (2012). The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Nicholas of Myra. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 57–63. ISBN 978-1-60258-636-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-636-9","url_text":"978-1-60258-636-9"}]},{"reference":"Cioffari, Gerardo (1987). \"San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo\". San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia: 44–45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 0-313-30733-4. Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city… A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome","url_text":"The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome/page/n36","url_text":"21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30733-4","url_text":"0-313-30733-4"}]},{"reference":"Burman, Edward (1991). Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance. Constable. p. 126. ISBN 0-09-469490-7. For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Claus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-469490-7","url_text":"0-09-469490-7"}]},{"reference":"Ingram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004). Greek Immigrants. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9780816056897. The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey) in the fourth century. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816056897","url_text":"9780816056897"}]},{"reference":"Lanzi, Gioia (2004). Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images. Liturgical Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-8146-2970-9. Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2970-9","url_text":"0-8146-2970-9"}]},{"reference":"Lanzi, Gioia (2004). Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images. Liturgical Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-8146-2970-9. Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2970-9","url_text":"0-8146-2970-9"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, William J. (2009). The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas. Howard Books. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4165-6746-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bennett","url_text":"Bennett, William J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6746-2","url_text":"978-1-4165-6746-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Stories from Beit Jala\". St. Nicholas Center. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stnicholascenter.org/who-is-st-nicholas/stories-legends/modern-miracles/miracles-palestine/beit-jala-stories","url_text":"\"Stories from Beit Jala\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala\".","urls":[{"url":"https://visitpalestine.ps/where-to-go/listing/bethlehem/sites-attractions-bethlehem/christian-sites-bethlehem/st-nicholas-church-beit-jala/","url_text":"\"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala\""}]},{"reference":"Faber, Paul (2006). Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint. KIT Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 9789068324372. The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 AD in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of \"victor of the people\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068324372","url_text":"9789068324372"}]},{"reference":"Federer, William J. (2002). There Really Is a Santa Claus – History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions. Amerisearch, Inc. p. 26. ISBN 978-0965355742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0965355742","url_text":"978-0965355742"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Leo Donald (1990). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology. Liturgical Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-8146-5616-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418","url_text":"The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/n61","url_text":"58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5616-1","url_text":"0-8146-5616-1"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas\". stnicholascenter.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=409","url_text":"\"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091205211459/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=409","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Le Saux, Françoise Hazel Marie (2005). A companion to Wace. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-043-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-043-5","url_text":"978-1-84384-043-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Nicholas\". St. John Cantius Parish. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","url_text":"\"Saint Nicholas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916164452/http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Turks want Santa's bones returned\". BBC News. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8432314.stm","url_text":"\"Turks want Santa's bones returned\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122023333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8432314.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy\". Todayszaman.com. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211141253/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-196814-100-santa-clauss-bones-must-be-brought-back-to-turkey-from-italy.html","url_text":"\"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-196814-100-santa-clauss-bones-must-be-brought-back-to-turkey-from-italy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey\". ir.ishtimes.com. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/offbeat/tomb-of-st-nicholas-may-have-been-discovered-in-turkey-1.3244068","url_text":"\"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171008081435/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/offbeat/tomb-of-st-nicholas-may-have-been-discovered-in-turkey-1.3244068","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ott, Michael (1907). \"Nicholas of Myra\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Albin (1860). Lives of the Saints. Vol. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Joe L.; Rosenthal, Jim (2005). \"Chapter 1\". St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9781418504076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418504076","url_text":"9781418504076"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia\", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017\". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/05/21/major_relics_of_st_nicholas_visit_russia/1313807","url_text":"\"\"Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia\", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206152131/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/05/21/major_relics_of_st_nicholas_visit_russia/1313807","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Filipov, David. \"Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas\", The Washington Post, June 29, 2017\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/why-more-than-a-million-russians-have-lined-up-tosee-one-of-theribs-of-saint-nicholas/2017/06/28/02aae204-5696-11e7-840b-512026319da7_story.html","url_text":"\"Filipov, David. \"Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas\", The Washington Post, June 29, 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160555/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/why-more-than-a-million-russians-have-lined-up-tosee-one-of-theribs-of-saint-nicholas/2017/06/28/02aae204-5696-11e7-840b-512026319da7_story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?\" [There are also bones of St. Nicholas in Venice?]. enec.it (in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121209132748/http://www.enec.it/Cripte/venezia.htm","url_text":"\"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?\""},{"url":"http://www.enec.it/Cripte/venezia.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?\" [Are all the bones in Bari?]. enec.it (in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121208105336/http://www.enec.it/cripte2/ipotesi/ipotesi.htm","url_text":"\"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?\""},{"url":"http://www.enec.it/cripte2/ipotesi/ipotesi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?\". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/relics/","url_text":"\"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190227/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/relics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny\" (PDF). An Chomhairle Oidhreachta/The Heritage Council. 2007. p. 81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012183822/http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/conservationplans/Newton_Jerpoint.pdf","url_text":"\"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny\""},{"url":"http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/conservationplans/Newton_Jerpoint.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics\". Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/anatomical-examination/","url_text":"\"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211204409/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/anatomical-examination/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Face of St. Nicholas\". St Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/real-face/","url_text":"\"The Real Face of St. Nicholas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204135142/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/real-face/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Real Face of Santa\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/productions/specials/the-real-face-of-santa/","url_text":"\"The Real Face of Santa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112165250/http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/productions/specials/the-real-face-of-santa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greece\". St. Nicholas Center. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/greece/","url_text":"\"Greece\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080429/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/greece/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goroshkova, Natalia. \"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY\". OrthoChristian. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928212505/https://orthochristian.com/97364.html","url_text":"\"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY\""},{"url":"https://orthochristian.com/97364.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9\". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101336","url_text":"\"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120710062655/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101336","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker\". Synaxarium (Lives of Saints). Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/nicholas.html","url_text":"\"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213222622/http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/nicholas.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Commemorations for Kiahk 10\". Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_10.html","url_text":"\"Commemorations for Kiahk 10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231163727/http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_10.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carus, Louise (1 October 2002). The Real St. Nicholas. Quest Books. p. 2. ISBN 9780835608138. In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on 6 December which many believe to be the anniversary of St Nicholas's death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Saint's feast date is 19 December). On 5 December, the eve of St Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that Saint Nicholas soon will be there.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835608138","url_text":"9780835608138"}]},{"reference":"DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013). Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4594-0560-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4594-0560-8","url_text":"978-1-4594-0560-8"}]},{"reference":"McKnight, George H. (1917). St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs. New York: Putnam's. pp. 37–52. ISBN 978-1115125055. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/stnicholashis00mckn#page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1115125055","url_text":"978-1115125055"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091212100924/http://www.archive.org/stream/stnicholashis00mckn#page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sandford, John (3 April 2013). Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81610-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81610-9","url_text":"978-1-136-81610-9"}]},{"reference":"\"\"St. Nicholas Park\", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation\". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/st-nicholas-park/history","url_text":"\"\"St. Nicholas Park\", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206150446/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/st-nicholas-park/history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home\". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.elca.org/worship/3121/","url_text":"\"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America","url_text":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America"}]},{"reference":"\"The Calendar\". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","url_text":"\"The Calendar\""}]},{"reference":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4","url_text":"978-1-64065-235-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari\". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/05/09/101336-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-fro","url_text":"\"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154811/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/05/09/101336-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-fro","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου\". Synaxaristis (in Greek). Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3094/sxsaintinfo.aspx","url_text":"\"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423022121/https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3094/sxsaintinfo.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023 (PDF) (in Greek and English). Digital Chant Stand of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dcs.goarch.org/goa/dcs/p/s/2023/05/20/ma/gr-en/se.m05.d20.ma.pdf","url_text":"The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724160603/https://dcs.goarch.org/goa/dcs/p/s/2023/05/20/ma/gr-en/se.m05.d20.ma.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ\". Synaxaristis (in Greek). Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3291/sxsaintinfo.aspx","url_text":"\"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319091519/https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3291/sxsaintinfo.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker\". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/07/29/206397-nativity-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker","url_text":"\"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724155044/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/07/29/206397-nativity-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados\". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2011/08/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-lefkados.html","url_text":"\"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190715/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2011/08/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-lefkados.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula\". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/09/22/102702-synaxis-of-the-saints-of-tula","url_text":"\"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154102/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/09/22/102702-synaxis-of-the-saints-of-tula","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia\". Orthodox Church in America. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/12/06/103484-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-archbishop-of-myra-in-lycia","url_text":"\"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201121041851/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/12/06/103484-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-archbishop-of-myra-in-lycia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Nicholas\". St. John Cantius Parish. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","url_text":"\"St. Nicholas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916164452/http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ\". Britten-Pears Foundation. 1948. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102449/http://www.brittenpears.org/resources/saint-nicolas","url_text":"\"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ\""},{"url":"http://www.brittenpears.org/resources/saint-nicolas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013), \"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction\", Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The Conception Nostre Dame and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-24768-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f__hjbhMw1IC&q=Nicholas+of+Myra+Council+of+Nicaea&pg=PA250","url_text":"\"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24768-0","url_text":"978-90-04-24768-0"}]},{"reference":"Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2017), \"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age\", BBC News: Family & Education, retrieved 7 December 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-42239197","url_text":"\"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age\""}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Ellie (6 December 2017), \"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch\", The Atlantic","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/father-christmas-bone-fragment-saint-nicholas-oxford-university-researchers-italy-christianity-a8094356.html","url_text":"\"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch\""}]},{"reference":"English, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012), \"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas\", ReadTheSpirit online magazine","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/adam-english-digging-back-to-the-real-st-nicholas/","url_text":"\"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas\""}]},{"reference":"English, Adam C. (2016), Christmas: Theological Anticipations, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4982-3933-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BUtQDQAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+butchered+children+resurrected&pg=PT132","url_text":"Christmas: Theological Anticipations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3933-2","url_text":"978-1-4982-3933-2"}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, George (1976) [1954], \"St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari\", Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016), Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had., National Catholic Register","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncregister.com/blog/steven-greydanus/lets-stop-celebrating-st.-nicholas-punching-arius","url_text":"Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had."}]},{"reference":"Hunt, John (1974), Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press, ISBN 085667012X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_(antiquarian)","url_text":"Hunt, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/irishmedievalfig0000hunt","url_text":"Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085667012X","url_text":"085667012X"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Charles W. (1978), Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-40700-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40700-5","url_text":"978-0-226-40700-5"}]},{"reference":"Keys, David (17 December 1993), \"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports\", The Independent, retrieved 19 December 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/santas-tomb-is-found-off-turkey-academics-claim-to-have-found-where-st-nicholas-was-buried-david-keys-reports-1467871.html","url_text":"\"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports\""}]},{"reference":"Lendering, Jona (2006), \"Nicholas of Myra\", Livius.org","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_Lendering","url_text":"Lendering, Jona"},{"url":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/nicholas-of-myra/","url_text":"\"Nicholas of Myra\""}]},{"reference":"Medrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017), \"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches\", Newsweek: Tech & Science","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/santa-claus-real-yes-and-his-bones-were-buried-bunch-different-churches-735531","url_text":"\"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches\""}]},{"reference":"University of Oxford (5 December 2017), Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period., University of Oxford","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-12-05-could-ancient-bones-suggest-santa-was-real#","url_text":"Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period."}]},{"reference":"Seal, Jeremy (2005), Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-58234-419-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhkokCFlhwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+Jeremy+Seal","url_text":"Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5","url_text":"978-1-58234-419-5"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Joe L. (2010), Saint Nicholas, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, ISBN 978-1-59555-115-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g8ds_Q9PZbwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+real+person","url_text":"Saint Nicholas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-115-3","url_text":"978-1-59555-115-3"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Caroline (2018), \"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences\", in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.), Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-3500-2830-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5NDwAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+imprisonment&pg=PA163","url_text":"\"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-2830-2","url_text":"978-1-3500-2830-2"}]},{"reference":"Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010). The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey. Osaka: Osaka University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006). St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic. ISBN 9781418504076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418504076","url_text":"9781418504076"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101208061010/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=494","external_links_name":"\"Serbia\""},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=494","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101010104847/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=38","external_links_name":"\"Who is St. Nicholas?\""},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=38","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110907060906/http://www.roca.org/OA/5/5m.htm","external_links_name":"\"St. Nicholas\""},{"Link":"http://www.roca.org/OA/5/5m.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPYqrdGhGEC&q=Nicholas+born+Greek+city+of+Patara+270+AD","external_links_name":"Stories Behind Men of Faith"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911140845/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVPYqrdGhGEC&q=Nicholas+born+Greek+city+of+Patara+270+AD#v=snippet&q=Nicholas%20born%20Greek%20city%20of%20Patara%20270%20AD&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Michael the Archimandrite's Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome","external_links_name":"The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome/page/n36","external_links_name":"21"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.stnicholascenter.org/who-is-st-nicholas/stories-legends/modern-miracles/miracles-palestine/beit-jala-stories","external_links_name":"\"Stories from Beit Jala\""},{"Link":"https://visitpalestine.ps/where-to-go/listing/bethlehem/sites-attractions-bethlehem/christian-sites-bethlehem/st-nicholas-church-beit-jala/","external_links_name":"\"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala\""},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Life of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051940/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/michael-the-archimandrite/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418","external_links_name":"The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/n61","external_links_name":"58"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=409","external_links_name":"\"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091205211459/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=409","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","external_links_name":"\"Saint Nicholas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916164452/http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8432314.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turks want Santa's bones returned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100122023333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8432314.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211141253/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-196814-100-santa-clauss-bones-must-be-brought-back-to-turkey-from-italy.html","external_links_name":"\"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-196814-100-santa-clauss-bones-must-be-brought-back-to-turkey-from-italy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/offbeat/tomb-of-st-nicholas-may-have-been-discovered-in-turkey-1.3244068","external_links_name":"\"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171008081435/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/offbeat/tomb-of-st-nicholas-may-have-been-discovered-in-turkey-1.3244068","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/05/21/major_relics_of_st_nicholas_visit_russia/1313807","external_links_name":"\"\"Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia\", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206152131/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/05/21/major_relics_of_st_nicholas_visit_russia/1313807","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/why-more-than-a-million-russians-have-lined-up-tosee-one-of-theribs-of-saint-nicholas/2017/06/28/02aae204-5696-11e7-840b-512026319da7_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Filipov, David. \"Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas\", The Washington Post, June 29, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160555/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/why-more-than-a-million-russians-have-lined-up-tosee-one-of-theribs-of-saint-nicholas/2017/06/28/02aae204-5696-11e7-840b-512026319da7_story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121209132748/http://www.enec.it/Cripte/venezia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?\""},{"Link":"http://www.enec.it/Cripte/venezia.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121208105336/http://www.enec.it/cripte2/ipotesi/ipotesi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?\""},{"Link":"http://www.enec.it/cripte2/ipotesi/ipotesi.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/relics/","external_links_name":"\"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213190227/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/relics/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012183822/http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/conservationplans/Newton_Jerpoint.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/conservationplans/Newton_Jerpoint.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/anatomical-examination/","external_links_name":"\"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211204409/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/anatomical-examination/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/real-face/","external_links_name":"\"The Real Face of St. Nicholas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204135142/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/real-face/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/productions/specials/the-real-face-of-santa/","external_links_name":"\"The Real Face of Santa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112165250/http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/productions/specials/the-real-face-of-santa/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/greece/","external_links_name":"\"Greece\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080429/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/greece/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928212505/https://orthochristian.com/97364.html","external_links_name":"\"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY\""},{"Link":"https://orthochristian.com/97364.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101336","external_links_name":"\"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120710062655/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101336","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/nicholas.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213222622/http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/nicholas.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_10.html","external_links_name":"\"Commemorations for Kiahk 10\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231163727/http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/4_10.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/stnicholashis00mckn#page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091212100924/http://www.archive.org/stream/stnicholashis00mckn#page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1979/v36-3-bookreview15.htm","external_links_name":"Theology Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061529/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1979/v36-3-bookreview15.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/st-nicholas-park/history","external_links_name":"\"\"St. Nicholas Park\", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206150446/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/st-nicholas-park/history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blogs.elca.org/worship/3121/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar","external_links_name":"\"The Calendar\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/05/09/101336-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-fro","external_links_name":"\"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154811/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/05/09/101336-translation-of-the-relics-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-fro","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3094/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423022121/https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3094/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dcs.goarch.org/goa/dcs/p/s/2023/05/20/ma/gr-en/se.m05.d20.ma.pdf","external_links_name":"The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724160603/https://dcs.goarch.org/goa/dcs/p/s/2023/05/20/ma/gr-en/se.m05.d20.ma.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3291/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319091519/https://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3291/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/07/29/206397-nativity-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker","external_links_name":"\"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724155044/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/07/29/206397-nativity-of-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2011/08/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-lefkados.html","external_links_name":"\"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190715/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2011/08/synaxis-of-all-saints-of-lefkados.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/09/22/102702-synaxis-of-the-saints-of-tula","external_links_name":"\"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230724154102/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2023/09/22/102702-synaxis-of-the-saints-of-tula","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/12/06/103484-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-archbishop-of-myra-in-lycia","external_links_name":"\"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201121041851/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/12/06/103484-saint-nicholas-the-wonderworker-archbishop-of-myra-in-lycia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","external_links_name":"\"St. Nicholas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160916164452/http://www.cantius.org/go/liturgy_devotions/liturgical_seasons/advent_extraordinary/saint_nicholas/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102449/http://www.brittenpears.org/resources/saint-nicolas","external_links_name":"\"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ\""},{"Link":"http://www.brittenpears.org/resources/saint-nicolas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f__hjbhMw1IC&q=Nicholas+of+Myra+Council+of+Nicaea&pg=PA250","external_links_name":"\"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-42239197","external_links_name":"\"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/father-christmas-bone-fragment-saint-nicholas-oxford-university-researchers-italy-christianity-a8094356.html","external_links_name":"\"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch\""},{"Link":"http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/adam-english-digging-back-to-the-real-st-nicholas/","external_links_name":"\"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BUtQDQAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+butchered+children+resurrected&pg=PT132","external_links_name":"Christmas: Theological Anticipations"},{"Link":"http://www.ncregister.com/blog/steven-greydanus/lets-stop-celebrating-st.-nicholas-punching-arius","external_links_name":"Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/irishmedievalfig0000hunt","external_links_name":"Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/santas-tomb-is-found-off-turkey-academics-claim-to-have-found-where-st-nicholas-was-buried-david-keys-reports-1467871.html","external_links_name":"\"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/nicholas-of-myra/","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas of Myra\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/santa-claus-real-yes-and-his-bones-were-buried-bunch-different-churches-735531","external_links_name":"\"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches\""},{"Link":"http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-12-05-could-ancient-bones-suggest-santa-was-real#","external_links_name":"Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhkokCFlhwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+Jeremy+Seal","external_links_name":"Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g8ds_Q9PZbwC&q=Saint+Nicholas+of+Myra+real+person","external_links_name":"Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5NDwAAQBAJ&q=Saint+Nicholas+imprisonment&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"\"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences\""},{"Link":"http://www.stnicholascenter.org/","external_links_name":"The Saint Nicholas Center"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=371","external_links_name":"Biography of Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/xmas/","external_links_name":"The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/People/Saints/N/Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra","external_links_name":"Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienN/Nikolaus_von_Myra.htm","external_links_name":"Saint Nicholas"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1799303/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122535506","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/172332216","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/6179914","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11147965887784082678","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22150516596003440805","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1597145857019222921125","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBYpdX76XDVHcjxhHR4tq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961190d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961190d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12918814X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445011105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053594","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/sq4670fb25bjlcg","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000218370&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621210","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20030602011&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49682294","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074660500","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570230105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0f3b352f-c498-4381-a296-88b39fcff42e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500353854","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12918814X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526329","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vf7nn3","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02760859X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_93 | List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1–99) | ["1 FM 1","2 FM 2","3 FM 3","4 FM 4","5 FM 5","6 FM 6","7 FM 7","7.1 FM 7 (1942–1949)","7.2 FM 7 (1951–1961)","8 FM 8","9 FM 9","9.1 FM 9 (1942)","10 FM 10","10.1 FM 10 (1942)","11 FM 11","12 RM 12","13 FM 13","14 FM 14","15 FM 15","16 FM 16","17 FM 17","18 FM 18","18.1 RM 18 (1942)","19 FM 19","20 FM 20","21 FM 21","22 FM 22","23 FM 23","24 FM 24","24.1 FM 24 (1942)","25 FM 25","26 FM 26","27 FM 27","28 FM 28","29 FM 29","29.1 FM 29 (1942–1949)","29.2 FM 29 (1951–1967)","30 FM 30","30.1 FM 30 (1942)","31 FM 31","32 RM 32","33 RM 33","34 FM 34","35 FM 35","36 FM 36","37 FM 37","38 FM 38","39 FM 39","40 FM 40","41 FM 41","42 RM 42","43 FM 43","43.1 FM 43/RM 43 (1942)","44 FM 44","45 FM 45","46 FM 46","47 FM 47","48 FM 48","49 FM 49","50 FM 50","51 FM 51","52 FM 52","53 FM 53","54 FM 54","55 FM 55","56 FM 56","57 FM 57","58 FM 58","59 FM 59","60 FM 60","61 FM 61","62 FM 62","63 FM 63","64 FM 64","65 FM 65","66 FM 66","67 FM 67","68 FM 68","69 FM 69","70 FM 70","70.1 FM 70 (1942)","71 FM 71","72 FM 72","73 FM 73","74 FM 74","74.1 FM 74 (1943)","75 FM 75","76 FM 76","77 FM 77","78 FM 78","79 FM 79","80 FM 80","81 FM 81","82 FM 82","82.1 FM 82 (1943)","83 FM 83","84 FM 84","85 FM 85","86 FM 86","87 FM 87","87.1 FM 87 (1943)","88 FM 88","89 FM 89","90 FM 90","91 FM 91","92 FM 92","93 FM 93","93.1 RM 93 (1944)","94 FM 94","95 FM 95","96 FM 96","96.1 FM 96 (1944)","97 FM 97","98 FM 98","99 FM 99","100 Notes","101 References"] | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 1–99 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
FM 1
Farm to Market Road 1LocationSabine and San Augustine countiesLength18.640 mi (29.998 km)ExistedApril 23, 1941–present
For the road in central Texas serving the area of Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site, see Ranch Road 1.
Main article: Farm to Market Road 1
Farm to Market Road 1 (FM 1) is located in Sabine and San Augustine counties. Designated in 1941, it was the first farm-to-market road established in Texas, at the request of local industry for a paved road. The 18.6-mile (29.9 km) road provides access to rural areas of East Texas from US 96.
FM 2
Farm to Market Road 2LocationGrimes CountyLength6.256 mi (10.068 km)ExistedJuly 29, 1941–present
Farm to Market Road 2 (FM 2) is located in Grimes County.
FM 2 begins at CR 237 in Courtney, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the Washington County line at the Brazos River. It travels along the northeastern edge of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's O.L. Luther Unit and crosses SH 6. It continues east, passing several prison farms, before ending at FM 362.
FM 2 was designated on July 29, 1941, from Courtney east to SH 6. The designation was extended by approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to FM 362 on May 2, 1962.
As of 2017, TxDOT plans to convert the at-grade intersection with SH 6, regarded as dangerous, into a diamond interchange.
FM 3
Farm to Market Road 3LocationLeon CountyLength19.273 mi (31.017 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 3 (FM 3) is located in southwestern Leon County. Its southern terminus is at FM 39 in Normangee. It travels to the west, providing access to Normangee City Park, prior to turning north. It passes the unincorporated community of Hilltop Lakes before intersecting FM 977. FM 3 reaches its northern terminus at US 79.
A 0.4-mile-long (0.64 km) spur connection, FM Spur 3, connects FM 3 in central Normangee to SH OSR to the south.
FM 3 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Normangee westward to Normangee City Park, as a replacement for SH 265. The route was lengthened to the northwest, first on August 25, 1949, to FM 977, and then on August 1, 1970, to its present terminus at US 79; this extension replaced part of FM 977. The spur connection was designated on November 26, 1969.
FM 4
Farm to Market Road 4LocationJohnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack countiesLength116.189 mi (186.988 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 4
Farm to Market Road 4 (FM 4) is located in Johnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack counties. It runs from Grandview north and west to Jacksboro.
FM 5
Farm to Market Road 5LocationParker CountyLength11.068 mi (17.812 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 5 (FM 5) is located in Parker County. It begins at FM 1187 at Aledo. The route briefly travels to the south before turning west and entering Annetta South. It then turns to the north and passes through Annetta and Annetta North. FM 5 ends at I-20 at its exit 415 in Willow Park. The roadway continues under local jurisdiction as Mikus Road.
FM 5 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Aledo due north to US 80, replacing Spur 131. On December 10, 1946, it was extended south and west 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection at Annetta. On June 28, 1963, it was extended north to Willow Park, replacing FM 1545. On December 20, 1984, the section north of what was then FM 2376 was transferred to FM 1187, along with FM 2376 itself.
FM 6
Farm to Market Road 6LocationCollin and Hunt countiesLength11.479 mi (18.474 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 6 (FM 6) is located in Collin and Hunt counties. The road is 11.5 miles (18.5 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 78 just north of Lavon. From there, it goes east, passing through Nevada and Josephine. The eastern terminus is at SH 66 in Caddo Mills.
FM 6 was designated on March 26, 1942, as a 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from Caddo Mills to Josephine as a replacement for State Spur 115. On July 19, 1945, it was extended west to 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada, and another segment was added from Nevada to Lavon. On September 26, 1945, FM 6 was extended from 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada to Nevada, connecting the two sections.
FM 7
Farm to Market Road 7 (FM 7) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 7 designation.
FM 7 (1942–1949)
Farm to Market Road 7LocationHood CountyExistedMarch 26, 1942–October 23, 1949
FM 7 was originally designated on March 26, 1942, as a highway from Lipan to US 281 as a replacement for Spur 108. On June 5, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Granbury. FM 7 was cancelled on October 23, 1949, and became a portion of FM 4.
FM 7 (1951–1961)
Farm to Market Road 7LocationDallas and Rockwall countiesExistedJune 21, 1951–November 30, 1961
The second use of the FM 7 designation was in Dallas and Rockwall counties, from Garland to Rockwall over a former routing of US 67. On June 16, 1957, the road was extended east over old US 67 to Royse City. FM 7 was cancelled on November 30, 1961, and was redesignated as part of SH 66, which also replaced more of old US 67.
FM 8
Farm to Market Road 8LocationEastland and Erath countiesLength34.816 mi (56.031 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 8 (FM 8) is located in Eastland and Erath counties. The road is 34.8 miles (56.0 km) long.
The route was designated on March 26, 1942, from Lingleville east to Stephenville, replacing SH 68. On July 19, 1945, the route was extended westward to the Eastland County line. On December 21, 1945, FM 8 was extended further westward to the end of FM 96 in Desdemona. On May 17, 1948, the route was extended further westward, reaching Gorman, which was the original endpoint of SH 68, replacing FM 96. The highway was extended west 2.8 miles (4.5 km) on May 26, 1957. The highway was extended east on May 6, 1964, from SH 108 to US 281. The highway was extended west to its current terminus on October 26, 1983, over the previous routing of SH 6.
FM 9
Farm to Market Road 9LocationPanola and Harrison countiesLength24.935 mi (40.129 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 9 (FM 9) is located in Panola and Harrison counties. It is approximately 25 miles (40 km) in length.
FM 9 begins at an intersection with US 79 in the unincorporated community of Panola. The route travels north into Waskom, where it crosses I-20; access from I-20 is provided via exit 633 (eastbound) and 635 (westbound). The route has a brief concurrency with US 80 before turning back toward the north. FM 9 straddles the east side of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant before ending near the south shore of Caddo Lake.
The current FM 9 was designated on May 23, 1951. The original route was the segment from US 79 to FM 451 near Elysian Fields. The highway was extended to US 80 in Waskom on November 18, 1953, replacing a section of FM 451, and further north to 4.8 miles (7.7 km) north of US 80 on May 5, 1966, and to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of FM 1999 on June 2, 1967. On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended north to FM 1999 and FM 2457. On August 5, 1968, FM 2457 was combined, extending FM 9 to its current terminus.
FM 9 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 9LocationMidland countyExistedMarch 26, 1942–August 3, 1943
A previous FM 9 was formed from Midland south 12.0 miles (19.3 km) on March 26, 1942, when the route was designated from part of SH 137. On August 3, 1943, that route was redesignated as part of SH 349. This was the first Farm to Market Road to be cancelled. That routing has no connection to the current designation.
FM 10
Farm to Market Road 10LocationPanola CountyLength10.013 mi (16.114 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 10 (FM 10) is located in Panola County. The road is 10.0 miles (16.1 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with FM 999 in Gary City. From there, it goes north to Daniels. Just north of Daniels, there is a brief concurrency with FM 2517. After, it continues north towards the northern terminus at Bus. US 79 in Carthage.
FM 10 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.
FM 10 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 10LocationAngelina and San Augustine countiesExistedMarch 26, 1942–September 9, 1947
A previous route numbered FM 10 was designated on March 26, 1942, from San Augustine to a point on SH 63 near Zavalla as a replacement of SH 147. FM 10 was cancelled on September 9, 1947, and changed back to SH 147.
FM 11
Farm to Market Road 11LocationWard, Crane, and Pecos countiesLength51.580 mi (83.010 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 11
Farm to Market Road 11 (FM 11) is located in Ward, Crane, and Pecos counties. The 51.6-mile (83.0 km) road begins at SH 18 in Grandfalls and passes through Imperial and Girvin before terminating at I-10 in Bakersfield.
The road was designated in 1942 between Grandfalls and Imperial and has been incrementally lengthened over the years incorporating a former route of FM 847 before the road was completed in 1975. The road crosses US 67 and US 385 in Girvin.
RM 12
Ranch to Market Road 12LocationHays, Travis countiesLength37.931 mi (61.044 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 12 (RM 12) is located in Hays and Travis counties. It is 37.9 miles (61.0 km) in length.
The southern terminus of RM 12 is in San Marcos at I-35 exit 202. From there, it proceeds along Wonder World Drive along the far west edge of San Marcos. RM 12 continues west from San Marcos to intersect with RM 32 (at "The Junction") and then heads north to Wimberley. RM 12 then continues through Woodcreek to Dripping Springs, where it crosses US 290. From there, it continues north through the community of Fitzhugh to its terminus at RM 3238 (Hamilton Pool Road), approximately six miles west of Bee Cave.
RM 12 was formed from the segment of SH 80 from San Marcos to Wimberley on March 26, 1942. On May 31, 1945, it was extended north to Dripping Springs. On December 19, 1963, it was extended again, from Loop 82 to I-35. On June 2, 1967, it was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On May 30, 1987, it was extended north to RM 3238 and a county road.
A planned expansion of RM 12 between Dripping Springs and Wimberley to a four- and five-lane divided highway was defeated as part of a county bond election in 2007.
Following the opening of San Marcos's Wonder World Drive extension project, state and local officials redesignated Wonder World Drive, previously designated FM 3407, as part of RM 12, moving the southern terminus to SH 123. The original portion of RM 12 through San Marcos was redesignated as an extension of SH 80 on the state highway system on June 24, 2010.
FM 13
Farm to Market Road 13LocationSmith, Cherokee, and Rusk countiesLength20.496 mi (32.985 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 13 (FM 13) is a 20.5-mile (33.0 km) road, located in Smith, Cherokee. and Rusk counties, that begins at SH 135 in Troup and travels eastward with a major intersection at SH 42 in Price before terminating at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64 in Henderson. The road also passes through the town of Henry's Chapel.
FM 13 begins in Troup at SH 135 in Smith County. The road proceeds along E. Duval Street and then turns south along S. Price Street. The road then turns to the southeast along the edge of town before FM 1089 branches off to the west near the Cherokee County line. The route continues to the southeast to Henry's Chapel where FM 856 branches to the south. The road then goes to the northeast and enters Rusk County before crossing SH 42 in Price. The road then proceeds eastward toward Henderson and intersects Loop 571 west of town. The road enters Henderson following W. Main St. until it terminates at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64.
The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.
The route that would become FM 13 was designated as SH 324 between Henderson and Carlisle on October 30, 1939. The town of Carlisle was renamed Price the following year. The highway was redesignated FM 13 on March 26, 1942. A second, discontinuous segment of the road was designated on June 11, 1945, between Troup and the Cherokee–Rusk county line west of Price, and the uniting segment from that county line to Price was designated on February 20, 1946.
FM 14
Farm to Market Road 14LocationSmith and Wood countiesLength41.545 mi (66.860 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 14 (FM 14) is a 39.7-mile (63.9 km) road, located in Smith and Wood counties. It begins at Loop 323 in Tyler and travels northward with a major intersection at I-20 near Shady Grove before terminating at SH 154 south of Winnsboro. The road also passes through the town of Hawkins. The road was designated in 1942.
FM 14 begins in Tyler at State Loop 323 in Smith County. The road proceeds along State Park Highway through Shady Grove (where it intersects Interstate 20) and Red Springs, where it turns to the northeast. The road then turns to the north, crossing into Wood County and passing through Hawkins, where it intersects US 80. It continues north through the towns of Pine Mills and Oak Grove to the northern terminus at SH 154.
FM 14 was designated as SH 270 between Tyler and Sand Flat on June 21, 1938. The highway was redesignated FM 14 on March 26, 1942. The road was extended to SH 154 on June 11, 1945, and to the current northern terminus on July 14, 1949. On May 31, 1966, the portion from Spur 147 to US 271 became an extension of Spur 147. The road was rerouted east to US 271 on September 27, 1971. The portion from Loop 323 to US 271 was redesignated Urban Road 14 (UR 14) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 14 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 15
Farm to Market Road 15LocationSmith CountyLength10.302 mi (16.579 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 15 (FM 15) is a 10.3-mile (16.6 km) route in Smith County. From its western terminus at SH 135 in Troup, it runs eastward along East Bryant Street. Outside the city limits, it continues eastward before turning to the north and then to the northeast in the community of Salem. The eastern terminus of FM 15 is at SH 64 in Wright City.
The route that is currently FM 15 was designated as SH 269 on June 21, 1938. It was redesignated FM 15 on March 26, 1942.
FM 16
Farm to Market Road 16LocationVan Zandt and Smith countiesLength42.010 mi (67.609 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in Lindale
Farm to Market Road 16 (FM 16) is located in Van Zandt and Smith counties. The road is 42 miles (68 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 just west of Colfax. From there, it goes east through Colfax and Van, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. From Van, the road continues east along SH 110 passing through the towns of Garden Valley, Hideaway, Lindale, Red Springs, and Winona, where it has a brief concurrency with SH 155. From Winona, the road continues east to the eastern terminus at US 271.
FM 16 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Colfax to Van, replacing a part of SH 243. The road was extended to the current western terminus just west of Colfax and eastward to Lindale on June 11, 1945, creating a concurrency with SH 110. The road was extended east to Winona on February 14, 1947, and extended to its current length on October 29, 1948.
FM 17
Farm to Market Road 17LocationVan Zandt and Wood countiesLength34.590 mi (55.667 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 17 (FM 17) is located in Van Zandt and Wood counties. The road is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 near Canton. From there, it goes northeast, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. The road continues on to SH 110 in Grand Saline, Texas. The road then follows SH 110 to US 80. The road follows US 80 before heading northeast and north to FM 515. The road follows FM 515 east and then heads north and east to SH 154 in Yantis.
FM 17 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Grand Saline to Alba, replacing a part of SH 110. The road was extended southwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) on January 11, 1945. On June 11 of that year, the road was extended southwest to Canton, its current southern terminus. The road was extended to Yantis on December 17, 1947. The road was extended along old US 69 in Alba on October 26, 1954. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Yantis. On October 11, 1961, the section from Yantis east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) was transferred to FM 2225. This section of FM 2225 became part of FM 2966 on October 6, 1980, due to construction of Lake Fork Reservoir, which caused some parts of FM 2225 to be inundated and also resulted in FM 17 being relocated along FM 515 over Lake Fork Reservoir, as the old route was inundated (part is now part of FM 514 and FM Spur 514).
FM 18
Farm to Market Road 18LocationTaylor and Callahan countiesLength18.6 mi (29.9 km)ExistedSeptember 19, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 18 (FM 18) is located in Taylor and Callahan counties. It is approximately 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.
FM 18 begins at an intersection with SH 36 in Abilene near Abilene Regional Airport. The highway leaves the city limits and enters Callahan County at Elmdale Road. The highway runs east and enters Clyde near FM 1707. FM 18 has an interchange with FM 604 before running through town on South 1st Street before turning at a nearly 90 degree angle onto Stephens Street. The highway makes another turn at FM 258 before leaving the town. FM 18 runs east to Baird where it ends at an intersection with BL I-20.
The current route was designated on September 19, 1951, from a segment of US 80. The section from SH 36 to Elmdale Community was redesignated Urban Road 18 (UR 18) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 18 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
RM 18 (1942)
Ranch to Market Road 18LocationMitchell CountyExistedMarch 26, 1942–April 23, 1947
RM 18 was formed on March 26, 1942, from part of SH 208 from Colorado City, Texas south 6.0 miles (9.7 km). On April 29, 1942, another section was added from Robert Lee, Texas north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to the county road to Sanco. On November 18, 1944, the gap between 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles north of Robert Lee and 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles south of Colorado City was filled. This route was cancelled on April 23, 1947, when it became an extension of SH 208.
FM 19
Farm to Market Road 19LocationAnderson CountyLength13.362 mi (21.504 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 19 (FM 19) is located in Anderson County. The road is 13.4 miles (21.6 km) (21.5 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 155 in Frankston. From there, it goes south to Neches, via Todd City. The southern terminus is at FM 2574.
FM 19 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a route between Neches and Todd City. It was extended north to Frankston on May 19 of that year. On October 24, 1944, the portion from Todd City to Frankston was canceled due to the extension of SH 155 to Palestine. On December 17, 1952, FM 19 was extended back from Todd City to Frankston. The original section from had been designated as SH 272 on June 21, 1938, while it was being built. When the route was built some time after September 26, 1939, SH 272 was cancelled, meaning the road was already built at the time FM 19 was designated.
FM 20
Farm to Market Road 20LocationBastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe countiesLength54.213 mi (87.247 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 20 (FM 20) is located in Bastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe counties. The road is 54.2 miles (87.2 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 71 just west of Bastrop. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Red Rock. At Lockhart, it becomes concurrent with US 183 for a 0.1-mile segment, then turns off to the west on State Park Road. It continues southwest, passing through Fentress, until its southern terminus at SH 123 just north of Seguin.
FM 20 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Bastrop southwestward to Lockhart (this was part of SH 21 before 1939). On April 18, 1958, it was extended southwest to FM 621, replacing FM 964. Six days later, it was extended southwest to just north of Seguin, replacing a section of FM 621. However, the signs did not change until the 1959 Texas Travel Map was released to the public; On October 31, 1958, around the time the signs were changed, the current FM 964 was designated.
FM 21
Farm to Market Road 21LocationFranklin, Titus, and Camp countiesLength15.89 mi (25.57 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) is located in Franklin, Titus, and Camp counties. It is approximately 15.9 miles (25.6 km) long.
FM 21 begins at an intersection with SH 11. It then proceeds through a relatively empty, farming area of Camp County. After approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 km), FM 21 crosses Lake Bob Sandlin. The bridge that crosses Lake Bob Sandlin is approximately a half a mile long (0.8 km). After crossing the lake, FM 21 passes Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. The road then passes through the unincorporated community of Blodgett. After this, FM 21 passes through a long stretch of open farmland before passing through Hopewell and continues to its northern terminus of SH 37.
FM 21 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) road traveling from SH 11 to around Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. Later that day, another segment from created from SH 37 through Hopewell to Macon (erroneously shown as FM 28 on one administration order), creating a gap in the route. The gap was filled on June 11, 1945.
FM 22
Farm to Market Road 22LocationCherokee CountyLength9.070 mi (14.597 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 22 (FM 22) is located in north-central Cherokee County. It is approximately 9.1 miles (14.6 km) long.
The western terminus of FM 22 is at an intersection with US 69 in Craft. The route travels east through Turney and Gallatin, where it is known as 1st Avenue and has a brief concurrency with FM 768. FM 22 continues eastward and ends at an intersection with SH 110 south of the community of Ponta.
FM 22 was commissioned on April 29, 1942, along the current route. On May 7, 1970, a section west of US 69 at Craft, connecting to FM 347 south of Jacksonville, was added, increasing the length by 1.2 miles (1.9 km). This addition was removed from the state highway system on March 1, 1972, in exchange for the creation of FM 3198.
FM 23
Farm to Market Road 23LocationCherokee CountyLength14.56 mi (23.43 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
FM 23 in Cherokee County.
Farm to Market Road 23 (FM 23) is located in Cherokee County.
FM 23 begins at an intersection with SH 294. It travels through empty agricultural areas of Cherokee County, and serves as both endpoints for FM 1857. FM 23 passes Russell Cemetery outside of Rusk. It crosses FM 343 as it enters Rusk. FM 23 travels through the city before ending at an intersection with Loop 62 and FM 752.
FM 23 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.
FM 24
Farm to Market Road 24LocationNueces CountyLength5.056 mi (8.137 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 24 (FM 24) is located in Nueces County. It is locally known as Violet Road. The highway's southern terminus is at SH 44 in Violet. It runs north into Corpus Christi, passing several churches, and the small Violet Park, before intersecting Spur 407. It continues to its northern terminus at exit 11B of I-37.
FM 24 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 44 to Spur 407 (then SH 9). It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973.
FM 24 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 24LocationColeman CountyExistedApril 29, 1942–June 22, 1944
A previous route numbered FM 24 was designated in Coleman County on April 29, 1942, from Coleman west to the New Central School. It was 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length. The entire route was then cancelled on June 22, 1944, and transferred to FM 53 (now SH 153).
FM 25
Farm to Market Road 25LocationComal and Guadalupe countiesExistedApril 29, 1942–September 28, 1988
Farm to Market Road 25 (FM 25) was located in Comal and Guadalupe counties. No highway currently uses the FM 25 designation.
FM 25 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 81 (now Business I-35) near New Braunfels to US 90 near Seguin. On October 28, 1960, FM 25 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 46. On June 9, 1966, the section from US 90 north to I-10 was redesignated as an extension of Spur 351 (but still signed as part of SH 46). On February 26, 1968, the section from I-35 northwest 0.26 miles (0.42 km) was transferred to SH 46 and Loop 337. The remainder of FM 25 was cancelled on September 28, 1988, and transferred to SH 46. Spur 351, which by then had been extended south to SH 123, became part of SH 46 on May 14, 1990.
FM 26
Farm to Market Road 26LocationMartin and Dawson countiesLength23.247 mi (37.412 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 26 (FM 26) is located in Martin and Dawson counties.
The southern terminus of FM 26 is at FM 846 in Martin County. It runs northwest, intersecting FM 2212 in the community of Brown, before turning west. The route turns to the northwest again at its intersection with FM 3263. FM 26 is briefly concurrent FM 2002 before splitting off and entering Dawson County. Continuing to the northwest, FM 26 crosses FM 828 in Sparenburg before reaching its northern terminus at US 87.
FM 26 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Lamesa to Sparenberg in Dawson County, and was 5.3 miles (8.5 km) in length. FM 26 was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) on November 20, 1951, and to the Martin County line on March 26, 1953, adding another 0.2 miles (0.32 km); that same day, a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) farm to market road from there to FM 1742 was designated, but not yet numbered. On April 9, 1953, the road was extended southwest over the unnumbered road to FM 1742, and FM 1742 was cancelled and combined with FM 26.
FM 27
Farm to Market Road 27LocationFreestone and Limestone countiesLength27.247 mi (43.850 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 27 (FM 27) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties.
The western terminus of FM 27 is at SH 171. In Wortham, FM 27 passes Wortham High School before passing through downtown. It runs concurrently with FM 80 just south of Kirvin. FM 27 then enters Fairfield and reaches its eastern terminus at US 84.
FM 27 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Fairfield to Wortham, approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km). This was SH 210 before 1939. On February 15, 1950, the highway was extended from Wortham to the Limestone County line, replacing FM 1450 and adding approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km). On September 27, 1960, FM 27 was extended by 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to its current length.
FM 28
Farm to Market Road 28LocationFloyd and Crosby countiesLength29.675 mi (47.757 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 28 (FM 28) is located in Crosby and Floyd counties.
FM 28's southern terminus is at an intersection with US 82/SH 114. From there, FM 28 heads north, then east, then north again. Turning to the northwest, it passes through Dougherty before turning to the north again to an intersection with US 62/US 70. FM 28 runs concurrently with these highways for about one mile (1.6 km) before again heading north, reaching its northern terminus at County Roads 200 and 303.
FM 28 was designated in Floyd County on June 23, 1942, from US 70 to Dougherty. On July 21, 1949, FM 28 was extended to the Crosby County line, adding approximately 8.2 miles (13.2 km). On October 26, 1954, FM 28 was extended south to FM 1441 (which later became part of FM 193). On November 1, 1954, FM 28 was extended to its current southern terminus, FM 1441 was truncated, and FM 1472 was cancelled. On March 24, 1958, FM 28 was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northward to its current northern terminus, as FM 2265 was cancelled and combined.
FM 29
Farm to Market Road 29 (FM 29) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 29 designation.
FM 29 (1942–1949)
Farm to Market Road 29LocationGrimes CountyLength22.1 mi (35.6 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–May 20, 1949
FM 29 was designated on April 29, 1942, along a road in Grimes County from SH 90 near Singleton to Iola. The road was 11.0 miles (17.7 km) long. On January 27, 1949, FM 29 was extended north to North Zulch. On May 20, 1949, the designation was cancelled, with the road becoming an extension of FM 39.
FM 29 (1951–1967)
Farm to Market Road 29LocationVal Verde CountyLength1.9 mi (3.1 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–October 27, 1967
The FM 29 designation was later applied to a road in Val Verde County, beginning at US 90 (later Loop 406, now Spur 406) northwest of Devils River and heading northeast to Lake Walk. When it was designated, the road was 2.12 miles (3.41 km) long; by 1965, the highway had been truncated to 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 29 was cancelled on October 27, 1967, because the roadway was to be inundated by Amistad Reservoir. As a result, the road was permanently closed.
FM 30
Farm to Market Road 30LocationUvalde CountyLength3.622 mi (5.829 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 30 (FM 30) is located in Uvalde County. The road begins at SH 127 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Sabinal, and proceeds northward to end at a county road.
FM 30 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 30LocationChildress CountyLength24 mi (39 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–January 7, 1948
The original Farm to Market Road 30, designated on April 29, 1942, ran from Memphis east to a connection with US 83 in Childress County. FM 30 was cancelled on January 7, 1948, and became part of SH 256.
FM 31
Farm to Market Road 31LocationHarrison and Panola countiesLength43.335 mi (69.741 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 31 (FM 31) is located in Harrison and Panola counties. The highway begins at US 59 (Future I-369) in Marshall, turning southeast while intersecting I-20 outside the city limits. In the community of Crossroads, FM 2625 passes through while FM 2199 ends completely, all while FM 31 continues southeastward. In the town of Elysian Fields, FM 451 ends as FM 31 heads into Panola County. The highway intersects US 79 in De Berry. The road has a small concurrency with FM 123 in Carthage. Further south, FM 2517 makes a four-way intersection there, where a few miles to the east FM 3359 is formed. The highway ends at the Louisiana state line, where it becomes LA 765.
FM 31 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 59 in Marshall to Elysian Fields. On June 11, 1945, it was extended southward to the Panola County line. Seven days later, it was extended south to De Berry. On November 20, 1951, it was extended south to what was then FM 998. On January 7, 1952, FM 31 was extended southward to the Louisiana state line, replacing a section of FM 123 (which was rerouted over FM 998 instead).
RM 32
Ranch to Market Road 32LocationBlanco, Comal, and Hays countiesLength23.23 mi (37.39 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 32 (RM 32) is located in Blanco, Comal, and Hays counties. The road begins at US 281 south of Blanco, and continues east as it enters Comal County. In Fischer, FM 3424 ends there, and upon entering Hays County, the highway ends at an intersection with RM 12 in Wimberley.
RM 32 was designated as State Highway 232 between SH 80 in Wimberley and US 281 on August 1, 1936. SH 80 was truncated and the western terminus became RM 12 on March 26, 1942; at the same time, SH 232 was to be redesignated as an RM road once the counties agreed to do so, which happened by April 29, 1942, when RM 32 was designated, replacing SH 232.
RM 33
Ranch to Market Road 33LocationHoward, Glasscock, and Reagan countiesLength57.48 mi (92.51 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 33 (RM 33) is located in Howard, Glasscock, and Reagan counties. It runs from US 87, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Big Spring, south to SH 137.
RM 33 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Big Spring south 6.4 miles (10.3 km) to the Glasscock County line. On February 11, 1944, the designation was extended south to Garden City. On June 11, 1945, the route was extended south to Big Lake. On October 29, 1948, RM 33 was extended south and east to SH 163. On July 14, 1949, it was extended east to Eldorado, replacing FM 865. By 1966, the section from RM 1980 (now US 190) to Eldorado was signed, but not designated, as SH 29, and by 1969, the section from RM 1800 south to RM 1980 was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On June 30, 1977, the section from Eldorado west to RM 1980 (along with RM 1980 itself) was transferred to US 190. On May 16, 1984, the section of RM 33 from SH 137 south to US 190 officially became part of SH 137.
The minutes of the July 14, 1949, highway commission meeting refer to this road (at least the section south of the Glasscock–Reagan county line) as Farm to Market Road 33 (FM 33), possibly in error.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Reagan0.00.0 SH 137 – Stiles, Big Lake
13.421.6 RM 2600 east
16.426.4 FM 1357 west to SH 137
Glasscock25.240.6 RM 2401 west – Saint Lawrence
Garden City35.356.8 SH 158 – Midland, Sterling City
50.080.5 FM 461 to US 87 – Lomax
Howard56.891.4 FM 818 west – Elbow
57.692.7 US 87 – Big Spring, San AngeloInterchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 34
Farm to Market Road 34LocationHudspeth CountyLength2.612 mi (4.204 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 34 (FM 34) is located in Hudspeth County.
The southern terminus of FM 34 is at FM 192, approximately 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Fort Hancock. The road proceeds north for 2.6 miles (4.2 km) before ending at I-10 exit 87.
FM 34 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.
FM 35
Farm to Market Road 35LocationRockwall and Hunt countiesLength7.304 mi (11.755 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 35 (FM 35) is located in Rockwall and Hunt counties. The road begins at I-30 in Royse City and runs to SH 276.
FM 35 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Quinlan to Mexico. On November 23, 1948, the section from Union Valley to Quinlan was added, creating a concurrency with SH 34. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to Sabine River Bottom. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended west 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to the Rockwall County line. On February 26, 1953, the road was extended west to the new location of US 67 (now I-30), replacing FM 1396. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to the Rains County line. On November 29, 1954, the road was extended east to US 69 (now FM 2795) at Emory, replacing FM 2102 and creating a concurrency with FM 47. On April 1, 1959, the Union Valley-Quinlan section was revised to end at Loop 264 instead of SH 34 (a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) section of FM 35 was transferred to Loop 264). On December 15, 1959, the concurrency with FM 47 was removed. On October 15, 1970, the section of FM 35 from Loop 264 west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) miles was transferred to SH 276. On October 25, 1990, a 21.3-mile (34.3 km) section of FM 35 from SH 34 east to US 69 was also transferred to SH 276.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Hunt0.00.0 SH 276 – Rockwall, Quinlan
Union Valley1.11.8 FM 1565 – Poetry, Caddo Mills
RockwallRoyse City5.58.9 FM 2642 north
6.310.1 FM 2453 south
7.311.7 I-30 (US 67) – Dallas, GreenvilleI-30 exit 77B
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 36
Farm to Market Road 36LocationHunt CountyLength29.725 mi (47.838 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 36 (FM 36) is located in Hunt County. The road begins at SH 276 west of Quinlan and ends at FM 1562. There are concurrencies with US 380 and SH 66.
FM 36 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) west of Floyd to Merit. On September 12, 1946, the section from SH 24 at Floyd south to US 67 (now SH 66) at or near Caddo Mills was added, creating a concurrency with SH 24. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended southeast 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Caddo Mills. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended north to FM 1562. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended south to FM 35 (now SH 276). On June 24, 2010, the section of FM 36 from US 380 to BU 380-J was removed from the state highway system. FM 36 was instead realigned over the new US 380.
Junction list
The entire route is in Hunt County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 SH 276 – Rockwall, Royse City, Quinlan
6.911.1 FM 1564 east
8.7–9.414.0–15.1 I-30 (US 67) – Dallas, GreenvilleI-30 exit 85
11.117.9 FM 1903 east
Caddo Mills13.020.9 SH 66 west – Royse CitySouth end of SH 66 overlap
13.121.1 SH 66 east – GreenvilleNorth end of SH 66 overlap
Clinton16.025.7 FM 3211 east
19.230.9 US 380 east / County Road 1118 – Greenville, FloydSouth end of US 380 overlap
19.831.9 Bus. US 380 east – Floyd
20.633.2 US 380 west – McKinneyNorth end of US 380 overlap
24.539.4 FM 1569 east – Wagner
Merit25.541.0 FM 2194 – Farmersville, Kellogg
31.951.3 FM 1562 – Blue Ridge, Celeste
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 37
Farm to Market Road 37LocationBailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd countiesLength84.621 mi (136.184 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 37 (FM 37) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. Its western terminus is at SH 214 north of Enochs in Bailey County. FM 37 runs eastward to FM 54, with which it shares a brief concurrency through Bula and across the Lamb County line. After separating from FM 54, FM 37 briefly turns north before resuming an easterly route toward Amherst, crossing US 84. It crosses US 385 at Cofferville and has short concurrencies with FM 1072 through Fieldton and FM 168 at Harts Camp before entering Hale County. The route crosses I-27/US 87 east of Cotton Center, running in a southern direction concurrent with the freeway's frontage road between exits 32 and 31. Resuming its eastward routing, FM 37 has short concurrencies with FM 400 and FM 789. It then crosses into Floyd County, where it briefly shares its alignment with FM 378, before reaching its eastern terminus at US 62 in Floydada.
FM 37 was designated on April 29, 1942, from a junction with US 84 to Amherst. On March 18, 1944, the route was extended to include a strip from Amherst to SH 51. On December 16, 1948, it was extended east 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to what is now FM 1072. On September 19, 1968, FM 37 was expanded to its present length, replacing several routes: FM 2189 from SH 214 to FM 54; FM 1928 from FM 54 to US 84; a section of FM 1072 (which was rerouted to the north, replacing part of FM 1842) from FM 1072 to FM 168; FM 1315 from FM 168 to FM 400; and FM 579 from FM 400 to US 62.
FM 38
Farm to Market Road 38LocationLamar and Delta countiesLength33.301 mi (53.593 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 38 (FM 38) is located in Lamar and Delta counties. The road begins at US 82 west of Petty and turns north and east to Maxey, then southeast through Brookston and Roxton to Ben Franklin.
FM 38 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 west of Brookston through Roxton to Noble, with the section from US 82 to Roxton replacing SH 188. On April 30, 1945, the Roxton-Noble section was cancelled and became part of FM 137. FM 38 was expanded to include a section from the Lamar County line to FM 128 at Ben Franklin on June 9, 1947, creating a gap in the highway. This gap was closed on February 27, 1948, when FM 38 was extended from Roxton to Ben Franklin. On August 23, 1948, FM 38 was again extended north over the old location of US 82 to the new location of US 82. On February 1, 1949, the road was extended northwest to Maxey, replacing FM 907. On August 25, 1949, FM 38 was extended to US 82 west of Petty.
FM 39
Farm to Market Road 39LocationLimestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes countiesLength82.927 mi (133.458 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 39 (FM 39) is located in Limestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes counties. The road begins at SH 14 south of Mexia, and turns south, intersecting SH 164 before FM 80 ends directly parallel to the Freestone County line. However, no part of the road's mileage is in Freestone County, as the road turns south to Leon County shortly afterward. The highway then intersects with US 79 in Jewett and then intersects with SH 7 in the community of Concord. As the highway turns directly south, it intersects FM 977 in Flynn. In Normangee, it intersects the Old San Antonio Road, where it enters Madison County, and has a concurrency with FM 1452 in the community of George. The highway subsequently intersects a concurrent SH 21/US 190 in North Zulch. As it enters Grimes County, the road bypasses Iola, and ends at SH 90 north of Singleton.
When it was designated on April 29, 1942, the road considered of the section from Normangee to Flynn. On August 3, 1943, the road was expanded to include a segment from Mexia to Personville, creating a gap in the highway. The road's southern portion was expanded on February 28, 1945, to include US 190 at North Zulch, and the northern strip received a segment from Personville to Jewett. On April 18, 1947, the southern strip was expanded again to Robbins. The highway was extended from Jewett to Robbins on December 16, 1948, closing the gap. On May 20, 1949, FM 39 was extended south through Iola to Singleton, replacing FM 29. On June 21, 1982, the highway was slightly modified to go via Tyler Street instead of McKinney Street in Mexia, giving it its present-day length.
FM 40
Farm to Market Road 40LocationLubbock and Crosby countiesLength32.515 mi (52.328 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 40 (FM 40) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties. It runs from FM 1729 to FM 651. There are concurrencies with FM 378 and SH 207.
FM 40 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 62 and US 82 at Lubbock to Acuff. On December 29, 1949, the road was extended east to FM 378, replacing FM 1526. On March 24, 1958, the road was extended to FM 651, replacing FM 1309 and FM 1308 and creating concurrencies with FM 122 (now SH 207) and FM 378. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 62 to FM 1729 was redesignated Urban Road 40 (UR 40). The designation of this section reverted to FM 40 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 41
Farm to Market Road 41LocationHockley and Lubbock countiesLength48.321 mi (77.765 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 41 (FM 41) is located in Hockley and Lubbock counties. The road begins from FM 303 southeast of Sundown and turns about 48 miles (77 km) eastward bypassing Ropesville and Slide before eventually returning to Bus. US 84 in Slaton. Originally, the route went from a junction of US 87 south of Lubbock to Slide. On June 25, 1945, the highway was extended east to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) miles west of Slaton and west from Slide to the Hockley County line. On December 17, 1952, FM 41 was extended west to SH 51 (now US 385). On February 24, 1953, the road was extended west to FM 300 (now FM 303), replacing FM 1174. On October 28, 1953, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) east to US 84 (later Loop 251, now Bus. US 84) were added, and the highway reached its present length.
RM 42
Ranch to Market Road 42LocationMenard and McCulloch countiesLength30.8 mi (49.6 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–June 30, 1977
Ranch to Market Road 42 (RM 42), originally Farm to Market Road 42 (FM 42), was located in Menard and McCulloch counties.
FM 42 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Brady southwest 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Calf Creek. On January 18, 1946, the road was shortened 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to end at Davis School. On November 23, 1948, FM 42 was extended west 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles north of Calf Creek. On July 21, 1949, the road was extended west to US 83, replacing FM 379. On October 1, 1956, the route's designation was changed to RM 42. RM 42 was cancelled on June 30, 1977, and became part of US 190 as that route was extended westward from Brady.
FM 43
Farm to Market Road 43LocationNueces CountyLength10.791 mi (17.366 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 43 (FM 43) is located in Nueces County. The highway runs from SH 358 southwest and west to FM 665.
FM 43 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 through London School to FM 665. On June 1, 1965, the road was extended east and northeast to SH 357. On July 11, 1968, FM 43 was extended northeast to SH 358. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 358 to SH 357 was redesignated Urban Road 43 (UR 43). The designation of this section reverted to FM 43 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Nueces County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 FM 665 / FM 2444 east
3.25.1 FM 763 north
6.09.7 SH 286 – Corpus Christi, Chapman RanchInterchange
Corpus Christi9.014.5 SH 357 (Saratoga Boulevard)Access to Christus Spohn Hospital
10.817.4 SH 358 (South Padre Island Drive)Interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 43/RM 43 (1942)
Ranch to Market Road 43LocationMenard and Schleicher countiesExistedApril 29, 1942–March 17, 1948
The original FM 43 was formed on April 29, 1942, from US 83 near Menard through Mission San Saba to an existing roadway north of the San Saba River as a replacement of a portion of SH 151. On June 11, 1945, FM 43 was redesignated Ranch to Market Road 43 (RM 43) and a section from Eldorado to the Menard County line was designated, creating a gap. On June 20, 1945, the gap was closed. RM 43 was cancelled on March 17, 1948, and reassigned back to SH 151 (now SH 29).
FM 44
Farm to Market Road 44LocationRed River and Bowie countiesLength36.789 mi (59.206 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 44 (FM 44) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. The highway runs from FM 114 south, east, and southeast to FM 561.
FM 44 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 near Annona south 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Boxelder, On May 19, 1942, it replaced Spur 23 from US 82 to Annona (this section was formerly SH 180 and later SH 5 Spur). On December 18, 1951, it was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southeastward to a road intersection. On November 21, 1956, it was extended to FM 561 and FM 911 in Lydia. On February 13, 1958, it was extended east over a section of FM 561 to what was then FM 1996 (which became part of FM 561 that day) west of Siloam. On October 31, 1958, FM 44 was extended north to FM 114.
FM 45
Farm to Market Road 45LocationBrown, Mills, and San Saba countiesLength30.705 mi (49.415 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 45 (FM 45) runs from US 190 in Richland Springs north to US 377 about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Brownwood. FM 45 forms a portion of the partial beltway that goes around the southeast side of Brownwood (the rest is formed by FM 2126).
FM 45 starts at US 190 about 14.7 miles (23.7 km) west of San Saba and heads northbound through Richland Springs to Main Ave. where the road briefly turns east for one block before continuing northbound. After exiting Richland Springs, FM 45 traverses the rural landscape with a daytime speed limit of 70 MPH. Halfway to Brownwood, FM 45 crosses the Colorado River from San Saba County into Brown County. At its junction with FM 2126, FM 45 continues west to US 377 with a speed limit of 65 MPH.
FM 45 provides Brownwood with a direct link to Richland Springs and San Saba (and vice versa). The highway shortens the trip between Brownwood and Richland Springs from 54 miles (87 km) (going through Brady) to 34 miles (55 km).
Before Farm to Market Roads were built, one of the first bridges across the Colorado River in this area is the Regency Bridge. A historical marker was erected by the Texas Historical Commission at the junction of FM 45 and FM 574 that describes the bridge.
FM 45 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 190 north 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Locker Road. On July 13, 1945, it was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection. On November 23, 1948, it was extended north 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to near the Colorado River. On January 22, 1953, FM 45 was extended north to the Mills County line. On February 6, 1953, FM 45 was extended north and west to US 377, replacing FM 1474. On October 29, 1954, it was extended south from the old location of US 190 to the new location of US 190.
FM 46
Farm to Market Road 46LocationFalls and Robertson countiesLength34.035 mi (54.774 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 46 (FM 46) is located in Falls and Robertson counties. It runs from SH 6 west of Bremond to SH OSR in Wheelock.
FM 46 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH OSR northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Wheelock, replacing part of SH 255. On November 20, 1951, FM 46 was extended north to US 79 in Franklin. On May 15, 1954, FM 46 was extended to SH 14 in Bremond (the original endpoint of SH 255), replacing FM 392. On September 26, 1967, FM 46 was extended north to new location SH 6 over old location SH 6. On August 31, 1971, FM 46 was rerouted over part of FM 2293, removing the break at SH 14.
FM 47
Farm to Market Road 47LocationRains and Van Zandt countiesLength40.582 mi (65.310 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 47 (FM 47) is located in Rains and Van Zandt counties. It runs from SH 198 to US 69 in Point.
FM 47 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 80 in Wills Point north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to Clifton. On January 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to Scott. On June 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to SH 243. On October 29, 1948, FM 47 was extended south to SH 198. On May 23, 1951, FM 47 was extended northeast 3.6 miles (5.8 km). On November 27, 1953 (connecting section designated October 28), FM 47 was extended north to US 69, replacing a portion of FM 514. In 1975, FM 47 was realigned (the old route is now Rains County Road 1430)
FM 48
Farm to Market Road 48LocationHemphill and Wheeler countiesLength8.708 mi (14.014 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 48 (FM 48) is located in Hemphill and Wheeler counties. It runs from SH 152 in Mobeetie (also called Old Mobeetie) to FM 1268.
FM 48 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 152 north 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to New Mobeetie. On May 19, 1942, it was extended south 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to Mobeetie, replacing Spur 41. On November 23, 1948, FM 48 was extended eastward 0.6 miles (0.97 km). On May 26, 1949, FM 48 was extended north and west 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection, and the old route was changed to a spur connection. On August 7, 1951, the spur connection was transferred to FM 1046. On December 17, 1952, FM 48 was extended north to FM 1268.
The closing scene of the 2000 film Cast Away was filmed at the intersection of FM 48 and FM 1268.
FM 49
Farm to Market Road 49LocationWood and Upshur countiesLength33.674 mi (54.193 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 49 (FM 49) is located in Wood and Upshur counties. It runs from US 69 in Mineola, northeast and then east via Hainesville and Pine Mills, to SH 154 on the western edge of Gilmer.
FM 49 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 69 about 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northeast to near Lake Fork Creek. It was extended to Hainesville on June 11, 1945, and to an intersection with FM 14 in Pine Mills on December 17, 1947. FM 49 was extended to a road intersection near Big Sandy Creek, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east of FM 14, on November 20, 1951, and into Upshur County to FM 1002 on August 24, 1955. It was extended to former FM 554 on November 14, 1959. FM 554 was cancelled on August 3, 1971, with the section from FM 49 to SH 154 was transferred to FM 49 (the remainder was transferred to FM 1795).
FM 50
Farm to Market Road 50LocationWashington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson countiesLength51.378 mi (82.685 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 50
Farm to Market Road 50 (FM 50) is a 53-mile (85 km) route in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties. It begins at SH 105 near Brenham and runs north through Independence to US 79/US 190 near Hearne. It has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River.
The road was designated on April 29, 1942, along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. On May 20, 1942, the road was extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons, replacing a portion of SH 230 (of which the remainder became part of the then-new FM 60). On August 24, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 211 in Independence. On October 6, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 90, replacing most of SH 211. The remainder of SH 211 became Spur 197, and is now FM 390 and FM Spur 390. The section of FM 50 from east of Snook to SH 36 was transferred to FM 60.
FM 51
Farm to Market Road 51LocationSomervell, Hood, Parker, Wise, Denton, and Cooke countiesLength114.986 mi (185.052 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
FM 51, as East California Street, in Gainesville
Farm to Market Road 51 (FM 51) runs from US 67 in Somervell County north and east to I-35 in Gainesville. Skirting the northwestern fringes of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, it is available as a more scenic and less-congested shortcut between I-20 west of Weatherford and I-35 north of Gainesville.
The route north of Decatur was designated as SH 169 in 1932, but was extended to Weatherford and was part of an extended SH 89 until 1939. FM 51 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Gainesville to Era. On May 19 of that year, three more sections were added: one from Decatur northeast 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Slidell Road, one from SH 114 to Springtown, and one from Weatherford north 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On August 22, 1944, it was extended from 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north of Weatherford to Springtown and from 4.8 miles (7.7 km) northeast of Decatur to the Denton–Wise county line, closing one gap and partially closing another. On June 5, 1945, another section was added from the Parker–Hood county line to Granbury. Seven days later, FM 51 was extended from Weatherford to the Parker–Hood county line, connecting the sections. On February 14, 1947, it was extended from SH 114 to Decatur, closing another gap. On April 28, 1949, it was extended from the Denton–Wise county line to Era, closing the last gap. On September 28 in that year, it was extended east from the old location of US 77 to the new location of US 77; two other sections of old US 77 was replaced by FM 1306 and FM 1307. On February 6, 1953, it was extended southwest to a road intersection 4.7 miles (7.6 km) southwest of Granbury, replacing FM 1657 on that route. On August 24, 1955, it was extended southwest to FM 201 (now FM 56). On November 23, 1959, it was extended east from US 77 along the old location of US 82 to US 82. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 51 was extended southwest to US 67, replacing FM 204. In the same order, FM 56 replaced FM 201. Part of the road designated FM 204 was designated as FM 2223.
FM 52
Farm to Market Road 52LocationParker and Palo Pinto countiesLength14.404 mi (23.181 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 52 (FM 52) is located in Parker and Palo Pinto counties. It runs from SH 254 north to Oran, east to Whitt, and south to FM 1885.
FM 52 was designated on May 20, 1942, from Oran east across US 281 to Whitt. On December 2, 1953, FM 52 was extended south from Oran to SH 254. On August 24, 1955, FM 52 was extended southeast from Whitt to FM 1885.
FM 53
Farm to Market Road 53LocationColeman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan countiesExistedMay 20, 1942–August 8, 1988
Farm to Market Road 53 (FM 53) was located in Coleman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan counties. No highway currently uses the FM 53 designation.
FM 53 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 70, 13.0 miles (20.9 km) miles south of Sweetwater, southeast to SH 158 (now US 277). On June 22, 1944, FM 53 was extended east to Crews, replacing FM 70. Another section of FM 53 was added from Coleman to the New Central School, replacing FM 24. This created a gap in the route. On October 29, 1948, the western section was extended east to the Runnels–Coleman county line. On November 2, 1948, the eastern section was extended northwest to Glen Cove. On January 15, 1949, the eastern section extended west to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove. On July 25, 1950, it was extended from the Coleman County line to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove, closing the gap. On September 21, 1965, it was relocated in Winters, removing a concurrency with US 83; the old route became Loop 438. On December 1, 1969, it was extended east over the old location of US 84 to the new location of US 84, creating a concurrency with SH 206. FM 53 was cancelled on May 16, 1988, and transferred to SH 153.
FM 54
Farm to Market Road 54LocationBailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd countiesLength101.164 mi (162.808 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 54 (FM 54) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. It begins at the New Mexico state line as a continuation of NM 321 and runs east to Enochs, where it intersects SH 214. The highway turns north and is briefly concurrent with FM 37. After leaving Bula and crossing the Lamb County line, the highway intersects US 84 in Littlefield, where it also intersects US 385 and Loop 430. FM 54 intersects FM 1072 and continues east to an intersection with FM 168 in Spade. After entering Hale County, it shares a brief concurrency with FM 179. FM 54 then crosses the I-27/US 87 freeway. It intersects FM 400 and turns northeast in Petersburg at FM 789 before entering Floyd County. FM 54 ends at SH 207/US 62 south of Floydada.
FM 54 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 87 north of Abernathy to Petersburg as a restoration of part of SH 278. On May 18, 1944, it was extended to include a section from Spade via Littlefield to the Bailey County line, creating a gap. On June 4, 1945, a section from SH 207 to the Floyd–Hale county line was added, creating another gap. On June 16 of that year, one segment was extended west from the Lamb–Bailey county line to SH 214, and on July 9 of that year, one segment was extended west from US 87 to the Hale–Lamb county line. On June 4, 1946, it was extended from the Floyd–Hale county line to Petersburg, closing one gap. On January 22, 1947, a spur connection was added in Petersburg. On November 18, 1947, it was extended from the Hale–Lamb county line to Spade, closing the remaining gap. FM 54 now matched the entirety of the former route of SH 278. On December 16, 1948, it was extended west 8 miles (13 km) miles from SH 214. On July 14, 1949, it was extended west to the New Mexico state line.
FM 55
Farm to Market Road 55LocationEllis and Navarro countiesLength35.214 mi (56.671 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 55 (FM 55) is located in Ellis and Navarro counties. It runs from US 77 near Waxahachie to FM 709 south of Purdon.
FM 55 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 31 to Purdon. On July 27, 1948, FM 55 was extended to SH 22, replacing FM 634. On November 28, 1958, FM 55 was extended to the Navarro–Ellis county line, replacing FM 1782. On May 2, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to SH 34. On June 1, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to US 77, replacing FM 1492. On May 7, 1974, FM 55 was extended south to FM 709.
FM 56
Farm to Market Road 56LocationBosque, Somervell, and Hood countiesLength77.908 mi (125.381 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 56 (FM 56) is located in Bosque, Somervell, and Hood counties.
FM 56 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 317 and US 84 in McGregor north to Crawford. Soon after that, FM 56 was extended north to SH 67 (this section became part of SH 6 on September 26, 1945) Valley Mills. On June 11, 1945, FM 56 was extended north to Cayote (also called Coyote). On October 29, 1947, the section of FM 56 from Valley Mills to McGregor was transferred to SH 317, shortening FM 56 to be a route from Valley Mills to Cayote. On July 14, 1949, FM 56 was extended north to SH 22. On October 18, 1954, FM 56 was extended north to FM 1859 in Kopperl, and a section of FM 1859 from Kopperl to SH 174 was transferred to FM 56. On October 31, 1957, FM 56 was extended northward to the end of FM 1992 at Brazos Point. On January 15, 1960, FM 56 was extended to SH 144, replacing all of FM 1992 and part of FM 202 north of what was then FM 1992. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 56 was extended to a county road northwest of US 377, replacing FM 201.
FM 57
Farm to Market Road 57LocationJones and Fisher countiesLength29.553 mi (47.561 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 57 (FM 57) is located in Jones and Fisher counties. It runs from Hamlin to FM 419.
FM 57 was designated on May 19, 1942, from Hamlin southwest to the Fisher County line. On May 18, 1944, the road was extended to Sylvester. On December 16, 1948, a section from Sylvester to Longworth was added, and the road was extended to SH 70, replacing FM 609. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended to FM 419.
FM 58
Farm to Market Road 58LocationAngelina CountyLength12.097 mi (19.468 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 58 (FM 58) is located in Angelina County. It runs from US 69 southeast of Lufkin to FM 1818.
FM 58 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 59 and Harmony Hill Drive south of Lufkin to US 69 southeast of Lufkin, and from Harmony Hill Drive to a point 10.2 miles (16.4 km) south as a replacement for State Highway 299. On March 20, 1946, the road was extended south to a county road (current FM 1818). On May 23, 1951, FM 58 was extended west to US 59 at Diboll. The same day a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section of FM 58 was renumbered FM 1877. On August 11, 1966, the section from FM 1818 to US 59 was transferred to FM 1818.
FM 59
Farm to Market Road 59LocationHenderson and Anderson countiesLength18.579 mi (29.900 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 59 (FM 59) is located in Henderson and Anderson counties. The road is 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 19 in Athens. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Cross Roads. The southern terminus is at US 287 in Cayuga. FM 59 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 19 in Athens to Cross Roads. On June 11, 1945, it was extended to Cayuga. This was part of SH 212 before 1939.
FM 60
Farm to Market Road 60LocationBurleson and Brazos countiesLength43.688 mi (70.309 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 60 (FM 60) runs from SH 21, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Caldwell, southeastward to SH 36 at Lyons; and from another point on SH 36 at Lyons, northeastward to FM 158 at Bryan. In Brazos County, it is also known as Raymond Stotzer Pkwy west of FM 2154 and University Drive east of FM 2154.
FM 60 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 6 (now a business route) to a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River, replacing a portion of SH 230. On August 24, 1943, a second section was created from FM 50 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Snook east to the State Experimental Sub Station, creating a gap. On October 6 in that year, the western section was extended to SH 36 near Lyons, replacing a section of FM 50. On August 1, 1944, FM 60 was extended from a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River to the State Experimental Sub Station, closing the gap. On October 31, 1957, it was extended east to FM 158. On December 15, 1960, the section from SH 6 (now a business route) to FM 158 was transferred to SH 30. On June 2, 1967, FM 60 was extended southwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 36. On February 29, 1968, FM 60 was extended from the old location of SH 6 to the new location of SH 6. On November 26, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 111. On December 19, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest to SH 21, replacing FM 111. FM 111 was instead reassigned to an extension of its former spur connection, then numbered FM 2618. On May 23, 1978, it was extended northeast from SH 6 to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 47 to FM 158 was redesignated Urban Road 60 (UR 60). The designation reverted to FM 60 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 61
Farm to Market Road 61LocationYoung CountyLength11.749 mi (18.908 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 61 (FM 61) runs from US 380 just south of Newcastle southeastward through Fort Belknap to SH 67 in Graham.
FM 61 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Graham, northward to Loving. On June 18, 1945, it was extended north to the Archer County line. Seven days later, it was extended north to US 281. On November 21, 1956, FM 61 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SH 24. On November 24, 1959, it was extended west to SH 251 in Fort Belknap. On January 31, 1969, the section of FM 61 from US 380 in Graham northward to US 281 was transferred to SH 16. On May 6, 1974, one section in Graham was transferred to relocated SH 67. On February 23, 1993, it was extended north to US 380 south of Newcastle, replacing a section of SH 251.
FM 62
Farm to Market Road 62LocationPolk CountyLength9.738 mi (15.672 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 62 (FM 62) is located in Polk County. It runs from US 59 in Camden to US 287.
FM 62 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 59 to Camden. On May 23, 1951, it was extended to Hortense. On July 27, 1951, the road from Camden to Hortense was redesignated as FM 646 (FM 646 was short-lived, as it became part of FM 942 on January 14, 1952), truncating FM 62 back to its previous terminus at Camden. On May 2, 1962, FM 62 was extended east to US 287.
FM 63
Farm to Market Road 63LocationLive Oak and McMullen countiesLength38.2 mi (61.5 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–December 15, 1960
Farm to Market Road 63 (FM 63) was located in Live Oak and McMullen counties. At its longest, it was 38.2 miles (61.5 km) in length.
FM 63 was formed from a section of SH 72 on June 23, 1942, beginning at Three Rivers and ending near Calliham. On July 9, 1945, it was extended to Tilden. On May 22, 1947, it was extended to Fowlerton. FM 63 was cancelled on December 15, 1960, and transferred back to SH 72.
FM 64
Farm to Market Road 64LocationFannin and Delta countiesLength18.313 mi (29.472 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 64 (FM 64) is a 18.3-mile (29.5 km) route in Fannin and Delta counties. It runs from SH 34 in Ladonia, passing through Pecan Gap and Antioch, to Bus. SH 24 in Cooper. The road also has major intersections with SH 24 in Cooper and several other Farm to Market Roads. FM 64 was designated in 1942, replacing SH 247.
FM 64 begins at SH 34 on the northern edge of Ladonia in Fannin County. The road proceeds to the east away from town and is joined from the north by FM 904 before the combined route enters Pecan Gap and Delta County. On the west side of Pecan Gap, FM 904 separates turning to the south. On the east side of town at the intersection with FM 128, FM 64 turns to the south and continues away from town.
At the intersection with FM 1532, FM 64 turns to the east. The road intersects FM 1528 from the south, then FM 3388 and FM 1530 to the north before entering Cooper from the northwest. The road then intersects SH 24 which bypasses central Cooper on the northwest, and ends at the state highway's business route through town.
The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.
FM 64 was designated as an extension of SH 154 on February 8, 1933. This section of SH 154 was decommissioned on July 15, 1935, but was restored on December 22, 1936. On August 4, 1937, SH 154 was rerouted over old SH 247, and this section was redesignated as new SH 247. The highway was described until June 23, 1942, as a route from Ladonia through Cooper to a point on SH 154 near the South Sulphur River. That year, SH 247 was removed from the highway system, and FM 64 was created over the former SH 247 from a point approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to SH 154. The road was extended westward to FM 128 at Pecan Gap On February 28, 1945, and on February 21, 1946, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was designated as a state highway, SH 247, to be marked for information and guidance of the traveling public as a Farm to Market Road. On November 23, 1948, the portion of the current road between SH 34 in Ladonia and Pecan Gap was added to FM 128 as an extension. The portion of FM 128 between Ladonia and Pecan Gap was reassigned as an extension to FM 64 on February 26, 1949. This extended FM 64 along the entire length of the former SH 247. On May 18, 1953, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was no longer designated as SH 247.
SH 154 north of Sulphur Springs was reassigned as part of SH 19 on August 24, 1960, but was extended over SH 19 and FM 64 to SH 24 in Cooper on August 28 of the following year terminating FM 64 at SH 24. In 1968, SH 24 in Cooper was relocated over its present bypass, and its original route through town where FM 64 ends was signed as its business route. From 1971 to 2003, SH 34 where FM 64 begins was also part of SH 50.
FM 65
Farm to Market Road 65LocationZavala and Dimmit countiesLength13.368 mi (21.514 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 65 (FM 65) is located in Zavala and Dimmit counties. It runs from US 83 south of Crystal City to I-35.
FM 65 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 83 south of Crystal City to SH 85 west of Big Wells. On September 14, 1944, FM 65 was modified to end at US 83 north of Crystal City. On February 25, 2010, FM 65 was extended concurrent with SH 85 to I-35.
FM 66
Farm to Market Road 66LocationEllis and Hill countiesLength32.799 mi (52.785 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 66 (FM 66) is located in Ellis and Hill counties. It runs from Mayfield to Waxahachie.
FM 66 was designated on June 23, 1942, from Itasca to Files Valley. This was designated as SH 325 from December 7, 1939, to February 20, 1940. On August 2, 1943, the road was extended to FM 74 at Maypearl. On August 23 of that year, the road was extended to Waxahachie, replacing FM 74. On June 18, 1945, the road was extended to Mayfield.
FM 67
Farm to Market Road 67LocationHill CountyLength23.943 mi (38.533 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 67 (FM 67) is located in Hill County. It runs from FM 933 in Blum to FM 66 at Elm Street in Itasca.
FM 67 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 171 at Covington to Blum. On March 26, 1953, FM 67 was extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to new location SH 171. On October 27, 1956, FM 67 was extended north to SH 174, replacing Spur 248. On October 31, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 712 and US 81. On November 26, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 66 in Itasca, replacing FM 712. On July 21, 1961, the section north of FM 933 was transferred to FM 933. On March 26, 1991, the section of FM 67 along Files Street and Wilkerson Street was given to the city of Itasca.
FM 68
Farm to Market Road 68LocationFannin CountyLength9.042 mi (14.552 km)ExistedAugust 1, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 68 (FM 68) is located in Fannin County. The road was designated on August 1, 1942, from a point on SH 78 north of Bailey through Gomer to a point on SH 34 at or near Whatley School as a replacement for SH 337.
FM 69
Farm to Market Road 69LocationHopkins and Wood countiesLength43.826 mi (70.531 km)ExistedSeptember 22, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 69 (FM 69) is located in Hopkins and Wood counties. It runs from 2 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71 south to SH 37.
FM 69 was designated on September 22, 1942, from SH 37 south of Winnsboro west to Coke. On June 11, 1945, FM 69 was extended south back to SH 37. On November 21, 1956, FM 69 was extended east to SH 11. On December 21, 1959, the section of FM 69 east of what was then part of FM 1483 became part of FM 515 (along with part of FM 1483), and FM 69 was rerouted north to 2.0 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71, replacing FM 2476 and part of FM 270 (the section of FM 270 east and north of FM 2476 became part of FM 269).
FM 70
Farm to Market Road 70LocationJim Wells and Nueces countiesLength61.227 mi (98.535 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 70 (FM 70) is located in Jim Wells and Nueces counties. It runs from US 59 to SH 286 in Chapman Ranch.
FM 70 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 in Chapman Ranch to SH 44 in Agua Dulce. On November 20, 1951, FM 70 was extended north to the Nueces–Jim Wells county line. On December 18, 1951, FM 70 was extended northeast to FM 739 and County Road 103. On January 14, 1952, FM 70 was extended northwest to US 59, replacing FM 739.
FM 70 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 70LocationNolan CountyExistedSeptember 22, 1942–June 22, 1944
A previous route numbered FM 70 was designated on September 22, 1942, from Crews via Winters to Wingate. FM 70 was cancelled on June 22, 1944, and became a portion of FM 53 (now SH 153).
FM 71
Farm to Market Road 71LocationHunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris countiesLength72.307 mi (116.367 km)ExistedSeptember 22, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 71 (FM 71) is located in Hunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris counties. It runs from SH 11 in Commerce to US 259.
FM 71 was designated on November 24, 1942, from SH 154 (now SH 19) east to Sulphur Bluff. This was formerly SH 260 before 1939. On June 11, 1945, FM 71 was extended east via Hagansport and Talco to Wilkinson. On November 23, 1948, FM 71 was extended west to Emblem with a spur connection to Peerless added, replacing FM 276 (which went from SH 154 to Peerless). On May 23, 1951, FM 71 was extended south to SH 11 at Ridgeway. On October 13, 1954, FM 71 was extended east to the Titus–Morris county line. On August 24, 1955, FM 71 was extended east to SH 26 (now US 259). On October 31, 1958, FM 71 was extended south from SH 11 to US 67 at Brashear. On September 27, 1960, the section south of Emblem was renumbered FM 2653, and FM 71 was rerouted west on a new alignment to FM 1531, and replaced a section of FM 1531 west to SH 11 in Commerce (later Loop 216, later Bus. SH 24, now Bus. SH 224).
FM 72
Farm to Market Road 72LocationIrion CountyLength1.19 mi (1.92 km)ExistedFebruary 12, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 72 (FM 72) is located in Irion County. It runs eastward from US 67 approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Mertzon to near the Old Irion County Courthouse in Sherwood.
FM 72 was designated on February 12, 1943, along the current route.
FM 73
Farm to Market Road 73LocationLimestone CountyLength14.348 mi (23.091 km)ExistedFebruary 12, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 73 (FM 73) is located in Limestone County. It runs from 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of SH 171 to US 84.
FM 73 was designated on February 12, 1943, from US 84 west of Prairie Hill to SH 171 in Coolidge. On May 5, 1966, FM 73 was extended northeast 3.1 miles (5.0 km). On October 3, 1966, FM 73 had a slight rerouting due to the relocation of SH 171 in Coolidge.
FM 74
Farm to Market Road 74LocationCass CountyLength5.007 mi (8.058 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 74 (FM 74) is located in Cass County. It was designated on May 23, 1951, from Loop 236 at Queen City east to FM 251, and from another point on FM 251 to FM 249 in Bloomburg.
FM 74 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 74LocationEllis and Hill countiesExistedMarch 8, 1943–August 23, 1943
A previous route numbered FM 74 was designated in Ellis and Hill counties on March 8, 1943, connecting Waxahachie and Maypearl. FM 74 was cancelled on August 23, 1943, and became part of an extended FM 66.
FM 75
Farm to Market Road 75LocationCollin CountyLength3.05 mi (4.91 km)ExistedApril 15, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 75 (FM 75) is located in Collin County. The road begins at Monte Carlo Road in Princeton and runs north to FM 1827.
FM 75 was formed on April 15, 1943, from SH 24 (now US 380) along the former route of SH 145 to an intersection with former SH 24 as a replacement for State Spur 73. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended to FM 1827. On November 15, 1977, the southern terminus was redesignated as US 380. On February 28, 2019, the section of FM 75 from Monte Carlo Road to US 380 via Longneck Road, College Avenue, 2nd Street, McKinney Avenue, 3rd Street, Main Street, and 4th Street was given to the city of Princeton.
FM 76
Farm to Market Road 76LocationEl Paso CountyLength29.417 mi (47.342 km)ExistedApril 14, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 76 (FM 76) is located in El Paso County. The road begins at SH 20 in the Ascarate district of El Paso and heads southeastward to Clint, passing Loop 375 in the process. The highway then intersects with FM 1281, and remains parallel to I-10. Once it reaches Fabens, the highway turns southwest and then southeast and ends at FM 3380 (former FM 1109) near the Mexican border. At designation on April 14, 1943, the road went from US 80 in Ascarate to a point near Ysleta. The highway was expanded on May 18, 1944, from Ysleta to Clint, and then again on July 9, 1945, from Clint to Fabens. On December 16, 1948, the road was expanded to a junction of FM 1109. On April 2, 1969, the highway was slightly modified due to the portion of US 80 being modified into SH 20. On June 27, 1995, the section of the highway from FM 1110 to SH 20 was redesignated Urban Road 76 (UR 76). The designation reverted to FM 76 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 77
Farm to Market Road 77LocationGonzales CountyLength8.454 mi (13.605 km)ExistedJuly 14, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 77 (FM 77) is located in Gonzales County. The road begins at US 87 east of Nixon, then runs northeast to Schoolland and then southeast to FM 108.
FM 77 was designated on August 2, 1943, from US 87 east of Nixon northeast to Schoolland. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to FM 108.
FM 78
Farm to Market Road 78LocationBexar and Guadalupe countiesLength30.205 mi (48.610 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 78
Farm to Market Road 78 (FM 78) is located in Bexar and Guadalupe counties, connecting San Antonio and Seguin.
FM 79
Farm to Market Road 79LocationFannin and Lamar countiesLength26.925 mi (43.332 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 79 (FM 79) is located in Fannin and Lamar counties. It runs from FM 100 to US 82.
FM 79 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 82 northwest to Unity. On August 25, 1949, it was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to the Fannin County line. On December 18, 1951, FM 79 was extended to its current terminus at FM 100.
FM 80
Farm to Market Road 80LocationFreestone and Limestone countiesLength33.427 mi (53.796 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 80 (FM 80) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties. It runs from FM 39 to SH 75 in Streetman.
FM 80 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 84 (later Loop 255, now Bus. US 84) in Teague to SH 164 in Donie. On June 11, 1945, FM 80 was extended north to Kirvin. On July 15, 1948, Spur 156, connecting FM 80 to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery, became part of FM 80, and the old route became a spur connection. On July 21, 1949, FM 80 was extended south 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from Donie. That same day, the spur became part of FM 1449. On July 25, 1950, FM 80 was extended south to FM 39. On November 16, 1956, the section from Kirvin to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery became part of new FM 1449, while old FM 1449 from Kirvin to US 75 (now SH 75) in Streetman became part of FM 80.
FM 81
Farm to Market Road 81LocationKarnes and Goliad countiesLength38.099 mi (61.314 km)ExistedAugust 23, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 81 (FM 81) is located in Karnes and Goliad counties. It runs from FM 1144 north, east, and south to SH 239 at Charco.
FM 81 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 239 at Charco to SH 72 at Runge. On July 9, 1945, FM 81 was extended to SH 80 at Helena. On January 6, 1950, FM 81 was extended to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Hobson at what would later be FM 1144, replacing FM 886 and FM 744.
FM 82
Farm to Market Road 82LocationNewton and Jasper countiesLength10.328 mi (16.621 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 82 (FM 82) is located in Newton and Jasper counties. It runs from FM 1004 west of US 87 to 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of US 96.
FM 82 was designated on May 23, 1951, from FM 1004 near SH 87 northwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, FM 82 was extended west to US 96. On June 1, 1965, FM 82 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to its current end.
FM 82 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 82LocationDenton CountyExistedSeptember 6, 1943–December 16, 1943
A previous route numbered FM 82 was designated on September 6, 1943, from Bonham via Randolph to Trenton. The section from Randolph to Bonham was formerly SH 263. FM 82 became a portion of SH 121 on December 16, 1943.
FM 83
Farm to Market Road 83LocationSan Augustine and Sabine countiesLength36.622 mi (58.937 km)ExistedSeptember 7, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 83 (FM 83) is located in San Augustine and Sabine counties. It connects SH 147 to Lows Creek Marina west of the Louisiana state line.
FM 83 was designated on September 7, 1943, from Hemphill to East Mayfield. On June 11, 1945, it was extended west to US 96 near Pineland. On May 3, 1961, FM 83 was extended west to SH 147 and east to a road intersection, replacing FM 2379 and FM 1965. On July 1, 1964, FM 83 was rerouted to use Flag Pole Road instead of Maple Street from US 96 to FM 1. On June 2, 1967, FM 83 was extended east 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On September 26, 1979, FM 83 was extended east 0.1 miles (0.16 km) to Lows Creek Marina.
FM 84
Farm to Market Road 84LocationGrayson CountyLength8.861 mi (14.260 km)ExistedOctober 6, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 84 (FM 84) is located in Grayson County. The 8.9-mile (14.3 km) route connects US 75 to Lake Texoma.
FM 84 was designated on October 6, 1943, replacing a portion of SH 91. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 84 (UR 84). The designation reverted to FM 84 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Grayson County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0Texoma Drive
Denison3.65.8 FM 406 west
5.69.0 US 75 – Durant, ShermanUS 75 exit 70
7.411.9 SH 91 – Denison Dam, Denison
8.914.3 US 69 – Durant, Denison
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 85
Farm to Market Road 85LocationEllis, Navarro, and Henderson countiesLength24.587 mi (39.569 km)ExistedOctober 6, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 85 (FM 85) is located in Ellis, Navarro, and Henderson counties. It runs from I-45 and US 287 in Ennis to SH 274.
FM 85 was designated on October 6, 1943, from Mabank to SH 274. On June 28, 1945, a section from SH 198 to Prairieville was added, creating a concurrency with SH 198. On July 14, 1949, a section from FM 47 to Prairieville and a second section from SH 274 west 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to west of Aley were added. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended westward and northward to the Kaufman–Henderson county line. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended northward to FM 988 at Lively. On October 30, 1961, the road was rerouted to run from US 75 (now I-45) to US 175: the section of FM 85 from FM 47 south to SH 198 was transferred to FM 90, the section of FM 85 from US 175 at Mabank south to then-FM 1250 was also transferred to FM 90, the section from then-FM 1129 north to then-FM 988 (which became part of FM 148 that day) was transferred to FM 2613, FM 662 was combined, the section of FM 1129 from then-FM 662 to then-FM 85 was transferred to FM 85, and FM 1250 was combined. On January 1, 1978, the section from I-45 south of Ennis northeast 0.3 miles (0.48 km) was redesignated FM 3413, while FM 85 was rerouted over the old route of FM 3413. On December 14, 1989, the section from SH 274 to US 175 was transferred to SH 334.
FM 86
Farm to Market Road 86LocationCaldwell and Bastrop countiesLength20.702 mi (33.317 km)ExistedAugust 24, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 86 (FM 86) is located in Caldwell and Bastrop counties.
FM 86 begins at the intersection of US 183 and FM 2984 in northern Luling. The route travels primarily to the northeast through unincorporated Caldwell County. It ends just north of the Bastrop County line, at an intersection with FM 20 near Red Rock, in the community of Bateman.
FM 86 was designated on August 24, 1943, replacing the entirety of SH 311. At the time SH 311 was designated, the section of FM 20 north of Lockhart was part of SH 21.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86KML is from Wikidata
FM 87
Farm to Market Road 87LocationFannin CountyLength2.375 mi (3.822 km)ExistedMarch 24, 1993–present
Farm to Market Road 87 (FM 87) is located in Fannin County. It runs from US 82 near Bonham to SH 56.
FM 87 was designated on March 24, 1993, from US 82 west of Bonham north 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a county road intersection. On August 25, 1994, the road was extended north 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to a prison facility and a second proposed prison facility (the TDC Choice Moore Unit and Buster Cole State Jail). On June 26, 2008, the road was extended north to US 82.
FM 87 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 87LocationAndrews, Martin, and Howard countiesExistedOctober 6, 1943–August 29, 1990
Ranch to Market Road 87 (RM 87) was designated on October 6, 1943, from Andrews west 16.0 miles (25.7 km). On July 16, 1945, the road was extended east from Andrews to the Martin County line. The same day the road was extended east to SH 137 near Lenorah, and also on the same day the road was extended east to the Howard County line. On August 22, 1945, the road was extended west to the Texas/New Mexico state line. On May 25, 1946, the designation was changed to RM 87. On January 22, 1947, the road was extended east to Big Spring. Parts were SH 262 before 1939. On September 23, 1953, FM 87 was signed (but not designated) as SH 176. FM 87 was cancelled on August 29, 1990 as the SH 176 designation became official.
FM 88
Farm to Market Road 88LocationWillacy and Hidalgo countiesLength28.256 mi (45.474 km)ExistedNovember 15, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 88 (FM 88) is located in Willacy and Hidalgo counties. It runs from SH 186 south to US 281 west of Progresso.
FM 88 was designated on November 15, 1943, from SH 186 south to SH 107 in Elsa. FM 88 was the first farm-to-market route designated in Hidalgo County. On May 18, 1944, FM 88 was extended south via Weslaco (where it intersects US 83) to US 281 in Progresso. On September 22, 1953, FM 88 was extended south to the Rio Grande, replacing FM 2067. On October 24, 1963, the section of FM 88 south of US 281 was transferred to FM 1015. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 83 to US 281 was redesignated Urban Road 88 (UR 88). The designation of this section reverted to FM 88 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 89
Farm to Market Road 89LocationTaylor CountyLength32.198 mi (51.818 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 89 (FM 89) is located in Taylor County. It runs from FM 126 near Nolan to US 83/US 84 in Abilene.
FM 89 starts just east of the Nolan–Taylor county line. The highway straddles the Callahan Divide, surrounded by wind turbines. At Abilene State Park, the terrain becomes flatter, as the road comes into Buffalo Gap. When coming into Buffalo Gap, FM 89 winds through town then continues northward toward Abilene. Upon entering the Wylie portion of Abilene, FM 89 becomes locally known as Buffalo Gap Road, and continues with this designation past the Mall of Abilene to the Winters Freeway, where FM 89 ends. Buffalo Gap Road continues northward.
FM 89 was designated on December 16, 1943, from US 83/84 to Lake Abilene State Park. On November 10, 1947, the section from Abilene to Buffalo Gap was transferred to FM 613. On June 17, 1965, FM 89 regained its lost section, replacing a section of FM 613, but signage was not changed until January 1, 1966. On May 5, 1966, FM 89 was extended west 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 2, 1967, it was extended northwestward 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On July 11, 1968, it was extended west to US 277 and FM 2928. On August 2, 1968, it was extended west to FM 126, replacing FM 2928. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 707 to US 83/US 84 was redesignated Urban Road 89 (UR 89). The designation of this section reverted to FM 89 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
In January 2022, construction began to upgrade a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) section of FM 89 in Abilene. Plans to improve the roadway had been included as part of the city's transportation plan as early as 1995 and were necessitated by increased development in the southern part of the city. The project is scheduled to be completed in March 2024.
FM 90
Farm to Market Road 90LocationKaufman and Van Zandt countiesLength13.209 mi (21.258 km)ExistedMarch 30, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 90 (FM 90) is a 13.2-mile-long (21.2 km) route located in Kaufman and Van Zandt counties.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 198 in Mabank, and heads north towards Prairieville. North of there, the road turns northeast to its northern terminus, an intersection with FM 47/FM 3227 near Whitton.
FM 90 was formed on March 30, 1944, from SH 31 in Malakoff to Cross Roads. On October 30, 1961, FM 90 replaced a section of FM 316 from SH 31 to its current southern terminus. FM 90 also replaced FM 1617 from FM 316 to FM 85 (now SH 334). It also replaced a section of FM 85 from FM 47 to what was then FM 1617. On May 19, 1983, the section from Mabank to Malakoff was transferred to SH 198 and the section from Malakoff to Cross Roads was renumbered as FM 3441.
FM 91
Farm to Market Road 91LocationHardeman and Wilbarger countiesLength26.131 mi (42.054 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 91 (FM 91) is located in Hardeman and Wilbarger counties. It runs from FM 1167 near Medicine Mound to US 283.
FM 91 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 287 in Chillicothe via Odell to US 283. On July 15, 1949, the highway was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) with a spur connection west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) added. On October 26, 1954, FM 91 was rerouted over the spur connection and was extended to FM 1167 at Medicine Mound, while the old route south was renumbered FM 392. On April 29, 1959, a spur connection in Medicine Mound, designated FM Spur 91, was added.
FM 92
Farm to Market Road 92LocationTyler and Hardin countiesLength38.946 mi (62.678 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 92 (FM 92) is located in Tyler and Hardin counties. It runs from US 96 at Silsbee to 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of US 190.
FM 92 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 96 (this section became Loop 498 on November 30, 1978, and it is now Bus. US 96) in Silsbee northward to US 190. On May 7, 1970, FM 92 was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) from US 190. On August 28, 1991, the FM 92 designation was extended north to RE 255; however, this extension is not yet constructed.
Town Bluff, one of the earliest settlements in Tyler County, is located along FM 92.
The road is mentioned in the ZZ Top song "Avalon Hideaway" on the 1976 album Tejas.
FM 93
Farm to Market Road 93LocationBell CountyLength15.921 mi (25.622 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present
Farm to Market Road 93 (FM 93) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 439 to US 190 at Heidenheimer.
FM 93 was designated on June 2, 1967, from FM 817 east to I-35. On January 31, 1974, the road was extended east to US 190 at Heidenheimer and west to FM 439, replacing all of FM 2748 west of SH 317, a section of FM 817, a section of FM 1741 (new road built; old road is now Taylors Valley Road), and all of FM 2618, but signing of FM 2618 as FM 93 did not start until the construction of FM 2618 was completed. On June 27, 1995, the section between FM 439 and FM 1741 was redesignated Urban Road 93 (UR 93). The designation of this section reverted to FM 93 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Bell County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 FM 439 – Killeen
Belton5.08.0 Loop 121
6.09.7 SH 317 south (Main Street)South end of SH 317 overlap
6.310.1 SH 317 north (North Main Street) – UMHBNorth end of SH 317 overlap
7.311.7 I-35 / US 190 (Future I-14) – Waco, AustinI-35 exit 294B
Temple10.917.5 FM 1741 north (31st Street)
14.523.3 SH 95 – Temple, HollandInterchange
15.725.3 US 190 (Future I-14) / SH 36 – Temple, CameronInterchange
16.226.1 Bus. US 190
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
RM 93 (1944)
Ranch to Market Road 93LocationTravis, Blanco, Burnet, and Llano countiesExistedFebruary 11, 1944–September 1, 1965
A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 93 (RM 93) was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 290 at or near Austin to US 281 south of Marble Falls. On September 28, 1949, RM 93 was extended northwest to SH 16 at Llano. On October 24, 1955, RM 93 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 71. RM 93 was cancelled on September 1, 1965, and officially transferred to SH 71, as that route was extended further west to Brady.
FM 94
Farm to Market Road 94LocationChildress, Hall, Cottle, and Motley countiesLength50.849 mi (81.834 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 94 (FM 94) is located in the Texas Panhandle. It runs from US 62/US 83 south of Childress to SH 70 in Matador. A spur connection, FM Spur 94, connects to US 62/US 70 in Matador.
FM 94 was designated on February 11, 1944, from Childress west to Tell. On March 18, 1947, a section of War Highway 16 (which was already part of FM 94) from US 83 west 1.75 miles (2.82 km) was added to FM 94, and FM 94 was extended to US 287 in Childress, replacing Loop 146. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 17.8 miles (28.6 km) south to Northfield. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest 6.5 miles (10.5 km), and another 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest on October 26, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southwest 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 70 in Matador. On December 14, 1959, the section of FM 94 north of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 2042, and FM 94 was rerouted over the old route of FM 2042. One section of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 164 on September 5, 1973, and another section north to FM 164 was transferred to FM 3468 on August 4, 1988. On January 2, 1962, FM Spur 94, connecting to SH 70 in Matador, was added. On September 24, 2007, by district request, FM 94 was routed over FM Spur 94 to SH 70 while FM Spur 94 was rerouted over the former route of FM 94 to US 62/US 70. On October 25, 2012, the road was realigned on a new route west of FM 2042; the former route was turned over to Childress County.
FM 95
Farm to Market Road 95LocationRusk and Nacogdoches countiesLength52.562 mi (84.590 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 95 (FM 95) is located in Rusk and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from FM 1798 in Minden south to SH 103.
FM 95 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 59 in Garrison to the Nacogdoches–Rusk county line. On May 7, 1948, FM 95 was extended northwest to SH 26 (now US 259) west of Minden. On December 10, 1951, FM 95 was extended northwest to FM 839, replacing FM 1716 (the connecting section was designated on November 20). On January 27, 1953, the section west of FM 1798 was transferred to FM 1798. On June 18, 1964, FM 95 was extended south to SH 103, replacing FM 1274. Part of what was FM 1274 was originally numbered FM 1863.
FM 96
Farm to Market Road 96LocationCass CountyLength11.834 mi (19.045 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 96 (FM 96) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 77 north and southeast to US 59.
FM 96 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 77 northward 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to Antioch. On January 23, 1953, FM 96 was extended north and southeast to US 59.
FM 96 (1944)
Farm to Market Road 96LocationEastland CountyExistedApril 19, 1944–May 17, 1948
A previous route numbered FM 96 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Gorman to Desdemona in Eastland County. FM 96 was cancelled on May 17, 1948, and became a portion of FM 8.
FM 97
Farm to Market Road 97LocationFloyd and Motley countiesLength35.623 mi (57.330 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 97 (FM 97) is located in Floyd and Motley counties. It runs from SH 70 west to US 70 in Lockney.
FM 97 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 18 (now SH 70) westward to Flomot. On June 11, 1945, FM 97 was extended west to the Motley–Floyd county line. On December 2, 1953, FM 97 was extended west to SH 207, replacing FM 785. On March 24, 1958, FM 97 was extended west and south to Loop 75 in Lockney, replacing FM 135 (although it remained signed as FM 135 until the 1959 travel map was released). Later, FM 97 was rerouted west to US 70, with the old route to Loop 75 being redesignated as a spur connection. On January 20, 1964, the spur connection to Lockney was cancelled because it was already part of FM 378 (which had extended north from what is now FM 37 on December 21, 1959).
FM 98
Farm to Market Road 98LocationFoard and Wilbarger countiesLength20.374 mi (32.789 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 98 (FM 98) is located in Foard and Wilbarger counties. It runs from SH 6 near Crowell northeast to US 70
FM 98 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 70 in Crowell northeast to Margaret. On October 28, 1953, FM 98 was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Margaret. On November 1, 1955, FM 98 was extended east to US 70, replacing FM 2183 (connecting section designated September 21, 1955). On September 29, 1977, FM 98 was extended south and west to SH 6.
FM 99
Farm to Market Road 99LocationKarnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen countiesLength53.902 mi (86.747 km)ExistedApril 19, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 99 (FM 99) is located in Karnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen counties. It runs from FM 1144 in Karnes City to a road intersection 4 miles (6.4 km) south of SH 72.
FM 99 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Karnes City to the Karnes–Atascosa county line. On May 15, 1946, FM 99 was extended west to Fashing. On October 23, 1948, another section from US 281 (now Bus. US 281) at Whitsett north to the Live Oak–Atascosa county line was added, creating a gap. On September 19, 1951, the sections were connected, closing the gap. On October 28, 1953, FM 99 was extended southwest to the Live Oak–McMullen county line. On October 27, 1954, FM 99 was extended south to FM 63 (which became part of SH 72 on December 15, 1960) in Calliham, replacing FM 2153. On March 27, 1981, a section of FM 99 was closed as it would be inundated by Choke Canyon Reservoir, so FM 99 was rerouted on a new alignment west and extended south to a road intersection 4.0 miles (6.4 km) miles south of SH 72, replacing FM 1106. SH 72 was also rerouted around the reservoir.
Notes
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 9 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 in Waskom.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 16 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 110 in Van.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 36 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 66 and US 380.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 40 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 207.
^ RM 42 was originally designated as FM 42 from 1948 to 1959.
^ RM 43 was originally designated as FM 43 from 1942 to 1945.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 93 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 317.
References
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1598. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ Surette, Rusty (October 31, 2016). "Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota". KBTX-TV.
^ "SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County". Texas Department of Transportation. February 9, 2017.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1333. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1278. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 4". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 5". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 704. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 703. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 661. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 131". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 6". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 115". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 108". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 7". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 66". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 8". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 9". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 803. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 762. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 719. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ "1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas".
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 10". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 11". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 12". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Rollins, Brad (May 13, 2007). "No to road bonds". San Marcos Daily Record. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3407". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ "Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'". San Marcos Mercury. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 13". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 884. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Tyler, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ Henderson, Texas (Map) (1986 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 324". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ Morris, Randall; Morris, Rebecca. "Price, TX (Rusk County)". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 14". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 270". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 15". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ McCroskey, Vista K.: Salem, TX (Smith County) from the Handbook of Texas Online (February 3, 2021). Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 841. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 269". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 16". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 17". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 18". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 19". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 20". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 21". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ Staff. "Lake Bob Sandlin State Park". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 22". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 940. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 999. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 23". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1056. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1057. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1857". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 24". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
^ Staff. "St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church". Corpus Christi, TX: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2139. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 25". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 46". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 26". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 769. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 727. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 684. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 27". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 28". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
^ a b c d e f Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 29". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 30". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 31". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 32". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 232". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 33". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of RM 33" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 34". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 35". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Google (July 15, 2018). "Route of FM 35" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 36". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Google (January 14, 2018). "Route of FM 36" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 37". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 311. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 312. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 288. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 289. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Davis, Charles G.: Harts Camp, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online (January 1, 1995)
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 290. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 291. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 316. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 317. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 318. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 38". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 39". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Texas State Highway Department (December 16, 1948). "Minutes of the 397th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 40". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 41". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 42". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "U.S. Highway No. 190". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 43". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
^ Google (January 14, 2019). "Route of FM 43" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 44". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 23". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 45". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 46". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 47". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 48". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Spur No. 41". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Carlson, Paul (August 2007). "Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle" (PDF). The Cyclone. Vol. XIV, no. 2. West Texas Historical Association. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 49". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 713. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 714. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 715. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 50". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 51". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 204". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 52". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 53". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Texas State Highway Department (October 29, 1948). "Minutes of the 395th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ Texas State Highway Department (November 23, 1948). "Minutes of the 396th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 438". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 54". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 55". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 56". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 57". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 58". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 59". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 60". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 61". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 62". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 63". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 64". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 501. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 459. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 502. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Sulphur Springs, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 247". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 128". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 19". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 154". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 457". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 50". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 65". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 66". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 67". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 68". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 69". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 70". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 71". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 72". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1201. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 73". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 992. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1050. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1049. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 74". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 75". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ "Minute Order 115441" (PDF). TxDOT. February 28, 2019.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 76". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 77". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 78". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 79". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 80". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 81". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 82". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 83". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 84". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Google (July 17, 2018). "Route of FM 84" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 85". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 86". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1789. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1790. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1741. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1691. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 311". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 87". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Texas State Highway Department (January 22, 1947). "Minutes of the 376th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 88". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Snyder, J. F. (1987). "History of the Texas Highway Department in Hidalgo County, 1922 to 1968" (PDF). State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 89". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Gutschke, Laura (January 11, 2022). "Buffalo Gap Road 2-year improvement project is underway". Abilene Reporter-News. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 90". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Google (September 10, 2012). "FM 90" (Map). Google Maps. Google Maps. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 91". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 92". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Biesele, Megan: Town Bluff, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
^ "Avalon Hideaway" on YouTube
^ "ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com". www.lyrics.com.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 93". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Google (January 14, 2019). "Route of FM 93" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 71". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 94". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Texas State Highway Department (February 11, 1944). "Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 95". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 96". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 97". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 98". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 99". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1–99)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_State_Park_and_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Ranch Road 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_Road_1"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_96_(Texas)"}],"text":"For the road in central Texas serving the area of Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site, see Ranch Road 1.Farm to Market Road 1 (FM 1) is located in Sabine and San Augustine counties. Designated in 1941, it was the first farm-to-market road established in Texas, at the request of local industry for a paved road. The 18.6-mile (29.9 km) road provides access to rural areas of East Texas from US 96.","title":"FM 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice"},{"link_name":"O.L. Luther Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.L._Luther_Unit"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"FM 362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_362"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook539-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Farm_to_Market_Roads_in_Texas_(1%E2%80%9399)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"TxDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TxDOT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2 (FM 2) is located in Grimes County.[2]FM 2 begins at CR 237 in Courtney, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the Washington County line at the Brazos River. It travels along the northeastern edge of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's O.L. Luther Unit and crosses SH 6. It continues east, passing several prison farms, before ending at FM 362.[2][3]FM 2 was designated on July 29, 1941, from Courtney east to SH 6. The designation was extended by approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to FM 362 on May 2, 1962.[2]As of 2017[update], TxDOT plans to convert the at-grade intersection with SH 6, regarded as dangerous,[4] into a diamond interchange.[5][needs update]","title":"FM 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_39"},{"link_name":"Normangee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normangee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1333-7"},{"link_name":"Hilltop Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_Lakes,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_977"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1278-8"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1278-8"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"},{"link_name":"SH 265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_265_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 3 (FM 3) is located in southwestern Leon County. Its southern terminus is at FM 39 in Normangee. It travels to the west, providing access to Normangee City Park, prior to turning north.[7] It passes the unincorporated community of Hilltop Lakes before intersecting FM 977.[8] FM 3 reaches its northern terminus at US 79.[6][8]A 0.4-mile-long (0.64 km) spur connection, FM Spur 3, connects FM 3 in central Normangee to SH OSR to the south.[6]FM 3 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Normangee westward to Normangee City Park, as a replacement for SH 265. The route was lengthened to the northwest, first on August 25, 1949, to FM 977, and then on August 1, 1970, to its present terminus at US 79; this extension replaced part of FM 977. The spur connection was designated on November 26, 1969.[6]","title":"FM 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grandview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jacksboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_4-9"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 4 (FM 4) is located in Johnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack counties. It runs from Grandview north and west to Jacksboro.[9]","title":"FM 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1187"},{"link_name":"Aledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aledo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_704-11"},{"link_name":"Annetta South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta_South"},{"link_name":"Annetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta"},{"link_name":"Annetta North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta_North"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Willow Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_5-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_703-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_661-13"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_131"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_131-14"},{"link_name":"FM 1545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1545"},{"link_name":"FM 2376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2376"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_5-10"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 5 (FM 5) is located in Parker County. It begins at FM 1187 at Aledo.[11] The route briefly travels to the south before turning west and entering Annetta South. It then turns to the north and passes through Annetta and Annetta North. FM 5 ends at I-20 at its exit 415 in Willow Park.[10][12] The roadway continues under local jurisdiction as Mikus Road.[13]FM 5 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Aledo due north to US 80, replacing Spur 131.[14] On December 10, 1946, it was extended south and west 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection at Annetta. On June 28, 1963, it was extended north to Willow Park, replacing FM 1545. On December 20, 1984, the section north of what was then FM 2376 was transferred to FM 1187, along with FM 2376 itself.[10]","title":"FM 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_78"},{"link_name":"Lavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Josephine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"Caddo Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_Spur_115-16"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 6 (FM 6) is located in Collin and Hunt counties. The road is 11.5 miles (18.5 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 78 just north of Lavon. From there, it goes east, passing through Nevada and Josephine. The eastern terminus is at SH 66 in Caddo Mills.FM 6 was designated on March 26, 1942, as a 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from Caddo Mills to Josephine as a replacement for State Spur 115.[16] On July 19, 1945, it was extended west to 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada, and another segment was added from Nevada to Lavon. On September 26, 1945, FM 6 was extended from 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada to Nevada, connecting the two sections.","title":"FM 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 7 (FM 7) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 7 designation.","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan,_TX"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_108-17"},{"link_name":"Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granbury,_TX"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_7-18"}],"sub_title":"FM 7 (1942–1949)","text":"FM 7 was originally designated on March 26, 1942, as a highway from Lipan to US 281 as a replacement for Spur 108.[17] On June 5, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Granbury.[18] FM 7 was cancelled on October 23, 1949, and became a portion of FM 4.","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland,_TX"},{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall,_TX"},{"link_name":"Royse City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royse_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Highway_66-19"}],"sub_title":"FM 7 (1951–1961)","text":"The second use of the FM 7 designation was in Dallas and Rockwall counties, from Garland to Rockwall over a former routing of US 67. On June 16, 1957, the road was extended east over old US 67 to Royse City. FM 7 was cancelled on November 30, 1961, and was redesignated as part of SH 66, which also replaced more of old US 67.[19]","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Erath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erath_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lingleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingleville,_TX"},{"link_name":"SH 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_68"},{"link_name":"FM 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_96"},{"link_name":"Desdemona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desdemona,_TX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorman,_TX"},{"link_name":"SH 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_108_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_6_(Texas)"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 8 (FM 8) is located in Eastland and Erath counties. The road is 34.8 miles (56.0 km) long.The route was designated on March 26, 1942, from Lingleville east to Stephenville, replacing SH 68. On July 19, 1945, the route was extended westward to the Eastland County line. On December 21, 1945, FM 8 was extended further westward to the end of FM 96 in Desdemona. On May 17, 1948, the route was extended further westward, reaching Gorman, which was the original endpoint of SH 68, replacing FM 96. The highway was extended west 2.8 miles (4.5 km) on May 26, 1957. The highway was extended east on May 6, 1964, from SH 108 to US 281. The highway was extended west to its current terminus on October 26, 1983, over the previous routing of SH 6.","title":"FM 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_803-23"},{"link_name":"Waskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskom,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_762-24"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_80"},{"link_name":"Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhorn_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"link_name":"Caddo Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Lake"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_719-25"},{"link_name":"Elysian Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_Fields,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_451"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_9-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 9 (FM 9) is located in Panola and Harrison counties. It is approximately 25 miles (40 km) in length.FM 9 begins at an intersection with US 79 in the unincorporated community of Panola.[22] The route travels north into Waskom, where it crosses I-20; access from I-20 is provided via exit 633 (eastbound) and 635 (westbound).[23] The route has a brief concurrency with US 80 before turning back toward the north. FM 9 straddles the east side of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant before ending near the south shore of Caddo Lake.[24]The current FM 9 was designated on May 23, 1951. The original route was the segment from US 79 to FM 451 near Elysian Fields. The highway was extended to US 80 in Waskom on November 18, 1953, replacing a section of FM 451,[21] and further north to 4.8 miles (7.7 km) north of US 80 on May 5, 1966, and to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of FM 1999 on June 2, 1967. On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended north to FM 1999 and FM 2457. On August 5, 1968, FM 2457 was combined, extending FM 9 to its current terminus.[25]","title":"FM 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"SH 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_349"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_9-21"}],"sub_title":"FM 9 (1942)","text":"A previous FM 9 was formed from Midland south 12.0 miles (19.3 km) on March 26, 1942, when the route was designated from part of SH 137. On August 3, 1943, that route was redesignated as part of SH 349. This was the first Farm to Market Road to be cancelled. That routing has no connection to the current designation.[21]","title":"FM 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_999"},{"link_name":"Gary City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniels,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 2517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2517"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_Business_(Carthage,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 10 (FM 10) is located in Panola County. The road is 10.0 miles (16.1 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with FM 999 in Gary City. From there, it goes north to Daniels. Just north of Daniels, there is a brief concurrency with FM 2517. After, it continues north towards the northern terminus at Bus. US 79 in Carthage.FM 10 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.","title":"FM 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Zavalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavalla,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_147"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_10-27"}],"sub_title":"FM 10 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 10 was designated on March 26, 1942, from San Augustine to a point on SH 63 near Zavalla as a replacement of SH 147. FM 10 was cancelled on September 9, 1947, and changed back to SH 147.[26]","title":"FM 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Grandfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfalls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Girvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_847"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 11 (FM 11) is located in Ward, Crane, and Pecos counties. The 51.6-mile (83.0 km) road begins at SH 18 in Grandfalls and passes through Imperial and Girvin before terminating at I-10 in Bakersfield.The road was designated in 1942 between Grandfalls and Imperial and has been incrementally lengthened over the years incorporating a former route of FM 847 before the road was completed in 1975. The road crosses US 67 and US 385 in Girvin.","title":"FM 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_RM_12-29"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_32"},{"link_name":"Wimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimberley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Woodcreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcreek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dripping Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripping_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_290_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"RM 3238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_3238"},{"link_name":"Bee Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Cave,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"RM 3238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_3238"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_RM_12-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_8_Bond-30"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3407"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"SH 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TxDOT_FM_3407-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portion_of_Ranch_Road_12_to_become_'Old_Ranch_Road_12'-32"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 12 (RM 12) is located in Hays and Travis counties. It is 37.9 miles (61.0 km) in length.[28]The southern terminus of RM 12 is in San Marcos at I-35 exit 202. From there, it proceeds along Wonder World Drive along the far west edge of San Marcos. RM 12 continues west from San Marcos to intersect with RM 32 (at \"The Junction\") and then heads north to Wimberley. RM 12 then continues through Woodcreek to Dripping Springs, where it crosses US 290. From there, it continues north through the community of Fitzhugh to its terminus at RM 3238 (Hamilton Pool Road), approximately six miles west of Bee Cave.RM 12 was formed from the segment of SH 80 from San Marcos to Wimberley on March 26, 1942. On May 31, 1945, it was extended north to Dripping Springs. On December 19, 1963, it was extended again, from Loop 82 to I-35. On June 2, 1967, it was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On May 30, 1987, it was extended north to RM 3238 and a county road.[28]A planned expansion of RM 12 between Dripping Springs and Wimberley to a four- and five-lane divided highway was defeated as part of a county bond election in 2007.[29]Following the opening of San Marcos's Wonder World Drive extension project, state and local officials redesignated Wonder World Drive, previously designated FM 3407, as part of RM 12, moving the southern terminus to SH 123. The original portion of RM 12 through San Marcos was redesignated as an extension of SH 80 on the state highway system on June 24, 2010.\n[30][31]","title":"RM 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_Business_(Henderson,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Bus. SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64_Business"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henry's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%27s_Chapel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"FM 1089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1089"},{"link_name":"FM 856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_856"},{"link_name":"Loop 571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_571"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_884-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler_map-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henderson_map-37"},{"link_name":"SH 324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_324"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_324-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_13-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_324-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_13-33"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 13 (FM 13) is a 20.5-mile (33.0 km) road, located in Smith, Cherokee. and Rusk counties, that begins at SH 135 in Troup and travels eastward with a major intersection at SH 42 in Price before terminating at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64 in Henderson. The road also passes through the town of Henry's Chapel.FM 13 begins in Troup at SH 135 in Smith County.[33] The road proceeds along E. Duval Street and then turns south along S. Price Street. The road then turns to the southeast along the edge of town before FM 1089 branches off to the west near the Cherokee County line. The route continues to the southeast to Henry's Chapel where FM 856 branches to the south. The road then goes to the northeast and enters Rusk County before crossing SH 42 in Price. The road then proceeds eastward toward Henderson and intersects Loop 571 west of town. The road enters Henderson following W. Main St. until it terminates at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64.[34]The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.[35][36]The route that would become FM 13 was designated as SH 324 between Henderson and Carlisle on October 30, 1939.[37] The town of Carlisle was renamed Price the following year.[38] The highway was redesignated FM 13 on March 26, 1942.[32][37] A second, discontinuous segment of the road was designated on June 11, 1945, between Troup and the Cherokee–Rusk county line west of Price, and the uniting segment from that county line to Price was designated on February 20, 1946.[32]","title":"FM 13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shady Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Grove,_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"Winnsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_270"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_270-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_14-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_270-41"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_14-40"},{"link_name":"Spur 147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_147"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 14 (FM 14) is a 39.7-mile (63.9 km) road, located in Smith and Wood counties. It begins at Loop 323 in Tyler and travels northward with a major intersection at I-20 near Shady Grove before terminating at SH 154 south of Winnsboro. The road also passes through the town of Hawkins. The road was designated in 1942.FM 14 begins in Tyler at State Loop 323 in Smith County. The road proceeds along State Park Highway through Shady Grove (where it intersects Interstate 20) and Red Springs, where it turns to the northeast. The road then turns to the north, crossing into Wood County and passing through Hawkins, where it intersects US 80. It continues north through the towns of Pine Mills and Oak Grove to the northern terminus at SH 154.FM 14 was designated as SH 270 between Tyler and Sand Flat on June 21, 1938.[40] The highway was redesignated FM 14 on March 26, 1942.[39][40] The road was extended to SH 154 on June 11, 1945, and to the current northern terminus on July 14, 1949.[39] On May 31, 1966, the portion from Spur 147 to US 271 became an extension of Spur 147. The road was rerouted east to US 271 on September 27, 1971. The portion from Loop 323 to US 271 was redesignated Urban Road 14 (UR 14) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 14 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Salem-44"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Wright City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_883-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_841-46"},{"link_name":"SH 269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_269"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_269-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_15-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_269-47"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 15 (FM 15) is a 10.3-mile (16.6 km) route in Smith County. From its western terminus at SH 135 in Troup, it runs eastward along East Bryant Street. Outside the city limits, it continues eastward before turning to the north and then to the northeast in the community of Salem.[43] The eastern terminus of FM 15 is at SH 64 in Wright City.[44][45]The route that is currently FM 15 was designated as SH 269 on June 21, 1938.[46] It was redesignated FM 15 on March 26, 1942.[42][46]","title":"FM 15"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lindale_May_2018_21_(Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street).jpg"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Lindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_16-48"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Colfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Garden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hideaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaway,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Winona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_16-48"},{"link_name":"SH 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_243"}],"text":"FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in LindaleFarm to Market Road 16 (FM 16) is located in Van Zandt and Smith counties. The road is 42 miles (68 km) long.[47]The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 just west of Colfax. From there, it goes east through Colfax and Van, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. From Van, the road continues east along SH 110 passing through the towns of Garden Valley, Hideaway, Lindale, Red Springs, and Winona, where it has a brief concurrency with SH 155. From Winona, the road continues east to the eastern terminus at US 271.[47]FM 16 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Colfax to Van, replacing a part of SH 243. The road was extended to the current western terminus just west of Colfax and eastward to Lindale on June 11, 1945, creating a concurrency with SH 110. The road was extended east to Winona on February 14, 1947, and extended to its current length on October 29, 1948.","title":"FM 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_17-50"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Grand Saline, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Saline,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_515"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Yantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_17-50"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2225"},{"link_name":"FM 2966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2966"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Reservoir"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 17 (FM 17) is located in Van Zandt and Wood counties. The road is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) long.[48]The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 near Canton. From there, it goes northeast, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. The road continues on to SH 110 in Grand Saline, Texas. The road then follows SH 110 to US 80. The road follows US 80 before heading northeast and north to FM 515. The road follows FM 515 east and then heads north and east to SH 154 in Yantis.[48]FM 17 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Grand Saline to Alba, replacing a part of SH 110. The road was extended southwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) on January 11, 1945. On June 11 of that year, the road was extended southwest to Canton, its current southern terminus. The road was extended to Yantis on December 17, 1947. The road was extended along old US 69 in Alba on October 26, 1954. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Yantis. On October 11, 1961, the section from Yantis east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) was transferred to FM 2225. This section of FM 2225 became part of FM 2966 on October 6, 1980, due to construction of Lake Fork Reservoir, which caused some parts of FM 2225 to be inundated and also resulted in FM 17 being relocated along FM 515 over Lake Fork Reservoir, as the old route was inundated (part is now part of FM 514 and FM Spur 514).","title":"FM 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abilene Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Callahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird,_Texas"},{"link_name":"BL I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_Business_(Baird,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 18 (FM 18) is located in Taylor and Callahan counties. It is approximately 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.FM 18 begins at an intersection with SH 36 in Abilene near Abilene Regional Airport. The highway leaves the city limits and enters Callahan County at Elmdale Road. The highway runs east and enters Clyde near FM 1707. FM 18 has an interchange with FM 604 before running through town on South 1st Street before turning at a nearly 90 degree angle onto Stephens Street. The highway makes another turn at FM 258 before leaving the town. FM 18 runs east to Baird where it ends at an intersection with BL I-20.The current route was designated on September 19, 1951, from a segment of US 80.[49] The section from SH 36 to Elmdale Community was redesignated Urban Road 18 (UR 18) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 18 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"Colorado City, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"Robert Lee, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"SH 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"}],"sub_title":"RM 18 (1942)","text":"RM 18 was formed on March 26, 1942, from part of SH 208 from Colorado City, Texas south 6.0 miles (9.7 km).[49] On April 29, 1942, another section was added from Robert Lee, Texas north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to the county road to Sanco.[49] On November 18, 1944, the gap between 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles north of Robert Lee and 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles south of Colorado City was filled.[49] This route was cancelled on April 23, 1947, when it became an extension of SH 208.[49]","title":"FM 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Neches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_19-52"},{"link_name":"FM 2574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2574"},{"link_name":"Neches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Todd City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_272"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 19 (FM 19) is located in Anderson County. The road is 13.4 miles (21.6 km) (21.5 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 155 in Frankston. From there, it goes south to Neches, via Todd City.[50] The southern terminus is at FM 2574.FM 19 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a route between Neches and Todd City. It was extended north to Frankston on May 19 of that year. On October 24, 1944, the portion from Todd City to Frankston was canceled due to the extension of SH 155 to Palestine. On December 17, 1952, FM 19 was extended back from Todd City to Frankston. The original section from had been designated as SH 272 on June 21, 1938, while it was being built. When the route was built some time after September 26, 1939, SH 272 was cancelled, meaning the road was already built at the time FM 19 was designated.","title":"FM 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_183"},{"link_name":"Fentress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentress,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_20-53"},{"link_name":"FM 621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_621"},{"link_name":"FM 964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_964"},{"link_name":"FM 621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_621"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_20-53"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 20 (FM 20) is located in Bastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe counties. The road is 54.2 miles (87.2 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 71 just west of Bastrop. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Red Rock. At Lockhart, it becomes concurrent with US 183 for a 0.1-mile segment, then turns off to the west on State Park Road. It continues southwest, passing through Fentress, until its southern terminus at SH 123 just north of Seguin.FM 20 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Bastrop southwestward to Lockhart (this was part of SH 21 before 1939).[51] On April 18, 1958, it was extended southwest to FM 621, replacing FM 964. Six days later, it was extended southwest to just north of Seguin, replacing a section of FM 621. However, the signs did not change until the 1959 Texas Travel Map was released to the public; On October 31, 1958, around the time the signs were changed, the current FM 964 was designated.[51]","title":"FM 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Lake Bob Sandlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Bob_Sandlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bob_Sandlin_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bob_Sandlin_State_Park-55"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Blodgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blodgett,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_21-54"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) is located in Franklin, Titus, and Camp counties. It is approximately 15.9 miles (25.6 km) long.FM 21 begins at an intersection with SH 11. It then proceeds through a relatively empty, farming area of Camp County. After approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 km), FM 21 crosses Lake Bob Sandlin. The bridge that crosses Lake Bob Sandlin is approximately a half a mile long (0.8 km). After crossing the lake, FM 21 passes Lake Bob Sandlin State Park.[53] The road then passes through the unincorporated community of Blodgett. After this, FM 21 passes through a long stretch of open farmland before passing through Hopewell and continues to its northern terminus of SH 37.FM 21 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) road traveling from SH 11 to around Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. Later that day, another segment from created from SH 37 through Hopewell to Macon (erroneously shown as FM 28 on one administration order), creating a gap in the route. The gap was filled on June 11, 1945.[52]","title":"FM 21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_940-57"},{"link_name":"Turney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gallatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_768"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Ponta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"FM 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_347"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 22 (FM 22) is located in north-central Cherokee County. It is approximately 9.1 miles (14.6 km) long.[54]The western terminus of FM 22 is at an intersection with US 69 in Craft.[55] The route travels east through Turney and Gallatin, where it is known as 1st Avenue and has a brief concurrency with FM 768. FM 22 continues eastward and ends at an intersection with SH 110 south of the community of Ponta.[54][56]FM 22 was commissioned on April 29, 1942, along the current route. On May 7, 1970, a section west of US 69 at Craft, connecting to FM 347 south of Jacksonville, was added, increasing the length by 1.2 miles (1.9 km). This addition was removed from the state highway system on March 1, 1972, in exchange for the creation of FM 3198.[54]","title":"FM 22"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_FM_23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_294"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1056-60"},{"link_name":"FM 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1857"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1056-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1057-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1857-62"},{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1057-61"},{"link_name":"FM 343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_343"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"Loop 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_62"},{"link_name":"FM 752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_752"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_23-59"}],"text":"FM 23 in Cherokee County.Farm to Market Road 23 (FM 23) is located in Cherokee County.FM 23 begins at an intersection with SH 294.[58] It travels through empty agricultural areas of Cherokee County, and serves as both endpoints for FM 1857.[58][59][60] FM 23 passes Russell Cemetery outside of Rusk.[59] It crosses FM 343 as it enters Rusk.[56] FM 23 travels through the city before ending at an intersection with Loop 62 and FM 752.[56]FM 23 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.[57]","title":"FM 23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_44"},{"link_name":"Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-64"},{"link_name":"Spur 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_407"},{"link_name":"I-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_37"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2139-65"},{"link_name":"SH 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_9"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_24-63"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 24 (FM 24) is located in Nueces County. It is locally known as Violet Road. The highway's southern terminus is at SH 44 in Violet. It runs north into Corpus Christi, passing several churches,[62] and the small Violet Park, before intersecting Spur 407. It continues to its northern terminus at exit 11B of I-37.[63]FM 24 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 44 to Spur 407 (then SH 9). It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973.[61]","title":"FM 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_53"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_24-63"}],"sub_title":"FM 24 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 24 was designated in Coleman County on April 29, 1942, from Coleman west to the New Central School. It was 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length. The entire route was then cancelled on June 22, 1944, and transferred to FM 53 (now SH 153).[61]","title":"FM 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_Business_(New_Braunfels,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"New Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_46"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_351"},{"link_name":"Loop 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_337"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_46-67"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 25 (FM 25) was located in Comal and Guadalupe counties. No highway currently uses the FM 25 designation.FM 25 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 81 (now Business I-35) near New Braunfels to US 90 near Seguin. On October 28, 1960, FM 25 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 46. On June 9, 1966, the section from US 90 north to I-10 was redesignated as an extension of Spur 351 (but still signed as part of SH 46). On February 26, 1968, the section from I-35 northwest 0.26 miles (0.42 km) was transferred to SH 46 and Loop 337. The remainder of FM 25 was cancelled on September 28, 1988, and transferred to SH 46. Spur 351, which by then had been extended south to SH 123, became part of SH 46 on May 14, 1990.[65]","title":"FM 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_846"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_769-69"},{"link_name":"FM 2212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2212"},{"link_name":"FM 3263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3263"},{"link_name":"FM 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2002"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_727-70"},{"link_name":"FM 828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_828"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_684-71"},{"link_name":"FM 1742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1742"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_26-68"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 26 (FM 26) is located in Martin and Dawson counties.The southern terminus of FM 26 is at FM 846 in Martin County.[67] It runs northwest, intersecting FM 2212 in the community of Brown, before turning west. The route turns to the northwest again at its intersection with FM 3263. FM 26 is briefly concurrent FM 2002 before splitting off and entering Dawson County.[68] Continuing to the northwest, FM 26 crosses FM 828 in Sparenburg before reaching its northern terminus at US 87.[69]FM 26 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Lamesa to Sparenberg in Dawson County, and was 5.3 miles (8.5 km) in length. FM 26 was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) on November 20, 1951, and to the Martin County line on March 26, 1953, adding another 0.2 miles (0.32 km); that same day, a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) farm to market road from there to FM 1742 was designated, but not yet numbered. On April 9, 1953, the road was extended southwest over the unnumbered road to FM 1742, and FM 1742 was cancelled and combined with FM 26.[66]","title":"FM 26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Wortham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wortham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortham_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_80"},{"link_name":"Kirvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_210"},{"link_name":"FM 1450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1450"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_27-72"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 27 (FM 27) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties.The western terminus of FM 27 is at SH 171. In Wortham, FM 27 passes Wortham High School before passing through downtown. It runs concurrently with FM 80 just south of Kirvin. FM 27 then enters Fairfield and reaches its eastern terminus at US 84.FM 27 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Fairfield to Wortham, approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km). This was SH 210 before 1939. On February 15, 1950, the highway was extended from Wortham to the Limestone County line, replacing FM 1450 and adding approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km). On September 27, 1960, FM 27 was extended by 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to its current length.[70]","title":"FM 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty,_Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"runs concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 1441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1441"},{"link_name":"FM 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_193"},{"link_name":"FM 1472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1472"},{"link_name":"FM 2265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2265"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_28-73"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 28 (FM 28) is located in Crosby and Floyd counties.FM 28's southern terminus is at an intersection with US 82/SH 114. From there, FM 28 heads north, then east, then north again. Turning to the northwest, it passes through Dougherty before turning to the north again to an intersection with US 62/US 70. FM 28 runs concurrently with these highways for about one mile (1.6 km) before again heading north, reaching its northern terminus at County Roads 200 and 303.FM 28 was designated in Floyd County on June 23, 1942, from US 70 to Dougherty. On July 21, 1949, FM 28 was extended to the Crosby County line, adding approximately 8.2 miles (13.2 km). On October 26, 1954, FM 28 was extended south to FM 1441 (which later became part of FM 193). On November 1, 1954, FM 28 was extended to its current southern terminus, FM 1441 was truncated, and FM 1472 was cancelled. On March 24, 1958, FM 28 was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northward to its current northern terminus, as FM 2265 was cancelled and combined.[71]","title":"FM 28"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 29 (FM 29) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 29 designation.","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singleton,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_39"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_29-74"}],"sub_title":"FM 29 (1942–1949)","text":"FM 29 was designated on April 29, 1942, along a road in Grimes County from SH 90 near Singleton to Iola. The road was 11.0 miles (17.7 km) long. On January 27, 1949, FM 29 was extended north to North Zulch. On May 20, 1949, the designation was cancelled, with the road becoming an extension of FM 39.[72]","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val Verde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Devils River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devils_River,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Walk,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amistad Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistad_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_29-74"}],"sub_title":"FM 29 (1951–1967)","text":"The FM 29 designation was later applied to a road in Val Verde County, beginning at US 90 (later Loop 406, now Spur 406) northwest of Devils River and heading northeast to Lake Walk. When it was designated, the road was 2.12 miles (3.41 km) long; by 1965, the highway had been truncated to 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 29 was cancelled on October 27, 1967, because the roadway was to be inundated by Amistad Reservoir. As a result, the road was permanently closed.[72]","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_127"},{"link_name":"Sabinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinal,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_road"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 30 (FM 30) is located in Uvalde County. The road begins at SH 127 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Sabinal, and proceeds northward to end at a county road.","title":"FM 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Childress County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_256"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_30-75"}],"sub_title":"FM 30 (1942)","text":"The original Farm to Market Road 30, designated on April 29, 1942, ran from Memphis east to a connection with US 83 in Childress County. FM 30 was cancelled on January 7, 1948, and became part of SH 256.[73]","title":"FM 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"I-369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_369_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2625"},{"link_name":"FM 2199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2199"},{"link_name":"Elysian Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_Fields,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_451"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"De Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Berry,_Texas"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_123"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2517"},{"link_name":"FM 3359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3359"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"LA 765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_765"},{"link_name":"FM 998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_998"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 31 (FM 31) is located in Harrison and Panola counties. The highway begins at US 59 (Future I-369) in Marshall, turning southeast while intersecting I-20 outside the city limits. In the community of Crossroads, FM 2625 passes through while FM 2199 ends completely, all while FM 31 continues southeastward. In the town of Elysian Fields, FM 451 ends as FM 31 heads into Panola County. The highway intersects US 79 in De Berry. The road has a small concurrency with FM 123 in Carthage. Further south, FM 2517 makes a four-way intersection there, where a few miles to the east FM 3359 is formed. The highway ends at the Louisiana state line, where it becomes LA 765.FM 31 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 59 in Marshall to Elysian Fields. On June 11, 1945, it was extended southward to the Panola County line. Seven days later, it was extended south to De Berry. On November 20, 1951, it was extended south to what was then FM 998. On January 7, 1952, FM 31 was extended southward to the Louisiana state line, replacing a section of FM 123 (which was rerouted over FM 998 instead).","title":"FM 31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3424"},{"link_name":"RM 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_12"},{"link_name":"Wimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimberley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_232-78"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 32 (RM 32) is located in Blanco, Comal, and Hays counties. The road begins at US 281 south of Blanco, and continues east as it enters Comal County. In Fischer, FM 3424 ends there, and upon entering Hays County, the highway ends at an intersection with RM 12 in Wimberley.RM 32 was designated as State Highway 232 between SH 80 in Wimberley and US 281 on August 1, 1936. SH 80 was truncated and the western terminus became RM 12 on March 26, 1942; at the same time, SH 232 was to be redesignated as an RM road once the counties agreed to do so, which happened by April 29, 1942, when RM 32 was designated, replacing SH 232.[76]","title":"RM 32"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Glasscock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_163"},{"link_name":"FM 865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_865"},{"link_name":"RM 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1980"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"RM 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1800"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 33 (RM 33) is located in Howard, Glasscock, and Reagan counties. It runs from US 87, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Big Spring, south to SH 137.RM 33 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Big Spring south 6.4 miles (10.3 km) to the Glasscock County line. On February 11, 1944, the designation was extended south to Garden City. On June 11, 1945, the route was extended south to Big Lake. On October 29, 1948, RM 33 was extended south and east to SH 163. On July 14, 1949, it was extended east to Eldorado, replacing FM 865. By 1966, the section from RM 1980 (now US 190) to Eldorado was signed, but not designated, as SH 29, and by 1969, the section from RM 1800 south to RM 1980 was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On June 30, 1977, the section from Eldorado west to RM 1980 (along with RM 1980 itself) was transferred to US 190. On May 16, 1984, the section of RM 33 from SH 137 south to US 190 officially became part of SH 137.The minutes of the July 14, 1949, highway commission meeting refer to this road (at least the section south of the Glasscock–Reagan county line) as Farm to Market Road 33 (FM 33), possibly in error.Junction list","title":"RM 33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_192"},{"link_name":"Fort Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_34-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1235-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_34-81"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 34 (FM 34) is located in Hudspeth County.The southern terminus of FM 34 is at FM 192, approximately 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Fort Hancock. The road proceeds north for 2.6 miles (4.2 km) before ending at I-10 exit 87.[79][80]FM 34 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.[79]","title":"FM 34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"Royse City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royse_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_276"},{"link_name":"FM 1396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1396"},{"link_name":"FM 2102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2102"},{"link_name":"SH 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_276"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 35 (FM 35) is located in Rockwall and Hunt counties. The road begins at I-30 in Royse City and runs to SH 276.FM 35 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Quinlan to Mexico. On November 23, 1948, the section from Union Valley to Quinlan was added, creating a concurrency with SH 34. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to Sabine River Bottom. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended west 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to the Rockwall County line. On February 26, 1953, the road was extended west to the new location of US 67 (now I-30), replacing FM 1396. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to the Rains County line. On November 29, 1954, the road was extended east to US 69 (now FM 2795) at Emory, replacing FM 2102 and creating a concurrency with FM 47. On April 1, 1959, the Union Valley-Quinlan section was revised to end at Loop 264 instead of SH 34 (a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) section of FM 35 was transferred to Loop 264). On December 15, 1959, the concurrency with FM 47 was removed. On October 15, 1970, the section of FM 35 from Loop 264 west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) miles was transferred to SH 276. On October 25, 1990, a 21.3-mile (34.3 km) section of FM 35 from SH 34 east to US 69 was also transferred to SH 276.Junction list","title":"FM 35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 36 (FM 36) is located in Hunt County. The road begins at SH 276 west of Quinlan and ends at FM 1562. There are concurrencies with US 380 and SH 66.FM 36 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) west of Floyd to Merit. On September 12, 1946, the section from SH 24 at Floyd south to US 67 (now SH 66) at or near Caddo Mills was added, creating a concurrency with SH 24. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended southeast 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Caddo Mills. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended north to FM 1562. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended south to FM 35 (now SH 276). On June 24, 2010, the section of FM 36 from US 380 to BU 380-J was removed from the state highway system. FM 36 was instead realigned over the new US 380.Junction listThe entire route is in Hunt County.","title":"FM 36"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_311-89"},{"link_name":"FM 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_54"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_312-90"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_311-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_288-91"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_288-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_289-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Harts_Camp-93"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cotton Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Center,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_290-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_291-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_316-96"},{"link_name":"FM 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"FM 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_789"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_316-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_317-97"},{"link_name":"FM 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_378"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_37-88"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_317-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_318-98"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"FM 2189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2189"},{"link_name":"FM 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1928"},{"link_name":"FM 1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1842"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"FM 1315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1315"},{"link_name":"FM 579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_579"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_37-88"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 37 (FM 37) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. Its western terminus is at SH 214 north of Enochs in Bailey County.[86] FM 37 runs eastward to FM 54, with which it shares a brief concurrency through Bula and across the Lamb County line.[87] After separating from FM 54, FM 37 briefly turns north before resuming an easterly route toward Amherst, crossing US 84.[86][88] It crosses US 385 at Cofferville and has short concurrencies with FM 1072 through Fieldton and FM 168 at Harts Camp before entering Hale County.[88][89][90] The route crosses I-27/US 87 east of Cotton Center, running in a southern direction concurrent with the freeway's frontage road between exits 32 and 31.[91][92][93] Resuming its eastward routing, FM 37 has short concurrencies with FM 400 and FM 789.[93][94] It then crosses into Floyd County, where it briefly shares its alignment with FM 378, before reaching its eastern terminus at US 62 in Floydada.[85][94][95]FM 37 was designated on April 29, 1942, from a junction with US 84 to Amherst. On March 18, 1944, the route was extended to include a strip from Amherst to SH 51. On December 16, 1948, it was extended east 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to what is now FM 1072. On September 19, 1968, FM 37 was expanded to its present length, replacing several routes: FM 2189 from SH 214 to FM 54; FM 1928 from FM 54 to US 84; a section of FM 1072 (which was rerouted to the north, replacing part of FM 1842) from FM 1072 to FM 168; FM 1315 from FM 168 to FM 400; and FM 579 from FM 400 to US 62.[85]","title":"FM 37"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Maxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxey,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brookston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Roxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ben Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_188"},{"link_name":"FM 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_137"},{"link_name":"FM 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road"},{"link_name":"FM 907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_907"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 38 (FM 38) is located in Lamar and Delta counties. The road begins at US 82 west of Petty and turns north and east to Maxey, then southeast through Brookston and Roxton to Ben Franklin.FM 38 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 west of Brookston through Roxton to Noble, with the section from US 82 to Roxton replacing SH 188. On April 30, 1945, the Roxton-Noble section was cancelled and became part of FM 137. FM 38 was expanded to include a section from the Lamar County line to FM 128 at Ben Franklin on June 9, 1947, creating a gap in the highway. This gap was closed on February 27, 1948, when FM 38 was extended from Roxton to Ben Franklin. On August 23, 1948, FM 38 was again extended north over the old location of US 82 to the new location of US 82. On February 1, 1949, the road was extended northwest to Maxey, replacing FM 907. On August 25, 1949, FM 38 was extended to US 82 west of Petty.","title":"FM 38"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"Mexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_164"},{"link_name":"FM 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_80"},{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_79"},{"link_name":"Jewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_977"},{"link_name":"Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Normangee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normangee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Old San Antonio Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_San_Antonio_Road"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 1452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1452"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_190"},{"link_name":"North Zulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Zulch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Iola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singleton,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Personville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personville,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"FM 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_29"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 39 (FM 39) is located in Limestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes counties. The road begins at SH 14 south of Mexia, and turns south, intersecting SH 164 before FM 80 ends directly parallel to the Freestone County line. However, no part of the road's mileage is in Freestone County, as the road turns south to Leon County shortly afterward. The highway then intersects with US 79 in Jewett and then intersects with SH 7 in the community of Concord. As the highway turns directly south, it intersects FM 977 in Flynn. In Normangee, it intersects the Old San Antonio Road, where it enters Madison County, and has a concurrency with FM 1452 in the community of George. The highway subsequently intersects a concurrent SH 21/US 190 in North Zulch. As it enters Grimes County, the road bypasses Iola, and ends at SH 90 north of Singleton.When it was designated on April 29, 1942, the road considered of the section from Normangee to Flynn. On August 3, 1943, the road was expanded to include a segment from Mexia to Personville, creating a gap in the highway. The road's southern portion was expanded on February 28, 1945, to include US 190 at North Zulch, and the northern strip received a segment from Personville to Jewett. On April 18, 1947, the southern strip was expanded again to Robbins. The highway was extended from Jewett to Robbins on December 16, 1948, closing the gap.[98] On May 20, 1949, FM 39 was extended south through Iola to Singleton, replacing FM 29. On June 21, 1982, the highway was slightly modified to go via Tyler Street instead of McKinney Street in Mexia, giving it its present-day length.","title":"FM 39"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuff,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_207"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 40 (FM 40) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties. It runs from FM 1729 to FM 651. There are concurrencies with FM 378 and SH 207.FM 40 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 62 and US 82 at Lubbock to Acuff. On December 29, 1949, the road was extended east to FM 378, replacing FM 1526. On March 24, 1958, the road was extended to FM 651, replacing FM 1309 and FM 1308 and creating concurrencies with FM 122 (now SH 207) and FM 378. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 62 to FM 1729 was redesignated Urban Road 40 (UR 40). The designation of this section reverted to FM 40 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 40"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_303"},{"link_name":"Sundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ropesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_300"},{"link_name":"FM 1174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1174"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 41 (FM 41) is located in Hockley and Lubbock counties. The road begins from FM 303 southeast of Sundown and turns about 48 miles (77 km) eastward bypassing Ropesville and Slide before eventually returning to Bus. US 84 in Slaton. Originally, the route went from a junction of US 87 south of Lubbock to Slide. On June 25, 1945, the highway was extended east to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) miles west of Slaton and west from Slide to the Hockley County line. On December 17, 1952, FM 41 was extended west to SH 51 (now US 385). On February 24, 1953, the road was extended west to FM 300 (now FM 303), replacing FM 1174. On October 28, 1953, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) east to US 84 (later Loop 251, now Bus. US 84) were added, and the highway reached its present length.","title":"FM 41"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCulloch_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_379"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_190-107"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 42 (RM 42), originally Farm to Market Road 42 (FM 42), was located in Menard and McCulloch counties.FM 42 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Brady southwest 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Calf Creek. On January 18, 1946, the road was shortened 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to end at Davis School. On November 23, 1948, FM 42 was extended west 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles north of Calf Creek. On July 21, 1949, the road was extended west to US 83, replacing FM 379. On October 1, 1956, the route's designation was changed to RM 42. RM 42 was cancelled on June 30, 1977, and became part of US 190 as that route was extended westward from Brady.[102]","title":"RM 42"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_358"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 43 (FM 43) is located in Nueces County. The highway runs from SH 358 southwest and west to FM 665.FM 43 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 through London School to FM 665. On June 1, 1965, the road was extended east and northeast to SH 357. On July 11, 1968, FM 43 was extended northeast to SH 358. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 358 to SH 357 was redesignated Urban Road 43 (UR 43). The designation of this section reverted to FM 43 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Nueces County.","title":"FM 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_151"}],"sub_title":"FM 43/RM 43 (1942)","text":"The original FM 43 was formed on April 29, 1942, from US 83 near Menard through Mission San Saba to an existing roadway north of the San Saba River as a replacement of a portion of SH 151. On June 11, 1945, FM 43 was redesignated Ranch to Market Road 43 (RM 43) and a section from Eldorado to the Menard County line was designated, creating a gap. On June 20, 1945, the gap was closed. RM 43 was cancelled on March 17, 1948, and reassigned back to SH 151 (now SH 29).","title":"FM 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_180"},{"link_name":"SH 5 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loop_23-112"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 44 (FM 44) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. The highway runs from FM 114 south, east, and southeast to FM 561.FM 44 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 near Annona south 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Boxelder, On May 19, 1942, it replaced Spur 23 from US 82 to Annona (this section was formerly SH 180 and later SH 5 Spur).[106] On December 18, 1951, it was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southeastward to a road intersection. On November 21, 1956, it was extended to FM 561 and FM 911 in Lydia. On February 13, 1958, it was extended east over a section of FM 561 to what was then FM 1996 (which became part of FM 561 that day) west of Siloam. On October 31, 1958, FM 44 was extended north to FM 114.","title":"FM 44"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190"},{"link_name":"Richland Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2126"},{"link_name":"San Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas"},{"link_name":"speed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"San Saba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Regency Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Bridge"},{"link_name":"historical marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_marker"},{"link_name":"Texas Historical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission"},{"link_name":"FM 1474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1474"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 45 (FM 45) runs from US 190 in Richland Springs north to US 377 about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Brownwood. FM 45 forms a portion of the partial beltway that goes around the southeast side of Brownwood (the rest is formed by FM 2126).FM 45 starts at US 190 about 14.7 miles (23.7 km) west of San Saba and heads northbound through Richland Springs to Main Ave. where the road briefly turns east for one block before continuing northbound. After exiting Richland Springs, FM 45 traverses the rural landscape with a daytime speed limit of 70 MPH. Halfway to Brownwood, FM 45 crosses the Colorado River from San Saba County into Brown County. At its junction with FM 2126, FM 45 continues west to US 377 with a speed limit of 65 MPH.FM 45 provides Brownwood with a direct link to Richland Springs and San Saba (and vice versa). The highway shortens the trip between Brownwood and Richland Springs from 54 miles (87 km) (going through Brady) to 34 miles (55 km).Before Farm to Market Roads were built, one of the first bridges across the Colorado River in this area is the Regency Bridge. A historical marker was erected by the Texas Historical Commission at the junction of FM 45 and FM 574 that describes the bridge.FM 45 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 190 north 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Locker Road. On July 13, 1945, it was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection. On November 23, 1948, it was extended north 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to near the Colorado River. On January 22, 1953, FM 45 was extended north to the Mills County line. On February 6, 1953, FM 45 was extended north and west to US 377, replacing FM 1474. On October 29, 1954, it was extended south from the old location of US 190 to the new location of US 190.","title":"FM 45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Bremond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremond,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"},{"link_name":"Wheelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_255"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"FM 392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_392"},{"link_name":"FM 2293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2293"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 46 (FM 46) is located in Falls and Robertson counties. It runs from SH 6 west of Bremond to SH OSR in Wheelock.FM 46 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH OSR northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Wheelock, replacing part of SH 255. On November 20, 1951, FM 46 was extended north to US 79 in Franklin. On May 15, 1954, FM 46 was extended to SH 14 in Bremond (the original endpoint of SH 255), replacing FM 392. On September 26, 1967, FM 46 was extended north to new location SH 6 over old location SH 6. On August 31, 1971, FM 46 was rerouted over part of FM 2293, removing the break at SH 14.","title":"FM 46"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_198"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wills Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_243"},{"link_name":"FM 514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_514"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 47 (FM 47) is located in Rains and Van Zandt counties. It runs from SH 198 to US 69 in Point.FM 47 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 80 in Wills Point north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to Clifton. On January 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to Scott. On June 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to SH 243. On October 29, 1948, FM 47 was extended south to SH 198. On May 23, 1951, FM 47 was extended northeast 3.6 miles (5.8 km). On November 27, 1953 (connecting section designated October 28), FM 47 was extended north to US 69, replacing a portion of FM 514. In 1975, FM 47 was realigned (the old route is now Rains County Road 1430)","title":"FM 47"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_152"},{"link_name":"Mobeetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobeetie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1268"},{"link_name":"New Mobeetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mobeetie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_41-117"},{"link_name":"FM 1046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1046"},{"link_name":"Cast Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_Away"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclone-118"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 48 (FM 48) is located in Hemphill and Wheeler counties. It runs from SH 152 in Mobeetie (also called Old Mobeetie) to FM 1268.FM 48 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 152 north 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to New Mobeetie. On May 19, 1942, it was extended south 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to Mobeetie, replacing Spur 41.[111] On November 23, 1948, FM 48 was extended eastward 0.6 miles (0.97 km). On May 26, 1949, FM 48 was extended north and west 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection, and the old route was changed to a spur connection. On August 7, 1951, the spur connection was transferred to FM 1046. On December 17, 1952, FM 48 was extended north to FM 1268.The closing scene of the 2000 film Cast Away was filmed at the intersection of FM 48 and FM 1268.[112]","title":"FM 48"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Upshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mineola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_713-120"},{"link_name":"Hainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pine Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_714-121"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_715-122"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Creek"},{"link_name":"FM 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_14"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_Creek_(Sabine_River)"},{"link_name":"FM 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_14"},{"link_name":"FM 1002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1002"},{"link_name":"FM 554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_554"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 49 (FM 49) is located in Wood and Upshur counties. It runs from US 69 in Mineola,[114] northeast and then east via Hainesville and Pine Mills,[115] to SH 154 on the western edge of Gilmer.[116]FM 49 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 69 about 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northeast to near Lake Fork Creek. It was extended to Hainesville on June 11, 1945, and to an intersection with FM 14 in Pine Mills on December 17, 1947. FM 49 was extended to a road intersection near Big Sandy Creek, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east of FM 14, on November 20, 1951, and into Upshur County to FM 1002 on August 24, 1955. It was extended to former FM 554 on November 14, 1959. FM 554 was cancelled on August 3, 1971, with the section from FM 49 to SH 154 was transferred to FM 49 (the remainder was transferred to FM 1795).","title":"FM 49"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Burleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_105"},{"link_name":"Brenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearne,_Texas"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"Snook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snook,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_230"},{"link_name":"SH 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_211"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 50 (FM 50) is a 53-mile (85 km) route in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties. It begins at SH 105 near Brenham and runs north through Independence to US 79/US 190 near Hearne. It has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River.The road was designated on April 29, 1942, along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. On May 20, 1942, the road was extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons, replacing a portion of SH 230 (of which the remainder became part of the then-new FM 60). On August 24, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 211 in Independence. On October 6, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 90, replacing most of SH 211. The remainder of SH 211 became Spur 197, and is now FM 390 and FM Spur 390. The section of FM 50 from east of Snook to SH 36 was transferred to FM 60.","title":"FM 50"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gainesville_June_2017_34_(E_California_Street).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_TX"},{"link_name":"Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"SH 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_169"},{"link_name":"SH 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_89"},{"link_name":"Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Springtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Weatherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granbury,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1306"},{"link_name":"FM 1307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1307"},{"link_name":"FM 1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1657"},{"link_name":"FM 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_201"},{"link_name":"FM 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_56"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_204"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"FM 2223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2223"}],"text":"FM 51, as East California Street, in GainesvilleFarm to Market Road 51 (FM 51) runs from US 67 in Somervell County north and east to I-35 in Gainesville. Skirting the northwestern fringes of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, it is available as a more scenic and less-congested shortcut between I-20 west of Weatherford and I-35 north of Gainesville.[original research?]The route north of Decatur was designated as SH 169 in 1932, but was extended to Weatherford and was part of an extended SH 89 until 1939. FM 51 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Gainesville to Era. On May 19 of that year, three more sections were added: one from Decatur northeast 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Slidell Road, one from SH 114 to Springtown, and one from Weatherford north 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On August 22, 1944, it was extended from 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north of Weatherford to Springtown and from 4.8 miles (7.7 km) northeast of Decatur to the Denton–Wise county line, closing one gap and partially closing another. On June 5, 1945, another section was added from the Parker–Hood county line to Granbury. Seven days later, FM 51 was extended from Weatherford to the Parker–Hood county line, connecting the sections. On February 14, 1947, it was extended from SH 114 to Decatur, closing another gap. On April 28, 1949, it was extended from the Denton–Wise county line to Era, closing the last gap. On September 28 in that year, it was extended east from the old location of US 77 to the new location of US 77; two other sections of old US 77 was replaced by FM 1306 and FM 1307. On February 6, 1953, it was extended southwest to a road intersection 4.7 miles (7.6 km) southwest of Granbury, replacing FM 1657 on that route. On August 24, 1955, it was extended southwest to FM 201 (now FM 56). On November 23, 1959, it was extended east from US 77 along the old location of US 82 to US 82. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 51 was extended southwest to US 67, replacing FM 204.[119] In the same order, FM 56 replaced FM 201. Part of the road designated FM 204 was designated as FM 2223.","title":"FM 51"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_254"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Whitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitt,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1885"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 52 (FM 52) is located in Parker and Palo Pinto counties. It runs from SH 254 north to Oran, east to Whitt, and south to FM 1885.FM 52 was designated on May 20, 1942, from Oran east across US 281 to Whitt. On December 2, 1953, FM 52 was extended south from Oran to SH 254. On August 24, 1955, FM 52 was extended southeast from Whitt to FM 1885.","title":"FM 52"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Runnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnels_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_70"},{"link_name":"FM 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_24"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_53-127"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 53 (FM 53) was located in Coleman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan counties. No highway currently uses the FM 53 designation.FM 53 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 70, 13.0 miles (20.9 km) miles south of Sweetwater, southeast to SH 158 (now US 277). On June 22, 1944, FM 53 was extended east to Crews, replacing FM 70. Another section of FM 53 was added from Coleman to the New Central School, replacing FM 24. This created a gap in the route. On October 29, 1948, the western section was extended east to the Runnels–Coleman county line.[122] On November 2, 1948, the eastern section was extended northwest to Glen Cove.[123] On January 15, 1949, the eastern section extended west to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove. On July 25, 1950, it was extended from the Coleman County line to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove, closing the gap. On September 21, 1965, it was relocated in Winters, removing a concurrency with US 83; the old route became Loop 438.[124] On December 1, 1969, it was extended east over the old location of US 84 to the new location of US 84, creating a concurrency with SH 206. FM 53 was cancelled on May 16, 1988, and transferred to SH 153.[121]","title":"FM 53"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_321"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"FM 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_37"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_84"},{"link_name":"Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlefield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_385"},{"link_name":"Loop 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_430"},{"link_name":"FM 1072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1072"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spade,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_179"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_87"},{"link_name":"FM 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_789"},{"link_name":"SH 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_207"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_62"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abernathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernathy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_278"},{"link_name":"SH 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_278"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 54 (FM 54) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. It begins at the New Mexico state line as a continuation of NM 321 and runs east to Enochs, where it intersects SH 214. The highway turns north and is briefly concurrent with FM 37. After leaving Bula and crossing the Lamb County line, the highway intersects US 84 in Littlefield, where it also intersects US 385 and Loop 430. FM 54 intersects FM 1072 and continues east to an intersection with FM 168 in Spade. After entering Hale County, it shares a brief concurrency with FM 179. FM 54 then crosses the I-27/US 87 freeway. It intersects FM 400 and turns northeast in Petersburg at FM 789 before entering Floyd County. FM 54 ends at SH 207/US 62 south of Floydada.FM 54 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 87 north of Abernathy to Petersburg as a restoration of part of SH 278. On May 18, 1944, it was extended to include a section from Spade via Littlefield to the Bailey County line, creating a gap. On June 4, 1945, a section from SH 207 to the Floyd–Hale county line was added, creating another gap. On June 16 of that year, one segment was extended west from the Lamb–Bailey county line to SH 214, and on July 9 of that year, one segment was extended west from US 87 to the Hale–Lamb county line. On June 4, 1946, it was extended from the Floyd–Hale county line to Petersburg, closing one gap. On January 22, 1947, a spur connection was added in Petersburg. On November 18, 1947, it was extended from the Hale–Lamb county line to Spade, closing the remaining gap. FM 54 now matched the entirety of the former route of SH 278. On December 16, 1948, it was extended west 8 miles (13 km) miles from SH 214. On July 14, 1949, it was extended west to the New Mexico state line.","title":"FM 54"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_709"},{"link_name":"Purdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"SH 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"FM 634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_634"},{"link_name":"FM 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1782"},{"link_name":"FM 1492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1492"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 55 (FM 55) is located in Ellis and Navarro counties. It runs from US 77 near Waxahachie to FM 709 south of Purdon.FM 55 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 31 to Purdon. On July 27, 1948, FM 55 was extended to SH 22, replacing FM 634. On November 28, 1958, FM 55 was extended to the Navarro–Ellis county line, replacing FM 1782. On May 2, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to SH 34. On June 1, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to US 77, replacing FM 1492. On May 7, 1974, FM 55 was extended south to FM 709.","title":"FM 55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_317"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGregor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_67"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Valley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cayote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayote,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"FM 1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1859"},{"link_name":"Kopperl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopperl,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"FM 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1992"},{"link_name":"Brazos Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_144"},{"link_name":"FM 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_202"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377"},{"link_name":"FM 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_201"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 56 (FM 56) is located in Bosque, Somervell, and Hood counties.FM 56 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 317 and US 84 in McGregor north to Crawford. Soon after that, FM 56 was extended north to SH 67 (this section became part of SH 6 on September 26, 1945) Valley Mills. On June 11, 1945, FM 56 was extended north to Cayote (also called Coyote). On October 29, 1947, the section of FM 56 from Valley Mills to McGregor was transferred to SH 317, shortening FM 56 to be a route from Valley Mills to Cayote. On July 14, 1949, FM 56 was extended north to SH 22. On October 18, 1954, FM 56 was extended north to FM 1859 in Kopperl, and a section of FM 1859 from Kopperl to SH 174 was transferred to FM 56. On October 31, 1957, FM 56 was extended northward to the end of FM 1992 at Brazos Point. On January 15, 1960, FM 56 was extended to SH 144, replacing all of FM 1992 and part of FM 202 north of what was then FM 1992. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 56 was extended to a county road northwest of US 377, replacing FM 201.","title":"FM 56"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 57 (FM 57) is located in Jones and Fisher counties. It runs from Hamlin to FM 419.FM 57 was designated on May 19, 1942, from Hamlin southwest to the Fisher County line. On May 18, 1944, the road was extended to Sylvester. On December 16, 1948, a section from Sylvester to Longworth was added, and the road was extended to SH 70, replacing FM 609. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended to FM 419.","title":"FM 57"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 58 (FM 58) is located in Angelina County. It runs from US 69 southeast of Lufkin to FM 1818.FM 58 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 59 and Harmony Hill Drive south of Lufkin to US 69 southeast of Lufkin, and from Harmony Hill Drive to a point 10.2 miles (16.4 km) south as a replacement for State Highway 299. On March 20, 1946, the road was extended south to a county road (current FM 1818). On May 23, 1951, FM 58 was extended west to US 59 at Diboll. The same day a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section of FM 58 was renumbered FM 1877. On August 11, 1966, the section from FM 1818 to US 59 was transferred to FM 1818.","title":"FM 58"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cross Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Roads,_Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_212"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 59 (FM 59) is located in Henderson and Anderson counties. The road is 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 19 in Athens. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Cross Roads. The southern terminus is at US 287 in Cayuga. FM 59 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 19 in Athens to Cross Roads. On June 11, 1945, it was extended to Cayuga. This was part of SH 212 before 1939.","title":"FM 59"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_158"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2154"},{"link_name":"FM 2154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2154"},{"link_name":"SH 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_230"},{"link_name":"FM 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_50"},{"link_name":"SH 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_30"},{"link_name":"FM 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_111"},{"link_name":"FM 2618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2618"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 60 (FM 60) runs from SH 21, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Caldwell, southeastward to SH 36 at Lyons; and from another point on SH 36 at Lyons, northeastward to FM 158 at Bryan. In Brazos County, it is also known as Raymond Stotzer Pkwy west of FM 2154 and University Drive east of FM 2154.FM 60 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 6 (now a business route) to a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River, replacing a portion of SH 230. On August 24, 1943, a second section was created from FM 50 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Snook east to the State Experimental Sub Station, creating a gap. On October 6 in that year, the western section was extended to SH 36 near Lyons, replacing a section of FM 50. On August 1, 1944, FM 60 was extended from a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River to the State Experimental Sub Station, closing the gap. On October 31, 1957, it was extended east to FM 158. On December 15, 1960, the section from SH 6 (now a business route) to FM 158 was transferred to SH 30. On June 2, 1967, FM 60 was extended southwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 36. On February 29, 1968, FM 60 was extended from the old location of SH 6 to the new location of SH 6. On November 26, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 111. On December 19, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest to SH 21, replacing FM 111. FM 111 was instead reassigned to an extension of its former spur connection, then numbered FM 2618. On May 23, 1978, it was extended northeast from SH 6 to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 47 to FM 158 was redesignated Urban Road 60 (UR 60). The designation reverted to FM 60 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 60"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belknap_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SH 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_67"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_251"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 61 (FM 61) runs from US 380 just south of Newcastle southeastward through Fort Belknap to SH 67 in Graham.FM 61 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Graham, northward to Loving. On June 18, 1945, it was extended north to the Archer County line. Seven days later, it was extended north to US 281. On November 21, 1956, FM 61 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SH 24. On November 24, 1959, it was extended west to SH 251 in Fort Belknap. On January 31, 1969, the section of FM 61 from US 380 in Graham northward to US 281 was transferred to SH 16. On May 6, 1974, one section in Graham was transferred to relocated SH 67. On February 23, 1993, it was extended north to US 380 south of Newcastle, replacing a section of SH 251.","title":"FM 61"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hortense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hortense,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_646"},{"link_name":"FM 942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_942"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 62 (FM 62) is located in Polk County. It runs from US 59 in Camden to US 287.FM 62 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 59 to Camden. On May 23, 1951, it was extended to Hortense. On July 27, 1951, the road from Camden to Hortense was redesignated as FM 646 (FM 646 was short-lived, as it became part of FM 942 on January 14, 1952), truncating FM 62 back to its previous terminus at Camden. On May 2, 1962, FM 62 was extended east to US 287.","title":"FM 62"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMullen_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_72"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Calliham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fowlerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlerton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_63-140"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 63 (FM 63) was located in Live Oak and McMullen counties. At its longest, it was 38.2 miles (61.5 km) in length.FM 63 was formed from a section of SH 72 on June 23, 1942, beginning at Three Rivers and ending near Calliham. On July 9, 1945, it was extended to Tilden. On May 22, 1947, it was extended to Fowlerton. FM 63 was cancelled on December 15, 1960, and transferred back to SH 72.[134]","title":"FM 63"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Ladonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladonia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pecan Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_Gap,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24_Business_(D)"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"SH 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_247"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_501-142"},{"link_name":"FM 904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_904"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_459-143"},{"link_name":"FM 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_128"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_502-144"},{"link_name":"FM 1532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1532"},{"link_name":"FM 1528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1528"},{"link_name":"FM 3388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3388"},{"link_name":"FM 1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1530"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_502-144"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sulphur_Springs_map-145"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"South Sulphur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_River"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_247-146"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_128-147"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_128-147"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_247-146"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_19-148"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_154-149"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_154-149"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_457-150"},{"link_name":"SH 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_50-151"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 64 (FM 64) is a 18.3-mile (29.5 km) route in Fannin and Delta counties. It runs from SH 34 in Ladonia, passing through Pecan Gap and Antioch, to Bus. SH 24 in Cooper. The road also has major intersections with SH 24 in Cooper and several other Farm to Market Roads. FM 64 was designated in 1942, replacing SH 247.FM 64 begins at SH 34 on the northern edge of Ladonia in Fannin County.[136] The road proceeds to the east away from town and is joined from the north by FM 904 before the combined route enters Pecan Gap and Delta County.[137] On the west side of Pecan Gap, FM 904 separates turning to the south. On the east side of town at the intersection with FM 128, FM 64 turns to the south and continues away from town.[138]At the intersection with FM 1532, FM 64 turns to the east. The road intersects FM 1528 from the south, then FM 3388 and FM 1530 to the north before entering Cooper from the northwest. The road then intersects SH 24 which bypasses central Cooper on the northwest, and ends at the state highway's business route through town.[138]The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.[139]FM 64 was designated as an extension of SH 154 on February 8, 1933. This section of SH 154 was decommissioned on July 15, 1935, but was restored on December 22, 1936. On August 4, 1937, SH 154 was rerouted over old SH 247, and this section was redesignated as new SH 247. The highway was described until June 23, 1942, as a route from Ladonia through Cooper to a point on SH 154 near the South Sulphur River.[140] That year, SH 247 was removed from the highway system, and FM 64 was created over the former SH 247 from a point approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to SH 154.[135] The road was extended westward to FM 128 at Pecan Gap On February 28, 1945,[135] and on February 21, 1946, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was designated as a state highway, SH 247, to be marked for information and guidance of the traveling public as a Farm to Market Road. On November 23, 1948, the portion of the current road between SH 34 in Ladonia and Pecan Gap was added to FM 128 as an extension.[141] The portion of FM 128 between Ladonia and Pecan Gap was reassigned as an extension to FM 64 on February 26, 1949.[135][141] This extended FM 64 along the entire length of the former SH 247.[135][140] On May 18, 1953, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was no longer designated as SH 247.SH 154 north of Sulphur Springs was reassigned as part of SH 19 on August 24, 1960,[142][143] but was extended over SH 19 and FM 64 to SH 24 in Cooper on August 28 of the following year[143] terminating FM 64 at SH 24.[135] In 1968, SH 24 in Cooper was relocated over its present bypass, and its original route through town where FM 64 ends was signed as its business route.[144] From 1971 to 2003, SH 34 where FM 64 begins was also part of SH 50.[145]","title":"FM 64"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dimmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_85"},{"link_name":"Big Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Wells,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 65 (FM 65) is located in Zavala and Dimmit counties. It runs from US 83 south of Crystal City to I-35.FM 65 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 83 south of Crystal City to SH 85 west of Big Wells. On September 14, 1944, FM 65 was modified to end at US 83 north of Crystal City. On February 25, 2010, FM 65 was extended concurrent with SH 85 to I-35.","title":"FM 65"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_325"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 66 (FM 66) is located in Ellis and Hill counties. It runs from Mayfield to Waxahachie.FM 66 was designated on June 23, 1942, from Itasca to Files Valley. This was designated as SH 325 from December 7, 1939, to February 20, 1940. On August 2, 1943, the road was extended to FM 74 at Maypearl. On August 23 of that year, the road was extended to Waxahachie, replacing FM 74. On June 18, 1945, the road was extended to Mayfield.","title":"FM 66"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_933"},{"link_name":"Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_66"},{"link_name":"Itasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"Spur 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_248"},{"link_name":"FM 712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_712"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 67 (FM 67) is located in Hill County. It runs from FM 933 in Blum to FM 66 at Elm Street in Itasca.FM 67 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 171 at Covington to Blum. On March 26, 1953, FM 67 was extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to new location SH 171. On October 27, 1956, FM 67 was extended north to SH 174, replacing Spur 248. On October 31, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 712 and US 81. On November 26, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 66 in Itasca, replacing FM 712. On July 21, 1961, the section north of FM 933 was transferred to FM 933. On March 26, 1991, the section of FM 67 along Files Street and Wilkerson Street was given to the city of Itasca.","title":"FM 67"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_337"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 68 (FM 68) is located in Fannin County. The road was designated on August 1, 1942, from a point on SH 78 north of Bailey through Gomer to a point on SH 34 at or near Whatley School as a replacement for SH 337.","title":"FM 68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"Winnsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"FM 1483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1483"},{"link_name":"FM 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_515"},{"link_name":"FM 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_71"},{"link_name":"FM 2476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2476"},{"link_name":"FM 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_270"},{"link_name":"FM 269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_269"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 69 (FM 69) is located in Hopkins and Wood counties. It runs from 2 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71 south to SH 37.FM 69 was designated on September 22, 1942, from SH 37 south of Winnsboro west to Coke. On June 11, 1945, FM 69 was extended south back to SH 37. On November 21, 1956, FM 69 was extended east to SH 11. On December 21, 1959, the section of FM 69 east of what was then part of FM 1483 became part of FM 515 (along with part of FM 1483), and FM 69 was rerouted north to 2.0 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71, replacing FM 2476 and part of FM 270 (the section of FM 270 east and north of FM 2476 became part of FM 269).","title":"FM 69"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nueces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_286"},{"link_name":"Chapman Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Ranch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_44"},{"link_name":"Agua Dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Dulce,_Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_739"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"FM 739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_739"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 70 (FM 70) is located in Jim Wells and Nueces counties. It runs from US 59 to SH 286 in Chapman Ranch.FM 70 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 in Chapman Ranch to SH 44 in Agua Dulce. On November 20, 1951, FM 70 was extended north to the Nueces–Jim Wells county line. On December 18, 1951, FM 70 was extended northeast to FM 739 and County Road 103. On January 14, 1952, FM 70 was extended northwest to US 59, replacing FM 739.","title":"FM 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"}],"sub_title":"FM 70 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 70 was designated on September 22, 1942, from Crews via Winters to Wingate. FM 70 was cancelled on June 22, 1944, and became a portion of FM 53 (now SH 153).","title":"FM 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bluff,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_260"},{"link_name":"Hagansport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagansport,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Talco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilkinson,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emblem,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peerless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peerless,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_276"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Ridgeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridgeway,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SH 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_26"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Brashear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brashear,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2653"},{"link_name":"FM 1531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1531"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Loop 216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_216"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 71 (FM 71) is located in Hunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris counties. It runs from SH 11 in Commerce to US 259.\nFM 71 was designated on November 24, 1942, from SH 154 (now SH 19) east to Sulphur Bluff. This was formerly SH 260 before 1939. On June 11, 1945, FM 71 was extended east via Hagansport and Talco to Wilkinson. On November 23, 1948, FM 71 was extended west to Emblem with a spur connection to Peerless added, replacing FM 276 (which went from SH 154 to Peerless). On May 23, 1951, FM 71 was extended south to SH 11 at Ridgeway. On October 13, 1954, FM 71 was extended east to the Titus–Morris county line. On August 24, 1955, FM 71 was extended east to SH 26 (now US 259). On October 31, 1958, FM 71 was extended south from SH 11 to US 67 at Brashear. On September 27, 1960, the section south of Emblem was renumbered FM 2653, and FM 71 was rerouted west on a new alignment to FM 1531, and replaced a section of FM 1531 west to SH 11 in Commerce (later Loop 216, later Bus. SH 24, now Bus. SH 224).","title":"FM 71"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irion County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irion_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mertzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertzon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Old Irion County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irion_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_72-159"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1201-160"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_72-159"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 72 (FM 72) is located in Irion County. It runs eastward from US 67 approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Mertzon to near the Old Irion County Courthouse in Sherwood.[153][154]FM 72 was designated on February 12, 1943, along the current route.[153]","title":"FM 72"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_73-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_992-162"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1050-163"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1049-164"},{"link_name":"Prairie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Hill,_Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolidge,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_73-161"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 73 (FM 73) is located in Limestone County. It runs from 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of SH 171 to US 84.[155][156][157][158]FM 73 was designated on February 12, 1943, from US 84 west of Prairie Hill to SH 171 in Coolidge. On May 5, 1966, FM 73 was extended northeast 3.1 miles (5.0 km). On October 3, 1966, FM 73 had a slight rerouting due to the relocation of SH 171 in Coolidge.[155]","title":"FM 73"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_236"},{"link_name":"Queen City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_251"},{"link_name":"FM 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_249"},{"link_name":"Bloomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomburg,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 74 (FM 74) is located in Cass County. It was designated on May 23, 1951, from Loop 236 at Queen City east to FM 251, and from another point on FM 251 to FM 249 in Bloomburg.","title":"FM 74"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Maypearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypearl,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_66"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_74-165"}],"sub_title":"FM 74 (1943)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 74 was designated in Ellis and Hill counties on March 8, 1943, connecting Waxahachie and Maypearl. FM 74 was cancelled on August 23, 1943, and became part of an extended FM 66.[159]","title":"FM 74"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1827"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 75 (FM 75) is located in Collin County. The road begins at Monte Carlo Road in Princeton and runs north to FM 1827.FM 75 was formed on April 15, 1943, from SH 24 (now US 380) along the former route of SH 145 to an intersection with former SH 24 as a replacement for State Spur 73. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended to FM 1827. On November 15, 1977, the southern terminus was redesignated as US 380. On February 28, 2019, the section of FM 75 from Monte Carlo Road to US 380 via Longneck Road, College Avenue, 2nd Street, McKinney Avenue, 3rd Street, Main Street, and 4th Street was given to the city of Princeton.[161]","title":"FM 75"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_375_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1281"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fabens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3380"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_80"},{"link_name":"Ysleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysleta,_El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 76 (FM 76) is located in El Paso County. The road begins at SH 20 in the Ascarate district of El Paso and heads southeastward to Clint, passing Loop 375 in the process. The highway then intersects with FM 1281, and remains parallel to I-10. Once it reaches Fabens, the highway turns southwest and then southeast and ends at FM 3380 (former FM 1109) near the Mexican border. At designation on April 14, 1943, the road went from US 80 in Ascarate to a point near Ysleta. The highway was expanded on May 18, 1944, from Ysleta to Clint, and then again on July 9, 1945, from Clint to Fabens. On December 16, 1948, the road was expanded to a junction of FM 1109. On April 2, 1969, the highway was slightly modified due to the portion of US 80 being modified into SH 20. On June 27, 1995, the section of the highway from FM 1110 to SH 20 was redesignated Urban Road 76 (UR 76). The designation reverted to FM 76 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 76"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzales County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Schoolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schoolland,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_108"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 77 (FM 77) is located in Gonzales County. The road begins at US 87 east of Nixon, then runs northeast to Schoolland and then southeast to FM 108.FM 77 was designated on August 2, 1943, from US 87 east of Nixon northeast to Schoolland. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to FM 108.","title":"FM 77"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bexar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_78-170"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 78 (FM 78) is located in Bexar and Guadalupe counties, connecting San Antonio and Seguin.[164]","title":"FM 78"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_100"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 79 (FM 79) is located in Fannin and Lamar counties. It runs from FM 100 to US 82.FM 79 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 82 northwest to Unity. On August 25, 1949, it was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to the Fannin County line. On December 18, 1951, FM 79 was extended to its current terminus at FM 100.","title":"FM 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_156"},{"link_name":"FM 1449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1449"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 80 (FM 80) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties. It runs from FM 39 to SH 75 in Streetman.FM 80 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 84 (later Loop 255, now Bus. US 84) in Teague to SH 164 in Donie. On June 11, 1945, FM 80 was extended north to Kirvin. On July 15, 1948, Spur 156, connecting FM 80 to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery, became part of FM 80, and the old route became a spur connection. On July 21, 1949, FM 80 was extended south 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from Donie. That same day, the spur became part of FM 1449. On July 25, 1950, FM 80 was extended south to FM 39. On November 16, 1956, the section from Kirvin to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery became part of new FM 1449, while old FM 1449 from Kirvin to US 75 (now SH 75) in Streetman became part of FM 80.","title":"FM 80"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Goliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_886"},{"link_name":"FM 744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_744"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 81 (FM 81) is located in Karnes and Goliad counties. It runs from FM 1144 north, east, and south to SH 239 at Charco.FM 81 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 239 at Charco to SH 72 at Runge. On July 9, 1945, FM 81 was extended to SH 80 at Helena. On January 6, 1950, FM 81 was extended to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Hobson at what would later be FM 1144, replacing FM 886 and FM 744.","title":"FM 81"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 82 (FM 82) is located in Newton and Jasper counties. It runs from FM 1004 west of US 87 to 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of US 96.FM 82 was designated on May 23, 1951, from FM 1004 near SH 87 northwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, FM 82 was extended west to US 96. On June 1, 1965, FM 82 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to its current end.","title":"FM 82"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_263"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"}],"sub_title":"FM 82 (1943)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 82 was designated on September 6, 1943, from Bonham via Randolph to Trenton. The section from Randolph to Bonham was formerly SH 263. FM 82 became a portion of SH 121 on December 16, 1943.","title":"FM 82"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"FM 2379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2379"},{"link_name":"FM 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1965"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 83 (FM 83) is located in San Augustine and Sabine counties. It connects SH 147 to Lows Creek Marina west of the Louisiana state line.FM 83 was designated on September 7, 1943, from Hemphill to East Mayfield. On June 11, 1945, it was extended west to US 96 near Pineland. On May 3, 1961, FM 83 was extended west to SH 147 and east to a road intersection, replacing FM 2379 and FM 1965. On July 1, 1964, FM 83 was rerouted to use Flag Pole Road instead of Maple Street from US 96 to FM 1. On June 2, 1967, FM 83 was extended east 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On September 26, 1979, FM 83 was extended east 0.1 miles (0.16 km) to Lows Creek Marina.","title":"FM 83"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_75_(TX)"},{"link_name":"Lake Texoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Texoma"},{"link_name":"SH 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH_91_(TX)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 84 (FM 84) is located in Grayson County. The 8.9-mile (14.3 km) route connects US 75 to Lake Texoma.FM 84 was designated on October 6, 1943, replacing a portion of SH 91. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 84 (UR 84). The designation reverted to FM 84 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Grayson County.","title":"FM 84"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2613"},{"link_name":"FM 662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_662"},{"link_name":"FM 1129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1129"},{"link_name":"FM 1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1250"},{"link_name":"FM 3413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3413"},{"link_name":"SH 334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_334"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 85 (FM 85) is located in Ellis, Navarro, and Henderson counties. It runs from I-45 and US 287 in Ennis to SH 274.FM 85 was designated on October 6, 1943, from Mabank to SH 274. On June 28, 1945, a section from SH 198 to Prairieville was added, creating a concurrency with SH 198. On July 14, 1949, a section from FM 47 to Prairieville and a second section from SH 274 west 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to west of Aley were added. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended westward and northward to the Kaufman–Henderson county line. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended northward to FM 988 at Lively. On October 30, 1961, the road was rerouted to run from US 75 (now I-45) to US 175: the section of FM 85 from FM 47 south to SH 198 was transferred to FM 90, the section of FM 85 from US 175 at Mabank south to then-FM 1250 was also transferred to FM 90, the section from then-FM 1129 north to then-FM 988 (which became part of FM 148 that day) was transferred to FM 2613, FM 662 was combined, the section of FM 1129 from then-FM 662 to then-FM 85 was transferred to FM 85, and FM 1250 was combined. On January 1, 1978, the section from I-45 south of Ennis northeast 0.3 miles (0.48 km) was redesignated FM 3413, while FM 85 was rerouted over the old route of FM 3413. On December 14, 1989, the section from SH 274 to US 175 was transferred to SH 334.","title":"FM 85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2984"},{"link_name":"Luling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luling,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1789-180"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1790-181"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1741-182"},{"link_name":"FM 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_20"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1691-183"},{"link_name":"SH 311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_311"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_311-184"},{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 86 (FM 86) is located in Caldwell and Bastrop counties.[173]FM 86 begins at the intersection of US 183 and FM 2984 in northern Luling.[174] The route travels primarily to the northeast through unincorporated Caldwell County.[175][176] It ends just north of the Bastrop County line, at an intersection with FM 20 near Red Rock, in the community of Bateman.[173][177]FM 86 was designated on August 24, 1943, replacing the entirety of SH 311. At the time SH 311 was designated, the section of FM 20 north of Lockhart was part of SH 21.[173][178]KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86KML is from Wikidata","title":"FM 86"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 87 (FM 87) is located in Fannin County. It runs from US 82 near Bonham to SH 56.FM 87 was designated on March 24, 1993, from US 82 west of Bonham north 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a county road intersection. On August 25, 1994, the road was extended north 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to a prison facility and a second proposed prison facility (the TDC Choice Moore Unit and Buster Cole State Jail). On June 26, 2008, the road was extended north to US 82.","title":"FM 87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"SH 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_262"},{"link_name":"SH 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_176"}],"sub_title":"FM 87 (1943)","text":"Ranch to Market Road 87 (RM 87) was designated on October 6, 1943, from Andrews west 16.0 miles (25.7 km). On July 16, 1945, the road was extended east from Andrews to the Martin County line. The same day the road was extended east to SH 137 near Lenorah, and also on the same day the road was extended east to the Howard County line. On August 22, 1945, the road was extended west to the Texas/New Mexico state line. On May 25, 1946, the designation was changed to RM 87.[180] On January 22, 1947, the road was extended east to Big Spring. Parts were SH 262 before 1939. On September 23, 1953, FM 87 was signed (but not designated) as SH 176. FM 87 was cancelled on August 29, 1990 as the SH 176 designation became official.","title":"FM 87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo1987-188"},{"link_name":"FM 2067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2067"},{"link_name":"FM 1015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1015"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 88 (FM 88) is located in Willacy and Hidalgo counties. It runs from SH 186 south to US 281 west of Progresso.FM 88 was designated on November 15, 1943, from SH 186 south to SH 107 in Elsa. FM 88 was the first farm-to-market route designated in Hidalgo County.[182] On May 18, 1944, FM 88 was extended south via Weslaco (where it intersects US 83) to US 281 in Progresso. On September 22, 1953, FM 88 was extended south to the Rio Grande, replacing FM 2067. On October 24, 1963, the section of FM 88 south of US 281 was transferred to FM 1015. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 83 to US 281 was redesignated Urban Road 88 (UR 88). The designation of this section reverted to FM 88 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 88"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_126"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_83_(TX)"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_84_(TX)"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbines"},{"link_name":"Abilene State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mall of Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_Abilene"},{"link_name":"FM 613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_613"},{"link_name":"FM 2928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2928"},{"link_name":"FM 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_707"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM89_Jan2022-190"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 89 (FM 89) is located in Taylor County. It runs from FM 126 near Nolan to US 83/US 84 in Abilene.FM 89 starts just east of the Nolan–Taylor county line. The highway straddles the Callahan Divide, surrounded by wind turbines. At Abilene State Park, the terrain becomes flatter, as the road comes into Buffalo Gap. When coming into Buffalo Gap, FM 89 winds through town then continues northward toward Abilene. Upon entering the Wylie portion of Abilene, FM 89 becomes locally known as Buffalo Gap Road, and continues with this designation past the Mall of Abilene to the Winters Freeway, where FM 89 ends. Buffalo Gap Road continues northward.FM 89 was designated on December 16, 1943, from US 83/84 to Lake Abilene State Park. On November 10, 1947, the section from Abilene to Buffalo Gap was transferred to FM 613. On June 17, 1965, FM 89 regained its lost section, replacing a section of FM 613, but signage was not changed until January 1, 1966. On May 5, 1966, FM 89 was extended west 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 2, 1967, it was extended northwestward 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On July 11, 1968, it was extended west to US 277 and FM 2928. On August 2, 1968, it was extended west to FM 126, replacing FM 2928. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 707 to US 83/US 84 was redesignated Urban Road 89 (UR 89). The designation of this section reverted to FM 89 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]In January 2022, construction began to upgrade a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) section of FM 89 in Abilene. Plans to improve the roadway had been included as part of the city's transportation plan as early as 1995 and were necessitated by increased development in the southern part of the city. The project is scheduled to be completed in March 2024.[184]","title":"FM 89"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_198"},{"link_name":"Mabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabank,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_47"},{"link_name":"FM 3227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3227"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggm-fm-90-192"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"FM 316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_316"},{"link_name":"FM 1617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1617"},{"link_name":"FM 3441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3441"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 90 (FM 90) is a 13.2-mile-long (21.2 km) route located in Kaufman and Van Zandt counties.The road begins at an intersection with SH 198 in Mabank, and heads north towards Prairieville. North of there, the road turns northeast to its northern terminus, an intersection with FM 47/FM 3227 near Whitton.[186]FM 90 was formed on March 30, 1944, from SH 31 in Malakoff to Cross Roads. On October 30, 1961, FM 90 replaced a section of FM 316 from SH 31 to its current southern terminus. FM 90 also replaced FM 1617 from FM 316 to FM 85 (now SH 334). It also replaced a section of FM 85 from FM 47 to what was then FM 1617. On May 19, 1983, the section from Mabank to Malakoff was transferred to SH 198 and the section from Malakoff to Cross Roads was renumbered as FM 3441.","title":"FM 90"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilbarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbarger_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_392"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 91 (FM 91) is located in Hardeman and Wilbarger counties. It runs from FM 1167 near Medicine Mound to US 283.FM 91 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 287 in Chillicothe via Odell to US 283. On July 15, 1949, the highway was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) with a spur connection west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) added. On October 26, 1954, FM 91 was rerouted over the spur connection and was extended to FM 1167 at Medicine Mound, while the old route south was renumbered FM 392. On April 29, 1959, a spur connection in Medicine Mound, designated FM Spur 91, was added.","title":"FM 91"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Town_Bluff-195"},{"link_name":"ZZ Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ_Top"},{"link_name":"Tejas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejas_(album)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 92 (FM 92) is located in Tyler and Hardin counties. It runs from US 96 at Silsbee to 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of US 190.FM 92 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 96 (this section became Loop 498 on November 30, 1978, and it is now Bus. US 96) in Silsbee northward to US 190. On May 7, 1970, FM 92 was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) from US 190. On August 28, 1991, the FM 92 designation was extended north to RE 255; however, this extension is not yet constructed.Town Bluff, one of the earliest settlements in Tyler County, is located along FM 92.[189]The road is mentioned in the ZZ Top song \"Avalon Hideaway\" on the 1976 album Tejas.[190][191]","title":"FM 92"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 93 (FM 93) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 439 to US 190 at Heidenheimer.FM 93 was designated on June 2, 1967, from FM 817 east to I-35. On January 31, 1974, the road was extended east to US 190 at Heidenheimer and west to FM 439, replacing all of FM 2748 west of SH 317, a section of FM 817, a section of FM 1741 (new road built; old road is now Taylors Valley Road), and all of FM 2618, but signing of FM 2618 as FM 93 did not start until the construction of FM 2618 was completed. On June 27, 1995, the section between FM 439 and FM 1741 was redesignated Urban Road 93 (UR 93). The designation of this section reverted to FM 93 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Bell County.","title":"FM 93"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Marble Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_93-198"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_71-201"}],"sub_title":"RM 93 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 93 (RM 93) was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 290 at or near Austin to US 281 south of Marble Falls. On September 28, 1949, RM 93 was extended northwest to SH 16 at Llano. On October 24, 1955, RM 93 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 71. RM 93 was cancelled on September 1, 1965, and officially transferred to SH 71, as that route was extended further west to Brady.[192][194]","title":"FM 93"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"FM 2042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2042"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 94 (FM 94) is located in the Texas Panhandle. It runs from US 62/US 83 south of Childress to SH 70 in Matador. A spur connection, FM Spur 94, connects to US 62/US 70 in Matador.FM 94 was designated on February 11, 1944, from Childress west to Tell.[196] On March 18, 1947, a section of War Highway 16 (which was already part of FM 94) from US 83 west 1.75 miles (2.82 km) was added to FM 94, and FM 94 was extended to US 287 in Childress, replacing Loop 146. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 17.8 miles (28.6 km) south to Northfield. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest 6.5 miles (10.5 km), and another 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest on October 26, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southwest 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 70 in Matador. On December 14, 1959, the section of FM 94 north of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 2042, and FM 94 was rerouted over the old route of FM 2042. One section of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 164 on September 5, 1973, and another section north to FM 164 was transferred to FM 3468 on August 4, 1988. On January 2, 1962, FM Spur 94, connecting to SH 70 in Matador, was added. On September 24, 2007, by district request, FM 94 was routed over FM Spur 94 to SH 70 while FM Spur 94 was rerouted over the former route of FM 94 to US 62/US 70. On October 25, 2012, the road was realigned on a new route west of FM 2042; the former route was turned over to Childress County.","title":"FM 94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1716"},{"link_name":"FM 1274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1274"},{"link_name":"FM 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1863"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 95 (FM 95) is located in Rusk and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from FM 1798 in Minden south to SH 103.FM 95 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 59 in Garrison to the Nacogdoches–Rusk county line. On May 7, 1948, FM 95 was extended northwest to SH 26 (now US 259) west of Minden. On December 10, 1951, FM 95 was extended northwest to FM 839, replacing FM 1716 (the connecting section was designated on November 20). On January 27, 1953, the section west of FM 1798 was transferred to FM 1798. On June 18, 1964, FM 95 was extended south to SH 103, replacing FM 1274. Part of what was FM 1274 was originally numbered FM 1863.","title":"FM 95"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_77"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 96 (FM 96) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 77 north and southeast to US 59.FM 96 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 77 northward 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to Antioch. On January 23, 1953, FM 96 was extended north and southeast to US 59.","title":"FM 96"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 96 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 96 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Gorman to Desdemona in Eastland County. FM 96 was cancelled on May 17, 1948, and became a portion of FM 8.","title":"FM 96"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Motley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_785"},{"link_name":"FM 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_135"},{"link_name":"FM 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_378"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 97 (FM 97) is located in Floyd and Motley counties. It runs from SH 70 west to US 70 in Lockney.FM 97 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 18 (now SH 70) westward to Flomot. On June 11, 1945, FM 97 was extended west to the Motley–Floyd county line. On December 2, 1953, FM 97 was extended west to SH 207, replacing FM 785. On March 24, 1958, FM 97 was extended west and south to Loop 75 in Lockney, replacing FM 135 (although it remained signed as FM 135 until the 1959 travel map was released). Later, FM 97 was rerouted west to US 70, with the old route to Loop 75 being redesignated as a spur connection. On January 20, 1964, the spur connection to Lockney was cancelled because it was already part of FM 378 (which had extended north from what is now FM 37 on December 21, 1959).","title":"FM 97"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilbarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbarger_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2183"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 98 (FM 98) is located in Foard and Wilbarger counties. It runs from SH 6 near Crowell northeast to US 70FM 98 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 70 in Crowell northeast to Margaret. On October 28, 1953, FM 98 was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Margaret. On November 1, 1955, FM 98 was extended east to US 70, replacing FM 2183 (connecting section designated September 21, 1955). On September 29, 1977, FM 98 was extended south and west to SH 6.","title":"FM 98"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Atascosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Live Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMullen_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2153"},{"link_name":"FM 1106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1106"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 99 (FM 99) is located in Karnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen counties. It runs from FM 1144 in Karnes City to a road intersection 4 miles (6.4 km) south of SH 72.FM 99 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Karnes City to the Karnes–Atascosa county line. On May 15, 1946, FM 99 was extended west to Fashing. On October 23, 1948, another section from US 281 (now Bus. US 281) at Whitsett north to the Live Oak–Atascosa county line was added, creating a gap. On September 19, 1951, the sections were connected, closing the gap. On October 28, 1953, FM 99 was extended southwest to the Live Oak–McMullen county line. On October 27, 1954, FM 99 was extended south to FM 63 (which became part of SH 72 on December 15, 1960) in Calliham, replacing FM 2153. On March 27, 1981, a section of FM 99 was closed as it would be inundated by Choke Canyon Reservoir, so FM 99 was rerouted on a new alignment west and extended south to a road intersection 4.0 miles (6.4 km) miles south of SH 72, replacing FM 1106. SH 72 was also rerouted around the reservoir.","title":"FM 99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9-concur_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16-concur_49-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36-concur_86-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40-concur_103-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93-concur_199-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 9 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 in Waskom.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 16 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 110 in Van.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 36 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 66 and US 380.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 40 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 207.\n\n^ RM 42 was originally designated as FM 42 from 1948 to 1959.\n\n^ RM 43 was originally designated as FM 43 from 1942 to 1945.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 93 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 317.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in Lindale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lindale_May_2018_21_%28Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street%29.jpg/220px-Lindale_May_2018_21_%28Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM 23 in Cherokee County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Texas_FM_23.jpg/200px-Texas_FM_23.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM 51, as East California Street, in Gainesville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gainesville_June_2017_34_%28E_California_Street%29.jpg/220px-Gainesville_June_2017_34_%28E_California_Street%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0001.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0002.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1598. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1598.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Surette, Rusty (October 31, 2016). \"Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota\". KBTX-TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Driver-killed-in-crash-south-of-Navasota-on-Highway-6-399339261.html","url_text":"\"Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTX-TV","url_text":"KBTX-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County\". Texas Department of Transportation. February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/get-involved/about/hearings-meetings/bryan/020917.html","url_text":"\"SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0003.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1333. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1333.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1278. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1278.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 4\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0004.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 5\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0005.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 704. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/704.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 703. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/703.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 661. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/661.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 131\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0131.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 131\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 6\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0006.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 115\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0115.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0108.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 108\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 7\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0007.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 66\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0066.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 8\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0008.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 9\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0009.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 803. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/803.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 762. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/762.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 719. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/719.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tslarc.tsl.texas.gov/maps/map05166.jpg","url_text":"\"1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 10\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0010.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 11\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0011.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 12\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0012.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Rollins, Brad (May 13, 2007). \"No to road bonds\". San Marcos Daily Record. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716094415/http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html#","url_text":"\"No to road bonds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_Daily_Record","url_text":"San Marcos Daily Record"},{"url":"http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3407\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3407.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3407\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'\". San Marcos Mercury. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145844/http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","url_text":"\"Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'\""},{"url":"http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 13\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0013.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 884. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/884.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171427/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"Tyler, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Texas (Map) (1986 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171739/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"Henderson, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 324\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0324.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 324\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Randall; Morris, Rebecca. \"Price, TX (Rusk County)\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlp53","url_text":"\"Price, TX (Rusk County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas_Online","url_text":"Handbook of Texas Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association","url_text":"Texas State Historical Association"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 14\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0014.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 270\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0270.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 270\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 15\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0015.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 841. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/841.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 269\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0269.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 269\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 16\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0016.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 17\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0017.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 18\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0018.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 19\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0019.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 20\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0020.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 21\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0021.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park\". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/lake_bob_sandlin/","url_text":"\"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department","url_text":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 22\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0022.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 22\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 940. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/940.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 999. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/999.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 23\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0023.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 23\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1056. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1056.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1057. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1057.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1857.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 24\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0024.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church\". Corpus Christi, TX: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpeterprince.net/","url_text":"\"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2139. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2139.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 25\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0025.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 46\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0046.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 46\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 26\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0026.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 26\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 769. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/769.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 727. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/727.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 684. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/684.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 27\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0027.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 27\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 28\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0028.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 29\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0029.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 30\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0030.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 31\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0031.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 31\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 32\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0032.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 32\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 232\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0232.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 232\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 33\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0033.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 33\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of RM 33\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3593646,-101.4957032/32.1773156,-101.4728886/@31.7721192,-101.5298017,10z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of RM 33\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 34\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0034.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 34\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1235. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 35\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0035.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 35\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 35\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9159564,-96.2387207/32.973452,-96.3225985/@32.9432313,-96.2903933,13.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 35\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 36\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0036.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 36\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2018). \"Route of FM 36\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9105975,-96.1695432/33.3027577,-96.2680901/@33.1091386,-96.3708437,11z/am=t?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Route of FM 36\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 37\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0037.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 37\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 311. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/311.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 312. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/312.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 288. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/288.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 289. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/289.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 290. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/290.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 291. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/291.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 316. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/316.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 317. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/317.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 318. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/318.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 38\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0038.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 38\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 39\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0039.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 39\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (December 16, 1948). \"Minutes of the 397th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676389.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 397th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 40\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0040.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 40\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 41\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0041.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 41\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 42\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0042.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 42\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"U.S. Highway No. 190\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0190.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. Highway No. 190\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 43\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0043.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 43\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2019). \"Route of FM 43\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/27.6876516,-97.5538091/27.7218617,-97.3984335/@27.7008816,-97.4984649,13.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.4282301!2d27.688943!3s0x8668f52f94f7ee1b:0x86c4d7c8d9bec610!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 43\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 44\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0044.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 44\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 23\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0023.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 23\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 45\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0045.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 45\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 46\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0046.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 46\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 47\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0047.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 47\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 48\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0048.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 48\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 41\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0041.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 41\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, Paul (August 2007). \"Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle\" (PDF). The Cyclone. Vol. XIV, no. 2. West Texas Historical Association. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://swco.ttu.edu/WestTexas/indexes/CycloneAugust%2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 49\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0049.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 49\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 713. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/713.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 714. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/714.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 715. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/715.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 50\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0050.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0051.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 204\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0204.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 204\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 52\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0052.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 52\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 53\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0053.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 53\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (October 29, 1948). \"Minutes of the 395th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 395th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (November 23, 1948). \"Minutes of the 396th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676388.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 396th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 438\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0438.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 438\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 54\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0054.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 54\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 55\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0055.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 55\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 56\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0056.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 56\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 57\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0057.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 57\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 58\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0058.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 58\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 59\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0059.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 59\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 60\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0060.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 61\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0061.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 62\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0062.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 63\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0063.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 63\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 64\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0064.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 501. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/501.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 459. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/459.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 502. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/502.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Sulphur Springs, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171115/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201084&quad=Sulphur%20Springs&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"Sulphur Springs, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201084&quad=Sulphur%20Springs&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 247\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0247.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 247\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 128\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0128.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 128\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 19\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0019.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 19\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 154\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0154.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 154\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 457\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0457.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 457\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 50\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0050.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 50\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 65\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0065.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 66\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0066.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 67\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0067.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 67\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 68\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0068.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 68\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 69\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0069.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 69\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 70\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0070.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 70\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 71\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0071.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 71\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 72\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0072.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1201. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1201.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 73\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0073.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 73\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 992. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/992.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1050. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1050.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1049. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1049.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 74\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0074.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 75\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0075.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115441\" (PDF). TxDOT. February 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2019/0228/11e3.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115441\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 76\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0076.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 77\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0077.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 77\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 78\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0078.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 78\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 79\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0079.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 80\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0080.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 81\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0081.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 81\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 82\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0082.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 82\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 83\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0083.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 83\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 84\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0084.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 84\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 17, 2018). \"Route of FM 84\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.8417484,-96.6364829/33.7752139,-96.5553292/33.782308,-96.5324757/@33.8084523,-96.6058924,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 84\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 85\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0085.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 86\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0086.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1789. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1789.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1790. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1790.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1741. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1741.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1691. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1691.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 311\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0311.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 311\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 87\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0087.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (January 22, 1947). \"Minutes of the 376th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676373.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 376th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 88\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0088.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, J. F. (1987). \"History of the Texas Highway Department in Hidalgo County, 1922 to 1968\" (PDF). State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/thdresearch/dht-1.pdf","url_text":"\"History of the Texas Highway Department in Hidalgo County, 1922 to 1968\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 89\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0089.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Gutschke, Laura (January 11, 2022). \"Buffalo Gap Road 2-year improvement project is underway\". Abilene Reporter-News. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reporternews.com/story/news/2022/01/11/buffalo-gap-road-2-year-improvement-project-beginning/9133161002/","url_text":"\"Buffalo Gap Road 2-year improvement project is underway\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 90\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0090.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 10, 2012). \"FM 90\" (Map). Google Maps. Google Maps. Retrieved September 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+90&daddr=32.446028,-96.1128971+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+90&hl=en&sll=32.376065,-96.095116&sspn=0.009206,0.015514&geocode=FQID7gEdH7NF-g%3BFUwW7wEd_25F-inP8HB_TTxJhjF_k9z_PkounA%3BFVod8AEdWpxG-g&t=h&mra=ls&via=1&z=12","url_text":"\"FM 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 91\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0091.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 92\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0092.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com\". www.lyrics.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/30437731/ZZ+Top/Avalon+Hideaway","url_text":"\"ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 93\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0093.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 93\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2019). \"Route of FM 93\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.09164,-97.5498191/31.02474,-97.3075844/@31.0640081,-97.4683522,12.83z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.4790604!2d31.0626282!3s0x864540618825fe93:0x31c1fa2f70600fdc!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 93\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 71\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0071.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 71\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 94\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0094.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 94\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (February 11, 1944). \"Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676332.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 95\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0095.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 96\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0096.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 96\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 97\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0097.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 97\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 98\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0098.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 99\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0099.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 99\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399","external_links_name":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas\" 1–99"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Farm+to+Market+Roads+in+Texas%22+1%E2%80%9399&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Farm_to_Market_Roads_in_Texas_(1%E2%80%9399)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0002.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1598.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Driver-killed-in-crash-south-of-Navasota-on-Highway-6-399339261.html","external_links_name":"\"Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota\""},{"Link":"https://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/get-involved/about/hearings-meetings/bryan/020917.html","external_links_name":"\"SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0003.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1333.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1278.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0005.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 5\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/704.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/703.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/661.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0131.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 131\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 6\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0115.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 115\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0108.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 108\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0007.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0066.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 66\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0008.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0009.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/803.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/762.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/719.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://tslarc.tsl.texas.gov/maps/map05166.jpg","external_links_name":"\"1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0010.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0011.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0012.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 12\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716094415/http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html#","external_links_name":"\"No to road bonds\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3407.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3407\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145844/http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","external_links_name":"\"Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0013.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 13\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/884.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171427/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"Tyler, Texas"},{"Link":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171739/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"Henderson, Texas"},{"Link":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0324.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 324\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlp53","external_links_name":"\"Price, TX (Rusk County)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0014.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0270.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 270\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115371\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0015.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 15\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HTS01","external_links_name":"Salem, TX (Smith County)"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/841.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0269.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 269\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0016.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0017.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 17\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0018.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 18\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0019.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 19\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0020.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 20\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 21\""},{"Link":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/lake_bob_sandlin/","external_links_name":"\"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0022.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 22\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/940.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/999.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0023.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 23\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1056.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1057.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1857.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0024.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 24\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpeterprince.net/","external_links_name":"\"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2139.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0025.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 25\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0046.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 46\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0026.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 26\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/769.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/727.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/684.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0027.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 27\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0028.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 28\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0029.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 29\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0030.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 30\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0031.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 31\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0032.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 32\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0232.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 232\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0033.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 33\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.3593646,-101.4957032/32.1773156,-101.4728886/@31.7721192,-101.5298017,10z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of RM 33\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0034.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 34\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0035.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 35\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9159564,-96.2387207/32.973452,-96.3225985/@32.9432313,-96.2903933,13.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 35\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0036.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 36\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9105975,-96.1695432/33.3027577,-96.2680901/@33.1091386,-96.3708437,11z/am=t?entry=ttu","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 36\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0037.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 37\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/311.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/312.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/288.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/289.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HRH15","external_links_name":"Harts Camp, TX"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/290.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/291.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/316.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/317.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/318.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0038.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 38\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0039.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 39\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676389.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the 397th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0040.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0041.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 41\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0042.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 42\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/US/US0190.htm","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Highway No. 190\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0043.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 43\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/27.6876516,-97.5538091/27.7218617,-97.3984335/@27.7008816,-97.4984649,13.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.4282301!2d27.688943!3s0x8668f52f94f7ee1b:0x86c4d7c8d9bec610!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 43\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0044.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 44\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0023.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 23\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0045.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 45\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0046.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 46\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0047.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 47\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0048.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 48\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0041.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Spur No. 41\""},{"Link":"http://swco.ttu.edu/WestTexas/indexes/CycloneAugust%2007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0049.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 49\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/713.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/714.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/715.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0050.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0051.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 51\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0204.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 204\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0052.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 52\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0053.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 53\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676387.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the 395th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676388.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the 396th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0438.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 438\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0054.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 54\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0055.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 55\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0056.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 56\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0057.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 57\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0058.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 58\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0059.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 59\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0060.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 60\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0061.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 61\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0062.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 62\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0063.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 63\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0064.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 64\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/501.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/459.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/502.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171115/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201084&quad=Sulphur%20Springs&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"Sulphur Springs, Texas"},{"Link":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201084&quad=Sulphur%20Springs&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0247.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 247\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0128.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 128\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0019.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 19\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0154.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 154\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0457.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway Loop No. 457\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0050.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0065.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 65\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0066.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 66\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0067.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 67\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0068.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 68\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0069.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 69\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0070.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 70\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0071.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 71\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0072.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 72\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1201.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0073.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 73\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/992.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1050.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1049.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0074.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 74\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0075.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 75\""},{"Link":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2019/0228/11e3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minute Order 115441\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0076.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 76\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0077.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 77\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0078.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 78\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0079.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 79\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0080.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 80\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0081.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 81\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0082.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 82\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0083.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 83\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0084.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 84\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.8417484,-96.6364829/33.7752139,-96.5553292/33.782308,-96.5324757/@33.8084523,-96.6058924,13.5z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 84\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0085.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0086.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 86\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1789.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1790.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1741.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1691.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0311.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 311\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0087.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 87\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676373.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the 376th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0088.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 88\""},{"Link":"http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/thdresearch/dht-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"History of the Texas Highway Department in Hidalgo County, 1922 to 1968\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0089.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 89\""},{"Link":"https://www.reporternews.com/story/news/2022/01/11/buffalo-gap-road-2-year-improvement-project-beginning/9133161002/","external_links_name":"\"Buffalo Gap Road 2-year improvement project is underway\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0090.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 90\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+90&daddr=32.446028,-96.1128971+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+90&hl=en&sll=32.376065,-96.095116&sspn=0.009206,0.015514&geocode=FQID7gEdH7NF-g%3BFUwW7wEd_25F-inP8HB_TTxJhjF_k9z_PkounA%3BFVod8AEdWpxG-g&t=h&mra=ls&via=1&z=12","external_links_name":"\"FM 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0091.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 91\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0092.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 92\""},{"Link":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HNT27","external_links_name":"Town Bluff, TX"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrBvdef4Hvg","external_links_name":"\"Avalon Hideaway\""},{"Link":"https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/30437731/ZZ+Top/Avalon+Hideaway","external_links_name":"\"ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0093.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 93\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.09164,-97.5498191/31.02474,-97.3075844/@31.0640081,-97.4683522,12.83z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.4790604!2d31.0626282!3s0x864540618825fe93:0x31c1fa2f70600fdc!1m0!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Route of FM 93\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0071.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 71\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0094.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 94\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676332.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0095.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 95\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0096.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 96\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0097.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 97\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0098.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 98\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0099.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 99\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_enfranchisement | Leasehold valuation tribunal | ["1 Jurisdiction","2 History","2.1 Lease extension","3 Composition","4 In Wales","5 References","6 External links"] | Leasehold Valuation Tribunal (LVT)
A leasehold valuation tribunal (LVT) was a statutory tribunal in England which determined various types of landlord and tenant dispute involving residential property in the private sector. An LVT consisted of a panel of three; one with a background in property law (generally a solicitor); one with a background in property valuation generally a qualified surveyor; and a layman, although some decisions of an LVT were decided by a single member. LVTs were non-departmental public bodies.
The leasehold valuation tribunals were abolished under the Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013 and their functions were transferred to the Property Chamber of the newly created First-tier Tribunal with effect from 1 July 2013.
Jurisdiction
Leasehold valuation tribunals had a number of jurisdictions including:
Determining the price to be paid by tenants compulsorily acquiring either the freehold of houses or lease extensions of flats or collectively exercising the right to purchase the freehold of a collection of flats
Determination of whether a service charge is payable
Granting dispensations to landlords from compliance with statutory consultation with respect to service charges
On a tenant's application, preventing the landlord from treating costs of proceedings as relevant costs (i.e. from adding them to the tenant's service charge bill)
The appointment of managers and receivers for flats improperly managed
Determining whether a leaseholder is in breach of a term of their lease other than one to pay rent or a service or administration charge for the purposes of permitting the landlord to take steps to forfeit the lease
Variation of long leases of flats
History
Initially created by the Housing Act 1980 which transferred jurisdiction from the Lands Tribunal (a superior tribunal of England and Wales), functions were expanded by the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 and the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002.
Lease extension
One of the earliest functions of the LVT was to determine disputes concerning the extension of leases.
One of the drawbacks of owning a flat on a long lease is that it reduces in value over time. The less time is left on the lease, the less valuable the property becomes. Because of this, the law (the Leasehold Reform Housing and Urban Development Act 1993) gives the leaseholder the right to extend their lease once they have owned it for two years.
Historically, when a lease ran out the property held thereunder would revert to the possession of the landlord/freeholder. In this case, the job of the leasehold valuation tribunal was to hear evidence from both sides as to what the long leasehold value of such a property would be and to determine what proportions of the value of the said property should rightfully be ascribed to leaseholder and the freeholder under the legislation. Generally, such evidence was given by an expert witness for each side who will argue that a particular value is more applicable based on an analysis of recent sales of comparable properties around the date that the Leasehold Notice was served.
In many parts of the UK there are substantial freeholders who historically have owned and continue to own large land holdings, and this ownership has been and continues to be passed under leased ownership to sub-landlords and leaseholders; this system was particularly suitable when areas of London were initially built on greenfield land, and later in the period immediately after the Second World War, when considerable renovation and rebuilding was urgently required, the estates were able to effectively subcontract redevelopment to sub-landlords, known as head-lessors.
The most notable London estates are those of the Crown Estate, the Duke of Westminster, Earl Cadogan, and Lord Howard de Walden; with the changes in legislation these freeholders are now obliged to sell lease extensions under the various Acts of Parliament which have been passed at prices agreed by negotiation or determined by a leasehold valuation tribunal. Appeals against decisions of a leasehold valuation tribunal are made to the Lands Tribunal.
Composition
Tribunals technically comprised members drawn from one of the five rent assessment panels of England, constituted under schedule 10 of the Rent Act 1977. Such members also sat on rent assessment committees which determined Fair Rents under s. 70 of the Rent Act 1977, rent tribunals under the same Act which determined rents payable under Restricted Contracts (room lettings) and residential property tribunals which were created by the Housing Act 2004.
A legally qualified chairman sitting with a Chartered Surveyor and a lay member usually constituted the tribunal. However, a small number of chairmen were chartered surveyors and a small number of members of other professions were appointed to sit. Chairmen were appointed by the Lord Chancellor and other members by the Secretary of State.
In Wales
Main article: Residential Property Tribunal Wales
Leasehold Valuation Tribunals still exist in Wales as a sitting of the Residential Property Tribunal Wales. They hear disputes regarding leaseholds, including their service charges, enfranchisement, and tenants' associations.
References
^ "The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013".
^ S27A Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
^ S20ZA Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
^ S20C Landlord and Tenant Act 1985
^ S168 Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002
^ Part IV Landlord and Tenant Act 1987
^ "Leasehold Valuation Tribunals". Residential Property Tribunal. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
External links
a free list of LVT decisions on the leasehold advisory service website
an online calculator for the cost of buying a share of freehold
Association of Leasehold Enfranchisement Practitioners (ALEP) - professional association for organisations in the leasehold sector | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"landlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlord"},{"link_name":"tenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_panel"},{"link_name":"solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"link_name":"surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"layman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layman"},{"link_name":"non-departmental public bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body"},{"link_name":"First-tier Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-tier_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A leasehold valuation tribunal (LVT) was a statutory tribunal in England which determined various types of landlord and tenant dispute involving residential property in the private sector. An LVT consisted of a panel of three; one with a background in property law (generally a solicitor); one with a background in property valuation generally a qualified surveyor; and a layman, although some decisions of an LVT were decided by a single member. LVTs were non-departmental public bodies.The leasehold valuation tribunals were abolished under the Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013 and their functions were transferred to the Property Chamber of the newly created First-tier Tribunal with effect from 1 July 2013.[1]","title":"Leasehold valuation tribunal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)"},{"link_name":"service charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_charge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"service charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_charge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"service charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_charge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"leaseholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Leasehold valuation tribunals had a number of jurisdictions including:Determining the price to be paid by tenants compulsorily acquiring either the freehold of houses or lease extensions of flats or collectively exercising the right to purchase the freehold of a collection of flats\nDetermination of whether a service charge is payable[2]\nGranting dispensations to landlords from compliance with statutory consultation with respect to service charges[3]\nOn a tenant's application, preventing the landlord from treating costs of proceedings as relevant costs (i.e. from adding them to the tenant's service charge bill)[4]\nThe appointment of managers and receivers for flats improperly managed\nDetermining whether a leaseholder is in breach of a term of their lease other than one to pay rent or a service or administration charge for the purposes of permitting the landlord to take steps to forfeit the lease[5]\nVariation of long leases of flats[6]","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Housing Act 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Act_1980"},{"link_name":"Lands Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Tribunal_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leasehold_Reform,_Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_1993&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonhold_and_Leasehold_Reform_Act_2002"}],"text":"Initially created by the Housing Act 1980 which transferred jurisdiction from the Lands Tribunal (a superior tribunal of England and Wales), functions were expanded by the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 and the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease"},{"link_name":"expert witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Crown Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Estate"},{"link_name":"Duke of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Earl Cadogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Cadogan"},{"link_name":"Lord Howard de Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Howard_de_Walden"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Lands Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_Tribunal_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)"}],"sub_title":"Lease extension","text":"One of the earliest functions of the LVT was to determine disputes concerning the extension of leases.One of the drawbacks of owning a flat on a long lease is that it reduces in value over time. The less time is left on the lease, the less valuable the property becomes. Because of this, the law (the Leasehold Reform Housing and Urban Development Act 1993) gives the leaseholder the right to extend their lease once they have owned it for two years.Historically, when a lease ran out the property held thereunder would revert to the possession of the landlord/freeholder. In this case, the job of the leasehold valuation tribunal was to hear evidence from both sides as to what the long leasehold value of such a property would be and to determine what proportions of the value of the said property should rightfully be ascribed to leaseholder and the freeholder under the legislation. Generally, such evidence was given by an expert witness for each side who will argue that a particular value is more applicable based on an analysis of recent sales of comparable properties around the date that the Leasehold Notice was served.In many parts of the UK there are substantial freeholders who historically have owned and continue to own large land holdings, and this ownership has been and continues to be passed under leased ownership to sub-landlords and leaseholders; this system was particularly suitable when areas of London were initially built on greenfield land, and later in the period immediately after the Second World War, when considerable renovation and rebuilding was urgently required, the estates were able to effectively subcontract redevelopment to sub-landlords, known as head-lessors.The most notable London estates are those of the Crown Estate, the Duke of Westminster, Earl Cadogan, and Lord Howard de Walden; with the changes in legislation these freeholders are now obliged to sell lease extensions under the various Acts of Parliament which have been passed at prices agreed by negotiation or determined by a leasehold valuation tribunal. Appeals against decisions of a leasehold valuation tribunal are made to the Lands Tribunal.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rent assessment panels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rent_assessment_panel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rent Act 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_Act_1977"},{"link_name":"rent assessment committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_assessment_committee"},{"link_name":"residential property tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residential_property_tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Housing Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"Chartered Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"}],"text":"Tribunals technically comprised members drawn from one of the five rent assessment panels of England, constituted under schedule 10 of the Rent Act 1977. Such members also sat on rent assessment committees which determined Fair Rents under s. 70 of the Rent Act 1977, rent tribunals under the same Act which determined rents payable under Restricted Contracts (room lettings) and residential property tribunals which were created by the Housing Act 2004.A legally qualified chairman sitting with a Chartered Surveyor and a lay member usually constituted the tribunal. However, a small number of chairmen were chartered surveyors and a small number of members of other professions were appointed to sit. Chairmen were appointed by the Lord Chancellor and other members by the Secretary of State.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Leasehold Valuation Tribunals still exist in Wales as a sitting of the Residential Property Tribunal Wales. They hear disputes regarding leaseholds, including their service charges, enfranchisement, and tenants' associations.[7]","title":"In Wales"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1036/contents/made","url_text":"\"The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leasehold Valuation Tribunals\". Residential Property Tribunal. Retrieved 29 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://residentialpropertytribunal.gov.wales/leasehold-valuation-tribunals","url_text":"\"Leasehold Valuation Tribunals\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1036/contents/made","external_links_name":"\"The Transfer of Tribunal Functions Order 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/70/section/27A","external_links_name":"S27A Landlord and Tenant Act 1985"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/70/section/20ZA","external_links_name":"S20ZA Landlord and Tenant Act 1985"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/70/section/20C","external_links_name":"S20C Landlord and Tenant Act 1985"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/15/section/168","external_links_name":"S168 Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1987/31/part/IV","external_links_name":"Part IV Landlord and Tenant Act 1987"},{"Link":"https://residentialpropertytribunal.gov.wales/leasehold-valuation-tribunals","external_links_name":"\"Leasehold Valuation Tribunals\""},{"Link":"http://www.lease-advice.org/lvtdecisions/","external_links_name":"a free list of LVT decisions on the leasehold advisory service website"},{"Link":"http://www.freeholdcalculator.com/","external_links_name":"an online calculator for the cost of buying a share of freehold"},{"Link":"http://www.alep.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Association of Leasehold Enfranchisement Practitioners (ALEP)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcano_Royal_Institute | Elcano Royal Institute | ["1 Organization","2 References"] | Elcano Royal InstituteReal Instituto ElcanoAbbreviationRIEFormation2001; 23 years ago (2001)TypeThink tankLegal statusFoundationHeadquartersMadridWebsitehttp://www.realinstitutoelcano.org
The Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies (Spanish: Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos; RIE) is a think tank based in Madrid, Spain.
It was created on 26 November 2001 as private foundation, formed by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Economy, Defence and Education, Culture and Sport as well as the public railway company RENFE, also receiving the additional funding from PRISA, CASA, CEPSA, SEAT, Indra Sistemas, the SGAE; Telefónica and Zeltia. It was set up with the aim of "promoting in society the knowledge of the international reality and of the foreign relations of Spain in all its aspects."
Organization
Honorary President
Felipe VI (King of Spain, formerly Prince of Asturias)
Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Eduardo Serra Rexach (2001–2005)
Gustavo Suárez Pertierra (2006–2011)
Emilio Lamo de Espinosa (since 2012)
Director
Emilio Lamo de Espinosa (2001–2005)
Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias (2005–2012)
Charles Powell (since 2012)
References
Citations
^ a b Morales San-Juan 2017, p. 306.
^ "Aznar: 'Think tanks' a medida". La Marea. 23 October 2018.
^ "Orden ECD/2064/2002, de 24 de julio, por la que se inscribe en el Registro de Fundaciones la denominada "Fundación Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos", de Madrid" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado: 30201. 13 August 2002. ISSN 0212-033X.
^ "Grupo Zeltia nombra Consejero Independiente al ex ministro Eduardo Serra Rexach". www.eleconomista.es. elEconomista.es. 1 February 2007.
^ Villa, Octavio (9 November 2013). "En el PSOE habrá primarias, pero ahora urge más hacer un proyecto nuevo". www.elcomercio.es. El Comercio.
^ a b "Emilio Lamo de Espinosa nuevo presidente del Real Instituto Elcano". www.larazon.es. La Razón. 28 March 2012.
^ Andrés Sáenz de Santamaría, Paz (19 January 2019). "En memoria de Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, un jurista eminente". www.elcomercio.es.
^ Jurado, Ángeles (16 March 2015). "Las ventajas de mirar al Sur". elpais.com. El País.
Bibliography
Morales San-Juan, Juan Carlos (2017). "La apuesta institucional del Real Instituto Elcano". Los centros de pensamiento y su influencia en la política exterior y de seguridad (PDF). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. pp. 306–314.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Ministries of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"RENFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Nacional_de_los_Ferrocarriles_Espa%C3%B1oles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales_San-Juan2017306-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PRISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISA"},{"link_name":"CASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcciones_Aeron%C3%A1uticas"},{"link_name":"CEPSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEPSA"},{"link_name":"SEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT"},{"link_name":"Indra Sistemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Sistemas"},{"link_name":"SGAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_General_de_Autores_y_Editores"},{"link_name":"Telefónica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica"},{"link_name":"Zeltia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeltia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales_San-Juan2017306-1"},{"link_name":"foreign relations of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies (Spanish: Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos; RIE) is a think tank based in Madrid, Spain.It was created on 26 November 2001 as private foundation, formed by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Economy, Defence and Education, Culture and Sport as well as the public railway company RENFE,[1][2] also receiving the additional funding from PRISA, CASA, CEPSA, SEAT, Indra Sistemas, the SGAE; Telefónica and Zeltia.[1] It was set up with the aim of \"promoting in society the knowledge of the international reality and of the foreign relations of Spain in all its aspects.\"[3]","title":"Elcano Royal Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felipe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Serra Rexach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Serra_Rexach"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Suárez Pertierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Su%C3%A1rez_Pertierra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Emilio Lamo de Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Lamo_de_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Lamo_de_Espinosa_Michels_de_Champourcin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larazon-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larazon-6"},{"link_name":"Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Carlos_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Powell_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Honorary PresidentFelipe VI (King of Spain, formerly Prince of Asturias)Chairman of the Board of TrusteesEduardo Serra Rexach (2001–2005)[4]\nGustavo Suárez Pertierra (2006–2011)[5]\nEmilio Lamo de Espinosa [es] (since 2012)[6]DirectorEmilio Lamo de Espinosa (2001–2005)[6]\nGil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias (2005–2012)[7]\nCharles Powell (since 2012)[8]","title":"Organization"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Aznar: 'Think tanks' a medida\". La Marea. 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamarea.com/2018/10/23/aznar-think-tanks-a-medida/","url_text":"\"Aznar: 'Think tanks' a medida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Marea_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"La Marea"}]},{"reference":"\"Orden ECD/2064/2002, de 24 de julio, por la que se inscribe en el Registro de Fundaciones la denominada \"Fundación Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos\", de Madrid\" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado: 30201. 13 August 2002. ISSN 0212-033X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2002/08/13/pdfs/A30201-30201.pdf","url_text":"\"Orden ECD/2064/2002, de 24 de julio, por la que se inscribe en el Registro de Fundaciones la denominada \"Fundación Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos\", de Madrid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado","url_text":"Boletín Oficial del Estado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X","url_text":"0212-033X"}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Zeltia nombra Consejero Independiente al ex ministro Eduardo Serra Rexach\". www.eleconomista.es. elEconomista.es. 1 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/142732/02/07/Grupo-Zeltia-nombra-Consejero-Independiente-al-ex-ministro-Eduardo-Serra-Rexach.html","url_text":"\"Grupo Zeltia nombra Consejero Independiente al ex ministro Eduardo Serra Rexach\""}]},{"reference":"Villa, Octavio (9 November 2013). \"En el PSOE habrá primarias, pero ahora urge más hacer un proyecto nuevo\". www.elcomercio.es. El Comercio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcomercio.es/v/20131109/politica/psoe-habra-primarias-pero-20131109.html","url_text":"\"En el PSOE habrá primarias, pero ahora urge más hacer un proyecto nuevo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Spain)","url_text":"El Comercio"}]},{"reference":"\"Emilio Lamo de Espinosa nuevo presidente del Real Instituto Elcano\". www.larazon.es. La Razón. 28 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larazon.es/historico/9628-emilio-lamo-de-espinosa-nuevo-presidente-del-real-instituto-elcano-SLLA_RAZON_446105","url_text":"\"Emilio Lamo de Espinosa nuevo presidente del Real Instituto Elcano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Madrid)","url_text":"La Razón"}]},{"reference":"Andrés Sáenz de Santamaría, Paz (19 January 2019). \"En memoria de Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, un jurista eminente\". www.elcomercio.es.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcomercio.es/gijon/memoria-carlos-rodriguez-20190119130836-nt.html","url_text":"\"En memoria de Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, un jurista eminente\""}]},{"reference":"Jurado, Ángeles (16 March 2015). \"Las ventajas de mirar al Sur\". elpais.com. El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/03/11/planeta_futuro/1426071641_014552.html","url_text":"\"Las ventajas de mirar al Sur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"Morales San-Juan, Juan Carlos (2017). \"La apuesta institucional del Real Instituto Elcano\". Los centros de pensamiento y su influencia en la política exterior y de seguridad (PDF). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. pp. 306–314.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/tesisuned:ED-Pg-SegInt-Jcmorales/MORALES_SAN_JUAN_JuanCarlos_Tesis.pdf","url_text":"Los centros de pensamiento y su influencia en la política exterior y de seguridad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia","url_text":"Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org"},{"Link":"https://www.lamarea.com/2018/10/23/aznar-think-tanks-a-medida/","external_links_name":"\"Aznar: 'Think tanks' a medida\""},{"Link":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2002/08/13/pdfs/A30201-30201.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orden ECD/2064/2002, de 24 de julio, por la que se inscribe en el Registro de Fundaciones la denominada \"Fundación Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos\", de Madrid\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0212-033X","external_links_name":"0212-033X"},{"Link":"https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/142732/02/07/Grupo-Zeltia-nombra-Consejero-Independiente-al-ex-ministro-Eduardo-Serra-Rexach.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Zeltia nombra Consejero Independiente al ex ministro Eduardo Serra Rexach\""},{"Link":"https://www.elcomercio.es/v/20131109/politica/psoe-habra-primarias-pero-20131109.html","external_links_name":"\"En el PSOE habrá primarias, pero ahora urge más hacer un proyecto nuevo\""},{"Link":"https://www.larazon.es/historico/9628-emilio-lamo-de-espinosa-nuevo-presidente-del-real-instituto-elcano-SLLA_RAZON_446105","external_links_name":"\"Emilio Lamo de Espinosa nuevo presidente del Real Instituto Elcano\""},{"Link":"https://www.elcomercio.es/gijon/memoria-carlos-rodriguez-20190119130836-nt.html","external_links_name":"\"En memoria de Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, un jurista eminente\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/03/11/planeta_futuro/1426071641_014552.html","external_links_name":"\"Las ventajas de mirar al Sur\""},{"Link":"http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/tesisuned:ED-Pg-SegInt-Jcmorales/MORALES_SAN_JUAN_JuanCarlos_Tesis.pdf","external_links_name":"Los centros de pensamiento y su influencia en la política exterior y de seguridad"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121577413","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130778094","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX233509","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16263390x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16263390x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517875906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5557660-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605039205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004018530","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/120863588","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxical_reactions | Paradoxical reaction | ["1 Substances","1.1 Amphetamines","1.2 Antibiotics","1.3 Antidepressants","1.4 Antipsychotics","1.5 Barbiturates","1.6 Benzodiazepines","1.7 Caffeine","1.8 Naltrexone","1.9 Diphenhydramine","2 Causes","3 See also","4 References"] | Effect of drug opposite to expectation
A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication.
Paradoxical reactions may be more common in people with ADHD.
Substances
Amphetamines
Amphetamines are a class of psychoactive drugs that are stimulants. Paradoxical drowsiness can sometimes occur in adults. Research from the 1980s popularized the belief that ADHD stimulants such as amphetamine have a calming effect in individuals with ADHD, but opposite effects in the general population. New research however disputes this claim, suggesting that ADHD stimulants have similar effects in adults with and without ADHD.
Antibiotics
The paradoxical effect or Eagle effect (named after Harry Eagle, who first described it) refers to an observation of an increase in survivors, seen when testing the activity of an antimicrobial agent. Initially when an antibiotic agent is added to a culture media, the number of bacteria that survive drops, as one would expect. But after increasing the concentration beyond a certain point, the number of bacteria that survive, paradoxically, increases.
Antidepressants
See also: Antidepressants and suicide risk
In a minority of cases, antidepressants can lead to violent thoughts of suicide or self-harm, as observed in some patients during and after treatment, which is in marked contrast to their intended effect. A 1991 study found that children and adolescents were more sensitive to paradoxical reactions of self-harm and suicidal ideation while taking fluoxetine (commonly known as Prozac). This can be regarded as a paradoxical reaction but, especially in the case of suicide, may in at least some cases be merely due to differing rates of effect with respect to different symptoms of depression: If generalized overinhibition of a patient's actions enters remission before that patient's dysphoria does and if the patient was already suicidal but too depressed to act on their inclinations, the patient may find themself in the situation of being both still dysphoric enough to want to commit suicide but newly free of endogenous barriers against doing so.
Antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic and antiemetic drug which is classed as a "major" tranquilizer, may cause paradoxical effects such as agitation, hallucinations, excitement, insomnia, bizarre dreams, aggravation of psychotic symptoms and toxic confusional states.
These may be more common in elderly dementia patients. Apparent worsening of dementia may be due to the anticholinergic side effects of many antipsychotics.
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital can cause hyperactivity in children. This may follow after a small dose of 20 mg, on condition of no phenobarbital administered in previous days. Prerequisity for this reaction is a continued sense of tension. The mechanism of action is not known, but it may be started by the anxiolytic action of the phenobarbital.
Barbiturates such as pentobarbital have been shown to cause paradoxical hyperactivity in an estimated 1% of children, who display symptoms similar to the hyperactive-impulsive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Intravenous caffeine administration can return these patients' behaviour to baseline levels.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines, a class of psychoactive drugs called the "minor" tranquilizers, have varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxing properties, but they may create the exact opposite effects. Susceptible individuals may respond to benzodiazepine treatment with an increase in anxiety, aggressiveness, agitation, confusion, disinhibition, loss of impulse control, talkativeness, violent behavior, and even convulsions. Paradoxical adverse effects may even lead to criminal behavior. Severe behavioral changes resulting from benzodiazepines have been reported including mania, hypomania, psychosis, anger and impulsivity.
Paradoxical rage reactions due to benzodiazepines occur as a result of an altered level of consciousness, which generates automatic behaviors, anterograde amnesia and uninhibited aggression. These aggressive reactions may be caused by a disinhibiting serotonergic mechanism.
Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines appear to be dose related, that is, likelier to occur with higher doses.
In a letter to the British Medical Journal, it was reported that a high proportion of parents referred for actual or threatened child abuse were taking medication at the time, often a combination of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants. Many mothers described that instead of feeling less anxious or depressed, they became more hostile and openly aggressive towards the child as well as to other family members while consuming tranquilizers. The author warned that environmental or social stresses such as difficulty coping with a crying baby combined with the effects of tranquilizers may precipitate a child abuse event.
Self aggression has been reported and also demonstrated in laboratory conditions in a clinical study. Diazepam was found to increase people's willingness to harm themselves.
Benzodiazepines can sometimes cause a paradoxical worsening of EEG readings in patients with seizure disorders.
Caffeine
Caffeine is believed by many to cause paradoxical calmness or sedation in individuals with ADHD. There is insufficient evidence to determine if sedation caused by caffeine is due to a true paradoxical reaction, or rather from dehydration and sleep deprivation caused by the caffeine. Furthermore there are no conclusive studies showing a different effect of caffeine on individuals with ADHD compared to the general population.
Naltrexone
Naltrexone blocks the opioid receptors, acting opposite to most opioid pain medications. It can be used to negate the effects of opioid painkillers. At doses around one-tenth of the typical dose, naltrexone has been used for pain relief. Low-dose naltrexone is believed to have an anti-inflammatory effect. This is an off label use and not widely accepted by the medical and scientific community.
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine (often referred to by the trade name Benadryl) is an anticholinergic antihistamine medicine commonly used to treat allergic reactions and symptoms of a common cold, such as coughing. Its central antihistaminergic properties also cause it to act as a sedative, and for this reason it is also used to treat insomnia. Diphenhydramine is also used off-label for its sedative properties, particularly by parents seeking to make their children sedated or sleep during long-haul flights. This use of diphenhydramine has been criticised for a number of reasons, ranging from ethical to safety concerns, but also due to the risk of diphenhydramine’s paradoxical reaction, which induces hyperactivity and irritability. This phenomenon can also be observed in adults who use the medication as a sleep aid. The prevalence of this paradoxical reaction is unknown, but research into the phenomenon suggests that it may be as a result of the medicine’s interactions with the CYP2D6 enzyme, and that a metabolite of diphenhydramine may be to blame.
Causes
GABAA receptor with its five subunits and where various ligands bind.
The mechanism of a paradoxical reaction has as yet (2019) not been fully clarified, in no small part due to the fact that signal transfer of single neurons in subcortical areas of the human brain is usually not accessible.
There are, however, multiple indications that paradoxical reactions upon – for example – benzodiazepines, barbiturates, inhalational anesthetics, propofol, neurosteroids, and alcohol are associated with structural deviations of GABAA receptors. The combination of the five subunits of the receptor (see image) can be altered in such a way that for example the receptor's response to GABA remains unchanged but the response to one of the named substances is dramatically different from the normal one.
See also
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
Drug-drug interaction (DDI)
Idiosyncratic drug reaction
Iatrogenesis
References
^ Langguth B, Bär R, Wodarz N, Wittmann M, Laufkötter R (August 2011). "Paradoxical reaction in ADHD". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (31–32): 541, author reply 541–2. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0541a. PMC 3163785. PMID 21886668.
^ Tecce JJ, Cole JO (August 1974). "Amphetamine effects in man: paradoxical drowsiness and lowered electrical brain acitivity (CNV)". Science. 185 (4149): 451–3. Bibcode:1974Sci...185..451T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4149.451. PMID 4841149. S2CID 26068007.
^ Segal, D. S.; Kuczenski, R. (1987-09-01). "Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 242 (3): 917–926. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 3656119.
^ Arnsten, Amy F. T. (November 2006). "Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (11): 2376–2383. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301164. ISSN 1740-634X. PMID 16855530. S2CID 36283770.
^ Rapoport, J. L.; Inoff-Germain, G. (April 2002). "Responses to methylphenidate in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and normal children: Update 2002". Journal of Attention Disorders. 6 (1_suppl): 57–60. doi:10.1177/070674370200601S07. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 12685519. S2CID 24320882.
^ Eagle H, Musselman AD (July 1948). "The rate of bactericidal action of penicillin in vitro as a function of its concentration, and its paradoxically reduced activity at high concentrations against certain organisms". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 88 (1): 99–131. doi:10.1084/jem.88.1.99. PMC 2135799. PMID 18871882.
^ Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO (February 1990). "Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (2): 207–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.2.207. PMID 2301661.
^ King RA, Riddle MA, Chappell PB, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, Lombroso P, Scahill L (March 1991). "Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 30 (2): 179–86. doi:10.1097/00004583-199103000-00003. PMID 2016219.
^ Chlorpromazine - Adverse Effects- Behavioral Reactions
^ Singh, R.R.; Nayak, R. (June 2012). "PMH76 Impact of Fda Black Box Warning on the Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics in Non-Institutionalized Dementia Patients". Value in Health. 15 (4): A95. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.521. ISSN 1098-3015.
^ "Professional Health Care Providers". Epilepsy Foundation.
^ Rubin, Joan T; Towbin, Richard B; Bartko, MaryBeth; Baskin, Kevin M; Cahill, Anne Marie; Kaye, Robin D (2004). "Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity". Pediatric Radiology. 34 (12): 980–984. doi:10.1007/s00247-004-1303-8. ISSN 1432-1998. PMID 15365651. S2CID 19473461.
^ Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Mørland J (June 2006). "Flunitrazepam: psychomotor impairment, agitation and paradoxical reactions". Forensic Science International. 159 (2–3): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.009. PMID 16087304.
^ Cole JO, Kando JC (October 1993). "Adverse behavioral events reported in patients taking alprazolam and other benzodiazepines". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 54 (Suppl): 49–61, discussion 62–3. PMID 8262890.
^ Senninger JL, Laxenaire M (April 1995). "" . Annales médico-psychologiques (in French). 153 (4): 278–81, discussion 281–2. PMID 7618826.
^ Mancuso CE, Tanzi MG, Gabay M (September 2004). "Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options". Pharmacotherapy. 24 (9): 1177–85. doi:10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089. PMID 15460178. S2CID 38614605. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
^ "Letter: Tranquilizers causing aggression". British Medical Journal. 1 (5952): 266. February 1975. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5952.266. PMC 1672080. PMID 234269.
^ Berman ME, Jones GD, McCloskey MS (February 2005). "The effects of diazepam on human self-aggressive behavior". Psychopharmacology. 178 (1): 100–6. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1966-8. PMID 15316710. S2CID 20629702.
^ Perlwitz R, Grimmberger E, Schmidtsdorf R (June 1980). "". Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und Medizinische Psychologie. 32 (6): 338–44. PMID 7403357.
^ Rainer, Langguth, Berthold Bär, Rüdiger Wodarz, Norbert Wittmann, Markus Laufkötter. Correspondence (letter to the editor): Paradoxical Reaction in ADHD. Deutscher Arzte Verlag. OCLC 809702040.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Yan, Wudan (2021-09-07). "Why Does Coffee Sometimes Make Me Tired?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
^ Wright, Tricia E. (September 2020), "Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorders in Special Populations", Substance Use Disorders, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–202, doi:10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011, ISBN 978-0-19-092019-7, retrieved 2023-01-15
^ Younger, Jarred; Parkitny, Luke; McLain, David (2014-02-15). "The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain". Clinical Rheumatology. 33 (4): 451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2. ISSN 0770-3198. PMC 3962576. PMID 24526250. S2CID 16191753.
^ "Diphenhydramine: drowsy (sedating) antihistamine". nhs.uk. 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ "Why It's Time to Rethink Our Use of Benadryl". www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ Shubailat, Nadine. "Benadryl Baby: Should You Give Allergy Drugs to Calm Kids Before Flying?". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ de Leon, Jose; Nikoloff, D. Michele (February 2008). "Paradoxical excitation on diphenhydramine may be associated with being a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer: three case reports". CNS Spectrums. 13 (2): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s109285290001628x. ISSN 1092-8529. PMID 18227744. S2CID 10856872. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance"},{"link_name":"medical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_drug"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"pain relief medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"ADHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication.Paradoxical reactions may be more common in people with ADHD.[1]","title":"Paradoxical reaction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"psychoactive drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"stimulants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Amphetamines","text":"Amphetamines are a class of psychoactive drugs that are stimulants. Paradoxical drowsiness can sometimes occur in adults.[2] Research from the 1980s popularized the belief that ADHD stimulants such as amphetamine have a calming effect in individuals with ADHD, but opposite effects in the general population.[3] New research however disputes this claim, suggesting that ADHD stimulants have similar effects in adults with and without ADHD.[4][5]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_effect"},{"link_name":"Harry Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Eagle"},{"link_name":"antimicrobial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"antibiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"}],"sub_title":"Antibiotics","text":"The paradoxical effect or Eagle effect (named after Harry Eagle, who first described it) refers to an observation of an increase in survivors, seen when testing the activity of an antimicrobial agent.[6] Initially when an antibiotic agent is added to a culture media, the number of bacteria that survive drops, as one would expect. But after increasing the concentration beyond a certain point, the number of bacteria that survive, paradoxically, increases.","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antidepressants and suicide risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant"},{"link_name":"thoughts of suicide or self-harm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fluoxetine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Antidepressants","text":"See also: Antidepressants and suicide riskIn a minority of cases, antidepressants can lead to violent thoughts of suicide or self-harm, as observed in some patients during and after treatment, which is in marked contrast to their intended effect.[7] A 1991 study found that children and adolescents were more sensitive to paradoxical reactions of self-harm and suicidal ideation while taking fluoxetine (commonly known as Prozac).[8] This can be regarded as a paradoxical reaction but, especially in the case of suicide, may in at least some cases be merely due to differing rates of effect with respect to different symptoms of depression: If generalized overinhibition of a patient's actions enters remission before that patient's dysphoria does and if the patient was already suicidal but too depressed to act on their inclinations, the patient may find themself in the situation of being both still dysphoric enough to want to commit suicide but newly free of endogenous barriers against doing so.[citation needed]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chlorpromazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"antiemetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic"},{"link_name":"tranquilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquilizer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Antipsychotics","text":"Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic and antiemetic drug which is classed as a \"major\" tranquilizer, may cause paradoxical effects such as agitation, hallucinations, excitement, insomnia, bizarre dreams, aggravation of psychotic symptoms and toxic confusional states.[9]These may be more common in elderly dementia patients. Apparent worsening of dementia may be due to the anticholinergic side effects of many antipsychotics.[10]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phenobarbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Barbiturates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate"},{"link_name":"pentobarbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentobarbital"},{"link_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Barbiturates","text":"Phenobarbital can cause hyperactivity in children. This may follow after a small dose of 20 mg, on condition of no phenobarbital administered in previous days.[11] Prerequisity for this reaction is a continued sense of tension. The mechanism of action is not known, but it may be started by the anxiolytic action of the phenobarbital.Barbiturates such as pentobarbital have been shown to cause paradoxical hyperactivity in an estimated 1% of children, who display symptoms similar to the hyperactive-impulsive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Intravenous caffeine administration can return these patients' behaviour to baseline levels.[12]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"tranquilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquilizer"},{"link_name":"hypnotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic"},{"link_name":"sedative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative"},{"link_name":"anxiolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic"},{"link_name":"anticonvulsant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant"},{"link_name":"muscle relaxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_relaxant"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"aggressiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressiveness"},{"link_name":"agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"disinhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxical_disinhibition"},{"link_name":"impulse control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse_control"},{"link_name":"talkativeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talkativeness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"violent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent"},{"link_name":"convulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsions"},{"link_name":"criminal behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_behaviour"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania"},{"link_name":"hypomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomania"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"automatic behaviors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_behaviors"},{"link_name":"anterograde amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia"},{"link_name":"serotonergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15460178-16"},{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"tricyclic antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Self aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"EEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEG"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Benzodiazepines","text":"Benzodiazepines, a class of psychoactive drugs called the \"minor\" tranquilizers, have varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxing properties, but they may create the exact opposite effects. Susceptible individuals may respond to benzodiazepine treatment with an increase in anxiety, aggressiveness, agitation, confusion, disinhibition, loss of impulse control, talkativeness, violent behavior, and even convulsions. Paradoxical adverse effects may even lead to criminal behavior.[13] Severe behavioral changes resulting from benzodiazepines have been reported including mania, hypomania, psychosis, anger and impulsivity.[14]Paradoxical rage reactions due to benzodiazepines occur as a result of an altered level of consciousness, which generates automatic behaviors, anterograde amnesia and uninhibited aggression. These aggressive reactions may be caused by a disinhibiting serotonergic mechanism.[15]Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines appear to be dose related, that is, likelier to occur with higher doses.[16]In a letter to the British Medical Journal, it was reported that a high proportion of parents referred for actual or threatened child abuse were taking medication at the time, often a combination of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants. Many mothers described that instead of feeling less anxious or depressed, they became more hostile and openly aggressive towards the child as well as to other family members while consuming tranquilizers. The author warned that environmental or social stresses such as difficulty coping with a crying baby combined with the effects of tranquilizers may precipitate a child abuse event.[17]Self aggression has been reported and also demonstrated in laboratory conditions in a clinical study. Diazepam was found to increase people's willingness to harm themselves.[18]Benzodiazepines can sometimes cause a paradoxical worsening of EEG readings in patients with seizure disorders.[19]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Caffeine","text":"Caffeine is believed by many to cause paradoxical calmness or sedation in individuals with ADHD.[20] There is insufficient evidence to determine if sedation caused by caffeine is due to a true paradoxical reaction, or rather from dehydration and sleep deprivation caused by the caffeine.[21] Furthermore there are no conclusive studies showing a different effect of caffeine on individuals with ADHD compared to the general population.","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naltrexone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Low-dose naltrexone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-dose_naltrexone"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Naltrexone","text":"Naltrexone blocks the opioid receptors, acting opposite to most opioid pain medications.[22] It can be used to negate the effects of opioid painkillers. At doses around one-tenth of the typical dose, naltrexone has been used for pain relief. Low-dose naltrexone is believed to have an anti-inflammatory effect. This is an off label use and not widely accepted by the medical and scientific community.[23]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diphenhydramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine"},{"link_name":"Benadryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benadryl"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"common cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold"},{"link_name":"coughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"sedative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"long-haul flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-haul_flight"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"irritability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"CYP2D6 enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6"},{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Diphenhydramine","text":"Diphenhydramine (often referred to by the trade name Benadryl) is an anticholinergic antihistamine medicine commonly used to treat allergic reactions and symptoms of a common cold, such as coughing. Its central antihistaminergic properties also cause it to act as a sedative, and for this reason it is also used to treat insomnia.[24] Diphenhydramine is also used off-label for its sedative properties, particularly by parents seeking to make their children sedated or sleep during long-haul flights. This use of diphenhydramine has been criticised for a number of reasons, ranging from ethical to safety concerns,[25] but also due to the risk of diphenhydramine’s paradoxical reaction, which induces hyperactivity and irritability.[26] This phenomenon can also be observed in adults who use the medication as a sleep aid. The prevalence of this paradoxical reaction is unknown, but research into the phenomenon suggests that it may be as a result of the medicine’s interactions with the CYP2D6 enzyme, and that a metabolite of diphenhydramine may be to blame.[27]","title":"Substances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GABAa_receptor.gif"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"subcortical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcortical"},{"link_name":"inhalational anesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic"},{"link_name":"propofol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol"},{"link_name":"neurosteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"GABAA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor"}],"text":"GABAA receptor with its five subunits and where various ligands bind.The mechanism of a paradoxical reaction has as yet (2019) not been fully clarified, in no small part due to the fact that signal transfer of single neurons in subcortical areas of the human brain is usually not accessible.There are, however, multiple indications that paradoxical reactions upon – for example – benzodiazepines, barbiturates, inhalational anesthetics, propofol, neurosteroids, and alcohol are associated with structural deviations of GABAA receptors. The combination of the five subunits of the receptor (see image) can be altered in such a way that for example the receptor's response to GABA remains unchanged but the response to one of the named substances is dramatically different from the normal one.","title":"Causes"}] | [{"image_text":"GABAA receptor with its five subunits and where various ligands bind.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GABAa_receptor.gif/350px-GABAa_receptor.gif"}] | [{"title":"Adverse drug reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction"},{"title":"Drug-drug interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interaction"},{"title":"Idiosyncratic drug reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncratic_drug_reaction"},{"title":"Iatrogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenesis"}] | [{"reference":"Langguth B, Bär R, Wodarz N, Wittmann M, Laufkötter R (August 2011). \"Paradoxical reaction in ADHD\". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 108 (31–32): 541, author reply 541–2. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0541a. PMC 3163785. PMID 21886668.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163785","url_text":"\"Paradoxical reaction in ADHD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2011.0541a","url_text":"10.3238/arztebl.2011.0541a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163785","url_text":"3163785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886668","url_text":"21886668"}]},{"reference":"Tecce JJ, Cole JO (August 1974). \"Amphetamine effects in man: paradoxical drowsiness and lowered electrical brain acitivity (CNV)\". Science. 185 (4149): 451–3. Bibcode:1974Sci...185..451T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4149.451. PMID 4841149. S2CID 26068007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...185..451T","url_text":"1974Sci...185..451T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.185.4149.451","url_text":"10.1126/science.185.4149.451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4841149","url_text":"4841149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26068007","url_text":"26068007"}]},{"reference":"Segal, D. S.; Kuczenski, R. (1987-09-01). \"Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates\". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 242 (3): 917–926. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 3656119.","urls":[{"url":"https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/242/3/917","url_text":"\"Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3565","url_text":"0022-3565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3656119","url_text":"3656119"}]},{"reference":"Arnsten, Amy F. T. (November 2006). \"Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD\". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (11): 2376–2383. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301164. ISSN 1740-634X. PMID 16855530. S2CID 36283770.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301164","url_text":"\"Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301164","url_text":"10.1038/sj.npp.1301164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1740-634X","url_text":"1740-634X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16855530","url_text":"16855530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36283770","url_text":"36283770"}]},{"reference":"Rapoport, J. L.; Inoff-Germain, G. (April 2002). \"Responses to methylphenidate in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and normal children: Update 2002\". Journal of Attention Disorders. 6 (1_suppl): 57–60. doi:10.1177/070674370200601S07. ISSN 1087-0547. PMID 12685519. S2CID 24320882.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/070674370200601S07","url_text":"\"Responses to methylphenidate in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and normal children: Update 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370200601S07","url_text":"10.1177/070674370200601S07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1087-0547","url_text":"1087-0547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12685519","url_text":"12685519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24320882","url_text":"24320882"}]},{"reference":"Eagle H, Musselman AD (July 1948). \"The rate of bactericidal action of penicillin in vitro as a function of its concentration, and its paradoxically reduced activity at high concentrations against certain organisms\". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 88 (1): 99–131. doi:10.1084/jem.88.1.99. PMC 2135799. PMID 18871882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135799","url_text":"\"The rate of bactericidal action of penicillin in vitro as a function of its concentration, and its paradoxically reduced activity at high concentrations against certain organisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.88.1.99","url_text":"10.1084/jem.88.1.99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135799","url_text":"2135799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18871882","url_text":"18871882"}]},{"reference":"Teicher MH, Glod C, Cole JO (February 1990). \"Emergence of intense suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment\". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (2): 207–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.2.207. PMID 2301661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.147.2.207","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.147.2.207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2301661","url_text":"2301661"}]},{"reference":"King RA, Riddle MA, Chappell PB, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, Lombroso P, Scahill L (March 1991). \"Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment\". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 30 (2): 179–86. doi:10.1097/00004583-199103000-00003. PMID 2016219.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199103000-00003","url_text":"\"Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199103000-00003","url_text":"10.1097/00004583-199103000-00003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2016219","url_text":"2016219"}]},{"reference":"Singh, R.R.; Nayak, R. (June 2012). \"PMH76 Impact of Fda Black Box Warning on the Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics in Non-Institutionalized Dementia Patients\". Value in Health. 15 (4): A95. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.521. ISSN 1098-3015.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jval.2012.03.521","url_text":"\"PMH76 Impact of Fda Black Box Warning on the Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics in Non-Institutionalized Dementia Patients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jval.2012.03.521","url_text":"10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-3015","url_text":"1098-3015"}]},{"reference":"\"Professional Health Care Providers\". Epilepsy Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://professionals.epilepsy.com/medications/p_phenobarbital_commonside.html","url_text":"\"Professional Health Care Providers\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Joan T; Towbin, Richard B; Bartko, MaryBeth; Baskin, Kevin M; Cahill, Anne Marie; Kaye, Robin D (2004). \"Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity\". Pediatric Radiology. 34 (12): 980–984. doi:10.1007/s00247-004-1303-8. ISSN 1432-1998. PMID 15365651. S2CID 19473461.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00247-004-1303-8","url_text":"10.1007/s00247-004-1303-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1998","url_text":"1432-1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365651","url_text":"15365651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19473461","url_text":"19473461"}]},{"reference":"Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Mørland J (June 2006). \"Flunitrazepam: psychomotor impairment, agitation and paradoxical reactions\". Forensic Science International. 159 (2–3): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.009. PMID 16087304.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2005.06.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087304","url_text":"16087304"}]},{"reference":"Cole JO, Kando JC (October 1993). \"Adverse behavioral events reported in patients taking alprazolam and other benzodiazepines\". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 54 (Suppl): 49–61, discussion 62–3. PMID 8262890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8262890","url_text":"8262890"}]},{"reference":"Senninger JL, Laxenaire M (April 1995). \"[Violent paradoxal reactions secondary to the use of benzodiazepines]\" [Violent paradoxical reactions secondary to the use of benzodiazepines]. Annales médico-psychologiques (in French). 153 (4): 278–81, discussion 281–2. PMID 7618826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618826","url_text":"7618826"}]},{"reference":"Mancuso CE, Tanzi MG, Gabay M (September 2004). \"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options\". Pharmacotherapy. 24 (9): 1177–85. doi:10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089. PMID 15460178. S2CID 38614605. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2007-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489358","url_text":"\"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.24.13.1177.38089","url_text":"10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15460178","url_text":"15460178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38614605","url_text":"38614605"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213142837/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489358","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter: Tranquilizers causing aggression\". British Medical Journal. 1 (5952): 266. February 1975. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5952.266. PMC 1672080. PMID 234269.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1672080","url_text":"\"Letter: Tranquilizers causing aggression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5952.266","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.5952.266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1672080","url_text":"1672080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/234269","url_text":"234269"}]},{"reference":"Berman ME, Jones GD, McCloskey MS (February 2005). \"The effects of diazepam on human self-aggressive behavior\". Psychopharmacology. 178 (1): 100–6. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1966-8. PMID 15316710. S2CID 20629702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-004-1966-8","url_text":"10.1007/s00213-004-1966-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316710","url_text":"15316710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20629702","url_text":"20629702"}]},{"reference":"Perlwitz R, Grimmberger E, Schmidtsdorf R (June 1980). \"[Immediate effect of intravenous clonazepam on the EEG]\". Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und Medizinische Psychologie. 32 (6): 338–44. PMID 7403357.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7403357","url_text":"7403357"}]},{"reference":"Rainer, Langguth, Berthold Bär, Rüdiger Wodarz, Norbert Wittmann, Markus Laufkötter. Correspondence (letter to the editor): Paradoxical Reaction in ADHD. Deutscher Arzte Verlag. OCLC 809702040.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/809702040","url_text":"Correspondence (letter to the editor): Paradoxical Reaction in ADHD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809702040","url_text":"809702040"}]},{"reference":"Yan, Wudan (2021-09-07). \"Why Does Coffee Sometimes Make Me Tired?\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/07/well/eat/coffee-caffeine-sleep-pressure.html","url_text":"\"Why Does Coffee Sometimes Make Me Tired?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Tricia E. (September 2020), \"Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorders in Special Populations\", Substance Use Disorders, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–202, doi:10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011, ISBN 978-0-19-092019-7, retrieved 2023-01-15","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011","url_text":"\"Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorders in Special Populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780190920197.003.0011","url_text":"10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092019-7","url_text":"978-0-19-092019-7"}]},{"reference":"Younger, Jarred; Parkitny, Luke; McLain, David (2014-02-15). \"The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain\". Clinical Rheumatology. 33 (4): 451–459. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2. ISSN 0770-3198. PMC 3962576. PMID 24526250. S2CID 16191753.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2","url_text":"\"The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10067-014-2517-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0770-3198","url_text":"0770-3198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962576","url_text":"3962576"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24526250","url_text":"24526250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16191753","url_text":"16191753"}]},{"reference":"\"Diphenhydramine: drowsy (sedating) antihistamine\". nhs.uk. 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diphenhydramine/","url_text":"\"Diphenhydramine: drowsy (sedating) antihistamine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why It's Time to Rethink Our Use of Benadryl\". www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2020/04/benadryl","url_text":"\"Why It's Time to Rethink Our Use of Benadryl\""}]},{"reference":"Shubailat, Nadine. \"Benadryl Baby: Should You Give Allergy Drugs to Calm Kids Before Flying?\". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2012/05/benadryl-baby-should-you-give-allergy-drugs-to-calm-kids-before-flying","url_text":"\"Benadryl Baby: Should You Give Allergy Drugs to Calm Kids Before Flying?\""}]},{"reference":"de Leon, Jose; Nikoloff, D. Michele (February 2008). \"Paradoxical excitation on diphenhydramine may be associated with being a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer: three case reports\". CNS Spectrums. 13 (2): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s109285290001628x. ISSN 1092-8529. PMID 18227744. S2CID 10856872.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227744/","url_text":"\"Paradoxical excitation on diphenhydramine may be associated with being a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer: three case reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs109285290001628x","url_text":"10.1017/s109285290001628x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-8529","url_text":"1092-8529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227744","url_text":"18227744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10856872","url_text":"10856872"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163785","external_links_name":"\"Paradoxical reaction in ADHD\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2011.0541a","external_links_name":"10.3238/arztebl.2011.0541a"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3163785","external_links_name":"3163785"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886668","external_links_name":"21886668"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...185..451T","external_links_name":"1974Sci...185..451T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.185.4149.451","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.185.4149.451"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4841149","external_links_name":"4841149"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26068007","external_links_name":"26068007"},{"Link":"https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/242/3/917","external_links_name":"\"Individual differences in responsiveness to single and repeated amphetamine administration: behavioral characteristics and neurochemical correlates\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3565","external_links_name":"0022-3565"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3656119","external_links_name":"3656119"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301164","external_links_name":"\"Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301164","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.npp.1301164"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1740-634X","external_links_name":"1740-634X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16855530","external_links_name":"16855530"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36283770","external_links_name":"36283770"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/070674370200601S07","external_links_name":"\"Responses to methylphenidate in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and normal children: Update 2002\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370200601S07","external_links_name":"10.1177/070674370200601S07"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1087-0547","external_links_name":"1087-0547"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12685519","external_links_name":"12685519"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24320882","external_links_name":"24320882"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135799","external_links_name":"\"The rate of bactericidal action of penicillin in vitro as a function of its concentration, and its paradoxically reduced activity at high concentrations against certain organisms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.88.1.99","external_links_name":"10.1084/jem.88.1.99"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135799","external_links_name":"2135799"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18871882","external_links_name":"18871882"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.147.2.207","external_links_name":"10.1176/ajp.147.2.207"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2301661","external_links_name":"2301661"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199103000-00003","external_links_name":"\"Emergence of self-destructive phenomena in children and adolescents during fluoxetine treatment\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199103000-00003","external_links_name":"10.1097/00004583-199103000-00003"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2016219","external_links_name":"2016219"},{"Link":"http://www.rxcarecanada.com/Chlorpromazine.asp?prodid=352","external_links_name":"Chlorpromazine - Adverse Effects- Behavioral Reactions"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jval.2012.03.521","external_links_name":"\"PMH76 Impact of Fda Black Box Warning on the Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics in Non-Institutionalized Dementia Patients\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jval.2012.03.521","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jval.2012.03.521"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-3015","external_links_name":"1098-3015"},{"Link":"http://professionals.epilepsy.com/medications/p_phenobarbital_commonside.html","external_links_name":"\"Professional Health Care Providers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00247-004-1303-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00247-004-1303-8"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1998","external_links_name":"1432-1998"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15365651","external_links_name":"15365651"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19473461","external_links_name":"19473461"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2005.06.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.009"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087304","external_links_name":"16087304"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8262890","external_links_name":"8262890"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7618826","external_links_name":"7618826"},{"Link":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489358","external_links_name":"\"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1592%2Fphco.24.13.1177.38089","external_links_name":"10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15460178","external_links_name":"15460178"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38614605","external_links_name":"38614605"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213142837/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489358","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1672080","external_links_name":"\"Letter: Tranquilizers causing aggression\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5952.266","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.1.5952.266"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1672080","external_links_name":"1672080"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/234269","external_links_name":"234269"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-004-1966-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00213-004-1966-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316710","external_links_name":"15316710"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20629702","external_links_name":"20629702"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7403357","external_links_name":"7403357"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/809702040","external_links_name":"Correspondence (letter to the editor): Paradoxical Reaction in ADHD"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809702040","external_links_name":"809702040"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/07/well/eat/coffee-caffeine-sleep-pressure.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Does Coffee Sometimes Make Me Tired?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011","external_links_name":"\"Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorders in Special Populations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmed%2F9780190920197.003.0011","external_links_name":"10.1093/med/9780190920197.003.0011"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2","external_links_name":"\"The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10067-014-2517-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0770-3198","external_links_name":"0770-3198"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962576","external_links_name":"3962576"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24526250","external_links_name":"24526250"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16191753","external_links_name":"16191753"},{"Link":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diphenhydramine/","external_links_name":"\"Diphenhydramine: drowsy (sedating) antihistamine\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2020/04/benadryl","external_links_name":"\"Why It's Time to Rethink Our Use of Benadryl\""},{"Link":"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2012/05/benadryl-baby-should-you-give-allergy-drugs-to-calm-kids-before-flying","external_links_name":"\"Benadryl Baby: Should You Give Allergy Drugs to Calm Kids Before Flying?\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227744/","external_links_name":"\"Paradoxical excitation on diphenhydramine may be associated with being a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer: three case reports\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs109285290001628x","external_links_name":"10.1017/s109285290001628x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-8529","external_links_name":"1092-8529"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227744","external_links_name":"18227744"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10856872","external_links_name":"10856872"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Monck | Viscount Monck | ["1 Barons Monck (1797)","2 Viscounts Monck (1801)","3 Earls of Rathdowne (1822)","4 Viscounts Monck (1801; reverted)","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Title in the peerage of Ireland
Arms of Monck, Viscount Monck: Gules, a chevron between three lion's heads erased argent. These are the arms of the ancient Monck family of Potheridge in the parish of Merton, Devon, the most famous of whom was George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670), KG
Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
Viscount Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1801 for Charles Monck, 1st Baron Monck. He had already been created Baron Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, in 1797, also in the Peerage of Ireland. His eldest son, the second Viscount, was in 1822 created Earl of Rathdowne in the Peerage of Ireland. However, this title became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the other titles by his younger brother, the third Viscount. The latter's son, the fourth Viscount, served as the 1st Governor General of Canada. In 1866, he was given the title Baron Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the viscounts a seat in the Westminster House of Lords until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. As of 2012 the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the seventh Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1982. He does not use his titles.
Barons Monck (1797)
Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Baron Monck (c. 1754–1802) (created Viscount Monck in 1801)
Viscounts Monck (1801)
Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Viscount Monck (c. 1754–1802)
Henry Stanley Monck, 2nd Viscount Monck (1785–1848) (created Earl of Rathdowne in 1822)
Earls of Rathdowne (1822)
Henry Stanley Monck, 1st Earl of Rathdowne (1785–1848)
Viscounts Monck (1801; reverted)
Charles Joseph Kelly Monck, 3rd Viscount Monck (1791–1849), brother of the 2nd Viscount
Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1819–1894)
Henry Power Charles Stanley Monck, 5th Viscount Monck (1849–1927)
Hon Charles Henry Stanley Monck (1876-1914)
Henry Wyndham Stanley Monck, 6th Viscount Monck (1905–1982), grandson of the 5th Viscount
Charles Stanley Monck, 7th Viscount Monck (born 1953)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. George Stanley Monck (born 1957)
The next and last in line to the titles is the present holder's youngest brother, the Hon. James Stanley Monck (born 1961)
Notes
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Charles Stanley Monck, 7th Viscount Monck
vteExtant viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by kingdom in which created, then creation dateEngland
Hereford
Scotland
Falkland
Arbuthnott
Oxfuird
Great Britain
Bolingbroke
St John
Cobham
Falmouth
Torrington
Hood
Ireland
Gormanston
Mountgarret
Valentia
Dillon
Massereene
Charlemont
Downe
Molesworth
Chetwynd
Midleton
Boyne
Gage
Galway
Powerscourt
Ashbrook
Southwell
de Vesci
Lifford
Bangor
Doneraile
Harberton
Hawarden
Ferrard
Monck
Gort
UnitedKingdom
St Vincent
Melville
Sidmouth
Exmouth
Combermere
Hill
Hardinge
Bridport
Portman
Hampden
Hambleden
Knutsford
Esher
Goschen
Ridley
Colville of Culross
Selby
Knollys
Allendale
Chilston
Scarsdale
Mersey
Cowdray
Devonport
Astor
Wimborne
St Davids
Rothermere
Allenby
Chelmsford
Long
Ullswater
Younger of Leckie
Bearsted
Craigavon
Bridgeman
Hailsham
Brentford
Buckmaster
Bledisloe
Hanworth
Trenchard
Samuel
Runciman of Doxford
Davidson
Weir
Caldecote
Camrose
Stansgate
Margesson
Daventry
Addison
Kemsley
Marchwood
Montgomery of Alamein
Waverley
Thurso
Brookeborough
Norwich
Leathers
Soulbury
Chandos
Malvern
De L'Isle
Monckton of Brenchley
Tenby
Mackintosh of Halifax
Dunrossil
Stuart of Findhorn
Rochdale
Slim
Head
Boyd of Merton
Mills
Blakenham
Eccles
Dilhorne
Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another of higher precedence. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Monck.svg"},{"link_name":"Potheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potheridge"},{"link_name":"Merton, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ViscountMonck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"County of Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"Peerage of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles Monck, 1st Baron Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_1st_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"the second Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Monck,_1st_Earl_of_Rathdowne"},{"link_name":"the fourth Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Monck&action=edit"}],"text":"Arms of Monck, Viscount Monck: Gules, a chevron between three lion's heads erased argent. These are the arms of the ancient Monck family of Potheridge in the parish of Merton, Devon, the most famous of whom was George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670), KGCharles Monck, 4th Viscount MonckViscount Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1801 for Charles Monck, 1st Baron Monck. He had already been created Baron Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, in 1797, also in the Peerage of Ireland. His eldest son, the second Viscount, was in 1822 created Earl of Rathdowne in the Peerage of Ireland. However, this title became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the other titles by his younger brother, the third Viscount. The latter's son, the fourth Viscount, served as the 1st Governor General of Canada. In 1866, he was given the title Baron Monck, of Ballytrammon in the County of Wexford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the viscounts a seat in the Westminster House of Lords until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. As of 2012[update] the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the seventh Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1982. He does not use his titles.","title":"Viscount Monck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Baron Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_1st_Viscount_Monck"}],"text":"Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Baron Monck (c. 1754–1802) (created Viscount Monck in 1801)","title":"Barons Monck (1797)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_1st_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"Henry Stanley Monck, 2nd Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Monck,_1st_Earl_of_Rathdowne"}],"text":"Charles Stanley Monck, 1st Viscount Monck (c. 1754–1802)\nHenry Stanley Monck, 2nd Viscount Monck (1785–1848) (created Earl of Rathdowne in 1822)","title":"Viscounts Monck (1801)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Stanley Monck, 1st Earl of Rathdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Monck,_1st_Earl_of_Rathdowne"}],"text":"Henry Stanley Monck, 1st Earl of Rathdowne (1785–1848)","title":"Earls of Rathdowne (1822)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Joseph Kelly Monck, 3rd Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_3rd_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"}],"text":"Charles Joseph Kelly Monck, 3rd Viscount Monck (1791–1849), brother of the 2nd Viscount\nCharles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1819–1894)\nHenry Power Charles Stanley Monck, 5th Viscount Monck (1849–1927)\nHon Charles Henry Stanley Monck (1876-1914)\nHenry Wyndham Stanley Monck, 6th Viscount Monck (1905–1982), grandson of the 5th Viscount\nCharles Stanley Monck, 7th Viscount Monck (born 1953)The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. George Stanley Monck (born 1957)The next and last in line to the titles is the present holder's youngest brother, the Hon. James Stanley Monck (born 1961)","title":"Viscounts Monck (1801; reverted)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Monck, Viscount Monck: Gules, a chevron between three lion's heads erased argent. These are the arms of the ancient Monck family of Potheridge in the parish of Merton, Devon, the most famous of whom was George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670), KG","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Monck.svg/220px-Arms_of_Monck.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/ViscountMonck.jpg/220px-ViscountMonck.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Monck&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-charles-monck","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Charles Stanley Monck, 7th Viscount Monck"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_General_Conference_of_Canada | Baptist General Conference of Canada | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Baptist General Conference of CanadaClassificationEvangelicalismOrientationBaptist (specifically Swedish Baptist and Radical Pietist with Pietist and former Lutheran origins)AssociationsEvangelical Fellowship of CanadaHeadquartersEdmonton, Alberta, CanadaOrigin1981Separated fromConverge - Baptist General Conference (United States branch)Branched fromMission FriendsMembers7,137Official websitebgc.ca
Baptist General Conference of Canada (BGCC) is a Baptist Christian denomination in Canada. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. The headquarters is in Edmonton, Alberta.
History
A church was formed in Quebec in 1892 and another in Winnipeg in 1894 by Swedish Baptists that emerged in Radical Pietism late in the 19th century. From its beginning among Scandinavian immigrants, the BGCC has grown to a network of autonomous churches from Vancouver Island to Nova Scotia. The Quebec church no longer exists. The Grant Memorial Baptist Church in Winnipeg is the oldest surviving Canadian BGC church. Though organized into regional conferences, these churches were also affiliated with the Baptist Union of Western Canada (BUWC) for the first half of the 20th century. The Central Canada Baptist Conference and the Baptist General Conference in Alberta withdrew from the BUWC in 1948 and 1949, respectively. The BGCC churches were affiliated with the Baptist General Conference in the United States until 1981. Beginning in 1977, the three districts then in existence - Baptist General Conference in Alberta, British Columbia Baptist Conference and Central Canada Baptist Conference - started exploring the possibilities of working together to evangelize Canada and the world. At the second meeting of the representatives, a recommendation came to organize a General Conference. The BGCC was formed in 1981, but has roots in Swedish Baptist missionary work in Winnipeg and Quebec.
The BGC churches in Canada are organized into four district conferences (BGC Alberta, BGC Central Canada, BGC Saskatchewan, and British Columbia Baptist Conference) and another region known as Eastern Expansion which includes churches in Quebec, Nova Scotia and southern Ontario.
The Conference is led by a Board composed of members from BGC churches from the districts. The executive director oversees the Canadian office, gives missional alignment to the various national ministries and provides visionary leadership to move the Conference forward.
In 2016, Kevin Schular was appointed to a five-year term as executive director.
The Conference holds an annual meeting, held at various locations around Canada. Delegates are sent from their local church and conduct the business of the Conference. The BGCC operates a number of ministries, including the Canadian Baptist Seminary, Global Missions and Foundation, and is affiliated with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. According to a census published by the association in 2001, it claimed 7,137 members.
See also
Christianity portal
Baptists in Canada
References
^ Shantz, Douglas H. (2013). An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421408804.
^ James H. Marsh, The Canadian Encyclopedia, McClelland & Stewart, Canada, 1999, p. 194
^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 57
^ Paul Bramadat, David Seljak, Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada, University of Toronto Press, Canada, 2008, p. 411.
External links
Baptist General Conference of Canada - official Web Site
vteBaptist denominations in Canada
Baptist General Conference of Canada
Canadian Baptist Ministries
(Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec
Canadian Baptists of Western Canada
Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches
Union of French Baptist Churches of Canada)
Canadian National Baptist Convention
Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
Landmark Missionary Baptist Association of Quebec
North American Baptist Conference
Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia
Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada
Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada
Union of Slavic Churches of Evangelical Christians and Slavic Baptists of Canada
All baptist denominations
UK baptist denominations
US baptist denominations
vteChristianity in Canada
Canadian Council of Churches
Evangelical Fellowship of Canada
Eastern ChristianityEastern Orthodox(Main article)Eastern Orthodox ChurchConstantinople
American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Canada
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada
Antiochian
Archdiocese of North America
Bulgarian
Diocese of the USA, Canada and Australia
Serbian
Eparchy of Canada
Russian
Outside of Russia
Patriarchial Parishes in Canada
Romanian
Metropolis of the Americas
Macedonian
Diocese of America and Canada
American
Orthodox Church in America
Romanian Diocese
True Orthodox
Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of North and South America and the British Isles
Holy Orthodox Church in North America
Independent
American World Patriarchs
Autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church of America and Australia
Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox(Main article)Alexandria
Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada
ArmenianEtchmiadzin
Armenian Diocese of Canada
Cilicia
Armenian Prelacy of Canada
SyriacAntioch
Jacobite Malankara Archdiocese of North America
Malankara
Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America
Eastern CatholicArmenian
Armenian Catholic Church
Alexandrian
Coptic Catholic Church
Byzantine
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
East Syriac
Chaldean Catholic Church
Syro-Malabar Church
West Syriac
Maronite Church
Syriac Catholic Church
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
Eastern Protestant
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
Western ChristianityCatholicLatin Church
Anglican Catholic Ordinariate
Roman Catholic Church
Old Catholic
Polish National Catholic Church
Proto-ProtestantHussite
Moravian Church in North America
Protestant(Main article)United
Evangelical Missionary Church
United Church of Canada
Lutheran
Canadian Association of Lutheran Congregations
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
Lutheran Church – Canada
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (English and SELC Districts)
North American Lutheran Church
CalvinistContinentalReformed
Canadian and American Reformed Churches
Christian Reformed Church in North America
Free Reformed Churches of North America
Heritage Reformed Congregations
Netherlands Reformed Congregations
Reformed Church in America
Reformed Congregations in North America
United Reformed Churches in North America
Presbyterian
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
L'Église réformée du Québec (Reformed Church of Quebec)
Free Presbyterian Church of North America
Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Presbyterian Church in America
Presbyterian Church in Canada
Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America
Congregationalist
Congregational Christian Churches in Canada
AnglicanCommunion
Anglican Church of Canada
Continuing
Anglican Catholic Church of Canada
Realignment
Anglican Church in North America
Anabaptist
Brethren in Christ Church
Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches
Evangelical Mennonite Conference
Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference
Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches
Mennonite Church Canada
The United Brethren Church In Canada
Radical Pietism
Evangelical Covenant Church
Evangelical Free Church of Canada
Baptist(Main article)General
Baptist General Conference of Canada
Canadian Baptist Ministries
Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec
Canadian Baptists of Western Canada
Canadian Baptists of Atlantic Canada
Union of French Baptist Churches of Canada
Canadian National Baptist Convention
Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia
The Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
Landmark Missionary Baptist Association of Quebec
North American Baptist Conference
Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada
Reformed
Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada
Regular
Covenanted Baptist Church of Canada
Methodist
British Methodist Episcopal Church
Church of the Nazarene
Free Methodist Church in Canada
Salvation Army
Wesleyan Church
PentecostalTrinitarian
Apostolic Church of Pentecost
Canadian Assemblies of God
Christian Ministers' Association
Church of God Canada
French World Christian Fellowship
Independent Assemblies of God, International
International Fellowship of Christian Assemblies
Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada
Pentecostal Assemblies of Newfoundland and Labrador
The Foursquare Church
The Pentecostal Holiness Church of Canada
Oneness
United Pentecostal Church International
Charismatic
Evangelical Orthodox Church
Vineyard Canada
Higher Life
The Christian and Missionary Alliance in Canada
Other
Associated Gospel Churches of Canada
RestorationismStone–Campbell
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Evangelical Christian Church in Canada
Mormonism
Church of Jesus Christ Restored
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada
Unitarian
Canadian Unitarian Council
^ Not in communion with the rest of the Catholic Church, part of the Union of Scranton
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Part of the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada
^ a b Observer member of the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Christian denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Fellowship of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"}],"text":"Baptist General Conference of Canada (BGCC) is a Baptist Christian denomination in Canada. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. The headquarters is in Edmonton, Alberta.","title":"Baptist General Conference of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Baptists"},{"link_name":"Radical Pietism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Pietism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shantz2013-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Baptist Union of Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"Baptist General Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_General_Conference"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A church was formed in Quebec in 1892 and another in Winnipeg in 1894 by Swedish Baptists that emerged in Radical Pietism late in the 19th century.[1] From its beginning among Scandinavian immigrants, the BGCC has grown to a network of autonomous churches from Vancouver Island to Nova Scotia.[2] The Quebec church no longer exists. The Grant Memorial Baptist Church in Winnipeg is the oldest surviving Canadian BGC church. Though organized into regional conferences, these churches were also affiliated with the Baptist Union of Western Canada (BUWC) for the first half of the 20th century. The Central Canada Baptist Conference and the Baptist General Conference in Alberta withdrew from the BUWC in 1948 and 1949, respectively. The BGCC churches were affiliated with the Baptist General Conference in the United States until 1981. Beginning in 1977, the three districts then in existence - Baptist General Conference in Alberta, British Columbia Baptist Conference and Central Canada Baptist Conference - started exploring the possibilities of working together to evangelize Canada and the world. At the second meeting of the representatives, a recommendation came to organize a General Conference. The BGCC was formed in 1981, but has roots in Swedish Baptist missionary work in Winnipeg and Quebec.[3]The BGC churches in Canada are organized into four district conferences (BGC Alberta, BGC Central Canada, BGC Saskatchewan, and British Columbia Baptist Conference) and another region known as Eastern Expansion which includes churches in Quebec, Nova Scotia and southern Ontario.The Conference is led by a Board composed of members from BGC churches from the districts. The executive director oversees the Canadian office, gives missional alignment to the various national ministries and provides visionary leadership to move the Conference forward.In 2016, Kevin Schular was appointed to a five-year term as executive director.The Conference holds an annual meeting, held at various locations around Canada. Delegates are sent from their local church and conduct the business of the Conference. The BGCC operates a number of ministries, including the Canadian Baptist Seminary, Global Missions and Foundation, and is affiliated with the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. According to a census published by the association in 2001, it claimed 7,137 members.[4]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Baptists in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"Shantz, Douglas H. (2013). An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421408804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421408804","url_text":"9781421408804"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://bgc.ca/","external_links_name":"bgc.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.bgc.ca/","external_links_name":"Baptist General Conference of Canada"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindi_(region) | Lindi Region | ["1 Geography","1.1 Geology and terrain","1.2 Climate","1.3 Flora and Fauna","2 Economy","2.1 Agriculture","2.2 Industry","2.3 Fisheries and Forestry","2.4 Mining and natural gas","2.5 Tourism","3 Population","3.1 Demographics","4 Administrative divisions","4.1 Districts","5 Health and Education","5.1 Literacy","5.2 Education","6 Notable persons from Lindi Region","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 9°59′15.36″S 39°41′53.52″E / 9.9876000°S 39.6982000°E / -9.9876000; 39.6982000Region of Tanzania
Region in Coastal, TanzaniaLindi Region
Mkoa wa Lindi (Swahili)Region
From top to bottom: Great Mosque of Kilwa, Lindi Bay and Lindi townNickname: The Heritage RegionLocation in TanzaniaCoordinates: 9°59′15.36″S 39°41′53.52″E / 9.9876000°S 39.6982000°E / -9.9876000; 39.6982000Country TanzaniaZoneCoastalRegion1 July 1971 Named forLindiCapitalLindi TownDistricts
List
Kilwa DistrictLindi DistrictLindi Municipal DistrictLiwale DistrictNachingwea DistrictRuangwa District
Area • Total66,040 km2 (25,500 sq mi) • Rank3rd of 31Highest elevation (Kongowele)830 m (2,720 ft)Population (2022) • Total1,194,028 • Rank24th of 31 • Density18/km2 (47/sq mi)DemonymLindianEthnic groups • SettlerSwahili • NativeMatumbi, Mwera, Ngindo, Machinga & MakondeTime zoneUTC+3 (EAT)Postcode65xxxArea code023ISO 3166 codeTZ-12 HDI (2021)0.509low · 20th of 25WebsiteOfficial websiteSymbols of TanzaniaBird Malachite kingfisherButterflyAngular gliderFish Great seahorseMammal DugongTree TamarindMineral Garnet
Lindi Region (Mkoa wa Lindi in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 66,040 km2 (25,500 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Sri Lanka. The regional capital is the municipality of Lindi.
The Lindi Region borders on Pwani Region, Morogoro Region, Ruvuma Region, and Mtwara Region. The name Lindi is an old Swahili word meaning "hiding pits", a place where Swahili people will hide to defend themselves from hostile invasions. The region is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely; Kilwa Kisiwani and Selous Game Reserve. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 864,652, which was lower than the pre-census projection of 960,236.: page 2 For 2002–2012, the region's 0.9 percent average annual population growth rate was the 29th highest in the country.: page 4 It was also the least densely populated region with 13 people per square kilometer.: page 6
Geography
Geology and terrain
Lindi Region is the third largest region in Tanzania with a total area of 66,040 km2 (25,500 sq mi), after Morogoro Region at 70,624 km2 (27,268 sq mi). Lindi 's size is around 7.1% of the entire Tanzanian territory. In comparison, Lindi is larger than the island nation of Sri Lanka which has a total land area of 62,732 square kilometers. Lindi Bay, located in the region, is one of the largest bays in the country. The highest peak in Lindi Region, Kongowele (830m) is located in Nachingwea District. Lindi has 23 islands in its territory with the largest being Songo Mnara Island, followed by Kilwa Kisiwani Island and Songo Songo Island.
Climate
Lindi Region has a tropical savanna climate with a Köppen climate classification of 49 and Aw. Lindi Eegion receives annual precipitation level of 750 to 1200 millimeters, often raining in February and March during the wet season. The average temperature is lower at Nachingwea with a monthly mean of 22.2 degrees Celsius and a monthly mean temperature of 27.7 degrees Celsius at the coast in Kilwa Masoko. Lindi is home to a number of major rivers, the largest being Mbwemkuru River. Other major rivers are Matandu River, Lukuledi River and Mavuji River. Some tributary rivers of the Rufiji River that begin in Lindi Region are Njenje River and Lukuliro River.
Lindi Region is also home to the Tendaguru Formation, a Late Jurassic fossil record, where a complete skeleton of the largest land animals to ever exist; Giraffatitan was discovered by German colonizers during their occupation of the territory in the early 20th century. Other fossils that were found there are the Kentrosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Dysalotosaurus, Australodocus, Elaphrosaurus, Veterupristisaurus and Dicraeosaurus species of dinosaurs.
Tendaguru,1912
Giraffatitan skeleton in Berlin
Flora and Fauna
Much of the western part of the Lindi Region is in the Nyerere National Park and Selous Game Reserve covering 27% of the total Lindi soil at roughly 18,000 square kilometers, equivalent to the size of the nation of Kuwait. Lindi Region hosts both native African savanna wildlife and also Indian Ocean fauna. The regional bird is the Malachite Kingfisher is found in more numbers in Lindi, especially at the Selous game reserve and Nyerere National Park. In terms of flora the tamarind tree is found in abundance as it is cultivated together with the cashew tree. Lindi is also home to many native trees include the miombo or ebony tree as well as other common savannah flora found in neighbouring regions and countries.
Kitope (8 Km2) and Mbinga are two small forest remnants in the Lindi Region (6 Km2). Others include the Km2, Ringo, and Maleshi Forest Reserves, as well as Nanyoma Caves (which have a 4 acre trial patch of mninga trees).
Low-lying plants and forest are present in Ngarama North and South. According to Erikson et al. in 1994, the Pindiro Forest has at least 15 hectares of swamp forest. Mpingo and woodland grassland predominate in Matapwa Forest Reserve. A section of baobab forest may be found in Kikwetu's Municipal Council borders, to the east of Lindi Airport.
On the Noto Plateau, there is a sizable area of forest: Makangela, which contains miombo woodland, is located on the southern side of the main road between Rutamba and Lilola. Another is Mnacho, a 1 square kilometer area of thickets and shrubs planted with acacia siamea in 1978 to provide woodfuel for the town of Lindi. It is located on the road between Lindi and Mingoyo/Mnazi Mmoja. This is now a part of the Lindi Municipality, along with the Mkunguru forest, which is located about 20 km south of the Lindi Creek. Despite being degazetted in 1960 (GN No 487), the Livengula Forest Reserve, which is next to Lake Narunyu and directly to the north of the coconut plantation, continues to be a cashewnut woods. The Mtama Forest is situated 2 km from Masasi.
The woodlands of Lionjo and Nyera/Kiperere in the Liwale and Nachingwea Districts are close to the Liwale to Nachingwea Road. The least vulnerable coastal forest in Tanzania is Lungonya Forest, which is located in the Seleou Game Reserve's far north-east corner and is far from any populated areas.
Economy
In terms of GDP, the regional economy of Lindi makes a very small contribution to the national economy, accounting for only about 2% of GDP. This is a result of the potentials not being fully utilized to contribute to the national economy generally and the regional economy specifically. In fact, Singida, Pwani, and Lindi are the three regions that contribute the least to the GDP of the nation; Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Mbeya are the two regions that contribute the most. With 1,127,104 TZS annually, Lindi is ranked 11th out of 21 Tanzanian regions, followed by Rukwa, Mara, and Mtwara with 1,116,699 TZS, 1,095,641 TZS, and 1,041,805 TZS, respectively. Dar es Salaam tops the list with 1,990,043 TZS, and Iringa comes second with 1,660,532 TZS per person. However, throughout the years 2000 to 2013, the Coast area, Singida, or both trailed Lindi region in terms of regional GDP annual contribution, coming in at 19 or 20.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, trade and commerce, public administration, and education are the main economic sectors in which the working population in the Lindi region is employed. According to the Lindi 2016 socioeconomic profile, commercial agriculture and farming of food crops employed more people than any other industry by an astounding 80 percent, followed by "Trade and Commerce" at 4.3 percent and "Mining and Quarrying" at 2.2 percent. Electricity, Gas, and Water as well as Communication and Transport each employed 0.1 percent of the total workforce in the area. In the Lindi region, farming was the most prevalent occupation, employing around 79.5 percent of the working population. Livestock keepers, on the other hand, made up about 0.2 percent of the working population.
Agriculture
Agriculture is the main employer in the Lindi Region. Out of the 224,316 households in the region, 180,877 (or 81 percent) were involved in agriculture in some capacity. These homes were primarily located in the Lindi District Council (44,583 households).
15 percent of households (26,817 households) in urban areas engaged in agricultural activity in the agricultural year 2011–12. This indicates that agriculture is also an economic activity in urban regions. Additionally, it was discovered that the percentage of households engaged in agriculture varied from 86 percent in Nachingwea District Council to 62 percent in Lindi Municipal.
The region is divided into two main agro-ecological zones; the coastal zone which is the main cultivation of tree crops such as cashew, coconut and mango. These areas are Lindi and Kilwa districts respectively with an elevation of 0 to 400 meters. Roughly 10% of farmers commercially grow cashews for export. The second agro-ecological zone is the midlands where the main cultivation of crops include maize, African rice, sesame and cassava. These areas are mostly Liwale and Nachingwea districts with an elevation of 300 to 900 meters above sea level. Rearing of livestock is still low in Lindi compared to other regions.
Industry
There are hardly any manufacturing industries in the Lindi region. The Region had one sawmill (ISIC 161), one manufacturer of chemical products (ISIC 202), and one furniture manufacturer, per the 2009 Annual Survey of Industrial Production for enterprises employing 10 and above persons.
Fisheries and Forestry
Between Sudi village in the south of the Lindi district and Marendego village in the north of Kilwa, Lindi Region has the longest coastline in the country at 287 kilometers long. Lindi also has some of the most productive fish stocks in Tanzania. Only 876 out of 224,316 households (0.4 percent) engaged in fish farming activities. Fish farming is primarily done in rural areas, with some urban areas as well. In addition, it was noted that 22.1 percent of households engaged in fish farming were urban and 77.9 percent were rural.
The region has more than 2,430 registered fishing vessels (most are dugout canoes and dhow). There are over 11,523 fishermen registered in the Lindi region. The fishing is done is organised into 28 fishing groups. currently, there are 6 groups in Kilwa district, 14 in Lindi Town, and 8 in Lindi district. Aquaculture is significant in the region with 125 saltwater fish farms and 148 freshwater fish farms.
Fish stocking in man-made dams, sea weed farming, and fishing in the ocean, rivers, and dams are all part of the region's fishing industry. The Indian Ocean, River Lukuredi, Lake Rutamba, and dams are the region's natural water sources, which all support fishing.
People who live near the water produce seaweed, hence the ocean's presence encourages seaweed cultivation as a source of income in the Lindi district, Lindi municipality, and Kilwa. Spinosum (red sea weed) and cotonii are the two forms of sea weed that are generated in greater quantities in the Lindi region (green sea weed). However, a variety of issues, including a drop in seaweed prices and illnesses, are causing a yearly fall in seaweed yield.
Lindi is one of the most forested regions in Tanzania with 57.17% of the region being covered in forests. 38% of these forested lands are within Nyerere National Park and Selous Game Reserve. Moreover, 6% of land in the Lindi Region is part of the National Forest Reserves. In addition, 12% of the forests are managed under village forest reserves. Sustainable honey production is an area the government is exploring commercial interests in the forest reserves.
Mining and natural gas
Lindi engages in salt mining on a local scale especially in Kilwa district, also Kilwa district has deposits of high quality gypsum near Kiranjeranje ward. Ruangwa district is known for its graphite deposits. As of 2019, 60 exploration wells have been drilled in the Songo Songo islands in Kilwa district, containing fifty-five trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves.
The region has issued around 2282 mineral licenses, of which only Kilwa district, with about 1260 licenses, has issued about 55.2% of them, and Lindi Municipal Council, with only 101 licenses. Of these 99 licenses are for small-scale mining, while the other two are for limestone exploration. The mining licenses awarded cover a variety of activities, including exploration (prospecting and retention), mining (small, medium, and large scales), processing, smelting, and reefing, as well as mineral business (dealer's and broker's) licenses. Graphite, feldspar, salt, coal, gold, marble, nickel, copper, manganese, iron ore, limestone, gem, gypsum, and other minerals may be found in Lindi.
Tourism
Lindi is the only Tanzanian region that hosts two of Tanzania's UNESCO World Heritage Site, within its borders, namely, Selous Game Reserve and the ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara Lindi offers attractions for cultural/historic tourism, sun and sand tourism, and also wildlife safari tourism. There is also an unexplored cave system called the Nangoma caves near Matumbi Highlands in Kilwa District.
Population
Lindi Region despite its size is home to only 5 indigenous ethnic groups. It is the ancestral home to the Mwera people located on the central east coast of the Lindi Region, the majority in Kilwa District. Most of western Lindi is home to the Ngindo people, the majority in Liwale District. The Matumbi people are mostly found in the northern Lindi Region bordering Pwani Region. Machinga people are a small minority with Kilwa District in the eastern Lindi Region. Lastly the Makonde people are found on the south-eastern corner of Lindi Region. The life expectancy of Lindi residents is 63.8 years. In terms of regional cuisine, "Chipwenye," a traditional dish made of a blend of Bambara beans and maize, is a popular choice (njugu mawe).
The majority of Lindi Region residents practice Sunni Islam with elements of African traditional faiths since the introduction of Islam to the Lindi coast through trade during the Swahili era in the 9th and 10th centuries. There is a small but significant Christian population. As in most of Tanzania, many urban centers like Liwale town, Kilwa Masoko, and Lindi town have a mixture of people from all over the country including a small Indian and Arab immigrant community. The bulk of foreigners counted in the area were from Kenya, China, Mozambique, and India. Other nations with sizable populations of foreigners in the area were Germany and Lesotho.
Demographics
Lindi Region's population in 2012 was around 864,652, making Lindi the region with the lowest population densities in the country at 51 persons per square kilometer. The population of the Lindi Region increased by 0.9 percent between 2002 and 2012. While the population growth rate in urban regions was 2.5 percent, it was only 0.6 percent in rural areas.
The Lindi Region's average yearly growth rate dropped from 1.4 percent between 1988 and 2002 to 0.9 percent between 2002 and 2012. Between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses, the population of the Lindi Region as a whole increased by 9.8%. However, over a 14-year period (1988–2002), the population of the Lindi Region as a whole has grown by 1.4%. All Lindi districts saw population growth between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses. Ruangwa District experienced the smallest population change, while Lindi Municipal Council experienced the biggest (91.9%) (5.7 percent). The district with the highest population proportion, accounting for 22.5 percent of the region's total population (194,143 people), was Lindi District Council, while the district with the lowest, accounting for 9.1 percent (78,841 persons).
There were 92 men for every 100 women in the Lindi Region overall. (99 for rural areas and 90 for urban areas show that there are more women than men living there. The sex ratio, however, was above 100 for the population in the age categories of 5 to 19 years, 50 to 54 years, and 75 to 79 years in the Lindi region, while it was above 100 for the population in the age groups of 5 to 19 years and 75 to 79 years in the Lindi rural area. In contrast, Lindi's urban sex ratio was greater than 100 for people aged 50 to 64 and 75 to 79, and it was equal for children aged 0 to 4 years. The 2012 Census showed that the Lindi region has a young population, with 50.5% of the territory's inhabitants being under the age of 15. Ages 65 and over make up just six percent of the region's total population.
As of 2019, the projected Lindi Region population was 1,004,439. This shows that Lindi Region is growing at a small pace compared to other regions at 0.9% per annum. With the current growth rate projection Lindi will only add 54,240 people by 2025.
The regional commissioner of the Lindi Region is Godfrey Zambi.
Administrative divisions
Districts
Lindi Region is divided into six districts, each administered by a council:
Districts of Lindi Region
Map
District
Population(2012)
Kilwa District
190,744
Lindi District
194,143
Liwale District
91,380
Nachingwea District
178,464
Ruangwa District
131,080
Lindi Municipal District
78,841
Total
864,652
Health and Education
Literacy
Urban regions of Lindi had a substantially higher literacy rate (74.3%) than did rural areas (60.6 percent). While in both rural and urban areas, men had higher literacy rates than women.Adult literacy in the Lindi Region is 68.0 percent, with urban regions having a higher rate (77.2 percent) than rural ones (65.7 percent). In both rural and urban areas, males had higher literacy rates than females.District-level adult literacy rates range from 75.7% in Nachingwea District to 60.3% in Lindi District (Map 9.1). Liwale District (73.2%) and Lindi Municipal District were the districts with literacy rates above 70 percent (72.7 percent).
Adult literacy rates in Ruangwa District increased from 58.1 percent in 2002 to 67 percent in 2012 and in Lindi Municipal from 69.9 percent to 72.7 percent in 2012. The percentage change in these districts ranges from 2.8 percent in Lindi Municipal to 13.1 percent in Kilwa District, indicating an increase in literacy rates between the 2002 and 2012 censuses. For people aged 5 and older, the literacy rate improved from 54.4 to 63.2 percent, and for people aged 15 and older, it went from 59.1 to 68 percent. Male and female literacy rates among those aged 5 and older have likewise increased, from 61.1 to 67.8 percent for men and 48.4 to 59 percent for women. Ruangwa District Council (40.9%), Kilwa (43.4%), and Lindi District Council (43.4%) have the highest rates of illiteracy (37 percent). The district councils with the lowest rates of illiteracy were Nachingwea District Council and Lindi Municipal Council, both at 29.7%. (29.5 percent).
Education
Compared to the urban population, where the percentage was just 21%, 33% of rural residents had never attended school.
Similarly, the percentage of dropouts was marginally greater in rural (9.0%) than in urban (8.4%) areas. However, compared to rural areas, metropolitan areas had a substantially larger percentage of people who had completed their education (41.9%). (34.9 percent). The similar arrangement holds true for those who were actively enrolled, with 23.1 percent of the rural population and 28.7 percent of the urban population both attending school.Liwale District Council had the highest district council attendance percentage (26.9%), followed by Lindi Municipal Council (26.4%) and Nachingwea District Council (23.4%). (25.4 percent). Ruangwa District Council (20.8%) and Lindi District Council (22.2%) had the lowest attendance rates, respectively.
Between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses, there was an improvement in educational attainment levels. The percentage of the population with a secondary education climbed from 5.12 percent to 7.7 percent, and the percentage with a university degree or an equivalent level increased from 0.09 percent to 0.7 percent. The growth of secondary schools and rise in secondary school enrollment are the reason for the startling rise in the percentage of students in secondary schools compared to primary schools. In the 267,844 people who attained any level of education, according to the 2012 census, 134,987 (50.4%) were men and 132,857 (49.6%) were women. 90.6 percent of people completed primary school, which was followed by secondary education (7.7 percent), university, and other levels (0.7 percent). The findings also indicate that compared to men, more women (92.3 percent) have completed their primary school (88.9 percent). The situation was reversed at the secondary level and above, when 7.7% of people had a secondary education and 0.4% had a university degree or an equivalent level.
Notable persons from Lindi Region
Kinjikitile Ngwale, freedom fighter and spiritual leader
Kassim Majaliwa, 10th Tanzanian Prime Minister
Mohammed Abdi Abdulaziz, politician
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lindi Region.
^ "Lindi Region history". Lindi Government. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
^ "IS0 3166". ISO. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
^ "Lindi Region Size".
^ 65,610 km2 (25,330 sq mi) for Sri Lanka at "Area size comparison". Nations Online. 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ Allen, J V. (22 July 2022). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. London: J.Currey. p. 93. ISBN 978-0852550762. OCLC 25747036.
^ a b c Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013 Archived 2013-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Historia | Lindi Region". www.lindi.go.tz. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
^ "Lindi Peaks". Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
^ a b c d e f "Lindi Region Investment Guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ Sames, B (2009). "The Tendaguru formation of southeastern Tanzania, East Africa: An alternating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous palaeoenvironment of exceptional status". Egu General Assembly Conference Abstracts: 5283. Bibcode:2009EGUGA..11.5283S. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ "Selous Game Reserve Tanzania (Nyerere National Park) A Safari Guide". Selous Game Reserve. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ MASTER PLAN, Lindi Regional Commissioner, Lindi, 2019 Archived 2021-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Tanzania - People". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
^ Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Njombe Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "Social Economics of Tanzania, 2016 - Tanzania Data Portal". tanzania.opendataforafrica.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Njombe Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ wa Lindi , Tanzania Government Directory, 2019
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
External links
Official website
vteLindi RegionCapital: LindiDistricts
Kilwa District
Lindi District
Lindi Municipal District
Liwale District
Nachingwea District
Ruangwa District
Native Peoples
Matumbi
Mwera
Machinga
Ngindo
Makonde
National Historic Sites
Tendaguru Formation
Lindi Town
Islands
Songosongo Islands
Kilwa Kisiwani
Songo Mnara Island
Sanje ya Kati Island
Rivers and Lakes
Mbwemkuru River
Mavuji River
Lukuliro River
Matandu River
Lukuledi River
Lake Maliwe
Lake Mkoe
Lake Lutamba
Major Cities and Towns
Lindi
Kilwa Masoko
Liwale
National Parks and Reserves
Selous Game Reserve
Nyerere National Park
National Landmarks
Kilwa Kisiwani
Nan'goma Cave
Matumbi Highlands
Kongowele
World Heritage Sites
Songo Mnara
Great Mosque of Kilwa
Sanje ya Kati
Kilwa Kisiwani
Selous Game Reserve
National Monuments
Husni Kubwa
Great Mosque of Kilwa
vteRegions of TanzaniaMainland Tanzania
Arusha
Dar es Salaam
Dodoma
Geita
Iringa
Kagera
Katavi
Kigoma
Kilimanjaro
Lindi
Manyara
Mara
Mbeya
Morogoro
Mtwara
Mwanza
Njombe
Pwani
Rukwa
Ruvuma
Shinyanga
Simiyu
Singida
Songwe
Tabora
Tanga
Zanzibar Archipelago
Mjini Magharibi
Pemba North
Pemba South
Unguja North
Unguja South
vteDistricts of Lindi Region, Tanzania
Kilwa
Lindi
Liwale
Nachingwea
Ruangwa
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindi"},{"link_name":"Pwani Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwani_Region"},{"link_name":"Morogoro Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morogoro_Region"},{"link_name":"Ruvuma Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvuma_Region"},{"link_name":"Mtwara Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtwara_Region"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Kisiwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Census-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Census-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012_Census-7"}],"text":"Region of TanzaniaRegion in Coastal, TanzaniaLindi Region (Mkoa wa Lindi in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 66,040 km2 (25,500 sq mi).[4] The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Sri Lanka.[5] The regional capital is the municipality of Lindi.The Lindi Region borders on Pwani Region, Morogoro Region, Ruvuma Region, and Mtwara Region. The name Lindi is an old Swahili word meaning \"hiding pits\", a place where Swahili people will hide to defend themselves from hostile invasions.[6] The region is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely; Kilwa Kisiwani and Selous Game Reserve. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 864,652, which was lower than the pre-census projection of 960,236.[7]: page 2 For 2002–2012, the region's 0.9 percent average annual population growth rate was the 29th highest in the country.[7]: page 4 It was also the least densely populated region with 13 people per square kilometer.[7]: page 6","title":"Lindi Region"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_{{!}}_Lindi_Region-8"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Lindi Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindi_Bay"},{"link_name":"Kongowele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongowele"},{"link_name":"Nachingwea District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachingwea_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Songo Mnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songo_Mnara"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Kisiwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani"},{"link_name":"Songo Songo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songo_Songo_Island"}],"sub_title":"Geology and terrain","text":"Lindi Region is the third largest region in Tanzania with a total area of 66,040 km2 (25,500 sq mi), after Morogoro Region at 70,624 km2 (27,268 sq mi). Lindi 's size is around 7.1% of the entire Tanzanian territory.[8] In comparison, Lindi is larger than the island nation of Sri Lanka which has a total land area of 62,732 square kilometers. Lindi Bay, located in the region, is one of the largest bays in the country. The highest peak in Lindi Region, Kongowele (830m) is located in Nachingwea District.[9] Lindi has 23 islands in its territory with the largest being Songo Mnara Island, followed by Kilwa Kisiwani Island and Songo Songo Island.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"wet season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Masoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Masoko"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Mbwemkuru River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwemkuru_River"},{"link_name":"Matandu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matandu_River"},{"link_name":"Lukuledi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukuledi_River"},{"link_name":"Mavuji River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavuji_River"},{"link_name":"Rufiji River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River"},{"link_name":"Njenje River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njenje_River"},{"link_name":"Lukuliro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukuliro_River"},{"link_name":"Tendaguru Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaguru_Formation"},{"link_name":"Late Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Giraffatitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffatitan"},{"link_name":"Kentrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentrosaurus"},{"link_name":"Janenschia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janenschia"},{"link_name":"Tornieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornieria"},{"link_name":"Tendaguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaguria"},{"link_name":"Dysalotosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysalotosaurus"},{"link_name":"Australodocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australodocus"},{"link_name":"Elaphrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphrosaurus"},{"link_name":"Veterupristisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterupristisaurus"},{"link_name":"Dicraeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicraeosaurus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Am_Tendaguru_-_Leben_und_Wirken_einer_deutschen_Forschungsexpedition_zur_Ausgrabung_vorweltlicher_Riesensaurier_in_Deutsch-Ostafrika_(1912)_(17977534130).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giraffatitan_skeleton_in_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_0826.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Lindi Region has a tropical savanna climate with a Köppen climate classification of 49 and Aw. Lindi Eegion receives annual precipitation level of 750 to 1200 millimeters, often raining in February and March during the wet season. The average temperature is lower at Nachingwea with a monthly mean of 22.2 degrees Celsius and a monthly mean temperature of 27.7 degrees Celsius at the coast in Kilwa Masoko.[10] Lindi is home to a number of major rivers, the largest being Mbwemkuru River. Other major rivers are Matandu River, Lukuledi River and Mavuji River. Some tributary rivers of the Rufiji River that begin in Lindi Region are Njenje River and Lukuliro River.Lindi Region is also home to the Tendaguru Formation, a Late Jurassic fossil record, where a complete skeleton of the largest land animals to ever exist; Giraffatitan was discovered by German colonizers during their occupation of the territory in the early 20th century. Other fossils that were found there are the Kentrosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Dysalotosaurus, Australodocus, Elaphrosaurus, Veterupristisaurus and Dicraeosaurus species of dinosaurs.[11]Tendaguru,1912Giraffatitan skeleton in Berlin","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nyerere National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyerere_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_{{!}}_Lindi_Region-8"},{"link_name":"Malachite Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite_kingfisher"},{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"},{"link_name":"cashew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew"},{"link_name":"miombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miombo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Flora and Fauna","text":"Much of the western part of the Lindi Region is in the Nyerere National Park and Selous Game Reserve covering 27% of the total Lindi soil at roughly 18,000 square kilometers, equivalent to the size of the nation of Kuwait.[8] Lindi Region hosts both native African savanna wildlife and also Indian Ocean fauna. The regional bird is the Malachite Kingfisher is found in more numbers in Lindi, especially at the Selous game reserve and Nyerere National Park. In terms of flora the tamarind tree is found in abundance as it is cultivated together with the cashew tree. Lindi is also home to many native trees include the miombo or ebony tree as well as other common savannah flora found in neighbouring regions and countries.[12]Kitope (8 Km2) and Mbinga are two small forest remnants in the Lindi Region (6 Km2). Others include the Km2, Ringo, and Maleshi Forest Reserves, as well as Nanyoma Caves (which have a 4 acre trial patch of mninga trees).\nLow-lying plants and forest are present in Ngarama North and South. According to Erikson et al. in 1994, the Pindiro Forest has at least 15 hectares of swamp forest. Mpingo and woodland grassland predominate in Matapwa Forest Reserve. A section of baobab forest may be found in Kikwetu's Municipal Council borders, to the east of Lindi Airport.\n[13]On the Noto Plateau, there is a sizable area of forest: Makangela, which contains miombo woodland, is located on the southern side of the main road between Rutamba and Lilola. Another is Mnacho, a 1 square kilometer area of thickets and shrubs planted with acacia siamea in 1978 to provide woodfuel for the town of Lindi. It is located on the road between Lindi and Mingoyo/Mnazi Mmoja. This is now a part of the Lindi Municipality, along with the Mkunguru forest, which is located about 20 km south of the Lindi Creek. Despite being degazetted in 1960 (GN No 487), the Livengula Forest Reserve, which is next to Lake Narunyu and directly to the north of the coconut plantation, continues to be a cashewnut woods. The Mtama Forest is situated 2 km from Masasi.\nThe woodlands of Lionjo and Nyera/Kiperere in the Liwale and Nachingwea Districts are close to the Liwale to Nachingwea Road. The least vulnerable coastal forest in Tanzania is Lungonya Forest, which is located in the Seleou Game Reserve's far north-east corner and is far from any populated areas.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In terms of GDP, the regional economy of Lindi makes a very small contribution to the national economy, accounting for only about 2% of GDP. This is a result of the potentials not being fully utilized to contribute to the national economy generally and the regional economy specifically. In fact, Singida, Pwani, and Lindi are the three regions that contribute the least to the GDP of the nation; Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Mbeya are the two regions that contribute the most. With 1,127,104 TZS annually, Lindi is ranked 11th out of 21 Tanzanian regions, followed by Rukwa, Mara, and Mtwara with 1,116,699 TZS, 1,095,641 TZS, and 1,041,805 TZS, respectively. Dar es Salaam tops the list with 1,990,043 TZS, and Iringa comes second with 1,660,532 TZS per person. However, throughout the years 2000 to 2013, the Coast area, Singida, or both trailed Lindi region in terms of regional GDP annual contribution, coming in at 19 or 20.[15]Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, trade and commerce, public administration, and education are the main economic sectors in which the working population in the Lindi region is employed. According to the Lindi 2016 socioeconomic profile, commercial agriculture and farming of food crops employed more people than any other industry by an astounding 80 percent, followed by \"Trade and Commerce\" at 4.3 percent and \"Mining and Quarrying\" at 2.2 percent. Electricity, Gas, and Water as well as Communication and Transport each employed 0.1 percent of the total workforce in the area. In the Lindi region, farming was the most prevalent occupation, employing around 79.5 percent of the working population. Livestock keepers, on the other hand, made up about 0.2 percent of the working population.[16]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cashew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"African rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_rice"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Agriculture is the main employer in the Lindi Region. Out of the 224,316 households in the region, 180,877 (or 81 percent) were involved in agriculture in some capacity. These homes were primarily located in the Lindi District Council (44,583 households).\n15 percent of households (26,817 households) in urban areas engaged in agricultural activity in the agricultural year 2011–12. This indicates that agriculture is also an economic activity in urban regions. Additionally, it was discovered that the percentage of households engaged in agriculture varied from 86 percent in Nachingwea District Council to 62 percent in Lindi Municipal.[17]The region is divided into two main agro-ecological zones; the coastal zone which is the main cultivation of tree crops such as cashew, coconut and mango. These areas are Lindi and Kilwa districts respectively with an elevation of 0 to 400 meters. Roughly 10% of farmers commercially grow cashews for export. The second agro-ecological zone is the midlands where the main cultivation of crops include maize, African rice, sesame and cassava. These areas are mostly Liwale and Nachingwea districts with an elevation of 300 to 900 meters above sea level. Rearing of livestock is still low in Lindi compared to other regions.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"There are hardly any manufacturing industries in the Lindi region. The Region had one sawmill (ISIC 161), one manufacturer of chemical products (ISIC 202), and one furniture manufacturer, per the 2009 Annual Survey of Industrial Production for enterprises employing 10 and above persons.[18]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"dhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow"},{"link_name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nyerere National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyerere_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"sub_title":"Fisheries and Forestry","text":"Between Sudi village in the south of the Lindi district and Marendego village in the north of Kilwa, Lindi Region has the longest coastline in the country at 287 kilometers long. Lindi also has some of the most productive fish stocks in Tanzania. Only 876 out of 224,316 households (0.4 percent) engaged in fish farming activities. Fish farming is primarily done in rural areas, with some urban areas as well. In addition, it was noted that 22.1 percent of households engaged in fish farming were urban and 77.9 percent were rural.[19]The region has more than 2,430 registered fishing vessels (most are dugout canoes and dhow). There are over 11,523 fishermen registered in the Lindi region. The fishing is done is organised into 28 fishing groups. currently, there are 6 groups in Kilwa district, 14 in Lindi Town, and 8 in Lindi district. Aquaculture is significant in the region with 125 saltwater fish farms and 148 freshwater fish farms.[10]\nFish stocking in man-made dams, sea weed farming, and fishing in the ocean, rivers, and dams are all part of the region's fishing industry. The Indian Ocean, River Lukuredi, Lake Rutamba, and dams are the region's natural water sources, which all support fishing.[20]People who live near the water produce seaweed, hence the ocean's presence encourages seaweed cultivation as a source of income in the Lindi district, Lindi municipality, and Kilwa. Spinosum (red sea weed) and cotonii are the two forms of sea weed that are generated in greater quantities in the Lindi region (green sea weed). However, a variety of issues, including a drop in seaweed prices and illnesses, are causing a yearly fall in seaweed yield.[21]Lindi is one of the most forested regions in Tanzania with 57.17% of the region being covered in forests. 38% of these forested lands are within Nyerere National Park and Selous Game Reserve. Moreover, 6% of land in the Lindi Region is part of the National Forest Reserves. In addition, 12% of the forests are managed under village forest reserves. Sustainable honey production is an area the government is exploring commercial interests in the forest reserves.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salt mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_mining"},{"link_name":"gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mining and natural gas","text":"Lindi engages in salt mining on a local scale especially in Kilwa district, also Kilwa district has deposits of high quality gypsum near Kiranjeranje ward. Ruangwa district is known for its graphite deposits. As of 2019, 60 exploration wells have been drilled in the Songo Songo islands in Kilwa district, containing fifty-five trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves.[10]\nThe region has issued around 2282 mineral licenses, of which only Kilwa district, with about 1260 licenses, has issued about 55.2% of them, and Lindi Municipal Council, with only 101 licenses. Of these 99 licenses are for small-scale mining, while the other two are for limestone exploration. The mining licenses awarded cover a variety of activities, including exploration (prospecting and retention), mining (small, medium, and large scales), processing, smelting, and reefing, as well as mineral business (dealer's and broker's) licenses. Graphite, feldspar, salt, coal, gold, marble, nickel, copper, manganese, iron ore, limestone, gem, gypsum, and other minerals may be found in Lindi.[22]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Kisiwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani"},{"link_name":"Songo Mnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songo_Mnara"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Matumbi Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matumbi_Highlands"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Lindi is the only Tanzanian region that hosts two of Tanzania's UNESCO World Heritage Site, within its borders, namely, Selous Game Reserve and the ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara[23] Lindi offers attractions for cultural/historic tourism, sun and sand tourism, and also wildlife safari tourism. There is also an unexplored cave system called the Nangoma caves near Matumbi Highlands in Kilwa District.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mwera people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwera_people"},{"link_name":"Kilwa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_District"},{"link_name":"Ngindo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngindo_people"},{"link_name":"Liwale District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwale_District"},{"link_name":"Matumbi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matumbi_people"},{"link_name":"Machinga people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinga_people"},{"link_name":"Makonde people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makonde_people"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"African traditional faiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_traditional_faiths"},{"link_name":"Kilwa Masoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Masoko"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Lindi Region despite its size is home to only 5 indigenous ethnic groups. It is the ancestral home to the Mwera people located on the central east coast of the Lindi Region, the majority in Kilwa District. Most of western Lindi is home to the Ngindo people, the majority in Liwale District. The Matumbi people are mostly found in the northern Lindi Region bordering Pwani Region. Machinga people are a small minority with Kilwa District in the eastern Lindi Region. Lastly the Makonde people are found on the south-eastern corner of Lindi Region.[24] The life expectancy of Lindi residents is 63.8 years. In terms of regional cuisine, \"Chipwenye,\" a traditional dish made of a blend of Bambara beans and maize, is a popular choice (njugu mawe).[25]The majority of Lindi Region residents practice Sunni Islam with elements of African traditional faiths since the introduction of Islam to the Lindi coast through trade during the Swahili era in the 9th and 10th centuries. There is a small but significant Christian population. As in most of Tanzania, many urban centers like Liwale town, Kilwa Masoko, and Lindi town have a mixture of people from all over the country including a small Indian and Arab immigrant community. The bulk of foreigners counted in the area were from Kenya, China, Mozambique, and India. Other nations with sizable populations of foreigners in the area were Germany and Lesotho.[26]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Zambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Zambi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Demographics","text":"Lindi Region's population in 2012 was around 864,652,[27] making Lindi the region with the lowest population densities in the country at 51 persons per square kilometer. The population of the Lindi Region increased by 0.9 percent between 2002 and 2012. While the population growth rate in urban regions was 2.5 percent, it was only 0.6 percent in rural areas.The Lindi Region's average yearly growth rate dropped from 1.4 percent between 1988 and 2002 to 0.9 percent between 2002 and 2012. Between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses, the population of the Lindi Region as a whole increased by 9.8%. However, over a 14-year period (1988–2002), the population of the Lindi Region as a whole has grown by 1.4%. All Lindi districts saw population growth between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses. Ruangwa District experienced the smallest population change, while Lindi Municipal Council experienced the biggest (91.9%) (5.7 percent). The district with the highest population proportion, accounting for 22.5 percent of the region's total population (194,143 people), was Lindi District Council, while the district with the lowest, accounting for 9.1 percent (78,841 persons).\n[28]There were 92 men for every 100 women in the Lindi Region overall. (99 for rural areas and 90 for urban areas show that there are more women than men living there. The sex ratio, however, was above 100 for the population in the age categories of 5 to 19 years, 50 to 54 years, and 75 to 79 years in the Lindi region, while it was above 100 for the population in the age groups of 5 to 19 years and 75 to 79 years in the Lindi rural area. In contrast, Lindi's urban sex ratio was greater than 100 for people aged 50 to 64 and 75 to 79, and it was equal for children aged 0 to 4 years. The 2012 Census showed that the Lindi region has a young population, with 50.5% of the territory's inhabitants being under the age of 15. Ages 65 and over make up just six percent of the region's total population.[29]\nAs of 2019, the projected Lindi Region population was 1,004,439. This shows that Lindi Region is growing at a small pace compared to other regions at 0.9% per annum.[10] With the current growth rate projection Lindi will only add 54,240 people by 2025.The regional commissioner of the Lindi Region is Godfrey Zambi.[30]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Tanzania"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"Lindi Region is divided into six districts, each administered by a council:","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Health and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Literacy","text":"Urban regions of Lindi had a substantially higher literacy rate (74.3%) than did rural areas (60.6 percent). While in both rural and urban areas, men had higher literacy rates than women.Adult literacy in the Lindi Region is 68.0 percent, with urban regions having a higher rate (77.2 percent) than rural ones (65.7 percent). In both rural and urban areas, males had higher literacy rates than females.District-level adult literacy rates range from 75.7% in Nachingwea District to 60.3% in Lindi District (Map 9.1). Liwale District (73.2%) and Lindi Municipal District were the districts with literacy rates above 70 percent (72.7 percent).Adult literacy rates in Ruangwa District increased from 58.1 percent in 2002 to 67 percent in 2012 and in Lindi Municipal from 69.9 percent to 72.7 percent in 2012. The percentage change in these districts ranges from 2.8 percent in Lindi Municipal to 13.1 percent in Kilwa District, indicating an increase in literacy rates between the 2002 and 2012 censuses. For people aged 5 and older, the literacy rate improved from 54.4 to 63.2 percent, and for people aged 15 and older, it went from 59.1 to 68 percent. Male and female literacy rates among those aged 5 and older have likewise increased, from 61.1 to 67.8 percent for men and 48.4 to 59 percent for women. Ruangwa District Council (40.9%), Kilwa (43.4%), and Lindi District Council (43.4%) have the highest rates of illiteracy (37 percent). The district councils with the lowest rates of illiteracy were Nachingwea District Council and Lindi Municipal Council, both at 29.7%. (29.5 percent).[31]","title":"Health and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Compared to the urban population, where the percentage was just 21%, 33% of rural residents had never attended school.\nSimilarly, the percentage of dropouts was marginally greater in rural (9.0%) than in urban (8.4%) areas. However, compared to rural areas, metropolitan areas had a substantially larger percentage of people who had completed their education (41.9%). (34.9 percent). The similar arrangement holds true for those who were actively enrolled, with 23.1 percent of the rural population and 28.7 percent of the urban population both attending school.Liwale District Council had the highest district council attendance percentage (26.9%), followed by Lindi Municipal Council (26.4%) and Nachingwea District Council (23.4%). (25.4 percent). Ruangwa District Council (20.8%) and Lindi District Council (22.2%) had the lowest attendance rates, respectively.[32]Between the 2002 and 2012 Censuses, there was an improvement in educational attainment levels. The percentage of the population with a secondary education climbed from 5.12 percent to 7.7 percent, and the percentage with a university degree or an equivalent level increased from 0.09 percent to 0.7 percent. The growth of secondary schools and rise in secondary school enrollment are the reason for the startling rise in the percentage of students in secondary schools compared to primary schools. In the 267,844 people who attained any level of education, according to the 2012 census, 134,987 (50.4%) were men and 132,857 (49.6%) were women. 90.6 percent of people completed primary school, which was followed by secondary education (7.7 percent), university, and other levels (0.7 percent). The findings also indicate that compared to men, more women (92.3 percent) have completed their primary school (88.9 percent). The situation was reversed at the secondary level and above, when 7.7% of people had a secondary education and 0.4% had a university degree or an equivalent level.[33]","title":"Health and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinjikitile Ngwale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinjikitile_Ngwale"},{"link_name":"Kassim Majaliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassim_Majaliwa"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abdi Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdulaziz"}],"text":"Kinjikitile Ngwale, freedom fighter and spiritual leader\nKassim Majaliwa, 10th Tanzanian Prime Minister\nMohammed Abdi Abdulaziz, politician","title":"Notable persons from Lindi Region"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Juvenile_Malachite_Kingfisher_spotted_in_Kakuzi_by_Odhiambo.jpg/50px-Juvenile_Malachite_Kingfisher_spotted_in_Kakuzi_by_Odhiambo.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Angular_glider_%28Cymothoe_theobene%29_female.jpg/50px-Angular_glider_%28Cymothoe_theobene%29_female.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hippocampus_kelloggi_en_acuario.jpg/50px-Hippocampus_kelloggi_en_acuario.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dugong_dugon_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-Dugong_dugon_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tamarindus_indica03a.jpg/50px-Tamarindus_indica03a.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Garnet-Group-215473.jpg/50px-Garnet-Group-215473.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tendaguru,1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Am_Tendaguru_-_Leben_und_Wirken_einer_deutschen_Forschungsexpedition_zur_Ausgrabung_vorweltlicher_Riesensaurier_in_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%281912%29_%2817977534130%29.jpg/220px-Am_Tendaguru_-_Leben_und_Wirken_einer_deutschen_Forschungsexpedition_zur_Ausgrabung_vorweltlicher_Riesensaurier_in_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%281912%29_%2817977534130%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Giraffatitan skeleton in Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Giraffatitan_skeleton_in_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_0826.jpg/220px-Giraffatitan_skeleton_in_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_0826.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lindi Region history\". Lindi Government. Retrieved 2022-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/historia","url_text":"\"Lindi Region history\""}]},{"reference":"\"IS0 3166\". ISO. Retrieved 2022-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TZ","url_text":"\"IS0 3166\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2020-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindi Region Size\".","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/historia","url_text":"\"Lindi Region Size\""}]},{"reference":"\"Area size comparison\". Nations Online. 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm","url_text":"\"Area size comparison\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, J V. (22 July 2022). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon. London: J.Currey. p. 93. ISBN 978-0852550762. OCLC 25747036.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25747036","url_text":"Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852550762","url_text":"978-0852550762"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25747036","url_text":"25747036"}]},{"reference":"\"Historia | Lindi Region\". www.lindi.go.tz. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lindi.go.tz/historia","url_text":"\"Historia | Lindi Region\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724205945/http://www.lindi.go.tz/historia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindi Peaks\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://peakvisor.com/adm/lindi.html","url_text":"\"Lindi Peaks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181842/https://peakvisor.com/adm/lindi.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lindi Region Investment Guide\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tic.go.tz/images/uploads/Lindi%20Region%20Investement%20Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Lindi Region Investment Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724205945/http://www.tic.go.tz/images/uploads/Lindi%20Region%20Investement%20Guide.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sames, B (2009). \"The Tendaguru formation of southeastern Tanzania, East Africa: An alternating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous palaeoenvironment of exceptional status\". Egu General Assembly Conference Abstracts: 5283. Bibcode:2009EGUGA..11.5283S. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5283S/abstract","url_text":"\"The Tendaguru formation of southeastern Tanzania, East Africa: An alternating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous palaeoenvironment of exceptional status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5283S","url_text":"2009EGUGA..11.5283S"}]},{"reference":"\"Selous Game Reserve Tanzania (Nyerere National Park) A Safari Guide\". Selous Game Reserve. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.selousgamereserve.net/","url_text":"\"Selous Game Reserve Tanzania (Nyerere National Park) A Safari Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724211017/https://www.selousgamereserve.net/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"\"Tanzania - People\". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tanzania/tribes.htm","url_text":"\"Tanzania - People\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074636/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tanzania/tribes.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Municipal Master Plan: Ministry of Lands, Tanzania. 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Njombe Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"\"Social Economics of Tanzania, 2016 - Tanzania Data Portal\". tanzania.opendataforafrica.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://tanzania.opendataforafrica.org/TZSOCECD2016/social-economics-of-tanzania-2016?region=1000090-lindi&indicator=1001020-population-annual-growth-rate-percent","url_text":"\"Social Economics of Tanzania, 2016 - Tanzania Data Portal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074638/https://tanzania.opendataforafrica.org/TZSOCECD2016/social-economics-of-tanzania-2016?region=1000090-lindi&indicator=1001020-population-annual-growth-rate-percent","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Njombe Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]},{"reference":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016 (PDF) (Regional Guide). Lindi Region: Lindi Government, Tanzania. 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","url_text":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lindi_Region¶ms=9_59_15.36_S_39_41_53.52_E_type:adm2nd_region:TZ","external_links_name":"9°59′15.36″S 39°41′53.52″E / 9.9876000°S 39.6982000°E / -9.9876000; 39.6982000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lindi_Region¶ms=9_59_15.36_S_39_41_53.52_E_type:adm2nd_region:TZ","external_links_name":"9°59′15.36″S 39°41′53.52″E / 9.9876000°S 39.6982000°E / -9.9876000; 39.6982000"},{"Link":"http://lindi.go.tz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/historia","external_links_name":"\"Lindi Region history\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TZ","external_links_name":"\"IS0 3166\""},{"Link":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/historia","external_links_name":"\"Lindi Region Size\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm","external_links_name":"\"Area size comparison\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25747036","external_links_name":"Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25747036","external_links_name":"25747036"},{"Link":"http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf","external_links_name":"Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130612082906/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lindi.go.tz/historia","external_links_name":"\"Historia | Lindi Region\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724205945/http://www.lindi.go.tz/historia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://peakvisor.com/adm/lindi.html","external_links_name":"\"Lindi Peaks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181842/https://peakvisor.com/adm/lindi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tic.go.tz/images/uploads/Lindi%20Region%20Investement%20Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lindi Region Investment Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724205945/http://www.tic.go.tz/images/uploads/Lindi%20Region%20Investement%20Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5283S/abstract","external_links_name":"\"The Tendaguru formation of southeastern Tanzania, East Africa: An alternating Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous palaeoenvironment of exceptional status\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..11.5283S","external_links_name":"2009EGUGA..11.5283S"},{"Link":"https://www.selousgamereserve.net/","external_links_name":"\"Selous Game Reserve Tanzania (Nyerere National Park) A Safari Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724211017/https://www.selousgamereserve.net/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf,LINDI","external_links_name":"MASTER PLAN, Lindi Regional Commissioner, Lindi, 2019"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712100508/https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tanzania/tribes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tanzania - People\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074636/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tanzania/tribes.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1567769286-LINDI%20MASTER%20PLAN.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Municipal Master Plan"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://tanzania.opendataforafrica.org/TZSOCECD2016/social-economics-of-tanzania-2016?region=1000090-lindi&indicator=1001020-population-annual-growth-rate-percent","external_links_name":"\"Social Economics of Tanzania, 2016 - Tanzania Data Portal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074638/https://tanzania.opendataforafrica.org/TZSOCECD2016/social-economics-of-tanzania-2016?region=1000090-lindi&indicator=1001020-population-annual-growth-rate-percent","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"http://lindi.go.tz/,Mkoa","external_links_name":"wa Lindi , Tanzania Government Directory, 2019"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"https://lindi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/58d/618/b80/58d618b80cc67883898328.pdf","external_links_name":"Lindi Region Socio-economic Profile 2016"},{"Link":"http://lindi.go.tz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122094947","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122094947","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4234812-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007473750305171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_John_Schwertner | Augustus John Schwertner | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and education","1.2 Priesthood","1.3 Bishop of Wichita","2 References"] | American prelate
His Excellency, The Most ReverendAugustus John SchwertnerBishop of WichitaChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of WichitaAppointedMarch 10, 1921Term endedOctober 2, 1939 (his death)PredecessorJohn Joseph HennessySuccessorChristian Herman WinkelmannOrdersOrdinationJune 12, 1897by Ignatius Frederick HorstmannConsecrationJune 8, 1921by Joseph SchrembsPersonal detailsBorn(1870-12-23)December 23, 1870Canton, Ohio, U.S.DiedOctober 2, 1939(1939-10-02) (aged 68)Wichita, Kansas, U.S.EducationCanisius CollegeSaint Mary Seminary
Augustus John Schwertner (December 23, 1870 – October 2, 1939) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Wichita in Kansas from 1921 until his death in 1939.
Biography
Early life and education
Augustus Schwertner was born on December 23, 1870, in Canton, Ohio, the second of eight children of Anton and Christina (née Richart) Schwertner. His father was an Austrian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker. The family were parishioners at St. Peter's Church in Canton, where Schwertner received his early education at the local parochial school.
After graduating from the public high school in Canton, Schwertner studied under the Jesuits at Canisius College in Buffalo, New York. He entered St. Mary's Seminary in Cleveland, Ohio, in September 1891 to study for the priesthood. His brother Benedict also became a priest, joining the Dominican Order and taking the religious name Thomas Maria.
Priesthood
Schwertner was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Cleveland on June 12, 1897 by Bishop Ignatius Horstmann. Schwertner celebrated his first Mass at his childhood parish, St. Peter's in Canton. He then served for a few months as assistant pastor at St. Columba's Parish in Youngstown, Ohio, until September 1897, when he was named pastor of St. Anthony's Parish in Milan, Ohio. Schwertner was later transferred to Rockport, Ohio, where he served as pastor of St. Mary's Parish (1903-1907).
In June 1907, Schwertner was appointed pastor of St. John's Parish in Lima, Ohio. He was incardinated, or transferred, to the Diocese of Toledo in Ohio in 1910. In October 1913, Schwertner was appointed chancellor of the diocese by Bishop Joseph Schrembs, placing him in charge of the diocese's business and financial affairs. He given the title of monsignor by Pope Benedict XV in March 1916.
Bishop of Wichita
On March 10, 1921, Schwertner was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Wichita, by Benedict XV. He received his episcopal consecration on June 8, 1921, from Bishop Joseph Schrembs, with Bishops Michael Gallagher and John Tihen serving as co-consecrators. He took charge of the Diocese of Wichita on June 22, 1921, when he was installed at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Wichita.
When Schwertner arrived in Wichita in 1921, the diocese contained 110 priests, 81 parishes, 49 parochial schools, and eight hospitals to serve a Catholic population of 36,905. By his final year as bishop in 1939, there were 56,248 Catholics, 155 priests, 97 parishes, 65 parochial schools, and 13 hospitals. Sacred Heart Junior College in Wichita was established during his tenure in 1933.
John Schwertner died from a stroke at his residence in Wichita on October 2, 1939, at age 68. He is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Wichita.
References
^ a b c d e Winter, Nevin Otto (1917). A History of Northwest Ohio. Vol. II. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company.
^ a b c d e f "Bishop Schwertner Born in Ohio in 1870". The Catholic Advance. Wichita, KS. October 7, 1939.
^ "Life Sketch of the Deceased Father Thomas Schwertner, O.P., Church Historian, Orator, Writer". The Catholic Advance. Wichita, KS. March 3, 1934.
^ a b c "Bishop Augustus John Schwertner". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
^ "Our Parish". St. John Catholic Church.
^ a b "Bishop Schwertner Dies At 68". The Wichita Beacon. October 2, 1939.
^ The Official Catholic Directory. New York: P. J. Kenedy. 1921. p. 647.
^ The Official Catholic Directory. New York: P. J. Kenedy. 1939. p. 613.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJohn Joseph Hennessy
Bishop of Wichita 1921–1939
Succeeded byChristian Herman Winkelmann
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of WichitaBishops
Ordinaries
James O'Reilly
John Joseph Hennessy
Augustus John Schwertner
Christian Herman Winkelmann
Mark Kenny Carroll
David Monas Maloney
Eugene John Gerber
Thomas Olmsted
Michael Owen Jackels
Carl A. Kemme
Coadjutor
Leo Christopher Byrne
Churches
Cathedral
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Parishes
St. Mark Church, Colwich
St. Teresa's Church, Hutchinson
Education
Higher education
Newman University
High schools
Bishop Carroll Catholic High School, Wichita
Kapaun Mt. Carmel High School, Wichita
St. Mary's-Colgan High School, Pittsburg
Trinity Catholic High School, Hutchinson
Priests
John Balthasar Brungardt
Paul Stagg Coakley
James D. Conley
Ronald Michael Gilmore
Emil Kapaun
Shawn McKnight
Ignatius Jerome Strecker
John Henry Tihen
Catholicism portal
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of ToledoBishops
Ordinaries
Joseph Schrembs
Samuel Stritch
Karl Joseph Alter
George John Rehring
John Anthony Donovan
James Robert Hoffman
Leonard Paul Blair
Daniel Edward Thomas
Auxiliaries
Albert Henry Ottenweller
Robert William Donnelly
Churches
List
List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo
Cathedral
Our Lady, Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral
Basilica
Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation
Parishes
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bethlehem
St. Michael's Ridge Church, Defiance
St. John's Church, Delphos
St. John the Baptist Church, Glandorf
St. Peter's Church, Mansfield
St. Augustine's Church, Napoleon
All Saints Church, New Riegel
Holy Angels Church, Sandusky
St. Mary's Church, Sandusky
Saints Peter and Paul Church, Sandusky
Most Pure Heart Of Mary Church, Shelby
St. Ann Church, Toledo
St. Patrick's Church, Toledo
Higher education
Colleges & universities
Lourdes University
Mercy College of Ohio
Former college
Mary Manse College
Priests
Augustus John Schwertner
Gerald Robinson
Catholicism portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wichita"}],"text":"Augustus John Schwertner (December 23, 1870 – October 2, 1939) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Wichita in Kansas from 1921 until his death in 1939.","title":"Augustus John Schwertner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-1"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Catholic_Church_(Canton,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-1"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Canisius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisius_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary_Seminary_and_Graduate_School_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"religious name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brother-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life and education","text":"Augustus Schwertner was born on December 23, 1870, in Canton, Ohio, the second of eight children of Anton and Christina (née Richart) Schwertner.[1] His father was an Austrian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker.[2] The family were parishioners at St. Peter's Church in Canton, where Schwertner received his early education at the local parochial school.[1]After graduating from the public high school in Canton, Schwertner studied under the Jesuits at Canisius College in Buffalo, New York.[2] He entered St. Mary's Seminary in Cleveland, Ohio, in September 1891 to study for the priesthood.[2] His brother Benedict also became a priest, joining the Dominican Order and taking the religious name Thomas Maria.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Cleveland on Ju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Horstmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Frederick_Horstmann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-4"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"St. Columba's Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Columba_Cathedral_(Youngstown,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Milan, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-1"},{"link_name":"Rockport, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-1"},{"link_name":"Lima, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stjohns-5"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schrembs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schrembs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advance-2"},{"link_name":"monsignor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-1"}],"sub_title":"Priesthood","text":"Schwertner was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Cleveland on June 12, 1897 by Bishop Ignatius Horstmann.[4] Schwertner celebrated his first Mass at his childhood parish, St. Peter's in Canton.[2] He then served for a few months as assistant pastor at St. Columba's Parish in Youngstown, Ohio, until September 1897, when he was named pastor of St. Anthony's Parish in Milan, Ohio.[1] Schwertner was later transferred to Rockport, Ohio, where he served as pastor of St. Mary's Parish (1903-1907).[1]In June 1907, Schwertner was appointed pastor of St. John's Parish in Lima, Ohio.[2][5] He was incardinated, or transferred, to the Diocese of Toledo in Ohio in 1910. In October 1913, Schwertner was appointed chancellor of the diocese by Bishop Joseph Schrembs, placing him in charge of the diocese's business and financial affairs.[2] He given the title of monsignor by Pope Benedict XV in March 1916.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schrembs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schrembs"},{"link_name":"Michael Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John Tihen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Tihen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-4"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Wichita,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-directory2-8"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_University,_Wichita"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Wichita","text":"On March 10, 1921, Schwertner was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Wichita, by Benedict XV.[4] He received his episcopal consecration on June 8, 1921, from Bishop Joseph Schrembs, with Bishops Michael Gallagher and John Tihen serving as co-consecrators.[4] He took charge of the Diocese of Wichita on June 22, 1921, when he was installed at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Wichita.[6]When Schwertner arrived in Wichita in 1921, the diocese contained 110 priests, 81 parishes, 49 parochial schools, and eight hospitals to serve a Catholic population of 36,905.[7] By his final year as bishop in 1939, there were 56,248 Catholics, 155 priests, 97 parishes, 65 parochial schools, and 13 hospitals.[8] Sacred Heart Junior College in Wichita was established during his tenure in 1933.John Schwertner died from a stroke at his residence in Wichita on October 2, 1939, at age 68.[6] He is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Wichita.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toledo.svg/100px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toledo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Winter, Nevin Otto (1917). A History of Northwest Ohio. Vol. II. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Schwertner Born in Ohio in 1870\". The Catholic Advance. Wichita, KS. October 7, 1939.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Life Sketch of the Deceased Father Thomas Schwertner, O.P., Church Historian, Orator, Writer\". The Catholic Advance. Wichita, KS. March 3, 1934.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Augustus John Schwertner\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsch.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Augustus John Schwertner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Parish\". St. John Catholic Church.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stjohnlima.com/our-parish.html","url_text":"\"Our Parish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Schwertner Dies At 68\". The Wichita Beacon. October 2, 1939.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Official Catholic Directory. New York: P. J. Kenedy. 1921. p. 647.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialcatholic1921unse","url_text":"The Official Catholic Directory"}]},{"reference":"The Official Catholic Directory. New York: P. J. Kenedy. 1939. p. 613.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialcatholic1939unse","url_text":"The Official Catholic Directory"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsch.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Augustus John Schwertner\""},{"Link":"https://www.stjohnlima.com/our-parish.html","external_links_name":"\"Our Parish\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/officialcatholic1921unse","external_links_name":"The Official Catholic Directory"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/officialcatholic1939unse","external_links_name":"The Official Catholic Directory"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Konno | Hiroki Konno | ["1 Filmography","1.1 Television","1.2 Films","1.3 Anime","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese comedian and actor (born 1978)
Hiroki Konno今野 浩喜Born (1978-12-12) December 12, 1978 (age 45)Niiza, Saitama, JapanNationalityJapaneseOther namesHiroki Sumiyoshi (住吉 浩喜, Sumiyoshi Hiroki, real name)EducationSeiritsu Gakuen High SchoolSchool JCAOccupation(s)Comedian, actorYears active1997–presentAgentProduction Jinrikisha
Hiroki Konno (今野 浩喜, Konno Hiroki, born December 12, 1978 in Niiza, Saitama, Japan) is a Japanese comedian and actor who was a member of the comedy duo King of Comedy.
Konno lives in Saitama, Saitama.
Filmography
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2015
Shitamachi Rocket
Shigeru Sakoda
2016
Omukae desu
Ho
Episodes 3 and 4
2018
Black Forceps
Fuminori Sekikawa
2022
The Sunflower Disappeared in the Rain
Yūta Okumura
Miniseries
Kamen Rider Black Sun
Wataru Igaki
2023
Ranman
Shōzaburō Ōkubo
Asadora
Films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2022
Life in the Fast Lane
2023
Detective of Joshidaikoji
2024
A Conviction of Marriage
Shigeo Ide
Anime
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2011
Fujirogu
Hiroko Konno, Hiroki Konno
References
^ "今野 浩喜". Production Jinriki-sha (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.
^ "恵俊彰、立川談春、キンコメ今野、春風亭昇太がドラマ「下町ロケット」出演" (in Japanese). Owarai Natalie. 17 Sep 2015. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.
^ "竜星涼が不良少年に? 福士蒼汰主演『お迎えデス。』第3話予告が公開". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. 30 Apr 2016. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.
^ "Black Pean cast". TBS Black Pean official site (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
^ "雨に消えた向日葵". TV drama database. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
^ "西島秀俊×中村倫也「仮面ライダーBLACK SUN」予告、キャスト10人、主題歌発表". eiga.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
^ "らんまん:新キャスト9人発表 元「アンジュルム」田村芽実、小野大輔、伊礼彼方ら朝ドラ初出演". Mantan-web. 26 April 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
^ "生きててよかった". eiga.com. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
^ "女子大小路の名探偵". eiga.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
^ "夏目アラタの結婚". eiga.com. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
^ "キングオブコメディが本人役、アニメ「フジログ」で声優に" (in Japanese). Owarai Natalie. 28 Jun 2011. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.
External links
Official profile (in Japanese)
Hiroki Konno on X (in Japanese) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niiza, Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiza,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saitama, Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama"}],"text":"Hiroki Konno (今野 浩喜, Konno Hiroki, born December 12, 1978 in Niiza, Saitama, Japan)[1] is a Japanese comedian and actor who was a member of the comedy duo King of Comedy.Konno lives in Saitama, Saitama.","title":"Hiroki Konno"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anime","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"今野 浩喜\". Production Jinriki-sha (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.p-jinriki.com/talent/konnohiroki/","url_text":"\"今野 浩喜\""}]},{"reference":"\"恵俊彰、立川談春、キンコメ今野、春風亭昇太がドラマ「下町ロケット」出演\" (in Japanese). Owarai Natalie. 17 Sep 2015. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/160348","url_text":"\"恵俊彰、立川談春、キンコメ今野、春風亭昇太がドラマ「下町ロケット」出演\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Owarai Natalie"}]},{"reference":"\"竜星涼が不良少年に? 福士蒼汰主演『お迎えデス。』第3話予告が公開\". Oricon Style (in Japanese). Oricon. 30 Apr 2016. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2070905/full/","url_text":"\"竜星涼が不良少年に? 福士蒼汰主演『お迎えデス。』第3話予告が公開\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Pean cast\". TBS Black Pean official site (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526160038/https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/cast/","url_text":"\"Black Pean cast\""},{"url":"https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/cast/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"雨に消えた向日葵\". TV drama database. Retrieved August 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-72113","url_text":"\"雨に消えた向日葵\""}]},{"reference":"\"西島秀俊×中村倫也「仮面ライダーBLACK SUN」予告、キャスト10人、主題歌発表\". eiga.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/news/20221009/4/","url_text":"\"西島秀俊×中村倫也「仮面ライダーBLACK SUN」予告、キャスト10人、主題歌発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"らんまん:新キャスト9人発表 元「アンジュルム」田村芽実、小野大輔、伊礼彼方ら朝ドラ初出演\". Mantan-web. 26 April 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20230426dog00m200010000c.html","url_text":"\"らんまん:新キャスト9人発表 元「アンジュルム」田村芽実、小野大輔、伊礼彼方ら朝ドラ初出演\""}]},{"reference":"\"生きててよかった\". eiga.com. Retrieved July 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/96503/","url_text":"\"生きててよかった\""}]},{"reference":"\"女子大小路の名探偵\". eiga.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/97738/","url_text":"\"女子大小路の名探偵\""}]},{"reference":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\". eiga.com. Retrieved June 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/101642/","url_text":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\""}]},{"reference":"\"キングオブコメディが本人役、アニメ「フジログ」で声優に\" (in Japanese). Owarai Natalie. 28 Jun 2011. Retrieved 4 Jun 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/52116","url_text":"\"キングオブコメディが本人役、アニメ「フジログ」で声優に\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.p-jinriki.com/talent/konnohiroki/","external_links_name":"\"今野 浩喜\""},{"Link":"http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/160348","external_links_name":"\"恵俊彰、立川談春、キンコメ今野、春風亭昇太がドラマ「下町ロケット」出演\""},{"Link":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2070905/full/","external_links_name":"\"竜星涼が不良少年に? 福士蒼汰主演『お迎えデス。』第3話予告が公開\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526160038/https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/cast/","external_links_name":"\"Black Pean cast\""},{"Link":"https://www.tbs.co.jp/blackpean_tbs/2018/cast/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-72113","external_links_name":"\"雨に消えた向日葵\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/news/20221009/4/","external_links_name":"\"西島秀俊×中村倫也「仮面ライダーBLACK SUN」予告、キャスト10人、主題歌発表\""},{"Link":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20230426dog00m200010000c.html","external_links_name":"\"らんまん:新キャスト9人発表 元「アンジュルム」田村芽実、小野大輔、伊礼彼方ら朝ドラ初出演\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/96503/","external_links_name":"\"生きててよかった\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/97738/","external_links_name":"\"女子大小路の名探偵\""},{"Link":"https://eiga.com/movie/101642/","external_links_name":"\"夏目アラタの結婚\""},{"Link":"http://natalie.mu/owarai/news/52116","external_links_name":"\"キングオブコメディが本人役、アニメ「フジログ」で声優に\""},{"Link":"http://www.p-jinriki.com/talent/konnohiroki/","external_links_name":"Official profile"},{"Link":"https://x.com/comnotwithiroki","external_links_name":"Hiroki Konno"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(pyrotechnics) | Comet (pyrotechnics) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Type of firework
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Comet" pyrotechnics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)A comet is a type of firework star fired into the sky from the ground which leaves a long trail of sparks in its wake as it flies through the air. A low noise effect that is popular in pyro-musicals because comets can be easily synchronized to music given their instantaneous impact.
A comet may also be a small block attached to the outside of a shell which burns and emits sparks as the shell is rising, leaving a trail in the sky.
Some comets use a matrix composition with small stars embedded in it. The matrix composition burns with little light but ignites the stars, producing the effect.
Some freely-launched comets contain crossette breaks, which explode and break the comet into several pieces to produce a branching effect.
Comets intended for use indoors near an audience, such as at a rock concert, are typically freely-launched projectiles designed to completely consume themselves to reduce the hazard to audience members.
Jeff Hardy using the comet pyrotechnics in his ring entrance
References
^ "Firework Effect - Comet" (video). youtube.com. October 19, 2000.
External links
A pyroguide article on Comets
This pyrotechnics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_star"},{"link_name":"crossette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeffhardyentrancepyrophilly.JPG"}],"text":"A comet is a type of firework star fired into the sky from the ground which leaves a long trail of sparks in its wake as it flies through the air. A low noise effect that is popular in pyro-musicals because comets can be easily synchronized to music given their instantaneous impact. [1]A comet may also be a small block attached to the outside of a shell which burns and emits sparks as the shell is rising, leaving a trail in the sky.Some comets use a matrix composition with small stars embedded in it. The matrix composition burns with little light but ignites the stars, producing the effect.Some freely-launched comets contain crossette breaks, which explode and break the comet into several pieces to produce a branching effect.Comets intended for use indoors near an audience, such as at a rock concert, are typically freely-launched projectiles designed to completely consume themselves to reduce the hazard to audience members.Jeff Hardy using the comet pyrotechnics in his ring entrance","title":"Comet (pyrotechnics)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Firework Effect - Comet\" (video). youtube.com. October 19, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nn2rRFKCqJg","url_text":"\"Firework Effect - Comet\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics","external_links_name":"\"Comet\" pyrotechnics"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Comet%22+pyrotechnics&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nn2rRFKCqJg","external_links_name":"\"Firework Effect - Comet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190131/http://www.pyroguide.com/index.php?title=Comet","external_links_name":"A pyroguide article on Comets"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comet_(pyrotechnics)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioJS | BioJS | ["1 History","2 Selected list of published components","3 Institutions using BioJS","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | BioJSInitial release2012Repositorygithub.com/biojs/biojs
Written inJavaScriptTypeBioinformaticsLicenseApache 2Websitebiojs.net
BioJS is an open-source project for bioinformatics data on the web. Its goal is to develop an open-source library of JavaScript components to visualise biological data. BioJS develops and maintains small building blocks (components) which can be reused by others. For a discovery of available components, BioJS maintains a registry Archived 2018-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.
History
The first version of BioJS was released in 2012 by John Gomez Carvajal. It was developed as a JavaScript library of web components to represent biological data in web applications. Version 2.0 included a complete redesign of the library and was released in 2014 as a Google Summer of Code project led by Manuel Corpas and developed by David Dao and Sebastian Wilzbach. Since then over 100 people contributed to the project. Currently more than 150 components are available in the BioJS registry.
Selected list of published components
DAG Viewer
DNA Content Viewer
FeatureViewer
HeatMapViewer
Intermine analysis
Intermine endpoints
KEGGViewer
PPI-Interactions
PsicquicGraph
Sequence
wigExplorer
treeWidget
Institutions using BioJS
EBI
ELife
InterMine
Berkeley Lab
OpenPHACTS
Rostlab
TGAC
See also
Free and open-source software portalBiology portal
BioJava, Biopython, BioRuby, BioPHP, BioPerl, Bioconductor
Open Bioinformatics Foundation
References
^ Corpas; Jimenez, Rafael; Carbon, Seth J; García, Alex; Garcia, Leyla; Goldberg, Tatyana; Gomez, John; Kalderimis, Alexis; Lewis, Suzanna E; Mulvany, Ian; Pawlik, Aleksandra; Rowland, Francis; Salazar, Gustavo; Schreiber, Fabian; Sillitoe, Ian; Spooner, William H; Thanki, Anil; Villaveces, José M; Yachdav, Guy; Hermjakob, Henning (2014). "BioJS: an open source standard for biological visualisation – its status in 2014". F1000Research. 3: 55. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-55.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103492. PMID 25075290.
^ "BioJS Vision and Mission". BioJS. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
^ Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). "BioJS DAGViewer: A reusable JavaScript component for displaying directed graphs". F1000Research. 3: 51. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-51.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3945768. PMID 24627804.
^ Thanki, Anil S.; Caim, Shabhonam; Corpas, Manuel; Davey, Robert P. (2014). "DNAContentViewer a BioJS component to visualise GC/AT Content". F1000Research. 3: 54. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-54.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.
^ Garcia, Leyla; Yachdav, Guy; Martin, Maria-Jesus (2014). "FeatureViewer, a BioJS component for visualization of position-based annotations in protein sequences". F1000Research. 3: 47. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-47.v2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3983936. PMID 24741440.
^ Yachdav, Guy; Hecht, Maximilian; Pasmanik-Chor, Metsada; Yeheskel, Adva; Rost, Burkhard (2014). "HeatMapViewer: interactive display of 2D data in biology". F1000Research. 3: 48. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-48.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4023661. PMID 24860644.
^ Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). "BioJS InterMine List Analysis: A BioJS component for displaying graphical or statistical analysis of collections of items from InterMine endpoints". F1000Research. 3: 45. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-45.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.
^ Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). "BioJS InterMineTable Component: A BioJS component for displaying data from InterMine compatible webservice endpoints". F1000Research. 3: 46. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-46.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.
^ Villaveces, Jose M.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Habermann, Bianca H. (2014). "KEGGViewer, a BioJS component to visualize KEGG Pathways". F1000Research. 3: 43. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-43.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3954160. PMID 24715980.
^ Salazar, Gustavo A.; Meintjes, Ayton; Mulder, Nicola (2014). "PPI layouts: BioJS components for the display of Protein-Protein Interactions". F1000Research. 3: 50. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-50.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103490. PMID 25075288.
^ Villaveces, Jose M.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Habermann, Bianca H. (2014). "PsicquicGraph, a BioJS component to visualize molecular interactions from PSICQUIC servers". F1000Research. 3: 44. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-44.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4097353. PMID 25075287.
^ Gomez, John; Jimenez, Rafael (2014). "Sequence, a BioJS component for visualising sequences". F1000Research. 3: 52. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-52.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103491. PMID 25075289.
^ Thanki, Anil S.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Kaithakottil, Gemy G.; Corpas, Manuel; Davey, Robert P. (2014). "wigExplorer, a BioJS component to visualise wig data". F1000Research. 3: 53. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-53.v2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5054804. PMID 27781080.
^ Schreiber, Fabian (2014). "treeWidget: a BioJS component to visualise phylogenetic trees". F1000Research. 3: 49. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-49.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.
External links
Official website
Biojs on GitHub
vteJavaScriptCode analysis
ESLint
JSHint
JSLint
Supersets
JS++
TypeScript
ArkTS
Transpilers
AtScript
Babel
ClojureScript
CoffeeScript
Dart
Elm
Emscripten
Google Closure Compiler
Google Web Toolkit
Haxe
LiveScript
Morfik
Nim
Opa
PureScript
Reason
WebSharper
Concepts
JavaScript library
JavaScript syntax
Debuggers
Chrome DevTools
Firefox Inspector
Komodo IDE
Microsoft Edge DevTools
Opera DevTools
Safari Web Inspector
Doc generators
JSDoc
Editors (comparison)
Ace
Cloud9 IDE
Atom
CodeMirror
Brackets
Light Table
PhpStorm
Orion
Visual Studio
Visual Studio Express
Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio Team Services
Vim
Engines
List of ECMAScript engines
Frameworks
Comparison of JavaScript frameworks
List of JavaScript libraries
Related technologies
Ajax
AssemblyScript
asm.js
Cascading Style Sheets
Document Object Model
HTML
HTML5
JSON
WebAssembly
WebAuthn
Package managers
npm
yarn
Module bundlers
Webpack
Vite
esbuild
Server-side
Active Server Pages
Bun
CommonJS
Deno
JSGI
Node.js
Wakanda
Unit testing frameworks (list)
Jasmine
Jest
Mocha
QUnit
People
Douglas Crockford
Ryan Dahl
Brendan Eich
John Resig | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CorpasJimenez2014-1"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BioJS_Mission-2"},{"link_name":"registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biojs.net/#/components"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180313202921/http://biojs.net/#/components"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"BioJS is an open-source project for bioinformatics data on the web.[1] Its goal is to develop an open-source library of JavaScript components to visualise biological data.[2] BioJS develops and maintains small building blocks (components) which can be reused by others. For a discovery of available components, BioJS maintains a registry Archived 2018-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.","title":"BioJS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Corpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Corpas_(Scientist)"}],"text":"The first version of BioJS was released in 2012 by John Gomez Carvajal. It was developed as a JavaScript library of web components to represent biological data in web applications. Version 2.0 included a complete redesign of the library and was released in 2014 as a Google Summer of Code project led by Manuel Corpas and developed by David Dao and Sebastian Wilzbach. Since then over 100 people contributed to the project. Currently more than 150 components are available in the BioJS registry.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThankiCaim2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GarciaYachdav2014-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YachdavHecht2014-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalazarMeintjes2014-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GomezJimenez2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThankiJimenez2014-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schreiber2014-14"}],"text":"DAG Viewer[3]\nDNA Content Viewer[4]\nFeatureViewer[5]\nHeatMapViewer[6]\nIntermine analysis[7]\nIntermine endpoints[8]\nKEGGViewer[9]\nPPI-Interactions[10]\nPsicquicGraph[11]\nSequence[12]\nwigExplorer[13]\ntreeWidget[14]","title":"Selected list of published components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute"},{"link_name":"ELife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELife"},{"link_name":"InterMine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMine"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"OpenPHACTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenPHACTS"},{"link_name":"Rostlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rostlab.org/"},{"link_name":"TGAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genome_Analysis_Centre"}],"text":"EBI\nELife\nInterMine\nBerkeley Lab\nOpenPHACTS\nRostlab\nTGAC","title":"Institutions using BioJS"}] | [] | [{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"title":"BioJava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioJava"},{"title":"Biopython","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopython"},{"title":"BioRuby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRuby"},{"title":"BioPHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioPHP"},{"title":"BioPerl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioPerl"},{"title":"Bioconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconductor"},{"title":"Open Bioinformatics Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Bioinformatics_Foundation"}] | [{"reference":"Corpas; Jimenez, Rafael; Carbon, Seth J; García, Alex; Garcia, Leyla; Goldberg, Tatyana; Gomez, John; Kalderimis, Alexis; Lewis, Suzanna E; Mulvany, Ian; Pawlik, Aleksandra; Rowland, Francis; Salazar, Gustavo; Schreiber, Fabian; Sillitoe, Ian; Spooner, William H; Thanki, Anil; Villaveces, José M; Yachdav, Guy; Hermjakob, Henning (2014). \"BioJS: an open source standard for biological visualisation – its status in 2014\". F1000Research. 3: 55. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-55.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103492. PMID 25075290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Corpas_(Scientist)","url_text":"Corpas"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103492","url_text":"\"BioJS: an open source standard for biological visualisation – its status in 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-55.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-55.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103492","url_text":"4103492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075290","url_text":"25075290"}]},{"reference":"\"BioJS Vision and Mission\". BioJS. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810063209/http://biojs.net/our_mission.html","url_text":"\"BioJS Vision and Mission\""},{"url":"http://biojs.net/our_mission.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). \"BioJS DAGViewer: A reusable JavaScript component for displaying directed graphs\". F1000Research. 3: 51. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-51.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3945768. PMID 24627804.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945768","url_text":"\"BioJS DAGViewer: A reusable JavaScript component for displaying directed graphs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-51.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-51.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945768","url_text":"3945768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24627804","url_text":"24627804"}]},{"reference":"Thanki, Anil S.; Caim, Shabhonam; Corpas, Manuel; Davey, Robert P. (2014). \"DNAContentViewer a BioJS component to visualise GC/AT Content\". F1000Research. 3: 54. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-54.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Corpas_(Scientist)","url_text":"Corpas, Manuel"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-54.v1","url_text":"\"DNAContentViewer a BioJS component to visualise GC/AT Content\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-54.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-54.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Leyla; Yachdav, Guy; Martin, Maria-Jesus (2014). \"FeatureViewer, a BioJS component for visualization of position-based annotations in protein sequences\". F1000Research. 3: 47. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-47.v2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3983936. PMID 24741440.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983936","url_text":"\"FeatureViewer, a BioJS component for visualization of position-based annotations in protein sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-47.v2","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-47.v2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983936","url_text":"3983936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24741440","url_text":"24741440"}]},{"reference":"Yachdav, Guy; Hecht, Maximilian; Pasmanik-Chor, Metsada; Yeheskel, Adva; Rost, Burkhard (2014). \"HeatMapViewer: interactive display of 2D data in biology\". F1000Research. 3: 48. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-48.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4023661. PMID 24860644.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4023661","url_text":"\"HeatMapViewer: interactive display of 2D data in biology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-48.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-48.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4023661","url_text":"4023661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860644","url_text":"24860644"}]},{"reference":"Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). \"BioJS InterMine List Analysis: A BioJS component for displaying graphical or statistical analysis of collections of items from InterMine endpoints\". F1000Research. 3: 45. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-45.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-45.v1","url_text":"\"BioJS InterMine List Analysis: A BioJS component for displaying graphical or statistical analysis of collections of items from InterMine endpoints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-45.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-45.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"}]},{"reference":"Kalderimis, Alexis; Stepan, Radek; Sullivan, Julie; Lyne, Rachel; Lyne, Michael; Micklem, Gos (2014). \"BioJS InterMineTable Component: A BioJS component for displaying data from InterMine compatible webservice endpoints\". F1000Research. 3: 46. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-46.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-46.v1","url_text":"\"BioJS InterMineTable Component: A BioJS component for displaying data from InterMine compatible webservice endpoints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-46.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-46.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"}]},{"reference":"Villaveces, Jose M.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Habermann, Bianca H. (2014). \"KEGGViewer, a BioJS component to visualize KEGG Pathways\". F1000Research. 3: 43. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-43.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 3954160. PMID 24715980.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954160","url_text":"\"KEGGViewer, a BioJS component to visualize KEGG Pathways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-43.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-43.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954160","url_text":"3954160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715980","url_text":"24715980"}]},{"reference":"Salazar, Gustavo A.; Meintjes, Ayton; Mulder, Nicola (2014). \"PPI layouts: BioJS components for the display of Protein-Protein Interactions\". F1000Research. 3: 50. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-50.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103490. PMID 25075288.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103490","url_text":"\"PPI layouts: BioJS components for the display of Protein-Protein Interactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-50.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-50.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103490","url_text":"4103490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075288","url_text":"25075288"}]},{"reference":"Villaveces, Jose M.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Habermann, Bianca H. (2014). \"PsicquicGraph, a BioJS component to visualize molecular interactions from PSICQUIC servers\". F1000Research. 3: 44. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-44.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4097353. PMID 25075287.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097353","url_text":"\"PsicquicGraph, a BioJS component to visualize molecular interactions from PSICQUIC servers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-44.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-44.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097353","url_text":"4097353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075287","url_text":"25075287"}]},{"reference":"Gomez, John; Jimenez, Rafael (2014). \"Sequence, a BioJS component for visualising sequences\". F1000Research. 3: 52. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-52.v1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 4103491. PMID 25075289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103491","url_text":"\"Sequence, a BioJS component for visualising sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-52.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-52.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103491","url_text":"4103491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075289","url_text":"25075289"}]},{"reference":"Thanki, Anil S.; Jimenez, Rafael C.; Kaithakottil, Gemy G.; Corpas, Manuel; Davey, Robert P. (2014). \"wigExplorer, a BioJS component to visualise wig data\". F1000Research. 3: 53. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-53.v2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5054804. PMID 27781080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Corpas_(Scientist)","url_text":"Corpas, Manuel"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054804","url_text":"\"wigExplorer, a BioJS component to visualise wig data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-53.v2","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-53.v2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054804","url_text":"5054804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27781080","url_text":"27781080"}]},{"reference":"Schreiber, Fabian (2014). \"treeWidget: a BioJS component to visualise phylogenetic trees\". F1000Research. 3: 49. doi:10.12688/f1000research.3-49.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-49.v1","url_text":"\"treeWidget: a BioJS component to visualise phylogenetic trees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-49.v1","url_text":"10.12688/f1000research.3-49.v1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","url_text":"2046-1402"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://github.com/biojs/biojs","external_links_name":"github.com/biojs/biojs"},{"Link":"http://biojs.net/","external_links_name":"biojs.net"},{"Link":"https://biojs.net/#/components","external_links_name":"registry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313202921/http://biojs.net/#/components","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rostlab.org/","external_links_name":"Rostlab"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103492","external_links_name":"\"BioJS: an open source standard for biological visualisation – its status in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-55.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-55.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103492","external_links_name":"4103492"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075290","external_links_name":"25075290"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140810063209/http://biojs.net/our_mission.html","external_links_name":"\"BioJS Vision and Mission\""},{"Link":"http://biojs.net/our_mission.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945768","external_links_name":"\"BioJS DAGViewer: A reusable JavaScript component for displaying directed graphs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-51.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-51.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945768","external_links_name":"3945768"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24627804","external_links_name":"24627804"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-54.v1","external_links_name":"\"DNAContentViewer a BioJS component to visualise GC/AT Content\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-54.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-54.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983936","external_links_name":"\"FeatureViewer, a BioJS component for visualization of position-based annotations in protein sequences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-47.v2","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-47.v2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983936","external_links_name":"3983936"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24741440","external_links_name":"24741440"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4023661","external_links_name":"\"HeatMapViewer: interactive display of 2D data in biology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-48.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-48.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4023661","external_links_name":"4023661"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860644","external_links_name":"24860644"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-45.v1","external_links_name":"\"BioJS InterMine List Analysis: A BioJS component for displaying graphical or statistical analysis of collections of items from InterMine endpoints\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-45.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-45.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-46.v1","external_links_name":"\"BioJS InterMineTable Component: A BioJS component for displaying data from InterMine compatible webservice endpoints\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-46.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-46.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954160","external_links_name":"\"KEGGViewer, a BioJS component to visualize KEGG Pathways\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-43.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-43.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954160","external_links_name":"3954160"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715980","external_links_name":"24715980"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103490","external_links_name":"\"PPI layouts: BioJS components for the display of Protein-Protein Interactions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-50.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-50.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103490","external_links_name":"4103490"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075288","external_links_name":"25075288"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097353","external_links_name":"\"PsicquicGraph, a BioJS component to visualize molecular interactions from PSICQUIC servers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-44.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-44.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097353","external_links_name":"4097353"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075287","external_links_name":"25075287"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103491","external_links_name":"\"Sequence, a BioJS component for visualising sequences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-52.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-52.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103491","external_links_name":"4103491"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075289","external_links_name":"25075289"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054804","external_links_name":"\"wigExplorer, a BioJS component to visualise wig data\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-53.v2","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-53.v2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054804","external_links_name":"5054804"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27781080","external_links_name":"27781080"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-49.v1","external_links_name":"\"treeWidget: a BioJS component to visualise phylogenetic trees\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.3-49.v1","external_links_name":"10.12688/f1000research.3-49.v1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2046-1402","external_links_name":"2046-1402"},{"Link":"http://biojs.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://github.com/biojs","external_links_name":"Biojs"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gwynne | Fred Gwynne | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 As painter and illustrator","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","6 Theatre","7 References","8 External links"] | American actor and writer (1926–1993)
Fred GwynneGwynne in Car 54, Where Are You?, 1961BornFrederick Hubbard Gwynne(1926-07-10)July 10, 1926New York City, New York, U.S.DiedJuly 2, 1993(1993-07-02) (aged 66)Taneytown, Maryland, U.S.Resting placeSandy Mount United Methodist Church Cemetery, Finksburg, MarylandAlma materHarvard UniversityOccupationsActorartistwriterYears active1951–1993Height6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Spouses
Jean Reynard
(m. 1952; div. 1980)
Deborah Flater (m. 1988)
Children5
Frederick Hubbard Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor, artist, and author widely known for his roles in the 1960s television sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? (as Francis Muldoon) and The Munsters (as Herman Munster), as well as his later film roles in The Cotton Club, Pet Sematary, and My Cousin Vinny.
Early life
Dorothy Ficken, Gwynne's mother, in 1917
Gwynne was born on July 10, 1926, in New York City, the son of Frederick Walker Gwynne, a partner in the securities firm Gwynne Brothers, and his wife Dorothy Ficken Gwynne, who, before her marriage, was a successful artist known for her "Sunny Jim" comic character. His paternal grandfather Walker Gwynne was an Anglican priest, born in Camus, County Tyrone, Ireland, around 1846, who married American Helen Lea Bowers. His maternal grandfather H. Edwards Ficken was an emigrant from London, who married American Josephine or Josephina Preston Hubbard.
He had at least two siblings, Dorothy Gwynne and Bowers Gwynne, both of whom died young. Although Gwynne partially grew up in Tuxedo Park, New York, he spent most of his childhood in South Carolina, Florida, and Colorado because his father traveled extensively. He attended Groton School.
During World War II, Gwynne served in the United States Navy as a radioman on submarine chaser USS Manville (PC-581). In the 1940s, Gwynne was a summertime swimming instructor at the Duxbury Yacht Club pool in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He later studied art under the G.I. Bill before attending Harvard, where he was affiliated with Adams House, graduating in 1951. He was a member of the Fly Club, sang with the a cappella group the Harvard Krokodiloes, was a cartoonist for the Harvard Lampoon (eventually becoming its president), and acted for the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.
Career
Gwynne joined the Brattle Theatre Repertory Company after his 1951 graduation, then moved to New York City. To support himself, Gwynne worked as a copywriter for J. Walter Thompson, resigning in 1952 upon being cast in his first Broadway role, a gangster in a comedy called Mrs. McThing starring Helen Hayes.
Another early role was a New York City Drama Company production at City Center of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost in 1953, in the role of Dull, a constable.
In 1954, he made his first cinematic appearance playing – in an uncredited role – the laconic character Slim in the Oscar-winning film On the Waterfront. Shortly afterwards, Phil Silvers sought him for his television show because he had been impressed by Gwynne's comedic work in Mrs. McThing. As a result, Gwynne made a memorable appearance on The Phil Silvers Show in the episode "The Eating Contest" as the character Corporal Ed Honnergar, whose depressive eating binges are exploited in an eating contest.
Gwynne's second appearance on The Phil Silvers Show (in the episode "It's for the Birds") and appearances on many other shows led writer-producer Nat Hiken to cast him in the sitcom Car 54, Where Are You? as Patrolman Francis Muldoon.
Gwynne was 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tall, an attribute that contributed to his being cast as Herman Munster, a goofy parody of Frankenstein's monster, in the sitcom The Munsters. For his role, he had to wear 40 or 50 lbs (18 or 23 kg) of padding, makeup, and 5-inch asphalt-spreader boots. His face was painted a bright violet because it captured the most light on the black-and-white film. Gwynne was known for his sense of humor and retained fond recollections of Herman, saying in later life, "I might as well tell you the truth. I love old Herman Munster. Much as I try not to, I can't stop liking that fellow."
Gwynne (right) as Herman Munster, sharing a toast with Al Lewis (Grandpa) while Beverley Owen (Marilyn) looks on
After his iconic role in The Munsters, Gwynne found himself typecast, unable to gain new film roles for over two years. In 1969, he was cast as Jonathan Brewster in a television production of Arsenic and Old Lace. The Brewster character was originally played by Boris Karloff, who also played Frankenstein's monster on which Gwynne's Herman Munster character was based, in the Broadway production of the play. Gwynne then found success as a stage actor in regional state productions across the United States while maintaining a low Hollywood profile.
A talented vocalist, Gwynne sang in a Hallmark Hall of Fame television production The Littlest Angel (1969), and went on to perform in a variety of roles on stage and screen. In 1974, drawing upon his own Southern roots, he appeared in the role of Big Daddy Pollitt in the Broadway revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Elizabeth Ashley, Keir Dullea and Kate Reid. In 1975, he played the Stage Manager in Our Town at the American Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford, Connecticut.
From 1975 to 1982, Gwynne appeared in 83 episodes in different roles on the popular radio drama series, the CBS Radio Mystery Theater, produced and directed by Himan Brown. He returned to Broadway in 1976 as Colonel J.C. Kinkaid in two parts of A Texas Trilogy. In 1984, Gwynne auditioned for the part of Henry on the sitcom Punky Brewster, then withdrew in frustration when a director identified him as Herman Munster rather than by his real name. The role of Henry went to George Gaynes. In 1987, Gwynne starred in the short-lived TV series Jake's M.O., where he played an investigative reporter.
Gwynne's performance as Jud Crandall in Pet Sematary was based on author Stephen King, who is only an inch shorter than the actor, and uses a similarly thick Maine dialect. The character's likeness and accent, as played by Gwynne, have been used in a number of episodes of the animated show South Park, beginning in 2001 and as recently as 2019. Gwynne also had roles in the movies Simon, On the Waterfront, So Fine, Disorganized Crime, The Cotton Club, Captains Courageous, The Secret of My Success, Water, Ironweed, Fatal Attraction, and The Boy Who Could Fly. Despite his misgiving about having been typecast, he agreed to reprise the role of Herman Munster for the 1981 TV reunion movie The Munsters' Revenge. Gwynne performed the role of Judge Chamberlain Haller in his final film, the 1992 comedy My Cousin Vinny.
As painter and illustrator
In addition to his acting career, Gwynne sang professionally, painted, and wrote and illustrated children's books, including Best in Show (later titled It's Easy to See Why), Daddy Has a Mole on His Nose, A Chocolate Moose for Dinner, The King Who Rained, Pondlarker, The Battle of the Frogs and Mice, and A Little Pigeon Toad. Many of these efforts were based on children's frequent misperceptions of things they hear from adults, such as the "chocolate moose for dinner", illustrated as a moose seated at the dinner table. The other books on this theme were The King Who Rained, A Little Pigeon Toad (in which a child's mother thus describes her father), and The Sixteen Hand Horse. Initially the books did not achieve wider popularity because their format was geared to a very young audience, but the concept was more appealing to older children and adults. Eventually they achieved critical success and became regular bestsellers for their publisher. He also did his voice work for TV and radio commercials. Later in his career he held several shows of his artwork, the first in 1989.
Personal life
In 1952, Gwynne married socialite Jean "Foxy" Reynard, a granddaughter of New York City mayor William Jay Gaynor. Before divorcing in 1980, the couple had five children: son Kieron (1953–1998); daughter Gaynor (b. 1954); son Evan (b. 1956); son Dylan (1962–1963, drowning); and daughter Madyn (b. 1965).
In 1988, Gwynne married his second wife, Deborah Flater. They remained married until his death in 1993.
Death
Gwynne died of complications from pancreatic cancer, in the cigar room at his home in Taneytown, Maryland, on July 2, 1993, aged 66. He is buried in an unmarked grave at Sandy Mount United Methodist Church Cemetery in Finksburg, Maryland.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1954
On the Waterfront
Mladen "Slim" Sekulovich
Uncredited
1966
Munster, Go Home!
Herman Munster
1979
La Luna
Douglas Winter
1980
Simon
Major General Korey
1981
So Fine
Chairman Lincoln
1984
The Cotton Club
George "Big Frenchy" DeMange
1985
Water
Spender
1986
Off Beat
Police Commissioner
1986
The Boy Who Could Fly
Uncle Hugo
1986
The Christmas Star
Officer Waters
1987
The Secret of My Success
Donald Davenport
1987
Fatal Attraction
Arthur
1987
Ironweed
Oscar Reo
1987
Jake's M.O.
Jake Tekulve
1989
Disorganized Crime
Max Green
1989
Pet Sematary
Jud Crandall
1991
Shadows and Fog
Hacker's Follower
1992
My Cousin Vinny
Judge Chamberlain Haller
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952
The Repertory Theatre
Performer
Episode: "A Man's Game"
1953
You Are There
Davy Crockett
2 episodes
1955–1956
The Phil Silvers Show
Corporal Ed Honnegan
2 episodes
1956
Studio One in Hollywood
Little Dude
Episode: "The Landady's Daughter"
1957
The Kaiser Aluminum Hour
"Egghead"
Episode: "A Man's Game"
1957
Suspicion
Hughie
Episode: "Hand in Glove"
1957
Kraft Theatre
Performer
2 episodes
1958
The Steve Allen Show
Comedian
Episode: #3.23
1958
The Investigator
Performer
Episode: #1.07
1958
DuPont Show of the Month
E.J. Loffgrin
2 episodes
1961
The Play of the Week
Performer
Episode: "The Old Foolishness"
1961–1963
Car 54, Where Are You?
Officer Francis Muldoon
60 episodes
1962
The DuPont Show of the Week
William Magee
Episode: "Seven Keys to Baldgate"
1963
The United States Steel Hour
Willie Botsford
Episode: "Don't Shake the Family Tree"
1964
Brenner
Francis X. Fish
Episode: "Charlie Paradise: The Tragic Flute"
1964
My Son, the Witch Doctor
Performer
TV film
1964–1966
The Munsters
Herman Munster
Main role; 70 episodes
1965
The Red Skelton Show
Herman Munster
Episode: "Ta-Ra-Ra-Bum-Today"
1966
The Danny Kaye Show
Herman Munster
Episode: "Fred Gwynne"
1966
New York Television Theatre
The Professor
Episode: "The Lesson"
1967
NET Playhouse
Officer Avonzino
Episode: "Infancy and Childhood"
1968
Mad Mad Scientist
Warren Springer
TV film
1969
Arsenic and Old Lace
Jonathan Brewster
TV film
1969
Anderson and Company
Marshall Anderson
TV film
1969
The Littlest Angel
Guardian Angel
TV film
1971
Dames at Sea
Hennesey
TV film
1971
Great Performances
Pike
Episode: "Paradise Lost"
1971
The Police
Sergeant
TV film
1972
Harvey
Cab Driver
TV film
1972
Norman Corwin Presents
Performer
Episode: "Aunt Dorothy's Playroom"
1976
Bound for Freedom
Waldruss
TV film
1976
Captains and the Kings
Performer
Miniseries
1977
Captains Courageous
Jack "Long Jack"
TV film
1979
Sanctuary of Fear
Judge Potter
TV film
1980
A Day with Conrad Green
Conrad Green
TV film
1981
The Munsters' Revenge
Herman Munster
TV film
1982–1987
American Playhouse
Charles Dickens
2 episodes
1982
The Mysterious Stranger
Balthasar Hoffman
TV film
1985
Kane & Abel
Davis LeRoy
2 episodes
1986
Vanishing Act
Father Macklin
TV film
1987
Murder by the Book
Victor Greville
TV film
1990
Murder in Black and White
Brannigan
TV film
1990
Earthday Birthday
Fred The Moose
Voice, TV film
1992
Lincoln
Edwin Stanton
Voice, TV film
Theatre
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952–1953
Mrs. McThing
Stinker
1953
Love's Labour's Lost
Dull
1953
The Frogs of Spring
Luther Raubel
1960–1961
Irma La Douce
Polyte-Le-Mou
1963–1964
Here's Love
Marvin Shellhammer
1972
The Lincoln Mask
Abraham Lincoln
1974–1975
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Colonel J. C. Kinkaid
1975
Our Town
Stage Manager
1976
A Texas Trilogy: The Last Meeting of the Knights of the White Magnolia
Colonel J. C. Kinkaid
1976
A Texas Trilogy: The Oldest Living Graduate
Colonel J. C. Kinkaid
1978
Angel
W. O. Gant
1978
Players
Jock Riley
1982–1983
Whodunnit
Inspector Bowden
References
^ "Census of Population and Housing, 1970 : Master Enumeration District (MED) Lists". June 28, 1984. doi:10.3886/icpsr08109.v2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Elias, Carlos; Kirlys, Rokas; Topyan, Kudret (August 1, 2017). "Return Predictability in Santiago Stock Exchange: an Empirical Analysis using Portfolio Method". Journal of Advances in Economics and Finance. 2 (3). doi:10.22606/jaef.2017.23005. ISSN 2519-5980.
^ "Cartoonist Fred Gwynne Is Elected Lampoon President - News - The Harvard Crimson". Thecrimson.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ "Gwynne, Frederick Hubbard, RM3 | TWS". navy.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
^ a b c d Wright, Andy (June 16, 2017). "The Man Behind Herman Munster Wrote Some Puntastic Children's Books". Atlas Obscura-Stories. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
^ Mittell, David A. (1995). The Duxbury Yacht Club Story. Attleboro, Massachusetts: Colonial Lithograph. p. 100.
^ "Tribute to Fred Gwynne" Archived May 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Harvard Krokodiloes website.
^ a b c Lambert, Bruce (July 3, 1993) "Fred Gwynne, Popular Actor, Is Dead at 66". The New York Times, p. 8: Reference for Harvard Lampoon, Hasty Pudding Theatricals, Brattle Theatre, "Mrs. McThing".
^ Sheaffer, Louis. "Shakespeare Imaginatively Staged at City Center". Brooklyn Eagle, February 5, 1953.
^ a b "8 surprising facts about the great Fred Gwynne - 7. He almost starred on 'Punky Brewster.'". MeTV. July 10, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ "The Complete Guide to South Park Movie Parodies and References". Denofgeek.com. April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^ Mondello, Bob (March 7, 2017). "How Do Americans Feel About The Courts? Let Hollywood Be The Judge". NPR. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
^ Fred(erick) (Hubbard) Gwynne. (2003). In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale.
^ "Enchanted Lady: The colorful columnist is moving into Ridgefield". Ridgefield Holiday. '09-'10 archives. January 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ a b c Lambert, Bruce (July 3, 1993). "Fred Gwynne, Popular Actor, Is Dead at 66". The New York Times.
^ "Fred Gwynne". Biography.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011.
^ "Fred Gwynne". Biography. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ Zaman, Natalie (October 8, 2016). Magical Destinations of the Northeast: Sacred Sites, Occult Oddities & Magical Monuments. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 9780738749884. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google Books.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Fred Gwynne".
^ American Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford, Connecticut), 1975 Repertory (21st) Season, Our Town by Thornton Wilder, pp. 27-33
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fred Gwynne.
Biography portal
Fred Gwynne at IMDb
Fred Gwynne at the Internet Broadway Database
Fred Gwynne at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car 54, Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_54,_Where_Are_You%3F"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"Herman Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Munster"},{"link_name":"The Cotton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pet Sematary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Sematary_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"My Cousin Vinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Cousin_Vinny"}],"text":"Frederick Hubbard Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor, artist, and author widely known for his roles in the 1960s television sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? (as Francis Muldoon) and The Munsters (as Herman Munster), as well as his later film roles in The Cotton Club, Pet Sematary, and My Cousin Vinny.","title":"Fred Gwynne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Ficken_in_1917_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sunny Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Jim"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"H. Edwards Ficken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Edwards_Ficken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Groton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"submarine chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"USS Manville (PC-581)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Manville_(PC-581)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-5"},{"link_name":"Duxbury Yacht Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxbury_Yacht_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"G.I. Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Bill"},{"link_name":"Adams House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_University)"},{"link_name":"Fly Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Club"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"Harvard Krokodiloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Krokodiloes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroks-7"},{"link_name":"Harvard Lampoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon"},{"link_name":"Hasty Pudding Theatricals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Theatricals"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dorothy Ficken, Gwynne's mother, in 1917Gwynne was born on July 10, 1926, in New York City, the son of Frederick Walker Gwynne, a partner in the securities firm Gwynne Brothers, and his wife Dorothy Ficken Gwynne, who, before her marriage, was a successful artist known for her \"Sunny Jim\" comic character. His paternal grandfather Walker Gwynne was an Anglican priest, born in Camus, County Tyrone, Ireland, around 1846, who married American Helen Lea Bowers. His maternal grandfather H. Edwards Ficken was an emigrant from London, who married American Josephine or Josephina Preston Hubbard.[1][2]He had at least two siblings, Dorothy Gwynne and Bowers Gwynne, both of whom died young. Although Gwynne partially grew up in Tuxedo Park, New York,[3] he spent most of his childhood in South Carolina, Florida, and Colorado because his father traveled extensively. He attended Groton School.[citation needed]During World War II, Gwynne served in the United States Navy as a radioman on submarine chaser USS Manville (PC-581).[4][5] In the 1940s, Gwynne was a summertime swimming instructor at the Duxbury Yacht Club pool in Duxbury, Massachusetts.[6] He later studied art under the G.I. Bill before attending Harvard, where he was affiliated with Adams House, graduating in 1951. He was a member of the Fly Club, sang with the a cappella group the Harvard Krokodiloes,[7] was a cartoonist for the Harvard Lampoon (eventually becoming its president), and acted for the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brattle Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattle_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-8"},{"link_name":"J. Walter Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Walter_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-8"},{"link_name":"City Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Center"},{"link_name":"Love's Labour's Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"On the Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Waterfront"},{"link_name":"Phil Silvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Silvers"},{"link_name":"The Phil Silvers Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phil_Silvers_Show"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nat Hiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Hiken"},{"link_name":"Car 54, Where Are You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_54,_Where_Are_You%3F"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Herman Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Munster"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein's monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lambert-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Lewis_Beverley_Owen_Fred_Gwynne_Munsters_Halloween_publicity_photo_1964.JPG"},{"link_name":"Al Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lewis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Beverley Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Owen"},{"link_name":"typecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arsenic and Old Lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(play)"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"The Littlest Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Littlest_Angel"},{"link_name":"Big Daddy Pollitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Daddy_Pollitt"},{"link_name":"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Keir Dullea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Dullea"},{"link_name":"Kate Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Reid"},{"link_name":"Our Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Town"},{"link_name":"American Shakespeare Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio Mystery Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Mystery_Theater"},{"link_name":"Himan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himan_Brown"},{"link_name":"A Texas Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Texas_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Punky Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punky_Brewster"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"George Gaynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gaynes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pet Sematary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Sematary_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"On the Waterfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Waterfront"},{"link_name":"So Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Fine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Disorganized Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorganized_Crime"},{"link_name":"The Cotton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"Captains Courageous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captains_Courageous_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Secret of My Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_My_Success_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Ironweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironweed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fatal Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Attraction"},{"link_name":"The Boy Who Could Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_Who_Could_Fly"},{"link_name":"The Munsters' Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Revenge"},{"link_name":"My Cousin Vinny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Cousin_Vinny"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Gwynne joined the Brattle Theatre Repertory Company after his 1951 graduation,[8] then moved to New York City. To support himself, Gwynne worked as a copywriter for J. Walter Thompson, resigning in 1952 upon being cast in his first Broadway role, a gangster in a comedy called Mrs. McThing starring Helen Hayes.[8]Another early role was a New York City Drama Company production at City Center of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost in 1953, in the role of Dull, a constable.[9]In 1954, he made his first cinematic appearance playing – in an uncredited role – the laconic character Slim in the Oscar-winning film On the Waterfront. Shortly afterwards, Phil Silvers sought him for his television show because he had been impressed by Gwynne's comedic work in Mrs. McThing. As a result, Gwynne made a memorable appearance on The Phil Silvers Show in the episode \"The Eating Contest\" as the character Corporal Ed Honnergar, whose depressive eating binges are exploited in an eating contest.[citation needed]Gwynne's second appearance on The Phil Silvers Show (in the episode \"It's for the Birds\") and appearances on many other shows led writer-producer Nat Hiken to cast him in the sitcom Car 54, Where Are You? as Patrolman Francis Muldoon.[citation needed]Gwynne was 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tall, an attribute that contributed to his being cast as Herman Munster, a goofy parody of Frankenstein's monster, in the sitcom The Munsters. For his role, he had to wear 40 or 50 lbs (18 or 23 kg) of padding, makeup, and 5-inch asphalt-spreader boots. His face was painted a bright violet because it captured the most light on the black-and-white film.[citation needed] Gwynne was known for his sense of humor and retained fond recollections of Herman,[5] saying in later life, \"I might as well tell you the truth. I love old Herman Munster. Much as I try not to, I can't stop liking that fellow.\"[8]Gwynne (right) as Herman Munster, sharing a toast with Al Lewis (Grandpa) while Beverley Owen (Marilyn) looks onAfter his iconic role in The Munsters, Gwynne found himself typecast, unable to gain new film roles for over two years.[citation needed] In 1969, he was cast as Jonathan Brewster in a television production of Arsenic and Old Lace. The Brewster character was originally played by Boris Karloff, who also played Frankenstein's monster on which Gwynne's Herman Munster character was based, in the Broadway production of the play. Gwynne then found success as a stage actor in regional state productions across the United States while maintaining a low Hollywood profile.[citation needed]A talented vocalist, Gwynne sang in a Hallmark Hall of Fame television production The Littlest Angel (1969), and went on to perform in a variety of roles on stage and screen. In 1974, drawing upon his own Southern roots, he appeared in the role of Big Daddy Pollitt in the Broadway revival of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Elizabeth Ashley, Keir Dullea and Kate Reid. In 1975, he played the Stage Manager in Our Town at the American Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford, Connecticut.[10]From 1975 to 1982, Gwynne appeared in 83 episodes in different roles on the popular radio drama series, the CBS Radio Mystery Theater, produced and directed by Himan Brown. He returned to Broadway in 1976 as Colonel J.C. Kinkaid in two parts of A Texas Trilogy. In 1984, Gwynne auditioned for the part of Henry on the sitcom Punky Brewster, then withdrew in frustration when a director identified him as Herman Munster rather than by his real name.[10] The role of Henry went to George Gaynes. In 1987, Gwynne starred in the short-lived TV series Jake's M.O., where he played an investigative reporter.[citation needed]Gwynne's performance as Jud Crandall in Pet Sematary was based on author Stephen King, who is only an inch shorter than the actor, and uses a similarly thick Maine dialect. The character's likeness and accent, as played by Gwynne, have been used in a number of episodes of the animated show South Park, beginning in 2001 and as recently as 2019.[11] Gwynne also had roles in the movies Simon, On the Waterfront, So Fine, Disorganized Crime, The Cotton Club, Captains Courageous, The Secret of My Success, Water, Ironweed, Fatal Attraction, and The Boy Who Could Fly. Despite his misgiving about having been typecast, he agreed to reprise the role of Herman Munster for the 1981 TV reunion movie The Munsters' Revenge. Gwynne performed the role of Judge Chamberlain Haller in his final film, the 1992 comedy My Cousin Vinny.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AO-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"As painter and illustrator","text":"In addition to his acting career, Gwynne sang professionally, painted, and wrote and illustrated children's books, including Best in Show (later titled It's Easy to See Why), Daddy Has a Mole on His Nose, A Chocolate Moose for Dinner, The King Who Rained, Pondlarker, The Battle of the Frogs and Mice, and A Little Pigeon Toad. Many of these efforts were based on children's frequent misperceptions of things they hear from adults, such as the \"chocolate moose for dinner\", illustrated as a moose seated at the dinner table. The other books on this theme were The King Who Rained, A Little Pigeon Toad (in which a child's mother thus describes her father), and The Sixteen Hand Horse.[5] Initially the books did not achieve wider popularity because their format was geared to a very young audience, but the concept was more appealing to older children and adults. Eventually they achieved critical success and became regular bestsellers for their publisher.[5] He also did his voice work for TV and radio commercials. Later in his career he held several shows of his artwork, the first in 1989.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"William Jay Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jay_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ME2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-15"}],"text":"In 1952, Gwynne married socialite Jean \"Foxy\" Reynard,[13] a granddaughter of New York City mayor William Jay Gaynor.[14] Before divorcing in 1980, the couple had five children: son Kieron (1953–1998); daughter Gaynor (b. 1954); son Evan (b. 1956); son Dylan (1962–1963, drowning);[15][16] and daughter Madyn (b. 1965).In 1988, Gwynne married his second wife, Deborah Flater. They remained married until his death in 1993.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-15"},{"link_name":"Taneytown, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneytown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Finksburg, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finksburg,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Gwynne died of complications from pancreatic cancer,[15] in the cigar room at his home in Taneytown, Maryland, on July 2, 1993, aged 66.[17] He is buried in an unmarked grave at Sandy Mount United Methodist Church Cemetery in Finksburg, Maryland.[18]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theatre"}] | [{"image_text":"Dorothy Ficken, Gwynne's mother, in 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dorothy_Ficken_in_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Dorothy_Ficken_in_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gwynne (right) as Herman Munster, sharing a toast with Al Lewis (Grandpa) while Beverley Owen (Marilyn) looks on","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Al_Lewis_Beverley_Owen_Fred_Gwynne_Munsters_Halloween_publicity_photo_1964.JPG/220px-Al_Lewis_Beverley_Owen_Fred_Gwynne_Munsters_Halloween_publicity_photo_1964.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing, 1970 [United States]: Master Enumeration District (MED) Lists\". June 28, 1984. doi:10.3886/icpsr08109.v2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3886%2Ficpsr08109.v2","url_text":"10.3886/icpsr08109.v2"}]},{"reference":"Elias, Carlos; Kirlys, Rokas; Topyan, Kudret (August 1, 2017). \"Return Predictability in Santiago Stock Exchange: an Empirical Analysis using Portfolio Method\". Journal of Advances in Economics and Finance. 2 (3). doi:10.22606/jaef.2017.23005. ISSN 2519-5980.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22606%2Fjaef.2017.23005","url_text":"\"Return Predictability in Santiago Stock Exchange: an Empirical Analysis using Portfolio Method\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22606%2Fjaef.2017.23005","url_text":"10.22606/jaef.2017.23005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2519-5980","url_text":"2519-5980"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartoonist Fred Gwynne Is Elected Lampoon President - News - The Harvard Crimson\". Thecrimson.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1949/12/17/cartoonist-fred-gwynne-is-elected-lampoon","url_text":"\"Cartoonist Fred Gwynne Is Elected Lampoon President - News - The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gwynne, Frederick Hubbard, RM3 | TWS\". navy.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved April 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApps?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=290747","url_text":"\"Gwynne, Frederick Hubbard, RM3 | TWS\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Andy (June 16, 2017). \"The Man Behind Herman Munster Wrote Some Puntastic Children's Books\". Atlas Obscura-Stories. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/fred-gwynne-childrens-books","url_text":"\"The Man Behind Herman Munster Wrote Some Puntastic Children's Books\""}]},{"reference":"Mittell, David A. (1995). The Duxbury Yacht Club Story. Attleboro, Massachusetts: Colonial Lithograph. p. 100.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"8 surprising facts about the great Fred Gwynne - 7. He almost starred on 'Punky Brewster.'\". MeTV. July 10, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metv.com/lists/8-surprising-facts-about-the-great-fred-gwynne","url_text":"\"8 surprising facts about the great Fred Gwynne - 7. He almost starred on 'Punky Brewster.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV","url_text":"MeTV"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete Guide to South Park Movie Parodies and References\". Denofgeek.com. April 16, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-complete-guide-to-south-park-movie-parodies-and-references/","url_text":"\"The Complete Guide to South Park Movie Parodies and References\""}]},{"reference":"Mondello, Bob (March 7, 2017). \"How Do Americans Feel About The Courts? Let Hollywood Be The Judge\". NPR. Retrieved June 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/07/519005167/how-do-americans-feel-about-the-courts-let-hollywood-be-the-judge","url_text":"\"How Do Americans Feel About The Courts? Let Hollywood Be The Judge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"Enchanted Lady: The colorful columnist is moving into Ridgefield\". Ridgefield Holiday. '09-'10 archives. January 4, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703190558/http://174.143.136.10/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=417BDAF2617740799ACA829CF32D28EF&AudID=F44F29D39C644B3A88BF3198049874A9","url_text":"\"Enchanted Lady: The colorful columnist is moving into Ridgefield\""},{"url":"http://174.143.136.10/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=417BDAF2617740799ACA829CF32D28EF&AudID=F44F29D39C644B3A88BF3198049874A9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Gwynne\". Biography.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110610080118/http://www.biography.com/articles/Fred-Gwynne-9542215","url_text":"\"Fred Gwynne\""},{"url":"http://www.biography.com/articles/Fred-Gwynne-9542215","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Gwynne\". Biography. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biography.com/people/fred-gwynne-9542215","url_text":"\"Fred Gwynne\""}]},{"reference":"Zaman, Natalie (October 8, 2016). Magical Destinations of the Northeast: Sacred Sites, Occult Oddities & Magical Monuments. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 9780738749884. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2fEJDQAAQBAJ&q=Sandy+Mount+United+Methodist+Church+Cemetery+fred+gwynne&pg=PT45","url_text":"Magical Destinations of the Northeast: Sacred Sites, Occult Oddities & Magical Monuments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738749884","url_text":"9780738749884"}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Gwynne\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/fred-gwynne-43352","url_text":"\"Fred Gwynne\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3886%2Ficpsr08109.v2","external_links_name":"10.3886/icpsr08109.v2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.22606%2Fjaef.2017.23005","external_links_name":"\"Return Predictability in Santiago Stock Exchange: an Empirical Analysis using Portfolio Method\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.22606%2Fjaef.2017.23005","external_links_name":"10.22606/jaef.2017.23005"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2519-5980","external_links_name":"2519-5980"},{"Link":"http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1949/12/17/cartoonist-fred-gwynne-is-elected-lampoon","external_links_name":"\"Cartoonist Fred Gwynne Is Elected Lampoon President - News - The Harvard Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApps?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=290747","external_links_name":"\"Gwynne, Frederick Hubbard, RM3 | TWS\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/fred-gwynne-childrens-books","external_links_name":"\"The Man Behind Herman Munster Wrote Some Puntastic Children's Books\""},{"Link":"http://www.kroks.com/alumni/alumsbyera/Gwynne","external_links_name":"\"Tribute to Fred Gwynne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501190252/http://www.kroks.com/alumni/alumsbyera/Gwynne","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/03/obituaries/fred-gwynne-popular-actor-is-dead-at-66.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Fred Gwynne, Popular Actor, Is Dead at 66\""},{"Link":"https://www.metv.com/lists/8-surprising-facts-about-the-great-fred-gwynne","external_links_name":"\"8 surprising facts about the great Fred Gwynne - 7. He almost starred on 'Punky Brewster.'\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/the-complete-guide-to-south-park-movie-parodies-and-references/","external_links_name":"\"The Complete Guide to South Park Movie Parodies and References\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/07/519005167/how-do-americans-feel-about-the-courts-let-hollywood-be-the-judge","external_links_name":"\"How Do Americans Feel About The Courts? Let Hollywood Be The Judge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703190558/http://174.143.136.10/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=417BDAF2617740799ACA829CF32D28EF&AudID=F44F29D39C644B3A88BF3198049874A9","external_links_name":"\"Enchanted Lady: The colorful columnist is moving into Ridgefield\""},{"Link":"http://174.143.136.10/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=417BDAF2617740799ACA829CF32D28EF&AudID=F44F29D39C644B3A88BF3198049874A9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/03/obituaries/fred-gwynne-popular-actor-is-dead-at-66.html?pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"\"Fred Gwynne, Popular Actor, Is Dead at 66\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110610080118/http://www.biography.com/articles/Fred-Gwynne-9542215","external_links_name":"\"Fred Gwynne\""},{"Link":"http://www.biography.com/articles/Fred-Gwynne-9542215","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.biography.com/people/fred-gwynne-9542215","external_links_name":"\"Fred Gwynne\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2fEJDQAAQBAJ&q=Sandy+Mount+United+Methodist+Church+Cemetery+fred+gwynne&pg=PT45","external_links_name":"Magical Destinations of the Northeast: Sacred Sites, Occult Oddities & Magical Monuments"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/fred-gwynne-43352","external_links_name":"\"Fred Gwynne\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001304/","external_links_name":"Fred Gwynne"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/43352","external_links_name":"Fred Gwynne"},{"Link":"http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/12217","external_links_name":"Fred Gwynne"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36481/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066549718","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/62820486","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWPrgb7pvRMdtHt7dJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1504841","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140496878","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140496878","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1062209397","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007436372505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059901","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0049316&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608983005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/36c51c5e-6cef-4c47-b434-2002affaabb4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1062209397.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pg4r7m","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/162173148","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rodell | Fred Rodell | ["1 Bibliography","1.1 Books","1.2 Articles","1.3 Book reviews","2 References","3 External links"] | Fred Rodell (March 1, 1907 – June 4, 1980) was an American law professor most famous for his critiques of the U.S. legal profession. A professor at Yale Law School for more than forty years, Rodell was described in 1980 as the "bad boy of American legal academia" by Charles Alan Wright.
He was one of the leading proponents of the "legal realism" approach and railed against overly abstract and theoretical legal arguments. He was a harsh critic of the legal profession, which he described as a "high-class racket." In his 1936 Virginia Law Review article "Goodbye to Law Reviews", Rodell famously remarked, "There are two things wrong with almost all legal writing. One is its style. The other is its content. That, I think, about covers the ground."
Rodell himself never became a member of the bar, later explaining that, "By the time I got through law school, I had decided that I never wanted to practice law. I never have."
Rodell studied under Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas at Yale Law School They carried on a lifelong correspondence, a substantial portion of which is archived at Rodell's alma mater, Haverford College (class of 1926). Haverford also awarded him an honorary degree (LL.D.) in 1973, the year he retired from Yale.
Bibliography
Books
55 Men: The Story of the Constitution. Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. 1986 . ISBN 081172171X.
Democracy and the Third Term: A Handbook for Both Sides. New York City: Howell, Soskin & Company. 1940. ASIN B007Q97ONO. LCCN 40027584. OCLC 768303914.
Her Infinite Variety, Captured in Color. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1966. ASIN B0069RVTBM. OCLC 953132.
Nine Men: A Political History of the Supreme Court from 1790 to 1955. Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman. 1988 . ISBN 0837725410.
Woe Unto You, Lawyers! (2nd ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S. Hein Publishing. 2001 . ASIN B001NVA38E. OCLC 50472134.
Articles
Rodell, Fred (1970). "Our Unlovable Sex Laws". In Gagnon, John H.; Simon, William (eds.). The Sexual Scene. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 81–90.
Great Chief Justice: Excerpt from NINE MEN, AM. HERITAGE, Dec. 1955, at 10.
Impeccable Mr. Acheson, AM. MERCURY, Apr. 1950, at 387.
Man who Stopped John L. Lewis, AM. MERCURY May 1949, at 517.
Vandenberg of Michigan, AM. MERCURY, Jan. 1947, at 5.
Senator Claude Pepper, AM. MERCURY, Oct. 1946, at 389.
Robert E. Hannegan, AM. MERCURY. Aug. 1946, at 133.
Bill Douglas: American, AM. MERCURY, Dec. 1945, at 656.
Sumner Welles: Diplomat deluxe AM. MERCURY. Nov. 1945, at 578.
Walter Lippmann. AM. MERCURY. Mar. 1945, at 263.
Justice Hugo Black, AM. MERCURY, Aug. 1944, at 135.
"A Sprig of Laurel for Hugo Black at 75". American University Law Review. 10 (1): 1–6. 1961.
Dred Scott―A Century After, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1957, at 60.
Dred Scott: A Century After, ATLAS, Oct. 1957, at 60.
Douglas, William O.; Donnelly, Richard C.; Fortas, Abe; Glueck, Sheldon; Hall, Jerome; Lasswell, Harold D.; Mannheim, Hermann; Radzinowicz, Leon; Rodell, Fred; Arens, Richard (1955). "In Memoriam: George H. Dession". Buffalo Law Review. 5 (1): 3–21.
"For Charles E. Clark: A Brief and Belated but Fond Farewell". Columbia Law Review. 65 (8): 1323–1330. 1965.
Everybody Reads the Comics, ESQUIRE, Mar. 1945, at 50.
Douglas Over the Stock Exchange, FORTUNE, Feb. 1938, at 64.
Black versus Jackson, FORUM. Aug. 1946, at 68.
Law is the Bunk. FORUM. Sept. 1939, at 109.
The Warren Court: A Fresh, Free Voice from the High Bench, FRONTIER, Nov. 1957, at 11.
"For Every Justice, Judicial Deference is a Sometime Thing". Georgetown Law Journal. 50 (4): 700–708. 1962.
"Judicial Activists, Judicial Self-deniers, Judicial Review, and the First Amendment—Or, How to Hide the Melody of What You Mean Behind the Words of What You Say". Georgetown Law Journal. 47 (3): 483–490. 1959.
Wendell Willkie: Man of Words, HARPER'S, May 1944, at 305.
Felix Frankfurter: Conservative, HARPERS, Oct. 1941, 449.
A Word to the Wise, LIBERTY, Nov. 4, 1944, at 24.
Trial Lawyer, LIFE, May 26, 1947, at 107.
Chief Justice, LIFE, June 24. 1946, at 102.
Divorce Muddle, LIFE, Sept. 3. 1945, at 86.
Morris Ernst, LIFE, Feb. 21, 1944, at 96.
Can Nixon's Justices Reverse the Warren Court?, LOOK, Dec. 2, 1969, at 38.
Pattern of Defiance, LOOK. Apr. 20, 1956, at 24.
The South vs. the Supreme Court: The Pattern of Our Not So Supreme Court, LOOK, April 3, 1956, at 25.
Fred Rodell's Limericks―Nine Acourt, MONOCLE, Nov. 1964, at 56.
In Memorium, NATION, Mar. 2, 1957, at 184.
I'd Prefer Bill Douglas, NATION. Apr. 26. 1952, at 400.
"A Super-Supreme Dream Court". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 2, no. 2. 1959. pp. 181, 199–200.
Wyman, Louis C.; Rodell, Fred (1957). "The U.S. Supreme Court and Civil Rights". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 11, 25.
Symposium: Will America Go Fascist?, NEW LEADER, Mar. 25, 1944, at 4.
Supreme Court Is Standing Pat, NEW REPUBLIC, Dec. 19, 1949, at 11.
Depression Is Here to Stay, NEW REPUBLIC, Nov. 1, 22, 1939, at 374, 144.
America, We Love You, in Small Doses, NEW REPUBLIC, Feb. 15, 1939, at 43.
Arnold: Myth and Trust Buster, NEW REPUBLIC, June 22, 1938, at 177.
Complexities of Mr. Justice Fortas, N.Y. TIMES MAG., July 28, 1968, at 12; Sept. 8, 1968, at 60.
It Is the Earl Warren Court, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Mar. 13, 1966, at 30.
Warren Court Stands Its Ground, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Sept. 27, 1964, at 23.
TV or No TV in Court?, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Apr. 12, 1964, at 16.
Crux of the Court Hullabaloo, N.Y. TIMES MAG., May 29, 1960, at 13.
Fifty Years of the Comics, READER'S DIGEST, Mar. 1945, at 72.
My Debt to the Town Drunk, READER's DIGEST, Nov. 1941, at 54.
Gallery of Justices, SATURDAY REV., Nov. 15, 1958, at 9.
Was Alger Hiss Framed? A Debate, SATURDAY REV., May 31, 1958, at 15.
Academic Adjudicator, SATURDAY REV., Sept. 1, 1956, at 15.
Benefactors, Inc., SATURDAY REV., June 2, 1956, at 17.
American View, SATURDAY REV., Apr. 28, 1956, at 9.
Portrait, SATURDAY REV., Nov. 5, 1955, at 14.
Justification of a Justice, SATURDAY REV., July 16, 1955, at 18.
School Kids Are Color Blind, SATURDAY REV., Oct. 16, 1954, at 9.
Transatlantic Dissection of a Pen Pal, SATURDAY REV., March 14, 1953.
Alexander Bickel and the Harvard-Frankfurter School of Judicial Inertia, SCANLON's, May 1970, at 76.
Background for Peace: Freedom front Attack: International Police, TIME, Sept. 13 1943, at 105.
Our Unlovable Sex Laws, TRANS-ACTION, May–June 1965, at 36.
"As Justice Douglas Completes His First Thirty Years on the Court: Herewith a Random Anniversary Sample, Complete With a Casual Commentary of Divers Scraps, Shreds, and Shards Gleaned From a Forty-Year Friendship". UCLA Law Review. 16 (4): 704–715. 1969.
"Justice Douglas: An Anniversary Fragment for a Friend". University of Chicago Law Review. 26 (1): 2–5. 1958.
"To A Younger Colleague, the Light of a Gentle Genius". University of Miami Law Review. 18 (1): 3–8. 1963.
"Legal Realists, Legal Fundamentalists, Lawyer Schools, and Policy Science—or, How Not to Teach Law". Vanderbilt Law Review. 1 (1): 5–7. 1947.
Rodell, Fred (1962). "Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited". Virginia Law Review. 48 (2): 279–290. doi:10.2307/1071179. JSTOR 1071179.
Rodell, Fred (1936). "Goodbye to Law Reviews". Virginia Law Review. 23 (1): 38–45. doi:10.2307/1067669. JSTOR 1067669.
The Significance of the Gold Clause Decisions, 44 YALE ALUMNI WEEKLY 483 (1935).
Commencement Address Delivered at Haverford College, June 8, 1962, 71 YALE L.J vii (1962).
"A Sprig of Rosemary for Hammy". Yale Law Journal. 68 (3): 401–404. 1959.
"Obituary Tribute to Randolph Paul". Yale Law Journal. 65 (4): 495. 1956.
Rodell, Fred (1951). "Justice Holmes and His Hecklers". Yale Law Journal. 60 (4): 620–625. doi:10.2307/793707. JSTOR 793707.
Rodell, Fred (1935). "A Primer on Interstate Taxation". Yale Law Journal. 44 (7): 1166–1185. doi:10.2307/790936. JSTOR 790936.
Rodell, Fred (1933). "Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission". Yale Law Journal. 43 (2): 272–280. doi:10.2307/791350. JSTOR 791350.
Jerome N. Frank: In Remembrance. 3 YALE L. REP 3 (1957).
Book reviews
41 COLUM. L. REV. 766 (1941), reviewing B. LEVY, OUR CONSTITUTION: TOOL OR TESTAMENT (1941).
37 COLUM. L. REV. 508 (1937), reviewing I. BRANT, STORM OVER THE CONSTITUTION (1936).
24 FORD. L. REV. 726 (1956), reviewing D. MORGAN, JUSTICE WILLIAM JOHNSON, THE FIRST DISSENTER: THE CAREER AND CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF A JEFFERSONIAN JUDGE (1954).
25 GEO. L.J. 1083 (1937), reviewing H. LYON, THE CONSTITUTION AND THE MEN WHO MADE IT (1936).
58 NARY. L. REV. 1102 (1945), reviewing M. ERNST, THE BEST IS YET (1945).
31 ILL. L. REV. 696 (1937), reviewing E. CORWIN, COMMERCE POWER VERSUS STATES RIGHTS (1936).
25 IND. L.J. 114 (1949), reviewing J. FRANK, COURTS ON TRIAL (1949).
45 IOWA L. REV. 684 (1960), reviewing DOUGLAS OF THE SUPREME COURT: A SELECTION OF HIS OPINIONS (1959).
NEW REPUBLIC, Nov. 1, 1939, at 374, reviewing E. KENNEDY, DIVIDENDS TO PAY (1939).
NEW REPUBLIC, Feb. 24, 1937, at 85, reviewing M. ERNST, THE ULTIMATE POWER (1937).
NEW REPUBLIC, Dec. 23, 1936, at 251, reviewing E. BATES, THE STORY OF THE SUPREME COURT (1936); R. ALLEN & D. PEARSON, THE NINE OLD MEN (1937).
N.Y. TIMES BOOK REV., Nov. 22, 1964, reviewing S. HOOK, LAW AND PHILOSOPHY (1964).
N.Y. TIMES BOOK REV., Sept. 25 1955, at 20, reviewing J. O'BRIAN, NATIONAL SECURITY AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM (1955).
PROGRESSIVE, Feb. 1949, at 31, reviewing J. FRANK, MR. JUSTICE BLACK (1949).
PROGRESSIVE, Mar. 1948, at 33, reviewing D. MACDONALD, HENRY WALLACE (1948).
12 RUTGERS L. REV. 539 (1958), reviewing A. BLAUSTEIN AND C. FERGUSON, DESEGREGATION AND THE LAW: THE MEANING AND EFFECT OF THE SCHOOL SEGREGATION CASES (1957).
SATURDAY REV., June 2, 1956, at 17, reviewing D. MACDONALD, THE FORD FOUNDATION: THE MEN AND THE MILLIONS (1956).
SATURDAY REV., Apr. 28, 1956, at 9, reviewing C. MILLS, THE POWER ELITE (1956).
SATURDAY REV., Feb. 18, 1956, at 16, reviewing W. DOUGLAS, WE THE JUDGES (1956).
SATURDAY REV, July 16, 1955, at 18, reviewing R. JACKSON, THE SUPREME COURT IN THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT (1955).
35 TEXAS L. REV. 882 (1957), reviewing A. HISS, IN THE COURT OF PUBLIC OPINION (1956).
10 U. PITT. L. REV. 605 (1949), reviewing W. DOUGLAS, BEING AN AMERICAN (1948).
9 WM. & MARY Q. 271 (1952), reviewing J. MILLER, CRISIS IN FREEDOM: THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS (1951).
67 YALE L.J. 1316 (1958), reviewing F. COOK, UNFINISHED STORY OF ALGER HISS (1958).
64 YALE L J. 1099 (1955), reviewing W. DOUGLAS, ALMANAC OF LIBERTY (1954).
59 YALE L.J. 1013 (1950), reviewing S. KONEFSKY, CONSTITUTIONAL WORLD OF MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER: SOME REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS (1949).
57 YALE L .J. 1327 (1948), reviewing REPORTS OF THE SPECIAL TAX STUDY COMMITTEE TO THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (1947).
56 YALE L.J. 1462 (1947), reviewing C. CURTIS, LIONS UNDER THE THRONE (1947); W.MCCUNE, THE NINE YOUNG MEN (1947).
54 YALE L.J. 897 (1945), reviewing Z. CHAFEE & J. MACUIRE, A LIST OF BOOKS FOR PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS NOW IN SERVICE, PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF FACULTY OF HARVARD LAW SCHOOL (1945).
52 YALE L.J. 424 (1943), reviewing R. MAGILL, THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL TAXEs (1943).
51 YALE L.J. 704 (1942), reviewing J. PARKER, ATTORNEYS AT LAW (1941).
49 YALE L.J. 781 (1940), reviewing M. SHARP & C. GREGORY, SOCIAL CHANGE AND LABOR LAW (1939).
48 YALE L.J. 710 (1939), reviewing UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, TAXATION OF GOVERNMENT BONDHOLDERS AND EMPLOYEES. THE IMMUNITY RULE AND THE SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT (1938).
45 YALE L.J. 1327 (1936), reviewing C. BEARD, AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (1935).
43 YALE L.J. 1202 (1934), reviewing NEW YORK UNIV. SYMPOSIUM, CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC FINANCE (1933).
41 YALE L.J. 938 (1932), reviewing G. HANKIN & C. HANKIN, PROGRESS OF THE LAW IN THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT: 1929-30 (1930).
References
^ "Last Writes? - Spotlight on...Fred Rodell".
^ Rodell, Fred (January 1936). "Goodbye to Law Reviews". Faculty Scholarship Series.
^ "Fred Rodell, Woe Unto You, Lawyers, 1939".
External links
Woe Unto You, Lawyers! - full text of Rodell's book.
Fred Rodell's Case Against the Law - a 1996 law review article about Rodell by Ken Vinson
FredRodell.com - web site devoted to Rodell.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Korea
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_realism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William O. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Haverford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College"},{"link_name":"Haverford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haverford_College_people#Higher_education_and_academia"},{"link_name":"honorary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"}],"text":"He was one of the leading proponents of the \"legal realism\" approach and railed against overly abstract and theoretical legal arguments. He was a harsh critic of the legal profession, which he described as a \"high-class racket.\" In his 1936 Virginia Law Review article \"Goodbye to Law Reviews\", Rodell famously remarked, \"There are two things wrong with almost all legal writing. One is its style. The other is its content. That, I think, about covers the ground.\"[2]Rodell himself never became a member of the bar, later explaining that, \"By the time I got through law school, I had decided that I never wanted to practice law. I never have.\"[3]Rodell studied under Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas at Yale Law School They carried on a lifelong correspondence, a substantial portion of which is archived at Rodell's alma mater, Haverford College (class of 1926). Haverford also awarded him an honorary degree (LL.D.) in 1973, the year he retired from Yale.","title":"Fred Rodell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"081172171X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081172171X"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B007Q97ONO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B007Q97ONO"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40027584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/40027584"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"768303914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/768303914"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0069RVTBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0069RVTBM"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"953132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/953132"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0837725410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837725410"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B001NVA38E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B001NVA38E"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50472134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50472134"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"55 Men: The Story of the Constitution. Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. 1986 [1936]. ISBN 081172171X.\nDemocracy and the Third Term: A Handbook for Both Sides. New York City: Howell, Soskin & Company. 1940. ASIN B007Q97ONO. LCCN 40027584. OCLC 768303914.\nHer Infinite Variety, Captured in Color. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1966. ASIN B0069RVTBM. OCLC 953132.\nNine Men: A Political History of the Supreme Court from 1790 to 1955. Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman. 1988 [1955]. ISBN 0837725410.\nWoe Unto You, Lawyers! (2nd ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S. Hein Publishing. 2001 [Edition originally published 1957]. ASIN B001NVA38E. OCLC 50472134.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sexual Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sexualscene00gagn"},{"link_name":"\"Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2763"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1071179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1071179"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1071179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1071179"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1067669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1067669"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1067669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1067669"},{"link_name":"\"Justice Holmes and His Hecklers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol60/iss4/4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/793707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F793707"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"793707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/793707"},{"link_name":"\"A Primer on Interstate Taxation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol44/iss7/2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/790936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F790936"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"790936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/790936"},{"link_name":"\"Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol43/iss2/5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/791350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F791350"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"791350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/791350"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Rodell, Fred (1970). \"Our Unlovable Sex Laws\". In Gagnon, John H.; Simon, William (eds.). The Sexual Scene. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 81–90.\nGreat Chief Justice: Excerpt from NINE MEN, AM. HERITAGE, Dec. 1955, at 10.\nImpeccable Mr. Acheson, AM. MERCURY, Apr. 1950, at 387.\nMan who Stopped John L. Lewis, AM. MERCURY May 1949, at 517.\nVandenberg of Michigan, AM. MERCURY, Jan. 1947, at 5.\nSenator Claude Pepper, AM. MERCURY, Oct. 1946, at 389.\nRobert E. Hannegan, AM. MERCURY. Aug. 1946, at 133.\nBill Douglas: American, AM. MERCURY, Dec. 1945, at 656.\nSumner Welles: Diplomat deluxe AM. MERCURY. Nov. 1945, at 578.\nWalter Lippmann. AM. MERCURY. Mar. 1945, at 263.\nJustice Hugo Black, AM. MERCURY, Aug. 1944, at 135.\n\"A Sprig of Laurel for Hugo Black at 75\". American University Law Review. 10 (1): 1–6. 1961.\nDred Scott―A Century After, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1957, at 60.\nDred Scott: A Century After, ATLAS, Oct. 1957, at 60.\nDouglas, William O.; Donnelly, Richard C.; Fortas, Abe; Glueck, Sheldon; Hall, Jerome; Lasswell, Harold D.; Mannheim, Hermann; Radzinowicz, Leon; Rodell, Fred; Arens, Richard (1955). \"In Memoriam: George H. Dession\". Buffalo Law Review. 5 (1): 3–21.\n\"For Charles E. Clark: A Brief and Belated but Fond Farewell\". Columbia Law Review. 65 (8): 1323–1330. 1965.\nEverybody Reads the Comics, ESQUIRE, Mar. 1945, at 50.\nDouglas Over the Stock Exchange, FORTUNE, Feb. 1938, at 64.\nBlack versus Jackson, FORUM. Aug. 1946, at 68.\nLaw is the Bunk. FORUM. Sept. 1939, at 109.\nThe Warren Court: A Fresh, Free Voice from the High Bench, FRONTIER, Nov. 1957, at 11.\n\"For Every Justice, Judicial Deference is a Sometime Thing\". Georgetown Law Journal. 50 (4): 700–708. 1962.\n\"Judicial Activists, Judicial Self-deniers, Judicial Review, and the First Amendment—Or, How to Hide the Melody of What You Mean Behind the Words of What You Say\". Georgetown Law Journal. 47 (3): 483–490. 1959.\nWendell Willkie: Man of Words, HARPER'S, May 1944, at 305.\nFelix Frankfurter: Conservative, HARPERS, Oct. 1941, 449.\nA Word to the Wise, LIBERTY, Nov. 4, 1944, at 24.\nTrial Lawyer, LIFE, May 26, 1947, at 107.\nChief Justice, LIFE, June 24. 1946, at 102.\nDivorce Muddle, LIFE, Sept. 3. 1945, at 86.\nMorris Ernst, LIFE, Feb. 21, 1944, at 96.\nCan Nixon's Justices Reverse the Warren Court?, LOOK, Dec. 2, 1969, at 38.\nPattern of Defiance, LOOK. Apr. 20, 1956, at 24.\nThe South vs. the Supreme Court: The Pattern of Our Not So Supreme Court, LOOK, April 3, 1956, at 25.\nFred Rodell's Limericks―Nine Acourt, MONOCLE, Nov. 1964, at 56.\nIn Memorium, NATION, Mar. 2, 1957, at 184.\nI'd Prefer Bill Douglas, NATION. Apr. 26. 1952, at 400.\n\"A Super-Supreme Dream Court\". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 2, no. 2. 1959. pp. 181, 199–200.\nWyman, Louis C.; Rodell, Fred (1957). \"The U.S. Supreme Court and Civil Rights\". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 11, 25.\nSymposium: Will America Go Fascist?, NEW LEADER, Mar. 25, 1944, at 4.\nSupreme Court Is Standing Pat, NEW REPUBLIC, Dec. 19, 1949, at 11.\nDepression Is Here to Stay, NEW REPUBLIC, Nov. 1, 22, 1939, at 374, 144.\nAmerica, We Love You, in Small Doses, NEW REPUBLIC, Feb. 15, 1939, at 43.\nArnold: Myth and Trust Buster, NEW REPUBLIC, June 22, 1938, at 177.\nComplexities of Mr. Justice Fortas, N.Y. TIMES MAG., July 28, 1968, at 12; Sept. 8, 1968, at 60.\nIt Is the Earl Warren Court, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Mar. 13, 1966, at 30.\nWarren Court Stands Its Ground, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Sept. 27, 1964, at 23.\nTV or No TV in Court?, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Apr. 12, 1964, at 16.\nCrux of the Court Hullabaloo, N.Y. TIMES MAG., May 29, 1960, at 13.\nFifty Years of the Comics, READER'S DIGEST, Mar. 1945, at 72.\nMy Debt to the Town Drunk, READER's DIGEST, Nov. 1941, at 54.\nGallery of Justices, SATURDAY REV., Nov. 15, 1958, at 9.\nWas Alger Hiss Framed? A Debate, SATURDAY REV., May 31, 1958, at 15.\nAcademic Adjudicator, SATURDAY REV., Sept. 1, 1956, at 15.\nBenefactors, Inc., SATURDAY REV., June 2, 1956, at 17.\nAmerican View, SATURDAY REV., Apr. 28, 1956, at 9.\nPortrait, SATURDAY REV., Nov. 5, 1955, at 14.\nJustification of a Justice, SATURDAY REV., July 16, 1955, at 18.\nSchool Kids Are Color Blind, SATURDAY REV., Oct. 16, 1954, at 9.\nTransatlantic Dissection of a Pen Pal, SATURDAY REV., March 14, 1953.\nAlexander Bickel and the Harvard-Frankfurter School of Judicial Inertia, SCANLON's, May 1970, at 76.\nBackground for Peace: Freedom front Attack: International Police, TIME, Sept. 13 1943, at 105.\nOur Unlovable Sex Laws, TRANS-ACTION, May–June 1965, at 36.\n\"As Justice Douglas Completes His First Thirty Years on the Court: Herewith a Random Anniversary Sample, Complete With a Casual Commentary of Divers Scraps, Shreds, and Shards Gleaned From a Forty-Year Friendship\". UCLA Law Review. 16 (4): 704–715. 1969.\n\"Justice Douglas: An Anniversary Fragment for a Friend\". University of Chicago Law Review. 26 (1): 2–5. 1958.\n\"To A Younger Colleague, the Light of a Gentle Genius\". University of Miami Law Review. 18 (1): 3–8. 1963.\n\"Legal Realists, Legal Fundamentalists, Lawyer Schools, and Policy Science—or, How Not to Teach Law\". Vanderbilt Law Review. 1 (1): 5–7. 1947.\nRodell, Fred (1962). \"Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited\". Virginia Law Review. 48 (2): 279–290. doi:10.2307/1071179. JSTOR 1071179.\nRodell, Fred (1936). \"Goodbye to Law Reviews\". Virginia Law Review. 23 (1): 38–45. doi:10.2307/1067669. JSTOR 1067669.\nThe Significance of the Gold Clause Decisions, 44 YALE ALUMNI WEEKLY 483 (1935).\nCommencement Address Delivered at Haverford College, June 8, 1962, 71 YALE L.J vii (1962).\n\"A Sprig of Rosemary for Hammy\". Yale Law Journal. 68 (3): 401–404. 1959.\n\"Obituary Tribute to Randolph Paul\". Yale Law Journal. 65 (4): 495. 1956.\nRodell, Fred (1951). \"Justice Holmes and His Hecklers\". Yale Law Journal. 60 (4): 620–625. doi:10.2307/793707. JSTOR 793707.\nRodell, Fred (1935). \"A Primer on Interstate Taxation\". Yale Law Journal. 44 (7): 1166–1185. doi:10.2307/790936. JSTOR 790936.\nRodell, Fred (1933). \"Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission\". Yale Law Journal. 43 (2): 272–280. doi:10.2307/791350. JSTOR 791350.\nJerome N. Frank: In Remembrance. 3 YALE L. REP 3 (1957).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Book reviews","text":"41 COLUM. L. REV. 766 (1941), reviewing B. LEVY, OUR CONSTITUTION: TOOL OR TESTAMENT (1941).\n37 COLUM. L. REV. 508 (1937), reviewing I. BRANT, STORM OVER THE CONSTITUTION (1936).\n24 FORD. L. REV. 726 (1956), reviewing D. MORGAN, JUSTICE WILLIAM JOHNSON, THE FIRST DISSENTER: THE CAREER AND CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF A JEFFERSONIAN JUDGE (1954).\n25 GEO. L.J. 1083 (1937), reviewing H. LYON, THE CONSTITUTION AND THE MEN WHO MADE IT (1936).\n58 NARY. L. REV. 1102 (1945), reviewing M. ERNST, THE BEST IS YET (1945).\n31 ILL. L. REV. 696 (1937), reviewing E. CORWIN, COMMERCE POWER VERSUS STATES RIGHTS (1936).\n25 IND. L.J. 114 (1949), reviewing J. FRANK, COURTS ON TRIAL (1949).\n45 IOWA L. REV. 684 (1960), reviewing DOUGLAS OF THE SUPREME COURT: A SELECTION OF HIS OPINIONS (1959).\nNEW REPUBLIC, Nov. 1, 1939, at 374, reviewing E. KENNEDY, DIVIDENDS TO PAY (1939).\nNEW REPUBLIC, Feb. 24, 1937, at 85, reviewing M. ERNST, THE ULTIMATE POWER (1937).\nNEW REPUBLIC, Dec. 23, 1936, at 251, reviewing E. BATES, THE STORY OF THE SUPREME COURT (1936); R. ALLEN & D. PEARSON, THE NINE OLD MEN (1937).\nN.Y. TIMES BOOK REV., Nov. 22, 1964, reviewing S. HOOK, LAW AND PHILOSOPHY (1964).\nN.Y. TIMES BOOK REV., Sept. 25 1955, at 20, reviewing J. O'BRIAN, NATIONAL SECURITY AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM (1955).\nPROGRESSIVE, Feb. 1949, at 31, reviewing J. FRANK, MR. JUSTICE BLACK (1949).\nPROGRESSIVE, Mar. 1948, at 33, reviewing D. MACDONALD, HENRY WALLACE (1948).\n12 RUTGERS L. REV. 539 (1958), reviewing A. BLAUSTEIN AND C. FERGUSON, DESEGREGATION AND THE LAW: THE MEANING AND EFFECT OF THE SCHOOL SEGREGATION CASES (1957).\nSATURDAY REV., June 2, 1956, at 17, reviewing D. MACDONALD, THE FORD FOUNDATION: THE MEN AND THE MILLIONS (1956).\nSATURDAY REV., Apr. 28, 1956, at 9, reviewing C. MILLS, THE POWER ELITE (1956).\nSATURDAY REV., Feb. 18, 1956, at 16, reviewing W. DOUGLAS, WE THE JUDGES (1956).\nSATURDAY REV, July 16, 1955, at 18, reviewing R. JACKSON, THE SUPREME COURT IN THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT (1955).\n35 TEXAS L. REV. 882 (1957), reviewing A. HISS, IN THE COURT OF PUBLIC OPINION (1956).\n10 U. PITT. L. REV. 605 (1949), reviewing W. DOUGLAS, BEING AN AMERICAN (1948).\n9 WM. & MARY Q. 271 (1952), reviewing J. MILLER, CRISIS IN FREEDOM: THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS (1951).\n67 YALE L.J. 1316 (1958), reviewing F. COOK, UNFINISHED STORY OF ALGER HISS (1958).\n64 YALE L J. 1099 (1955), reviewing W. DOUGLAS, ALMANAC OF LIBERTY (1954).\n59 YALE L.J. 1013 (1950), reviewing S. KONEFSKY, CONSTITUTIONAL WORLD OF MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER: SOME REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS (1949).\n57 YALE L .J. 1327 (1948), reviewing REPORTS OF THE SPECIAL TAX STUDY COMMITTEE TO THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (1947).\n56 YALE L.J. 1462 (1947), reviewing C. CURTIS, LIONS UNDER THE THRONE (1947); W.MCCUNE, THE NINE YOUNG MEN (1947).\n54 YALE L.J. 897 (1945), reviewing Z. CHAFEE & J. MACUIRE, A LIST OF BOOKS FOR PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS NOW IN SERVICE, PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF FACULTY OF HARVARD LAW SCHOOL (1945).\n52 YALE L.J. 424 (1943), reviewing R. MAGILL, THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL TAXEs (1943).\n51 YALE L.J. 704 (1942), reviewing J. PARKER, ATTORNEYS AT LAW (1941).\n49 YALE L.J. 781 (1940), reviewing M. SHARP & C. GREGORY, SOCIAL CHANGE AND LABOR LAW (1939).\n48 YALE L.J. 710 (1939), reviewing UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, TAXATION OF GOVERNMENT BONDHOLDERS AND EMPLOYEES. THE IMMUNITY RULE AND THE SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT (1938).\n45 YALE L.J. 1327 (1936), reviewing C. BEARD, AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (1935).\n43 YALE L.J. 1202 (1934), reviewing NEW YORK UNIV. SYMPOSIUM, CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC FINANCE (1933).\n41 YALE L.J. 938 (1932), reviewing G. HANKIN & C. HANKIN, PROGRESS OF THE LAW IN THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT: 1929-30 (1930).","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"55 Men: The Story of the Constitution. Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. 1986 [1936]. ISBN 081172171X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081172171X","url_text":"081172171X"}]},{"reference":"Democracy and the Third Term: A Handbook for Both Sides. New York City: Howell, Soskin & Company. 1940. ASIN B007Q97ONO. LCCN 40027584. OCLC 768303914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007Q97ONO","url_text":"B007Q97ONO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/40027584","url_text":"40027584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768303914","url_text":"768303914"}]},{"reference":"Her Infinite Variety, Captured in Color. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1966. ASIN B0069RVTBM. OCLC 953132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0069RVTBM","url_text":"B0069RVTBM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953132","url_text":"953132"}]},{"reference":"Nine Men: A Political History of the Supreme Court from 1790 to 1955. Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman. 1988 [1955]. ISBN 0837725410.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837725410","url_text":"0837725410"}]},{"reference":"Woe Unto You, Lawyers! (2nd ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Wm. S. Hein Publishing. 2001 [Edition originally published 1957]. ASIN B001NVA38E. OCLC 50472134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001NVA38E","url_text":"B001NVA38E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50472134","url_text":"50472134"}]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1970). \"Our Unlovable Sex Laws\". In Gagnon, John H.; Simon, William (eds.). The Sexual Scene. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 81–90.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexualscene00gagn","url_text":"The Sexual Scene"}]},{"reference":"\"A Sprig of Laurel for Hugo Black at 75\". American University Law Review. 10 (1): 1–6. 1961.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Douglas, William O.; Donnelly, Richard C.; Fortas, Abe; Glueck, Sheldon; Hall, Jerome; Lasswell, Harold D.; Mannheim, Hermann; Radzinowicz, Leon; Rodell, Fred; Arens, Richard (1955). \"In Memoriam: George H. Dession\". Buffalo Law Review. 5 (1): 3–21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"For Charles E. Clark: A Brief and Belated but Fond Farewell\". Columbia Law Review. 65 (8): 1323–1330. 1965.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"For Every Justice, Judicial Deference is a Sometime Thing\". Georgetown Law Journal. 50 (4): 700–708. 1962.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Judicial Activists, Judicial Self-deniers, Judicial Review, and the First Amendment—Or, How to Hide the Melody of What You Mean Behind the Words of What You Say\". Georgetown Law Journal. 47 (3): 483–490. 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A Super-Supreme Dream Court\". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 2, no. 2. 1959. pp. 181, 199–200.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wyman, Louis C.; Rodell, Fred (1957). \"The U.S. Supreme Court and Civil Rights\". New Jersey State Bar Journal. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 11, 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"As Justice Douglas Completes His First Thirty Years on the Court: Herewith a Random Anniversary Sample, Complete With a Casual Commentary of Divers Scraps, Shreds, and Shards Gleaned From a Forty-Year Friendship\". UCLA Law Review. 16 (4): 704–715. 1969.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Justice Douglas: An Anniversary Fragment for a Friend\". University of Chicago Law Review. 26 (1): 2–5. 1958.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"To A Younger Colleague, the Light of a Gentle Genius\". University of Miami Law Review. 18 (1): 3–8. 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Legal Realists, Legal Fundamentalists, Lawyer Schools, and Policy Science—or, How Not to Teach Law\". Vanderbilt Law Review. 1 (1): 5–7. 1947.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1962). \"Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited\". Virginia Law Review. 48 (2): 279–290. doi:10.2307/1071179. JSTOR 1071179.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2763","url_text":"\"Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1071179","url_text":"10.2307/1071179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1071179","url_text":"1071179"}]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1936). \"Goodbye to Law Reviews\". Virginia Law Review. 23 (1): 38–45. doi:10.2307/1067669. JSTOR 1067669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1067669","url_text":"10.2307/1067669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1067669","url_text":"1067669"}]},{"reference":"\"A Sprig of Rosemary for Hammy\". Yale Law Journal. 68 (3): 401–404. 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary Tribute to Randolph Paul\". Yale Law Journal. 65 (4): 495. 1956.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1951). \"Justice Holmes and His Hecklers\". Yale Law Journal. 60 (4): 620–625. doi:10.2307/793707. JSTOR 793707.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol60/iss4/4","url_text":"\"Justice Holmes and His Hecklers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F793707","url_text":"10.2307/793707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/793707","url_text":"793707"}]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1935). \"A Primer on Interstate Taxation\". Yale Law Journal. 44 (7): 1166–1185. doi:10.2307/790936. JSTOR 790936.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol44/iss7/2","url_text":"\"A Primer on Interstate Taxation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F790936","url_text":"10.2307/790936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/790936","url_text":"790936"}]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (1933). \"Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission\". Yale Law Journal. 43 (2): 272–280. doi:10.2307/791350. JSTOR 791350.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol43/iss2/5","url_text":"\"Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F791350","url_text":"10.2307/791350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/791350","url_text":"791350"}]},{"reference":"\"Last Writes? [1.1] - Spotlight on...Fred Rodell\".","urls":[{"url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/22609/1/archive/rodspot.htm","url_text":"\"Last Writes? [1.1] - Spotlight on...Fred Rodell\""}]},{"reference":"Rodell, Fred (January 1936). \"Goodbye to Law Reviews\". Faculty Scholarship Series.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2762/","url_text":"\"Goodbye to Law Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Rodell, Woe Unto You, Lawyers, 1939\".","urls":[{"url":"https://constitution.org/2-LawRev/rodell/woe_unto_you_lawyers.htm","url_text":"\"Fred Rodell, Woe Unto You, Lawyers, 1939\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007Q97ONO","external_links_name":"B007Q97ONO"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/40027584","external_links_name":"40027584"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768303914","external_links_name":"768303914"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0069RVTBM","external_links_name":"B0069RVTBM"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953132","external_links_name":"953132"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001NVA38E","external_links_name":"B001NVA38E"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50472134","external_links_name":"50472134"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sexualscene00gagn","external_links_name":"The Sexual Scene"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2763","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye to Law Reviews—Revisited\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1071179","external_links_name":"10.2307/1071179"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1071179","external_links_name":"1071179"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1067669","external_links_name":"10.2307/1067669"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1067669","external_links_name":"1067669"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol60/iss4/4","external_links_name":"\"Justice Holmes and His Hecklers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F793707","external_links_name":"10.2307/793707"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/793707","external_links_name":"793707"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol44/iss7/2","external_links_name":"\"A Primer on Interstate Taxation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F790936","external_links_name":"10.2307/790936"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/790936","external_links_name":"790936"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol43/iss2/5","external_links_name":"\"Regulation of Securities by the Federal Trade Commission\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F791350","external_links_name":"10.2307/791350"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/791350","external_links_name":"791350"},{"Link":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/22609/1/archive/rodspot.htm","external_links_name":"\"Last Writes? [1.1] - Spotlight on...Fred Rodell\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2762/","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye to Law Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://constitution.org/2-LawRev/rodell/woe_unto_you_lawyers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fred Rodell, Woe Unto You, Lawyers, 1939\""},{"Link":"http://www.constitution.org/lrev/rodell/woe_unto_you_lawyers.htm","external_links_name":"Woe Unto You, Lawyers!"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060904154348/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/frames/241/vinsfram.html","external_links_name":"Fred Rodell's Case Against the Law"},{"Link":"http://www.fredrodell.com/","external_links_name":"FredRodell.com"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/172097/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084503393","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45744482","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrxw8ffdW4VqPR7JbyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599228005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85209621","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201404374","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130916730","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j3390","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/104534435","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden | Grisons | ["1 Geography and climate","2 History","3 Government","4 Politics","4.1 Federal election results","5 Political subdivisions","5.1 Regions","5.2 Municipalities","6 Demographics","6.1 Languages","7 Economy","8 Transport","9 Culture","10 Nature","11 See also","12 Note","13 References","14 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°45′N 9°30′E / 46.750°N 9.500°E / 46.750; 9.500Largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland
For the animal, see Galictis. For the French wine grape, see Grison (grape).
CantonGrisons
Graubünden (German)Grischun (Romansh)Grigioni (Italian)GraubündenCantonCanton of the GrisonsCanton of Graubünden
FlagCoat of armsLocation in Switzerland
Map of the Grisons
Coordinates: 46°45′N 9°30′E / 46.750°N 9.500°E / 46.750; 9.500CapitalChurSubdivisions108 municipalities, 11 districtsGovernment • ExecutiveExecutive CouncilRegierungsrat (German)Regenza (Romansh)Governo (Italian) (5) • LegislativeGrand CouncilGrosser Rat (German)Cussegl Grond (Romansh)Gran Consiglio (Italian) (120)Area • Total7,105.39 km2 (2,743.41 sq mi)Population (December 2020) • Total200,096 • Density28/km2 (73/sq mi)GDP • TotalCHF 14.519 billion (2020) • Per capitaCHF 72,754 (2020)ISO 3166 codeCH-GRHighest point4,049 m (13,284 ft): Piz BerninaLowest point260 m (853 ft): border to Ticino at San VittoreJoined1803LanguagesGerman, Romansh, ItalianOther languagesLombard, Walser germanWebsitewww.gr.ch/IT/Seiten/welcome.aspx
The Grisons (/ɡriːˈzɒ̃/, French: ) or Graubünden (German: ⓘ), more formally the Canton of the Grisons or the Canton of Graubünden, is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It has eleven districts, and its capital is Chur. The German name of the canton, Graubünden, translates as the "Grey Leagues", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, the Three Leagues. The other native names also refer to the Grey League: Grischùn in Sutsilvan, Grischun in the other forms of Romansh, and Grigioni in Italian. Rhaetia is the Latin name for the area. The Alpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.
The largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland, it is also one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Valais and Ticino. It is the most diverse canton in terms of natural and cultural geography, as it encompasses both sides of the Alps and several natural and cultural regions. The diversity of the canton is often compared to that of Switzerland as a whole and warrants it the name of "Little Switzerland". The Grisons is bordered by four cantons as well as Austria, Italy and Liechtenstein.
The state is the only trilingual canton of Switzerland. It is also the only one where Romansh, Switzerland's fourth national language, has official status. Romansh language and culture is an important part of local identity. In 2020 the canton had a population of 200,096. It is the least densely populated canton of Switzerland. The only sizable city in the canton is Chur, as the majority of the population lives in mountainous areas, including some of the most remote valleys of the country. One of the birthplaces of winter sports, the canton is a major tourist destination year-round, including a large number of Alpine resort towns, notably Davos and St. Moritz. The canton is also renowned for its extensive narrow-gauge railway network, operated by the Rhaetian Railway, and linking the capital with most valleys of the Grisons.
Formerly occupied by the Rhaeti, most of the lands of the canton became part of the Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC, with Curia, a settlement dating back to the Pfyn culture, as capital city. The area later became part of the lands of the diocese of Chur. The late middle ages saw the foundation of the League of God's House, the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. In 1471 an alliance gave birth to the Three Leagues, and before the end of the 15th century, the latter became an ally of the Old Swiss Confederacy. In 1803 the Three Leagues finally became one of the cantons of the Confederation.
Geography and climate
See also: Geography of Switzerland
The Engadin (here near St. Moritz and the lakes) is one of the highest valleys of the Alps and the only Swiss region in the basin of the Black Sea.
The Grisons is Switzerland's largest and at the same time easternmost canton. Its geography, essentially marked by the Alps, is complex and encompasses a wide range of climates and ecosystems. It is one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Ticino and Valais, which include regions on the south side of the Alps. But in contrast to those (and all other cantons), it fully extends on both sides of the great Alpine barrier, from the northern plains at Maienfeld to the southern plains at Roveredo. However, a large portion of the canton is neither clearly north nor south of the Alps, it is the Engadin (the "garden of the Inn"), a large inner Alpine valley oriented towards eastern Europe. Therefore there are parts of this canton in four of the five drainage basins of the country. The north of the canton is drained by the Rhine (ending in the North Sea), the south by the Po and Adige through several affluents (Mediterranean Sea), and the Engadin by the Danube through the Inn (Black Sea).
The Grisons lies fully within the Alps, with elevations above sea-level ranging from 260 to 4,049 metres (853 to 13,284 ft). It is both one of the highest and lowest cantons, and the second-highest when considering mean elevation. As a consequence, its topography is extremely rugged and many of the highest settlements in the country (and Europe) are found there, notably in the Upper Engadin. The mountains are numerous; well over 1,000 summits are in the canton. The highest is Piz Bernina, closely followed by numerous peaks in the homonymous range. Other prominent mountains are Piz Russein, Piz Kesch, Calanda, Aroser Rothorn and Rheinwaldhorn, see list of mountains of Graubünden for a more exhaustive list. The canton includes numerous subranges of the Alps other than the Bernina. These are the Albula, the Bregaglia, the Glarus, the Gotthard, the Lepontine, the Livigno, the Plessur, the Oberhalbstein, the Ortler, the Rätikon, the Samnaun, the Sesvenna and the Silvretta ranges.
The Anterior Rhine (here at the Rhine Gorge) is one of the largest rivers in the canton.
The regions on the north side of the Alps are all drained by the Rhine and form an intricate network of valleys. The Rhine is both one of the longest rivers within the canton and the only one flowing directly into a sea. The sources of the Rhine are found in the west of the canton and form the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine. These two rivers converge at Reichenau to form the Rhine in the strict sense of the term. Just after the convergence, the valley opens and its floor constitutes the flattest plains of the canton, from Domat/Ems to Fläsch at the St. Gallen border. In the area around Chur, at the foot of the Calanda, the Rhine progressively changes its direction, from eastward to northward. The Anterior Rhine and Posterior Rhine include numerous tributaries as well before their own convergence. The former constitutes a long and straight valley, the Surselva, shut off from the lower plains by the Rhine Gorge. Its biggest tributaries are the rivers Glogn, Valser Rhine, Rabiusa, forming respectively the Val Lumnezia, the Vals Valley and the Safiental. The other one, the Posterior Rhine, notably collects the waters of the Avers Rhine and the Albula, which in turn collects the waters of the Gelgia and the Landwasser. Similarly to the Anterior Rhine, the upper portion of the Posterior Rhine is also shut off from the plains by the Viamala Gorge. After the convergence with the Albula, the Posterior Rhine forms a wide valley, the Domleschg, until it meets its anterior counterpart. After that, the Rhine collects the water of two important rivers: the Plessur at Chur, forming the valley of the Schanfigg, and the Landquart at the homonymous town, forming the Prätigau.
The Engadin is entirely drained by the Inn and is the only valley in Switzerland in the Danube basin. The Inn is one of the longest rivers in the canton and forms an almost straight valley, from the Maloja Pass to Martina, with a change of direction near Zernez. Despite its length and numerous tributaries, only a few long rivers converge with the Inn. These are the Flaz (forming the Val Bernina), the Spöl (forming the Val da Spöl) and the Clemgia (forming the Val S-charl). In the lower part of the Engadin is also the side valley of Samnaun. The main passes connecting the Engadin with the northern Grisons are (from west to east): the Julier Pass, the Albula Pass and the Flüela Pass.
The valleys on the south side of the Alps are not contiguous to each other and form four distinct regions. The Mesolcina, drained by the Moesa, the Val Bregaglia, drained by the Mera, the Val Poschiavo, drained by the Poschiavino, and the Val Müstair, drained by the Rom. The first three are in the Po basin and the last one is in the Adige basin. While the first two (Mesolcina and Bregaglia) are contiguous to the region north of the Alps, through the San Bernardino Pass, and the Septimer Pass respectively, the three last ones (Bregaglia, Poschiavo and Müstair) are contiguous to the Engadin, through the Maloja Pass, the Bernina Pass, and the Ofen Pass.
Although no large bodies of water are found in the canton, numerous mountain lakes (above 800 m elevation) dot the landscape, some of them being used as reservoirs for hydroelectricity production. The largest natural lakes are Lake Sils, Lake Silvaplana, Lago di Poschiavo and Lake St. Moritz (all in Upper Engadin except that of Poschiavo). Artificial lakes are more numerous, the largest (over 100 ha) being Lago di Livigno, Lago di Lei, Lai da Sontga Maria, Zervreilasee, Lago Bianco, Lai da Marmorera and Lägh da l'Albigna. The total number of lakes has been estimated to 600. See list of mountain lakes of Switzerland for a more exhaustive list.
Unlike other large cantons, the Grisons includes very few cities. The largest (and capital city) is Chur. It is followed by Davos, Landquart, Domat/Ems and St. Moritz, which are, however, far less populated. The canton is particularly renowned for its numerous Alpine resort towns, notably two of the aforementioned ones (Davos and St. Moritz), but also Klosters, Arosa, Lenzerheide, Disentis, Flims, Pontresina and Scuol.
The diversity of the climate of the Grisons is high and comparable to that of Switzerland. In the southernmost and lowest regions, vineyards and olives are grown, while on the highest summits, snow is found year-round. The inner valleys, particularly the Engadin, are significantly drier than the north and south side of the Alps, being sheltered by the high mountains of the range. On the south side of the Alps, Grono is one of the top warmest places in the country with an average of 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). The nationwide record temperature of 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) was registered there. The southern valleys are also significantly wetter than the rest of the canton (1,476 mm of rain in Grono, 849 mm in Chur, and 705 mm in Scuol). The coldest places are naturally at high elevations, such as on Piz Corvatsch. The localities of the Upper Engadin are amongst the coldest inhabited regions in the country, notably Samedan with an average temperature of 2.0 °C (35.6 °F). The cantonwide record-low temperature of −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) was registered there. The low-elevation region of Chur, including the Bündner Herrschaft, experiences naturally less harsh temperatures with an average of 10.0 °C (50.0 °F).
Lowlands: Vineyards of the Bündner Herrschaft, at the foot of the Falknis
Montane zone: Val Bregaglia, at the foot of Piz Badile
Alpine zone: Val Frisal, at the foot of Piz Durschin
Nival zone: Piz Bernina from Piz Morteratsch
The area of the Grisons is 7,105.2 square kilometres (2,743.3 sq mi), 19.2% larger than the canton of Bern, the second largest canton. Only about a third of this is commonly regarded as productive land of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area.
The canton is almost entirely mountainous and it is the most sparsely populated region of the country. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part, the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was in 2008 declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona. Another Biosphere Reserve is the Biosfera Val Müstair adjacent to the Swiss National Park, while Ela Nature Park is one of the regionally supported parks.
The Grisons is sometimes included in the larger region of Eastern Switzerland, together with six other cantons. The Grisons shares border with numerous regions of Europe, reflecting its cultural diversity, and is the only canton adjacent to three different countries. On the national level it shares borders with four other cantons: Uri, Glarus, St. Gallen to the northwest (essentially across the Glarus Alps) and Ticino to the west (essentially across the Gotthard Massif and the Lepontine Alps but also at the level of the plain at Roveredo). On the international level, the canton shares borders with three countries: Liechtenstein to the north, the Austrian regions of Vorarlberg and Tyrol to the northeast and the Italian regions of Trentino-South Tyrol and Lombardy to the east and south.
History
Further information: Three Leagues and Bündner Wirren
Map of the Three Leagues and surrounding lands
The deep Alpine valleys of the present-day Grisons were originally settled by the Raetians (Rhaeti). In Chur, archaeological evidence of settlement goes back as far as the Pfyn culture (3900–3500 BC), making the capital city of the Grisons one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland.
Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC. The current capital of the Grisons, Chur, was known as Curia in Roman times. The area later was part of the lands of the diocese of Chur.
In 1367 the League of God's House (Cadi, Gottes Haus, Ca' di Dio) was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the establishment of the Grey League (Grauer Bund), sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people and was used exclusively after 16 March 1424. The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of the Grisons. A third league was established in 1436 by the people of ten bailiwicks in the former Toggenburg countship, as the dynasty of Toggenburg had become extinct. The league was called League of the Ten Jurisdictions (Zehngerichtebund).
The Dreibündenstein monument, marking the former tripoint of the Three Leagues
The first step towards the canton of the Grisons was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450. In 1471 the two leagues allied with the Grey League. In 1497 and 1498 the Leagues allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy after the Habsburgs acquired the possessions of the extinct Toggenburg dynasty in 1496, siding with the Confederacy in the Swabian War three years later. The Habsburgs were defeated at Calven Gorge and Dornach, helping the Swiss Confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of the Grisons to be recognised. However the Three Leagues remained a loose association until the Bundesbrief of 23 September 1524.
The last traces of the Bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526. The Musso war of 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy.
Between 1618 and 1639 it became a battleground between competing factions during the Bündner Wirren. The Protestant party was supported by France and Venice, while the Catholic party was supported by the Habsburgs in Spain and Austria. Each side sought to gain control of the Grisons to gain control over the important alpine passes. In 1618, the young radical Jörg Jenatsch became a member of the court of 'clerical overseers' and a leader of the anti-Habsburg faction. He supervised the torture to death of the arch-priest Nicola Rusca of Sondrio. In response, Giacomo Robustelli of the pro-Catholic Planta family, raised an army of rebels in the Valtellina. On the evening of 18/19 July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into Tirano and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to Teglio, Sondrio and further down the valley killing every Protestant that they found. Between 500 and 600 people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues.
Jörg Jenatsch was a major and divisive figure during the Bündner Wirren (1618–1639).
In response, in February 1621, Jenatsch led a force of anti-Habsburg troops to attack Rietberg Castle, the home of a leader of the pro-Catholic faction, Pompeius Planta. They surprised Planta and according to legend he was killed by Jörg Jenatsch with an axe. The murder of Planta encouraged the Protestant faction and they assembled a poorly led and disorganized army to retake the Valtellina and other subject lands. However, the army fell apart before they could attack a single Catholic town. This Protestant invasion provided the Spanish and Austrians with an excuse to invade the Leagues. By the end of October, Spain and Austria had occupied all of the Grisons. The resulting peace treaty of January 1622, forced Grisons to cede the Müstair, the Lower Engadine and Prättigau valleys. The treaty also forbade the Protestant religion in these valleys. In response, in 1622, the Prättigau valley rebelled against the Austrians and drove them out of the valley. The Austrians invaded the valley twice more, attempting to reimpose the Catholic faith, in 1623–1624 and 1629–1631.
In 1623 the Leagues entered into an alliance with France, Savoy and Venice. Jürg Jenatsch and Ulysses von Salis used French money to hire an 8,000-man mercenary army and drive out the Austrians. The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina. In 1627 the French withdrew from the Valtellina valley, which was then occupied by Papal troops. Starting in 1631 the League, under the French Duke Henri de Rohan, started to expel the Spaniards. However, Richelieu still did not want to hand the valley over to its residents. When it became clear that the French intended to remain permanently in the Leagues, but would not force the Valtellina to convert to Protestantism, Jürg Jenatsch (now a mercenary leader) converted in 1635 to the Catholic faith. In 1637, he rebelled and allied with Austria and Spain. His rebellion along with the rebellion of 31 other League officers forced the French to withdraw without a fight. On 24 January 1639, Jürg Jenatsch was killed during Carnival by an unknown attacker who was dressed as a bear. The attacker may have been a son of Pompeius Planta or an assassin hired by the local aristocracy. According to legend he was killed by the same axe that he used on Pompeius Planta. On 3 September 1639 the Leagues agreed with Spain to bring the Valtellina back under League sovereignty, but with the promise to respect the free exercise of the Catholic faith. Treaties with Austria in 1649 and 1652, brought the Müstair and Lower Engadine valleys back under the authority of the Three Leagues.
In 1798, the lands of the canton of the Grisons became part of the Helvetic Republic as the canton of Raetia except Valtellina, which was separated in 1797 for joining the Cisalpine Republic. It was later part of the Empire of Austria in 1814 before joining the Kingdom of Italy in 1859. With the Act of Mediation the "perpetual ally" of Switzerland became a canton in 1803. The constitution of the canton dates from 1892. In the following century, there have been about 30 changes made to the constitution.
The arms of the three original leagues were combined into the modern cantonal coat of arms in 1933.
Government
Grand Council building in Chur
The Grand Council (German: Grosser Rat; Italian: Gran Consiglio, Romansh: Cussegl Grond), the legislature of the canton, sits in Chur, the cantonal capital. Its 120 members, elected in 39 districts using a majority system, are in office for four years. The last district elections were in 2014. The cantonal government, exercising executive authority, is made up of five members, elected by the people for a term of four years and limited to three terms using a majority system.
The constitution of the Grisons, last revised on 14 September 2003, states in its preamble that the canton's purpose is to "safeguard freedom, peace, and human dignity, ensure democracy and the Rechtsstaat, promote prosperity and social justice and preserving a sane environment for the future generations, with the intention of promoting trilingualism and cultural variety and conserving them as part of our historical heritage".
The constitution allows for the enfranchisement of foreign residents at a municipal level, at discretion of the local governments. In 2009, the municipality of Bregaglia became the first in the canton to make use of this provision, granting voting rights to foreigners.
Politics
Federal election results
Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971–2015
Party
Ideology
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
FDP.The Liberalsa
Classical liberalism
14.8
18.1
22.9
20.1
18.3
18.1
16.5
15.1
15.8
19.1
11.9
13.3
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD
Christian democracy
37.3
35.9
35.5
33.3
28.5
25.6
26.9
25.6
23.7
20.3
16.6
16.8
SP/PS
Social democracy
13.9
15.2
20.5
24.6
19.5
21.2
21.6
26.6
24.9
23.7
15.6
17.6
SVP/UDC
National conservatism
34.0
26.9
21.1
22.0
20.0
19.5
26.9
27.0
33.8
34.7
24.5
29.7
Ring of Independents
Social liberalism
* b
*
*
*
*
*
1.1
*
disbanded
disbanded
disbanded
disbanded
CSP/PCS
Christian left
*
*
*
*
*
6.9
*
*
*
*
*
*
GLP/PVL
Green liberalism
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
8.3
7.9
BDP/PBD
Conservatism
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
20.5
14.5
GPS/PES
Green politics
*
*
*
*
*
*
3.5
*
*
*
2.2
*
FGA
Feminist
*
*
*
*
6.0
4.3
1.9
*
*
*
*
*
SD/DS
Swiss nationalism
*
3.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
EDU/UDF
Christian right
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.9
1.6
0.5
*
Other
*
0.3
*
*
7.7
4.4
1.7
5.8
*
0.6
*
0.2
Voter participation %
56.7
49.6
45.9
39.9
39.5
37.9
36.7
40.6
39.1
41.9
45.1
46.0
^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009
^b "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
Political subdivisions
Regions
as of January 2017
Albula with capital Tiefencastel
Bernina with capital Poschiavo
Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair with capital Scuol
Imboden with capital Domat/Ems
Landquart with capital Igis
Maloja with capital Samedan
Moesa with capital Roveredo
Plessur with capital Chur
Prättigau/Davos with capital Davos
Surselva with capital Ilanz
Viamala Region with capital Thusis
Municipalities
There are 114 municipalities in the canton (as of January 2016).
Demographics
View of Chur, at the foot of the Calanda
The inhabitants of the Grisons are called Bündner or (rarely) Grisonians.
The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 200,096. As of 2007, the population included 28,008 foreigners, or about 14.84% of the total population. The main religions are Catholicism and Protestantism. Both are well represented in the canton, with Roman Catholics forming a slight plurality (47% Catholic to 41% Protestant).
Languages
See also: Romansh language
See also: Italian Grisons
Geographical distribution of languages in the Grisons as of 2000
The Grisons is the only canton of Switzerland with three official languages: German (74.7%), Romansh (13.9%), and Italian (13.9%) with the remaining 13% speaking another language natively.
Languages in the Grisons 1803–2020
Year
Population
Romansh (%)
German (%)
Italian (%)
1803
73,200
36,700 (~50%)
26,500 (~36%)
10,000 (~14%)
1850
89,895
42,439 (47.2%)
35,509 (39.5%)
11,956 (13.3%)
1880
93,864
37,794 (39.8%)
43,664 (46.0%)
12,976 (13.7%)
1900
104,520
36,472 (34.9%)
48,762 (46.7%)
17,539 (16.8%)
1920
119,854
39,127 (32.7%)
61,379 (51.2%)
17,674 (14.8%)
1941
128,247
40,187 (31.3%)
70,421 (54.9%)
16,438 (12.8%)
1950
137,100
40,109 (29.3%)
77,096 (56.2%)
18,079 (13.2%)
1960
147,458
38,414 (26.1%)
83,544 (56.7%)
23,682 (16.1%)
1970
162,086
37,878 (23.4%)
93,359 (57.6%)
25,575 (15.8%)
1980
164,641
36,017 (21.9%)
98,645 (59.9%)
22,199 (13.5%)
2000
187,058
27,038 (14.5%)
127,755 (68.3%)
19,106 (10.2%)
2012
191,612
27,955 (15.2%)
143,015 (74.6%)
23,506 (12.0%)
2015
193,662
29,826 (15.4%)
142,378 (73.5%)
25,033 (12.9%)
2020
200,096
27,813 (13.9%)
149,471 (74.7%)
27,813 (13.9%)
More speakers of the Romansh language live in the Grisons than in any other canton, although it has become a minority language there. Romansh consists of five dialect groups, each with its own written language: Sursilvan, Vallader, Puter, Surmiran and Sutsilvan. There also exists a common written language called Rumantsch Grischun.
Romansh has been recognized as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use Romansh for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a response in Rumantsch Grischun.
Romansh has official language status at the canton level. Municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.
Economy
Skiers above Lenzerheide
Agriculture is still essential to keep remote valleys inhabited and cultivated, differing it from sheer wilderness. Agriculture is therefore supported by subsidies by the authorities both national and regional. Eight per cent of the population work in agriculture and forestry, where 50 per cent of the production is certified as organic. Agriculture includes forests and mountain pasturage in summer, particularly of cows, sheep and goats.
Since wolf and bear have returned, the use of Maremma Sheepdogs is not unusual. Although mountain pastures are predominant, there is also wine production in the Rhine Valley, particularly in Fläsch, Maienfeld, Jenins and Malans. This area is referred to as the Bündner Herschaft. In the southern valleys of Mesolcina and Val Poschiavo there is corn (maize) and chestnut farming, allowed by the milder climate. In the Mesolcina, olive trees are also grown.
24 per cent of the workforce are employed in industry whereas 68 per cent work in the service industry. The most industrialized region is naturally that of Chur. Ems-Chemie is based in Domat/Ems and is a major employer in the area.
The tourism industry is a major player and reaches a remarkable 14 per cent of the GDP. Tourism is concentrated around the towns of Davos, Klosters, Lenzerheide, Arosa, Flims, St. Moritz and Pontresina, which have large ski areas. There are, however, a great number of other tourist resorts in the canton, divided by the official tourist board for winter sports for example into categories "Top - Large - Small and beautiful". St. Moritz is one of the oldest winter sport resorts, being popular in winter since 1864. The following year, Davos also saw its first tourists in winter. St. Moritz hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Summer tourism is also an important source of revenue. Trekking, mountaineering, and mountain biking are some of the main activities. Business tourism is also a source of revenue, notably in Davos, where the World Economic Forum meetings are traditionally organised.
Transport
Glacier Express climbing the Albula Railway. Winding mountain roads and railways have become an integral part of the landscape.
As the canton extends on both sides of the great Alpine barrier, many important mountain passes are found there, particularly on the north-south axis. Transport has always been an important issue in the area; cart tracks from the Roman era were found on Julier Pass and Septimer Pass was rebuilt for cart use in 1387 and, although it later became unimportant, it is still in its 1800 form (for hikers only). Corniche paths were necessary for long stretches, and gorges such as the Viamala gave construction problems for any kind of transport. The first real roads of 3.7 m (4 yd) width were built across the Alps from around 1816, one of which is still in a very good historical condition as this connection across Splügen Pass lost its importance after the opening of rail tunnels crossing the alps. The last valley to be connected to the road system in the Grisons was Avers, whose remote hamlet of Juf was only reached in 1897. After the Swiss Post expanded their Postal Bus transport services, the region's inhabitants became more used to motorized traffic. In 1925, there were already 250 vehicles in service. Eventually, the inhabitants of the Grisons gave up their resistance against individual motor traffic in 1926, In 1967 opened San Bernardino road tunnel, built to host tourism traffic, is used also by heavy goods vehicles nowadays although not really suitable for them because of its ascent gradients. Most other passes have lost their importance for goods transport nowadays.
Unlike Valais and Ticino, the Grisons does not benefit from major railway axes across the Alps such as the Lötschberg and Gotthard. As a consequence, the only standard gauge railway in the canton is that of the Rhine Valley, ending at Chur station. Conversely, the latter has become a major railway station and a transport hub of the canton since the construction of the Rhaetian Railway, which links most regions of the canton from the Rhine Valley.
Huge efforts ensure public transport to (nearly) every settlement by an integrated timetable of different transport companies. Even Juf, inhabited by some 30 people only but holding a European record, is reached five times a day by public transport. The two main transport companies are PostBus, the national post bus company, and the Rhaetian Railway, essentially owned by the cantonal government. The latter uses the largest narrow-gauge railway network in Switzerland and serves most regions of the canton, with branches towards Central Switzerland and Italy. This network is notably travelled by two of the longest distance trains of Switzerland: the Glacier Express and the Bernina Express. The Swiss Federal Railways extend only a few kilometres into the canton, from Maienfeld, and serve essentially Landquart and Chur, where passengers transfer to the Rhaetian Railway and a large number of PostBus routes. The Albula Line became a UNESCO world heritage as did the Bernina Railway, the highest and only railway to cross the Alps without the use of a tunnel at the pass. In winter some of the road passes are closed whereas several high mountain passes such as the Julier, Bernina and Lukmanier are kept open all winter (subject to restrictions). Being the highest elevated state in Switzerland, the Grisons hosts huge alpine areas that are not accessible by any means of transport but have to be walked to. A large number of cable transport facilities provide easy access to some of the mountains of the Grisons, the highest being on Piz Corvatsch.
The Engadin valley has its own airport, Samedan Airport. It is the highest airport in Switzerland.
Culture
See also: List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Graubünden
Painted houses in Guarda
The Grisons is culturally the most diverse region of Switzerland. Its common denominator, however, is a strong mountain culture marked by life in isolated rural communities, notably depicted in Johanna Spyri's Heidi. Traditional customs include Alpine transhumance in spring and autumn, and the Chalandamarz at the end of winter.
The canton has a large concentration of medieval castles (and ruins). The most notable, in the Engadin, is that of Tarasp, guarding the Inn valley. Many ruins and castles are found in the Domleschg area. Close by lies the church of Zillis, where 1130/40 a famous romanesque illustrated ceiling was added which is now treated as national heritage. Three World Heritage Sites are located in the canton: the Benedictine Convent of Saint John, the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona and the Rhaetian Railway in the Albula and Bernina Landscapes.
A dish of Maluns accompanied by various products of the Grisons
The gastronomy of the Grisons is mostly known for a dried-beef delicacy called Bündnerfleisch, often simply referred to as Grisons Meat. Other meat specialities include dried sausages (especially Salsiz, made of various meats), speck and ham. Cheeses produced in the Grisons are also numerous. Among notable dishes are the Capuns, predominantly made in the western part of the Grisons. Capuns consist of hearty dumplings with pieces of meat wrapped in chard leaves, then gratinated in oven with cheese and cream. The Maluns are another well-known dish of the Grisons. They are made of boiled potatoes mixed with flour, then fried in butter. Maluns are typically served with a compote of apples and various other local products such as cheeses and meat specialities. The Pizzoccheri are another dish, essentially eaten in the valley of Poschiavo. They consist of buckwheat noodles, cooked with potatoes, vegetables and cheese. The emblematic dessert of the Grisons is the Bündner Nusstorte. It is essentially a shortcrust pastry filled with a mix of caramelized walnuts and honey. Another similar pastry, but containing chestnuts instead, the Torta di Castagne, is made in the southern valleys, especially in the Val Bregaglia.
Wines are essentially produced in the Bündner Herrschaft. In the vineyards between Fläsch and Malans, 42 types of vines are found, Pinot Noir being the most popular. Wines are also naturally produced in the southern valleys but in smaller quantities. The valley of the Mesolcina is contiguous with the Ticino wine region and that of Poschiavo is contiguous with the Valtellina wine region. Numerous breweries can be found in the canton as well. The largest, located at Chur, is Calanda Bräu.
Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha is the Romansh-speaking division of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation and focuses on the Grisons. Die Südostschweiz (in German) and La Quotidiana (Romansh) are some of the most important written media of the region.
Nature
The Grisons successfully reintroduced ibex in the early 20th century after it had all but died out from the Alps, except for an area in the Aosta Valley in Italy, Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso. Similarly, it reintroduced the bearded vulture and lynx in the 21st century, which had been extinguished, though the lynx remains rare.
See also
Switzerland portal
Swiss Alps
Three Leagues
Note
^ Names include:
German: (Kanton) Graubünden ⓘ;
Romansh:
Sursilvan: (Cantun) Grischun ⓘ
Vallader: (Chantun) Grischun
Puter: (Chantun) Grischun
Surmiran: (Cantun) Grischun
Sutsilvan: (Cantùn) Grischùn
Rumantsch Grischun: (Chantun) Grischun;
Italian: (Cantone dei) Grigioni ;
Lombard: (Cantón) Griṡón ;
French: (Canton des) Grisons .
See also other names.
References
^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017
^ a b c "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). "Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). "Grisons". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
^ "Welcome Bainvegni Benvenuti". Kanton Graubünden Chantun Grischun Cantone dei Grigioni. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ Benjamin R. Barber, The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton, p. 13, Princeton University Press, 8 March 2015. ("Graubünden, in fact, has often been dubbed die kleine Schweiz (little Switzerland).")
^ Julia Nourney, Tom Wyss. "Graubünden", Whisky Trails Schweiz: Ein Reisehandbuch, Reiseratte, 2015. ("Kulinarisch ist Graubünden, das auch gern als die «kleine Schweiz in der Schweiz» bezeichnet wird, etwas ganz Besonderes.")
^ "Survey of the Grisons". Kanton Graubünden Chantun Grischun Cantone dei Grigioni. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ Kanton Graubünden (11 December 2012). "Grisons the movie". YouTube. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ a b c d Topographic map of the Grisons, Swisstopo. Retrieved 8 March 2021
^ Summits of Switzerland, Federal Office of Topography. Retrieved 9 March 2021 ("Did you know that there are more than 1200 peaks between 2000 and 3000 metres in Graubünden?")
^ Fischerei Archived 13 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, gr.ch. Retrieved 7 March 2021. ("Obwohl grosse Seen fehlen, ist Graubünden dennoch reich an stehenden Gewässern. Es gibt insgesamt rund 600 kleinere Seen.")
^ "Destinations on official tourism board Graubünden, Switzerland holiday destinations". Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
^ a b Montagne e riscaldamento globale, rsi.ch. Retrieve 7 March 2021. ("Con le temperature più alte si stanno sperimentando le coltivazioni di specie diverse. Ne testimonia quella di ulivi, zafferano e fichi d’India a San Vittore in Mesolcina.")
^ Gefrierschrank Schweiz: Am kältesten wirds am Mittwochmorgen, srf.ch. Retrieved 8 March 2021 ("Absolute Tiefstwerte (homogenisiert): La Brévine/NE: -42.5 °C, Samedan/GR: -37.9 °C")
^ a b Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Regional Statistics for Graubünden". Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
^ Topographic map of the Grisons, Swisstopo. Retrieved 4 March 2022
^ Chur in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49-65.
^ Grauer Bund in Romansh, German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Eidgenossenschaft - Konsolidierung und Erweiterung (1353-1515) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Graubünden, section 3.1.4 - Landesherrschaft und Widerstand im Norden in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Graubünden, section 3.2.4 - Verfassung und Landesgesetze in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ a b c d e Swiss History (in German) accessed 16 January 2012
^ Valtellina murders in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ a b Graubünden's religious history (PDF; 3.95 MB) (in German)
^ a b MacNamee, Terence (17 April 2012). "DNA tests aim to identify 17th century figure". Swissinfo.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ a b c Bündner Wirren in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Graubünden, section 4.2.2-Von 1848 bis heute in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ ""Der Grosse Rat" Parliament of the Canton Grisons". Portal of the Canton Grisons. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "Government of the Canton Grisons". Portal of the Canton Grisons. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "Constitution of the canton of Graubünden" (in Italian and German). Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "Comune Bregaglia accorda diritto di voto e di eleggibilità a stranieri domiciliati" (in Italian). swissinfo. 17 May 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 December 2016). "Kanton Graubünden: Die 11 Regionen, 2017 (Kantone/Bezirke) | Karte". Bundesamt für Statistik.
^ "Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse". Statistique Suisse. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion, nach Kantonen und Städten". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
^ (in German and Italian) Canton of Graubünden Website accessed 8 November 2017
^ "Sprache, Religion - 01 Bevölkerung".
^ Coray, Renata (2008), Von der Mumma Romontscha zum Retortenbaby Rumantsch Grischun: Rätoromanische Sprachmythen (in tedesco), Chur: Institut für Kulturforschung Graubünden ikg, ISBN 978-3-905342-43-7, p. 86
^ Canton Grigioni in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ "Die ersten Volkszählungen in Graubünden" (PDF).
^ Federal Statistical Office - Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen und Kanton, 2015 accessed 8 November 2017
^ Mayer, Kurt (3 August 2015). Das Engadin – Naturwunder der Alpen (documenatry) (in German).
^ Switzerland holidays Graubünden winter
^ Potter, Everett (21 November 2019). "St Moritz, The Birthplace Of Winter Sports". Forbes. Retrieved 4 March 2022. You can make a strong case that the origins of modern winter sports lie here, starting in the 1860's with hotelier Johannes Badrutt, who welcomed a steady stream of well-heeled British guests to his small Kulm Hotel.
^ Ben Cocking (2020). Travel Journalism and Travel Media: Identities, Places and Imaginings. Springer Nature. p. 9. ISBN 9781137599087. The launching of the Cook excursions in Britain (1841), the appearance of the first Baedekker guide (1843), the inauguration of a winter "season" in Saint Moritz (1864), the creation of Yellowstone (1877): these were the important markers of its growth path .
^ In step with the times for the past 150 years davos.ch
^ (in English) Historic route across Alps Splügen Pass hike in Switzerland Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Heimatbuch Thusis, Viamala (in German). Verkehrsverein. 1973. p. 80.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ (in English) Facts for Graubünden Switzerland Archived 14 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Graubünden Strasseninfos - Unser Kanton - www.gr.ch". www.strassen.gr.ch.
^ (in English) Hike the alps in Switzerland; Information, Graubünden Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Capuns recipe". Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
^ AG, Fleischtrocknerei Churwalden (10 March 2011). "Grischuna - Spezialitad dal Grischun". www.grischuna.ch.
^ Recipe: Pizzoccheri from Poschiavo, graubuenden.ch. Retrieved 13 March 2021
^ "Torta di Casatagna della Val Bregaglia".
^ Bündner Herrschaft – a small region of great wines, graubuenben.ch. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ("Mild climate, foehn and calcareous soil: Bündner Herrschaft is also wine country, ideal for the cultivation of premium grapes. In the middle of Heidiland, from Fläsch to Malans, you can find 42 types of vines along the Rhine, from which more than 70 companies are pressing a wide range of wines. Especially popular is the complex and refined Pinot Noir.")
^ Stüwe, M., Nievergelt, B. (1991). "Recovery of Alpine ibex from near extinction: the result of effective protection, captive breeding, and reintroductions". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 29 (1–4): 379–387. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Reintroduction". Foundation for the Bearded Vulture www.beardedvulture.ch. n.d. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canton of the Grisons.
Official Canton website
Canton of the Grisons Tourism website
Short documentary from the cantonal authorities
Official Canton of the Grisons statistics website
Grisons in Romansh, German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Grisons" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 608–610.
vte Regions of the Grisons
Albula
Bernina
Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair
Imboden
Landquart
Maloja
Moesa
Plessur
Prättigau/Davos
Surselva
Viamala
Districts of Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Graubünden
vteCantons and capitals of Switzerland Three CantonsEight CantonsThirteen CantonsFlags and coats of armsPresent-day cantons
Aargau (AG)
Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)
Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)
Basel-Landschaft (BL)
Basel-Stadt (BS)
Bern (BE)
Fribourg (FR)
Geneva (GE)
Glarus (GL)
Grisons (GR)
Jura (JU)
Lucerne (LU)
Neuchâtel (NE)
Nidwalden (NW)
Obwalden (OW)
Schaffhausen (SH)
Schwyz (SZ)
Solothurn (SO)
St. Gallen (SG)
Thurgau (TG)
Ticino (TI)
Uri (UR)
Valais (VS)
Vaud (VD)
Zug (ZG)
Zürich (ZH)
Capitals
Aarau (AG)
Altdorf (UR)
Appenzell (AI)
Basel (BS)
Bellinzona (TI)
Bern (BE)
Chur (GR)
Delémont (JU)
Frauenfeld (TG)
Fribourg (FR)
Geneva (GE)
Glarus (GL)
Herisau (AR)
Lausanne (VD)
Liestal (BL)
Lucerne (LU)
Neuchâtel (NE)
Sarnen (OW)
Schaffhausen (SH)
Schwyz (SZ)
Sion (VS)
Solothurn (SO)
Stans (NW)
St. Gallen (SG)
Zug (ZG)
Zürich (ZH)
Historical cantons
Appenzell (-1597)
Basel (-1833)
Outer Schwyz (-1833)
Unterwalden (-15th century)
Helvetic Republic (-1803): Baden, Bellinzona, Fricktal, Léman, Linth, Lugano, Oberland, Raetia, Säntis, Waldstätten
Lists by topic
Legislatures
Executives
By gross regional product (GRP)
By elevation
vteSwitzerland articlesMajor topicsHistory
Timeline
Enlargement
Early history
Roman era
Old Confederacy
Federal Charter
Rütli Oath
Growth
Reformation
Early Modern era
Napoleonic era
Restoration
Federal state
World wars
Modern history
Military history
list of wars
Historiography
GeographyPhysiographic areas
Swiss Alps
Swiss Plateau
Jura Mountains
Subdivisions
Cantons
AI
AG
AR
BE
BL
BS
FR
GE
GL
GR
JU
LU
NE
NW
OW
SG
SH
SO
SZ
TG
TI
UR
VD
VS
ZG
ZH
Districts
Municipalities
list of cities and towns
Statistical regions
By topic
Climate
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Fauna
Forests
Glaciers
Hydrology
Islands
Lakes
Mountain passes
Mountains
Parks
Rivers
Politics
Administrative divisions
Constitution
Courts
Supreme Court
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Federal Council
President of the Confederation
Federal administration
Human rights
LGBT
Landsgemeinde
Law
Law enforcement
Military
National Redoubt
Neutrality
Parliament
National Council
Council of States
Political parties
Popular initiative
Voting
Federal decree
Economy
Economic history
Agriculture
Banking
Central bank
Private banks
Companies
Energy
Franc (currency)
Pharmaceutical industry
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Swiss made
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
air
rail
road
Waste management
Society
Abortion
Capital punishment
Conscription
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Education
Euthanasia
Firearms regulation
Health
Healthcare
Homelessness
Human trafficking
Immigration
Pensions
Prisons
Poverty
Prostitution
Social security
Swiss people
Welfare
Women
Culture
Anthem
Architecture
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
Flag
Folklore
Helvetia
Languages
German
French
Italian
Romansh
Röstigraben
Literature
Media
Music
Public holidays
National Day
Religion
Sport
Symbols
Cultural Property of National Significance
World Heritage Sites
OutlineIndex
Category
Portal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Vatican
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
Lexicon Istoric Retic
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galictis"},{"link_name":"Grison (grape)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grison_(grape)"},{"link_name":"/ɡriːˈzɒ̃/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[ɡʁizɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[ɡraʊˈbʏndn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Graubuenden.ogg/De-Graubuenden.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Graubuenden.ogg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Grey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_League"},{"link_name":"Sutsilvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutsilvan"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Rhaetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetia"},{"link_name":"Alpine ibex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_ibex"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_GR-2"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Rhaetian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Rhaeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_people"},{"link_name":"Raetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetia"},{"link_name":"Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur#History"},{"link_name":"Pfyn culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfyn_culture"},{"link_name":"diocese of Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Chur"},{"link_name":"League of God's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_God%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Grey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_League"},{"link_name":"League of the Ten Jurisdictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Ten_Jurisdictions"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Old Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"}],"text":"Largest and easternmost canton of SwitzerlandFor the animal, see Galictis. For the French wine grape, see Grison (grape).CantonThe Grisons (/ɡriːˈzɒ̃/,[4] French: [ɡʁizɔ̃]) or Graubünden (German: [ɡraʊˈbʏndn̩] ⓘ),[note 1] more formally the Canton of the Grisons or the Canton of Graubünden,[5] is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It has eleven districts, and its capital is Chur. The German name of the canton, Graubünden, translates as the \"Grey Leagues\", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, the Three Leagues. The other native names also refer to the Grey League: Grischùn in Sutsilvan, Grischun in the other forms of Romansh, and Grigioni in Italian. Rhaetia is the Latin name for the area. The Alpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.The largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland, it is also one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Valais and Ticino. It is the most diverse canton in terms of natural and cultural geography, as it encompasses both sides of the Alps and several natural and cultural regions. The diversity of the canton is often compared to that of Switzerland as a whole and warrants it the name of \"Little Switzerland\".[6][7] The Grisons is bordered by four cantons as well as Austria, Italy and Liechtenstein.The state is the only trilingual canton of Switzerland.[8] It is also the only one where Romansh, Switzerland's fourth national language, has official status. Romansh language and culture is an important part of local identity.[9] In 2020 the canton had a population of 200,096.[2] It is the least densely populated canton of Switzerland. The only sizable city in the canton is Chur, as the majority of the population lives in mountainous areas, including some of the most remote valleys of the country. One of the birthplaces of winter sports, the canton is a major tourist destination year-round, including a large number of Alpine resort towns, notably Davos and St. Moritz. The canton is also renowned for its extensive narrow-gauge railway network, operated by the Rhaetian Railway, and linking the capital with most valleys of the Grisons.Formerly occupied by the Rhaeti, most of the lands of the canton became part of the Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC, with Curia, a settlement dating back to the Pfyn culture, as capital city. The area later became part of the lands of the diocese of Chur. The late middle ages saw the foundation of the League of God's House, the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. In 1471 an alliance gave birth to the Three Leagues, and before the end of the 15th century, the latter became an ally of the Old Swiss Confederacy. In 1803 the Three Leagues finally became one of the cantons of the Confederation.","title":"Grisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engadine.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Maienfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maienfeld"},{"link_name":"Roveredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roveredo"},{"link_name":"Engadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadin"},{"link_name":"five drainage basins of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(river)"},{"link_name":"Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adige"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_(river)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisstopo-11"},{"link_name":"both one of the highest and lowest cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_elevation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piz Bernina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Bernina"},{"link_name":"homonymous range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Range"},{"link_name":"Piz Russein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Russein"},{"link_name":"Piz Kesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Kesch"},{"link_name":"Calanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanda_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Aroser Rothorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroser_Rothorn"},{"link_name":"Rheinwaldhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinwaldhorn"},{"link_name":"list of mountains of Graubünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"Albula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Alps"},{"link_name":"Bregaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregaglia_Range"},{"link_name":"Glarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarus_Alps"},{"link_name":"Gotthard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Massif"},{"link_name":"Lepontine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepontine_Alps"},{"link_name":"Livigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livigno_Alps"},{"link_name":"Plessur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessur_Alps"},{"link_name":"Oberhalbstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhalbstein_Alps"},{"link_name":"Ortler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortler_Alps"},{"link_name":"Rätikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4tikon"},{"link_name":"Samnaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnaun_Alps"},{"link_name":"Sesvenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesvenna_Alps"},{"link_name":"Silvretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvretta_Alps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-07-25_11-31-16_Switzerland_Graub%C3%BCnden_Rhine_Gorge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anterior Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Rhine Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruinaulta"},{"link_name":"sources of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Anterior Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Posterior Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Reichenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Domat/Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domat/Ems"},{"link_name":"Fläsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4sch"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"Calanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanda_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Rhine Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruinaulta"},{"link_name":"Glogn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glogn"},{"link_name":"Valser Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valser_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Rabiusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiusa"},{"link_name":"Val Lumnezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Lumnezia"},{"link_name":"Vals Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vals_Valley"},{"link_name":"Safiental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiental"},{"link_name":"Avers Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avers_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Albula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_(river)"},{"link_name":"Gelgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelgia_(river)"},{"link_name":"Landwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwasser"},{"link_name":"Viamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viamala"},{"link_name":"Domleschg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domleschg"},{"link_name":"Plessur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessur_(river)"},{"link_name":"Schanfigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schanfigg"},{"link_name":"Landquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landquart_(river)"},{"link_name":"homonymous town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landquart,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Prätigau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4tigau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisstopo-11"},{"link_name":"Maloja Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloja_Pass"},{"link_name":"Martina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zernez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zernez"},{"link_name":"Flaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaz"},{"link_name":"Spöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Val S-charl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_S-charl"},{"link_name":"Samnaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnaun"},{"link_name":"Julier Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julier_Pass"},{"link_name":"Albula Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Pass"},{"link_name":"Flüela Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BCela_Pass"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisstopo-11"},{"link_name":"Mesolcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolcina"},{"link_name":"Moesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesa"},{"link_name":"Val Bregaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Bregaglia"},{"link_name":"Mera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mera_(Lake_Como)"},{"link_name":"Val Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"Poschiavino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poschiavino"},{"link_name":"Val Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Rom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(river)"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Pass"},{"link_name":"Septimer Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimer_Pass"},{"link_name":"Maloja Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloja_Pass"},{"link_name":"Bernina Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Pass"},{"link_name":"Ofen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofen_Pass"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisstopo-11"},{"link_name":"Lake Sils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sils"},{"link_name":"Lake Silvaplana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Silvaplana"},{"link_name":"Lago di Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_di_Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"Lake St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Lago di Livigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_di_Livigno"},{"link_name":"Lago di Lei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_di_Lei"},{"link_name":"Lai da Sontga Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_da_Sontga_Maria"},{"link_name":"Zervreilasee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervreilasee"},{"link_name":"Lago Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Bianco"},{"link_name":"Lai da Marmorera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_da_Marmorera"},{"link_name":"Lägh da l'Albigna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4gh_da_l%27Albigna"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"list of mountain lakes of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_lakes_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"Landquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landquart,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Domat/Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domat/Ems"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Klosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosters"},{"link_name":"Arosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arosa"},{"link_name":"Lenzerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzerheide"},{"link_name":"Disentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disentis"},{"link_name":"Flims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims"},{"link_name":"Pontresina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontresina"},{"link_name":"Scuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuol"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"that of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mesolcina-15"},{"link_name":"Grono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grono,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Piz Corvatsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Corvatsch"},{"link_name":"Samedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samedan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maienfeld_Falknis_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Falknis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falknis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stairs_with_a_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piz Badile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Badile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Val_Frisal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piz Durschin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Durschin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PizBernina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piz Bernina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Bernina"},{"link_name":"Piz Morteratsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Morteratsch"},{"link_name":"canton of Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_Graubunden-17"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_Graubunden-17"},{"link_name":"Swiss National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Park"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarus_thrust"},{"link_name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme"},{"link_name":"Biosfera Val Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Ela Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Eastern Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Uri"},{"link_name":"Glarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Massif"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"},{"link_name":"Trentino-South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino-South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"See also: Geography of SwitzerlandThe Engadin (here near St. Moritz and the lakes) is one of the highest valleys of the Alps and the only Swiss region in the basin of the Black Sea.The Grisons is Switzerland's largest and at the same time easternmost canton. Its geography, essentially marked by the Alps, is complex and encompasses a wide range of climates and ecosystems. It is one of the three large southern Alpine cantons, along with Ticino and Valais, which include regions on the south side of the Alps. But in contrast to those (and all other cantons), it fully extends on both sides of the great Alpine barrier, from the northern plains at Maienfeld to the southern plains at Roveredo. However, a large portion of the canton is neither clearly north nor south of the Alps, it is the Engadin (the \"garden of the Inn\"), a large inner Alpine valley oriented towards eastern Europe. Therefore there are parts of this canton in four of the five drainage basins of the country. The north of the canton is drained by the Rhine (ending in the North Sea), the south by the Po and Adige through several affluents (Mediterranean Sea), and the Engadin by the Danube through the Inn (Black Sea).[10]The Grisons lies fully within the Alps, with elevations above sea-level ranging from 260 to 4,049 metres (853 to 13,284 ft). It is both one of the highest and lowest cantons, and the second-highest when considering mean elevation. As a consequence, its topography is extremely rugged and many of the highest settlements in the country (and Europe) are found there, notably in the Upper Engadin. The mountains are numerous; well over 1,000 summits are in the canton.[11] The highest is Piz Bernina, closely followed by numerous peaks in the homonymous range. Other prominent mountains are Piz Russein, Piz Kesch, Calanda, Aroser Rothorn and Rheinwaldhorn, see list of mountains of Graubünden for a more exhaustive list. The canton includes numerous subranges of the Alps other than the Bernina. These are the Albula, the Bregaglia, the Glarus, the Gotthard, the Lepontine, the Livigno, the Plessur, the Oberhalbstein, the Ortler, the Rätikon, the Samnaun, the Sesvenna and the Silvretta ranges.The Anterior Rhine (here at the Rhine Gorge) is one of the largest rivers in the canton.The regions on the north side of the Alps are all drained by the Rhine and form an intricate network of valleys. The Rhine is both one of the longest rivers within the canton and the only one flowing directly into a sea. The sources of the Rhine are found in the west of the canton and form the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine. These two rivers converge at Reichenau to form the Rhine in the strict sense of the term. Just after the convergence, the valley opens and its floor constitutes the flattest plains of the canton, from Domat/Ems to Fläsch at the St. Gallen border. In the area around Chur, at the foot of the Calanda, the Rhine progressively changes its direction, from eastward to northward. The Anterior Rhine and Posterior Rhine include numerous tributaries as well before their own convergence. The former constitutes a long and straight valley, the Surselva, shut off from the lower plains by the Rhine Gorge. Its biggest tributaries are the rivers Glogn, Valser Rhine, Rabiusa, forming respectively the Val Lumnezia, the Vals Valley and the Safiental. The other one, the Posterior Rhine, notably collects the waters of the Avers Rhine and the Albula, which in turn collects the waters of the Gelgia and the Landwasser. Similarly to the Anterior Rhine, the upper portion of the Posterior Rhine is also shut off from the plains by the Viamala Gorge. After the convergence with the Albula, the Posterior Rhine forms a wide valley, the Domleschg, until it meets its anterior counterpart. After that, the Rhine collects the water of two important rivers: the Plessur at Chur, forming the valley of the Schanfigg, and the Landquart at the homonymous town, forming the Prätigau.[10]The Engadin is entirely drained by the Inn and is the only valley in Switzerland in the Danube basin. The Inn is one of the longest rivers in the canton and forms an almost straight valley, from the Maloja Pass to Martina, with a change of direction near Zernez. Despite its length and numerous tributaries, only a few long rivers converge with the Inn. These are the Flaz (forming the Val Bernina), the Spöl (forming the Val da Spöl) and the Clemgia (forming the Val S-charl). In the lower part of the Engadin is also the side valley of Samnaun. The main passes connecting the Engadin with the northern Grisons are (from west to east): the Julier Pass, the Albula Pass and the Flüela Pass.[10]The valleys on the south side of the Alps are not contiguous to each other and form four distinct regions. The Mesolcina, drained by the Moesa, the Val Bregaglia, drained by the Mera, the Val Poschiavo, drained by the Poschiavino, and the Val Müstair, drained by the Rom. The first three are in the Po basin and the last one is in the Adige basin. While the first two (Mesolcina and Bregaglia) are contiguous to the region north of the Alps, through the San Bernardino Pass, and the Septimer Pass respectively, the three last ones (Bregaglia, Poschiavo and Müstair) are contiguous to the Engadin, through the Maloja Pass, the Bernina Pass, and the Ofen Pass.[10]Although no large bodies of water are found in the canton, numerous mountain lakes (above 800 m elevation) dot the landscape, some of them being used as reservoirs for hydroelectricity production. The largest natural lakes are Lake Sils, Lake Silvaplana, Lago di Poschiavo and Lake St. Moritz (all in Upper Engadin except that of Poschiavo). Artificial lakes are more numerous, the largest (over 100 ha) being Lago di Livigno, Lago di Lei, Lai da Sontga Maria, Zervreilasee, Lago Bianco, Lai da Marmorera and Lägh da l'Albigna. The total number of lakes has been estimated to 600.[12] See list of mountain lakes of Switzerland for a more exhaustive list.Unlike other large cantons, the Grisons includes very few cities. The largest (and capital city) is Chur. It is followed by Davos, Landquart, Domat/Ems and St. Moritz, which are, however, far less populated. The canton is particularly renowned for its numerous Alpine resort towns, notably two of the aforementioned ones (Davos and St. Moritz), but also Klosters, Arosa, Lenzerheide, Disentis, Flims, Pontresina and Scuol.[13]The diversity of the climate of the Grisons is high and comparable to that of Switzerland. In the southernmost and lowest regions, vineyards and olives are grown,[14] while on the highest summits, snow is found year-round. The inner valleys, particularly the Engadin, are significantly drier than the north and south side of the Alps, being sheltered by the high mountains of the range. On the south side of the Alps, Grono is one of the top warmest places in the country with an average of 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). The nationwide record temperature of 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) was registered there. The southern valleys are also significantly wetter than the rest of the canton (1,476 mm of rain in Grono, 849 mm in Chur, and 705 mm in Scuol). The coldest places are naturally at high elevations, such as on Piz Corvatsch. The localities of the Upper Engadin are amongst the coldest inhabited regions in the country, notably Samedan with an average temperature of 2.0 °C (35.6 °F). The cantonwide record-low temperature of −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) was registered there.[15] The low-elevation region of Chur, including the Bündner Herrschaft, experiences naturally less harsh temperatures with an average of 10.0 °C (50.0 °F).Lowlands: Vineyards of the Bündner Herrschaft, at the foot of the Falknis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMontane zone: Val Bregaglia, at the foot of Piz Badile\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlpine zone: Val Frisal, at the foot of Piz Durschin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNival zone: Piz Bernina from Piz MorteratschThe area of the Grisons is 7,105.2 square kilometres (2,743.3 sq mi), 19.2% larger than the canton of Bern, the second largest canton.[16] Only about a third of this is commonly regarded as productive land of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area.[16]\nThe canton is almost entirely mountainous and it is the most sparsely populated region of the country. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part, the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was in 2008 declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona. Another Biosphere Reserve is the Biosfera Val Müstair adjacent to the Swiss National Park, while Ela Nature Park is one of the regionally supported parks.The Grisons is sometimes included in the larger region of Eastern Switzerland, together with six other cantons. The Grisons shares border with numerous regions of Europe, reflecting its cultural diversity, and is the only canton adjacent to three different countries. On the national level it shares borders with four other cantons: Uri, Glarus, St. Gallen to the northwest (essentially across the Glarus Alps) and Ticino to the west (essentially across the Gotthard Massif and the Lepontine Alps but also at the level of the plain at Roveredo). On the international level, the canton shares borders with three countries: Liechtenstein to the north, the Austrian regions of Vorarlberg and Tyrol to the northeast and the Italian regions of Trentino-South Tyrol and Lombardy to the east and south.[17]","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Bündner Wirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geschichte_Graubuenden.png"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Raetians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raeti"},{"link_name":"Pfyn culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfyn_culture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Chur-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"diocese of Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chur"},{"link_name":"League of God's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_God%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chur"},{"link_name":"Grey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_League"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bailiwicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick"},{"link_name":"Toggenburg countship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Toggenburg"},{"link_name":"League of the Ten Jurisdictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Ten_Jurisdictions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreib%C3%BCndenstein.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Old Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburgs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Swabian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_War"},{"link_name":"Calven Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calven"},{"link_name":"Dornach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dornach"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Musso war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musso_war"},{"link_name":"Bündner Wirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"link_name":"Jörg Jenatsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Jenatsch"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Valtellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"Teglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teglio"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Valtellina-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Jenatsch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jörg Jenatsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Jenatsch"},{"link_name":"Bündner Wirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren"},{"link_name":"Rietberg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietberg_Castle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNA-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious-27"},{"link_name":"Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair"},{"link_name":"Lower Engadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Engadine"},{"link_name":"Prättigau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4ttigau"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_BW-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_BW-29"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_BW-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNA-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-25"},{"link_name":"Helvetic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetic_Republic"},{"link_name":"canton of Raetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Raetia"},{"link_name":"Valtellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic"},{"link_name":"Empire of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Act of Mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Mediation"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"cantonal coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonal_coat_of_arms"}],"text":"Further information: Three Leagues and Bündner WirrenMap of the Three Leagues and surrounding landsThe deep Alpine valleys of the present-day Grisons were originally settled by the Raetians (Rhaeti). In Chur, archaeological evidence of settlement goes back as far as the Pfyn culture[18] (3900–3500 BC),[19] making the capital city of the Grisons one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland.Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC. The current capital of the Grisons, Chur, was known as Curia in Roman times. The area later was part of the lands of the diocese of Chur.In 1367 the League of God's House (Cadi, Gottes Haus, Ca' di Dio) was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the establishment of the Grey League (Grauer Bund), sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people and was used exclusively after 16 March 1424.[20] The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of the Grisons. A third league was established in 1436 by the people of ten bailiwicks in the former Toggenburg countship, as the dynasty of Toggenburg had become extinct. The league was called League of the Ten Jurisdictions (Zehngerichtebund).The Dreibündenstein monument, marking the former tripoint of the Three LeaguesThe first step towards the canton of the Grisons was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450. In 1471 the two leagues allied with the Grey League. In 1497 and 1498 the Leagues[21] allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy after the Habsburgs acquired the possessions of the extinct Toggenburg dynasty in 1496,[22] siding with the Confederacy in the Swabian War three years later. The Habsburgs were defeated at Calven Gorge and Dornach, helping the Swiss Confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of the Grisons to be recognised. However the Three Leagues remained a loose association until the Bundesbrief of 23 September 1524.[23]The last traces of the Bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526. The Musso war of 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy.Between 1618 and 1639 it became a battleground between competing factions during the Bündner Wirren. The Protestant party was supported by France and Venice, while the Catholic party was supported by the Habsburgs in Spain and Austria. Each side sought to gain control of the Grisons to gain control over the important alpine passes. In 1618, the young radical Jörg Jenatsch became a member of the court of 'clerical overseers' and a leader of the anti-Habsburg faction. He supervised the torture to death of the arch-priest Nicola Rusca of Sondrio. In response, Giacomo Robustelli of the pro-Catholic Planta family, raised an army of rebels in the Valtellina. On the evening of 18/19 July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into Tirano and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to Teglio, Sondrio and further down the valley killing every Protestant that they found. Between 500[24] and 600[25] people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues.Jörg Jenatsch was a major and divisive figure during the Bündner Wirren (1618–1639).In response, in February 1621, Jenatsch led a force of anti-Habsburg troops to attack Rietberg Castle, the home of a leader of the pro-Catholic faction, Pompeius Planta.[26] They surprised Planta and according to legend he was killed by Jörg Jenatsch with an axe.[27] The murder of Planta encouraged the Protestant faction and they assembled a poorly led and disorganized army to retake the Valtellina and other subject lands. However, the army fell apart before they could attack a single Catholic town.[26] This Protestant invasion provided the Spanish and Austrians with an excuse to invade the Leagues. By the end of October, Spain and Austria had occupied all of the Grisons. The resulting peace treaty of January 1622, forced Grisons to cede the Müstair, the Lower Engadine and Prättigau valleys.[24] The treaty also forbade the Protestant religion in these valleys. In response, in 1622, the Prättigau valley rebelled against the Austrians and drove them out of the valley. The Austrians invaded the valley twice more, attempting to reimpose the Catholic faith, in 1623–1624 and 1629–1631.[28]In 1623 the Leagues entered into an alliance with France, Savoy and Venice. Jürg Jenatsch and Ulysses von Salis used French money to hire an 8,000-man mercenary army and drive out the Austrians. The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina. In 1627 the French withdrew from the Valtellina valley, which was then occupied by Papal troops. Starting in 1631 the League, under the French Duke Henri de Rohan, started to expel the Spaniards. However, Richelieu still did not want to hand the valley over to its residents. When it became clear that the French intended to remain permanently in the Leagues, but would not force the Valtellina to convert to Protestantism, Jürg Jenatsch (now a mercenary leader) converted in 1635 to the Catholic faith. In 1637, he rebelled and allied with Austria and Spain. His rebellion along with the rebellion of 31 other League officers forced the French to withdraw without a fight.[24][28] On 24 January 1639, Jürg Jenatsch was killed during Carnival by an unknown attacker who was dressed as a bear. The attacker may have been a son of Pompeius Planta[24] or an assassin hired by the local aristocracy.[28] According to legend he was killed by the same axe that he used on Pompeius Planta.[27] On 3 September 1639 the Leagues agreed with Spain to bring the Valtellina back under League sovereignty, but with the promise to respect the free exercise of the Catholic faith. Treaties with Austria in 1649 and 1652, brought the Müstair and Lower Engadine valleys back under the authority of the Three Leagues.[24]In 1798, the lands of the canton of the Grisons became part of the Helvetic Republic as the canton of Raetia except Valtellina, which was separated in 1797 for joining the Cisalpine Republic. It was later part of the Empire of Austria in 1814 before joining the Kingdom of Italy in 1859. With the Act of Mediation the \"perpetual ally\" of Switzerland became a canton in 1803. The constitution of the canton dates from 1892. In the following century, there have been about 30 changes made to the constitution.[29]The arms of the three original leagues were combined into the modern cantonal coat of arms in 1933.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chur_Grossratsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"majority system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"majority system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"preamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble"},{"link_name":"Rechtsstaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsstaat"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"trilingualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilingualism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"enfranchisement of foreign residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote"},{"link_name":"Bregaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregaglia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Grand Council building in ChurThe Grand Council (German: Grosser Rat; Italian: Gran Consiglio, Romansh: Cussegl Grond), the legislature of the canton, sits in Chur, the cantonal capital. Its 120 members, elected in 39 districts using a majority system, are in office for four years. The last district elections were in 2014.[30] The cantonal government, exercising executive authority, is made up of five members, elected by the people for a term of four years and limited to three terms using a majority system.[31]The constitution of the Grisons, last revised on 14 September 2003, states in its preamble that the canton's purpose is to \"safeguard freedom, peace, and human dignity, ensure democracy and the Rechtsstaat, promote prosperity and social justice and preserving a sane environment for the future generations, with the intention of promoting trilingualism and cultural variety and conserving them as part of our historical heritage\".[32]The constitution allows for the enfranchisement of foreign residents at a municipal level, at discretion of the local governments. In 2009, the municipality of Bregaglia became the first in the canton to make use of this provision, granting voting rights to foreigners.[33]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"}],"sub_title":"Federal election results","text":"^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009\n^b \"*\" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Albula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Region"},{"link_name":"Tiefencastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiefencastel"},{"link_name":"Bernina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Region"},{"link_name":"Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engiadina_Bassa/Val_M%C3%BCstair_Region"},{"link_name":"Scuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuol"},{"link_name":"Imboden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imboden_Region"},{"link_name":"Domat/Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domat/Ems"},{"link_name":"Landquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landquart_Region"},{"link_name":"Igis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igis"},{"link_name":"Maloja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloja_Region"},{"link_name":"Samedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samedan"},{"link_name":"Moesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesa_Region"},{"link_name":"Roveredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roveredo"},{"link_name":"Plessur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessur_Region"},{"link_name":"Chur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur"},{"link_name":"Prättigau/Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4ttigau/Davos_Region"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"Surselva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surselva_Region"},{"link_name":"Ilanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilanz"},{"link_name":"Viamala Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viamala_Region"},{"link_name":"Thusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thusis"}],"sub_title":"Regions","text":"as of January 2017[35]Albula with capital Tiefencastel\nBernina with capital Poschiavo\nEngiadina Bassa/Val Müstair with capital Scuol\nImboden with capital Domat/Ems\nLandquart with capital Igis\nMaloja with capital Samedan\nMoesa with capital Roveredo\nPlessur with capital Chur\nPrättigau/Davos with capital Davos\nSurselva with capital Ilanz\nViamala Region with capital Thusis","title":"Political subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities in the canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Municipalities","text":"There are 114 municipalities in the canton (as of January 2016[update]).[36]","title":"Political subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chur_(Switzerland).jpg"},{"link_name":"Calanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanda_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_GR-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"View of Chur, at the foot of the CalandaThe inhabitants of the Grisons are called Bündner or (rarely) Grisonians.[citation needed]The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 200,096.[2] As of 2007[update], the population included 28,008 foreigners, or about 14.84% of the total population.[37] The main religions are Catholicism and Protestantism. Both are well represented in the canton, with Roman Catholics forming a slight plurality (47% Catholic to 41% Protestant).[38]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romansh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Italian Grisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Grisons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sprachen_GR_2000.png"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Romansh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Sursilvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan"},{"link_name":"Vallader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallader"},{"link_name":"Puter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puter"},{"link_name":"Surmiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmiran"},{"link_name":"Sutsilvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutsilvan"},{"link_name":"Rumantsch Grischun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"See also: Romansh languageSee also: Italian GrisonsGeographical distribution of languages in the Grisons as of 2000[update]The Grisons is the only canton of Switzerland with three official languages: German (74.7%), Romansh (13.9%), and Italian (13.9%) with the remaining 13% speaking another language natively.[39][40]More speakers of the Romansh language live in the Grisons than in any other canton, although it has become a minority language there. Romansh consists of five dialect groups, each with its own written language: Sursilvan, Vallader, Puter, Surmiran and Sutsilvan. There also exists a common written language called Rumantsch Grischun.\nRomansh has been recognized as one of four \"national languages\" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was declared an \"official language\" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use Romansh for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a response in Rumantsch Grischun.\nRomansh has official language status at the canton level. Municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skiing_in_the_Grisons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lenzerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzerheide"},{"link_name":"cultivated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape"},{"link_name":"wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"mountain pasturage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_transhumance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maremma Sheepdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremma_Sheepdog"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadin-46"},{"link_name":"Fläsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4sch"},{"link_name":"Maienfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maienfeld"},{"link_name":"Jenins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenins"},{"link_name":"Malans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malans,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Mesolcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolcina"},{"link_name":"Val Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"chestnut farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_production_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"olive trees are also grown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_production_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mesolcina-15"},{"link_name":"Ems-Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems-Chemie"},{"link_name":"Domat/Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domat/Ems"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"Klosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klosters"},{"link_name":"Lenzerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzerheide"},{"link_name":"Arosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arosa"},{"link_name":"Flims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Pontresina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontresina"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"winter sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sport"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"1928 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1948 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"}],"text":"Skiers above LenzerheideAgriculture is still essential to keep remote valleys inhabited and cultivated, differing it from sheer wilderness. Agriculture is therefore supported by subsidies by the authorities both national and regional. Eight per cent of the population work in agriculture and forestry, where 50 per cent of the production is certified as organic. Agriculture includes forests and mountain pasturage in summer, particularly of cows, sheep and goats.[citation needed]\nSince wolf and bear have returned, the use of Maremma Sheepdogs is not unusual.[45] Although mountain pastures are predominant, there is also wine production in the Rhine Valley, particularly in Fläsch, Maienfeld, Jenins and Malans. This area is referred to as the Bündner Herschaft. In the southern valleys of Mesolcina and Val Poschiavo there is corn (maize) and chestnut farming, allowed by the milder climate. In the Mesolcina, olive trees are also grown.[14]24 per cent of the workforce are employed in industry whereas 68 per cent work in the service industry. The most industrialized region is naturally that of Chur. Ems-Chemie is based in Domat/Ems and is a major employer in the area.The tourism industry is a major player and reaches a remarkable 14 per cent of the GDP. Tourism is concentrated around the towns of Davos, Klosters, Lenzerheide, Arosa, Flims, St. Moritz and Pontresina, which have large ski areas. There are, however, a great number of other tourist resorts in the canton, divided by the official tourist board for winter sports for example into categories \"Top - Large - Small and beautiful\".[46] St. Moritz is one of the oldest winter sport resorts, being popular in winter since 1864.[47][48] The following year, Davos also saw its first tourists in winter.[49] St. Moritz hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Summer tourism is also an important source of revenue. Trekking, mountaineering, and mountain biking are some of the main activities. Business tourism is also a source of revenue, notably in Davos, where the World Economic Forum meetings are traditionally organised.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albulapass_In_Switzerland_(110510259).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Glacier Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Express"},{"link_name":"Albula Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Railway"},{"link_name":"Julier Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julier_Pass"},{"link_name":"Septimer Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimer_Pass"},{"link_name":"Corniche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corniche"},{"link_name":"Viamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viamala"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Splügen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass"},{"link_name":"Avers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avers"},{"link_name":"Juf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juf"},{"link_name":"Swiss Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Post"},{"link_name":"Postal Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostBus_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino road tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Pass"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"Lötschberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Gotthard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chur station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhaetian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway"},{"link_name":"European record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"PostBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostBus_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Glacier Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Express"},{"link_name":"Bernina Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Express"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"Landquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landquart_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Albula Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Line"},{"link_name":"Bernina Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Railway"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Julier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julier_Pass"},{"link_name":"Bernina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Pass"},{"link_name":"Lukmanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukmanier_Pass"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Piz Corvatsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Corvatsch"},{"link_name":"Engadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadin"},{"link_name":"Samedan Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samedan_Airport"}],"text":"Glacier Express climbing the Albula Railway. Winding mountain roads and railways have become an integral part of the landscape.As the canton extends on both sides of the great Alpine barrier, many important mountain passes are found there, particularly on the north-south axis. Transport has always been an important issue in the area; cart tracks from the Roman era were found on Julier Pass and Septimer Pass was rebuilt for cart use in 1387 and, although it later became unimportant, it is still in its 1800 form (for hikers only). Corniche paths were necessary for long stretches, and gorges such as the Viamala gave construction problems for any kind of transport. The first real roads of 3.7 m (4 yd) width were built across the Alps from around 1816, one of which is still in a very good historical condition[50] as this connection across Splügen Pass lost its importance after the opening of rail tunnels crossing the alps. The last valley to be connected to the road system in the Grisons was Avers, whose remote hamlet of Juf was only reached in 1897. After the Swiss Post expanded their Postal Bus transport services, the region's inhabitants became more used to motorized traffic.[51] In 1925, there were already 250 vehicles in service.[51] Eventually, the inhabitants of the Grisons gave up their resistance against individual motor traffic in 1926,[52] In 1967 opened San Bernardino road tunnel, built to host tourism traffic, is used also by heavy goods vehicles nowadays although not really suitable for them because of its ascent gradients. Most other passes have lost their importance for goods transport nowadays.Unlike Valais and Ticino, the Grisons does not benefit from major railway axes across the Alps such as the Lötschberg and Gotthard. As a consequence, the only standard gauge railway in the canton is that of the Rhine Valley, ending at Chur station. Conversely, the latter has become a major railway station and a transport hub of the canton since the construction of the Rhaetian Railway, which links most regions of the canton from the Rhine Valley.Huge efforts ensure public transport to (nearly) every settlement by an integrated timetable of different transport companies. Even Juf, inhabited by some 30 people only but holding a European record, is reached five times a day by public transport. The two main transport companies are PostBus, the national post bus company, and the Rhaetian Railway, essentially owned by the cantonal government. The latter uses the largest narrow-gauge railway network in Switzerland and serves most regions of the canton, with branches towards Central Switzerland and Italy. This network is notably travelled by two of the longest distance trains of Switzerland: the Glacier Express and the Bernina Express. The Swiss Federal Railways extend only a few kilometres into the canton, from Maienfeld, and serve essentially Landquart and Chur, where passengers transfer to the Rhaetian Railway and a large number of PostBus routes. The Albula Line became a UNESCO world heritage as did the Bernina Railway, the highest and only railway to cross the Alps without the use of a tunnel at the pass. In winter some of the road passes are closed [53] whereas several high mountain passes such as the Julier, Bernina and Lukmanier are kept open all winter (subject to restrictions). Being the highest elevated state in Switzerland, the Grisons hosts huge alpine areas that are not accessible by any means of transport but have to be walked to.[54] A large number of cable transport facilities provide easy access to some of the mountains of the Grisons, the highest being on Piz Corvatsch.The Engadin valley has its own airport, Samedan Airport. It is the highest airport in Switzerland.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Graubünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_property_of_national_significance_in_Switzerland:_Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engadinerhaus_und_h%C3%B6lzener_Brunnen_in_Guarda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Johanna Spyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Spyri"},{"link_name":"Heidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi"},{"link_name":"Alpine transhumance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_transhumance"},{"link_name":"Chalandamarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalandamarz"},{"link_name":"Tarasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasp_Castle"},{"link_name":"Domleschg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterrhein_District"},{"link_name":"Zillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zillis"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Benedictine Convent of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_Convent_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarus_thrust"},{"link_name":"Rhaetian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Albula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albula_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bernina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maluns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maluns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluns"},{"link_name":"Bündnerfleisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndnerfleisch"},{"link_name":"Salsiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsiz"},{"link_name":"Capuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuns"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"chard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard"},{"link_name":"Maluns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluns"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Pizzoccheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzoccheri"},{"link_name":"Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bündner Nusstorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Nusstorte"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Pinot Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noir"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mesolcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolcina"},{"link_name":"Ticino wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Valtellina wine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Calanda Bräu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanda_Br%C3%A4u"},{"link_name":"Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelevisiun_Svizra_Rumantscha"},{"link_name":"Swiss Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Die Südostschweiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_S%C3%BCdostschweiz"},{"link_name":"La Quotidiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Quotidiana"}],"text":"See also: List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: GraubündenPainted houses in GuardaThe Grisons is culturally the most diverse region of Switzerland. Its common denominator, however, is a strong mountain culture marked by life in isolated rural communities, notably depicted in Johanna Spyri's Heidi. Traditional customs include Alpine transhumance in spring and autumn, and the Chalandamarz at the end of winter.The canton has a large concentration of medieval castles (and ruins). The most notable, in the Engadin, is that of Tarasp, guarding the Inn valley. Many ruins and castles are found in the Domleschg area. Close by lies the church of Zillis, where 1130/40 a famous romanesque illustrated ceiling was added which is now treated as national heritage. Three World Heritage Sites are located in the canton: the Benedictine Convent of Saint John, the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona and the Rhaetian Railway in the Albula and Bernina Landscapes.A dish of Maluns accompanied by various products of the GrisonsThe gastronomy of the Grisons is mostly known for a dried-beef delicacy called Bündnerfleisch, often simply referred to as Grisons Meat. Other meat specialities include dried sausages (especially Salsiz, made of various meats), speck and ham. Cheeses produced in the Grisons are also numerous. Among notable dishes are the Capuns, predominantly made in the western part of the Grisons.[55] Capuns consist of hearty dumplings with pieces of meat wrapped in chard leaves, then gratinated in oven with cheese and cream. The Maluns are another well-known dish of the Grisons. They are made of boiled potatoes mixed with flour, then fried in butter. Maluns are typically served with a compote of apples and various other local products such as cheeses and meat specialities.[56] The Pizzoccheri are another dish, essentially eaten in the valley of Poschiavo. They consist of buckwheat noodles, cooked with potatoes, vegetables and cheese.[57] The emblematic dessert of the Grisons is the Bündner Nusstorte. It is essentially a shortcrust pastry filled with a mix of caramelized walnuts and honey. Another similar pastry, but containing chestnuts instead, the Torta di Castagne, is made in the southern valleys, especially in the Val Bregaglia.[58]Wines are essentially produced in the Bündner Herrschaft. In the vineyards between Fläsch and Malans, 42 types of vines are found, Pinot Noir being the most popular.[59] Wines are also naturally produced in the southern valleys but in smaller quantities. The valley of the Mesolcina is contiguous with the Ticino wine region and that of Poschiavo is contiguous with the Valtellina wine region. Numerous breweries can be found in the canton as well. The largest, located at Chur, is Calanda Bräu.Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha is the Romansh-speaking division of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation and focuses on the Grisons. Die Südostschweiz (in German) and La Quotidiana (Romansh) are some of the most important written media of the region.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ibex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibex"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"bearded vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearded_vulture"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"The Grisons successfully reintroduced ibex in the early 20th century after it had all but died out from the Alps, except for an area in the Aosta Valley in Italy, Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso.[60] Similarly, it reintroduced the bearded vulture and lynx in the 21st century, which had been extinguished, though the lynx remains rare.[61]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡraʊˈbʏndn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Graubuenden.ogg/De-Graubuenden.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Graubuenden.ogg"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Sursilvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan"},{"link_name":"[ɡʁiˈʒun]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Roh-sursilvan-grischun.ogg/Roh-sursilvan-grischun.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roh-sursilvan-grischun.ogg"},{"link_name":"Vallader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallader"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈʒun]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh"},{"link_name":"Puter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puter"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈʒum]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh"},{"link_name":"Surmiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmiran"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈʒun]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh"},{"link_name":"Sutsilvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutsilvan"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈʒuŋ, ɡriˈʒeu̯ŋ, ɡriˈʒœŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh"},{"link_name":"Rumantsch Grischun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈdʒoːni]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡriˈzoŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡʁizɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"other names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_regions_with_alternative_names#G"}],"text":"^ Names include:\nGerman: (Kanton) Graubünden [ɡraʊˈbʏndn̩] ⓘ;\nRomansh:\nSursilvan: (Cantun) Grischun [ɡʁiˈʒun] ⓘ\nVallader: (Chantun) Grischun [ɡriˈʒun]\nPuter: (Chantun) Grischun [ɡriˈʒum]\nSurmiran: (Cantun) Grischun [ɡriˈʒun]\nSutsilvan: (Cantùn) Grischùn [ɡriˈʒuŋ, ɡriˈʒeu̯ŋ, ɡriˈʒœŋ]\nRumantsch Grischun: (Chantun) Grischun;\nItalian: (Cantone dei) Grigioni [ɡriˈdʒoːni];\nLombard: (Cantón) Griṡón [ɡriˈzoŋ];\nFrench: (Canton des) Grisons [ɡʁizɔ̃].\nSee also other names.","title":"Note"}] | [{"image_text":"The Engadin (here near St. Moritz and the lakes) is one of the highest valleys of the Alps and the only Swiss region in the basin of the Black Sea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Engadine.jpg/220px-Engadine.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Anterior Rhine (here at the Rhine Gorge) is one of the largest rivers in the canton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2011-07-25_11-31-16_Switzerland_Graub%C3%BCnden_Rhine_Gorge.jpg/440px-2011-07-25_11-31-16_Switzerland_Graub%C3%BCnden_Rhine_Gorge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Three Leagues and surrounding lands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Geschichte_Graubuenden.png/220px-Geschichte_Graubuenden.png"},{"image_text":"The Dreibündenstein monument, marking the former tripoint of the Three Leagues","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dreib%C3%BCndenstein.jpg/170px-Dreib%C3%BCndenstein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jörg Jenatsch was a major and divisive figure during the Bündner Wirren (1618–1639).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Georg_Jenatsch.jpg/170px-Georg_Jenatsch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Council building in Chur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Chur_Grossratsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg/220px-Chur_Grossratsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Chur, at the foot of the Calanda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chur_%28Switzerland%29.jpg/220px-Chur_%28Switzerland%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geographical distribution of languages in the Grisons as of 2000[update]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sprachen_GR_2000.png/220px-Sprachen_GR_2000.png"},{"image_text":"Skiers above Lenzerheide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Skiing_in_the_Grisons.jpg/220px-Skiing_in_the_Grisons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glacier Express climbing the Albula Railway. Winding mountain roads and railways have become an integral part of the landscape.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Albulapass_In_Switzerland_%28110510259%29.jpeg/170px-Albulapass_In_Switzerland_%28110510259%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Painted houses in Guarda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Engadinerhaus_und_h%C3%B6lzener_Brunnen_in_Guarda.jpg/220px-Engadinerhaus_und_h%C3%B6lzener_Brunnen_in_Guarda.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dish of Maluns accompanied by various products of the Grisons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Maluns.jpg/220px-Maluns.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Switzerland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Switzerland"},{"title":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"title":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). \"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856","url_text":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). \"Grisons\". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)","url_text":"Jones, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)","url_text":"Roach, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Setter","url_text":"Setter, Jane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling","url_text":"Esling, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary","url_text":"Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6","url_text":"978-0-521-15255-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome Bainvegni Benvenuti\". Kanton Graubünden Chantun Grischun Cantone dei Grigioni. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gr.ch/EN/Seiten/welcome.aspx","url_text":"\"Welcome Bainvegni Benvenuti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Survey of the Grisons\". Kanton Graubünden Chantun Grischun Cantone dei Grigioni. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gr.ch/EN/grisons/Seiten/Ueberblick.aspx","url_text":"\"Survey of the Grisons\""}]},{"reference":"Kanton Graubünden (11 December 2012). \"Grisons the movie\". YouTube. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJfn4lVR1m0","url_text":"\"Grisons the movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Destinations on official tourism board Graubünden, Switzerland holiday destinations\". Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116215227/http://en.graubuenden.ch/home.html?L=2&season=1","url_text":"\"Destinations on official tourism board Graubünden, Switzerland holiday destinations\""},{"url":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/home.html?L=2&season=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Regional Statistics for Graubünden\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414212256/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/graubuenden/blank/kennzahlen.html","url_text":"\"Regional Statistics for Graubünden\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/graubuenden/blank/kennzahlen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacNamee, Terence (17 April 2012). \"DNA tests aim to identify 17th century figure\". Swissinfo.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/DNA_tests_aim_to_identify_17th_century_figure_.html?cid=32489350","url_text":"\"DNA tests aim to identify 17th century figure\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Der Grosse Rat\" Parliament of the Canton Grisons\". Portal of the Canton Grisons. Retrieved 8 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gr.ch/EN/institutions/parliament/Seiten/Parlament.aspx","url_text":"\"\"Der Grosse Rat\" Parliament of the Canton Grisons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government of the Canton Grisons\". Portal of the Canton Grisons. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603195420/http://www.gr.ch/EN/institutions/government/Seiten/Regierung.aspx","url_text":"\"Government of the Canton Grisons\""},{"url":"http://www.gr.ch/EN/INSTITUTIONS/GOVERNMENT/Seiten/Regierung.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution of the canton of Graubünden\" (in Italian and German). Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 8 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/131_226/index.html","url_text":"\"Constitution of the canton of Graubünden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comune Bregaglia accorda diritto di voto e di eleggibilità a stranieri domiciliati\" (in Italian). swissinfo. 17 May 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/prima_pagina.html?siteSect=105&ty=nd&ref=fb&sid=10708358","url_text":"\"Comune Bregaglia accorda diritto di voto e di eleggibilità a stranieri domiciliati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissinfo","url_text":"swissinfo"}]},{"reference":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)"},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 December 2016). \"Kanton Graubünden: Die 11 Regionen, 2017 (Kantone/Bezirke) | Karte\". Bundesamt für Statistik.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/1664150","url_text":"\"Kanton Graubünden: Die 11 Regionen, 2017 (Kantone/Bezirke) | Karte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse\". Statistique Suisse. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090612012604/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls","url_text":"\"Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion, nach Kantonen und Städten\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081229131401/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","url_text":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion, nach Kantonen und Städten\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sprache, Religion - 01 Bevölkerung\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/dvs/awt/statistik/Bevoelkerung/Seiten/Sprache,_Religion.aspx","url_text":"\"Sprache, Religion - 01 Bevölkerung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die ersten Volkszählungen in Graubünden\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sgvs.ch/papers/sjesBackIssues/1902_PDF/1902-II-2.pdf","url_text":"\"Die ersten Volkszählungen in Graubünden\""}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Kurt (3 August 2015). Das Engadin – Naturwunder der Alpen (documenatry) (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/erlebnis-erde/sendung/das-engadin-naturwunder-der-alpen-140.html","url_text":"Das Engadin – Naturwunder der Alpen"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Everett (21 November 2019). \"St Moritz, The Birthplace Of Winter Sports\". Forbes. Retrieved 4 March 2022. You can make a strong case that the origins of modern winter sports lie here, starting in the 1860's with hotelier Johannes Badrutt, who welcomed a steady stream of well-heeled British guests to his small Kulm Hotel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/everettpotter/2019/11/21/st-moritz-the-birthplace-of-winter-sports/?sh=7f796e57330f","url_text":"\"St Moritz, The Birthplace Of Winter Sports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Ben Cocking (2020). Travel Journalism and Travel Media: Identities, Places and Imaginings. Springer Nature. p. 9. ISBN 9781137599087. The launching of the Cook excursions in Britain (1841), the appearance of the first Baedekker guide (1843), the inauguration of a winter \"season\" in Saint Moritz (1864), the creation of Yellowstone (1877): these were the important markers of its growth path [mass tourism].","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UPqDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Travel Journalism and Travel Media: Identities, Places and Imaginings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137599087","url_text":"9781137599087"}]},{"reference":"Heimatbuch Thusis, Viamala (in German). Verkehrsverein. 1973. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y989HQAACAAJ","url_text":"Heimatbuch Thusis, Viamala"}]},{"reference":"\"Graubünden Strasseninfos - Unser Kanton - www.gr.ch\". www.strassen.gr.ch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strassen.gr.ch/sites/dokumentation/offen.html","url_text":"\"Graubünden Strasseninfos - Unser Kanton - www.gr.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capuns recipe\". Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901172616/http://www.grischuna.ch/Rezepte/CapunsE.html","url_text":"\"Capuns recipe\""},{"url":"http://www.grischuna.ch/Rezepte/CapunsE.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"AG, Fleischtrocknerei Churwalden (10 March 2011). \"Grischuna - Spezialitad dal Grischun\". www.grischuna.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grischuna.ch/en/diet/recipes/maluns-da-lai-en-US/","url_text":"\"Grischuna - Spezialitad dal Grischun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torta di Casatagna della Val Bregaglia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roticcio.ch/it/arte-culinaria/dol","url_text":"\"Torta di Casatagna della Val Bregaglia\""}]},{"reference":"Stüwe, M., Nievergelt, B. (1991). \"Recovery of Alpine ibex from near extinction: the result of effective protection, captive breeding, and reintroductions\". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 29 (1–4): 379–387. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-1591%2891%2990262-V","url_text":"10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V"}]},{"reference":"\"Reintroduction\". Foundation for the Bearded Vulture www.beardedvulture.ch. n.d. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beardedvulture.ch/project/reintroduction","url_text":"\"Reintroduction\""}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Grisons\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 608–610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge","url_text":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grisons","url_text":"\"Grisons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grisons¶ms=46_45_N_9_30_E_region:CH-GR_type:city(200096)","external_links_name":"46°45′N 9°30′E / 46.750°N 9.500°E / 46.750; 9.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grisons¶ms=46_45_N_9_30_E_region:CH-GR_type:city(200096)","external_links_name":"46°45′N 9°30′E / 46.750°N 9.500°E / 46.750; 9.500"},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/IT/Seiten/welcome.aspx","external_links_name":"www.gr.ch/IT/Seiten/welcome.aspx"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grisons&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/Kantone.assetdetail.1420913.html","external_links_name":"Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen"},{"Link":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","external_links_name":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856","external_links_name":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\""},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/EN/Seiten/welcome.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Welcome Bainvegni Benvenuti\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EU99BgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lSJ4DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Whisky Trails Schweiz: Ein Reisehandbuch"},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/EN/grisons/Seiten/Ueberblick.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Survey of the Grisons\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJfn4lVR1m0","external_links_name":"\"Grisons the movie\""},{"Link":"https://s.geo.admin.ch/8f3e067194","external_links_name":"Topographic map of the Grisons"},{"Link":"https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/en/home.detail.news.html/swisstopo-internet/news2019/didyouknow/20190930.html","external_links_name":"Summits of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/diem/ajf/fischerei/Seiten/Fischerei_Home.aspx","external_links_name":"Fischerei"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220713061059/https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/diem/ajf/fischerei/Seiten/Fischerei_Home.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110116215227/http://en.graubuenden.ch/home.html?L=2&season=1","external_links_name":"\"Destinations on official tourism board Graubünden, Switzerland holiday destinations\""},{"Link":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/home.html?L=2&season=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsi.ch/rete-uno/programmi/informazione/voci-del-grigioni-italiano/Montagne-e-riscaldamento-globale-4146566.html","external_links_name":"Montagne e riscaldamento globale"},{"Link":"https://www.srf.ch/meteo/meteo-news/gefrierschrank-schweiz-am-kaeltesten-wirds-am-mittwochmorgen","external_links_name":"Gefrierschrank Schweiz: Am kältesten wirds am Mittwochmorgen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414212256/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/graubuenden/blank/kennzahlen.html","external_links_name":"\"Regional Statistics for Graubünden\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/graubuenden/blank/kennzahlen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://s.geo.admin.ch/8f3e067194","external_links_name":"Topographic map of the Grisons"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D1581.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F1581.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I1581.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.3364.450.0.html","external_links_name":"Romansh"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D17158.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F17158.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I17158.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D26413.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F26413.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I26413.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7391.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7391.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7391.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7391.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7391.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7391.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/reformation.html","external_links_name":"Swiss History"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D24652.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F24652.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I24652.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.gr.kath.ch/ressourcen/download/20080529163237.pdf","external_links_name":"Graubünden's religious history"},{"Link":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/DNA_tests_aim_to_identify_17th_century_figure_.html?cid=32489350","external_links_name":"\"DNA tests aim to identify 17th century figure\""},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D28698.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F28698.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I28698.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7391.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7391.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7391.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"http://www.gr.ch/EN/institutions/parliament/Seiten/Parlament.aspx","external_links_name":"\"\"Der Grosse Rat\" Parliament of the Canton Grisons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603195420/http://www.gr.ch/EN/institutions/government/Seiten/Regierung.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Government of the Canton Grisons\""},{"Link":"http://www.gr.ch/EN/INSTITUTIONS/GOVERNMENT/Seiten/Regierung.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/131_226/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Constitution of the canton of Graubünden\""},{"Link":"http://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/prima_pagina.html?siteSect=105&ty=nd&ref=fb&sid=10708358","external_links_name":"\"Comune Bregaglia accorda diritto di voto e di eleggibilità a stranieri domiciliati\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","external_links_name":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/1664150","external_links_name":"\"Kanton Graubünden: Die 11 Regionen, 2017 (Kantone/Bezirke) | Karte\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090612012604/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081229131401/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","external_links_name":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion, nach Kantonen und Städten\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/kanton/Seiten/Bevoelkerung.aspx","external_links_name":"Canton of Graubünden Website"},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/dvs/awt/statistik/Bevoelkerung/Seiten/Sprache,_Religion.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sprache, Religion - 01 Bevölkerung\""},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7391.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7391.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7391.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://www.sgvs.ch/papers/sjesBackIssues/1902_PDF/1902-II-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die ersten Volkszählungen in Graubünden\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.html","external_links_name":"Federal Statistical Office - Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen und Kanton, 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/erlebnis-erde/sendung/das-engadin-naturwunder-der-alpen-140.html","external_links_name":"Das Engadin – Naturwunder der Alpen"},{"Link":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/ski-snowboard/overview.html","external_links_name":"Switzerland holidays Graubünden winter"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/everettpotter/2019/11/21/st-moritz-the-birthplace-of-winter-sports/?sh=7f796e57330f","external_links_name":"\"St Moritz, The Birthplace Of Winter Sports\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UPqDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Travel Journalism and Travel Media: Identities, Places and Imaginings"},{"Link":"https://www.davos.ch/en/information/portrait-image/storybook/davos-the-pioneer","external_links_name":"In step with the times for the past 150 years"},{"Link":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/trekking/50-via-spluga-thusis-chiavenna.html","external_links_name":"Historic route across Alps Splügen Pass hike in Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706233800/http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/trekking/50-via-spluga-thusis-chiavenna.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y989HQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Heimatbuch Thusis, Viamala"},{"Link":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/facts-figures.html","external_links_name":"Facts for Graubünden Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110414160421/http://en.graubuenden.ch/facts-figures.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.strassen.gr.ch/sites/dokumentation/offen.html","external_links_name":"\"Graubünden Strasseninfos - Unser Kanton - www.gr.ch\""},{"Link":"http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/hiking-trails.html","external_links_name":"Hike the alps in Switzerland; Information, Graubünden"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515064604/http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/hiking-trails.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901172616/http://www.grischuna.ch/Rezepte/CapunsE.html","external_links_name":"\"Capuns recipe\""},{"Link":"http://www.grischuna.ch/Rezepte/CapunsE.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.grischuna.ch/en/diet/recipes/maluns-da-lai-en-US/","external_links_name":"\"Grischuna - Spezialitad dal Grischun\""},{"Link":"https://www.graubuenden.ch/en/experience-graubunden/culinary-arts/recipe-pizzoccheri-poschiavo","external_links_name":"Recipe: Pizzoccheri from Poschiavo"},{"Link":"https://www.roticcio.ch/it/arte-culinaria/dol","external_links_name":"\"Torta di Casatagna della Val Bregaglia\""},{"Link":"https://www.graubuenden.ch/en/experience-graubunden/culinary-arts/bundner-herrschaft-small-region-great-wines","external_links_name":"Bündner Herrschaft – a small region of great wines"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-1591%2891%2990262-V","external_links_name":"10.1016/0168-1591(91)90262-V"},{"Link":"https://www.beardedvulture.ch/project/reintroduction","external_links_name":"\"Reintroduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.gr.ch/EN/Seiten/welcome.aspx","external_links_name":"Official Canton website"},{"Link":"http://www.graubunden.com/","external_links_name":"Canton of the Grisons Tourism website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJfn4lVR1m0","external_links_name":"Short documentary from the cantonal authorities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606131303/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/gr/key.html","external_links_name":"Official Canton of the Grisons statistics website"},{"Link":"http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.1168.450.0.html","external_links_name":"Romansh"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7391.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7391.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7391.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grisons","external_links_name":"\"Grisons\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211392/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123481343","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142538950","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxWRmfqWfTkKQfkxfwJym","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461374","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931604r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931604r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021881-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566728405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81003377","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/hftwvgd12kk69h6","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge339113&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2984","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/360dc1f1-2174-468b-8a49-4c57ce705172","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007391","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.1168.450.0.html","external_links_name":"Lexicon Istoric Retic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027228517","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability | Bioavailability | ["1 Definitions","1.1 In pharmacology","1.2 In nutritional science","1.3 In environmental sciences or science","2 Absolute bioavailability","3 Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence","4 Factors influencing bioavailability","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources"] | Pharmacological measurement
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation. AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.
Bioavailability of a drug is an average value; to take population variability into account, deviation range is shown as ±. To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation. To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow therapeutic window.
For dietary supplements, herbs and other nutrients in which the route of administration is nearly always oral, bioavailability generally designates simply the quantity or fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed.
Definitions
In pharmacology
Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation.
It is denoted by the letter f (or, if expressed in percent, by F).
In nutritional science
In nutritional science, which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject, resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.
In both pharmacology and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the area under curve (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.
In environmental sciences or science
Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms. It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by microorganisms (due to sorption to or partitioning of otherwise degradable substances into inaccessible phases in the environment). A noteworthy example for agriculture is plant phosphorus deficiency induced by precipitation with iron and aluminum phosphates at low soil pH and precipitation with calcium phosphates at high soil pH. Toxic materials in soil, such as lead from paint may be rendered unavailable to animals ingesting contaminated soil by supplying phosphorus fertilizers in excess. Organic pollutants such as solvents or pesticides may be rendered unavailable to microorganisms and thus persist in the environment when they are adsorbed to soil minerals or partition into hydrophobic organic matter.
Absolute bioavailability
Absolute bioavailability is a ratio of areas under the curves. IV, intravenous; PO, oral route. C is plasma concentration (arbitrary units).
Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration (i.e., after oral, buccal, ocular, nasal, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual administration), with the bioavailability of the same drug following intravenous administration. It is the fraction of exposure to a drug (AUC) through non-intravenous administration compared with the corresponding intravenous administration of the same drug. The comparison must be dose normalized (e.g., account for different doses or varying weights of the subjects); consequently, the amount absorbed is corrected by dividing the corresponding dose administered.
In pharmacology, in order to determine absolute bioavailability of a drug, a pharmacokinetic study must be done to obtain a plasma drug concentration vs time plot for the drug after both intravenous (iv) and extravascular (non-intravenous, i.e., oral) administration. The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered).
F
a
b
s
=
100
⋅
A
U
C
p
o
⋅
D
i
v
A
U
C
i
v
⋅
D
p
o
{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {abs} }=100\cdot {\frac {AUC_{\mathrm {po} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {iv} }}{AUC_{\mathrm {iv} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {po} }}}}
Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute bioavailability of 100% (f = 1), whereas drugs given by other routes usually have an absolute bioavailability of less than one.
If we compare the two different dosage forms having same active ingredients and compare the two drug bioavailability is called comparative bioavailability.
Although knowing the true extent of systemic absorption (referred to as absolute bioavailability) is clearly useful, in practice it is not determined as frequently as one may think. The reason for this is that its assessment requires an intravenous reference; that is, a route of administration that guarantees all of the administered drug reaches systemic circulation. Such studies come at considerable cost, not least of which is the necessity to conduct preclinical toxicity tests to ensure adequate safety, as well as potential problems due to solubility limitations. These limitations may be overcome, however, by administering a very low dose (typically a few micrograms) of an isotopically labelled drug concomitantly with a therapeutic non-isotopically labelled oral dose (the isotopically labelled intravenous dose is sufficiently low so as not to perturb the systemic drug concentrations achieved from the non-labelled oral dose). The intravenous and oral concentrations can then be deconvoluted by virtue of their different isotopic constitution, and can thus be used to determine the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics from the same dose administration. This technique eliminates pharmacokinetic issues with non-equivalent clearance as well as enabling the intravenous dose to be administered with a minimum of toxicology and formulation. The technique was first applied using stable-isotopes such as 13C and mass-spectrometry to distinguish the isotopes by mass difference. More recently, 14C labelled drugs are administered intravenously and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) used to measure the isotopically labelled drug along with mass spectrometry for the unlabelled drug.
There is no regulatory requirement to define the intravenous pharmacokinetics or absolute bioavailability however regulatory authorities do sometimes ask for absolute bioavailability information of the extravascular route in cases in which the bioavailability is apparently low or variable and there is a proven relationship between the pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics at therapeutic doses. In all such cases, to conduct an absolute bioavailability study requires that the drug be given intravenously.
Intravenous administration of a developmental drug can provide valuable information on the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of volume of distribution (V) and clearance (CL).
Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence
In pharmacology, relative bioavailability measures the bioavailability (estimated as the AUC) of a formulation (A) of a certain drug when compared with another formulation (B) of the same drug, usually an established standard, or through administration via a different route. When the standard consists of intravenously administered drug, this is known as absolute bioavailability (see above).
F
r
e
l
=
100
⋅
A
U
C
A
⋅
D
B
A
U
C
B
⋅
D
A
{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {rel} }=100\cdot {\frac {AUC_{\mathrm {A} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {B} }}{AUC_{\mathrm {B} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {A} }}}}
Relative bioavailability is one of the measures used to assess bioequivalence (BE) between two drug products. For FDA approval, a generic manufacturer must demonstrate that the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the mean responses (usually of AUC and the maximum concentration, Cmax) of its product to that of the "brand name drug" is within the limits of 80% to 125%. Where AUC refers to the concentration of the drug in the blood over time t = 0 to t = ∞, Cmax refers to the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. When Tmax is given, it refers to the time it takes for a drug to reach Cmax.
While the mechanisms by which a formulation affects bioavailability and bioequivalence have been extensively studied in drugs, formulation factors that influence bioavailability and bioequivalence in nutritional supplements are largely unknown. As a result, in nutritional sciences, relative bioavailability or bioequivalence is the most common measure of bioavailability, comparing the bioavailability of one formulation of the same dietary ingredient to another.
Factors influencing bioavailability
The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extravascular route, is usually less than one (i.e., F< 100%). Various physiological factors reduce the availability of drugs prior to their entry into the systemic circulation. Whether a drug is taken with or without food will also affect absorption, other drugs taken concurrently may alter absorption and first-pass metabolism, intestinal motility alters the dissolution of the drug and may affect the degree of chemical degradation of the drug by intestinal microflora. Disease states affecting liver metabolism or gastrointestinal function will also have an effect.
Other factors may include, but are not limited to:
Physical properties of the drug (hydrophobicity, pKa, solubility)
The drug formulation (immediate release, excipients used, manufacturing methods, modified release – delayed release, extended release, sustained release, etc.)
Whether the formulation is administered in a fed or fasted state
Gastric emptying rate
Circadian differences
Interactions with other drugs/foods:
Interactions with other drugs (e.g., antacids, alcohol, nicotine)
Interactions with other foods (e.g., grapefruit juice, pomello, cranberry juice, brassica vegetables)
Transporters: Substrate of efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein)
Health of the gastrointestinal tract
Enzyme induction/inhibition by other drugs/foods:
Enzyme induction (increased rate of metabolism), e.g., Phenytoin induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4
Enzyme inhibition (decreased rate of metabolism), e.g., grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A → higher nifedipine concentrations
Individual variation in metabolic differences
Age: In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal, and geriatric populations
Phenotypic differences, enterohepatic circulation, diet, gender
Disease state
E.g., hepatic insufficiency, poor renal function
Each of these factors may vary from patient to patient (inter-individual variation), and indeed in the same patient over time (intra-individual variation). In clinical trials, inter-individual variation is a critical measurement used to assess the bioavailability differences from patient to patient in order to ensure predictable dosing.
See also
ADME-Tox
Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Caco-2
Lipinski's Rule of 5
Notes
^ TH: One of the few exceptions where a drug shows F of over 100% is theophylline. If administered as an oral solution F is 111%, since the drug is completely absorbed and first-pass metabolism in the lung after intravenous administration is bypassed.
^ OB: Reference listed drug products (i.e., innovator's) as well as generic drug products that have been approved based on an Abbreviated New Drug Application are given in FDA's Orange Book.
References
^ Hebert, Mary F. (2013). "Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications". Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy. Elsevier. pp. 17–39. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9. ISBN 978-0-12-386007-1.
^ Griffin, J. P. (7 December 2009). The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine (6th ed.). Jersey: BMJ Books. ISBN 978-1-4051-8035-1.
^ Flynn, Edward (2007). "Pharmacokinetic Parameters". xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Elsevier. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0. ISBN 978-0-08-055232-3.
^ a b c d Davis, Jennifer L. (2018). "Pharmacologic Principles". Equine Internal Medicine. Elsevier. pp. 79–137. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4. ISBN 978-0-323-44329-6.
^ Johanson, G. (2010). "Modeling of Disposition". Comprehensive Toxicology. Elsevier. pp. 153–177. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1. ISBN 978-0-08-046884-6.
^ Heaney, Robert P. (2001). "Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4): 1344S–8S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S. PMID 11285351.
^ SANDSTEAD, HAROLD H.; AU, WILLIAM (2007). "Zinc**Dr. Carl-Gustaf Elinder was the author of this chapter in the 2nd edition of the Handbook on Toxicology of Metals; his text provided guidance.". Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Elsevier. pp. 925–947. doi:10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6. ISBN 978-0-12-369413-3. Bioavailability is the major factor affecting dietary requirements (Sandstrom, 1997). Flesh foods facilitate bioavailability, although indigestible Zn-binding ligands decrease bioavailability (Mills, 1985).
^ Solomons, N.W. (2003). "ZINC | Physiology". Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. Elsevier. pp. 6272–6277. doi:10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2. ISBN 978-0-12-227055-0. Bioavailability strictly refers to both the uptake and metabolic utilization of a nutrient.
^ Shargel, L.; Yu, A. B. (1999). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-0278-5.
^ Heaney, Robert P. (2001). "Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1344–1348S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S. PMID 11285351.
^ Srinivasan, V. Srini (2001). "Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1349–1350S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S. PMID 11285352.
^ Hinsinger, Philippe (2001). "Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review". Plant and Soil. 237 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1023/A:1013351617532. S2CID 8562338.
^ Ma, Qi-Ying; Traina, Samuel J.; Logan, Terry J.; Ryan, James A. (1993). "In situ lead immobilization by apatite". Environmental Science & Technology. 27 (9): 1803–1810. Bibcode:1993EnST...27.1803M. doi:10.1021/es00046a007.
^ Sims, G.K.; Radosevich, M.; He, X.-T.; Traina, S. J. (1991). "The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides". In Betts, W. B. (ed.). Biodegradation of Natural and Synthetic Materials. London: Springer. pp. 119–137.
^ O'Loughlin, Edward J.; Traina, Samuel J.; Sims, Gerald K. (2000). "Effects of sorption on the biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous suspensions of reference clay minerals". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 19 (9): 2168–2174. doi:10.1002/etc.5620190904. S2CID 98654832.
^ Sims, Gerald K.; Cupples, Alison M. (1999). "Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil". Pesticide Science. 55 (5): 598–601. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N.
^ Guilding, Clare (2023). "Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology A global initiative". British Journal of Pharmacology. 180 (9): 375–392. doi:10.1111/bph.16222. hdl:2440/139693. PMID 37605852. S2CID 261062472.
^ Chow, Shein-Chung (July 2014). "Bioavailability and bioequivalence in drug development: BABE in drug development". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 6 (4): 304–312. doi:10.1002/wics.1310. PMC 4157693. PMID 25215170.
^ Lappin, Graham; Rowland, Malcolm; Garner, R. Colin (2006). "The use of isotopes in the determination of absolute bioavailability of drugs in humans". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 2 (3): 419–427. doi:10.1517/17425255.2.3.419. PMID 16863443. S2CID 2383402.
^ a b Lappin, Graham; Stevens, Lloyd (2008). "Biomedical accelerator mass spectrometry: Recent applications in metabolism and pharmacokinetics". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 4 (8): 1021–1033. doi:10.1517/17425255.4.8.1021. PMID 18680438. S2CID 95122610.
^ Hoag, Stephen W.; Hussain, Ajaz S. (2001). "The Impact of Formulation on Bioavailability: Summary of Workshop Discussion". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1389–1391S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1389S. PMID 11285360.
^ Schuppan, D.; Molz, K. H.; Staib, A. H.; Rietbrock, N. (1981). "Bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release aminophylline formulation (Euphyllin retard tablets) – plasma levels after single and multiple oral doses". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 19 (5): 223–227. PMID 7251238.
Sources
Rowland, Malcolm; Tozer, N. (2010). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-5009-7.
Welling, Peter G.; Tse, Francis L. S.; Dighe, Shrikant V. (1991). Pharmaceutical Bioequivalence. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 48. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8484-3.
Hauschke, Dieter; Steinijans, Volker; Pigeot, Iris (2007). "Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies". Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications. Statistics in Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-0-470-09475-4. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
Chow, Shein-Chung; Liu, Jen-pei (15 October 2008). Design and Analysis of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies. Biostatistics Series. Vol. 27 (3rd ed.). FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-58488-668-6.
vteTopics in medicinal chemistry
ADME
Bioavailability
Chemogenomics
Drug class
Drug delivery
Drug design
Drug development
Drug discovery
Drug targeting
Enzyme inhibitor
Ligand efficiency
Lipinski's rule of five
Lipophilic efficiency
Mechanism of action
Mode of action
New chemical entity
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacology
Pharmacophore
Quantitative structure–activity relationship
vtePharmacologyLigand (biochemistry)Excitatory
Agonist
Endogenous agonist
Irreversible agonist
Partial agonist
Superagonist
Physiological agonist
Inhibitory
Antagonist
Competitive antagonist
Irreversible antagonist
Physiological antagonist
Inverse agonist
Enzyme inhibitor
Drug
Neurotransmitter
Agonist-antagonist
PharmacophorePharmacodynamicsActivity at receptor
Mechanism of action
Mode of action
Binding
Receptor (biochemistry)
Desensitization (medicine)
Other effects of ligand
Selectivity (Binding, Functional)
Pleiotropy (drugs)
Non-specific effect of vaccines
Adverse effect
Toxicity (Neurotoxicity)
Analysis
Dose–response relationship
Hill equation (biochemistry)
Schild plot
Del Castillo Katz model
Cheng-Prussoff Equation
Methods (Organ bath, Ligand binding assay, Patch clamp)
Metrics
Efficacy
Intrinsic activity
Potency (EC50, IC50, ED50, LD50, TD50)
Therapeutic index
Affinity
PharmacokineticsMetrics
Loading dose
Volume of distribution (Initial)
Rate of infusion
Onset of action
Biological half-life
Plasma protein binding
Bioavailability
LADME
(L)ADME: (Liberation)
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion (Clearance)
Compartment
BioequivalenceRelated fieldsNeuroscience and psychology
Neuropsychopharmacology
Neuropharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Electrophysiology
Medicine
Clinical pharmacology
Pharmacy
Medicinal chemistry
Pharmacoepidemiology
Biochemistry and genetics
Pharmacoinformatics
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Toxicology
Pharmacotoxicology
Neurotoxicology
Drug discovery
Classical pharmacology
Reverse pharmacology
Photopharmacology
Immunopharmacology
Cell biology
PhysiologyOther
Coinduction (anesthetics)
Combination therapy
Functional analog (chemistry)
Polypharmacology
Chemotherapy
Lists of drugs
WHO list of essential medicines
Tolerance and resistance
Drug tolerance
Tachyphylaxis
Drug resistance
Antibiotic resistance
Multiple drug resistance
Antimicrobial pharmacology
Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Bacteriostatic
Minimum bactericidal concentration
Bactericide | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"systemic circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hebert_2013_pp._17%E2%80%9339-1"},{"link_name":"intravenously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn_2007_pp._1%E2%80%933-3"},{"link_name":"routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration"},{"link_name":"first-pass metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-pass_metabolism"},{"link_name":"area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area-under-curve_(pharmacokinetics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_2018_pp._79%E2%80%93137-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johanson_2010_pp._153%E2%80%93177-5"},{"link_name":"average value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"population variability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population"},{"link_name":"deviation range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"±","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%B1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_2018_pp._79%E2%80%93137-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_2018_pp._79%E2%80%93137-4"},{"link_name":"therapeutic window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_window"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davis_2018_pp._79%E2%80%93137-4"},{"link_name":"dietary supplements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplements"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SANDSTEAD_AU_2007_pp._925%E2%80%93947-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solomons_2003_pp._6272%E2%80%936277-8"}],"text":"In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.[1]By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.[2][3] However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation.[4] AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.[5]Bioavailability of a drug is an average value; to take population variability into account, deviation range is shown as ±.[4] To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.[4] To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow therapeutic window.[4]For dietary supplements, herbs and other nutrients in which the route of administration is nearly always oral, bioavailability generally designates simply the quantity or fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed.[6][7][8]","title":"Bioavailability"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"In pharmacology","text":"Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation.[9]\nIt is denoted by the letter f (or, if expressed in percent, by F).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nutritional science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_science"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srinivasan-11"},{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"area under curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)"}],"sub_title":"In nutritional science","text":"In nutritional science, which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject,[10] resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.[11]In both pharmacology and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the area under curve (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soil pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pH"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"In environmental sciences or science","text":"Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms. It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by microorganisms (due to sorption to or partitioning of otherwise degradable substances into inaccessible phases in the environment). A noteworthy example for agriculture is plant phosphorus deficiency induced by precipitation with iron and aluminum phosphates at low soil pH and precipitation with calcium phosphates at high soil pH.[12] Toxic materials in soil, such as lead from paint may be rendered unavailable to animals ingesting contaminated soil by supplying phosphorus fertilizers in excess.[13] Organic pollutants such as solvents or pesticides[14] may be rendered unavailable to microorganisms and thus persist in the environment when they are adsorbed to soil minerals[15] or partition into hydrophobic organic matter.[16]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUC_IVPO.svg"},{"link_name":"intravenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration"},{"link_name":"oral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_os"},{"link_name":"transdermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection"},{"link_name":"sublingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"pharmacokinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"isotopically labelled drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_labeling"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pharmacodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham_Lappin_2008-20"},{"link_name":"volume of distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_distribution"},{"link_name":"clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham_Lappin_2008-20"}],"text":"Absolute bioavailability is a ratio of areas under the curves. IV, intravenous; PO, oral route. C is plasma concentration (arbitrary units).Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration (i.e., after oral, buccal, ocular, nasal, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual administration), with the bioavailability of the same drug following intravenous administration. It is the fraction of exposure to a drug (AUC) through non-intravenous administration compared with the corresponding intravenous administration of the same drug.[17] The comparison must be dose normalized (e.g., account for different doses or varying weights of the subjects); consequently, the amount absorbed is corrected by dividing the corresponding dose administered.In pharmacology, in order to determine absolute bioavailability of a drug, a pharmacokinetic study must be done to obtain a plasma drug concentration vs time plot for the drug after both intravenous (iv) and extravascular (non-intravenous, i.e., oral) administration. The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered).F\n \n \n a\n b\n s\n \n \n \n =\n 100\n ⋅\n \n \n \n A\n U\n \n C\n \n \n p\n o\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n D\n \n \n i\n v\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n U\n \n C\n \n \n i\n v\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n D\n \n \n p\n o\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\mathrm {abs} }=100\\cdot {\\frac {AUC_{\\mathrm {po} }\\cdot D_{\\mathrm {iv} }}{AUC_{\\mathrm {iv} }\\cdot D_{\\mathrm {po} }}}}Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute bioavailability of 100% (f = 1), whereas drugs given by other routes usually have an absolute bioavailability of less than one.\nIf we compare the two different dosage forms having same active ingredients and compare the two drug bioavailability is called comparative bioavailability.[18]Although knowing the true extent of systemic absorption (referred to as absolute bioavailability) is clearly useful, in practice it is not determined as frequently as one may think. The reason for this is that its assessment requires an intravenous reference; that is, a route of administration that guarantees all of the administered drug reaches systemic circulation. Such studies come at considerable cost, not least of which is the necessity to conduct preclinical toxicity tests to ensure adequate safety, as well as potential problems due to solubility limitations. These limitations may be overcome, however, by administering a very low dose (typically a few micrograms) of an isotopically labelled drug concomitantly with a therapeutic non-isotopically labelled oral dose (the isotopically labelled intravenous dose is sufficiently low so as not to perturb the systemic drug concentrations achieved from the non-labelled oral dose). The intravenous and oral concentrations can then be deconvoluted by virtue of their different isotopic constitution, and can thus be used to determine the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics from the same dose administration. This technique eliminates pharmacokinetic issues with non-equivalent clearance as well as enabling the intravenous dose to be administered with a minimum of toxicology and formulation. The technique was first applied using stable-isotopes such as 13C and mass-spectrometry to distinguish the isotopes by mass difference. More recently, 14C labelled drugs are administered intravenously and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) used to measure the isotopically labelled drug along with mass spectrometry for the unlabelled drug.[19]There is no regulatory requirement to define the intravenous pharmacokinetics or absolute bioavailability however regulatory authorities do sometimes ask for absolute bioavailability information of the extravascular route in cases in which the bioavailability is apparently low or variable and there is a proven relationship between the pharmacodynamics and the pharmacokinetics at therapeutic doses. In all such cases, to conduct an absolute bioavailability study requires that the drug be given intravenously.[20]Intravenous administration of a developmental drug can provide valuable information on the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of volume of distribution (V) and clearance (CL).[20]","title":"Absolute bioavailability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Absolute_bioavailability"},{"link_name":"bioequivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioequivalence"},{"link_name":"confidence interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"[OB]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cnote_OB"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In pharmacology, relative bioavailability measures the bioavailability (estimated as the AUC) of a formulation (A) of a certain drug when compared with another formulation (B) of the same drug, usually an established standard, or through administration via a different route. When the standard consists of intravenously administered drug, this is known as absolute bioavailability (see above).F\n \n \n r\n e\n l\n \n \n \n =\n 100\n ⋅\n \n \n \n A\n U\n \n C\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n D\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n U\n \n C\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n D\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\mathrm {rel} }=100\\cdot {\\frac {AUC_{\\mathrm {A} }\\cdot D_{\\mathrm {B} }}{AUC_{\\mathrm {B} }\\cdot D_{\\mathrm {A} }}}}Relative bioavailability is one of the measures used to assess bioequivalence (BE) between two drug products. For FDA approval, a generic manufacturer must demonstrate that the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the mean responses (usually of AUC and the maximum concentration, Cmax) of its product to that of the \"brand name drug\"[OB] is within the limits of 80% to 125%. Where AUC refers to the concentration of the drug in the blood over time t = 0 to t = ∞, Cmax refers to the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. When Tmax is given, it refers to the time it takes for a drug to reach Cmax.While the mechanisms by which a formulation affects bioavailability and bioequivalence have been extensively studied in drugs, formulation factors that influence bioavailability and bioequivalence in nutritional supplements are largely unknown.[21] As a result, in nutritional sciences, relative bioavailability or bioequivalence is the most common measure of bioavailability, comparing the bioavailability of one formulation of the same dietary ingredient to another.","title":"Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrophobicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobe"},{"link_name":"pKa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant"},{"link_name":"solubility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility"},{"link_name":"modified release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_release_technology"},{"link_name":"fasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting"},{"link_name":"Circadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian"},{"link_name":"antacids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid"},{"link_name":"grapefruit juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_juice"},{"link_name":"pomello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomello"},{"link_name":"cranberry juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_juice"},{"link_name":"brassica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica"},{"link_name":"efflux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_(microbiology)"},{"link_name":"P-glycoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"Enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"Phenytoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin"},{"link_name":"CYP1A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2"},{"link_name":"CYP2C9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9"},{"link_name":"CYP2C19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19"},{"link_name":"CYP3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"Enzyme inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Phenotypic differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype#Phenotypic_variation"},{"link_name":"enterohepatic circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation"},{"link_name":"hepatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic"},{"link_name":"renal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"}],"text":"The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extravascular route, is usually less than one (i.e., F< 100%). Various physiological factors reduce the availability of drugs prior to their entry into the systemic circulation. Whether a drug is taken with or without food will also affect absorption, other drugs taken concurrently may alter absorption and first-pass metabolism, intestinal motility alters the dissolution of the drug and may affect the degree of chemical degradation of the drug by intestinal microflora. Disease states affecting liver metabolism or gastrointestinal function will also have an effect.Other factors may include, but are not limited to:Physical properties of the drug (hydrophobicity, pKa, solubility)\nThe drug formulation (immediate release, excipients used, manufacturing methods, modified release – delayed release, extended release, sustained release, etc.)\nWhether the formulation is administered in a fed or fasted state\nGastric emptying rate\nCircadian differences\nInteractions with other drugs/foods:\nInteractions with other drugs (e.g., antacids, alcohol, nicotine)\nInteractions with other foods (e.g., grapefruit juice, pomello, cranberry juice, brassica vegetables)\nTransporters: Substrate of efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein)\nHealth of the gastrointestinal tract\nEnzyme induction/inhibition by other drugs/foods:\nEnzyme induction (increased rate of metabolism), e.g., Phenytoin induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4\nEnzyme inhibition (decreased rate of metabolism), e.g., grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A → higher nifedipine concentrations\nIndividual variation in metabolic differences\nAge: In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal, and geriatric populations\nPhenotypic differences, enterohepatic circulation, diet, gender\nDisease state\nE.g., hepatic insufficiency, poor renal functionEach of these factors may vary from patient to patient (inter-individual variation), and indeed in the same patient over time (intra-individual variation). In clinical trials, inter-individual variation is a critical measurement used to assess the bioavailability differences from patient to patient in order to ensure predictable dosing.","title":"Factors influencing bioavailability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_TH"},{"link_name":"theophylline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schuppan1981-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_OB"},{"link_name":"generic drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug"},{"link_name":"Abbreviated New Drug Application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviated_New_Drug_Application"},{"link_name":"Orange Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approved_Drug_Products_with_Therapeutic_Equivalence_Evaluations"}],"text":"^ TH: One of the few exceptions where a drug shows F of over 100% is theophylline. If administered as an oral solution F is 111%, since the drug is completely absorbed and first-pass metabolism in the lung after intravenous administration is bypassed.[22]\n^ OB: Reference listed drug products (i.e., innovator's) as well as generic drug products that have been approved based on an Abbreviated New Drug Application are given in FDA's Orange Book.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7817-5009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5009-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8247-8484-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8484-3"},{"link_name":"Pigeot, Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Pigeot"},{"link_name":"\"Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-470-09475-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-09475-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58488-668-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-668-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"medicinal chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"ADME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME"},{"link_name":"Bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chemogenomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemogenomics"},{"link_name":"Drug class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class"},{"link_name":"Drug delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_delivery"},{"link_name":"Drug design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design"},{"link_name":"Drug development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_development"},{"link_name":"Drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"Drug targeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_drug_delivery"},{"link_name":"Enzyme inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Ligand efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_efficiency"},{"link_name":"Lipinski's rule of five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipinski%27s_rule_of_five"},{"link_name":"Lipophilic efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilic_efficiency"},{"link_name":"Mechanism of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action"},{"link_name":"Mode of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_action"},{"link_name":"New chemical entity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_chemical_entity"},{"link_name":"Pharmacodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacophore"},{"link_name":"Quantitative structure–activity relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Ligand (biochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"Endogenous agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_agonist"},{"link_name":"Irreversible agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversible_agonist"},{"link_name":"Partial agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_agonist"},{"link_name":"Superagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superagonist"},{"link_name":"Physiological agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism"},{"link_name":"Antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"Competitive antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_antagonist"},{"link_name":"Irreversible antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversible_antagonist"},{"link_name":"Physiological antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism"},{"link_name":"Inverse agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist"},{"link_name":"Enzyme inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"Neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"Agonist-antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist-antagonist"},{"link_name":"Pharmacophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacophore"},{"link_name":"Pharmacodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics"},{"link_name":"Mechanism of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action"},{"link_name":"Mode of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_action"},{"link_name":"Binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_binding"},{"link_name":"Receptor (biochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Desensitization (medicine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desensitization_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"Functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_selectivity"},{"link_name":"Pleiotropy (drugs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy_(drugs)"},{"link_name":"Non-specific effect of vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines"},{"link_name":"Adverse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"Toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity"},{"link_name":"Neurotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicity"},{"link_name":"Dose–response relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship"},{"link_name":"Hill equation (biochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Schild plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schild_plot"},{"link_name":"Del Castillo Katz model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Castillo_Katz_model"},{"link_name":"Cheng-Prussoff Equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-Prussoff_Equation"},{"link_name":"Organ bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_bath"},{"link_name":"Ligand binding assay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding_assay"},{"link_name":"Patch clamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp"},{"link_name":"Efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy#Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Intrinsic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_activity"},{"link_name":"Potency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"EC50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC50"},{"link_name":"IC50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC50"},{"link_name":"ED50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"TD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_toxic_dose"},{"link_name":"Therapeutic index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index"},{"link_name":"Affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding"},{"link_name":"Pharmacokinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics"},{"link_name":"Loading dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_dose"},{"link_name":"Volume of distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_distribution"},{"link_name":"Initial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_volume_of_distribution"},{"link_name":"Rate of infusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_infusion"},{"link_name":"Onset of action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onset_of_action"},{"link_name":"Biological half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life"},{"link_name":"Plasma protein binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding"},{"link_name":"Bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"(L)ADME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"Absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"Metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism"},{"link_name":"Excretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion"},{"link_name":"Clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"Compartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_(pharmacokinetics)"},{"link_name":"Bioequivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioequivalence"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Neuropsychopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"link_name":"Neuropharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacology"},{"link_name":"Psychopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacology"},{"link_name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Clinical pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"Medicinal chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Pharmacoepidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology"},{"link_name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacoinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacoinformatics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenetics"},{"link_name":"Pharmacogenomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics"},{"link_name":"Toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacotoxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacotoxicology"},{"link_name":"Neurotoxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxicology"},{"link_name":"Drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"Classical pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Reverse pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Photopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photopharmacology"},{"link_name":"Immunopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunopharmacology"},{"link_name":"Cell biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"Coinduction (anesthetics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinduction_(anesthetics)"},{"link_name":"Combination therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_therapy"},{"link_name":"Functional analog (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Polypharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypharmacology"},{"link_name":"Chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"Lists of drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_drugs"},{"link_name":"WHO list of essential medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_list_of_essential_medicines"},{"link_name":"Drug tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tolerance"},{"link_name":"Tachyphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyphylaxis"},{"link_name":"Drug resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance"},{"link_name":"Antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance"},{"link_name":"Multiple drug resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance"},{"link_name":"Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_pharmacodynamics"},{"link_name":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration"},{"link_name":"Bacteriostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent"},{"link_name":"Minimum bactericidal concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_bactericidal_concentration"},{"link_name":"Bactericide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactericide"}],"text":"Rowland, Malcolm; Tozer, N. (2010). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-5009-7.\nWelling, Peter G.; Tse, Francis L. S.; Dighe, Shrikant V. (1991). Pharmaceutical Bioequivalence. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 48. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8484-3.\nHauschke, Dieter; Steinijans, Volker; Pigeot, Iris (2007). \"Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies\". Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications. Statistics in Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-0-470-09475-4. Retrieved 21 April 2011.\nChow, Shein-Chung; Liu, Jen-pei (15 October 2008). Design and Analysis of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies. Biostatistics Series. Vol. 27 (3rd ed.). FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-58488-668-6.vteTopics in medicinal chemistry\nADME\nBioavailability\nChemogenomics\nDrug class\nDrug delivery\nDrug design\nDrug development\nDrug discovery\nDrug targeting\nEnzyme inhibitor\nLigand efficiency\nLipinski's rule of five\nLipophilic efficiency\nMechanism of action\nMode of action\nNew chemical entity\nPharmacodynamics\nPharmacokinetics\nPharmacology\nPharmacophore\nQuantitative structure–activity relationshipvtePharmacologyLigand (biochemistry)Excitatory\nAgonist\nEndogenous agonist\nIrreversible agonist\nPartial agonist\nSuperagonist\nPhysiological agonist\n\n Inhibitory\nAntagonist\nCompetitive antagonist\nIrreversible antagonist\nPhysiological antagonist\nInverse agonist\nEnzyme inhibitor\n\nDrug\nNeurotransmitter\nAgonist-antagonist\nPharmacophorePharmacodynamicsActivity at receptor\nMechanism of action\nMode of action\nBinding\nReceptor (biochemistry)\nDesensitization (medicine)\n\n Other effects of ligand\nSelectivity (Binding, Functional)\nPleiotropy (drugs)\nNon-specific effect of vaccines\nAdverse effect\nToxicity (Neurotoxicity)\n\n Analysis\nDose–response relationship\nHill equation (biochemistry)\nSchild plot\nDel Castillo Katz model\nCheng-Prussoff Equation\nMethods (Organ bath, Ligand binding assay, Patch clamp)\n\n Metrics\nEfficacy\nIntrinsic activity\nPotency (EC50, IC50, ED50, LD50, TD50)\nTherapeutic index\nAffinity\nPharmacokineticsMetrics\nLoading dose\nVolume of distribution (Initial)\nRate of infusion\nOnset of action\nBiological half-life\nPlasma protein binding\nBioavailability\n\n LADME\n(L)ADME: (Liberation)\nAbsorption\nDistribution\nMetabolism\nExcretion (Clearance)\n\nCompartment\nBioequivalenceRelated fieldsNeuroscience and psychology\nNeuropsychopharmacology\nNeuropharmacology\nPsychopharmacology\nElectrophysiology\n\n Medicine\nClinical pharmacology\nPharmacy\nMedicinal chemistry\nPharmacoepidemiology\n\n Biochemistry and genetics\nPharmacoinformatics\nPharmacogenetics\nPharmacogenomics\n\n Toxicology\nPharmacotoxicology\nNeurotoxicology\n\n Drug discovery\nClassical pharmacology\nReverse pharmacology\n\nPhotopharmacology\nImmunopharmacology\nCell biology\nPhysiologyOther\nCoinduction (anesthetics)\nCombination therapy\nFunctional analog (chemistry)\nPolypharmacology\nChemotherapy\nLists of drugs\nWHO list of essential medicines\n Tolerance and resistance\nDrug tolerance\nTachyphylaxis\nDrug resistance\nAntibiotic resistance\nMultiple drug resistance\n\n Antimicrobial pharmacology\nAntimicrobial pharmacodynamics\nMinimum inhibitory concentration\nBacteriostatic\nMinimum bactericidal concentration\nBactericide","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Absolute bioavailability is a ratio of areas under the curves. IV, intravenous; PO, oral route. C is plasma concentration (arbitrary units).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AUC_IVPO.svg/220px-AUC_IVPO.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"ADME-Tox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADME-Tox"},{"title":"Biopharmaceutics Classification System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutics_Classification_System"},{"title":"Caco-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caco-2"},{"title":"Lipinski's Rule of 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipinski%27s_Rule_of_5"}] | [{"reference":"Hebert, Mary F. (2013). \"Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications\". Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy. Elsevier. pp. 17–39. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9. ISBN 978-0-12-386007-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386007-1","url_text":"978-0-12-386007-1"}]},{"reference":"Griffin, J. P. (7 December 2009). The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine (6th ed.). Jersey: BMJ Books. ISBN 978-1-4051-8035-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8035-1","url_text":"978-1-4051-8035-1"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Edward (2007). \"Pharmacokinetic Parameters\". xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Elsevier. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0. ISBN 978-0-08-055232-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-008055232-3.60034-0","url_text":"10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055232-3","url_text":"978-0-08-055232-3"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Jennifer L. (2018). \"Pharmacologic Principles\". Equine Internal Medicine. Elsevier. pp. 79–137. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4. ISBN 978-0-323-44329-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-44329-6","url_text":"978-0-323-44329-6"}]},{"reference":"Johanson, G. (2010). \"Modeling of Disposition\". Comprehensive Toxicology. Elsevier. pp. 153–177. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1. ISBN 978-0-08-046884-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-046884-6","url_text":"978-0-08-046884-6"}]},{"reference":"Heaney, Robert P. (2001). \"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4): 1344S–8S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S. PMID 11285351.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","url_text":"\"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","url_text":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285351","url_text":"11285351"}]},{"reference":"SANDSTEAD, HAROLD H.; AU, WILLIAM (2007). \"Zinc**Dr. Carl-Gustaf Elinder was the author of this chapter in the 2nd edition of the Handbook on Toxicology of Metals; his text provided guidance.\". Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Elsevier. pp. 925–947. doi:10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6. ISBN 978-0-12-369413-3. Bioavailability is the major factor affecting dietary requirements (Sandstrom, 1997). Flesh foods facilitate bioavailability, although indigestible Zn-binding ligands decrease bioavailability (Mills, 1985).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012369413-3%2F50102-6","url_text":"10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369413-3","url_text":"978-0-12-369413-3"}]},{"reference":"Solomons, N.W. (2003). \"ZINC | Physiology\". Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. Elsevier. pp. 6272–6277. doi:10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2. ISBN 978-0-12-227055-0. Bioavailability strictly refers to both the uptake and metabolic utilization of a nutrient.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-12-227055-x%2F01309-2","url_text":"10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227055-0","url_text":"978-0-12-227055-0"}]},{"reference":"Shargel, L.; Yu, A. B. (1999). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-0278-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4","url_text":"Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-0278-5","url_text":"978-0-8385-0278-5"}]},{"reference":"Heaney, Robert P. (2001). \"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1344–1348S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S. PMID 11285351.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","url_text":"\"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","url_text":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285351","url_text":"11285351"}]},{"reference":"Srinivasan, V. Srini (2001). \"Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products\". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1349–1350S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S. PMID 11285352.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1349S","url_text":"\"Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1349S","url_text":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285352","url_text":"11285352"}]},{"reference":"Hinsinger, Philippe (2001). \"Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review\". Plant and Soil. 237 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1023/A:1013351617532. S2CID 8562338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1013351617532","url_text":"10.1023/A:1013351617532"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8562338","url_text":"8562338"}]},{"reference":"Ma, Qi-Ying; Traina, Samuel J.; Logan, Terry J.; Ryan, James A. (1993). \"In situ lead immobilization by apatite\". Environmental Science & Technology. 27 (9): 1803–1810. Bibcode:1993EnST...27.1803M. doi:10.1021/es00046a007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993EnST...27.1803M","url_text":"1993EnST...27.1803M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes00046a007","url_text":"10.1021/es00046a007"}]},{"reference":"Sims, G.K.; Radosevich, M.; He, X.-T.; Traina, S. J. (1991). \"The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides\". In Betts, W. B. (ed.). Biodegradation of Natural and Synthetic Materials. London: Springer. pp. 119–137.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Loughlin, Edward J.; Traina, Samuel J.; Sims, Gerald K. (2000). \"Effects of sorption on the biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous suspensions of reference clay minerals\". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 19 (9): 2168–2174. doi:10.1002/etc.5620190904. S2CID 98654832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fetc.5620190904","url_text":"10.1002/etc.5620190904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98654832","url_text":"98654832"}]},{"reference":"Sims, Gerald K.; Cupples, Alison M. (1999). \"Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil\". Pesticide Science. 55 (5): 598–601. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9063%28199905%2955%3A5%3C598%3A%3AAID-PS962%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N"}]},{"reference":"Guilding, Clare (2023). \"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology A global initiative\". British Journal of Pharmacology. 180 (9): 375–392. doi:10.1111/bph.16222. hdl:2440/139693. PMID 37605852. S2CID 261062472.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.16222","url_text":"\"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology A global initiative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.16222","url_text":"10.1111/bph.16222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F139693","url_text":"2440/139693"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37605852","url_text":"37605852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261062472","url_text":"261062472"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Shein-Chung (July 2014). \"Bioavailability and bioequivalence in drug development: BABE in drug development\". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 6 (4): 304–312. doi:10.1002/wics.1310. PMC 4157693. PMID 25215170.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157693","url_text":"\"Bioavailability and bioequivalence in drug development: BABE in drug development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwics.1310","url_text":"10.1002/wics.1310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157693","url_text":"4157693"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25215170","url_text":"25215170"}]},{"reference":"Lappin, Graham; Rowland, Malcolm; Garner, R. Colin (2006). \"The use of isotopes in the determination of absolute bioavailability of drugs in humans\". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 2 (3): 419–427. doi:10.1517/17425255.2.3.419. PMID 16863443. S2CID 2383402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425255.2.3.419","url_text":"10.1517/17425255.2.3.419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16863443","url_text":"16863443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2383402","url_text":"2383402"}]},{"reference":"Lappin, Graham; Stevens, Lloyd (2008). \"Biomedical accelerator mass spectrometry: Recent applications in metabolism and pharmacokinetics\". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 4 (8): 1021–1033. doi:10.1517/17425255.4.8.1021. PMID 18680438. S2CID 95122610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425255.4.8.1021","url_text":"10.1517/17425255.4.8.1021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18680438","url_text":"18680438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95122610","url_text":"95122610"}]},{"reference":"Hoag, Stephen W.; Hussain, Ajaz S. (2001). \"The Impact of Formulation on Bioavailability: Summary of Workshop Discussion\". The Journal of Nutrition. 131 (4 Suppl): 1389–1391S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.4.1389S. PMID 11285360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1389S","url_text":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1389S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285360","url_text":"11285360"}]},{"reference":"Schuppan, D.; Molz, K. H.; Staib, A. H.; Rietbrock, N. (1981). \"Bioavailability of theophylline from a sustained-release aminophylline formulation (Euphyllin retard tablets) – plasma levels after single and multiple oral doses\". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 19 (5): 223–227. PMID 7251238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7251238","url_text":"7251238"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Malcolm; Tozer, N. (2010). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications (4 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-5009-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5009-7","url_text":"978-0-7817-5009-7"}]},{"reference":"Welling, Peter G.; Tse, Francis L. S.; Dighe, Shrikant V. (1991). Pharmaceutical Bioequivalence. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 48. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8484-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8484-3","url_text":"978-0-8247-8484-3"}]},{"reference":"Hauschke, Dieter; Steinijans, Volker; Pigeot, Iris (2007). \"Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies\". Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications. Statistics in Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-0-470-09475-4. Retrieved 21 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Pigeot","url_text":"Pigeot, Iris"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC","url_text":"Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-09475-4","url_text":"978-0-470-09475-4"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Shein-Chung; Liu, Jen-pei (15 October 2008). Design and Analysis of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies. Biostatistics Series. Vol. 27 (3rd ed.). FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-58488-668-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-668-6","url_text":"978-1-58488-668-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-008055232-3.60034-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","external_links_name":"\"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","external_links_name":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285351","external_links_name":"11285351"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012369413-3%2F50102-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-12-227055-x%2F01309-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4","external_links_name":"Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","external_links_name":"\"Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1344S","external_links_name":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285351","external_links_name":"11285351"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1349S","external_links_name":"\"Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1349S","external_links_name":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285352","external_links_name":"11285352"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1013351617532","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1013351617532"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8562338","external_links_name":"8562338"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993EnST...27.1803M","external_links_name":"1993EnST...27.1803M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes00046a007","external_links_name":"10.1021/es00046a007"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fetc.5620190904","external_links_name":"10.1002/etc.5620190904"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98654832","external_links_name":"98654832"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9063%28199905%2955%3A5%3C598%3A%3AAID-PS962%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N","external_links_name":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.16222","external_links_name":"\"Defining and unpacking the core concepts of pharmacology A global initiative\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.16222","external_links_name":"10.1111/bph.16222"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F139693","external_links_name":"2440/139693"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37605852","external_links_name":"37605852"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261062472","external_links_name":"261062472"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157693","external_links_name":"\"Bioavailability and bioequivalence in drug development: BABE in drug development\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwics.1310","external_links_name":"10.1002/wics.1310"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157693","external_links_name":"4157693"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25215170","external_links_name":"25215170"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425255.2.3.419","external_links_name":"10.1517/17425255.2.3.419"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16863443","external_links_name":"16863443"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2383402","external_links_name":"2383402"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1517%2F17425255.4.8.1021","external_links_name":"10.1517/17425255.4.8.1021"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18680438","external_links_name":"18680438"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95122610","external_links_name":"95122610"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F131.4.1389S","external_links_name":"10.1093/jn/131.4.1389S"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285360","external_links_name":"11285360"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7251238","external_links_name":"7251238"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"Metrics to characterize concentration-time profiles in single- and multiple-dose bioequivalence studies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVOOyubcXqwC","external_links_name":"Bioequivalence Studies in Drug Development: Methods and Applications"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank | SoftBank Group | ["1 History","1.1 Founding and early years","1.2 1995–2009 expansion","1.3 2010–2016 acquisitions","1.4 2017–2018","1.5 2019–2021","1.6 2022–present","2 Institutional ownership","2.1 2020","2.2 2022","3 Business units","3.1 SoftBank Corp.","3.2 J-PHONE","3.3 Vodafone","3.4 SoftBank Mobile","3.5 Technology","3.6 Timeline","3.7 Gallery","4 Marketing","4.1 Sponsorship","5 Baby bonus","6 Vision fund investments","7 SoftBank Ventures Asia","8 See also","9 References","10 Additional sources","11 External links"] | Japanese investment holding company
"SoftBank" redirects here. For the venture capital fund, see SoftBank Vision Fund. For the Japanese professional baseball team, see Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.
SoftBank Group Corp.Headquarters in Kaigan, Minato, TokyoNative nameソフトバンクグループ株式会社Romanized nameSofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaishaCompany typePublic KKTraded as
TYO: 9984
TOPIX Core30 component
Nikkei 225 component
ISINJP3436100006IndustryConglomerateFounded3 September 1981; 42 years ago (1981-09-03)FounderMasayoshi SonHeadquartersTokyo PortCity Takeshiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleMasayoshi Son(Chairman and CEO)ProductsInvestmentTelecommunicationsInternet serviceInternet of ThingsArtificial IntelligenceRoboticsE-commerceRevenue ¥6.57 trillion (2022)Operating income ¥−469.13 billion (2022)Net income ¥−789.8 billion (2022)AUM ¥79.24 billion (2022)Total assets ¥43.94 trillion (2022)Total equity ¥10.65 trillion (2022)OwnerMasayoshi Son (29.16%)Number of employees 63,339 (2022)Subsidiaries
SoftBank Group Capital Limited
SoftBank Group Japan
SB Pan Pacific Corporation
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
SB Investment Advisers (UK)
SB Global Advisers
SB Energy
WeWork 45% 2023-2024 present
ASN17676
Websitegroup.softbank
SoftBank Group Corp. (ソフトバンクグループ株式会社, SofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational investment holding company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo which focuses on investment management. The group primarily invests in companies operating in technology that offer goods and services to customers in a multitude of markets and industries ranging from the internet to automation. With over $100 billion in capital at its onset, SoftBank's Vision Fund is the world's largest technology-focused venture capital fund. Fund investors included sovereign wealth funds from countries in the Middle East.
The company is known for the leadership of its controversial founder and largest shareholder Masayoshi Son. Its investee companies, subsidiaries and divisions, including several unprofitable unicorns, operate in robotics, artificial intelligence, software, logistics, transportation, biotechnology, robotic process automation, proptech, real estate, hospitality, broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, information technology, finance, media and marketing, and other areas. Among its most internationally recognizable current stockholdings are stakes in Arm (semiconductors), Alibaba (e-commerce), OYO Rooms (hospitality), WeWork (coworking) and Deutsche Telekom (telecommunications). SoftBank Corporation, its spun-out affiliate and former flagship business, is the third-largest wireless carrier in Japan, with 45.621 million subscribers as of March 2021. Poor investment decisions of Masayoshi Son’s SoftBank Group led to a panoply of losing investments across the history of the company.
SoftBank was ranked in the 2017 Forbes Global 2000 list as the 36th largest public company in the world and the second-largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota.
The logo of SoftBank is based on the flag of the Kaientai, a naval trading company founded in 1865, near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, by Sakamoto Ryōma.
Although SoftBank does not affiliate itself to any traditional keiretsu, it has close ties with Mizuho Financial Group, its primary lender.
History
Founding and early years
SoftBank was founded in September 1981 as SOFTBANK Corp by then-24-year-old Masayoshi Son, initially as a software distributor. The company entered the publishing business in May 1982 with the launches of the Oh! PC and Oh! MZ magazines, about NEC and Sharp computers respectively. Oh!PC had a circulation of 140,000 copies by 1989. It would go on to become Japan's largest publisher of computer and technology magazines and trade shows.
In 1994, the company went public, valued at $3 billion. In September 1995, SoftBank agreed to purchase US-based Ziff Davis publishing for $2.1 billion.
1995–2009 expansion
In the 1990s, Son made large investments in Internet services and the so-called new economy in general. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group on 1 April 1995 for $800 million and ZDI on 29 February 1996. SoftBank sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001. In 1996, SoftBank formed a joint venture with American internet company Yahoo!, creating Yahoo! Japan, which would become a dominant site in the country.
In another highly publicized investment, SoftBank bought 80% of memory manufacturers Kingston Technology in 1996. When the owners-founders (John Tu and David Sun) announced plans to distribute $100,000,000 of the $1.5B windfall to Kingston employees, it created a very high-profile media stir that lasted well through the 1996 Christmas season; it was on all US networks, as well as international media. A few years later, in 1999, after the market for memory softened substantially, SoftBank sold the company back at a loss to the original owners for about a third of the original price.
In October 1999, SoftBank became a holding company. In 2000, SoftBank made its most successful investment – $20 million to a then-fledgling Chinese Internet venture called Alibaba. This investment turned into $60 billion when Alibaba went public in September 2014.
In February 2000, SoftBank Ventures Asia was founded under the leadership of Masayoshi Son to focus on investment in Korean-based Internet companies.SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
On 28 January 2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball team. On 17 March 2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japan's $78 billion mobile markets. In April 2006, SoftBank purchased a 23% stake in Betfair, an Internet betting exchange. In August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBI's holding company, making SBI independent. On 1 October 2006, Vodafone Japan changed its corporate name and service brand name to "SoftBank Mobile" and "SoftBank" respectively.
On 28 January 2008, it was announced that SoftBank and Tiffany & Co. collaborated in making a limited 10 model-only phone. This phone contains more than 400 platinum diamonds, totaling more than 20 carats. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen.
2010–2016 acquisitions
On 3 February 2010, SoftBank acquired 13.7% in Ustream. On 1 October 2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson.
On 3 October 2012, the takeover of competitor eAccess was announced. On 1 July 2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom was a wholly-owned subsidiary, after the termination of rehabilitation proceedings. eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo! Japan, Ymobile Corporation.
On 15 October 2012, SoftBank announced plans to take control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion. On 6 July 2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank's acquisition for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint. On 6 August 2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, increasing its ownership stake to 80%.
SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the Tanabata
In October 2013, SoftBank acquired a 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. Later on 25 October 2014, they invested $210 million in OlaCabs, $627 million in Snapdeal with a 30% stake in the company on 28 October 2014, and a $100 million investment in Housing.com for a 30% stake in November 2014.
In 2013, the company bought a controlling stake in French company Aldebaran Robotics, which was rebranded SoftBank Robotics. In 2014, teams from both companies co-designed Pepper, a humanoid robot. In 2015, SoftBank increased its stake to 95%.
In 2015, SoftBank acquired DramaFever. In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, a former Google executive, as Representative Director and President of SoftBank. Arora had been heading SoftBank's investment arm. On 1 June 2015, SoftBank acquired an additional 22.7% stake in Supercell, increasing its total stake to 73.2% and becoming the sole external shareholder of the company. In June 2015, SoftBank announced it would invest US$1 billion in the Korean e-commerce website Coupang as part of its overseas expansion plans.
In July 2015, SoftBank announced the renaming of the company from SoftBank Corp to SoftBank Group Corp. Meanwhile, SoftBank Mobile was renamed to SoftBank Corp, the now-former name of the company as a whole. On 16 February 2016, SoftBank announced they would repurchase a record 14.2% of shares, valued at $4.4bn, to boost investor confidence. On 31 March 2016, they announced they would sell shares worth $7.9 billion of their stake in Alibaba Group. On 21 June 2016, SoftBank sold its 84% stake in Supercell for a reported US$7.3 billion to Tencent. On 3 June 2016, Softbank agreed to sell most of its stake in GungHo Online Entertainment (approximately 23.47%) for about $685 million, ending Softbank's majority ownership. The offer was completed by 22 June.
In June 2016, Nikesh Arora stepped down amidst pressure from investors. Board member Ron Fisher and Baer Capital Partners founder Alok Sama undertook Arora's overseas investment duties. One month later, Son announced the company's largest deal ever to buy British chip designer Arm Holdings for more than US$32 billion. This acquisition was completed on 5 September 2016.
On 6 December 2016, after meeting with the then United States President-elect Donald Trump, chief executive Masayoshi Son announced SoftBank would be investing US$50 billion in the United States toward businesses creating 50,000 new jobs.
2017–2018
On 30 January 2017, the Wall Street Journal wrote that SoftBank Group was "weighing an investment of well over $1 billion in shared-office space company WeWork, in what could be among the first deals from its new $100 billion technology fund." On 20 March, SoftBank bought a $300m stake in WeWork. On 14 February 2017, SoftBank Group agreed to buy Fortress Investment Group LLC for $3.3 billion. In February 2017, it was announced that Social Finance Inc. was close to raising $500 million from an investor group led by Silver Lake, including Softbank. On 28 March 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that SoftBank Group Corporation had approached Didi Chuxing Technology Co. about investing $6 billion to help the ride-hailing firm expand in self-driving car technologies, with the bulk of the money to come from SoftBank's planned $100 billion Vision Fund.
On 18 May 2017, it was reported that Softbank had completed its single largest investment in India to date, investing $1.4 billion in Paytm. At the time, Softbank was also working on a takeover of Snapdeal by Flipkart. On 10 August 2017, Softbank invested $2.5 billion in Flipkart.
On 27 May 2017, Softbank and the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF), the kingdom's main sovereign wealth fund, partnered to create the Softbank Vision Fund, the world's largest private equity fund with a capital of $93 billion. Softbank Group contributed $28 billion to the investment fund, of which $8.2 billion came from the sale of approximately 25% of British multinational Arm Holdings shares. Saudi Arabia is the principal investor in the fund, its Public Investment Fund (PIF) agreed to inject $45 billion into the Vision Fund over 5 years, becoming its largest investor. Other investors include Apple, Qualcomm, Arm, Foxconn, Sharp, Larry Ellison and Mubadala. The latter agreed to invest $15 billion dollars in the fund, targeting artificial intelligence, communications infrastructure, financial technology, consumer internet, mobile computing and robotics. Through Softbank Vision Fund, CEO Masayoshi Son explained his intent to invest in all companies developing technologies emphasizing global artificial intelligence, including sectors such as finance or transportation. In July 2019, SoftBank announced creating of a "Vision Fund 2", excluding participation from the Saudi Arabia government and including investors Apple, Foxconn, Microsoft and others. The fund is reported to focus on AI-based technology and invest approximately $108 billion, including $38 billion of its own funds. In February 2020, however, a report from Wall Street Journal stated the fund would only up with less than half of that capital.
On 8 June 2017, Alphabet Inc. announced the sale of Boston Dynamics (robotics companies whose products include BigDog) to SoftBank Group for an undisclosed sum. On 25 August 2017, SoftBank finalized a $4.4 billion investment in WeWork. On 24 October 2017, Son announced the group would collaborate with Saudi Arabia to develop Neom, the new high-tech business and industrial city of the Saudi Kingdom. On 14 November 2017, Softbank agreed to invest $10 billion into Uber. On 29 December 2017, it was reported that a SoftBank-led consortium had invested $9 billion into Uber. The deal, to close in January 2018, would leave SoftBank as Uber's biggest shareholder, with a 15 percent stake. The deal was secured after Uber shareholders voted to "sell their shares to the Japanese conglomerate at a discounted price." Beyond SoftBank, consortium members included Dragoneer, Tencent, TPG and Sequoia.
On 14 January 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund announced to invest $560 million in the German used-car sales portal Auto1. On 1 March 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund led a $535 million investment in DoorDash. In May 2018, CEO Masayoshi Son revealed during an earnings presentation that Walmart had reached a deal to buy Flipkart. On 27 September 2018, Softbank announced the investment of $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor.
In September 2018, Saudi government officials announced that a planned $200 billion project with SoftBank Group to build the world's biggest solar-power-generation project would be put on hold. In November 2018, SoftBank announced it would make an IPO of SoftBank Corp., the telecommunications operator, with the cost of share of $13.22 (which is 1,500 yen). The offer of the shares was going to last for a month. Regarding the number of shares, the total value of SoftBank Corp. will reach $21.15 billion, which would be the second-largest IPO ever made.
In December 2018, SoftBank invested in ParkJockey. The startup attempts to monetize parking lots. After the investment round, general valuation of the ParkJourney reached $1 billion.
In December 2018, SoftBank announced its intention to invest $1 billion on ride-hailing startup Grab. Some sources said that the total amount of investment could reach $1.5 billion.
2019–2021
On 25 September 2019, Softbank Robotics launched Whiz robotic vacuum cleaner in Singapore.
In September 2019, WeWork's IPO was canceled.
In December 2019, Softbank sold its interest in dog-walking startup Wag at a loss. Tadashi Yanai, Fast Retailing's CEO and Japan's richest man at the time, left the board after 18 years.
In January 2020, multiple Softbank-funded startups started cutting their staff, including Getaround, Oyo, Rappi, Katerra and Zume. In February 2020, Elliott Management, an activist hedge fund, bought a $2.5 billion stake in Softbank and pushed for restructuring and more transparency, especially regarding its Vision Fund. Consequently, plans for a second Vision Fund were pushed back.
In November 2019, it was announced that Line Corp. and Z Holdings were going to be a new subsidiary under Naver Corporation and SoftBank Group, their respective owners. The closing was delayed until March 2021 due to COVID-19.
In March 2020, SoftBank announced that it was launching an emergency ¥4.5tn ($41bn) asset sale to fund a share buyback and debt reduction. The effort was initiated by Son in order to stem a collapse in the company’s share price due to the pandemic, "This programme will be the largest share buyback and will result in the largest increase in cash balance in the history of SBG , reflecting the firm and unwavering confidence we have in our business.". After the programme was unveiled, Softbank share price rose almost 19%. The program included a plan to repurchase ¥2tn of its shares in addition to the ¥500bn buyback it promised 10 days prior. Combined, SoftBank would be repurchasing 45% of its stock.
On 1 April 2020, Sprint completed its merger with T-Mobile US, which was majority-owned by Deutsche Telekom, leaving T-Mobile the parent company. The merger also led to Softbank holding 24% of the new T-Mobile's shares, while 43% of shares are held by Deutsche Telekom. The remaining 33% will be held by others. In May 2020, Alibaba's co-founder and former CEO Jack Ma resigned from the board.
In July 2020, SoftBank announced that it is considering to sell or IPO British chip designer Arm Holdings, which has been in a feud with the Chinese over control of its local subsidiary, but it did not have the majority ownership due to a decision made by Softbank to sell off the stake to the local partner. For Q2 of 2020, the company revenues were $12 billion. The firm announced that it would be arranging a new fund worth $555 million. The fund will be used to invest in various companies, including Amazon, Apple and Facebook.
In September 2020, SoftBank Vision Fund 2 led a $100 million Series C round in Biofourmis. Also in September 2020, Softbank was identified as the Nasdaq whale where it bought stock options valued in the billions, betting on higher prices for the biggest technology companies. That month SoftBank sold Brightstar Corporation to Brightstar Capital Partners for an undisclosed amount.
American chip designing company Nvidia announced plans on 13 September 2020 to acquire ARM from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US $40 billion in stock and cash. This would become the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group would retain a 10% share in the company while ARM would maintain its headquarters in Cambridge. But this deal collapsed due to regulatory hurdles.
In December 2020, Hyundai Motor Group acquired an 80% stake of Boston Dynamics from SoftBank for approximately $880 million. SoftBank retains about 20% through an affiliate.
In January 2021, SoftBank sold $2 billion in Uber Technologies shares through affiliate firm SB Cayman.
In March 2021, SoftBank made a record $36.99 billion profit from its Vision Fund unit and investment gains via the public market debut of Coupang. SoftBank Group's net profit was $45.88 billion (¥4.99 trillion). It was the largest recorded annual profit by a Japanese company in history. The same month, Softbank's Vision Fund 2 announced investment in the eToro SPAC merger PIPE funding of $650 million.
In April 2021 Softbank announced plans to acquire a 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion and in July 2021 it announced it would invest $870 million in the Korean hotel booking platform Yanolja.
In May 2021, Softbank stated it would sell SB Energy India, to Adani Green Energy, valuing the unit at $3.5 billion. The sale is speculated to mark a shift in the company's trajectory, moving away from investments in solar energy towards companies dealing with artificial intelligence. Later that month, Bloomberg reported, Vision Fund could go public via a $300 million SPAC in 2021, listing in Amsterdam.
In July 2021, Softbank announced that it would acquire the Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion.
In August 2021, Son said he would begin to make personal investments alongside Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2.
In September 2021, Softbank agreed to sell most of its shares in T-Mobile US to Deutsche Telekom in exchange for a 4.5% stake in the latter.
2022–present
In August 2022, Softbank said that it sold its entire Uber holdings in April–July 2022. It was also reported that Softbank exited Opendoor in that quarter. Five years after Masayoshi Son’s $100 billion fund entered the financial world to much fanfare, Softbank’s venture firm was crumbling and on the verge of collapse. Its large venture vehicles struggled badly, performing in the bottom of the asset class, and many of Son’s closest associates in the effort had departed from the company.
In February 2023, Toyota Tsusho announced that it had bought the controlling interest in SB Energy, which would become a subsidiary, alongside Toyota Tsusho subsidiary Eurus Energy.
In April 2023, SoftBank Group Corp. announced it was selling to a Singapore-based company run by Masayoshi Son’s youngest brother its Korea-based early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia Corp. after suffering billions of dollars in losses from failed startup bets.
In May 2023, the SoftBank Group announced that losses from the SoftBank Vision Fund had widened 70 percent to a record $32 billion from a year ago. In another divestiture of assets, SoftBank Group also sold the stake in Fortress Investment Group to Mubadala and Fortress' management.
SoftBank Group's Arm filed for an IPO on 21 August 2023 on the Nasdaq. A few days earlier, SoftBank bought back the 25% stake from Vision Fund for around $16 billion, valuing Arm at over $64 billion. Arm went public on 14 September 2023 raising $4.87 billion at a $54.5 billion valuation, with SoftBank continuing to own 90.6% of the company following the offering.
In December 2023, telecommunication and networking company SoftBank Corp, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp, paid 513 million dollars for a controlling stake in Irish technology company Cubic Telecom, in a deal that will net the company’s founders and its private backers a multimillion-euro payout.
Institutional ownership
2020
As of 30 September 2020, SoftBank ownership is as follows:
Masayoshi Son (21.25%)
The Master Trust Bank of Japan investment trusts (10.25%)
Japan Trustee Services Bank main investment trusts (5.87%)
JPMorgan Chase (7.45%)
Citibank (1.4%)
The Vanguard Group (2.19%)
Capital Group Companies (2.4%)
Baillie Gifford (1.36%)
2022
By December 2022, Masayoshi Son’s stake in the company he founded had risen to 34.2% from 32.2% as of the end of September.
Business units
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021)
SoftBank's corporate profile includes various other companies such as Japanese broadband company SoftBank BB, data center company IDC Frontier and the publishing company SB Creative. SBI Group is a Japanese financial services company that began in 1999 as a branch of SoftBank. Ymobile Corporation is another telecommunications subsidiary of SoftBank, established in 2014. In 2010, SoftBank founded Wireless City Planning (WCP), a subsidiary that planned the development of TD-LTE networks throughout Japan. SoftBank also operates SoftBank Capital, a US-based venture capital company. SoftBank owns the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks professional baseball team. SoftBank also operated in the eco-power industry through subsidiary SB Energy until its sale.
It has various partnerships in Japanese subsidiaries of foreign companies such as Yahoo! (which has resulted in Yahoo! Japan), E-Trade, Ustream.tv, EF Education First and Morningstar. It also has stakes in Alibaba Group and Sprint Corporation.
Other holdings include Softbank Corp. , Softbank Vision Fund , Arm Holdings (90.6%), Fortress Investment Group, Boston Dynamics, T-Mobile US (3.3%), Alibaba (29.5%), Yahoo Japan (48.17%), Brightstar (87.1%), Uber (15%), Didi Chuxing (c. 20%), Ola (c. 30%), Renren (42.9%), InMobi (45%), Hike (25.8%), Snapdeal (c. 30%), Fanatics (c. 22%), Improbable Worlds (c. 50%), Paytm (c. 20%), OYO (42%), Ping An Insurance (7.41%), Slack Technologies (c. 5%), WeWork (c. 46%), ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance (5%), Compass, Inc. (c. 30.1%), AUTO1 Group (c. 20%), Wag (45%), Katerra (c. 28%), Cruise Automation (c. 19.6%), ParkJockey, Tokopedia (Indonesia), and many more companies.
SoftBank Corp.
SoftBank Corp. (ソフトバンク株式会社, SofutoBanku Kabushikigaisha) is SoftBank's telecommunications subsidiary, providing both mobile and fixed-line services. It was called SoftBank Mobile until July 2015, when the Group merged SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp. and Ymobile Corporation to reflect its fixed-line and ISP operations.
J-PHONE
Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operator
J-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003
SoftBank's mobile communications arm began with the formation of Japan Telecom in 1984. The Digital Phone Group (デジタルホン, DPG, three local companies) mobile phone division was formed in 1994, and J-PHONE Co., Ltd. (J-フォン) was formed in 1999 by the DGP/ Digital TU-KA Group merger (DTG, six local companies, not to be confused with TU-KA). Japan Telecom owned a stake of 45.1%.
J-PHONE grew steadily for a decade by introducing new services and enhancements such as SkyWalker for PDC, SkyMelody ringtone download, the Sha-Mail picture mail introduced following camera phones developed by SHARP, the mobile multimedia data service J-Sky modeled after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, and advanced Java services based on JSCL, modeled after NTT DoCoMo's DoJa based i-appli.
Vodafone
In October 2001, the British mobile phone group Vodafone increased its share to 66.7% of Japan Telecom and 69.7% of J-Phone. On 1 October 2003, the company's name and the service brand changed to Vodafone, while the division was called Vodafone K.K. or Vodafone Japan.
However, in January 2005, Vodafone Japan lost 58,700 customers and in February 2005 lost 53,200 customers, while competitors NTT DoCoMo gained 184,400 customers, while Au by KDDI gained 163,700, and Willcom gained 35,000. While as of February 2005, DoCoMo's FOMA 3G service had attracted 10 million subscribers and KDDI's 3G service had attracted over 17 million subscribers, Vodafone's 3G service only attracted 527,300 subscribers. Vodafone 3G failed to attract subscribers because Vodafone reduced investments in 3G services in Japan in 2002/3; handsets did not fully match the needs and preferences of Japanese customers. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone Japan had 15.1 million customers. By the end of October 2005, the number of subscribers had fallen below 15M. During the same period, NTT DoCoMo gained 1.65 million customers, and KDDI/AU gained 1.82 million customers. Vodafone-Japan had only 4.8% of Japan's 3G market.
Vodafone changed the name of its multimedia data services from J-Sky to Vodafone live! and used J-Sky's principles, technologies, and business models to introduce the WAP-based Vodafone live! in Vodafone's other markets. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone live! had 12.907 million subscribers in Japan. By the end of October 2005, the number of Vodafone live! subscribers had fallen by 138,000.
In March 2006, Vodafone began discussing the sale of the Vodafone Japan unit to SoftBank. Vodafone was unable to satisfy customers. Handsets had user interfaces that differed too much from the Japanese interface and lacked competitive features.
SoftBank Mobile
Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBank
On 17 March 2006, Vodafone Group announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for about US$15.1 billion. On 18 May 2006, the unit was renamed "SoftBank Mobile Corp.", effective 1 October 2006.
On 4 June 2008, SoftBank Mobile announced a partnership with Apple and brought the iPhone (3G) to Japan later in 2008. SoftBank Mobile was the only official carrier of the iPhone in Japan until the release of iPhone 4S in 2011, when au by KDDI began to offer it.
Technology
SoftBank Corp.'s mobile network operates W-CDMA (UMTS 3G) network ("SoftBank 3G"). SoftBank's 3G network is compatible with UMTS and supports transparent global roaming for UMTS subscribers from other countries.
Timeline
Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, Tokyo
A SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu
1981: SoftBank Corp. (currently SoftBank Group Corp.) Japan (Yombancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo) established. Commenced operations as a distributor of packaged software
1984: Japan Telecom was founded.
1986: Japan Telecom launches leased circuit services.
1986: Railway Telecommunication established.
1989: Railway Telecommunication merges with Japan Telecom.
1991: Tokyo Digital Phone established.
1994: J-Phone starts PDC cellular service in the 1.5 GHz band, 10 MHz bandwidth.
1997: J-Phone launches SkyWalker SMS service designed by Aldiscon and Ericsson for PDC
1998: J-Phone launches SkyMelody ringtone download service
1999: J-Phone launches J-Sky wireless Internet service ten months after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, which was launched in February 1999.
2000: J-Phone launches Sha-Mail (写メール) picture messaging service using the world's first camera phones developed by SHARP
2001: J-Phone launches Java service with JSCL library
2002: J-Phone launches W-CDMA 3G service for the first time
2002: Company name was changed to Japan Telecom Holdings. The fixed-line telecommunications business was also separated to found a new Japan Telecom.
2003: J-Phone company name is changed to Vodafone K.K., and J-Sky name is changed to Vodafone live!. Vodafone launches a Japan-nationwide Beckham campaign
2003: Company name was changed to Vodafone Holdings K.K.
2004: Vodafone K.K. merges with Vodafone Holdings K.K. and the company name is changed to Vodafone K.K.
2004: Vodafone relaunches the 3G services in Japan a second time offering mobile phone handsets designed primarily for the European markets
2005: Vodafone changes management and relaunches 3G services in Japan a third time
2006: Vodafone officially announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan (Vodafone K.K.) to SoftBank for a total of 1.75 trillion Japanese yen (approx US$15.1 billion) in one of the largest M&A transactions in Japan to date
2006: SoftBank and Vodafone K.K. jointly announced, that the name of the company will be changed to a "new, easy-to-understand and familiar" company name and brand. Masayoshi Son became CEO and Representative Director of Vodafone K.K.
2006: Headquarters moved from Atago Hills to Shiodome to integrate operations with other SoftBank group companies.
2006: SoftBank announced that the name of the company will be changed to "SoftBank Mobile Corp." effective 1 October 2006
2006: SoftBank started rebranding "Vodafone" to "SoftBank."
2006: Vodafone Japan company name is changed to "SoftBank Mobile Corp."
2008: SoftBank Mobile releases iPhone in Japan beating NTT DoCoMo
2008: SoftBank Mobile joins Open Handset Alliance
2010: Softbank purchased 100% of the PHS mobile operator Willcom.
2012: SoftBank Mobile unveils the Pantone 5 107SH, a mobile phone with a built-in geiger counter.
2015: Investment in US-based Social Finance, Inc (SoFi) announced
2015: SoftBank Mobile was merged with SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp., and Ymobile Corporation to form a new subsidiary, SoftBank Corp., to reflect its new status of providing fixed-line and ISP operations.
2018: SoftBank Corp. (TSE: 9434) listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange On 19 December 2018.
Gallery
SoftBank 821SH PG
SoftBank 001P by Panasonic
SoftBank A202F by FUJITSU
SoftBank 930CA by CASIO
SoftBank 003SH
Vodafone 803T by Toshiba
J-PHONE J-SH07 by Sharp (2001)
An evolution of J-PHONE and Vodafone cell phones, 1997–2004
A SoftBank USIM card
View of Taitō, Tokyo, with a large Vodafone sign in the background (2004)
Mobile Blazer (2008)
Marketing
Since May 2006, SoftBank's telecommunications marketing and commercials have principally revolved around "Otosan sujan karki", the canine patriarch of the otherwise human "Shirason, Kaito" family. "Otosan" translates to father, and the character, a Hokkaido dog, indeed acts as the father of the family, along with the son "Kojiro" (starred by Dante Carver), mom "Masako" (Kanako Higuchi), and daughter "Aya" (Aya Ueto). The advertising series proved to be popular: CM Research Center ranked the Otousan adverts as the most popular in Japan between 2007 and 2012, based on monthly surveys of 3,000 randomly selected adults.
SoftBank partnered with the Ingress augmented reality game, supporting the branded "SoftBank Ultra Link" in-game item.
Sponsorship
SoftBank bought a "team" for the America's Cup. The team was named SoftBank Team Japan, and Yanmar came on board. SoftBank Team Japan raced in the 2017 races held in Bermuda. The team members come from various backgrounds, most of whom were not Japanese.
The company was the official jersey sponsor of the Japanese national basketball team at the official 2017 Asian Basketball Championship in Lebanon as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup.
SoftBank has also owned the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Japanese professional baseball team based in Fukuoka, since 2005. The SoftBank logo appears on the jersey, and the team has won seven Japan Series championships under SoftBank, all of which came between 2011 and 2020.
Baby bonus
In 2015, SoftBank, along with some other companies in Japan, offered a baby bonus for employees who have children. The payments range from US$400 for a first child to US$40,000 for a fifth child.
Vision fund investments
Main article: SoftBank Vision Fund
SoftBank Investment Advisers oversees SoftBank's Vision Fund, created in 2017, which invests in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics and the internet of things. It intended to develop a portfolio of 125 AI companies. According to the fund and Son, it also invested in companies to revolutionize real estate, transportation, and retail. Son claimed he would make personal connections with the CEOs of all companies funded by Vision Fund in order to boost synergies among them. Son’s original plans were to raise $100 billion for a new fund every few years, investing about $50 billion a year in startups. By 2023, after the launch of Vision Fund 1 and 2, the dismal performance of SoftBank’s funds had cast a shadow over the initial exuberance of both Masayoshi Son and his company regarding its huge, largely unprofitable intercorporate investments that had become the main mission, vision and purpose of the entire SoftBank Group.
SoftBank Ventures Asia
SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was the global early-stage venture capital arm of the SoftBank Group The firm focused on early-stage ICT investments – including Artificial Intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and smart robotics. By October 2021, SBVA had backed more than 250 companies in 10 countries with US$1.3 billion fund under management.
SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was founded in 2000 as SoftBank Ventures Korea and began its focus on South Korean market and its early-stage ventures. SBVA’s one of the early investments in South Korea included Nexon Co, now a Korean-Japanese gaming publisher that was the largest IPO in Japan for 2011.
SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) expanded its focus beyond South Korea since 2011 and made several notable investments in Southeast Asia, such as Tokopedia, an Indonesian e-commerce platform, and Carro, Singapore's used-car platform. In 2018, SBVA launched a $300m venture fund ‘China Venture Fund I’, targeting Chinese start-ups, then immediately trailed by ‘SoftBank Acceleration Fund’ with $300M the following year. With continuous investment across Asia and beyond, the company renamed itself as SoftBank Ventures Asia to reflect its broadened focus on startups in the Asia-Pacific region beyond South Korea, and opened offices in Seoul, Singapore, and Beijing.
With the company’s extended expertise in ICT investment, SBVA is aiming towards two investment themes, which were ‘technology innovation’ in AI, Robotics, Semiconductor, Mobility, and AR/VR, and ‘market innovation’ in consumer, enterprise, shared economy, healthcare, etc. SBVA created $160M ‘future innovation fund’ in March 2021, focusing on AI start-ups and made investment in AI sector including VoyagerX, AI software developer, Upstage AI, AI solution provider, and MarqVision, AI-powered intellectual property (IP) protection platform.
In April 2023, it was known that Masayoshi Son's SoftBank Group would sell its early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia to Singapore-based The Edgeof, a newly formed investment firm led by Son's youngest brother, Taizo Son, as SoftBank Group grappled with steep losses in a myriad of investments made around the world. The operation raised governance concerns.
See also
Companies portal
List of conglomerates
References
^ a b c d e "Consolidated financial report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023" (PDF). SoftBank Group.
^ a b "SoftBank Group Report 2023" (PDF). SoftBank Group.
^ "SoftBank Gives Up Pretending It Isn't a Fund". Bloomberg.com. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ "SoftBank Group Corp". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
^ Crane, John (21 May 2019). "Exposing SoftBank's Hunger for Saudi Blood Money". The Startup.
^ Wong, Jacky (9 May 2018). "How Much Is the World's Largest Tech Fund Worth to SoftBank?". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "SoftBank's Son defends Vision Fund at Saudi conference". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ "First Bitcoin, Now WeWork: Is Masayoshi Son the Worst Investor Ever?". CCN.com. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Elstrom, Peter (2 December 2019). "SoftBank's startup bookkeeping draws scrutiny after WeWork fiasco". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Masayoshi Son: Inside the eccentric world of the controversial Japanese billionaire investor". The Independent. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Some suggested slides for SoftBank". Financial Times. 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
^ "Masayoshi Son's $58 Billion Payday on Alibaba". Bloomberg.com. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
^ "SoftBank's Woes: A Deep Dive". ARPU!. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Pollack, Andrew (19 February 1995). "A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Singh, Manish (8 August 2022). "SoftBank cautions longer startup winter if unicorn founders unwilling to cut valuations". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ Pressman, Aaron (11 April 2023). "Some Boston startups backed by Japanese giant SoftBank are floundering". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ "SoftBank Vision Fund: Portfolio returns, investments and strategy". pitchbook.com. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Arm Sales Rise as SoftBank Targets 2023 IPO for Chip Firm". Bloomberg.com. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ "SoftBank moves to sell down most of its Alibaba stake". Financial Times. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ Singh, Manish (22 September 2022). "SoftBank cuts internal valuation of $10 billion Oyo to $2.7 billion". TechCrunch. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Fidelity, After Becoming WeWork's Second-Largest Shareholder, Adds to Stake Once Again". CoStar. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Deutsche Telekom raises stake in T-Mobile US, swaps shares with Softbank". Fierce Wireless. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ "Number of subscribers by Carriers｜TCA". Tca.or.jp.
^ "SoftBank's Top 10 Worst Startup Investments - ValueWalk". www.valuewalk.com. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ Nussey, Sam; Bridge, Anton (21 June 2023). "SoftBank to shift to 'offence mode' as AI booms". Reuters. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ "Forbes Global 2000". Forbes. 2017.
^ "The World's Largest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
^ "Origin of Brand Name and Logo". SoftBank Group Corp. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
^ "SoftBank in talks with Mizuho and Japan banks for $2.8bn loan". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ Webber, Alan M. (1 January 1992). "Japanese-Style Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Softbank'S CEO, Masayoshi Son". Harvard Business Review.
^ a b "Japan's Big Three Carriers Explained - SoftBank". 27 October 2013.
^ "Softbank Agrees to Buy Ziff-Davis PC Magazine Group". The New York Times. Bloomberg Business News. 10 November 1995.
^ Pollack, Andrew (19 February 1995). "A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ Caulfield, Brian (1 September 2003). "Worst in Show How Key3Media, the company behind the big tech trade show Comdex, went bankrupt". CNN Money. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "Business News – Latest Headlines on CNN Business - CNN". CNN.
^ "Mr. Japan.com How Son Captured Japan's Internet Economy". money.cnn.com. 16 August 1999.
^ "2 Founders to Buy Back Kingston Stake From Softbank". Los Angeles Times. 15 July 1999. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
^ "ソフトバンクグループの歩み". ソフトバンクグループ株式会社.
^ Sender, Henny; Ling, Connie (18 January 2000). "Softbank to Invest $20 Million In Hong Kong's Alibaba.com". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Galani, Una (22 September 2014). "Valuing SoftBank in Alibaba's Aftermath". DealBook. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ Pfanner, Eric (19 September 2014). "SoftBank's Alibaba Alchemy: How to Turn $20 Million Into $50 Billion". WSJ. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Ji-young, Sohn (28 January 2019). " Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^ ボーダフォン、メールのドメイン名も「ソフトバンク」へ──10月1日から (in Japanese). ITmedia Mobile. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ 上戸彩：超高価ケータイ「ないしょにしてね」. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
^ "Softbank profit soars; buys stake in Ustream", Japan Today, 3 February 2010
^ Softbank-Group-Wikipedia-accessed. Fbcoverup
^ Santos, Alexis (3 October 2012). "Softbank to acquire competitor eAccess, expand LTE network by 50 percent". Engadget. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ "Yahoo Japan drops $3.2 billion plan to buy eAccess from SoftBank". Reuters. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
^ "Softbank to Buy 70 Percent Stake in Sprint: Sources". CNBC. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ Soni, Phalguni (21 April 2014). "The latest word in telecom". Market Realist. Market Realist, Inc. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ "Olacabs raises $210 million from Japan's SoftBank Corp; enters b Club". The Times Of India. 25 October 2014.
^ "Startup Housing.com valued at Rs 1,500 crore after SoftBank acquires 30% stake for $70 million". The Times Of India. 19 November 2014.
^ "Aldebaran Robotics Founder and CEO Steps Down, SoftBank Appoints New Leader". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 23 February 2015.
^ Olson, Parmy. "Softbank's Robotics Business Prepares To Scale Up". Forbes.
^ Quigley, J.T. (22 May 2015). "Post-acquistion , DramaFever has more muscle to spread Asian entertainment to the West". Tech In Asia. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ Martin, Alexander (11 May 2015). "SoftBank CEO Taps a Future Successor in Nikesh Arora". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ "Japan's Softbank increases controlling stake in Finnish 'Clash of Clans' maker". Reuters. June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ Ando, Ritsuko (3 June 2015). "SoftBank to invest $1 billion in Korean e-commerce site Coupang". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ "Changes of Corporate Names of SoftBank Corp. and Subsidiary - Press Releases - News - About Us - SoftBank Group". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Softbank reveals record $4.4bn share buyback". BBC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Softbank sells stake in game developer Supercell to Tencent". Yahoo! News. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Puzzle & Dragons studio GungHo to regain majority stake from SoftBank for $685m". develop-online.net. 7 June 2016.
^ "SoftBank to sell most of its stake in 'Puzzle & Dragons' maker GungHo". cnet.com. 6 June 2016.
^ "関連会社株式に係る公開買付けへの応募に関する契約の締結に関するお知らせ". ソフトバンクグループ株式会社. 6 June 2016.
^ "Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group". softbank.jp. 21 June 2016.
^ "Results of Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group". softbank.jp. 22 July 2016.
^ Martin, Alexander (21 June 2016). "SoftBank President Nikesh Arora to Step Down". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ a b Hoffman, Liz; Jenny, Strasburg; Sarah, Krouse (14 February 2017), SoftBank to Buy Fortress Investment Group for $3.3 Billion, The Wall Street Journal
^ Wong, Jacky (18 July 2016). "SoftBank-ARM: These Chips Don't Come Cheap". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ Jack, Simon (18 July 2016). "ARM Holdings in £24bn Japanese takeover deal". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Warren, Tom (5 September 2016). "SoftBank acquires ARM". The Verge. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ Knutson, Ryan (6 December 2016). "When Billionaires Meet: $50 Billion Pledge From SoftBank to Trump". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "Trump: SoftBank to add $50B, 50K jobs in U.S." usatoday.com.
^ "Amazon to add 100,000 full-time jobs in U.S. by '19". USA Today: B1/B2. 13 January 2017.
^ Farrell, Maureen; Winkler, Rolfe; Brown, Eliot (31 January 2017), "SoftBank Mulls Investment of Over $1 Billion in WeWork", Wall Street Journal, New York City, retrieved 31 January 2017
^ a b "Masayoshi Son goes on a $100bn shopping spree". The Economist. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Rudegeair, Peter (16 February 2017), Silver Lake, Softbank to Join New $500 Million Investment in Lender SoFi, New York City: The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 17 February 2017
^ Wu, Kane; Negishi, Mayumi (28 March 2017). "SoftBank Considers $6 Billion Investment in China Ride-Hailing Firm Didi". Wall Street Journal. New York. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ Mundy, Simon (18 May 2017). "India's Paytm wins $1.4bn Softbank investment". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ Rai, Saritha (10 August 2017). "SoftBank Fund Is Said to Invest $2.5 Billion in Flipkart". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
^ Alkhalisi, Zahraa (6 October 2017). "Where the huge SoftBank-Saudi tech fund is investing". Cnn.com. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
^ "SoftBank Vision Fund announces first major close" (PDF). Softbank.jp. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ "Masayoshi Son and Saudi Arabia launch a monster technology fund". The Economist. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ Dolan, Kerry A. (5 April 2017). "Japanese Billionaire Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, Apple, Saudi Arabia All Bet On Vision Fund". Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ Torchia, Andrew (20 May 2017). "Softbank-Saudi tech fund becomes world's biggest with $93 billion of capital". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ Benner, Katie (10 October 2017). "Masayoshi Son's Grand Plan for SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
^ Shu, Catherine (26 July 2019). "SoftBank announces AI-focused second $108 billion Vision Fund with LPs including Microsoft, Apple and Foxconn". Tech Crunch. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ Winkler, Rolfe; Hoffman, Liz; Hope, Bradley (7 February 2020). "New SoftBank Tech Fund Falls Far Short of $108 Billion Fundraising Goal". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ Lunden, Ingrid (9 June 2017). "SoftBank is buying robotics firms Boston Dynamics and Schaft from Alphabet".
^ Brown, Eliot (25 August 2017). "SoftBank Finalizes $4.4 Billion WeWork Investment". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "SoftBank to work with Saudi Arabia on new city". Reuters.com. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
^ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ Hook, Leslie (29 December 2017). "SoftBank deal helps clear path towards Uber IPO". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ Hook, Leslie (28 December 2017). "SoftBank-led group to acquire $9bn stake in Uber". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ "SoftBank's Vision Fund Invests $560 Million in Auto1 Group". Bloomberg.com. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ "DoorDash is raising $535 million from SoftBank and others at a $1.4 billion valuation". Recode. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ "Whoops: SoftBank CEO reveals Walmart has acquired Flipkart – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
^ Brown, Eliot; Kusisto, Laura (27 September 2018). "SoftBank Invests $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ Jones, Rory; Said, Summer (30 September 2018). "Saudi Arabia Shelves Work on SoftBank's $200 Billion Solar Project". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ "SoftBank sets indicative share price of 1,500 yen for next month's IPO". TechCrunch. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^ "SoftBank invests in parking startup ParkJockey pushing valuation to $1 billion". TechCrunch. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ "SoftBank's Vision Fund is preparing to invest $1 billion in Grab". TechCrunch. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ "SoftBank Robotics Singapore Launches AI Commercial Vacuum Cleaner 'Whiz'". 25 September 2019 – via softbankrobotics.com.
^ Eavis, Peter; Merced, Michael J. de la (30 September 2019). "WeWork I.P.O. Is Withdrawn as Investors Grow Wary". The New York Times.
^ Griffith, Erin (10 December 2019). "SoftBank Takes Loss in Sale of Wag, Dog-Walking Start-Up". The New York Times.
^ "SoftBank loses one of the few board members who could challenge Masayoshi Son". 27 December 2019 – via LATimes.com.
^ Goel, Vindu; Singh, Karan Deep; Griffith, Erin (13 January 2020). "Oyo Scales Back as SoftBank-Funded Companies Retreat". The New York Times.
^ Merced, Michael J. de la (6 February 2020). "Elliott Management Is Said to Push for Change at SoftBank". The New York Times.
^ Hu, Joshua Franklin (3 March 2020). "SoftBank CEO tells U.S. investors he'll be more careful". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
^ Shu, Catherine (18 November 2019). "Yahoo Japan and Line Corp. confirm merger agreement". TechCrunch. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Coronavirus delays Yahoo Japan's merger with Line". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ Kana Inagaki; et al. (22 March 2020). "SoftBank plans $41bn asset sale to cut debt amid coronavirus tumult". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ "Alibaba's Jack Ma quits SoftBank board after $18B Vision Fund loss". 18 May 2020 – via NYPost.
^ Cimilluca, Dana; Lombardo, Cara. "SoftBank considers sale or IPO of British chip designer Arm Holdings". MarketWatch. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
^ "How SoftBank's sale of Arm China sowed the seeds of discord". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ Inagaki, Kana (11 August 2020). "SoftBank rebounds from historic loss with $12bn quarterly profit". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ Shu, Catherine (2 September 2020). "SoftBank Vision Fund 2 leads $100 million Series C in digital therapeutics company Biofourmis". TechCrunch. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
^ "Softbank was identified as being the 'Nasdaq whale'". CNBC. 4 September 2020.
^ "SoftBank option purchases raise eyebrows as Wall Street backtracks". 5 September 2020.
^ Lachapelle, Tara (5 September 2020). "Nasdaq Whale: Softbank's huge tech options bet answers stock rally riddle". Business Standard India.
^ "Nasdaq Whale and how SoftBank's derivative bets may have powered the US tech rally". 5 September 2020.
^ Nussey, Sam; Gallagher, Chris (18 September 2020). "SoftBank exits cellphone distributor Brightstar in telecoms sell-down". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ Narioka, Kosaku; Dvorak, Phred (18 September 2020). "SoftBank Sells Brightstar, Carrying On Its Divestiture Spree". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ Rosoff, Matt (13 September 2020). "Nvidia to buy Arm Holdings from SoftBank for $40 billion". CNBC. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^ Moorhead, Patrick. "It's Official- NVIDIA Acquires Arm For $40B To Create What Could Be A Computing Juggernaut". Forbes. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ Massoudi, Arash; Smith, Robert; Fontanella-Khan, James (12 September 2020). "SoftBank set to sell UK's Arm Holdings to Nvidia for $40bn". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^ Lee, Jane Lanhee; Horwitz, Josh (8 February 2022). "SoftBank dumps sale of Arm over regulatory hurdles, to IPO instead". Reuters. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ "Hyundai Motor Buys 80% of Robotics Firm Boston Dynamics". Bloomberg.com. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
^ "SoftBank Sells $2 Billion in Uber Stock as Rides Recover". Bloomberg.com. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
^ a b c "Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company". CNBC. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.
^ "Israel's eToro to go public through $10.4 bln SPAC deal backed by SoftBank, others". Financial Post. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "SoftBank Group to acquire 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion". The Japan Times. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Dvorak, Phred (19 May 2021). "SoftBank Sells Renewable-Energy Unit in India". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Burgos, Jonathan. "Adani Green To Buy SB Energy India For $3.5 Billion From SoftBank, Bharti". Forbes. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ "Softbank's Vision Fund could go public in a $300 million SPAC deal, report says". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "Softbank buys Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion". RCR Wireless News. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ "SoftBank buys perpetual Yahoo trademark license for $1.6 billion". TechCrunch. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ Savitz, Eric J. "SoftBank CEO to Take Stake in Vision Fund 2". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ Massoudi, Arash (7 September 2021). "Deutsche Telekom deepens bet on US market with SoftBank deal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ Kharpal, Arjun (8 August 2022). "Japanese giant SoftBank dumps its entire stake in Uber as losses mount at its investment unit". CNBC.
^ Nussey, Sam (8 August 2022). "SoftBank posts record net loss on $23.1 bln Vision Fund hit". Reuters.
^ "Softbank: Twilight of an Empire | The Generalist". www.generalist.com. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ Lee, Andrew (9 February 2023). "Toyota Tsusho swoops for SB Energy set up by billionaire to green Japan post-Fukushima". Recharge. NHST Media Group. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ "SoftBank to Sell Korean Venture Arm to Firm Run by CEO's Brother". WSJ. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "SoftBank Vision Fund Posts Record Loss Despite Masayoshi Son Foreseeing Disaster". Observer. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
^ "SoftBank sells Fortress stake to Mubadala and management". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Nerkar, Santul; Clark, Don (21 August 2023). "Arm, the Chip Designer, Files for an I.P.O. Expected to Be Among the Largest". The New York Times.
^ Meredith, Sam (3 March 2023). "British chip giant Arm chooses New York listing in a blow to London". CNBC.
^ King, Ian; Hytha, Michael (21 August 2023). "SoftBank's Arm Files for IPO That Is Set to Be 2023's Biggest". Bloomberg News.
^ Wang, Echo; Sen, Anirban (14 September 2023). "How SoftBank played it safe in pricing Arm's IPO". Reuters.
^ Hansen, Sarah (13 September 2023). "Arm IPO: A Dominant Chip Designer but at a 'Very, Very' Lofty Price". Morningstar.
^ Giang, Vivian (13 September 2023). "Arm, the Chip Designer, Raises $4.87 Billion in the Year's Largest I.P.O." The New York Times.
^ Nick, Carey. "SoftBank Corp buys $514 mln majority stake in car software firm Cubic Telecom". Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ "EY Ireland advises Cubic Telecom on Investment from Softbank". www.ey.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
^ "Ownership".
^ "SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | JP3436100006 | MarketScreener".
^ Lee, Ming Jeong; Hyuga, Takahiko; Mak, Pei Yi (8 December 2022). "SoftBank's Masayoshi Son quietly lifts stake to 34%, edging toward buyout". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Corporate history, JP: SBI.
^ "SoftBank aims at 97% coverage for TD-LTE network, says CTO Yoshioki Chika - Global Telecoms Business". Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Chinese online medical platform Ping An Healthcare and Technology to raise US$1b from Hong Kong IPO". scmp.com. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
^ C, Priyamvada; Deka, Kannaki (17 March 2023). "WeWork reaches deals to cut debt, extend maturities". Reuters.
^ "Softbank Invests in a New-Age Cloud Company". Fortune. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^ "Tokopedia raises $1.1b from SoftBank, Alibaba to evolve into infrastructure-as-a-service". TechinAsia. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ a b "Changes of Corporate Names - SoftBank Corp. - Group Companies - About Us - SoftBank Group". Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Bill Morrow, Vodafone's turnaround guru, Walks Away". Cellular-news.com. 24 June 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
^ "念願のiPhoneを獲得した舞台裏 ソフトバンク、トラウマ乗り越える" (in Japanese). 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
^ "SoftBank reaches deal with Apple to sell iPhone handsets in Japan this year", International Herald Tribune, The New York Times, 4 June 2008, archived from the original on 8 June 2008
^ "announces 14 new members". Open Handset Alliance. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ Chang, Alexandra (29 May 2012). "SoftBank Unveils World's First Phone With Radiation Detection". Wired. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
^ "Veteran actor Kai-kun retires from SoftBank Otousan role". www.japanhbvn nb nbvnbvvhjcgjator.com. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
^ Griner, David (12 August 2012). "Meet Japan's Most Popular Ad Family". Adweek. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
^ Corkill, Edan (29 April 2012). "Otosan, Japan's top dog". Japan Times. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
^ Corkill, Edan (29 April 2012). "Otosan, Japan's top dog". Retrieved 7 December 2016 – via Japan Times Online.
^ Shannon, Jonathan (9 July 2015). "Axa reaches millions of people through augmented reality game Ingress". Campaign.
^ "Dean Barker: Looking Back At 35th America's Cup". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.
^ "Japan at the FIBA Asia Cup 2017". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
^ Turner, David (21 March 2007). "Japan offers baby bonus to workers". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ "Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer "Baby Bonuses"". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ "Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer 'Baby Bonuses' - ABC News". ABC News. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "A shrinking work force solution: Baby bonuses". businessrecord.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
^ "SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund Is Run by These 10 Men". Bloomberg.com. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Brooker, Katrina (14 January 2019). "The most powerful person in Silicon Valley". Fast Company. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Sherman, Alex (1 August 2018). "Masayoshi Son building Vision Fund into family, say founders". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ Ghurye, Shruti (7 February 2019). "Masayoshi Son: Betting big and winning". Retrieved 7 February 2019.
^ Linares, Maria Gracia Santillana. "SoftBank Puts Blockchain Investments On Ice As Part Of Startup Pullback". Forbes. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
^ "Accounting for Intercorporate Investments: What You Need to Know". Investopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Breakingviews - SoftBank is paying for Son's past exuberance". Reuters. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ "SoftBank CEO to Skip Earnings Call for First Time as Tech Slumps". Bloomberg.com. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
^ "SoftBank's future rests on Arm". Financial Times. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
^ a b c d "SoftBank's Son finds more love for early-stage investing, new fund planned". Reuters. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ a b c d e Ji-young, Sohn (28 January 2019). " Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ a b "Funding, talent & decision-making are the biggest challenges for innovators, says SoftBank Ventures Asia's JP Lee ". TechNode Global. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "SoftBank Ventures Asia hits $341m second close for early-stage fund". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Horwitz, Josh (12 June 2013). "Tokopedia Lands Funding To Help It Become Indonesia's Alibaba". TNW | Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "Asia Solutions". www.businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Sender, Henny (25 September 2018). "TPG partners with SoftBank Ventures Korea for $300m China fund". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Min-kyung, Jung (3 January 2019). "Softbank Ventures Korea rebrands as Softbank Ventures Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "소프트뱅크벤처스, AI 스타트업 투자 1천800억 펀드 조성". hankyung.com (in Korean). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ a b Byung-wook, Kim (23 June 2021). "Local AI startup VoyagerX raises $27m from SoftBank, others". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Park, Kate (13 April 2023). "As tech slumps, SoftBank sells VC unit to Singapore-based firm led by Masayoshi Son's brother". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "SoftBank unit's sale to founder's brother raises governance concerns". Financial Times. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
Additional sources
Annual Report (PDF), JP: SoftBank, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SoftBank.
Official website (SoftBank Group)
Official website (SoftBank)
The first photo sent from a phone, BBC Witness History
vteSoftBank GroupPeople
Masayoshi Son (founder)
Nikesh Arora
Marcelo Claure
Eric Hippeau
Rajeev Misra
Shigenobu Nagamori
Sachio Semmoto
Akshay Naheta
Companies
Arm Holdings
IPO
Aldebaran Robotics
Brightstar Corporation
DramaFever
Fortress Investment Group
LY Corporation
RadioShack
SB Creative
SoftBank Mobile
T-Mobile US (4.5%)
India
Blinkit
Flipkart
Hike
InMobi
Ola Cabs
OYO
Paytm
Snapdeal
Southeast Asia
GoTo
Gojek
Tokopedia
Grab
OVO
Affiliated companies
GungHo Online Entertainment (3.80%)
Alibaba Group (36%)
Related articles
Boston Dynamics
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
SBI Group
SoftBank Capital
SoftBank Vision Fund
Sprint Corporation
Links to related articles
vteTOPIX 100 companies of JapanCore 30
Astellas
Daiichi Sankyo
Daikin
FANUC
Hitachi
Honda
Hoya
Itochu
KDDI
Keyence
Mitsubishi Corporation
MUFG
Mitsui & Co
Mizuho
Murata
Nidec
Nintendo
NTT
Recruit
Seven & I Holdings
Shin-Etsu
SMC
SoftBank
SoftBank Group
Sony Group
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
Takeda
Tokio Marine
Tokyo Electron
Toyota
Large 70
ÆON
Ajinomoto
ANA
Asahi Group Holdings
Asahi Kasei
Bandai Namco Holdings
Bridgestone
Canon
Chugai Pharmaceutical
Dai-ichi Life
Daiwa House
Denso
Eisai
ENEOS
Fast Retailing
Fujifilm
Fujitsu
Japan Exchange Group
Japan Post Holdings
JR Central
JR East
JR West
JT
Kao
Kirin
Komatsu
Kubota
Kyocera
Lasertec
M3.com
Marubeni
Mitsubishi Chemical
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Estate
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsui Fudosan
MS&AD
Nippon Steel
Nippon Yusen
Nissan
Nitori
Nomura
Olympus
Omron
Ono Pharmaceutical
Oriental Land
Orix
Otsuka
Panasonic
Renesas Electronics
Resona
Secom
Sekisui House
Shimano
Shionogi
Shiseido
Sompo Holdings
Subaru
Sumitomo Corporation
Sumitomo Electric
Sumitomo Metal Mining
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
Sumitomo Realty & Development
Suzuki
Sysmex
Terumo
Toray
Toshiba
Unicharm
Z Holdings
vte Nikkei 225 companies of Japan
7&i
Advantest
ÆON
AGC
Ajinomoto
Alps
ANA
Amada
Aozora Bank
Asahi Breweries
Asahi Kasei
Astellas
Bandai Namco Holdings
Bridgestone
Canon
Casio
Chiba Bank
Chiyoda
Chuden
Chugai
Citizen Holdings
Comsys
Concordia Financial
Credit Saison
Dai-ichi Life
Daiichi Sankyo
Daikin
Daiwa House
Daiwa Securities
Denka
Denso
Dentsu
DNP
Dowa
Ebara
Eisai
ENEOS
Fanuc
Fast Retailing
Fuji Electric
Fujifilm
Fujikura
Fujitsu
Fukuoka Financial
Furukawa Group
Furukawa Electric
GS Yuasa
Heiwa Real Estate
Hino
Hitachi
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Hitz
Hokuetsu Paper
Honda
IHI
INPEX
Isetan-Mitsukoshi
Isuzu
Itochu
JFE
J. Front Retailing
JGC
JR Central
JR East
JR West
JSW
JT
JTEKT
Kajima
KEPCO
Kao
Kawasaki
KDDI
Keio
Keisei
Keyence
Kikkoman
Kirin
K Line
Kobelco
Komatsu
Konami
Konica Minolta
Kubota
Kuraray
Kyocera
Kyowa Hakko Kirin
Marubeni
Maruha Nichiro
Marui
Matsui Securities
Mazda
Meidensha
Meiji Holdings
MES
Minebea
Mitsubishi Chemical
Mitsubishi Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Estate
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsubishi Logistics
Mitsubishi Materials
Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsui & Co
Mitsui Chemicals
Mitsui Fudosan
Mitsui Kinzoku
Mitsumi Electric
Mizuho
MOL
MS&AD
MUFG
Murata Manufacturing
NEC
Nexon
NEG
NGK
Nichirei
Nikon
Nintendo
Nippon Express
Nippon Kayaku
Nippon Light Metal
Nippon Ham
Nippon Paper Industries
Nippon Soda
Nissan Motor Company
Nissan Chemical
Nisshin Seifun
Nisshin Steel
Nissui
Nittobo
Nitto Denko
Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings
Nomura
NSG
NSK
NSSMC
NTN
NTT
NTT Data
NYK
Obayashi
Odakyu
Oji Holdings Corporation
OKI
Okuma
Olympus
Osaka Gas
Pacific Metals
Panasonic
Pioneer
Resona
Ricoh
Sapporo Holdings
SCREEN
Secom
Sekisui House
Sharp
Shimz
Shin-Etsu
Shinsei Bank
Shionogi
Shiseido
Shizuoka Bank
Showa Denko
Showa Shell
SoftBank
Sojitz
Sony
Subaru Corporation
SUMCO
Sumitomo Chemical
Sumitomo Corporation
Sumitomo Electric
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Sumitomo Metal Mining
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
Sumitomo Osaka Cement
Sumitomo Pharma
Sumitomo Realty
Suzuki
T&D
Taiheiyo Cement
Taisei
Taiyo Yuden
Takara
Takashimaya
Takeda
TDK
Teijin
TEPCO
Terumo
Tobu
Toho
Toho Zinc
Tokai Carbon
Tokuyama Corporation
Tokio Marine
Tokyo Dome
Tokyo Electron
Tokyo Gas
Tokyo Tatemono
Tokyu
Tokyu Land
Toppan
Toray
Toshiba
Tosoh
Toto
Toyobo
Toyota
Toyota Tsusho
Trend Micro
UBE
Unitika
Uny
Yahoo! Japan
Yamaha
Yamato Transport
Yasakawa
Yokogawa Electric
Yokohama Rubber
vteMembers of the Bridge Alliance
Bharti Airtel
AIS
Avea
CSL
CTM
Globe
Maxis
MobiFone
Optus
Singtel
SK Telecom
SoftBank
STC
Taiwan Mobile
Telkomcel
Telkomsel
VIVA
vteMajor telecommunications companiesCompanies with an annual revenue of over US$10 billion
América Móvil
Telmex
AT&T
Axiata
Bell Canada
Bharti Airtel
BT Group
China Mobile
CMHK
China Telecommunications Corporation
China Telecom
China Unicom
Chunghwa Telecom
CK Hutchison Holdings
Three
Hutchison Asia Telecom Group
Comcast
Deutsche Telekom
T-Mobile
Digicel
GoI
Vodafone Idea
DoT
BSNL
MTNL
Globe
Jio
KDDI
KPN
KT Corporation
Liberty Global
Liberty LA
Liberty PR
FLOW
Lumen Technologies
MTN
MTS
NTT
NTT DoCoMo
Oi
Ooredoo
Orange S.A.
PCCW
PLDT
Rogers
Singtel
SK Telecom
SoftBank Mobile
Spark
Swisscom
Tata Teleservices
Telefónica
Movistar
O2
Vivo
Telenor
Telstra
Telus
TIM
TPG Telecom
Trilogy International Partners
True
Türk Telekom
VEON
Verizon
Viettel
Vodafone
Vodacom
vteInternet service providers of JapanDomesticActive
ASAHI Net
au one net
BIGLOBE
Fujitsu
Nifty
Internet Systems
Internet Initiative Japan
NTT
NTT DoCoMo
NTT Plala
Open Computer Network
SoftBank
SoftBank Mobile
Sony
So-net
Defunct
TWICS
ForeignActive
AT&T
AT&T Japan
Verizon
Verizon Japan
Former
Vodafone
Vodafone Japan
Related topics
Economy of Japan
Internet in Japan
Internet censorship and surveillance
vteOpen Handset AllianceMobileoperators
Bouygues Telecom
China Mobile
China Telecommunications Corporation
China Unicom
Gruppo TIM
KDDI
Nepal Telecom
NTT Docomo
SoftBank Group
Sprint Corporation
T-Mobile
Telefónica
Telus
Vodafone
Softwarecompanies
Access
Ascender Corporation
eBay
Google
Myriad Group
Nuance Communications
NXP Software
Omron
PacketVideo
SVOX
VisualOn
Semiconductorcompanies
AKM Semiconductor
Arm
Audience
Broadcom
CSR plc (joined as SiRF)
Cypress Semiconductor
Freescale Semiconductor
Gemalto
Intel
Marvell Technology Group
MediaTek
MIPS Technologies
Nvidia
Qualcomm
Qualcomm Atheros
Renesas Electronics
ST-Ericsson (joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms)
Synaptics
Texas Instruments
Handsetmakers
Acer
Alcatel Mobile Phones
Asus
Chaudhary Group (with association of LG)
CCI
Dell
Foxconn
Garmin
HTC
Huawei
Kyocera
Lenovo Mobile
LG Electronics
Motorola Mobility
NEC Corporation
Samsung Electronics
Sharp Corporation
Sony Mobile
Toshiba
ZTE
Commercializationcompanies
Accenture
Borqs
Sasken Communication Technologies
Teleca
The Astonishing Tribe
Wind River Systems
Wipro Technologies
See also
Android
Dalvik virtual machine
Google Nexus
T-Mobile G1
vteTelecommunicationsHistory
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Data compression
audio
DCT
image
video
Digital media
Internet video
online video platform
social media
streaming
Drums
Edholm's law
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Information Age
Information revolution
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Smartphone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepaid mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Phryctoria
Semiconductor
device
MOSFET
transistor
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
digital
streaming
Undersea telegraph line
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Wireless revolution
Pioneers
Nasir Ahmed
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Mohamed M. Atalla
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
John Bardeen
Alexander Graham Bell
Emile Berliner
Tim Berners-Lee
Francis Blake (telephone)
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Charles Bourseul
Walter Houser Brattain
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Yogen Dalal
Daniel Davis Jr.
Donald Davies
Amos Dolbear
Thomas Edison
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Oliver Heaviside
Robert Hooke
Erna Schneider Hoover
Harold Hopkins
Gardiner Greene Hubbard
Internet pioneers
Bob Kahn
Dawon Kahng
Charles K. Kao
Narinder Singh Kapany
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Robert Metcalfe
Antonio Meucci
Samuel Morse
Jun-ichi Nishizawa
Charles Grafton Page
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Tivadar Puskás
Johann Philipp Reis
Claude Shannon
Almon Brown Strowger
Henry Sutton
Charles Sumner Tainter
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Thomas A. Watson
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmissionmedia
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
wireless
Transmission line
telecommunication circuit
Network topologyand switching
Bandwidth
Links
Nodes
terminal
Network switching
circuit
packet
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Concepts
Communication protocol
Computer network
Data transmission
Store and forward
Telecommunications equipment
Types of network
Cellular network
Ethernet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Television
Telex
UUCP
WAN
Wireless network
Notable networks
ARPANET
BITNET
CYCLADES
FidoNet
Internet
Internet2
JANET
NPL network
Toasternet
Usenet
Locations
Africa
Americas
North
South
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
Oceania
(Global telecommunications regulation bodies)
Telecommunication portal
Category
Outline
Commons
vte Japanese mobile phone companiesMajor network operators
au by KDDI
NTT Docomo
SoftBank Mobile
Y!Mobile
Minor and regional network operators
Okinawa Cellular Telephone
Mobile virtual network operators
Disney Mobile
bitWarp
Internet Initiative Japan
Japan Communications
J:COM MOBILE
KWINS
Line Mobile
mobile+
NTT Communications
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SoftBank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"investment holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_company"},{"link_name":"Minato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"investment management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_management"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"sovereign wealth funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"unicorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"robotic process automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_process_automation"},{"link_name":"proptech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_technology"},{"link_name":"broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"OYO Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Rooms"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"WeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"third-largest wireless carrier in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region#Japan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Forbes Global 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2000-26"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kaientai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaientai"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Sakamoto Ryōma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"keiretsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu"},{"link_name":"Mizuho Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"\"SoftBank\" redirects here. For the venture capital fund, see SoftBank Vision Fund. For the Japanese professional baseball team, see Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.SoftBank Group Corp. (ソフトバンクグループ株式会社, SofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational investment holding company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo which focuses on investment management.[3] The group primarily invests in companies operating in technology that offer goods and services to customers in a multitude of markets and industries ranging from the internet to automation.[4] With over $100 billion in capital at its onset, SoftBank's Vision Fund is the world's largest technology-focused venture capital fund. Fund investors included sovereign wealth funds from countries in the Middle East.[5][6][7]The company is known for the leadership of its controversial[8][9][10][11] founder and largest shareholder Masayoshi Son.[12][13][14] Its investee companies, subsidiaries and divisions, including several unprofitable unicorns,[15][16] operate in robotics, artificial intelligence, software, logistics, transportation, biotechnology, robotic process automation, proptech, real estate, hospitality, broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, information technology, finance, media and marketing, and other areas.[17] Among its most internationally recognizable current stockholdings are stakes in Arm[18] (semiconductors), Alibaba[19] (e-commerce), OYO Rooms[20] (hospitality), WeWork[21] (coworking) and Deutsche Telekom[22] (telecommunications). SoftBank Corporation, its spun-out affiliate and former flagship business, is the third-largest wireless carrier in Japan, with 45.621 million subscribers as of March 2021.[23] Poor investment decisions of Masayoshi Son’s SoftBank Group led to a panoply of losing investments across the history of the company.[24][25]SoftBank was ranked in the 2017 Forbes Global 2000 list as the 36th largest public company in the world[26] and the second-largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota.[27]The logo of SoftBank is based on the flag of the Kaientai, a naval trading company founded in 1865, near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, by Sakamoto Ryōma.[28]Although SoftBank does not affiliate itself to any traditional keiretsu, it has close ties with Mizuho Financial Group, its primary lender.[29]","title":"SoftBank Group"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technobuffalo.com-31"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technobuffalo.com-31"},{"link_name":"Ziff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Founding and early years","text":"SoftBank was founded in September 1981 as SOFTBANK Corp by then-24-year-old Masayoshi Son, initially as a software distributor. The company entered the publishing business in May 1982 with the launches of the Oh! PC and Oh! MZ magazines, about NEC and Sharp computers respectively.[30] Oh!PC had a circulation of 140,000 copies by 1989.[31] It would go on to become Japan's largest publisher of computer and technology magazines and trade shows.In 1994, the company went public, valued at $3 billion.[31] In September 1995, SoftBank agreed to purchase US-based Ziff Davis publishing for $2.1 billion.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_services"},{"link_name":"new economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_economy"},{"link_name":"COMDEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMDEX"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ziff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kingston Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Technology"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Japan"},{"link_name":"Betfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betfair"},{"link_name":"SBI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBI_Group"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"1995–2009 expansion","text":"In the 1990s, Son made large investments in Internet services and the so-called new economy in general. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group on 1 April 1995 for $800 million and ZDI on 29 February 1996.[33][34] SoftBank sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001.[35] In 1996, SoftBank formed a joint venture with American internet company Yahoo!, creating Yahoo! Japan, which would become a dominant site in the country.[36]In another highly publicized investment, SoftBank bought 80% of memory manufacturers Kingston Technology in 1996. When the owners-founders (John Tu and David Sun) announced plans to distribute $100,000,000 of the $1.5B windfall to Kingston employees, it created a very high-profile media stir that lasted well through the 1996 Christmas season; it was on all US networks, as well as international media. A few years later, in 1999, after the market for memory softened substantially, SoftBank sold the company back at a loss to the original owners for about a third of the original price.[37]In October 1999, SoftBank became a holding company.[38] In 2000, SoftBank made its most successful investment – $20 million to a then-fledgling Chinese Internet venture called Alibaba.[39] This investment turned into $60 billion when Alibaba went public in September 2014.[40][41]In February 2000, SoftBank Ventures Asia was founded under the leadership of Masayoshi Son to focus on investment in Korean-based Internet companies.[42]SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, JapanOn 28 January 2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball team. On 17 March 2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japan's $78 billion mobile markets. In April 2006, SoftBank purchased a 23% stake in Betfair, an Internet betting exchange. In August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBI's holding company, making SBI independent. On 1 October 2006, Vodafone Japan changed its corporate name and service brand name to \"SoftBank Mobile\" and \"SoftBank\" respectively.[43]On 28 January 2008, it was announced that SoftBank and Tiffany & Co. collaborated in making a limited 10 model-only phone. This phone contains more than 400 platinum diamonds, totaling more than 20 carats. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ustream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustream"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Hamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"eAccess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAccess"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sprint Nextel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"Tanabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabata"},{"link_name":"Supercell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"OlaCabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlaCabs"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Housing.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing.com"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(robot)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"DramaFever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DramaFever"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Nikesh Arora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikesh_Arora"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Representative Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Coupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"GungHo Online Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GungHo_Online_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-softbank-fortress-68"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"President-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"2010–2016 acquisitions","text":"On 3 February 2010, SoftBank acquired 13.7% in Ustream.[45] On 1 October 2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson.[46]On 3 October 2012, the takeover of competitor eAccess was announced.[47] On 1 July 2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom was a wholly-owned subsidiary, after the termination of rehabilitation proceedings. eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo! Japan, Ymobile Corporation.[48]On 15 October 2012, SoftBank announced plans to take control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion.[49] On 6 July 2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank's acquisition for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint.[50] On 6 August 2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, increasing its ownership stake to 80%.SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the TanabataIn October 2013, SoftBank acquired a 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. Later on 25 October 2014, they invested $210 million in OlaCabs,[51] $627 million in Snapdeal with a 30% stake in the company on 28 October 2014, and a $100 million investment in Housing.com for a 30% stake in November 2014.[52]In 2013, the company bought a controlling stake in French company Aldebaran Robotics, which was rebranded SoftBank Robotics. In 2014, teams from both companies co-designed Pepper, a humanoid robot. In 2015, SoftBank increased its stake to 95%.[53][54]In 2015, SoftBank acquired DramaFever.[55] In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, a former Google executive, as Representative Director and President of SoftBank. Arora had been heading SoftBank's investment arm.[56] On 1 June 2015, SoftBank acquired an additional 22.7% stake in Supercell, increasing its total stake to 73.2% and becoming the sole external shareholder of the company.[57] In June 2015, SoftBank announced it would invest US$1 billion in the Korean e-commerce website Coupang as part of its overseas expansion plans.[58]In July 2015, SoftBank announced the renaming of the company from SoftBank Corp to SoftBank Group Corp. Meanwhile, SoftBank Mobile was renamed to SoftBank Corp, the now-former name of the company as a whole.[59] On 16 February 2016, SoftBank announced they would repurchase a record 14.2% of shares, valued at $4.4bn, to boost investor confidence.[60] On 31 March 2016, they announced they would sell shares worth $7.9 billion of their stake in Alibaba Group. On 21 June 2016, SoftBank sold its 84% stake in Supercell for a reported US$7.3 billion to Tencent.[61] On 3 June 2016, Softbank agreed to sell most of its stake in GungHo Online Entertainment (approximately 23.47%) for about $685 million, ending Softbank's majority ownership.[62][63][64] The offer was completed by 22 June.[65][66]In June 2016, Nikesh Arora stepped down amidst pressure from investors. Board member Ron Fisher and Baer Capital Partners founder Alok Sama undertook Arora's overseas investment duties.[67] One month later,[68] Son announced the company's largest deal ever to buy British chip designer Arm Holdings for more than US$32 billion.[69][70] This acquisition was completed on 5 September 2016.[71]On 6 December 2016, after meeting with the then United States President-elect Donald Trump, chief executive Masayoshi Son announced SoftBank would be investing US$50 billion in the United States toward businesses creating 50,000 new jobs.[72][73][74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"Fortress Investment Group LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-softbank-fortress-68"},{"link_name":"Social Finance Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFi"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudegeair-77"},{"link_name":"Didi Chuxing Technology Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Chuxing"},{"link_name":"self-driving car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-didi-78"},{"link_name":"Paytm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paytm"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Flipkart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-patym-new-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"Foxconn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Larry Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Mubadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubadala"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Alphabet Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc."},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"BigDog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDog"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Neom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-stake-93"},{"link_name":"Dragoneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoneer_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"TPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPG_Capital"},{"link_name":"Sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-discount-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"DoorDash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Opendoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opendoor"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Saudi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia#National_government"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"ParkJockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParkJockey"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_(company)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"2017–2018","text":"On 30 January 2017, the Wall Street Journal wrote that SoftBank Group was \"weighing an investment of well over $1 billion in shared-office space company WeWork, in what could be among the first deals from its new $100 billion technology fund.\"[75] On 20 March, SoftBank bought a $300m stake in WeWork.[76] On 14 February 2017, SoftBank Group agreed to buy Fortress Investment Group LLC for $3.3 billion.[68] In February 2017, it was announced that Social Finance Inc. was close to raising $500 million from an investor group led by Silver Lake, including Softbank.[77] On 28 March 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that SoftBank Group Corporation had approached Didi Chuxing Technology Co. about investing $6 billion to help the ride-hailing firm expand in self-driving car technologies, with the bulk of the money to come from SoftBank's planned $100 billion Vision Fund.[78]On 18 May 2017, it was reported that Softbank had completed its single largest investment in India to date, investing $1.4 billion in Paytm. At the time, Softbank was also working on a takeover of Snapdeal by Flipkart.[79] On 10 August 2017, Softbank invested $2.5 billion in Flipkart.[80]On 27 May 2017, Softbank and the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF), the kingdom's main sovereign wealth fund, partnered to create the Softbank Vision Fund, the world's largest private equity fund with a capital of $93 billion.[81] Softbank Group contributed $28 billion to the investment fund, of which $8.2 billion came from the sale of approximately 25% of British multinational Arm Holdings shares.[82] Saudi Arabia is the principal investor in the fund, its Public Investment Fund (PIF) agreed to inject $45 billion into the Vision Fund over 5 years, becoming its largest investor.[83] Other investors include Apple, Qualcomm, Arm, Foxconn, Sharp, Larry Ellison and Mubadala.[84] The latter agreed to invest $15 billion dollars in the fund, targeting artificial intelligence, communications infrastructure, financial technology, consumer internet, mobile computing and robotics.[85] Through Softbank Vision Fund, CEO Masayoshi Son explained his intent to invest in all companies developing technologies emphasizing global artificial intelligence, including sectors such as finance or transportation.[86] In July 2019, SoftBank announced creating of a \"Vision Fund 2\", excluding participation from the Saudi Arabia government and including investors Apple, Foxconn, Microsoft and others. The fund is reported to focus on AI-based technology and invest approximately $108 billion, including $38 billion of its own funds.[87] In February 2020, however, a report from Wall Street Journal stated the fund would only up with less than half of that capital.[88]On 8 June 2017, Alphabet Inc. announced the sale of Boston Dynamics (robotics companies whose products include BigDog) to SoftBank Group for an undisclosed sum.[89] On 25 August 2017, SoftBank finalized a $4.4 billion investment in WeWork.[90] On 24 October 2017, Son announced the group would collaborate with Saudi Arabia to develop Neom, the new high-tech business and industrial city of the Saudi Kingdom.[91] On 14 November 2017, Softbank agreed to invest $10 billion into Uber.[92] On 29 December 2017, it was reported that a SoftBank-led consortium had invested $9 billion into Uber. The deal, to close in January 2018, would leave SoftBank as Uber's biggest shareholder, with a 15 percent stake.[93] The deal was secured after Uber shareholders voted to \"sell their shares to the Japanese conglomerate at a discounted price.\" Beyond SoftBank, consortium members included Dragoneer, Tencent, TPG and Sequoia.[94]On 14 January 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund announced to invest $560 million in the German used-car sales portal Auto1.[95] On 1 March 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund led a $535 million investment in DoorDash.[96] In May 2018, CEO Masayoshi Son revealed during an earnings presentation that Walmart had reached a deal to buy Flipkart.[97] On 27 September 2018, Softbank announced the investment of $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor.[98]In September 2018, Saudi government officials announced that a planned $200 billion project with SoftBank Group to build the world's biggest solar-power-generation project would be put on hold.[99] In November 2018, SoftBank announced it would make an IPO of SoftBank Corp., the telecommunications operator, with the cost of share of $13.22 (which is 1,500 yen). The offer of the shares was going to last for a month. Regarding the number of shares, the total value of SoftBank Corp. will reach $21.15 billion, which would be the second-largest IPO ever made.[100]In December 2018, SoftBank invested in ParkJockey. The startup attempts to monetize parking lots. After the investment round, general valuation of the ParkJourney reached $1 billion.[101]In December 2018, SoftBank announced its intention to invest $1 billion on ride-hailing startup Grab. Some sources said that the total amount of investment could reach $1.5 billion.[102]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Wag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_(company)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Tadashi Yanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi_Yanai"},{"link_name":"Fast Retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Retailing"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Getaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaround"},{"link_name":"Rappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappi"},{"link_name":"Katerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerra"},{"link_name":"Zume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zume"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Elliott Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Management"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Line Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Z Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Naver Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_of_Sprint_Corporation_and_T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Jack Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Brightstar Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightstar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Nvidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NVIDIA_bought-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nvidia_details-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Motor Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group"},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Coupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"eToro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EToro"},{"link_name":"SPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"PIPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investment_in_public_equity"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Adani Green Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adani_Green_Energy"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"SPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"2019–2021","text":"On 25 September 2019, Softbank Robotics launched Whiz robotic vacuum cleaner in Singapore.[103]In September 2019, WeWork's IPO was canceled.[104]In December 2019, Softbank sold its interest in dog-walking startup Wag at a loss.[105] Tadashi Yanai, Fast Retailing's CEO and Japan's richest man at the time, left the board after 18 years.[106]In January 2020, multiple Softbank-funded startups started cutting their staff, including Getaround, Oyo, Rappi, Katerra and Zume.[107] In February 2020, Elliott Management, an activist hedge fund, bought a $2.5 billion stake in Softbank and pushed for restructuring and more transparency, especially regarding its Vision Fund.[108] Consequently, plans for a second Vision Fund were pushed back.[109]In November 2019, it was announced that Line Corp. and Z Holdings were going to be a new subsidiary under Naver Corporation and SoftBank Group, their respective owners.[110] The closing was delayed until March 2021 due to COVID-19.[111]In March 2020, SoftBank announced that it was launching an emergency ¥4.5tn ($41bn) asset sale to fund a share buyback and debt reduction. The effort was initiated by Son in order to stem a collapse in the company’s share price due to the pandemic, \"This programme will be the largest share buyback and will result in the largest increase in cash balance in the history of SBG [SoftBank Group], reflecting the firm and unwavering confidence we have in our business.\". After the programme was unveiled, Softbank share price rose almost 19%. The program included a plan to repurchase ¥2tn of its shares in addition to the ¥500bn buyback it promised 10 days prior. Combined, SoftBank would be repurchasing 45% of its stock.[112]On 1 April 2020, Sprint completed its merger with T-Mobile US, which was majority-owned by Deutsche Telekom, leaving T-Mobile the parent company. The merger also led to Softbank holding 24% of the new T-Mobile's shares, while 43% of shares are held by Deutsche Telekom. The remaining 33% will be held by others. In May 2020, Alibaba's co-founder and former CEO Jack Ma resigned from the board.[113]In July 2020, SoftBank announced that it is considering to sell or IPO British chip designer Arm Holdings, which has been in a feud with the Chinese over control of its local subsidiary, but it did not have the majority ownership due to a decision made by Softbank to sell off the stake to the local partner.[114][115] For Q2 of 2020, the company revenues were $12 billion. The firm announced that it would be arranging a new fund worth $555 million. The fund will be used to invest in various companies, including Amazon, Apple and Facebook.[116]In September 2020, SoftBank Vision Fund 2 led a $100 million Series C round in Biofourmis.[117] Also in September 2020, Softbank was identified as the Nasdaq whale where it bought stock options valued in the billions, betting on higher prices for the biggest technology companies.[118][119][120][121] That month SoftBank sold Brightstar Corporation to Brightstar Capital Partners for an undisclosed amount.[122][123]American chip designing company Nvidia announced plans on 13 September 2020 to acquire ARM from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US $40 billion in stock and cash. This would become the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group would retain a 10% share in the company while ARM would maintain its headquarters in Cambridge.[124][125][126] But this deal collapsed due to regulatory hurdles.[127]In December 2020, Hyundai Motor Group acquired an 80% stake of Boston Dynamics from SoftBank for approximately $880 million. SoftBank retains about 20% through an affiliate.[128]In January 2021, SoftBank sold $2 billion in Uber Technologies shares through affiliate firm SB Cayman.[129]In March 2021, SoftBank made a record $36.99 billion profit from its Vision Fund unit and investment gains via the public market debut of Coupang.[130] SoftBank Group's net profit was $45.88 billion (¥4.99 trillion).[130] It was the largest recorded annual profit by a Japanese company in history.[130] The same month, Softbank's Vision Fund 2 announced investment in the eToro SPAC merger PIPE funding of $650 million.[131]In April 2021 Softbank announced plans to acquire a 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion and in July 2021 it announced it would invest $870 million in the Korean hotel booking platform Yanolja.[132]In May 2021, Softbank stated it would sell SB Energy India, to Adani Green Energy, valuing the unit at $3.5 billion. The sale is speculated to mark a shift in the company's trajectory, moving away from investments in solar energy towards companies dealing with artificial intelligence.[133][134][135] Later that month, Bloomberg reported, Vision Fund could go public via a $300 million SPAC in 2021, listing in Amsterdam.[136]In July 2021, Softbank announced that it would acquire the Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion.[137][138]In August 2021, Son said he would begin to make personal investments alongside Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2.[139]In September 2021, Softbank agreed to sell most of its shares in T-Mobile US to Deutsche Telekom in exchange for a 4.5% stake in the latter.[140]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Opendoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opendoor"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Toyota Tsusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Tsusho"},{"link_name":"controlling interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_interest"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Eurus Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurus_Energy"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"SoftBank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"divestiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divestment"},{"link_name":"Mubadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubadala_Investment_Company"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"2022–present","text":"In August 2022, Softbank said that it sold its entire Uber holdings in April–July 2022.[141] It was also reported that Softbank exited Opendoor in that quarter.[142] Five years after Masayoshi Son’s $100 billion fund entered the financial world to much fanfare, Softbank’s venture firm was crumbling and on the verge of collapse. Its large venture vehicles struggled badly, performing in the bottom of the asset class, and many of Son’s closest associates in the effort had departed from the company.[143]In February 2023, Toyota Tsusho announced that it had bought the controlling interest in SB Energy, which would become a subsidiary, alongside Toyota Tsusho subsidiary Eurus Energy.[144]In April 2023, SoftBank Group Corp. announced it was selling to a Singapore-based company run by Masayoshi Son’s youngest brother its Korea-based early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia Corp. after suffering billions of dollars in losses from failed startup bets.[145]In May 2023, the SoftBank Group announced that losses from the SoftBank Vision Fund had widened 70 percent to a record $32 billion from a year ago.[146] In another divestiture of assets, SoftBank Group also sold the stake in Fortress Investment Group to Mubadala and Fortress' management.[147]SoftBank Group's Arm filed for an IPO on 21 August 2023 on the Nasdaq.[148][149] A few days earlier, SoftBank bought back the 25% stake from Vision Fund for around $16 billion, valuing Arm at over $64 billion.[150] Arm went public on 14 September 2023 raising $4.87 billion at a $54.5 billion valuation, with SoftBank continuing to own 90.6% of the company following the offering.[151][152][153]In December 2023, telecommunication and networking company SoftBank Corp, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp, paid 513 million dollars for a controlling stake in Irish technology company Cubic Telecom, in a deal that will net the company’s founders and its private backers a multimillion-euro payout.[154][155]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"The Master Trust Bank of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Trust_Bank_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"investment trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_trust"},{"link_name":"Japan Trustee Services Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Trustee_Services_Bank"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Citibank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank"},{"link_name":"The Vanguard Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group"},{"link_name":"Capital Group Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies"},{"link_name":"Baillie Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillie_Gifford"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"As of 30 September 2020, SoftBank ownership is as follows:[156][157]Masayoshi Son (21.25%)\nThe Master Trust Bank of Japan investment trusts (10.25%)\nJapan Trustee Services Bank main investment trusts (5.87%)\nJPMorgan Chase (7.45%)\nCitibank (1.4%)\nThe Vanguard Group (2.19%)\nCapital Group Companies (2.4%)\nBaillie Gifford (1.36%)","title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"By December 2022, Masayoshi Son’s stake in the company he founded had risen to 34.2% from 32.2% as of the end of September.[158]","title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SB Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Creative"},{"link_name":"SBI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBI_Group"},{"link_name":"financial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Ymobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile"},{"link_name":"TD-LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-LTE"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"SoftBank Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Capital"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"E-Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Trade"},{"link_name":"Ustream.tv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustream.tv"},{"link_name":"EF Education First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First"},{"link_name":"Morningstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Alibaba Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Sprint Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"Softbank Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbank_Corp."},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"},{"link_name":"Softbank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"Fortress Investment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Yahoo Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"Brightstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightstar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"Didi Chuxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Chuxing"},{"link_name":"Ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Cabs"},{"link_name":"Renren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renren"},{"link_name":"InMobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InMobi"},{"link_name":"Hike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hike_Messenger"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Fanatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatics_(sports_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Improbable Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improbable_(company)"},{"link_name":"Paytm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paytm"},{"link_name":"OYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Ping An Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_An_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Slack Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_Technologies"},{"link_name":"WeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZhongAn"},{"link_name":"Compass, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Wag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_(company)"},{"link_name":"Katerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerra"},{"link_name":"Cruise Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Automation"},{"link_name":"ParkJockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkjockey"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Tokopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokopedia"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"}],"text":"SoftBank's corporate profile includes various other companies such as Japanese broadband company SoftBank BB, data center company IDC Frontier and the publishing company SB Creative. SBI Group is a Japanese financial services company that began in 1999 as a branch of SoftBank.[159] Ymobile Corporation is another telecommunications subsidiary of SoftBank, established in 2014. In 2010, SoftBank founded Wireless City Planning (WCP), a subsidiary that planned the development of TD-LTE networks throughout Japan.[160] SoftBank also operates SoftBank Capital, a US-based venture capital company. SoftBank owns the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks professional baseball team. SoftBank also operated in the eco-power industry through subsidiary SB Energy until its sale.It has various partnerships in Japanese subsidiaries of foreign companies such as Yahoo! (which has resulted in Yahoo! Japan), E-Trade, Ustream.tv, EF Education First and Morningstar. It also has stakes in Alibaba Group and Sprint Corporation.[76]Other holdings include Softbank Corp. [ja], Softbank Vision Fund [ja], Arm Holdings (90.6%), Fortress Investment Group, Boston Dynamics, T-Mobile US (3.3%), Alibaba (29.5%), Yahoo Japan (48.17%), Brightstar (87.1%), Uber (15%), Didi Chuxing (c. 20%), Ola (c. 30%), Renren (42.9%), InMobi (45%), Hike (25.8%), Snapdeal (c. 30%), Fanatics (c. 22%), Improbable Worlds (c. 50%), Paytm (c. 20%), OYO (42%), Ping An Insurance (7.41%),[161] Slack Technologies (c. 5%), WeWork (c. 46%),[162] ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance (5%), Compass, Inc. (c. 30.1%), AUTO1 Group (c. 20%), Wag (45%), Katerra (c. 28%), Cruise Automation (c. 19.6%), ParkJockey,[163] Tokopedia (Indonesia),[164] and many more companies.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobile_merge-165"}],"sub_title":"SoftBank Corp.","text":"SoftBank Corp. (ソフトバンク株式会社, SofutoBanku Kabushikigaisha) is SoftBank's telecommunications subsidiary, providing both mobile and fixed-line services. It was called SoftBank Mobile until July 2015, when the Group merged SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp. and Ymobile Corporation to reflect its fixed-line and ISP operations.[165]","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SONY_TH291_(1999)_1_(2759751822).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan14_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Japan Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Telecom"},{"link_name":"TU-KA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDDI"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular"},{"link_name":"Sha-Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha-Mail"},{"link_name":"camera phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phones"},{"link_name":"SHARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"J-Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Sky"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"i-mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mode"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_platform"},{"link_name":"JSCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSCL"},{"link_name":"DoJa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoJa"}],"sub_title":"J-PHONE","text":"Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operatorJ-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003SoftBank's mobile communications arm began with the formation of Japan Telecom in 1984. The Digital Phone Group (デジタルホン, DPG, three local companies) mobile phone division was formed in 1994, and J-PHONE Co., Ltd. (J-フォン) was formed in 1999 by the DGP/ Digital TU-KA Group merger (DTG, six local companies, not to be confused with TU-KA). Japan Telecom owned a stake of 45.1%.J-PHONE grew steadily for a decade by introducing new services and enhancements such as SkyWalker for PDC, SkyMelody ringtone download, the Sha-Mail picture mail introduced following camera phones developed by SHARP, the mobile multimedia data service J-Sky modeled after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, and advanced Java services based on JSCL, modeled after NTT DoCoMo's DoJa based i-appli.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"K.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Morrow_Article-166"},{"link_name":"Au by KDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_by_KDDI"},{"link_name":"Willcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willcom"},{"link_name":"FOMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMA"},{"link_name":"Vodafone live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_live!"},{"link_name":"WAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol"}],"sub_title":"Vodafone","text":"In October 2001, the British mobile phone group Vodafone increased its share to 66.7% of Japan Telecom and 69.7% of J-Phone. On 1 October 2003, the company's name and the service brand changed to Vodafone, while the division was called Vodafone K.K. or Vodafone Japan.[166]However, in January 2005, Vodafone Japan lost 58,700 customers and in February 2005 lost 53,200 customers, while competitors NTT DoCoMo gained 184,400 customers, while Au by KDDI gained 163,700, and Willcom gained 35,000. While as of February 2005, DoCoMo's FOMA 3G service had attracted 10 million subscribers and KDDI's 3G service had attracted over 17 million subscribers, Vodafone's 3G service only attracted 527,300 subscribers. Vodafone 3G failed to attract subscribers because Vodafone reduced investments in 3G services in Japan in 2002/3; handsets did not fully match the needs and preferences of Japanese customers. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone Japan had 15.1 million customers. By the end of October 2005, the number of subscribers had fallen below 15M. During the same period, NTT DoCoMo gained 1.65 million customers, and KDDI/AU gained 1.82 million customers. Vodafone-Japan had only 4.8% of Japan's 3G market.Vodafone changed the name of its multimedia data services from J-Sky to Vodafone live! and used J-Sky's principles, technologies, and business models to introduce the WAP-based Vodafone live! in Vodafone's other markets. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone live! had 12.907 million subscribers in Japan. By the end of October 2005, the number of Vodafone live! subscribers had fallen by 138,000.In March 2006, Vodafone began discussing the sale of the Vodafone Japan unit to SoftBank. Vodafone was unable to satisfy customers. Handsets had user interfaces that differed too much from the Japanese interface and lacked competitive features.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Real)_TV_on_Mobile_(397712891).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4S"},{"link_name":"au by KDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_(mobile_phone_company)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iht-168"}],"sub_title":"SoftBank Mobile","text":"Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBankOn 17 March 2006, Vodafone Group announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for about US$15.1 billion. On 18 May 2006, the unit was renamed \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\", effective 1 October 2006.On 4 June 2008, SoftBank Mobile announced a partnership with Apple and brought the iPhone (3G) to Japan later in 2008.[167] SoftBank Mobile was the only official carrier of the iPhone in Japan until the release of iPhone 4S in 2011, when au by KDDI began to offer it.[168]","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W-CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"SoftBank Corp.'s mobile network operates W-CDMA (UMTS 3G) network (\"SoftBank 3G\"). SoftBank's 3G network is compatible with UMTS and supports transparent global roaming for UMTS subscribers from other countries.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ikebukuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebukuro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_celltower01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nakatsugawa, Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsugawa,_Gifu"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHz"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"Open Handset Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"geiger counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobile_merge-165"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, TokyoA SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu1981: SoftBank Corp. (currently SoftBank Group Corp.) Japan (Yombancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo) established. Commenced operations as a distributor of packaged software\n1984: Japan Telecom was founded.\n1986: Japan Telecom launches leased circuit services.\n1986: Railway Telecommunication established.\n1989: Railway Telecommunication merges with Japan Telecom.\n1991: Tokyo Digital Phone established.\n1994: J-Phone starts PDC cellular service in the 1.5 GHz band, 10 MHz bandwidth.\n1997: J-Phone launches SkyWalker SMS service designed by Aldiscon and Ericsson for PDC\n1998: J-Phone launches SkyMelody ringtone download service\n1999: J-Phone launches J-Sky wireless Internet service ten months after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, which was launched in February 1999.\n2000: J-Phone launches Sha-Mail (写メール) picture messaging service using the world's first camera phones developed by SHARP\n2001: J-Phone launches Java service with JSCL library\n2002: J-Phone launches W-CDMA 3G service for the first time\n2002: Company name was changed to Japan Telecom Holdings. The fixed-line telecommunications business was also separated to found a new Japan Telecom.\n2003: J-Phone company name is changed to Vodafone K.K., and J-Sky name is changed to Vodafone live!. Vodafone launches a Japan-nationwide Beckham campaign\n2003: Company name was changed to Vodafone Holdings K.K.\n2004: Vodafone K.K. merges with Vodafone Holdings K.K. and the company name is changed to Vodafone K.K.\n2004: Vodafone relaunches the 3G services in Japan a second time offering mobile phone handsets designed primarily for the European markets\n2005: Vodafone changes management and relaunches 3G services in Japan a third time\n2006: Vodafone officially announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan (Vodafone K.K.) to SoftBank for a total of 1.75 trillion Japanese yen (approx US$15.1 billion) in one of the largest M&A transactions in Japan to date\n2006: SoftBank and Vodafone K.K. jointly announced, that the name of the company will be changed to a \"new, easy-to-understand and familiar\" company name and brand. Masayoshi Son became CEO and Representative Director of Vodafone K.K.\n2006: Headquarters moved from Atago Hills to Shiodome to integrate operations with other SoftBank group companies.\n2006: SoftBank announced that the name of the company will be changed to \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\" effective 1 October 2006\n2006: SoftBank started rebranding \"Vodafone\" to \"SoftBank.\"\n2006: Vodafone Japan company name is changed to \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\"\n2008: SoftBank Mobile releases iPhone in Japan beating NTT DoCoMo\n2008: SoftBank Mobile joins Open Handset Alliance[169]\n2010: Softbank purchased 100% of the PHS mobile operator Willcom.\n2012: SoftBank Mobile unveils the Pantone 5 107SH, a mobile phone with a built-in geiger counter.[170]\n2015: Investment in US-based Social Finance, Inc (SoFi) announced\n2015: SoftBank Mobile was merged with SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp., and Ymobile Corporation to form a new subsidiary, SoftBank Corp., to reflect its new status of providing fixed-line and ISP operations.[165]\n2018: SoftBank Corp. (TSE: 9434) listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange On 19 December 2018.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THE_PREMIUM_SoftBank_821SH_PG_open.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_001P_Gold01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARROWS_A_202F_SoftBank_(2013_.08.17).jpg"},{"link_name":"FUJITSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_930CA_BK001.jpg"},{"link_name":"CASIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_003sh.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vodafone_803T_Soul_Black_open.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_mobile_phone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_evolution_Japan1997-2004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank-usim-card-003-ap0wc.jpg"},{"link_name":"USIM card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module#USIM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_Tokyo_juli_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_Blazer_(2724270785).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"SoftBank 821SH PG\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 001P by Panasonic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank A202F by FUJITSU\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 930CA by CASIO\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 003SH\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVodafone 803T by Toshiba\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJ-PHONE J-SH07 by Sharp (2001)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn evolution of J-PHONE and Vodafone cell phones, 1997–2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA SoftBank USIM card\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Taitō, Tokyo, with a large Vodafone sign in the background (2004)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMobile Blazer (2008)","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_dog"},{"link_name":"Dante Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Carver"},{"link_name":"Kanako Higuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanako_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Aya Ueto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Ueto"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT1-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Ingress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"augmented reality game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality_game"},{"link_name":"item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"text":"Since May 2006, SoftBank's telecommunications marketing and commercials have principally revolved around \"Otosan sujan karki\", the canine patriarch of the otherwise human \"Shirason, Kaito\" family.[171] \"Otosan\" translates to father, and the character, a Hokkaido dog, indeed acts as the father of the family, along with the son \"Kojiro\" (starred by Dante Carver), mom \"Masako\" (Kanako Higuchi), and daughter \"Aya\" (Aya Ueto).[172] The advertising series proved to be popular: CM Research Center ranked the Otousan adverts as the most popular in Japan between 2007 and 2012, based on monthly surveys of 3,000 randomly selected adults.[173][174]SoftBank partnered with the Ingress augmented reality game, supporting the branded \"SoftBank Ultra Link\" in-game item.[175]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Yanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmar"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Japanese national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017 Asian Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Asian_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"2019 FIBA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Japan Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Series"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"SoftBank bought a \"team\" for the America's Cup. The team was named SoftBank Team Japan, and Yanmar came on board. SoftBank Team Japan raced in the 2017 races held in Bermuda. The team members come from various backgrounds, most of whom were not Japanese.[176]The company was the official jersey sponsor of the Japanese national basketball team at the official 2017 Asian Basketball Championship in Lebanon[177] as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup.SoftBank has also owned the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Japanese professional baseball team based in Fukuoka, since 2005. The SoftBank logo appears on the jersey, and the team has won seven Japan Series championships under SoftBank, all of which came between 2011 and 2020.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"text":"In 2015, SoftBank, along with some other companies in Japan,[178] offered a baby bonus for employees who have children. The payments range from US$400 for a first child to US$40,000 for a fifth child.[179][180][181]","title":"Baby bonus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internet of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"text":"SoftBank Investment Advisers oversees SoftBank's Vision Fund, created in 2017, which invests in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics and the internet of things.[182] It intended to develop a portfolio of 125 AI companies.[183] According to the fund and Son, it also invested in companies to revolutionize real estate, transportation, and retail. Son claimed he would make personal connections with the CEOs of all companies funded by Vision Fund in order to boost synergies among them.[184] Son’s original plans were to raise $100 billion for a new fund every few years, investing about $50 billion a year in startups.[185] By 2023, after the launch of Vision Fund 1 and 2, the dismal performance[186] of SoftBank’s funds had cast a shadow over the initial exuberance of both Masayoshi Son and his company regarding its huge, largely unprofitable intercorporate investments[187] that had become the main mission, vision and purpose of the entire SoftBank Group.[188][189][190]","title":"Vision fund investments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early-stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"the internet of things (IoT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"smart robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technode.global-193"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"Nexon Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Tokopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokopedia"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technode.global-193"},{"link_name":"start-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byung-wook-200"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byung-wook-200"},{"link_name":"intellectual property (IP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Taizo Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizo_Son"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"text":"SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was the global early-stage venture capital arm of the SoftBank Group[191] The firm focused on early-stage ICT investments – including Artificial Intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and smart robotics.[192] By October 2021, SBVA had backed more than 250 companies in 10 countries with US$1.3 billion fund under management.[193]SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was founded in 2000 as SoftBank Ventures Korea[192] and began its focus on South Korean market[192] and its early-stage ventures.[191] SBVA’s one of the early investments in South Korea included Nexon Co, now a Korean-Japanese gaming publisher that was the largest IPO in Japan for 2011.[191]SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) expanded its focus beyond South Korea since 2011 and made several notable investments in Southeast Asia,[194] such as Tokopedia,[195] an Indonesian e-commerce platform, and Carro, Singapore's used-car platform.[196] In 2018, SBVA launched a $300m venture fund ‘China Venture Fund I’,[192] targeting Chinese start-ups,[197] then immediately trailed by ‘SoftBank Acceleration Fund’ with $300M the following year.[191] With continuous investment across Asia and beyond, the company renamed itself as SoftBank Ventures Asia to reflect its broadened focus on startups in the Asia-Pacific region beyond South Korea, and opened offices in Seoul,[198] Singapore, and Beijing.With the company’s extended expertise in ICT investment, SBVA is aiming towards two investment themes, which were ‘technology innovation’ in AI,[192] Robotics, Semiconductor, Mobility, and AR/VR, and ‘market innovation’ in consumer, enterprise, shared economy, healthcare, etc.[193] SBVA created $160M ‘future innovation fund’ in March 2021, focusing on AI start-ups[199] and made investment in AI sector including VoyagerX, AI software developer,[200] Upstage AI, AI solution provider,[200] and MarqVision, AI-powered intellectual property (IP) protection platform.[201]In April 2023, it was known that Masayoshi Son's SoftBank Group would sell its early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia to Singapore-based The Edgeof, a newly formed investment firm led by Son's youngest brother, Taizo Son, as SoftBank Group grappled with steep losses in a myriad of investments made around the world.[202] The operation raised governance concerns.[203]","title":"SoftBank Ventures Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090419084807/http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf"}],"text":"Annual Report (PDF), JP: SoftBank, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.","title":"Additional sources"}] | [{"image_text":"SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG/250px-SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG"},{"image_text":"SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the Tanabata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG/220px-Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SONY_TH291_%281999%29_1_%282759751822%29.jpg/150px-SONY_TH291_%281999%29_1_%282759751822%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"J-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jan14_01.JPG/220px-Jan14_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%28Real%29_TV_on_Mobile_%28397712891%29.jpg/220px-%28Real%29_TV_on_Mobile_%28397712891%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg/220px-Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Softbank_celltower01.jpg/220px-Softbank_celltower01.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of conglomerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conglomerates"}] | [{"reference":"\"Consolidated financial report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023\" (PDF). SoftBank Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/system/files/pdf/ir/financials/financial_reports/financial-report_q4fy2022_01_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Consolidated financial report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Group Report 2023\" (PDF). SoftBank Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/system/files/pdf/ir/financials/annual_reports/annual-report_fy2023_en.pdf","url_text":"\"SoftBank Group Report 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Gives Up Pretending It Isn't a Fund\". Bloomberg.com. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-11/softbank-earnings-it-s-a-fund-not-a-technology-company","url_text":"\"SoftBank Gives Up Pretending It Isn't a Fund\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Group Corp\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Companies/SoftBank-Group-Corp2","url_text":"\"SoftBank Group Corp\""}]},{"reference":"Crane, John (21 May 2019). \"Exposing SoftBank's Hunger for Saudi Blood Money\". The Startup.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/swlh/exposing-softbanks-hunger-for-saudi-blood-money-ad2f9ad809bb","url_text":"\"Exposing SoftBank's Hunger for Saudi Blood Money\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Jacky (9 May 2018). \"How Much Is the World's Largest Tech Fund Worth to SoftBank?\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-much-is-the-worlds-largest-tech-fund-worth-to-softbank-1525866666","url_text":"\"How Much Is the World's Largest Tech Fund Worth to SoftBank?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Son defends Vision Fund at Saudi conference\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/SoftBank-s-Son-defends-Vision-Fund-at-Saudi-conference","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Son defends Vision Fund at Saudi conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Bitcoin, Now WeWork: Is Masayoshi Son the Worst Investor Ever?\". CCN.com. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccn.com/first-bitcoin-now-wework-is-masayoshi-son-the-worst-investor-ever/","url_text":"\"First Bitcoin, Now WeWork: Is Masayoshi Son the Worst Investor Ever?\""}]},{"reference":"Elstrom, Peter (2 December 2019). \"SoftBank's startup bookkeeping draws scrutiny after WeWork fiasco\". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/02/business/corporate-business/softbank-startup-bookkeeping-scrutiny/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's startup bookkeeping draws scrutiny after WeWork fiasco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masayoshi Son: Inside the eccentric world of the controversial Japanese billionaire investor\". The Independent. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/masayoshi-son-cheng-wei-chinese-didi-chuxing-softbank-group-uber-technologies-saudi-arabia-prince-a8140561.html","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son: Inside the eccentric world of the controversial Japanese billionaire investor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some suggested slides for SoftBank\". Financial Times. 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/228162ad-b224-40ce-b3c6-7ca75de9aee4","url_text":"\"Some suggested slides for SoftBank\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/228162ad-b224-40ce-b3c6-7ca75de9aee4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Masayoshi Son's $58 Billion Payday on Alibaba\". Bloomberg.com. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-07/softbanks-58-billion-payday-on-its-alibaba-investment","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son's $58 Billion Payday on Alibaba\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Woes: A Deep Dive\". ARPU!. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arpu.hedder.com/softbank-woes-deep-dive/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Woes: A Deep Dive\""}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Andrew (19 February 1995). \"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/19/business/a-japanese-gambler-hits-the-jackpot-with-softbank.html","url_text":"\"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Manish (8 August 2022). \"SoftBank cautions longer startup winter if unicorn founders unwilling to cut valuations\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/08/08/softbank-cautions-startup-winter-may-last-longer-if-unicorn-founders-dont-accept-lower-valuations/","url_text":"\"SoftBank cautions longer startup winter if unicorn founders unwilling to cut valuations\""}]},{"reference":"Pressman, Aaron (11 April 2023). \"Some Boston startups backed by Japanese giant SoftBank are floundering\". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 13 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/11/business/some-boston-startups-backed-by-japanese-giant-softbank-are-floundering/","url_text":"\"Some Boston startups backed by Japanese giant SoftBank are floundering\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund: Portfolio returns, investments and strategy\". pitchbook.com. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/softbank-vision-fund-performance","url_text":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund: Portfolio returns, investments and strategy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arm Sales Rise as SoftBank Targets 2023 IPO for Chip Firm\". Bloomberg.com. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-07/arm-revenue-rises-as-softbank-prepares-to-take-chip-firm-public","url_text":"\"Arm Sales Rise as SoftBank Targets 2023 IPO for Chip Firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank moves to sell down most of its Alibaba stake\". Financial Times. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/15d54d29-ba32-4cd5-8002-5279b77d6e4a","url_text":"\"SoftBank moves to sell down most of its Alibaba stake\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Manish (22 September 2022). \"SoftBank cuts internal valuation of $10 billion Oyo to $2.7 billion\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/22/softbank-slashes-oyos-valuation-to-2-7-billion/","url_text":"\"SoftBank cuts internal valuation of $10 billion Oyo to $2.7 billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fidelity, After Becoming WeWork's Second-Largest Shareholder, Adds to Stake Once Again\". CoStar. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.costar.com/article/831260876/fidelity-after-becoming-weworks-second-largest-shareholder-adds-to-stake-once-again","url_text":"\"Fidelity, After Becoming WeWork's Second-Largest Shareholder, Adds to Stake Once Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Telekom raises stake in T-Mobile US, swaps shares with Softbank\". Fierce Wireless. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiercewireless.com/financial/deutsche-telekom-raises-stake-t-mobile-us-swaps-shares-softbank","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom raises stake in T-Mobile US, swaps shares with Softbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of subscribers by Carriers｜TCA\". Tca.or.jp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tca.or.jp/english/database/index.html","url_text":"\"Number of subscribers by Carriers｜TCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Top 10 Worst Startup Investments - ValueWalk\". www.valuewalk.com. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valuewalk.com/softbanks-worst-startup-investments/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Top 10 Worst Startup Investments - ValueWalk\""}]},{"reference":"Nussey, Sam; Bridge, Anton (21 June 2023). \"SoftBank to shift to 'offence mode' as AI booms\". Reuters. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/softbank-shift-its-stance-offence-mode-says-ceo-son-2023-06-21/","url_text":"\"SoftBank to shift to 'offence mode' as AI booms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes Global 2000\". Forbes. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#header:position_search:softbank","url_text":"\"Forbes Global 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Largest Public Companies\". Forbes. Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#country:Japan","url_text":"\"The World's Largest Public Companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Origin of Brand Name and Logo\". SoftBank Group Corp. Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/en/corp/about/identity/","url_text":"\"Origin of Brand Name and Logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank in talks with Mizuho and Japan banks for $2.8bn loan\". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/SoftBank2/SoftBank-in-talks-with-Mizuho-and-Japan-banks-for-2.8bn-loan","url_text":"\"SoftBank in talks with Mizuho and Japan banks for $2.8bn loan\""}]},{"reference":"Webber, Alan M. (1 January 1992). \"Japanese-Style Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Softbank'S CEO, Masayoshi Son\". Harvard Business Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbr.org/1992/01/japanese-style-entrepreneurship-an-interview-with-softbanks-ceo-masayoshi-son","url_text":"\"Japanese-Style Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Softbank'S CEO, Masayoshi Son\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Big Three Carriers Explained - SoftBank\". 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technobuffalo.com/2013/10/27/japans-big-three-carriers-explained-softbank/","url_text":"\"Japan's Big Three Carriers Explained - SoftBank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank Agrees to Buy Ziff-Davis PC Magazine Group\". The New York Times. Bloomberg Business News. 10 November 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/10/business/softbank-agrees-to-buy-ziff-davis-pc-magazine-group.html","url_text":"\"Softbank Agrees to Buy Ziff-Davis PC Magazine Group\""}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Andrew (19 February 1995). \"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/19/business/a-japanese-gambler-hits-the-jackpot-with-softbank.html","url_text":"\"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Brian (1 September 2003). \"Worst in Show How Key3Media, the company behind the big tech trade show Comdex, went bankrupt\". CNN Money. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/09/01/348383/index.htm","url_text":"\"Worst in Show How Key3Media, the company behind the big tech trade show Comdex, went bankrupt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Business News – Latest Headlines on CNN Business - CNN\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/09/01/348383/index.htm","url_text":"\"Business News – Latest Headlines on CNN Business - CNN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Japan.com How Son Captured Japan's Internet Economy\". money.cnn.com. 16 August 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/08/16/264312/index.htm","url_text":"\"Mr. Japan.com How Son Captured Japan's Internet Economy\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Founders to Buy Back Kingston Stake From Softbank\". Los Angeles Times. 15 July 1999. Retrieved 11 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-15-fi-56161-story.html","url_text":"\"2 Founders to Buy Back Kingston Stake From Softbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"ソフトバンクグループの歩み\". ソフトバンクグループ株式会社.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/philosophy/history","url_text":"\"ソフトバンクグループの歩み\""}]},{"reference":"Sender, Henny; Ling, Connie (18 January 2000). \"Softbank to Invest $20 Million In Hong Kong's Alibaba.com\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB948202996877749173","url_text":"\"Softbank to Invest $20 Million In Hong Kong's Alibaba.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Galani, Una (22 September 2014). \"Valuing SoftBank in Alibaba's Aftermath\". DealBook. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/valuing-softbank-in-alibabas-aftermath/","url_text":"\"Valuing SoftBank in Alibaba's Aftermath\""}]},{"reference":"Pfanner, Eric (19 September 2014). \"SoftBank's Alibaba Alchemy: How to Turn $20 Million Into $50 Billion\". WSJ. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/09/19/softbanks-alibaba-alchemy-how-to-turn-20-million-into-50-billion/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Alibaba Alchemy: How to Turn $20 Million Into $50 Billion\""}]},{"reference":"Ji-young, Sohn (28 January 2019). \"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190128000527","url_text":"\"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\""}]},{"reference":"ボーダフォン、メールのドメイン名も「ソフトバンク」へ──10月1日から (in Japanese). ITmedia Mobile. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/0607/13/news050.html","url_text":"ボーダフォン、メールのドメイン名も「ソフトバンク」へ──10月1日から"}]},{"reference":"上戸彩：超高価ケータイ「ないしょにしてね」. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080130125848/http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20080129spn00m200016000c.html","url_text":"上戸彩：超高価ケータイ「ないしょにしてね」"},{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20080129spn00m200016000c.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank profit soars; buys stake in Ustream\", Japan Today, 3 February 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantoday.com/category/technology/view/softbank-profit-soars-buys-stake-in-ustream","url_text":"\"Softbank profit soars; buys stake in Ustream\""}]},{"reference":"Santos, Alexis (3 October 2012). \"Softbank to acquire competitor eAccess, expand LTE network by 50 percent\". Engadget. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/03/softbank-buys-eaccess-expand-lte-network/","url_text":"\"Softbank to acquire competitor eAccess, expand LTE network by 50 percent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Japan drops $3.2 billion plan to buy eAccess from SoftBank\". Reuters. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yahoo-japan-softbank-eaccess-idUSBREA4I03620140519","url_text":"\"Yahoo Japan drops $3.2 billion plan to buy eAccess from SoftBank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank to Buy 70 Percent Stake in Sprint: Sources\". CNBC. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/49408877","url_text":"\"Softbank to Buy 70 Percent Stake in Sprint: Sources\""}]},{"reference":"Soni, Phalguni (21 April 2014). \"The latest word in telecom\". Market Realist. Market Realist, Inc. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://marketrealist.com/2014/04/latest-word-telecom-can-softbank-swing-t-mobile-deal/","url_text":"\"The latest word in telecom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olacabs raises $210 million from Japan's SoftBank Corp; enters b Club\". The Times Of India. 25 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-25/news/55421988_1_olacabs-bhavish-aggarwal-valoriser-consultants","url_text":"\"Olacabs raises $210 million from Japan's SoftBank Corp; enters b Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Startup Housing.com valued at Rs 1,500 crore after SoftBank acquires 30% stake for $70 million\". The Times Of India. 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/startups/startup-housing-com-valued-at-rs-1500-crore-after-soft-bank-acquires-30-stake-for-70-million/articleshow/45197333.cms","url_text":"\"Startup Housing.com valued at Rs 1,500 crore after SoftBank acquires 30% stake for $70 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aldebaran Robotics Founder and CEO Steps Down, SoftBank Appoints New Leader\". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 23 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/aldebaran-robotics-founder-and-ceo-steps-down-softbank-appoints-new-leader","url_text":"\"Aldebaran Robotics Founder and CEO Steps Down, SoftBank Appoints New Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, Parmy. \"Softbank's Robotics Business Prepares To Scale Up\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/05/30/softbank-robotics-business-pepper-boston-dynamics/#105b3f6d4b7f","url_text":"\"Softbank's Robotics Business Prepares To Scale Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Quigley, J.T. (22 May 2015). \"Post-acquistion [sic], DramaFever has more muscle to spread Asian entertainment to the West\". Tech In Asia. Retrieved 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techinasia.com/dramafever-post-acquisition/","url_text":"\"Post-acquistion [sic], DramaFever has more muscle to spread Asian entertainment to the West\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Alexander (11 May 2015). \"SoftBank CEO Taps a Future Successor in Nikesh Arora\". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-ceo-taps-a-future-successor-in-nikesh-arora-1431328037","url_text":"\"SoftBank CEO Taps a Future Successor in Nikesh Arora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Softbank increases controlling stake in Finnish 'Clash of Clans' maker\". Reuters. June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-supercell/japans-softbank-increases-controlling-stake-in-finnish-clash-of-clans-maker-idUSKBN0OH23H20150601","url_text":"\"Japan's Softbank increases controlling stake in Finnish 'Clash of Clans' maker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Ando, Ritsuko (3 June 2015). \"SoftBank to invest $1 billion in Korean e-commerce site Coupang\". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-southkorea-ecommerce-idUSKBN0OJ0GI20150603","url_text":"\"SoftBank to invest $1 billion in Korean e-commerce site Coupang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes of Corporate Names of SoftBank Corp. and Subsidiary - Press Releases - News - About Us - SoftBank Group\". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2015/20150511_05/","url_text":"\"Changes of Corporate Names of SoftBank Corp. and Subsidiary - Press Releases - News - About Us - SoftBank Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank reveals record $4.4bn share buyback\". BBC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35584328","url_text":"\"Softbank reveals record $4.4bn share buyback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank sells stake in game developer Supercell to Tencent\". Yahoo! News. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/softbank-sells-stake-game-developer-supercell-tencent-111704022.html","url_text":"\"Softbank sells stake in game developer Supercell to Tencent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puzzle & Dragons studio GungHo to regain majority stake from SoftBank for $685m\". develop-online.net. 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/puzzle-dragons-studio-gungho-to-regain-majority-stake-from-softbank-for-685m/0221319","url_text":"\"Puzzle & Dragons studio GungHo to regain majority stake from SoftBank for $685m\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank to sell most of its stake in 'Puzzle & Dragons' maker GungHo\". cnet.com. 6 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/news/softbank-to-sell-most-of-its-stake-in-puzzle-and-dragons-maker-gungho/","url_text":"\"SoftBank to sell most of its stake in 'Puzzle & Dragons' maker GungHo\""}]},{"reference":"\"関連会社株式に係る公開買付けへの応募に関する契約の締結に関するお知らせ\". ソフトバンクグループ株式会社. 6 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/news/press/20160606","url_text":"\"関連会社株式に係る公開買付けへの応募に関する契約の締結に関するお知らせ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\". softbank.jp. 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2016/20160621_05/","url_text":"\"Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\". softbank.jp. 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2016/20160722_02/","url_text":"\"Results of Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Alexander (21 June 2016). \"SoftBank President Nikesh Arora to Step Down\". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-president-nikesh-arora-to-step-down-1466506804","url_text":"\"SoftBank President Nikesh Arora to Step Down\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Liz; Jenny, Strasburg; Sarah, Krouse (14 February 2017), SoftBank to Buy Fortress Investment Group for $3.3 Billion, The Wall Street Journal","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, Jacky (18 July 2016). \"SoftBank-ARM: These Chips Don't Come Cheap\". The Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-arm-these-chips-dont-come-cheap-1468827781","url_text":"\"SoftBank-ARM: These Chips Don't Come Cheap\""}]},{"reference":"Jack, Simon (18 July 2016). \"ARM Holdings in £24bn Japanese takeover deal\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36822272","url_text":"\"ARM Holdings in £24bn Japanese takeover deal\""}]},{"reference":"Warren, Tom (5 September 2016). \"SoftBank acquires ARM\". The Verge. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/5/12798302/softbank-arm-acquisition-complete","url_text":"\"SoftBank acquires ARM\""}]},{"reference":"Knutson, Ryan (6 December 2016). \"When Billionaires Meet: $50 Billion Pledge From SoftBank to Trump\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-says-softbank-pledges-to-invest-50-billion-in-u-s-1481053732","url_text":"\"When Billionaires Meet: $50 Billion Pledge From SoftBank to Trump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Trump: SoftBank to add $50B, 50K jobs in U.S.\" usatoday.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/12/06/trump-softbank-invest-50b-us-create-50000-jobs/95050926/","url_text":"\"Trump: SoftBank to add $50B, 50K jobs in U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon to add 100,000 full-time jobs in U.S. by '19\". USA Today: B1/B2. 13 January 2017.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Farrell, Maureen; Winkler, Rolfe; Brown, Eliot (31 January 2017), \"SoftBank Mulls Investment of Over $1 Billion in WeWork\", Wall Street Journal, New York City, retrieved 31 January 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-mulls-investment-of-over-1-billion-in-wework-1485814702","url_text":"\"SoftBank Mulls Investment of Over $1 Billion in WeWork\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Masayoshi Son goes on a $100bn shopping spree\". The Economist. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21719842-risk-one-japans-greatest-tech-tycoons-his-messianic-streak-masayoshi-son-goes","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son goes on a $100bn shopping spree\""}]},{"reference":"Rudegeair, Peter (16 February 2017), Silver Lake, Softbank to Join New $500 Million Investment in Lender SoFi, New York City: The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 17 February 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/silver-lake-softbank-to-join-new-500-million-investment-in-lender-sofi-1487247369?tesla=y","url_text":"Silver Lake, Softbank to Join New $500 Million Investment in Lender SoFi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Kane; Negishi, Mayumi (28 March 2017). \"SoftBank Considers $6 Billion Investment in China Ride-Hailing Firm Didi\". Wall Street Journal. New York. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-talks-to-chinas-uber-rival-didi-about-6-billion-investment-1490689527?tesla=y","url_text":"\"SoftBank Considers $6 Billion Investment in China Ride-Hailing Firm Didi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Mundy, Simon (18 May 2017). \"India's Paytm wins $1.4bn Softbank investment\". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/2175189b-d958-3ce6-b0ff-e773fe046fe4","url_text":"\"India's Paytm wins $1.4bn Softbank investment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2175189b-d958-3ce6-b0ff-e773fe046fe4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rai, Saritha (10 August 2017). \"SoftBank Fund Is Said to Invest $2.5 Billion in Flipkart\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 12 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-10/softbank-vision-fund-invests-in-top-indian-online-mall-flipkart","url_text":"\"SoftBank Fund Is Said to Invest $2.5 Billion in Flipkart\""}]},{"reference":"Alkhalisi, Zahraa (6 October 2017). \"Where the huge SoftBank-Saudi tech fund is investing\". Cnn.com. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/20/technology/softbank-vision-fund-saudi-investments/index.html","url_text":"\"Where the huge SoftBank-Saudi tech fund is investing\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund announces first major close\" (PDF). Softbank.jp. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809184654/http://www.softbank.jp/corp/d/group_news/press_20170520_01_en.pdf","url_text":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund announces first major close\""},{"url":"http://www.softbank.jp/corp/d/group_news/press_20170520_01_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Masayoshi Son and Saudi Arabia launch a monster technology fund\". The Economist. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/business/2017/05/25/masayoshi-son-and-saudi-arabia-launch-a-monster-technology-fund","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son and Saudi Arabia launch a monster technology fund\""}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Kerry A. (5 April 2017). \"Japanese Billionaire Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, Apple, Saudi Arabia All Bet On Vision Fund\". Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2017/04/05/masayoshi-sons-new-universe-softbank-vision-fund-apple-trump/","url_text":"\"Japanese Billionaire Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, Apple, Saudi Arabia All Bet On Vision Fund\""}]},{"reference":"Torchia, Andrew (20 May 2017). \"Softbank-Saudi tech fund becomes world's biggest with $93 billion of capital\". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-visionfund-launch/softbank-saudi-tech-fund-becomes-worlds-biggest-with-93-billion-of-capital-idUSKCN18G0NP","url_text":"\"Softbank-Saudi tech fund becomes world's biggest with $93 billion of capital\""}]},{"reference":"Benner, Katie (10 October 2017). \"Masayoshi Son's Grand Plan for SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund\". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/technology/masayoshi-son-softbank-vision-fund.html","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son's Grand Plan for SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Shu, Catherine (26 July 2019). \"SoftBank announces AI-focused second $108 billion Vision Fund with LPs including Microsoft, Apple and Foxconn\". Tech Crunch. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/softbank-announces-ai-focused-second-108-billion-vision-fund-with-lps-including-microsoft-apple-and-foxconn/","url_text":"\"SoftBank announces AI-focused second $108 billion Vision Fund with LPs including Microsoft, Apple and Foxconn\""}]},{"reference":"Winkler, Rolfe; Hoffman, Liz; Hope, Bradley (7 February 2020). \"New SoftBank Tech Fund Falls Far Short of $108 Billion Fundraising Goal\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-softbank-tech-fund-falls-far-short-of-108-billion-fundraising-goal-11581100669","url_text":"\"New SoftBank Tech Fund Falls Far Short of $108 Billion Fundraising Goal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Lunden, Ingrid (9 June 2017). \"SoftBank is buying robotics firms Boston Dynamics and Schaft from Alphabet\".","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/08/softbank-is-buying-robotics-firm-boston-dynamics-and-schaft-from-alphabet/","url_text":"\"SoftBank is buying robotics firms Boston Dynamics and Schaft from Alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Eliot (25 August 2017). \"SoftBank Finalizes $4.4 Billion WeWork Investment\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-invests-additional-3-billion-in-wework-1503597860","url_text":"\"SoftBank Finalizes $4.4 Billion WeWork Investment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank to work with Saudi Arabia on new city\". Reuters.com. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy-neom/softbank-to-work-with-saudi-arabia-on-new-city-idUSKBN1CT1TK","url_text":"\"SoftBank to work with Saudi Arabia on new city\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techinasia.com/uber-board-agrees-to-terms-of-10b-deal-with-softbank","url_text":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\""}]},{"reference":"Hook, Leslie (29 December 2017). \"SoftBank deal helps clear path towards Uber IPO\". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a079da14-ec58-11e7-bd17-521324c81e23","url_text":"\"SoftBank deal helps clear path towards Uber IPO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/a079da14-ec58-11e7-bd17-521324c81e23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hook, Leslie (28 December 2017). \"SoftBank-led group to acquire $9bn stake in Uber\". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/33ca6fbc-ec00-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a","url_text":"\"SoftBank-led group to acquire $9bn stake in Uber\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/33ca6fbc-ec00-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund Invests $560 Million in Auto1 Group\". Bloomberg.com. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-14/softbank-s-vision-fund-invests-560-million-in-auto1-car-portal","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund Invests $560 Million in Auto1 Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"DoorDash is raising $535 million from SoftBank and others at a $1.4 billion valuation\". Recode. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2018/3/1/17065928/doordash-softbank-gic-funding","url_text":"\"DoorDash is raising $535 million from SoftBank and others at a $1.4 billion valuation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whoops: SoftBank CEO reveals Walmart has acquired Flipkart – TechCrunch\". techcrunch.com. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/09/walmart-softbank-flipkart-masayoshi-son/","url_text":"\"Whoops: SoftBank CEO reveals Walmart has acquired Flipkart – TechCrunch\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Eliot; Kusisto, Laura (27 September 2018). \"SoftBank Invests $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-invests-400-million-in-home-selling-startup-opendoor-1538042400","url_text":"\"SoftBank Invests $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Rory; Said, Summer (30 September 2018). \"Saudi Arabia Shelves Work on SoftBank's $200 Billion Solar Project\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-shelves-work-on-softbanks-200-billion-solar-project-1538328820","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia Shelves Work on SoftBank's $200 Billion Solar Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank sets indicative share price of 1,500 yen for next month's IPO\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/29/softbank-sets-indicative-share-price-of-1500-yen-for-next-months-ipo/","url_text":"\"SoftBank sets indicative share price of 1,500 yen for next month's IPO\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank invests in parking startup ParkJockey pushing valuation to $1 billion\". TechCrunch. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/10/softbank-invests-in-parking-startup-parkjockey-pushing-valuation-to-1-billion/","url_text":"\"SoftBank invests in parking startup ParkJockey pushing valuation to $1 billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund is preparing to invest $1 billion in Grab\". TechCrunch. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/20/softbank-vision-fund-grab-1-billion/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund is preparing to invest $1 billion in Grab\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Robotics Singapore Launches AI Commercial Vacuum Cleaner 'Whiz'\". 25 September 2019 – via softbankrobotics.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.softbankrobotics.com/corp/pressroom/20190925b/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Robotics Singapore Launches AI Commercial Vacuum Cleaner 'Whiz'\""}]},{"reference":"Eavis, Peter; Merced, Michael J. de la (30 September 2019). \"WeWork I.P.O. Is Withdrawn as Investors Grow Wary\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/business/wework-ipo.html","url_text":"\"WeWork I.P.O. Is Withdrawn as Investors Grow Wary\""}]},{"reference":"Griffith, Erin (10 December 2019). \"SoftBank Takes Loss in Sale of Wag, Dog-Walking Start-Up\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/business/softbank-wag.html","url_text":"\"SoftBank Takes Loss in Sale of Wag, Dog-Walking Start-Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank loses one of the few board members who could challenge Masayoshi Son\". 27 December 2019 – via LATimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-12-27/tadashi-yanai-exits-softbank-board-challenged-masayoshi-son","url_text":"\"SoftBank loses one of the few board members who could challenge Masayoshi Son\""}]},{"reference":"Goel, Vindu; Singh, Karan Deep; Griffith, Erin (13 January 2020). \"Oyo Scales Back as SoftBank-Funded Companies Retreat\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/technology/oyo-hotel-india-softbank.html","url_text":"\"Oyo Scales Back as SoftBank-Funded Companies Retreat\""}]},{"reference":"Merced, Michael J. de la (6 February 2020). \"Elliott Management Is Said to Push for Change at SoftBank\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/business/dealbook/elliott-management-softbank.html","url_text":"\"Elliott Management Is Said to Push for Change at SoftBank\""}]},{"reference":"Hu, Joshua Franklin (3 March 2020). \"SoftBank CEO tells U.S. investors he'll be more careful\". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-ceo-idUSKBN20Q0BP","url_text":"\"SoftBank CEO tells U.S. investors he'll be more careful\""}]},{"reference":"Shu, Catherine (18 November 2019). \"Yahoo Japan and Line Corp. confirm merger agreement\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/yahoo-japan-and-line-corp-confirm-merger-agreement/","url_text":"\"Yahoo Japan and Line Corp. confirm merger agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus delays Yahoo Japan's merger with Line\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-deals/Coronavirus-delays-Yahoo-Japan-s-merger-with-Line","url_text":"\"Coronavirus delays Yahoo Japan's merger with Line\""}]},{"reference":"Kana Inagaki; et al. (22 March 2020). \"SoftBank plans $41bn asset sale to cut debt amid coronavirus tumult\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ad5785da-6cd3-11ea-89df-41bea055720b","url_text":"\"SoftBank plans $41bn asset sale to cut debt amid coronavirus tumult\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/ad5785da-6cd3-11ea-89df-41bea055720b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alibaba's Jack Ma quits SoftBank board after $18B Vision Fund loss\". 18 May 2020 – via NYPost.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2020/05/18/alibabas-jack-ma-quits-softbank-board-after-18b-loss/","url_text":"\"Alibaba's Jack Ma quits SoftBank board after $18B Vision Fund loss\""}]},{"reference":"Cimilluca, Dana; Lombardo, Cara. \"SoftBank considers sale or IPO of British chip designer Arm Holdings\". MarketWatch. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/softbank-considers-sale-or-ipo-of-british-chip-designer-arm-holdings-2020-07-13","url_text":"\"SoftBank considers sale or IPO of British chip designer Arm Holdings\""}]},{"reference":"\"How SoftBank's sale of Arm China sowed the seeds of discord\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/How-SoftBank-s-sale-of-Arm-China-sowed-the-seeds-of-discord","url_text":"\"How SoftBank's sale of Arm China sowed the seeds of discord\""}]},{"reference":"Inagaki, Kana (11 August 2020). \"SoftBank rebounds from historic loss with $12bn quarterly profit\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/5ddaa72e-2185-4af7-8967-b88125aa98a9","url_text":"\"SoftBank rebounds from historic loss with $12bn quarterly profit\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5ddaa72e-2185-4af7-8967-b88125aa98a9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shu, Catherine (2 September 2020). \"SoftBank Vision Fund 2 leads $100 million Series C in digital therapeutics company Biofourmis\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 3 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/02/softbank-vision-fund-2-leads-100-million-series-c-in-digital-therapeutics-company-biofourmis/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund 2 leads $100 million Series C in digital therapeutics company Biofourmis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank was identified as being the 'Nasdaq whale'\". CNBC. 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/04/softbank-reportedly-the-nasdaq-whale-that-bought-billions-in-options.html","url_text":"\"Softbank was identified as being the 'Nasdaq whale'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank option purchases raise eyebrows as Wall Street backtracks\". 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/softbank-option-purchases-raise-eyebrows-as-wall-street-backtracks-11599288234169.html","url_text":"\"SoftBank option purchases raise eyebrows as Wall Street backtracks\""}]},{"reference":"Lachapelle, Tara (5 September 2020). \"Nasdaq Whale: Softbank's huge tech options bet answers stock rally riddle\". Business Standard India.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/nasdaq-whale-softbank-s-huge-tech-options-bet-answers-stock-rally-riddle-120090500138_1.html","url_text":"\"Nasdaq Whale: Softbank's huge tech options bet answers stock rally riddle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nasdaq Whale and how SoftBank's derivative bets may have powered the US tech rally\". 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/explained-nasdaq-whale-and-how-softbanks-derivative-bets-may-have-powered-the-us-tech-rally-6833921.htm","url_text":"\"Nasdaq Whale and how SoftBank's derivative bets may have powered the US tech rally\""}]},{"reference":"Nussey, Sam; Gallagher, Chris (18 September 2020). \"SoftBank exits cellphone distributor Brightstar in telecoms sell-down\". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-group-divestiture-idUSKBN2690A1","url_text":"\"SoftBank exits cellphone distributor Brightstar in telecoms sell-down\""}]},{"reference":"Narioka, Kosaku; Dvorak, Phred (18 September 2020). \"SoftBank Sells Brightstar, Carrying On Its Divestiture Spree\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 13 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-sells-brightstar-carrying-on-its-divestiture-spree-11600410882","url_text":"\"SoftBank Sells Brightstar, Carrying On Its Divestiture Spree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Rosoff, Matt (13 September 2020). \"Nvidia to buy Arm Holdings from SoftBank for $40 billion\". CNBC. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/nvidia-to-buy-arm-holdings-from-softbank-for-40-billion.html","url_text":"\"Nvidia to buy Arm Holdings from SoftBank for $40 billion\""}]},{"reference":"Moorhead, Patrick. \"It's Official- NVIDIA Acquires Arm For $40B To Create What Could Be A Computing Juggernaut\". Forbes. Retrieved 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/09/13/its-officialnvidia-acquires-arm-for-40b-to-create-what-could-be-a-computing-juggernaut/","url_text":"\"It's Official- NVIDIA Acquires Arm For $40B To Create What Could Be A Computing Juggernaut\""}]},{"reference":"Massoudi, Arash; Smith, Robert; Fontanella-Khan, James (12 September 2020). \"SoftBank set to sell UK's Arm Holdings to Nvidia for $40bn\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/6bfe40a5-2426-4743-98cd-6fed9dd01b98","url_text":"\"SoftBank set to sell UK's Arm Holdings to Nvidia for $40bn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6bfe40a5-2426-4743-98cd-6fed9dd01b98","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jane Lanhee; Horwitz, Josh (8 February 2022). \"SoftBank dumps sale of Arm over regulatory hurdles, to IPO instead\". Reuters. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/softbanks-66-bln-sale-arm-nvidia-collapses-ft-2022-02-08/","url_text":"\"SoftBank dumps sale of Arm over regulatory hurdles, to IPO instead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hyundai Motor Buys 80% of Robotics Firm Boston Dynamics\". Bloomberg.com. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-11/hyundai-motor-buys-80-of-robot-firm-boston-dynamics","url_text":"\"Hyundai Motor Buys 80% of Robotics Firm Boston Dynamics\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Sells $2 Billion in Uber Stock as Rides Recover\". Bloomberg.com. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/softbank-sells-2-billion-of-uber-stake-after-stock-s-recovery","url_text":"\"SoftBank Sells $2 Billion in Uber Stock as Rides Recover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company\". CNBC. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515161539/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/12/softbank-joins-top-corporate-earners-with-its-37-billion-vision-fund-profit.html","url_text":"\"Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company\""},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/12/softbank-joins-top-corporate-earners-with-its-37-billion-vision-fund-profit.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Israel's eToro to go public through $10.4 bln SPAC deal backed by SoftBank, others\". Financial Post. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/israels-etoro-to-go-public-through-10-4-bln-spac-deal-backed-by-softbank-others","url_text":"\"Israel's eToro to go public through $10.4 bln SPAC deal backed by SoftBank, others\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Group to acquire 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion\". The Japan Times. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/04/06/business/corporate-business/softbank-autostore-acquisition/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Group to acquire 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal\". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indias-adani-green-energy-buy-sb-energy-holdings-35-bln-deal-2021-05-19/","url_text":"\"India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal\""}]},{"reference":"Dvorak, Phred (19 May 2021). \"SoftBank Sells Renewable-Energy Unit in India\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-sells-renewable-energy-unit-in-india-11621423025","url_text":"\"SoftBank Sells Renewable-Energy Unit in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Burgos, Jonathan. \"Adani Green To Buy SB Energy India For $3.5 Billion From SoftBank, Bharti\". Forbes. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanburgos/2021/05/19/adani-green-to-buy-sb-energy-india-for-35-billion-from-softbank-bharti/","url_text":"\"Adani Green To Buy SB Energy India For $3.5 Billion From SoftBank, Bharti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank's Vision Fund could go public in a $300 million SPAC deal, report says\". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/softbank-vision-fund-go-public-spac-tech-bloomberg-report-2021-5","url_text":"\"Softbank's Vision Fund could go public in a $300 million SPAC deal, report says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank buys Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion\". RCR Wireless News. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcrwireless.com/20210707/carriers/softbank-buys-yahoo-japan-from-verizon","url_text":"\"Softbank buys Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank buys perpetual Yahoo trademark license for $1.6 billion\". TechCrunch. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/07/05/softbank-yahoo-verizon/","url_text":"\"SoftBank buys perpetual Yahoo trademark license for $1.6 billion\""}]},{"reference":"Savitz, Eric J. \"SoftBank CEO to Take Stake in Vision Fund 2\". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/softbank-ceo-to-take-stake-in-vision-fund-2-51628617760","url_text":"\"SoftBank CEO to Take Stake in Vision Fund 2\""}]},{"reference":"Massoudi, Arash (7 September 2021). \"Deutsche Telekom deepens bet on US market with SoftBank deal\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/6476e1b6-7dcc-4b92-8470-f99a03229502","url_text":"\"Deutsche Telekom deepens bet on US market with SoftBank deal\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6476e1b6-7dcc-4b92-8470-f99a03229502","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kharpal, Arjun (8 August 2022). \"Japanese giant SoftBank dumps its entire stake in Uber as losses mount at its investment unit\". CNBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/08/softbank-sells-entire-stake-in-uber-as-vision-fund-losses-mount.html","url_text":"\"Japanese giant SoftBank dumps its entire stake in Uber as losses mount at its investment unit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"Nussey, Sam (8 August 2022). \"SoftBank posts record net loss on $23.1 bln Vision Fund hit\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/funds/softbank-posts-23-bln-loss-first-quarter-2022-08-08/","url_text":"\"SoftBank posts record net loss on $23.1 bln Vision Fund hit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank: Twilight of an Empire | The Generalist\". www.generalist.com. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.generalist.com/briefing/softbank","url_text":"\"Softbank: Twilight of an Empire | The Generalist\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Andrew (9 February 2023). \"Toyota Tsusho swoops for SB Energy set up by billionaire to green Japan post-Fukushima\". Recharge. NHST Media Group. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/toyota-tsusho-swoops-for-sb-energy-set-up-by-billionaire-to-green-japan-post-fukushima/2-1-1401423","url_text":"\"Toyota Tsusho swoops for SB Energy set up by billionaire to green Japan post-Fukushima\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHST_Media_Group","url_text":"NHST Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank to Sell Korean Venture Arm to Firm Run by CEO's Brother\". WSJ. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/cpi-report-today-march-2023-inflation/card/softbank-to-sell-korean-venture-arm-to-firm-run-by-ceo-s-brother-ChKn8dzVsGhW5KJdKMHw","url_text":"\"SoftBank to Sell Korean Venture Arm to Firm Run by CEO's Brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund Posts Record Loss Despite Masayoshi Son Foreseeing Disaster\". Observer. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2023/05/softbank-vision-fund-loss-2022/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund Posts Record Loss Despite Masayoshi Son Foreseeing Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank sells Fortress stake to Mubadala and management\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/SoftBank2/SoftBank-sells-Fortress-stake-to-Mubadala-and-management","url_text":"\"SoftBank sells Fortress stake to Mubadala and management\""}]},{"reference":"Nerkar, Santul; Clark, Don (21 August 2023). \"Arm, the Chip Designer, Files for an I.P.O. Expected to Be Among the Largest\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/21/technology/chip-designer-arm-ipo-softbank.html","url_text":"\"Arm, the Chip Designer, Files for an I.P.O. Expected to Be Among the Largest\""}]},{"reference":"Meredith, Sam (3 March 2023). \"British chip giant Arm chooses New York listing in a blow to London\". CNBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/03/softbanks-arm-and-crh-choose-new-york-listing-in-a-blow-to-london.html","url_text":"\"British chip giant Arm chooses New York listing in a blow to London\""}]},{"reference":"King, Ian; Hytha, Michael (21 August 2023). \"SoftBank's Arm Files for IPO That Is Set to Be 2023's Biggest\". Bloomberg News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-21/softbank-s-arm-files-for-ipo-that-could-be-2023-s-biggest","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Arm Files for IPO That Is Set to Be 2023's Biggest\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Echo; Sen, Anirban (14 September 2023). \"How SoftBank played it safe in pricing Arm's IPO\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/how-softbank-played-it-safe-pricing-arms-ipo-2023-09-14/","url_text":"\"How SoftBank played it safe in pricing Arm's IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Sarah (13 September 2023). \"Arm IPO: A Dominant Chip Designer but at a 'Very, Very' Lofty Price\". Morningstar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morningstar.com/markets/arm-ipo-dominant-chip-designer-very-very-lofty-price","url_text":"\"Arm IPO: A Dominant Chip Designer but at a 'Very, Very' Lofty Price\""}]},{"reference":"Giang, Vivian (13 September 2023). \"Arm, the Chip Designer, Raises $4.87 Billion in the Year's Largest I.P.O.\" The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/business/arm-ipo-pricing.html","url_text":"\"Arm, the Chip Designer, Raises $4.87 Billion in the Year's Largest I.P.O.\""}]},{"reference":"Nick, Carey. \"SoftBank Corp buys $514 mln majority stake in car software firm Cubic Telecom\". Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/softbank-corp-buys-514-mln-majority-stake-car-software-firm-cubic-telecom-2023-12-05/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Corp buys $514 mln majority stake in car software firm Cubic Telecom\""}]},{"reference":"\"EY Ireland advises Cubic Telecom on Investment from Softbank\". www.ey.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ey.com/en_ie/ey-ireland-advises-cubic-telecom-on-investment-from-softbank2","url_text":"\"EY Ireland advises Cubic Telecom on Investment from Softbank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ownership\".","urls":[{"url":"https://group.softbank/en/ir/stock/ownership","url_text":"\"Ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | JP3436100006 | MarketScreener\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SOFTBANK-GROUP-CORP-6492452/company/","url_text":"\"SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | JP3436100006 | MarketScreener\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Ming Jeong; Hyuga, Takahiko; Mak, Pei Yi (8 December 2022). \"SoftBank's Masayoshi Son quietly lifts stake to 34%, edging toward buyout\". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/12/08/business/corporate-business/masayoshi-son-softbank-control/","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Masayoshi Son quietly lifts stake to 34%, edging toward buyout\""}]},{"reference":"Corporate history, JP: SBI","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbigroup.co.jp/english/company/information/history.html","url_text":"Corporate history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan","url_text":"JP"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank aims at 97% coverage for TD-LTE network, says CTO Yoshioki Chika - Global Telecoms Business\". Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317211005/http://www.globaltelecomsbusiness.com/article/2973451/SoftBank-aims-at-97-coverage-for-TD-LTE-networksays-CTO-Yoshioki-Chika.html","url_text":"\"SoftBank aims at 97% coverage for TD-LTE network, says CTO Yoshioki Chika - Global Telecoms Business\""},{"url":"http://www.globaltelecomsbusiness.com/article/2973451/SoftBank-aims-at-97-coverage-for-TD-LTE-networksays-CTO-Yoshioki-Chika.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese online medical platform Ping An Healthcare and Technology to raise US$1b from Hong Kong IPO\". scmp.com. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2141501/chinese-online-medical-platform-ping-healthcare-and-technology","url_text":"\"Chinese online medical platform Ping An Healthcare and Technology to raise US$1b from Hong Kong IPO\""}]},{"reference":"C, Priyamvada; Deka, Kannaki (17 March 2023). \"WeWork reaches deals to cut debt, extend maturities\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/wework-reaches-deal-convert-1-bln-softbanks-debt-equity-2023-03-17/","url_text":"\"WeWork reaches deals to cut debt, extend maturities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Softbank Invests in a New-Age Cloud Company\". Fortune. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/softbank-invests-9-4-million-in-packet/","url_text":"\"Softbank Invests in a New-Age Cloud Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokopedia raises $1.1b from SoftBank, Alibaba to evolve into infrastructure-as-a-service\". TechinAsia. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techinasia.com/tokopedia-raises-11b-softbank-alibaba","url_text":"\"Tokopedia raises $1.1b from SoftBank, Alibaba to evolve into infrastructure-as-a-service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes of Corporate Names - SoftBank Corp. - Group Companies - About Us - SoftBank Group\". Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2015/20150701_01/","url_text":"\"Changes of Corporate Names - SoftBank Corp. - Group Companies - About Us - SoftBank Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Morrow, Vodafone's turnaround guru, Walks Away\". Cellular-news.com. 24 June 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cellular-news.com/story/18440.php","url_text":"\"Bill Morrow, Vodafone's turnaround guru, Walks Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"念願のiPhoneを獲得した舞台裏 ソフトバンク、トラウマ乗り越える\" (in Japanese). 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613172826/http://bizplus.nikkei.co.jp/colm/nbonline.cfm?i=2008060600805cs","url_text":"\"念願のiPhoneを獲得した舞台裏 ソフトバンク、トラウマ乗り越える\""},{"url":"http://bizplus.nikkei.co.jp/colm/nbonline.cfm?i=2008060600805cs&p=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank reaches deal with Apple to sell iPhone handsets in Japan this year\", International Herald Tribune, The New York Times, 4 June 2008, archived from the original on 8 June 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608085840/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/04/business/AS-FIN-COM-Japan-iPhones.php","url_text":"\"SoftBank reaches deal with Apple to sell iPhone handsets in Japan this year\""},{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/04/business/AS-FIN-COM-Japan-iPhones.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"announces 14 new members\". Open Handset Alliance. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_120908.html","url_text":"\"announces 14 new members\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Alexandra (29 May 2012). \"SoftBank Unveils World's First Phone With Radiation Detection\". Wired. Retrieved 29 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/05/softbank-unveils-worlds-first-phone-with-radiation-detection/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Unveils World's First Phone With Radiation Detection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran actor Kai-kun retires from SoftBank Otousan role\". www.japanhbvn nb nbvnbvvhjcgjator.com. Retrieved 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japanator.com/veteran-actor-kai-kun-retires-from-softbank-otousan-role-32458.phtml","url_text":"\"Veteran actor Kai-kun retires from SoftBank Otousan role\""}]},{"reference":"Griner, David (12 August 2012). \"Meet Japan's Most Popular Ad Family\". Adweek. Retrieved 21 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/creativity/meet-japans-most-popular-ad-family-151804","url_text":"\"Meet Japan's Most Popular Ad Family\""}]},{"reference":"Corkill, Edan (29 April 2012). \"Otosan, Japan's top dog\". Japan Times. Retrieved 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/04/29/general/otosan-japans-top-dog#.VROgDvyUd8E","url_text":"\"Otosan, Japan's top dog\""}]},{"reference":"Corkill, Edan (29 April 2012). \"Otosan, Japan's top dog\". Retrieved 7 December 2016 – via Japan Times Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/04/29/general/otosan-japans-top-dog/","url_text":"\"Otosan, Japan's top dog\""}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Jonathan (9 July 2015). \"Axa reaches millions of people through augmented reality game Ingress\". Campaign.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/axa-reaches-millions-people-augmented-reality-game-ingress/1355296","url_text":"\"Axa reaches millions of people through augmented reality game Ingress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dean Barker: Looking Back At 35th America's Cup\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019003835/http://team-japan.americascup.com/","url_text":"\"Dean Barker: Looking Back At 35th America's Cup\""},{"url":"http://team-japan.americascup.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan at the FIBA Asia Cup 2017\". FIBA.basketball. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/Japan","url_text":"\"Japan at the FIBA Asia Cup 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, David (21 March 2007). \"Japan offers baby bonus to workers\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Turner_(journalist)","url_text":"Turner, David"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b517bd88-d7e2-11db-b218-000b5df10621.html","url_text":"\"Japan offers baby bonus to workers\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b517bd88-d7e2-11db-b218-000b5df10621.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer \"Baby Bonuses\"\". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930092314/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","url_text":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer \"Baby Bonuses\"\""},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer 'Baby Bonuses' - ABC News\". ABC News. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930092314/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","url_text":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer 'Baby Bonuses' - ABC News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A shrinking work force solution: Baby bonuses\". businessrecord.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://businessrecord.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=46958&uid=1b8beebe-eb32-438e-8ee0-377b510bf896","url_text":"\"A shrinking work force solution: Baby bonuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund Is Run by These 10 Men\". Bloomberg.com. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-27/softbank-s-100-billion-vision-fund-is-run-by-these-10-men","url_text":"\"SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund Is Run by These 10 Men\""}]},{"reference":"Brooker, Katrina (14 January 2019). \"The most powerful person in Silicon Valley\". Fast Company. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/90285552/the-most-powerful-person-in-silicon-valley","url_text":"\"The most powerful person in Silicon Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Alex (1 August 2018). \"Masayoshi Son building Vision Fund into family, say founders\". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/masayoshi-son-vision-fund-family-synergy.html","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son building Vision Fund into family, say founders\""}]},{"reference":"Ghurye, Shruti (7 February 2019). \"Masayoshi Son: Betting big and winning\". Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/07/national/history/masayoshi-son-betting-big-winning/#.XHDq66IzbIX","url_text":"\"Masayoshi Son: Betting big and winning\""}]},{"reference":"Linares, Maria Gracia Santillana. \"SoftBank Puts Blockchain Investments On Ice As Part Of Startup Pullback\". Forbes. Retrieved 25 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/02/23/softbank-puts-blockchain-investments-on-ice-as-part-of-startup-pullback/","url_text":"\"SoftBank Puts Blockchain Investments On Ice As Part Of Startup Pullback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accounting for Intercorporate Investments: What You Need to Know\". Investopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/11/accounting-intercorporate-investment.asp","url_text":"\"Accounting for Intercorporate Investments: What You Need to Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breakingviews - SoftBank is paying for Son's past exuberance\". Reuters. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/softbank-is-paying-sons-past-exuberance-2023-02-07/","url_text":"\"Breakingviews - SoftBank is paying for Son's past exuberance\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank CEO to Skip Earnings Call for First Time as Tech Slumps\". Bloomberg.com. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-05/softbank-ceo-masayoshi-son-to-skip-earnings-call-as-losses-mount","url_text":"\"SoftBank CEO to Skip Earnings Call for First Time as Tech Slumps\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's future rests on Arm\". Financial Times. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/3b415060-13f1-4248-9d36-fe6c2bf0c879","url_text":"\"SoftBank's future rests on Arm\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank's Son finds more love for early-stage investing, new fund planned\". Reuters. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-group-korea-idUSKBN1QR0XZ","url_text":"\"SoftBank's Son finds more love for early-stage investing, new fund planned\""}]},{"reference":"Ji-young, Sohn (28 January 2019). \"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190128000527","url_text":"\"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Funding, talent & decision-making are the biggest challenges for innovators, says SoftBank Ventures Asia's JP Lee [Q&A]\". TechNode Global. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://technode.global/2021/09/14/funding-talent-decision-making-challenge-innovators-softbank-ventures-asia-jp-lee-qa/","url_text":"\"Funding, talent & decision-making are the biggest challenges for innovators, says SoftBank Ventures Asia's JP Lee [Q&A]\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank Ventures Asia hits $341m second close for early-stage fund\". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Startups/SoftBank-Ventures-Asia-hits-341m-second-close-for-early-stage-fund","url_text":"\"SoftBank Ventures Asia hits $341m second close for early-stage fund\""}]},{"reference":"Horwitz, Josh (12 June 2013). \"Tokopedia Lands Funding To Help It Become Indonesia's Alibaba\". TNW | Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/news/indonesias-c2c-marketplace-tokopedia-receives-investment-from-softbank-ventures-korea","url_text":"\"Tokopedia Lands Funding To Help It Become Indonesia's Alibaba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asia Solutions\". www.businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/singapore-car-marketplace-carro-scores-us60m-in-series-b-funding","url_text":"\"Asia Solutions\""}]},{"reference":"Sender, Henny (25 September 2018). \"TPG partners with SoftBank Ventures Korea for $300m China fund\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/cd882778-c0a5-11e8-95b1-d36dfef1b89a","url_text":"\"TPG partners with SoftBank Ventures Korea for $300m China fund\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/cd882778-c0a5-11e8-95b1-d36dfef1b89a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Min-kyung, Jung (3 January 2019). \"Softbank Ventures Korea rebrands as Softbank Ventures Asia\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190103000509","url_text":"\"Softbank Ventures Korea rebrands as Softbank Ventures Asia\""}]},{"reference":"\"소프트뱅크벤처스, AI 스타트업 투자 1천800억 펀드 조성\". hankyung.com (in Korean). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankyung.com/it/article/202103246380Y","url_text":"\"소프트뱅크벤처스, AI 스타트업 투자 1천800억 펀드 조성\""}]},{"reference":"Byung-wook, Kim (23 June 2021). \"Local AI startup VoyagerX raises $27m from SoftBank, others\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210623000711","url_text":"\"Local AI startup VoyagerX raises $27m from SoftBank, others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techinasia.com/softbank-ventures-asia-leads-5m-round-ip-protection-platforms-marqvision","url_text":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Kate (13 April 2023). \"As tech slumps, SoftBank sells VC unit to Singapore-based firm led by Masayoshi Son's brother\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/13/as-tech-slumps-softbank-sells-vc-unit-to-singapore-based-firm-led-by-masayoshi-sons-brother/","url_text":"\"As tech slumps, SoftBank sells VC unit to Singapore-based firm led by Masayoshi Son's brother\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoftBank unit's sale to founder's brother raises governance concerns\". Financial Times. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/5835a757-c46a-4449-8dcf-df0274381aba","url_text":"\"SoftBank unit's sale to founder's brother raises governance concerns\""}]},{"reference":"Annual Report (PDF), JP: SoftBank, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090419084807/http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf","url_text":"Annual Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan","url_text":"JP"},{"url":"http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=9984","external_links_name":"9984"},{"Link":"https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=JP3436100006","external_links_name":"JP3436100006"},{"Link":"https://bgp.tools/as/17676","external_links_name":"17676"},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/","external_links_name":"group.softbank"},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/system/files/pdf/ir/financials/financial_reports/financial-report_q4fy2022_01_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Consolidated financial report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/system/files/pdf/ir/financials/annual_reports/annual-report_fy2023_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Group Report 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-11/softbank-earnings-it-s-a-fund-not-a-technology-company","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Gives Up Pretending It Isn't a Fund\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Companies/SoftBank-Group-Corp2","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Group Corp\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/swlh/exposing-softbanks-hunger-for-saudi-blood-money-ad2f9ad809bb","external_links_name":"\"Exposing SoftBank's Hunger for Saudi Blood Money\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-much-is-the-worlds-largest-tech-fund-worth-to-softbank-1525866666","external_links_name":"\"How Much Is the World's Largest Tech Fund Worth to SoftBank?\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/SoftBank-s-Son-defends-Vision-Fund-at-Saudi-conference","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Son defends Vision Fund at Saudi conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccn.com/first-bitcoin-now-wework-is-masayoshi-son-the-worst-investor-ever/","external_links_name":"\"First Bitcoin, Now WeWork: Is Masayoshi Son the Worst Investor Ever?\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/02/business/corporate-business/softbank-startup-bookkeeping-scrutiny/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's startup bookkeeping draws scrutiny after WeWork fiasco\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/masayoshi-son-cheng-wei-chinese-didi-chuxing-softbank-group-uber-technologies-saudi-arabia-prince-a8140561.html","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son: Inside the eccentric world of the controversial Japanese billionaire investor\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/228162ad-b224-40ce-b3c6-7ca75de9aee4","external_links_name":"\"Some suggested slides for SoftBank\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/228162ad-b224-40ce-b3c6-7ca75de9aee4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-07/softbanks-58-billion-payday-on-its-alibaba-investment","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son's $58 Billion Payday on Alibaba\""},{"Link":"https://arpu.hedder.com/softbank-woes-deep-dive/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Woes: A Deep Dive\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/19/business/a-japanese-gambler-hits-the-jackpot-with-softbank.html","external_links_name":"\"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/08/08/softbank-cautions-startup-winter-may-last-longer-if-unicorn-founders-dont-accept-lower-valuations/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank cautions longer startup winter if unicorn founders unwilling to cut valuations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/04/11/business/some-boston-startups-backed-by-japanese-giant-softbank-are-floundering/","external_links_name":"\"Some Boston startups backed by Japanese giant SoftBank are floundering\""},{"Link":"https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/softbank-vision-fund-performance","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund: Portfolio returns, investments and strategy\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-07/arm-revenue-rises-as-softbank-prepares-to-take-chip-firm-public","external_links_name":"\"Arm Sales Rise as SoftBank Targets 2023 IPO for Chip Firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/15d54d29-ba32-4cd5-8002-5279b77d6e4a","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank moves to sell down most of its Alibaba stake\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/22/softbank-slashes-oyos-valuation-to-2-7-billion/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank cuts internal valuation of $10 billion Oyo to $2.7 billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.costar.com/article/831260876/fidelity-after-becoming-weworks-second-largest-shareholder-adds-to-stake-once-again","external_links_name":"\"Fidelity, After Becoming WeWork's Second-Largest Shareholder, Adds to Stake Once Again\""},{"Link":"https://www.fiercewireless.com/financial/deutsche-telekom-raises-stake-t-mobile-us-swaps-shares-softbank","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Telekom raises stake in T-Mobile US, swaps shares with Softbank\""},{"Link":"http://www.tca.or.jp/english/database/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Number of subscribers by Carriers｜TCA\""},{"Link":"https://www.valuewalk.com/softbanks-worst-startup-investments/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Top 10 Worst Startup Investments - ValueWalk\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/softbank-shift-its-stance-offence-mode-says-ceo-son-2023-06-21/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank to shift to 'offence mode' as AI booms\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#header:position_search:softbank","external_links_name":"\"Forbes Global 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#country:Japan","external_links_name":"\"The World's Largest Public Companies\""},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/en/corp/about/identity/","external_links_name":"\"Origin of Brand Name and Logo\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/SoftBank2/SoftBank-in-talks-with-Mizuho-and-Japan-banks-for-2.8bn-loan","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank in talks with Mizuho and Japan banks for $2.8bn loan\""},{"Link":"https://hbr.org/1992/01/japanese-style-entrepreneurship-an-interview-with-softbanks-ceo-masayoshi-son","external_links_name":"\"Japanese-Style Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Softbank'S CEO, Masayoshi Son\""},{"Link":"https://www.technobuffalo.com/2013/10/27/japans-big-three-carriers-explained-softbank/","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Big Three Carriers Explained - SoftBank\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/10/business/softbank-agrees-to-buy-ziff-davis-pc-magazine-group.html","external_links_name":"\"Softbank Agrees to Buy Ziff-Davis PC Magazine Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/19/business/a-japanese-gambler-hits-the-jackpot-with-softbank.html","external_links_name":"\"A Japanese Gambler Hits the Jackpot With Softbank\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/09/01/348383/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Worst in Show How Key3Media, the company behind the big tech trade show Comdex, went bankrupt\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/09/01/348383/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Business News – Latest Headlines on CNN Business - CNN\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/08/16/264312/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Japan.com How Son Captured Japan's Internet Economy\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-15-fi-56161-story.html","external_links_name":"\"2 Founders to Buy Back Kingston Stake From Softbank\""},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/philosophy/history","external_links_name":"\"ソフトバンクグループの歩み\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB948202996877749173","external_links_name":"\"Softbank to Invest $20 Million In Hong Kong's Alibaba.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/valuing-softbank-in-alibabas-aftermath/","external_links_name":"\"Valuing SoftBank in Alibaba's Aftermath\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/09/19/softbanks-alibaba-alchemy-how-to-turn-20-million-into-50-billion/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Alibaba Alchemy: How to Turn $20 Million Into $50 Billion\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190128000527","external_links_name":"\"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\""},{"Link":"http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/0607/13/news050.html","external_links_name":"ボーダフォン、メールのドメイン名も「ソフトバンク」へ──10月1日から"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080130125848/http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20080129spn00m200016000c.html","external_links_name":"上戸彩：超高価ケータイ「ないしょにしてね」"},{"Link":"http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20080129spn00m200016000c.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.japantoday.com/category/technology/view/softbank-profit-soars-buys-stake-in-ustream","external_links_name":"\"Softbank profit soars; buys stake in Ustream\""},{"Link":"https://www.fbcoverup.com/docs/library/2018-10-15-Softbank-Group-Wikipedia-accessed-Oct-15-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Softbank-Group-Wikipedia-accessed"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/03/softbank-buys-eaccess-expand-lte-network/","external_links_name":"\"Softbank to acquire competitor eAccess, expand LTE network by 50 percent\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yahoo-japan-softbank-eaccess-idUSBREA4I03620140519","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo Japan drops $3.2 billion plan to buy eAccess from SoftBank\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/49408877","external_links_name":"\"Softbank to Buy 70 Percent Stake in Sprint: Sources\""},{"Link":"http://marketrealist.com/2014/04/latest-word-telecom-can-softbank-swing-t-mobile-deal/","external_links_name":"\"The latest word in telecom\""},{"Link":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-25/news/55421988_1_olacabs-bhavish-aggarwal-valoriser-consultants","external_links_name":"\"Olacabs raises $210 million from Japan's SoftBank Corp; enters b Club\""},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/startups/startup-housing-com-valued-at-rs-1500-crore-after-soft-bank-acquires-30-stake-for-70-million/articleshow/45197333.cms","external_links_name":"\"Startup Housing.com valued at Rs 1,500 crore after SoftBank acquires 30% stake for $70 million\""},{"Link":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/aldebaran-robotics-founder-and-ceo-steps-down-softbank-appoints-new-leader","external_links_name":"\"Aldebaran Robotics Founder and CEO Steps Down, SoftBank Appoints New Leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/05/30/softbank-robotics-business-pepper-boston-dynamics/#105b3f6d4b7f","external_links_name":"\"Softbank's Robotics Business Prepares To Scale Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/dramafever-post-acquisition/","external_links_name":"\"Post-acquistion [sic], DramaFever has more muscle to spread Asian entertainment to the West\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-ceo-taps-a-future-successor-in-nikesh-arora-1431328037","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank CEO Taps a Future Successor in Nikesh Arora\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-supercell/japans-softbank-increases-controlling-stake-in-finnish-clash-of-clans-maker-idUSKBN0OH23H20150601","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Softbank increases controlling stake in Finnish 'Clash of Clans' maker\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-southkorea-ecommerce-idUSKBN0OJ0GI20150603","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank to invest $1 billion in Korean e-commerce site Coupang\""},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2015/20150511_05/","external_links_name":"\"Changes of Corporate Names of SoftBank Corp. and Subsidiary - Press Releases - News - About Us - SoftBank Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35584328","external_links_name":"\"Softbank reveals record $4.4bn share buyback\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/softbank-sells-stake-game-developer-supercell-tencent-111704022.html","external_links_name":"\"Softbank sells stake in game developer Supercell to Tencent\""},{"Link":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/puzzle-dragons-studio-gungho-to-regain-majority-stake-from-softbank-for-685m/0221319","external_links_name":"\"Puzzle & Dragons studio GungHo to regain majority stake from SoftBank for $685m\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/softbank-to-sell-most-of-its-stake-in-puzzle-and-dragons-maker-gungho/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank to sell most of its stake in 'Puzzle & Dragons' maker GungHo\""},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/news/press/20160606","external_links_name":"\"関連会社株式に係る公開買付けへの応募に関する契約の締結に関するお知らせ\""},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2016/20160621_05/","external_links_name":"\"Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/news/press/sb/2016/20160722_02/","external_links_name":"\"Results of Tender in Tender Offer for Shares of an Associate - Press Releases - News - SoftBank Group Corp. - SoftBank Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-president-nikesh-arora-to-step-down-1466506804","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank President Nikesh Arora to Step Down\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-arm-these-chips-dont-come-cheap-1468827781","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank-ARM: These Chips Don't Come Cheap\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36822272","external_links_name":"\"ARM Holdings in £24bn Japanese takeover deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/5/12798302/softbank-arm-acquisition-complete","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank acquires ARM\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-says-softbank-pledges-to-invest-50-billion-in-u-s-1481053732","external_links_name":"\"When Billionaires Meet: $50 Billion Pledge From SoftBank to Trump\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/12/06/trump-softbank-invest-50b-us-create-50000-jobs/95050926/","external_links_name":"\"Trump: SoftBank to add $50B, 50K jobs in U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-mulls-investment-of-over-1-billion-in-wework-1485814702","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Mulls Investment of Over $1 Billion in WeWork\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21719842-risk-one-japans-greatest-tech-tycoons-his-messianic-streak-masayoshi-son-goes","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son goes on a $100bn shopping spree\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/silver-lake-softbank-to-join-new-500-million-investment-in-lender-sofi-1487247369?tesla=y","external_links_name":"Silver Lake, Softbank to Join New $500 Million Investment in Lender SoFi"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-talks-to-chinas-uber-rival-didi-about-6-billion-investment-1490689527?tesla=y","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Considers $6 Billion Investment in China Ride-Hailing Firm Didi\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/2175189b-d958-3ce6-b0ff-e773fe046fe4","external_links_name":"\"India's Paytm wins $1.4bn Softbank investment\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2175189b-d958-3ce6-b0ff-e773fe046fe4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-10/softbank-vision-fund-invests-in-top-indian-online-mall-flipkart","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Fund Is Said to Invest $2.5 Billion in Flipkart\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/20/technology/softbank-vision-fund-saudi-investments/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Where the huge SoftBank-Saudi tech fund is investing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809184654/http://www.softbank.jp/corp/d/group_news/press_20170520_01_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund announces first major close\""},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.jp/corp/d/group_news/press_20170520_01_en.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/business/2017/05/25/masayoshi-son-and-saudi-arabia-launch-a-monster-technology-fund","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son and Saudi Arabia launch a monster technology fund\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2017/04/05/masayoshi-sons-new-universe-softbank-vision-fund-apple-trump/","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Billionaire Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, Apple, Saudi Arabia All Bet On Vision Fund\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-visionfund-launch/softbank-saudi-tech-fund-becomes-worlds-biggest-with-93-billion-of-capital-idUSKCN18G0NP","external_links_name":"\"Softbank-Saudi tech fund becomes world's biggest with $93 billion of capital\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/technology/masayoshi-son-softbank-vision-fund.html","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son's Grand Plan for SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/25/softbank-announces-ai-focused-second-108-billion-vision-fund-with-lps-including-microsoft-apple-and-foxconn/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank announces AI-focused second $108 billion Vision Fund with LPs including Microsoft, Apple and Foxconn\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-softbank-tech-fund-falls-far-short-of-108-billion-fundraising-goal-11581100669","external_links_name":"\"New SoftBank Tech Fund Falls Far Short of $108 Billion Fundraising Goal\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/08/softbank-is-buying-robotics-firm-boston-dynamics-and-schaft-from-alphabet/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank is buying robotics firms Boston Dynamics and Schaft from Alphabet\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-invests-additional-3-billion-in-wework-1503597860","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Finalizes $4.4 Billion WeWork Investment\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy-neom/softbank-to-work-with-saudi-arabia-on-new-city-idUSKBN1CT1TK","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank to work with Saudi Arabia on new city\""},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/uber-board-agrees-to-terms-of-10b-deal-with-softbank","external_links_name":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a079da14-ec58-11e7-bd17-521324c81e23","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank deal helps clear path towards Uber IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/a079da14-ec58-11e7-bd17-521324c81e23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/33ca6fbc-ec00-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank-led group to acquire $9bn stake in Uber\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/33ca6fbc-ec00-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-14/softbank-s-vision-fund-invests-560-million-in-auto1-car-portal","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund Invests $560 Million in Auto1 Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2018/3/1/17065928/doordash-softbank-gic-funding","external_links_name":"\"DoorDash is raising $535 million from SoftBank and others at a $1.4 billion valuation\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/09/walmart-softbank-flipkart-masayoshi-son/","external_links_name":"\"Whoops: SoftBank CEO reveals Walmart has acquired Flipkart – TechCrunch\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-invests-400-million-in-home-selling-startup-opendoor-1538042400","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Invests $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-shelves-work-on-softbanks-200-billion-solar-project-1538328820","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia Shelves Work on SoftBank's $200 Billion Solar Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/29/softbank-sets-indicative-share-price-of-1500-yen-for-next-months-ipo/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank sets indicative share price of 1,500 yen for next month's IPO\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/10/softbank-invests-in-parking-startup-parkjockey-pushing-valuation-to-1-billion/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank invests in parking startup ParkJockey pushing valuation to $1 billion\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/20/softbank-vision-fund-grab-1-billion/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Vision Fund is preparing to invest $1 billion in Grab\""},{"Link":"https://www.softbankrobotics.com/corp/pressroom/20190925b/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Robotics Singapore Launches AI Commercial Vacuum Cleaner 'Whiz'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/business/wework-ipo.html","external_links_name":"\"WeWork I.P.O. Is Withdrawn as Investors Grow Wary\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/business/softbank-wag.html","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Takes Loss in Sale of Wag, Dog-Walking Start-Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-12-27/tadashi-yanai-exits-softbank-board-challenged-masayoshi-son","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank loses one of the few board members who could challenge Masayoshi Son\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/technology/oyo-hotel-india-softbank.html","external_links_name":"\"Oyo Scales Back as SoftBank-Funded Companies Retreat\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/business/dealbook/elliott-management-softbank.html","external_links_name":"\"Elliott Management Is Said to Push for Change at SoftBank\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-ceo-idUSKBN20Q0BP","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank CEO tells U.S. investors he'll be more careful\""},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/yahoo-japan-and-line-corp-confirm-merger-agreement/","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo Japan and Line Corp. confirm merger agreement\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-deals/Coronavirus-delays-Yahoo-Japan-s-merger-with-Line","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus delays Yahoo Japan's merger with Line\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ad5785da-6cd3-11ea-89df-41bea055720b","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank plans $41bn asset sale to cut debt amid coronavirus tumult\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/ad5785da-6cd3-11ea-89df-41bea055720b","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2020/05/18/alibabas-jack-ma-quits-softbank-board-after-18b-loss/","external_links_name":"\"Alibaba's Jack Ma quits SoftBank board after $18B Vision Fund loss\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/softbank-considers-sale-or-ipo-of-british-chip-designer-arm-holdings-2020-07-13","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank considers sale or IPO of British chip designer Arm Holdings\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/How-SoftBank-s-sale-of-Arm-China-sowed-the-seeds-of-discord","external_links_name":"\"How SoftBank's sale of Arm China sowed the seeds of discord\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/5ddaa72e-2185-4af7-8967-b88125aa98a9","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank rebounds from historic loss with $12bn quarterly profit\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5ddaa72e-2185-4af7-8967-b88125aa98a9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/02/softbank-vision-fund-2-leads-100-million-series-c-in-digital-therapeutics-company-biofourmis/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund 2 leads $100 million Series C in digital therapeutics company Biofourmis\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/04/softbank-reportedly-the-nasdaq-whale-that-bought-billions-in-options.html","external_links_name":"\"Softbank was identified as being the 'Nasdaq whale'\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/softbank-option-purchases-raise-eyebrows-as-wall-street-backtracks-11599288234169.html","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank option purchases raise eyebrows as Wall Street backtracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/nasdaq-whale-softbank-s-huge-tech-options-bet-answers-stock-rally-riddle-120090500138_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Nasdaq Whale: Softbank's huge tech options bet answers stock rally riddle\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/explained-nasdaq-whale-and-how-softbanks-derivative-bets-may-have-powered-the-us-tech-rally-6833921.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nasdaq Whale and how SoftBank's derivative bets may have powered the US tech rally\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-group-divestiture-idUSKBN2690A1","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank exits cellphone distributor Brightstar in telecoms sell-down\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-sells-brightstar-carrying-on-its-divestiture-spree-11600410882","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Sells Brightstar, Carrying On Its Divestiture Spree\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/nvidia-to-buy-arm-holdings-from-softbank-for-40-billion.html","external_links_name":"\"Nvidia to buy Arm Holdings from SoftBank for $40 billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/09/13/its-officialnvidia-acquires-arm-for-40b-to-create-what-could-be-a-computing-juggernaut/","external_links_name":"\"It's Official- NVIDIA Acquires Arm For $40B To Create What Could Be A Computing Juggernaut\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/6bfe40a5-2426-4743-98cd-6fed9dd01b98","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank set to sell UK's Arm Holdings to Nvidia for $40bn\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6bfe40a5-2426-4743-98cd-6fed9dd01b98","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/softbanks-66-bln-sale-arm-nvidia-collapses-ft-2022-02-08/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank dumps sale of Arm over regulatory hurdles, to IPO instead\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-11/hyundai-motor-buys-80-of-robot-firm-boston-dynamics","external_links_name":"\"Hyundai Motor Buys 80% of Robotics Firm Boston Dynamics\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/softbank-sells-2-billion-of-uber-stake-after-stock-s-recovery","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Sells $2 Billion in Uber Stock as Rides Recover\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515161539/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/12/softbank-joins-top-corporate-earners-with-its-37-billion-vision-fund-profit.html","external_links_name":"\"Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/12/softbank-joins-top-corporate-earners-with-its-37-billion-vision-fund-profit.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/israels-etoro-to-go-public-through-10-4-bln-spac-deal-backed-by-softbank-others","external_links_name":"\"Israel's eToro to go public through $10.4 bln SPAC deal backed by SoftBank, others\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2021/04/06/business/corporate-business/softbank-autostore-acquisition/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Group to acquire 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indias-adani-green-energy-buy-sb-energy-holdings-35-bln-deal-2021-05-19/","external_links_name":"\"India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/softbank-sells-renewable-energy-unit-in-india-11621423025","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Sells Renewable-Energy Unit in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanburgos/2021/05/19/adani-green-to-buy-sb-energy-india-for-35-billion-from-softbank-bharti/","external_links_name":"\"Adani Green To Buy SB Energy India For $3.5 Billion From SoftBank, Bharti\""},{"Link":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/softbank-vision-fund-go-public-spac-tech-bloomberg-report-2021-5","external_links_name":"\"Softbank's Vision Fund could go public in a $300 million SPAC deal, report says\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcrwireless.com/20210707/carriers/softbank-buys-yahoo-japan-from-verizon","external_links_name":"\"Softbank buys Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion\""},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/07/05/softbank-yahoo-verizon/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank buys perpetual Yahoo trademark license for $1.6 billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/softbank-ceo-to-take-stake-in-vision-fund-2-51628617760","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank CEO to Take Stake in Vision Fund 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/6476e1b6-7dcc-4b92-8470-f99a03229502","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Telekom deepens bet on US market with SoftBank deal\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6476e1b6-7dcc-4b92-8470-f99a03229502","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/08/softbank-sells-entire-stake-in-uber-as-vision-fund-losses-mount.html","external_links_name":"\"Japanese giant SoftBank dumps its entire stake in Uber as losses mount at its investment unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/funds/softbank-posts-23-bln-loss-first-quarter-2022-08-08/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank posts record net loss on $23.1 bln Vision Fund hit\""},{"Link":"https://www.generalist.com/briefing/softbank","external_links_name":"\"Softbank: Twilight of an Empire | The Generalist\""},{"Link":"https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/toyota-tsusho-swoops-for-sb-energy-set-up-by-billionaire-to-green-japan-post-fukushima/2-1-1401423","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Tsusho swoops for SB Energy set up by billionaire to green Japan post-Fukushima\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/cpi-report-today-march-2023-inflation/card/softbank-to-sell-korean-venture-arm-to-firm-run-by-ceo-s-brother-ChKn8dzVsGhW5KJdKMHw","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank to Sell Korean Venture Arm to Firm Run by CEO's Brother\""},{"Link":"https://observer.com/2023/05/softbank-vision-fund-loss-2022/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Vision Fund Posts Record Loss Despite Masayoshi Son Foreseeing Disaster\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/SoftBank2/SoftBank-sells-Fortress-stake-to-Mubadala-and-management","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank sells Fortress stake to Mubadala and management\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/21/technology/chip-designer-arm-ipo-softbank.html","external_links_name":"\"Arm, the Chip Designer, Files for an I.P.O. Expected to Be Among the Largest\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/03/softbanks-arm-and-crh-choose-new-york-listing-in-a-blow-to-london.html","external_links_name":"\"British chip giant Arm chooses New York listing in a blow to London\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-21/softbank-s-arm-files-for-ipo-that-could-be-2023-s-biggest","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Arm Files for IPO That Is Set to Be 2023's Biggest\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/how-softbank-played-it-safe-pricing-arms-ipo-2023-09-14/","external_links_name":"\"How SoftBank played it safe in pricing Arm's IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.morningstar.com/markets/arm-ipo-dominant-chip-designer-very-very-lofty-price","external_links_name":"\"Arm IPO: A Dominant Chip Designer but at a 'Very, Very' Lofty Price\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/13/business/arm-ipo-pricing.html","external_links_name":"\"Arm, the Chip Designer, Raises $4.87 Billion in the Year's Largest I.P.O.\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/softbank-corp-buys-514-mln-majority-stake-car-software-firm-cubic-telecom-2023-12-05/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Corp buys $514 mln majority stake in car software firm Cubic Telecom\""},{"Link":"https://www.ey.com/en_ie/ey-ireland-advises-cubic-telecom-on-investment-from-softbank2","external_links_name":"\"EY Ireland advises Cubic Telecom on Investment from Softbank\""},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/en/ir/stock/ownership","external_links_name":"\"Ownership\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SOFTBANK-GROUP-CORP-6492452/company/","external_links_name":"\"SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | JP3436100006 | MarketScreener\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/12/08/business/corporate-business/masayoshi-son-softbank-control/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Masayoshi Son quietly lifts stake to 34%, edging toward buyout\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbigroup.co.jp/english/company/information/history.html","external_links_name":"Corporate history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317211005/http://www.globaltelecomsbusiness.com/article/2973451/SoftBank-aims-at-97-coverage-for-TD-LTE-networksays-CTO-Yoshioki-Chika.html","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank aims at 97% coverage for TD-LTE network, says CTO Yoshioki Chika - Global Telecoms Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.globaltelecomsbusiness.com/article/2973451/SoftBank-aims-at-97-coverage-for-TD-LTE-networksays-CTO-Yoshioki-Chika.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2141501/chinese-online-medical-platform-ping-healthcare-and-technology","external_links_name":"\"Chinese online medical platform Ping An Healthcare and Technology to raise US$1b from Hong Kong IPO\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/wework-reaches-deal-convert-1-bln-softbanks-debt-equity-2023-03-17/","external_links_name":"\"WeWork reaches deals to cut debt, extend maturities\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/softbank-invests-9-4-million-in-packet/","external_links_name":"\"Softbank Invests in a New-Age Cloud Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/tokopedia-raises-11b-softbank-alibaba","external_links_name":"\"Tokopedia raises $1.1b from SoftBank, Alibaba to evolve into infrastructure-as-a-service\""},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.jp/en/corp/group/sbm/news/press/2015/20150701_01/","external_links_name":"\"Changes of Corporate Names - SoftBank Corp. - Group Companies - About Us - SoftBank Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.cellular-news.com/story/18440.php","external_links_name":"\"Bill Morrow, Vodafone's turnaround guru, Walks Away\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613172826/http://bizplus.nikkei.co.jp/colm/nbonline.cfm?i=2008060600805cs","external_links_name":"\"念願のiPhoneを獲得した舞台裏 ソフトバンク、トラウマ乗り越える\""},{"Link":"http://bizplus.nikkei.co.jp/colm/nbonline.cfm?i=2008060600805cs&p=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608085840/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/04/business/AS-FIN-COM-Japan-iPhones.php","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank reaches deal with Apple to sell iPhone handsets in Japan this year\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/04/business/AS-FIN-COM-Japan-iPhones.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_120908.html","external_links_name":"\"announces 14 new members\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/05/softbank-unveils-worlds-first-phone-with-radiation-detection/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Unveils World's First Phone With Radiation Detection\""},{"Link":"http://www.japanator.com/veteran-actor-kai-kun-retires-from-softbank-otousan-role-32458.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Veteran actor Kai-kun retires from SoftBank Otousan role\""},{"Link":"https://www.adweek.com/creativity/meet-japans-most-popular-ad-family-151804","external_links_name":"\"Meet Japan's Most Popular Ad Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/04/29/general/otosan-japans-top-dog#.VROgDvyUd8E","external_links_name":"\"Otosan, Japan's top dog\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/04/29/general/otosan-japans-top-dog/","external_links_name":"\"Otosan, Japan's top dog\""},{"Link":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/axa-reaches-millions-people-augmented-reality-game-ingress/1355296","external_links_name":"\"Axa reaches millions of people through augmented reality game Ingress\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019003835/http://team-japan.americascup.com/","external_links_name":"\"Dean Barker: Looking Back At 35th America's Cup\""},{"Link":"http://team-japan.americascup.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/Japan","external_links_name":"\"Japan at the FIBA Asia Cup 2017\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b517bd88-d7e2-11db-b218-000b5df10621.html","external_links_name":"\"Japan offers baby bonus to workers\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b517bd88-d7e2-11db-b218-000b5df10621.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930092314/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","external_links_name":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer \"Baby Bonuses\"\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930092314/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","external_links_name":"\"Cash for Kids: Japan's Employers Offer 'Baby Bonuses' - ABC News\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3254035","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://businessrecord.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=46958&uid=1b8beebe-eb32-438e-8ee0-377b510bf896","external_links_name":"\"A shrinking work force solution: Baby bonuses\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-27/softbank-s-100-billion-vision-fund-is-run-by-these-10-men","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's $100 Billion Vision Fund Is Run by These 10 Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/90285552/the-most-powerful-person-in-silicon-valley","external_links_name":"\"The most powerful person in Silicon Valley\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/01/masayoshi-son-vision-fund-family-synergy.html","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son building Vision Fund into family, say founders\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/07/national/history/masayoshi-son-betting-big-winning/#.XHDq66IzbIX","external_links_name":"\"Masayoshi Son: Betting big and winning\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/02/23/softbank-puts-blockchain-investments-on-ice-as-part-of-startup-pullback/","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Puts Blockchain Investments On Ice As Part Of Startup Pullback\""},{"Link":"https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/11/accounting-intercorporate-investment.asp","external_links_name":"\"Accounting for Intercorporate Investments: What You Need to Know\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/softbank-is-paying-sons-past-exuberance-2023-02-07/","external_links_name":"\"Breakingviews - SoftBank is paying for Son's past exuberance\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-05/softbank-ceo-masayoshi-son-to-skip-earnings-call-as-losses-mount","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank CEO to Skip Earnings Call for First Time as Tech Slumps\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/3b415060-13f1-4248-9d36-fe6c2bf0c879","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's future rests on Arm\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softbank-group-korea-idUSKBN1QR0XZ","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank's Son finds more love for early-stage investing, new fund planned\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190128000527","external_links_name":"\"[Herald Interview] Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia\""},{"Link":"https://technode.global/2021/09/14/funding-talent-decision-making-challenge-innovators-softbank-ventures-asia-jp-lee-qa/","external_links_name":"\"Funding, talent & decision-making are the biggest challenges for innovators, says SoftBank Ventures Asia's JP Lee [Q&A]\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Startups/SoftBank-Ventures-Asia-hits-341m-second-close-for-early-stage-fund","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank Ventures Asia hits $341m second close for early-stage fund\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/news/indonesias-c2c-marketplace-tokopedia-receives-investment-from-softbank-ventures-korea","external_links_name":"\"Tokopedia Lands Funding To Help It Become Indonesia's Alibaba\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/singapore-car-marketplace-carro-scores-us60m-in-series-b-funding","external_links_name":"\"Asia Solutions\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/cd882778-c0a5-11e8-95b1-d36dfef1b89a","external_links_name":"\"TPG partners with SoftBank Ventures Korea for $300m China fund\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/cd882778-c0a5-11e8-95b1-d36dfef1b89a","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190103000509","external_links_name":"\"Softbank Ventures Korea rebrands as Softbank Ventures Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.hankyung.com/it/article/202103246380Y","external_links_name":"\"소프트뱅크벤처스, AI 스타트업 투자 1천800억 펀드 조성\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210623000711","external_links_name":"\"Local AI startup VoyagerX raises $27m from SoftBank, others\""},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/softbank-ventures-asia-leads-5m-round-ip-protection-platforms-marqvision","external_links_name":"\"Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/13/as-tech-slumps-softbank-sells-vc-unit-to-singapore-based-firm-led-by-masayoshi-sons-brother/","external_links_name":"\"As tech slumps, SoftBank sells VC unit to Singapore-based firm led by Masayoshi Son's brother\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/5835a757-c46a-4449-8dcf-df0274381aba","external_links_name":"\"SoftBank unit's sale to founder's brother raises governance concerns\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090419084807/http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report"},{"Link":"http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://group.softbank/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.softbank.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct4xcm","external_links_name":"The first photo sent from a phone"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417829384","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308288992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014024892","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_archaeology | Software archaeology | ["1 Techniques","2 In popular culture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Software archaeology or source code archeology is the study of poorly documented or undocumented legacy software implementations, as part of software maintenance. Software archaeology, named by analogy with archaeology, includes the reverse engineering of software modules, and the application of a variety of tools and processes for extracting and understanding program structure and recovering design information. Software archaeology may reveal dysfunctional team processes which have produced poorly designed or even unused software modules, and in some cases deliberately obfuscatory code may be found. The term has been in use for decades.
Software archaeology has continued to be a topic of discussion at more recent software engineering conferences.
Techniques
A workshop on Software Archaeology at the 2001 OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) conference identified the following software archaeology techniques, some of which are specific to object-oriented programming:
Scripting languages to build static reports and for filtering diagnostic output
Ongoing documentation in HTML pages or Wikis
Synoptic signature analysis, statistical analysis, and software visualization tools
Reverse-engineering tools
Operating-system-level tracing via truss or strace
Search engines and tools to search for keywords in source files
IDE file browsing
Unit testing frameworks such as JUnit and CppUnit
API documentation generation using tools such as Javadoc and doxygen
Debuggers
More generally, Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas note the importance of version control, dependency management, text indexing tools such as GLIMPSE and SWISH-E, and " a map as you begin exploring."
Like true archaeology, software archaeology involves investigative work to understand the thought processes of one's predecessors. At the OOPSLA workshop, Ward Cunningham suggested a synoptic signature analysis technique which gave an overall "feel" for a program by showing only punctuation, such as semicolons and curly braces. In the same vein, Cunningham has suggested viewing programs in 2 point font in order to understand the overall structure. Another technique identified at the workshop was the use of aspect-oriented programming tools such as AspectJ to systematically introduce tracing code without directly editing the legacy program.
Network and temporal analysis techniques can reveal the patterns of collaborative activity by the developers of legacy software, which in turn may shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the software artifacts produced.
Michael Rozlog of Embarcadero Technologies has described software archaeology as a six-step process which enables programmers to answer questions such as "What have I just inherited?" and "Where are the scary sections of the code?" These steps, similar to those identified by the OOPSLA workshop, include using visualization to obtain a visual representation of the program's design, using software metrics to look for design and style violations, using unit testing and profiling to look for bugs and performance bottlenecks, and assembling design information recovered by the process. Software archaeology can also be a service provided to programmers by external consultants.
In popular culture
The profession of "programmer–archaeologist" features prominently in Vernor Vinge's 1999 sci-fi novel A Deepness in the Sky.
See also
Software architecture recovery
Code refactoring
Retrocomputing
Software brittleness
Software rot
Software entropy
Abandonware
References
^ a b Robles, Gregorio; Gonzalez-Barahona, Jesus M.; Herraiz, Israel (2005). "An Empirical Approach to Software Archaeology" (PDF). Poster Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance.
^ Ambler, Scott W. "Agile Legacy System Analysis and Integration Modeling". agilemodeling.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20. Without accurate documentation, or access to knowledgeable people, your last resort may be to analyze the source code for the legacy system... This effort is often referred to as software archaeology.
^ Moyer, Bryon (4 March 2009). "Software Archeology: Modernizing Old Systems" (PDF). Embedded Technology Journal.
^ Hopkins, Richard; Jenkins, Kevin (2008). "5. The Mythical Metaman". Eating the IT Elephant: Moving from greenfield development to brownfield. Addison-Wesley. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-13-713012-2.
^ Spinellis, Diomidis; Gousios, Georgios (2009). "2. A Tale of Two Systems § Lack of Cohesion". Beautiful Architecture. O'Reilly. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-51798-4.
^ An early discussion is Grass, Judith E. (Winter 1992). "Object-Oriented Design Archaeology with CIA++" (PDF). Computing Systems. 5 (1).
^ For example, the "32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering". May 2010..
^ a b c d Hunt, Andy; Thomas, Dave (March–April 2002). "Software Archaeology" (PDF). IEEE Software. 19 (2): 20–22. doi:10.1109/52.991327.
^ Cunningham, Ward (2001). "Signature Survey: A Method for Browsing Unfamiliar Code". Workshop Position Statement, Software Archeology: Understanding Large Systems, OOPSLA 2001.
^ Cook, John D. (10 November 2009). "Software Archeology". The Endeavour.
^ de Souza, Cleidson; Froehlich, Jon; Dourish, Paul (2005). "Seeking the Source: Software Source Code as a Social and Technical Artifact" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2005 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work. pp. 197–206. doi:10.1145/1099203.1099239. ISBN 1595932232.
^ a b Rozlog, Michael (28 January 2008). "Software Archeology: What Is It and Why Should Java Developers Care?". java.sys-con.com.
^ Sharwood, Simon (3 November 2004). "Raiders of the Lost Code". ZDNet.
^ Rees, Gareth (2013-06-12). "Software archaeology and technical debt".
External links
"Position papers". OOPSLA 2001 Workshop on Software Archeology: Understanding Large Systems. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12.
"Writing code, reading code and software archeology". Once More into the Code. Computerworld. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29.
Rozlog, Michael (13 March 2008). "How To Apply Software Archeology To Your Development Process" (PDF).
"OOPSLA 2008 Podcast with Grady Booch on software archaeology and related topics" (Podcast). 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26.
vteSoftware engineeringFields
Computer programming
DevOps
Empirical software engineering
Experimental software engineering
Formal methods
Requirements engineering
Search-based software engineering
Site reliability engineering
Social software engineering
Software deployment
Software design
Software maintenance
Software testing
Systems analysis
Concepts
Abstraction
Component-based software engineering
Software compatibility
Backward compatibility
Compatibility layer
Compatibility mode
Forward compatibility
Software incompatibility
Data modeling
Enterprise architecture
Functional specification
Modeling language
Programming paradigm
Software
Software archaeology
Software architecture
Software configuration management
Software development process/methodology
Software quality
Software quality assurance
Software verification and validation
Software system
Structured analysis
Essential analysis
CI/CD
Orientations
Agile
Aspect-oriented
Object orientation
Ontology
Service orientation
SDLC
ModelsDevelopmental
Agile
EUP
Executable UML
Incremental model
Iterative model
Prototype model
RAD
UP
Scrum
Spiral model
V-model
Waterfall model
XP
Model-driven engineering
Round-trip engineering
Other
SPICE
CMMI
Data model
ER model
Function model
Information model
Metamodeling
Object model
Systems model
View model
Languages
IDEF
UML
USL
SysML
Related fields
Computer science
Computer engineering
Information science
Project management
Risk management
Systems engineering
Commons
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Software archaeology has continued to be a topic of discussion at more recent software engineering conferences.[7]","title":"Software archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OOPSLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OOPSLA"},{"link_name":"object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyDave-8"},{"link_name":"Scripting languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language"},{"link_name":"software visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_visualization"},{"link_name":"truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"strace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"Unit testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"},{"link_name":"JUnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUnit"},{"link_name":"CppUnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CppUnit"},{"link_name":"Javadoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javadoc"},{"link_name":"doxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxygen"},{"link_name":"Debuggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger"},{"link_name":"Andy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hunt_(author)"},{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"version control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control"},{"link_name":"dependency management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_management"},{"link_name":"SWISH-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWISH-E"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyDave-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyDave-8"},{"link_name":"Ward Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"curly braces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(programming)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"aspect-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"AspectJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AspectJ"},{"link_name":"tracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_(software)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndyDave-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Embarcadero Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozlog-12"},{"link_name":"software metrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_metric"},{"link_name":"unit testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"},{"link_name":"profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rozlog-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A workshop on Software Archaeology at the 2001 OOPSLA (Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications) conference identified the following software archaeology techniques, some of which are specific to object-oriented programming:[8]Scripting languages to build static reports and for filtering diagnostic output\nOngoing documentation in HTML pages or Wikis\nSynoptic signature analysis, statistical analysis, and software visualization tools\nReverse-engineering tools\nOperating-system-level tracing via truss or strace\nSearch engines and tools to search for keywords in source files\nIDE file browsing\nUnit testing frameworks such as JUnit and CppUnit\nAPI documentation generation using tools such as Javadoc and doxygen\nDebuggersMore generally, Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas note the importance of version control, dependency management, text indexing tools such as GLIMPSE and SWISH-E, and \"[drawing] a map as you begin exploring.\"[8]Like true archaeology, software archaeology involves investigative work to understand the thought processes of one's predecessors.[8] At the OOPSLA workshop, Ward Cunningham suggested a synoptic signature analysis technique which gave an overall \"feel\" for a program by showing only punctuation, such as semicolons and curly braces.[9] In the same vein, Cunningham has suggested viewing programs in 2 point font in order to understand the overall structure.[10] Another technique identified at the workshop was the use of aspect-oriented programming tools such as AspectJ to systematically introduce tracing code without directly editing the legacy program.[8]Network and temporal analysis techniques can reveal the patterns of collaborative activity by the developers of legacy software, which in turn may shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the software artifacts produced.[11]Michael Rozlog of Embarcadero Technologies has described software archaeology as a six-step process which enables programmers to answer questions such as \"What have I just inherited?\" and \"Where are the scary sections of the code?\"[12] These steps, similar to those identified by the OOPSLA workshop, include using visualization to obtain a visual representation of the program's design, using software metrics to look for design and style violations, using unit testing and profiling to look for bugs and performance bottlenecks, and assembling design information recovered by the process.[12] Software archaeology can also be a service provided to programmers by external consultants.[13]","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vernor Vinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernor_Vinge"},{"link_name":"A Deepness in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The profession of \"programmer–archaeologist\" features prominently in Vernor Vinge's 1999 sci-fi novel A Deepness in the Sky. [14]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | [{"title":"Software architecture recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture_recovery"},{"title":"Code refactoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_refactoring"},{"title":"Retrocomputing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing"},{"title":"Software brittleness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_brittleness"},{"title":"Software rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_rot"},{"title":"Software entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_entropy"},{"title":"Abandonware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonware"}] | [{"reference":"Robles, Gregorio; Gonzalez-Barahona, Jesus M.; Herraiz, Israel (2005). \"An Empirical Approach to Software Archaeology\" (PDF). Poster Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance.","urls":[{"url":"http://herraiz.org/papers/english/icsm05short.pdf","url_text":"\"An Empirical Approach to Software Archaeology\""}]},{"reference":"Ambler, Scott W. \"Agile Legacy System Analysis and Integration Modeling\". agilemodeling.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20. Without accurate documentation, or access to knowledgeable people, your last resort may be to analyze the source code for the legacy system... This effort is often referred to as software archaeology.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ambler","url_text":"Ambler, Scott W."},{"url":"http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/agileLegacyIntegrationModeling.htm","url_text":"\"Agile Legacy System Analysis and Integration Modeling\""}]},{"reference":"Moyer, Bryon (4 March 2009). \"Software Archeology: Modernizing Old Systems\" (PDF). Embedded Technology Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://adm.omg.org/docs/Software_Archeology_4-Mar-2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Software Archeology: Modernizing Old Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Richard; Jenkins, Kevin (2008). \"5. The Mythical Metaman\". Eating the IT Elephant: Moving from greenfield development to brownfield. Addison-Wesley. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-13-713012-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GYvP0u2k2uMC&pg=PA93","url_text":"\"5. The Mythical Metaman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-713012-2","url_text":"978-0-13-713012-2"}]},{"reference":"Spinellis, Diomidis; Gousios, Georgios (2009). \"2. A Tale of Two Systems § Lack of Cohesion\". Beautiful Architecture. O'Reilly. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-51798-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diomidis_Spinellis","url_text":"Spinellis, Diomidis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h34pwy005nYC&pg=PA29","url_text":"\"2. A Tale of Two Systems § Lack of Cohesion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51798-4","url_text":"978-0-596-51798-4"}]},{"reference":"Grass, Judith E. (Winter 1992). \"Object-Oriented Design Archaeology with CIA++\" (PDF). Computing Systems. 5 (1).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usenix.org/publications/compsystems/1992/win_grass.pdf","url_text":"\"Object-Oriented Design Archaeology with CIA++\""}]},{"reference":"\"32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering\". May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1806799","url_text":"\"32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Andy; Thomas, Dave (March–April 2002). \"Software Archaeology\" (PDF). IEEE Software. 19 (2): 20–22. doi:10.1109/52.991327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hunt_(author)","url_text":"Hunt, Andy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(programmer)","url_text":"Thomas, Dave"},{"url":"http://media.pragprog.com/articles/mar_02_archeology.pdf","url_text":"\"Software Archaeology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.991327","url_text":"10.1109/52.991327"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Ward (2001). \"Signature Survey: A Method for Browsing Unfamiliar Code\". Workshop Position Statement, Software Archeology: Understanding Large Systems, OOPSLA 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham","url_text":"Cunningham, Ward"},{"url":"http://c2.com/doc/SignatureSurvey/","url_text":"\"Signature Survey: A Method for Browsing Unfamiliar Code\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, John D. (10 November 2009). \"Software Archeology\". The Endeavour.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/11/10/oftware-archeology/","url_text":"\"Software Archeology\""}]},{"reference":"de Souza, Cleidson; Froehlich, Jon; Dourish, Paul (2005). \"Seeking the Source: Software Source Code as a Social and Technical Artifact\" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2005 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work. pp. 197–206. doi:10.1145/1099203.1099239. ISBN 1595932232.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dourish.com/publications/2005/DeSouzaFroehlichDourish-SeekingSource-GROUP.pdf","url_text":"\"Seeking the Source: Software Source Code as a Social and Technical Artifact\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1099203.1099239","url_text":"10.1145/1099203.1099239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1595932232","url_text":"1595932232"}]},{"reference":"Rozlog, Michael (28 January 2008). \"Software Archeology: What Is It and Why Should Java Developers Care?\". java.sys-con.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://java.sys-con.com/node/487614","url_text":"\"Software Archeology: What Is It and Why Should Java Developers Care?\""}]},{"reference":"Sharwood, Simon (3 November 2004). \"Raiders of the Lost Code\". ZDNet.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zdnetasia.com/raiders-of-the-lost-code-39199788.htm","url_text":"\"Raiders of the Lost Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDNet","url_text":"ZDNet"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Gareth (2013-06-12). \"Software archaeology and technical debt\".","urls":[{"url":"http://garethrees.org/2013/06/12/archaeology/","url_text":"\"Software archaeology and technical debt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Position papers\". OOPSLA 2001 Workshop on Software Archeology: Understanding Large Systems. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612232147/http://www.visibleworkings.com/archeology/position-papers.html","url_text":"\"Position papers\""},{"url":"http://www.visibleworkings.com/archeology/position-papers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Writing code, reading code and software archeology\". Once More into the Code. Computerworld. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110129093226/http://blogs.computerworld.com/14787/writing_code_reading_code_and_software_archeology","url_text":"\"Writing code, reading code and software archeology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"},{"url":"http://blogs.computerworld.com/14787/writing_code_reading_code_and_software_archeology","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rozlog, Michael (13 March 2008). \"How To Apply Software Archeology To Your Development Process\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eclipsecon.org/2008/sub/attachments/How_to_apply_Software_Archeology_to_your_development_process.pdf","url_text":"\"How To Apply Software Archeology To Your Development Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"OOPSLA 2008 Podcast with Grady Booch on software archaeology and related topics\" (Podcast). 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926234101/http://www.oopsla.org/oopsla2008/content_include/podcast/oopsla200808.mp3","url_text":"\"OOPSLA 2008 Podcast with Grady Booch on software archaeology and related topics\""},{"url":"http://www.oopsla.org/oopsla2008/content_include/podcast/oopsla200808.mp3","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://herraiz.org/papers/english/icsm05short.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Empirical Approach to Software Archaeology\""},{"Link":"http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/agileLegacyIntegrationModeling.htm","external_links_name":"\"Agile Legacy System Analysis and Integration Modeling\""},{"Link":"http://adm.omg.org/docs/Software_Archeology_4-Mar-2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Software Archeology: Modernizing Old Systems\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GYvP0u2k2uMC&pg=PA93","external_links_name":"\"5. The Mythical Metaman\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h34pwy005nYC&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"\"2. A Tale of Two Systems § Lack of Cohesion\""},{"Link":"http://www.usenix.org/publications/compsystems/1992/win_grass.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Object-Oriented Design Archaeology with CIA++\""},{"Link":"http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1806799","external_links_name":"\"32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://media.pragprog.com/articles/mar_02_archeology.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Software Archaeology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.991327","external_links_name":"10.1109/52.991327"},{"Link":"http://c2.com/doc/SignatureSurvey/","external_links_name":"\"Signature Survey: A Method for Browsing Unfamiliar Code\""},{"Link":"http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2009/11/10/oftware-archeology/","external_links_name":"\"Software Archeology\""},{"Link":"http://www.dourish.com/publications/2005/DeSouzaFroehlichDourish-SeekingSource-GROUP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Seeking the Source: Software Source Code as a Social and Technical Artifact\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1099203.1099239","external_links_name":"10.1145/1099203.1099239"},{"Link":"http://java.sys-con.com/node/487614","external_links_name":"\"Software Archeology: What Is It and Why Should Java Developers Care?\""},{"Link":"http://www.zdnetasia.com/raiders-of-the-lost-code-39199788.htm","external_links_name":"\"Raiders of the Lost Code\""},{"Link":"http://garethrees.org/2013/06/12/archaeology/","external_links_name":"\"Software archaeology and technical debt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612232147/http://www.visibleworkings.com/archeology/position-papers.html","external_links_name":"\"Position papers\""},{"Link":"http://www.visibleworkings.com/archeology/position-papers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110129093226/http://blogs.computerworld.com/14787/writing_code_reading_code_and_software_archeology","external_links_name":"\"Writing code, reading code and software archeology\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.computerworld.com/14787/writing_code_reading_code_and_software_archeology","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eclipsecon.org/2008/sub/attachments/How_to_apply_Software_Archeology_to_your_development_process.pdf","external_links_name":"\"How To Apply Software Archeology To Your Development Process\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926234101/http://www.oopsla.org/oopsla2008/content_include/podcast/oopsla200808.mp3","external_links_name":"\"OOPSLA 2008 Podcast with Grady Booch on software archaeology and related topics\""},{"Link":"http://www.oopsla.org/oopsla2008/content_include/podcast/oopsla200808.mp3","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture_description | Software architecture description | ["1 Concepts","2 History","3 Mechanisms for architecture description","3.1 Architecture viewpoints","3.2 Architecture description languages","3.3 Architecture frameworks","3.4 Multiple Views","3.5 Structuralism","3.6 Architecture description via decisions","4 Uses of architecture descriptions","5 References","6 See also"] | Practices for analysing software architectures
Software architecture description is the set of practices for expressing, communicating and analysing software architectures (also called architectural rendering), and the result of applying such practices through a work product expressing a software architecture (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).
Architecture descriptions (ADs) are also sometimes referred to as architecture representations, architecture specifications
or software architecture documentation.
Concepts
Architecture description defines the practices, techniques and types of representations used by software architects to record a software architecture. Architecture description is largely a modeling activity (Software architectural model).
Architecture models can take various forms, including text, informal drawings, diagrams or other formalisms (modeling language).
An architecture description will often employ several different model kinds to effectively address a variety of audiences, the stakeholders (such as end users, system owners, software developers, system engineers, program managers) and a variety of architectural concerns (such as functionality, safety, delivery, reliability, scalability).
Often, the models of an architecture description are organized into multiple views of the architecture such that "each addresses specific concerns of interest to different stakeholders of the system".
An architecture viewpoint is a way of looking at a system (RM ODP). Each view in an architecture description should have a viewpoint documenting the concerns and stakeholders it is addressed to, and the model kinds, notations and modeling conventions it utilizes (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).
The use of multiple views, while effective for communicating with diverse stakeholders and recording and analyzing diverse concerns, does raise potential problems: since views are typically not independent, the potential for overlap means there may be redundancy or inconsistency between views of a single system. Various mechanisms can be used to define and manage correspondences between views to share detail, to reduce redundancy and to enforce consistency.
A common misunderstanding about architecture descriptions is that ADs only discuss "technical issues", but ADs need to address issues of relevance to many stakeholders. Some issues are technical; many issues are not: ADs are used to help architects, their clients and others manage cost, schedule and process. A related misunderstanding is that ADs only address the structural aspects of a system. However, this rarely satisfies the stakeholders, whose concerns often include structural, behavioral, aesthetic, and other "extra-functional" concerns.
History
The earliest architecture descriptions used informal pictures and diagrams and associated text. Informal descriptions remain the most widely used representations in industry.
Influences on architecture description came from the areas of Software Engineering (such as data abstraction and programming in the large) and from system design (such as SARA).
Work on programming in the large, such as module interconnection languages (MILs) focused on the expression of the large-scale properties of software: modules (including programs, libraries, subroutines and subsystems) and module-relationships (dependencies and interconnections between modules). This work influenced both architectural thinking about programming languages (e.g., Ada), and design and architecture notations (such as Buhr diagrams and use case maps and codified in architectural features of UML: packages, subsystems, dependences) and much of the work on architecture description languages. In addition to MILs, under the influence of mature work in the areas of Requirements and Design within Software Engineering, various kinds of models were "lifted" from software engineering and design to be applied to the description of architectures. These included function and activity models from Structured Analysis SADT, data modeling techniques (entity-relation) and object-oriented techniques.
Perry and Wolf cited the precedent of building architecture for the role of multiple views:
"A building architect works with the customer by means of a number of different views in which some particular aspect of the building is emphasized."
Perry and Wolf posited that the representation of architectures should include:
{ elements, form and rationale }, distinguishing three kinds of elements (and therefore three kinds of views):
processing: how the data is transformed;
data: information that is used and transformed;
connecting: glue holding the other elements together;
Perry and Wolf identified four objectives or uses for architecture descriptions (called "architecture specifications" in their paper):
prescribe architectural constraints without overspecifying solutions
separate aesthetics from engineering
express different aspects of the architecture each in an appropriate manner
conduct architecture analysis, particularly dependency and consistency analyses
Following the Perry and Wolf paper, two schools of thought on software architecture description emerged:
Multiple views school
Structuralist school
Mechanisms for architecture description
There are several common mechanisms used for architecture description. These mechanisms facilitate reuse of successful styles of description so that they may be applied to many systems:
architecture viewpoints
architecture description languages
architecture frameworks
Architecture viewpoints
Software architecture descriptions are commonly organized into views, which are analogous to the different types of blueprints made in building architecture. Each view addresses a set of system concerns, following the conventions of its viewpoint, where a viewpoint is a specification that describes the notations, modeling techniques to be used in a view to express the architecture in question from the perspective of a given set of stakeholders and their concerns (ISO/IEC 42010). The viewpoint specifies not only the concerns framed (i.e., to be addressed) but the presentation, model kinds used, conventions used and any consistency (correspondence) rules to keep a view consistent with other views.
Examples of viewpoints include:
Functional viewpoint
Logical viewpoint
Information/Data viewpoint
Module viewpoint
Component-and-connector viewpoint
Requirements viewpoint
Developer/Implementation viewpoint
Concurrency/process/runtime/thread/execution viewpoint
Performance viewpoint
Security viewpoint
Physical/Deployment/Installation viewpoint
User action/feedback viewpoint
The term viewtype is used to refer to categories of similar views sharing a common set of elements and relations.
Architecture description languages
An architecture description language (ADL) is any means of expression used to describe a software architecture (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).
Many special-purpose ADLs have been developed since the 1990s, including AADL (SAE standard), Wright (developed by Carnegie Mellon), Acme (developed by Carnegie Mellon), xADL (developed by UCI), Darwin (developed by Imperial College London), DAOP-ADL (developed by University of Málaga), and ByADL (University of L'Aquila, Italy).
Early ADLs emphasized modeling systems in terms of their components, connectors and configurations. More recent ADLs (such as ArchiMate and SysML) have tended to be "wide-spectrum" languages capable of expressing not only components and connectors but a variety of concerns through multiple sub-languages. In addition to special-purpose languages, existing languages such as the UML can be used as ADLs "for analysis, design, and implementation of software-based systems as well as for modeling business and similar processes."
Architecture frameworks
An architecture framework captures the "conventions, principles and practices for the description of architectures established within a specific domain of application and/or community of stakeholders" (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010). A framework is usually implemented in terms of one or more viewpoints or ADLs.
Frameworks of interest in software architecture include:
Arc42
C4 model
4+1
RM-ODP (Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing)
TOGAF
Multiple Views
Represented in Kruchten's very influential 1995 paper on the "4+1 view model", this approach emphasized the varying stakeholders and concerns to be modeled.
Structuralism
Second, reflected in work of CMU and elsewhere, the notion that architecture was the high level organization of a system at run-time and that architecture should be described in terms of their components and connectors: "the architecture of a software system defines that system in terms of computational components and interactions among those components".
During the 1990s-2000s, much of the academic work on ADLs took place within the paradigm of components and connectors. However, these ADLs have had very little impact in industry.
Since the 1990s, there has been a convergence in approaches toward architecture description, with IEEE 1471 in 2000 codifying best practices: supporting, but not requiring, multiple viewpoints in an AD.
Architecture description via decisions
Elaborating on the rationale aspect of Perry and Wolf's original formula, a third school of thought has emerged, documenting the decisions and reasons for decisions as an essential way of conceiving and expressing a software architecture.
This approach treats decisions as first-class elements of the architecture description, making explicit what was often implicit in earlier representations.
Uses of architecture descriptions
Architecture descriptions serve a variety of purposes including (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010):
to guide system construction and maintenance
to aid system planning, costing and evolution
to serve as a medium for analysis, evaluation or comparison of architectures
to facilitate communication among system stakeholders regarding the architecture and the system
to document architectural knowledge beyond the scope of individual projects (such as software product lines and product families, and reference architectures)
to capture reusable architectural idioms (such as architectural styles and patterns)
References
^ a b Perry, D. E.; Wolf, A. L. (1992). "Foundations for the study of software architecture". ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 17 (4): 40. doi:10.1145/141874.141884
^ a b P. B. Kruchten, "The '4+1' view model of architecture," IEEE Software, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 42–50, November 1995
^ A. Finkelstein, J. Kramer, B. Nuseibeh, L. Finkelstein, and M. Goedicke. Viewpoints: A framework for integrating multiple perspectives in system development. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 2(1):31-58, 1992.
^ a b P. C. Clements, F. Bachmann, L. Bass, D. Garlan, J. Ivers, R. Little, R. Nord, and J. Stafford, Documenting Software Architectures: views and beyond. Addison Wesley, 2003.
^ G. Estrin, R.S. Fenchel, R.R. Razouk, M.K. Vernon, "The System ARchitect's Apprentice", IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, 1986.
^ F. DeRemer and H.H. Kron, "Programming-in-the-Large Versus Programming-in-the-Small", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1976.
^ M. Shaw and D. Garlan, Software Architecture: perspectives on an emerging discipline, Prentice Hall, 1996.
^ E. Woods and R. Hilliard, "Architecture Description Languages in Practice" http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/WICSA.2005.15
^ A. Jansen and J. Bosch, "Software Architecture as a Set of Architectural Design Decisions" Proceedings of the 5th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, 2005.
See also
Architecture description language
Architecture framework
Separation of concerns (Core concern and Concern (computer science))
Software architectural model
Software architecture documentation
View model | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software architectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW-1"},{"link_name":"software architecture documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation#Architecture_design_documentation"}],"text":"Software architecture description is the set of practices for expressing, communicating and analysing software architectures (also called architectural rendering), and the result of applying such practices through a work product expressing a software architecture (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).Architecture descriptions (ADs) are also sometimes referred to as architecture representations, architecture specifications[1]\nor software architecture documentation.","title":"Software architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software architectural model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architectural_model"},{"link_name":"modeling language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language"},{"link_name":"model kinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010#Terminology"},{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010#Terminology"},{"link_name":"concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010#Terminology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBK-2"},{"link_name":"RM ODP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM_ODP"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010#Architecture_Viewpoint"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Architecture description defines the practices, techniques and types of representations used by software architects to record a software architecture. Architecture description is largely a modeling activity (Software architectural model).\nArchitecture models can take various forms, including text, informal drawings, diagrams or other formalisms (modeling language).\nAn architecture description will often employ several different model kinds to effectively address a variety of audiences, the stakeholders (such as end users, system owners, software developers, system engineers, program managers) and a variety of architectural concerns (such as functionality, safety, delivery, reliability, scalability).Often, the models of an architecture description are organized into multiple views of the architecture such that \"each [view] addresses specific concerns of interest to different stakeholders of the system\".[2] \nAn architecture viewpoint is a way of looking at a system (RM ODP). Each view in an architecture description should have a viewpoint documenting the concerns and stakeholders it is addressed to, and the model kinds, notations and modeling conventions it utilizes (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).The use of multiple views, while effective for communicating with diverse stakeholders and recording and analyzing diverse concerns, does raise potential problems: since views are typically not independent, the potential for overlap means there may be redundancy or inconsistency between views of a single system.[3] Various mechanisms can be used to define and manage correspondences between views to share detail, to reduce redundancy and to enforce consistency.A common misunderstanding about architecture descriptions is that ADs only discuss \"technical issues\", but ADs need to address issues of relevance to many stakeholders. Some issues are technical; many issues are not: ADs are used to help architects, their clients and others manage cost, schedule and process. A related misunderstanding is that ADs only address the structural aspects of a system. However, this rarely satisfies the stakeholders, whose concerns often include structural, behavioral, aesthetic, and other \"extra-functional\" concerns.","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VnB-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SADT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADT"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The earliest architecture descriptions used informal pictures and diagrams and associated text. Informal descriptions remain the most widely used representations in industry.[4]\nInfluences on architecture description came from the areas of Software Engineering (such as data abstraction and programming in the large) and from system design (such as SARA[5]).Work on programming in the large, such as module interconnection languages (MILs) focused on the expression of the large-scale properties of software:[6] modules (including programs, libraries, subroutines and subsystems) and module-relationships (dependencies and interconnections between modules). This work influenced both architectural thinking about programming languages (e.g., Ada), and design and architecture notations (such as Buhr diagrams and use case maps and codified in architectural features of UML: packages, subsystems, dependences) and much of the work on architecture description languages. In addition to MILs, under the influence of mature work in the areas of Requirements and Design within Software Engineering, various kinds of models were \"lifted\" from software engineering and design to be applied to the description of architectures. These included function and activity models from Structured Analysis SADT, data modeling techniques (entity-relation) and object-oriented techniques.Perry and Wolf[1] cited the precedent of building architecture for the role of multiple views:\n\"A building architect works with the customer by means of a number of different views in which some particular aspect of the building is emphasized.\"Perry and Wolf posited that the representation of architectures should include: \n{ elements, form and rationale }, distinguishing three kinds of elements (and therefore three kinds of views):processing: how the data is transformed;\ndata: information that is used and transformed;\nconnecting: glue holding the other elements together;Perry and Wolf identified four objectives or uses for architecture descriptions (called \"architecture specifications\" in their paper):prescribe architectural constraints without overspecifying solutions\nseparate aesthetics from engineering\nexpress different aspects of the architecture each in an appropriate manner\nconduct architecture analysis, particularly dependency and consistency analysesFollowing the Perry and Wolf paper, two schools of thought on software architecture description emerged[citation needed]:Multiple views school\nStructuralist school","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are several common mechanisms used for architecture description. These mechanisms facilitate reuse of successful styles of description so that they may be applied to many systems:architecture viewpoints\narchitecture description languages\narchitecture frameworks","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"},{"link_name":"blueprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VnB-4"}],"sub_title":"Architecture viewpoints","text":"Software architecture descriptions are commonly organized into views, which are analogous to the different types of blueprints made in building architecture. Each view addresses a set of system concerns, following the conventions of its viewpoint, where a viewpoint is a specification that describes the notations, modeling techniques to be used in a view to express the architecture in question from the perspective of a given set of stakeholders and their concerns (ISO/IEC 42010). The viewpoint specifies not only the concerns framed (i.e., to be addressed) but the presentation, model kinds used, conventions used and any consistency (correspondence) rules to keep a view consistent with other views.Examples of viewpoints include:Functional viewpoint\nLogical viewpoint\nInformation/Data viewpoint\nModule viewpoint\nComponent-and-connector viewpoint\nRequirements viewpoint\nDeveloper/Implementation viewpoint\nConcurrency/process/runtime/thread/execution viewpoint\nPerformance viewpoint\nSecurity viewpoint\nPhysical/Deployment/Installation viewpoint\nUser action/feedback viewpointThe term viewtype is used to refer to categories of similar views sharing a common set of elements and relations.[4]","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architecture description language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_description_language"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"AADL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_analysis_and_design_language"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_(ADL)"},{"link_name":"Acme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acme_(ADL)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(ADL)"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"ByADL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ByADL_(ADL)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language"}],"sub_title":"Architecture description languages","text":"An architecture description language (ADL) is any means of expression used to describe a software architecture (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).\nMany special-purpose ADLs have been developed since the 1990s, including AADL (SAE standard), Wright (developed by Carnegie Mellon), Acme (developed by Carnegie Mellon), xADL (developed by UCI), Darwin (developed by Imperial College London), DAOP-ADL (developed by University of Málaga), and ByADL (University of L'Aquila, Italy). \nEarly ADLs emphasized modeling systems in terms of their components, connectors and configurations. More recent ADLs (such as ArchiMate and SysML) have tended to be \"wide-spectrum\" languages capable of expressing not only components and connectors but a variety of concerns through multiple sub-languages. In addition to special-purpose languages, existing languages such as the UML can be used as ADLs \"for analysis, design, and implementation of software-based systems as well as for modeling business and similar processes.\"","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_framework"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"Arc42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arc42.org/"},{"link_name":"C4 model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//c4model.com/"},{"link_name":"4+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2B1"},{"link_name":"RM-ODP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM-ODP"},{"link_name":"TOGAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOGAF"}],"sub_title":"Architecture frameworks","text":"An architecture framework captures the \"conventions, principles and practices for the description of architectures established within a specific domain of application and/or community of stakeholders\" (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010). A framework is usually implemented in terms of one or more viewpoints or ADLs.\nFrameworks of interest in software architecture include:Arc42\nC4 model\n4+1\nRM-ODP (Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing)\nTOGAF","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"4+1 view model\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2B1_Architectural_View_Model"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBK-2"}],"sub_title":"Multiple Views","text":"Represented in Kruchten's very influential 1995 paper on the \"4+1 view model\", this approach emphasized the varying stakeholders and concerns to be modeled.[2]","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IEEE 1471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1471"}],"sub_title":"Structuralism","text":"Second, reflected in work of CMU and elsewhere, the notion that architecture was the high level organization of a system at run-time and that architecture should be described in terms of their components and connectors: \"the architecture of a software system defines that system in terms of computational components and interactions among those components\".[7]During the 1990s-2000s, much of the academic work on ADLs took place within the paradigm of components and connectors. However, these ADLs have had very little impact in industry.[8]\nSince the 1990s, there has been a convergence in approaches toward architecture description, with IEEE 1471 in 2000 codifying best practices: supporting, but not requiring, multiple viewpoints in an AD.","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Architecture description via decisions","text":"Elaborating on the rationale aspect of Perry and Wolf's original formula, a third school of thought has emerged, documenting the decisions and reasons for decisions as an essential way of conceiving and expressing a software architecture.[9]\nThis approach treats decisions as first-class elements of the architecture description, making explicit what was often implicit in earlier representations.","title":"Mechanisms for architecture description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"}],"text":"Architecture descriptions serve a variety of purposes including (ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010):to guide system construction and maintenance\nto aid system planning, costing and evolution\nto serve as a medium for analysis, evaluation or comparison of architectures\nto facilitate communication among system stakeholders regarding the architecture and the system\nto document architectural knowledge beyond the scope of individual projects (such as software product lines and product families, and reference architectures)\nto capture reusable architectural idioms (such as architectural styles and patterns)","title":"Uses of architecture descriptions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Architecture description language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_description_language"},{"title":"Architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_framework"},{"title":"Separation of concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns"},{"title":"Core concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Core_concern&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Concern (computer science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_(computer_science)"},{"title":"Software architectural model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architectural_model"},{"title":"Software architecture documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation#Architecture_design_documentation"},{"title":"View model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://arc42.org/","external_links_name":"Arc42"},{"Link":"https://c4model.com/","external_links_name":"C4 model"},{"Link":"http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/WICSA.2005.15","external_links_name":"http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/WICSA.2005.15"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development | Software development | ["1 Methodologies","2 Steps","2.1 Feasibility","2.2 Analysis","2.3 Design","2.4 Programming","2.5 Testing","2.6 Production","3 Workers","4 Models and tools","4.1 Computer-aided software engineering","4.2 Documentation","4.3 Effort estimation","4.4 Integrated development environment","4.5 Version control","4.6 View model","4.7 Fitness functions","5 Intellectual property","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Creation and maintenance of computer programs and applications
Part of a series onSoftware development
Core activities
Data modeling
Processes
Requirements
Design
Construction
Engineering
Testing
Debugging
Deployment
Maintenance
Paradigms and models
Agile
Cleanroom
Incremental
Prototyping
Spiral
V model
Waterfall
Methodologies and frameworks
ASD
DevOps
DAD
DSDM
FDD
IID
Kanban
Lean SD
LeSS
MDD
MSF
PSP
RAD
RUP
SAFe
Scrum
SEMAT
TDD
TSP
OpenUP
UP
XP
Supporting disciplines
Configuration management
Documentation
Software quality assurance
Project management
User experience
Practices
ATDD
BDD
CCO
CI
CD
DDD
PP
SBE
Stand-up
TDD
Tools
Compiler
Debugger
Profiler
GUI designer
UML Modeling
IDE
Build automation
Release automation
Infrastructure as code
Standards and bodies of knowledge
CMMI
IEEE standards
ISO 9001
ISO/IEC standards
PMBOK
SWEBOK
ITIL
IREB
OMG
Glossaries
Artificial intelligence
Computer science
Electrical and electronics engineering
Outlines
Outline of software development
vte
Software development is the process used to create software. Programming and maintaining the source code is the central step of this process, but it also includes conceiving the project, evaluating its feasibility, analyzing the business requirements, software design, testing, to release. Software engineering, in addition to development, also includes project management, employee management, and other overhead functions. Software development may be sequential, in which each step is complete before the next begins, but iterative development methods where multiple steps can be executed at once and earlier steps can be revisited have also been devised to improve flexibility, efficiency, and scheduling.
Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, graphic design, user support, marketing, and fundraising. A number of tools and models are commonly used in software development, such as integrated development environment (IDE), version control, computer-aided software engineering, and software documentation.
Methodologies
Main article: Software development methodology
Flowchart of the evolutionary prototyping model, an iterative development model
Each of the available methodologies are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations.
The simplest methodology is the "code and fix", typically used by a single programmer working on a small project. After briefly considering the purpose of the program, the programmer codes it and runs it to see if it works. When they are done, the product is released. This methodology is useful for prototypes but cannot be used for more elaborate programs.
In the top-down waterfall model, feasibility, analysis, design, development, quality assurance, and implementation occur sequentially in that order. This model requires one step to be complete before the next begins, causing delays, and makes it impossible to revise previous steps if necessary.
With iterative processes these steps are interleaved with each other for improved flexibility, efficiency, and more realistic scheduling. Instead of completing the project all at once, one might go through most of the steps with one component at a time. Iterative development also lets developers prioritize the most important features, enabling lower priority ones to be dropped later on if necessary. Agile is one popular method, originally intended for small or medium sized projects, that focuses on giving developers more control over the features that they work on to reduce the risk of time or cost overruns. Derivatives of agile include extreme programming and Scrum. Open-source software development typically uses agile methodology with concurrent design, coding, and testing, due to reliance on a distributed network of volunteer contributors.
Beyond agile, some companies integrate information technology (IT) operations with software development, which is called DevOps or DevSecOps including computer security. DevOps includes continuous development, testing, integration of new code in the version control system, deployment of the new code, and sometimes delivery of the code to clients. The purpose of this integration is to deliver IT services more quickly and efficiently.
Another focus in many programming methodologies is the idea of trying to catch issues such as security vulnerabilities and bugs as early as possible (shift-left testing) to reduce the cost of tracking and fixing them.
In 2009, it was estimated that 32 percent of software projects were delivered on time and budget, and with the full functionality. An additional 44 percent were delivered, but missing at least one of these features. The remaining 24 percent were cancelled prior to release.
Steps
Software development life cycle refers to the systematic process of developing applications.
Feasibility
The sources of ideas for software products are plentiful. These ideas can come from market research including the demographics of potential new customers, existing customers, sales prospects who rejected the product, other internal software development staff, or a creative third party. Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by marketing personnel for economic feasibility, fit with existing channels of distribution, possible effects on existing product lines, required features, and fit with the company's marketing objectives. In the marketing evaluation phase, the cost and time assumptions become evaluated. The feasibility analysis estimates the project's return on investment, its development cost and timeframe. Based on this analysis, the company can make a business decision to invest in further development. After deciding to develop the software, the company is focused on delivering the product at or below the estimated cost and time, and with a high standard of quality (i.e., lack of bugs) and the desired functionality. Nevertheless, most software projects run late and sometimes compromises are made in features or quality to meet a deadline.
Analysis
Software analysis begins with a requirements analysis to capture the business needs of the software. Challenges for the identification of needs are that current or potential users may have different and incompatible needs, may not understand their own needs, and change their needs during the process of software development. Ultimately, the result of analysis is a detailed specification for the product that developers can work from. Software analysts often decompose the project into smaller objects, components that can be reused for increased cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability. Decomposing the project may enable a multi-threaded implementation that runs significantly faster on multiprocessor computers.
During the analysis and design phases of software development, structured analysis is often used to break down the customer's requirements into pieces that can be implemented by software programmers. The underlying logic of the program may be represented in data-flow diagrams, data dictionaries, pseudocode, state transition diagrams, and/or entity relationship diagrams. If the project incorporates a piece of legacy software that has not been modeled, this software may be modeled to help ensure it is correctly incorporated with the newer software.
Design
Main article: software design
Design involves choices about the implementation of the software, such as which programming languages and database software to use, or how the hardware and network communications will be organized. Design may be iterative with users consulted about their needs in a process of trial and error. Design often involves people expert in aspect such as database design, screen architecture, and the performance of servers and other hardware. Designers often attempt to find patterns in the software's functionality to spin off distinct modules that can be reused with object-oriented programming. An example of this is the model–view–controller, an interface between a graphical user interface and the backend.
Programming
Main article: computer programming
The central feature of software development is creating and understanding the software that implements the desired functionality. There are various strategies for writing the code. Cohesive software has various components that are independent from each other. Coupling is the interrelation of different software components, which is viewed as undesirable because it increases the difficulty of maintenance. Often, software programmers do not follow industry best practices, resulting in code that is inefficient, difficult to understand, or lacking documentation on its functionality. These standards are especially likely to break down in the presence of deadlines. As a result, testing, debugging, and revising the code becomes much more difficult. Code refactoring, for example adding more comments to the code, is a solution to improve the understandability of code.
Testing
Main article: software testing
Testing is the process of ensuring that the code executes correctly and without errors. Debugging is performed by each software developer on their own code to confirm that the code does what it is intended to. In particular, it is crucial that the software executes on all inputs, even if the result is incorrect. Code reviews by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to the project, and according to some estimates dramatically reduce the number of bugs persisting after testing is complete. Once the code has been submitted, quality assurance—a separate department of non-programmers for most large companies—test the accuracy of the entire software product. Acceptance tests derived from the original software requirements are a popular tool for this. Quality testing also often includes stress and load checking (whether the software is robust to heavy levels of input or usage), integration testing (to ensure that the software is adequately integrated with other software), and compatibility testing (measuring the software's performance across different operating systems or browsers). When tests are written before the code, this is called test-driven development.
Production
See also: Software release life cycle
Production is the phase in which software is deployed to the end user. During production, the developer may create technical support resources for users or a process for fixing bugs and errors that were not caught earlier. There might also be a return to earlier development phases if user needs changed or were misunderstood.
Workers
Software development is performed by software developers, usually working on a team. Efficient communications between team members is essential to success. This is more easily achieved if the team is small, used to working together, and located near each other. Communications also help identify problems at an earlier state of development and avoid duplicated effort. Many development projects avoid the risk of losing essential knowledge held by only one employee by ensuring that multiple workers are familiar with each component. Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, graphic design, user support, marketing, and fundraising. Although workers for proprietary software are paid, most contributors to open-source software are volunteers. Alternately, they may be paid by companies whose business model does not involve selling the software, but something else—such as services and modifications to open source software.
Models and tools
Computer-aided software engineering
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is tools for the partial automation of software development. CASE enables designers to sketch out the logic of a program, whether one to be written, or an already existing one to help integrate it with new code or reverse engineer it (for example, to change the programming language).
Documentation
Main article: Software documentation
Documentation comes in two forms that are usually kept separate—that intended for software developers, and that made available to the end user to help them use the software. Most developer documentation is in the form of code comments for each file, class, and method that cover the application programming interface (API)—how the piece of software can be accessed by another—and often implementation details. This documentation is helpful for new developers to understand the project when they begin working on it. In agile development, the documentation is often written at the same time as the code. User documentation is more frequently written by technical writers.
Effort estimation
Main article: Software development effort estimation
Accurate estimation is crucial at the feasibility stage and in delivering the product on time and within budget. The process of generating estimations is often delegated by the project manager. Because the effort estimation is directly related to the size of the complete application, it is strongly influenced by addition of features in the requirements—the more requirements, the higher the development cost. Aspects not related to functionality, such as the experience of the software developers and code reusability, are also essential to consider in estimation. As of 2019, most of the tools for estimating the amount of time and resources for software development were designed for conventional applications and are not applicable to web applications or mobile applications.
Integrated development environment
Anjuta, a C and C++ IDE for the GNOME environment
An integrated development environment (IDE) supports software development with enhanced features compared to a simple text editor. IDEs often include automated compiling, syntax highlighting of errors, debugging assistance, integration with version control, and semi-automation of tests.
Version control
Main article: Version control
Version control is a popular way of managing changes made to the software. Whenever a new version is checked in, the software saves a backup of all modified files. If multiple programmers are working on the software simultaneously, it manages the merging of their code changes. The software highlights cases where there is a conflict between two sets of changes and allows programmers to fix the conflict.
View model
The TEAF Matrix of Views and Perspectives
A view model is a framework that provides the viewpoints on the system and its environment, to be used in the software development process. It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view.
The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very complex systems and to organize the elements of the problem around domains of expertise. In the engineering of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization.
Fitness functions
Fitness functions are automated and objective tests to ensure that the new developments don't deviate from the established constraints, checks and compliance controls.
Intellectual property
Intellectual property can be an issue when developers integrate open-source code or libraries into a proprietary product, because most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under the same license. As an alternative, developers may choose a proprietary alternative or write their own software module.
References
^ Dooley 2017, p. 1.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 12.
^ System Development Methodologies for Web-Enabled E-Business: A Customization Framework
Linda V. Knight (DePaul University, USA), Theresa A. Steinbach (DePaul University, USA) and Vince Kellen (Blue Wolf, USA)
^ Dooley 2017, pp. 8–9.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 9.
^ a b Langer 2016, pp. 2–3, 5–6.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 8.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 11.
^ a b Dooley 2017, p. 13.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, pp. 41–42.
^ a b Vishnu 2019, pp. 1–2.
^ Laukkanen, Eero; Itkonen, Juha; Lassenius, Casper (2017). "Problems, causes and solutions when adopting continuous delivery—A systematic literature review". Information and Software Technology. 82: 55–79. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2016.10.001.
^ Winters, Manshreck & Wright 2020, p. 17.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 6.
^ Saif 2019, pp. 46–47.
^ Morris 2001, p. 1.10.
^ Langer 2016, p. 7.
^ Dooley 2017, pp. 3, 8.
^ a b c d Langer 2016, p. 8.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 2–3.
^ Dooley 2017, pp. 193–194.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 103–104.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 117, 127, 131, 137, 141.
^ Langer 2016, p. 106.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 142.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 31.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 8–9.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, pp. 31–32.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, pp. 34–35.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, pp. 31–32, 35.
^ a b c Langer 2016, p. 9.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 272.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 9.
^ a b c Langer 2016, p. 10.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 37.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 2.
^ Winters, Manshreck & Wright 2020, pp. 30–31.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 7.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, pp. 14–15.
^ Langer 2016, p. 22.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 108–110, 206.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 243.
^ Winters, Manshreck & Wright 2020, p. 192.
^ Winters, Manshreck & Wright 2020, pp. 193–195.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 143.
^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 144.
^ Winters, Manshreck & Wright 2020, p. 204.
^ Saif 2019, pp. 50–51.
^ Saif 2019, pp. 52–53.
^ Saif 2019, p. 45.
^ a b Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 68.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 236.
^ Dooley 2017, p. 239.
^ Dooley 2017, pp. 246–247.
^ Edward J. Barkmeyer ea (2003). Concepts for Automating Systems Integration Archived 25 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine NIST 2003.
^ Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach. O'Reilly Media. 2020. ISBN 978-1492043454.
^ Langer 2016, pp. 44–45.
Further reading
Conde, Dan (2002). Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales. Aspatore Books. ISBN 1587622025.
Davis, A. M. (2005). Just enough requirements management: Where software development meets marketing. Dorset House Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0932633641.
Dooley, John F. (2017). Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4842-3153-1.
Kit, Edward (1992). Software Testing in The Real World. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201877562.
Hasted, Edward (2005). Software That Sells: A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0764597833.
Hohmann, Luke (2003). Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201775948.
Horch, John W. (March 1995). "Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects". IEEE Software. 12 (2): 117–118. ProQuest 215832531.
Langer, Arthur M. (2016). Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-6799-0.
McCarthy, Jim (1995). Dynamics of Software Development. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1556158238.
Morris, Joseph M. (2001). Software industry accounting (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 53863959.
Rittinghouse, John (2003). Managing Software Deliverables: A Software Development Management Methodology. Digital Press. ISBN 155558313X.
Saif, Syed Mohsin (2019). "Software Effort Estimation for Successful Software Application Development". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 45–97. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.
Tucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011). Software Development: An Open Source Approach. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-8460-7.
Vishnu, Pendyala (2019). "Evolution of Integration, Build, Test, and Release Engineering Into DevOps and to DevSecOps". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.
Wiegers, Karl E. (2005). More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0735622671.
Winters, Titus; Manshreck, Tom; Wright, Hyrum (2020). Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned from Programming Over Time. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4920-8276-7.
Wysocki, Robert K. (2006). Effective Software Project Management. Wiley. ISBN 0764596365.
External links
Media related to Software development at Wikimedia Commons
vteSoftware engineeringFields
Computer programming
DevOps
Empirical software engineering
Experimental software engineering
Formal methods
Requirements engineering
Search-based software engineering
Site reliability engineering
Social software engineering
Software deployment
Software design
Software maintenance
Software testing
Systems analysis
Concepts
Abstraction
Component-based software engineering
Software compatibility
Backward compatibility
Compatibility layer
Compatibility mode
Forward compatibility
Software incompatibility
Data modeling
Enterprise architecture
Functional specification
Modeling language
Programming paradigm
Software
Software archaeology
Software architecture
Software configuration management
Software development process/methodology
Software quality
Software quality assurance
Software verification and validation
Software system
Structured analysis
Essential analysis
CI/CD
Orientations
Agile
Aspect-oriented
Object orientation
Ontology
Service orientation
SDLC
ModelsDevelopmental
Agile
EUP
Executable UML
Incremental model
Iterative model
Prototype model
RAD
UP
Scrum
Spiral model
V-model
Waterfall model
XP
Model-driven engineering
Round-trip engineering
Other
SPICE
CMMI
Data model
ER model
Function model
Information model
Metamodeling
Object model
Systems model
View model
Languages
IDEF
UML
USL
SysML
Related fields
Computer science
Computer engineering
Information science
Project management
Risk management
Systems engineering
Commons
Category
vteComputer scienceNote: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.Hardware
Printed circuit board
Peripheral
Integrated circuit
Very Large Scale Integration
Systems on Chip (SoCs)
Energy consumption (Green computing)
Electronic design automation
Hardware acceleration
Computer systems organization
Computer architecture
Computational complexity
Dependability
Embedded system
Real-time computing
Networks
Network architecture
Network protocol
Network components
Network scheduler
Network performance evaluation
Network service
Software organization
Interpreter
Middleware
Virtual machine
Operating system
Software quality
Software notations and tools
Programming paradigm
Programming language
Compiler
Domain-specific language
Modeling language
Software framework
Integrated development environment
Software configuration management
Software library
Software repository
Software development
Control variable
Software development process
Requirements analysis
Software design
Software construction
Software deployment
Software engineering
Software maintenance
Programming team
Open-source model
Theory of computation
Model of computation
Formal language
Automata theory
Computability theory
Computational complexity theory
Logic
Semantics
Algorithms
Algorithm design
Analysis of algorithms
Algorithmic efficiency
Randomized algorithm
Computational geometry
Mathematics of computing
Discrete mathematics
Probability
Statistics
Mathematical software
Information theory
Mathematical analysis
Numerical analysis
Theoretical computer science
Information systems
Database management system
Information storage systems
Enterprise information system
Social information systems
Geographic information system
Decision support system
Process control system
Multimedia information system
Data mining
Digital library
Computing platform
Digital marketing
World Wide Web
Information retrieval
Security
Cryptography
Formal methods
Security hacker
Security services
Intrusion detection system
Hardware security
Network security
Information security
Application security
Human–computer interaction
Interaction design
Social computing
Ubiquitous computing
Visualization
Accessibility
Concurrency
Concurrent computing
Parallel computing
Distributed computing
Multithreading
Multiprocessing
Artificial intelligence
Natural language processing
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Computer vision
Automated planning and scheduling
Search methodology
Control method
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Distributed artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Supervised learning
Unsupervised learning
Reinforcement learning
Multi-task learning
Cross-validation
Graphics
Animation
Rendering
Photograph manipulation
Graphics processing unit
Mixed reality
Virtual reality
Image compression
Solid modeling
Applied computing
Quantum Computing
E-commerce
Enterprise software
Computational mathematics
Computational physics
Computational chemistry
Computational biology
Computational social science
Computational engineering
Differentiable computing
Computational healthcare
Digital art
Electronic publishing
Cyberwarfare
Electronic voting
Video games
Word processing
Operations research
Educational technology
Document management
Category
Outline
WikiProject
Commons
Authority control databases: National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming"},{"link_name":"maintaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"software design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design"},{"link_name":"testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing"},{"link_name":"release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"Software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_project_management"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20171-1"},{"link_name":"software programmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_programmer"},{"link_name":"graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"integrated development environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"version control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control"},{"link_name":"computer-aided software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering"},{"link_name":"software documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation"}],"text":"Software development is the process used to create software. Programming and maintaining the source code is the central step of this process, but it also includes conceiving the project, evaluating its feasibility, analyzing the business requirements, software design, testing, to release. Software engineering, in addition to development, also includes project management, employee management, and other overhead functions.[1] Software development may be sequential, in which each step is complete before the next begins, but iterative development methods where multiple steps can be executed at once and earlier steps can be revisited have also been devised to improve flexibility, efficiency, and scheduling.Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, graphic design, user support, marketing, and fundraising. A number of tools and models are commonly used in software development, such as integrated development environment (IDE), version control, computer-aided software engineering, and software documentation.","title":"Software development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg"},{"link_name":"evolutionary prototyping model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_prototyping_model&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"iterative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201712-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20178%E2%80%939-4"},{"link_name":"waterfall model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design"},{"link_name":"quality assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_assurance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20179-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162%E2%80%933,_5%E2%80%936-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20118-7"},{"link_name":"iterative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162%E2%80%933,_5%E2%80%936-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201711-8"},{"link_name":"Agile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201713-9"},{"link_name":"extreme programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_programming"},{"link_name":"Scrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201713-9"},{"link_name":"Open-source software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_development"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201141%E2%80%9342-10"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"DevOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps"},{"link_name":"DevSecOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevSecOps"},{"link_name":"computer security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191%E2%80%932-11"},{"link_name":"testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_testing"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration"},{"link_name":"deployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_deployment"},{"link_name":"delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_delivery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191%E2%80%932-11"},{"link_name":"security vulnerabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_vulnerabilities"},{"link_name":"bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"shift-left testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-left_testing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202017-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20116-14"}],"text":"Flowchart of the evolutionary prototyping model, an iterative development model[2]Each of the available methodologies are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations.[3]The simplest methodology is the \"code and fix\", typically used by a single programmer working on a small project. After briefly considering the purpose of the program, the programmer codes it and runs it to see if it works. When they are done, the product is released. This methodology is useful for prototypes but cannot be used for more elaborate programs.[4]\nIn the top-down waterfall model, feasibility, analysis, design, development, quality assurance, and implementation occur sequentially in that order. This model requires one step to be complete before the next begins, causing delays, and makes it impossible to revise previous steps if necessary.[5][6][7]\nWith iterative processes these steps are interleaved with each other for improved flexibility, efficiency, and more realistic scheduling. Instead of completing the project all at once, one might go through most of the steps with one component at a time. Iterative development also lets developers prioritize the most important features, enabling lower priority ones to be dropped later on if necessary.[6][8] Agile is one popular method, originally intended for small or medium sized projects, that focuses on giving developers more control over the features that they work on to reduce the risk of time or cost overruns.[9] Derivatives of agile include extreme programming and Scrum.[9] Open-source software development typically uses agile methodology with concurrent design, coding, and testing, due to reliance on a distributed network of volunteer contributors.[10]\nBeyond agile, some companies integrate information technology (IT) operations with software development, which is called DevOps or DevSecOps including computer security.[11] DevOps includes continuous development, testing, integration of new code in the version control system, deployment of the new code, and sometimes delivery of the code to clients.[12] The purpose of this integration is to deliver IT services more quickly and efficiently.[11]Another focus in many programming methodologies is the idea of trying to catch issues such as security vulnerabilities and bugs as early as possible (shift-left testing) to reduce the cost of tracking and fixing them.[13]In 2009, it was estimated that 32 percent of software projects were delivered on time and budget, and with the full functionality. An additional 44 percent were delivered, but missing at least one of these features. The remaining 24 percent were cancelled prior to release.[14]","title":"Methodologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software development life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201946%E2%80%9347-15"}],"text":"Software development life cycle refers to the systematic process of developing applications.[15]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"market research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_research"},{"link_name":"demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_feature"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20011.10-16"},{"link_name":"return on investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20167-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20173,_8-18"}],"sub_title":"Feasibility","text":"The sources of ideas for software products are plentiful. These ideas can come from market research including the demographics of potential new customers, existing customers, sales prospects who rejected the product, other internal software development staff, or a creative third party. Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by marketing personnel for economic feasibility, fit with existing channels of distribution, possible effects on existing product lines, required features, and fit with the company's marketing objectives. In the marketing evaluation phase, the cost and time assumptions become evaluated.[16] The feasibility analysis estimates the project's return on investment, its development cost and timeframe. Based on this analysis, the company can make a business decision to invest in further development.[17] After deciding to develop the software, the company is focused on delivering the product at or below the estimated cost and time, and with a high standard of quality (i.e., lack of bugs) and the desired functionality. Nevertheless, most software projects run late and sometimes compromises are made in features or quality to meet a deadline.[18]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"requirements analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_analysis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162%E2%80%933-20"},{"link_name":"decompose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"},{"link_name":"multi-threaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-threaded"},{"link_name":"multiprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017193%E2%80%93194-21"},{"link_name":"structured analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_analysis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016103%E2%80%93104-22"},{"link_name":"data-flow diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-flow_diagram"},{"link_name":"data dictionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary"},{"link_name":"pseudocode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode"},{"link_name":"state transition diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_transition_diagram"},{"link_name":"entity relationship diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_relationship_diagram"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016117,_127,_131,_137,_141-23"},{"link_name":"legacy software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_software"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016106-24"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"Software analysis begins with a requirements analysis to capture the business needs of the software.[19] Challenges for the identification of needs are that current or potential users may have different and incompatible needs, may not understand their own needs, and change their needs during the process of software development.[20] Ultimately, the result of analysis is a detailed specification for the product that developers can work from. Software analysts often decompose the project into smaller objects, components that can be reused for increased cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability.[19] Decomposing the project may enable a multi-threaded implementation that runs significantly faster on multiprocessor computers.[21]During the analysis and design phases of software development, structured analysis is often used to break down the customer's requirements into pieces that can be implemented by software programmers.[22] The underlying logic of the program may be represented in data-flow diagrams, data dictionaries, pseudocode, state transition diagrams, and/or entity relationship diagrams.[23] If the project incorporates a piece of legacy software that has not been modeled, this software may be modeled to help ensure it is correctly incorporated with the newer software.[24]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"trial and error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error"},{"link_name":"database design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_design"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_patterns"},{"link_name":"object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"model–view–controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"backend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontend_and_backend"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017142-25"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"Design involves choices about the implementation of the software, such as which programming languages and database software to use, or how the hardware and network communications will be organized. Design may be iterative with users consulted about their needs in a process of trial and error. Design often involves people expert in aspect such as database design, screen architecture, and the performance of servers and other hardware.[19] Designers often attempt to find patterns in the software's functionality to spin off distinct modules that can be reused with object-oriented programming. An example of this is the model–view–controller, an interface between a graphical user interface and the backend.[25]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"},{"link_name":"maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168%E2%80%939-27"},{"link_name":"documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131%E2%80%9332-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201134%E2%80%9335-29"},{"link_name":"Code refactoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_refactoring"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131%E2%80%9332,_35-30"}],"sub_title":"Programming","text":"The central feature of software development is creating and understanding the software that implements the desired functionality.[26] There are various strategies for writing the code. Cohesive software has various components that are independent from each other.[19] Coupling is the interrelation of different software components, which is viewed as undesirable because it increases the difficulty of maintenance.[27] Often, software programmers do not follow industry best practices, resulting in code that is inefficient, difficult to understand, or lacking documentation on its functionality.[28] These standards are especially likely to break down in the presence of deadlines.[29] As a result, testing, debugging, and revising the code becomes much more difficult. Code refactoring, for example adding more comments to the code, is a solution to improve the understandability of code.[30]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debugging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"},{"link_name":"Code reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272-32"},{"link_name":"quality assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance"},{"link_name":"Acceptance tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance_tests"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"},{"link_name":"integration testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testing"},{"link_name":"compatibility testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_testing"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"},{"link_name":"test-driven development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20119-33"}],"sub_title":"Testing","text":"Testing is the process of ensuring that the code executes correctly and without errors. Debugging is performed by each software developer on their own code to confirm that the code does what it is intended to. In particular, it is crucial that the software executes on all inputs, even if the result is incorrect.[31] Code reviews by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to the project, and according to some estimates dramatically reduce the number of bugs persisting after testing is complete.[32] Once the code has been submitted, quality assurance—a separate department of non-programmers for most large companies—test the accuracy of the entire software product. Acceptance tests derived from the original software requirements are a popular tool for this.[31] Quality testing also often includes stress and load checking (whether the software is robust to heavy levels of input or usage), integration testing (to ensure that the software is adequately integrated with other software), and compatibility testing (measuring the software's performance across different operating systems or browsers).[31] When tests are written before the code, this is called test-driven development.[33]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software release life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201137-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"See also: Software release life cycleProduction is the phase in which software is deployed to the end user.[34] During production, the developer may create technical support resources for users[35][34] or a process for fixing bugs and errors that were not caught earlier. There might also be a return to earlier development phases if user needs changed or were misunderstood.[34]","title":"Steps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20172-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202030%E2%80%9331-37"},{"link_name":"graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20117-38"},{"link_name":"business model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201114%E2%80%9315-39"}],"text":"Software development is performed by software developers, usually working on a team. Efficient communications between team members is essential to success. This is more easily achieved if the team is small, used to working together, and located near each other.[36] Communications also help identify problems at an earlier state of development and avoid duplicated effort. Many development projects avoid the risk of losing essential knowledge held by only one employee by ensuring that multiple workers are familiar with each component.[37] Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, graphic design, user support, marketing, and fundraising. Although workers for proprietary software are paid, most contributors to open-source software are volunteers.[38] Alternately, they may be paid by companies whose business model does not involve selling the software, but something else—such as services and modifications to open source software.[39]","title":"Workers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer-aided software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201622-40"},{"link_name":"reverse engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineer"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016108%E2%80%93110,_206-41"}],"sub_title":"Computer-aided software engineering","text":"Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is tools for the partial automation of software development.[40] CASE enables designers to sketch out the logic of a program, whether one to be written, or an already existing one to help integrate it with new code or reverse engineer it (for example, to change the programming language).[41]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011243-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020192-43"},{"link_name":"code comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_comment"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(programming)"},{"link_name":"method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(programming)"},{"link_name":"application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020193%E2%80%93195-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011143-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011144-46"},{"link_name":"technical writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_writing"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020204-47"}],"sub_title":"Documentation","text":"Documentation comes in two forms that are usually kept separate—that intended for software developers, and that made available to the end user to help them use the software.[42][43] Most developer documentation is in the form of code comments for each file, class, and method that cover the application programming interface (API)—how the piece of software can be accessed by another—and often implementation details.[44] This documentation is helpful for new developers to understand the project when they begin working on it.[45] In agile development, the documentation is often written at the same time as the code.[46] User documentation is more frequently written by technical writers.[47]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"project manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_project_management"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201950%E2%80%9351-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201952%E2%80%9353-49"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit"},{"link_name":"web applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"mobile applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_application"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201945-50"}],"sub_title":"Effort estimation","text":"Accurate estimation is crucial at the feasibility stage and in delivering the product on time and within budget. The process of generating estimations is often delegated by the project manager.[48] Because the effort estimation is directly related to the size of the complete application, it is strongly influenced by addition of features in the requirements—the more requirements, the higher the development cost. Aspects not related to functionality, such as the experience of the software developers and code reusability, are also essential to consider in estimation.[49] As of 2019[update], most of the tools for estimating the amount of time and resources for software development were designed for conventional applications and are not applicable to web applications or mobile applications.[50]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png"},{"link_name":"Anjuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta"},{"link_name":"integrated development environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168-51"},{"link_name":"compiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiling"},{"link_name":"syntax highlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_highlighting"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017236-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017239-53"},{"link_name":"version control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168-51"}],"sub_title":"Integrated development environment","text":"Anjuta, a C and C++ IDE for the GNOME environmentAn integrated development environment (IDE) supports software development with enhanced features compared to a simple text editor.[51] IDEs often include automated compiling, syntax highlighting of errors,[52] debugging assistance,[53] integration with version control, and semi-automation of tests.[51]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017246%E2%80%93247-54"}],"sub_title":"Version control","text":"Version control is a popular way of managing changes made to the software. Whenever a new version is checked in, the software saves a backup of all modified files. If multiple programmers are working on the software simultaneously, it manages the merging of their code changes. The software highlights cases where there is a conflict between two sets of changes and allows programmers to fix the conflict.[54]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg"},{"link_name":"TEAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEAF"},{"link_name":"view model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"},{"link_name":"viewpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(systems)"},{"link_name":"software development process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process"},{"link_name":"complex systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system"},{"link_name":"expertise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertise"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST2003-55"}],"sub_title":"View model","text":"The TEAF Matrix of Views and PerspectivesA view model is a framework that provides the viewpoints on the system and its environment, to be used in the software development process. It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view.The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very complex systems and to organize the elements of the problem around domains of expertise. In the engineering of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization.[55]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitness functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_function"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Fitness functions","text":"Fitness functions are automated and objective tests to ensure that the new developments don't deviate from the established constraints, checks and compliance controls.[56]","title":"Models and tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source"},{"link_name":"open-source licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_licenses"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201644%E2%80%9345-57"}],"text":"Intellectual property can be an issue when developers integrate open-source code or libraries into a proprietary product, because most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under the same license. As an alternative, developers may choose a proprietary alternative or write their own software module.[57]","title":"Intellectual property"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1587622025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1587622025"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0932633641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932633641"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4842-3153-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1"},{"link_name":"Software Testing in The Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/softwaretestingi00kite"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0201877562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201877562"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0764597833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764597833"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0201775948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201775948"},{"link_name":"IEEE Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Software"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"215832531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/215832531"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4471-6799-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6799-0"},{"link_name":"Dynamics of Software Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoftwa00mcca"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1556158238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556158238"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53863959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53863959"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"155558313X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/155558313X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-7998-1865-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4398-8460-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8460-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-7998-1865-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0735622671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0735622671"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4920-8276-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8276-7"},{"link_name":"Effective Software Project Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/effectivesoftwar0000wyso"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0764596365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764596365"}],"text":"Conde, Dan (2002). Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales. Aspatore Books. ISBN 1587622025.\nDavis, A. M. (2005). Just enough requirements management: Where software development meets marketing. Dorset House Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0932633641.\nDooley, John F. (2017). Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4842-3153-1.\nKit, Edward (1992). Software Testing in The Real World. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201877562.\nHasted, Edward (2005). Software That Sells: A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0764597833.\nHohmann, Luke (2003). Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201775948.\nHorch, John W. (March 1995). \"Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects\". IEEE Software. 12 (2): 117–118. ProQuest 215832531.\nLanger, Arthur M. (2016). Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-6799-0.\nMcCarthy, Jim (1995). Dynamics of Software Development. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1556158238.\nMorris, Joseph M. (2001). Software industry accounting (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 53863959.\nRittinghouse, John (2003). Managing Software Deliverables: A Software Development Management Methodology. Digital Press. ISBN 155558313X.\nSaif, Syed Mohsin (2019). \"Software Effort Estimation for Successful Software Application Development\". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 45–97. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.\nTucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011). Software Development: An Open Source Approach. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-8460-7.\nVishnu, Pendyala (2019). \"Evolution of Integration, Build, Test, and Release Engineering Into DevOps and to DevSecOps\". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.\nWiegers, Karl E. (2005). More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0735622671.\nWinters, Titus; Manshreck, Tom; Wright, Hyrum (2020). Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned from Programming Over Time. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4920-8276-7.\nWysocki, Robert K. (2006). Effective Software Project Management. Wiley. ISBN 0764596365.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Flowchart of the evolutionary prototyping model, an iterative development model[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg/330px-Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anjuta, a C and C++ IDE for the GNOME environment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png/220px-Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png"},{"image_text":"The TEAF Matrix of Views and Perspectives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg/220px-TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Laukkanen, Eero; Itkonen, Juha; Lassenius, Casper (2017). \"Problems, causes and solutions when adopting continuous delivery—A systematic literature review\". Information and Software Technology. 82: 55–79. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2016.10.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2016.10.001","url_text":"\"Problems, causes and solutions when adopting continuous delivery—A systematic literature review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2016.10.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.infsof.2016.10.001"}]},{"reference":"Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach. O'Reilly Media. 2020. ISBN 978-1492043454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1492043454","url_text":"978-1492043454"}]},{"reference":"Conde, Dan (2002). Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales. Aspatore Books. ISBN 1587622025.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1587622025","url_text":"1587622025"}]},{"reference":"Davis, A. M. (2005). Just enough requirements management: Where software development meets marketing. Dorset House Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0932633641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932633641","url_text":"0932633641"}]},{"reference":"Dooley, John F. (2017). Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4842-3153-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1","url_text":"978-1-4842-3153-1"}]},{"reference":"Kit, Edward (1992). Software Testing in The Real World. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201877562.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/softwaretestingi00kite","url_text":"Software Testing in The Real World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201877562","url_text":"0201877562"}]},{"reference":"Hasted, Edward (2005). Software That Sells: A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0764597833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764597833","url_text":"0764597833"}]},{"reference":"Hohmann, Luke (2003). Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0201775948.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201775948","url_text":"0201775948"}]},{"reference":"Horch, John W. (March 1995). \"Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects\". IEEE Software. 12 (2): 117–118. ProQuest 215832531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Software","url_text":"IEEE Software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/215832531","url_text":"215832531"}]},{"reference":"Langer, Arthur M. (2016). Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-6799-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6799-0","url_text":"978-1-4471-6799-0"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Jim (1995). Dynamics of Software Development. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1556158238.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoftwa00mcca","url_text":"Dynamics of Software Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556158238","url_text":"1556158238"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Joseph M. (2001). Software industry accounting (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 53863959.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53863959","url_text":"53863959"}]},{"reference":"Rittinghouse, John (2003). Managing Software Deliverables: A Software Development Management Methodology. Digital Press. ISBN 155558313X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/155558313X","url_text":"155558313X"}]},{"reference":"Saif, Syed Mohsin (2019). \"Software Effort Estimation for Successful Software Application Development\". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 45–97. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6","url_text":"978-1-7998-1865-6"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011). Software Development: An Open Source Approach. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-8460-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8460-7","url_text":"978-1-4398-8460-7"}]},{"reference":"Vishnu, Pendyala (2019). \"Evolution of Integration, Build, Test, and Release Engineering Into DevOps and to DevSecOps\". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-7998-1865-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6","url_text":"978-1-7998-1865-6"}]},{"reference":"Wiegers, Karl E. (2005). More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0735622671.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0735622671","url_text":"0735622671"}]},{"reference":"Winters, Titus; Manshreck, Tom; Wright, Hyrum (2020). Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned from Programming Over Time. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4920-8276-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8276-7","url_text":"978-1-4920-8276-7"}]},{"reference":"Wysocki, Robert K. (2006). Effective Software Project Management. Wiley. ISBN 0764596365.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/effectivesoftwar0000wyso","url_text":"Effective Software Project Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764596365","url_text":"0764596365"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2016.10.001","external_links_name":"\"Problems, causes and solutions when adopting continuous delivery—A systematic literature review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2016.10.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.infsof.2016.10.001"},{"Link":"http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/AMIS-Concepts.pdf","external_links_name":"Concepts for Automating Systems Integration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170125115826/http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/AMIS-Concepts.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/softwaretestingi00kite","external_links_name":"Software Testing in The Real World"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/215832531","external_links_name":"215832531"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoftwa00mcca","external_links_name":"Dynamics of Software Development"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53863959","external_links_name":"53863959"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/effectivesoftwar0000wyso","external_links_name":"Effective Software Project Management"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX732797","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116522-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545619205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85029535","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00679589","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_law | Software law | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Body of law that governs software
Part of a series onLegal aspects of computing
Information privacy law
File sharing
Computer trespass
Data mining
Hyperlinking and framing
Regulation of algorithms
Regulation of AI
Software law
Software licenses
Spamming
vte
Software law refers to the legal remedies available to protect software-based assets. Software may, under various circumstances and in various countries, be restricted by patent or copyright or both. Most commercial software is sold under some kind of software license agreement.
See also
Legal aspects of computing
Software copyright
Software patent
Software license
Software license agreement
Proprietary software
Free and open source software
References
Frederic William Neitzke. A Software Law Primer. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1984. Google
Robert Gomulkiewicz. Software Law and its Application. Aspen Publishing. 2023. Google
vteIntellectual property activismIssues
Artificial scarcity
Censorship by copyright
Copyright infringement
Copyright troll
Digital rights management
Gripe site
Legal aspects of file sharing
Mashup
digital
music
novel
videos
Monopolies of knowledge
Music piracy
Orphan works
Patents
biological
software
software patent debate
trolling
Public domain
Concepts
All rights reversed
Alternative compensation system
Anti-copyright notice
Business models for open-source software
Copyleft
Commercial use of copyleft works
Commons-based peer production
Electronic sell-through
Free content
Free-software license
Libertarian positions
Open content
Open-design movement
Open music model
Open patent
Open source
hardware
software
Prizes instead of patents
contests
Share-alike
Video on demand
Movements
Access to Knowledge movement
Anti-copyright
Cultural environmentalism
Free-culture movement
Free software movement
OrganizationsPro-copyright
Copyright Alliance
Pro-copyleft
Creative Commons
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Free Software Foundation
Open Rights Group
Organization for Transformative Works
The Pirate Bay
Piratbyrån
Pirate Party
Public Knowledge
Sci-Hub
Shadow library
Students for Free Culture
People
Cory Doctorow
Alexandra Elbakyan
Rick Falkvinge
Lawrence Lessig
Richard Stallman
Peter Suber
Peter Sunde
Aaron Swartz
Documentaries
Steal This Film
Good Copy Bad Copy
RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
TPB AFK
The Internet's Own Boy
This software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright"},{"link_name":"software license agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license_agreement"}],"text":"Software law refers to the legal remedies available to protect software-based assets. Software may, under various circumstances and in various countries, be restricted by patent or copyright or both. Most commercial software is sold under some kind of software license agreement.","title":"Software law"}] | [] | [{"title":"Legal aspects of computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_computing"},{"title":"Software copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_copyright"},{"title":"Software patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"title":"Software license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"title":"Software license agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license_agreement"},{"title":"Proprietary software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"},{"title":"Free and open source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YWtPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EtmvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_law&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_law&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics_Open_Source_Conference | Bioinformatics Open Source Conference | ["1 Program","2 History","2.1 Past conferences","3 References"] | Bioinformatics Open Source ConferenceBOSC LogoFrequencyAnnuallyLocation(s)Madison, United States (2022)Years active23Previous eventBOSC 2022Next eventBOSC 2023Attendance~100Organised byNomi L. Harris, Karsten Hokamp (2021 chairs)MemberOpen Bioinformatics FoundationWebsitewww.open-bio.org
The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) is an academic conference on open-source programming and other open science practices in bioinformatics, organised by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation. The conference has been held annually since 2000 and is run as a two-day meeting either within Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference or as a joint conference with the Galaxy community.
Program
The conference is held as a single track consisting of presentations, poster sessions and two keynote talks by people of influence in open-source bioinformatics.
Since 2010, an informal two-day "CollaborationFest" (formerly Codefest) has been held directly preceding the conference.
History
National Institutes of Health Associate Director for Data Science Philip Bourne and C. Titus Brown gave keynote talks at BOSC 2014.
BOSC 2016 was organized in Orlando, Florida from July 8–9 before the main ISMB conference.
In 2018 and 2020, BOSC partnered with Galaxy to organize two joint conferences called GCCBOSC and Bioinformatics Community Conference (BCC) respectively. The event in 2018 was held in Portland, Oregon. The BCC in 2020 took place online with two time schedules for eastern/western time zones
Since 2021, BOSC has been taking place within the ISMB conferences again. In 2023 BOSC took place in Lyon, France between July 24-28 as part of the ISMB/ECCB conference.
Past conferences
As of January 2024, there have been 24 BOSC held around the world, of those 20 were purely in-person conferences, 2 purely remote due to the COVID-19 pandemic and one that was organized as a hybrid meeting.
Year
Conference partner
Location
Keynote speakers
2023
ISMB
Lyon, France
Joseph M. Yracheta, Sara El-Gebali
2022
ISMB
Hybrid: Madison, WI and online
Jason Williams, Melissa Haendel
2021
ISMB
Online (would have been Lyon)
Christie Bahlai, Lara Mangravite, Thomas Hervé Mboa Nkoudou
2020
GCC
Online (would have been Toronto)
Lincoln Stein, Abigail Cabunoc Mayes
2019
ISMB
Basel, Switzerland
Nicola Mulder
2018
GCC
Portland, OR
Fernando Pérez, Tracy Teal
2017
ISMB
Prague, Czech Republic
Mad Price Ball, Nick Loman
2016
ISMB
Orlando, FL
Jennifer Gardy, Steven Salzberg
2015
ISMB
Dublin, Ireland
Ewan Birney, Holly Bik
2014
ISMB
Boston, MA
Philip Bourne, Titus Brown
2013
ISMB
Berlin, Germany
Sean Eddy, Cameron Neylon
2012
ISMB
Long Beach, CA
Jonathan Eisen, Carole Goble
2011
ISMB
Vienna, Austria
Lawrence Hunter, Matt Wood
2010
ISMB
Boston, MA
Guy Coates, Ross Gardler
2009
ISMB
Stockholm, Sweden
Robert Hanmer, Alan Ruttenberg
2008
ISMB
Toronto, Canada
Julian Lombardi
2007
ISMB
Vienna, Austria
Carole Goble
2006
ISMB
Fortaleza, Brasil
Amos Bairoch, Alberto M.R. Davila
2005
ISMB
Detroit, MI
Hilmar Lapp
2004
ISMB
Glasgow, Scotland
Wolfgang Huber
2003
ISMB
Brisbane, Australia
-
2002
ISMB
Edmonton, Canada
Ewan Birney, Michael Eisen, Winston Hide
2001
ISMB
Copenhagen, Denmark
Steven Brenner
2000
ISMB
San Diego, CA
Tim O'Reilly, Lincoln Stein
References
^ a b Harris, N. L.; Cock, P.; Chapman, B.; Goecks, J.; Hotz, H.-R.; Lapp, H. (July 14, 2014). "The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) 2013". Bioinformatics. 31 (2): 299–300. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu413. PMC 4287938. PMID 25024288.
^ "BOSC 2021 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation". Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "Codefest - Open Bioinformatics Foundation". www.open-bio.org. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^ Möller, Steffen; Afgan, Enis; Banck, Michael; Cock, Peter J. A.; Kalas, Matus; Kajan, Laszlo; Prins, Pjotr; Quinn, Jacqueline; Sallou, Olivier; Strozzi, Francesco; Seemann, Torsten; Tille, Andreas; Valls Guimera, Roman; Katayama, Toshiaki; Chapman, Brad (October 14, 2013). "Sprints, Hackathons and Codefests as community gluons in computational biology". EMBnet.journal. 19 (B): 40. doi:10.14806/ej.19.B.726.
^ "BOSC 2014 Schedule - Open Bioinformatics Foundations". www.open-bio.org. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^ "BOSC 2016 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation". Open Bio.
^ "About BOSC - Open Bioinformatics Foundation". Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "GCCBOSC 2018 - Open Bioinformatics Foundation". Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "Bioinformatics Community Conference". Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ "OBF » About BOSC » About BOSC". Retrieved November 23, 2022.
This bioinformatics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academic conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"open science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science"},{"link_name":"bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"link_name":"Open Bioinformatics Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Bioinformatics_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Systems_for_Molecular_Biology"},{"link_name":"Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_(computational_biology)"}],"text":"The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) is an academic conference on open-source programming and other open science practices in bioinformatics, organised by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation. The conference has been held annually since 2000 and is run as a two-day meeting either within Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference or as a joint conference with the Galaxy community.","title":"Bioinformatics Open Source Conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poster sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster_session"},{"link_name":"keynote talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosc-2013-report-1"},{"link_name":"Codefest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codefest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-codefest-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The conference is held as a single track consisting of presentations, poster sessions and two keynote talks by people of influence in open-source bioinformatics.[1]Since 2010, an informal two-day \"CollaborationFest\" (formerly Codefest) has been held directly preceding the conference.[3][4]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Philip Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bourne"},{"link_name":"C. Titus Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Titus_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bosc-2014-schedule-5"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_(computational_biology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"ECCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computational_Biology"}],"text":"National Institutes of Health Associate Director for Data Science Philip Bourne and C. Titus Brown gave keynote talks at BOSC 2014.[5]BOSC 2016 was organized in Orlando, Florida from July 8–9 before the main ISMB conference.[6]In 2018 and 2020, BOSC partnered with Galaxy to organize two joint conferences called GCCBOSC and Bioinformatics Community Conference (BCC) respectively.[7] The event in 2018 was held in Portland, Oregon.[8] The BCC in 2020 took place online with two time schedules for eastern/western time zones[9]Since 2021, BOSC has been taking place within the ISMB conferences again. In 2023 BOSC took place in Lyon, France between July 24-28 as part of the ISMB/ECCB conference.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Past conferences","text":"As of January 2024, there have been 24 BOSC held around the world, of those 20 were purely in-person conferences, 2 purely remote due to the COVID-19 pandemic and one that was organized as a hybrid meeting.[10]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Harris, N. L.; Cock, P.; Chapman, B.; Goecks, J.; Hotz, H.-R.; Lapp, H. (July 14, 2014). \"The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) 2013\". Bioinformatics. 31 (2): 299–300. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu413. PMC 4287938. PMID 25024288.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287938","url_text":"\"The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtu413","url_text":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287938","url_text":"4287938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25024288","url_text":"25024288"}]},{"reference":"\"BOSC 2021 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\". Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/website=www.open-bio.org","url_text":"\"BOSC 2021 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Codefest - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\". www.open-bio.org. Retrieved July 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/Codefest","url_text":"\"Codefest - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Möller, Steffen; Afgan, Enis; Banck, Michael; Cock, Peter J. A.; Kalas, Matus; Kajan, Laszlo; Prins, Pjotr; Quinn, Jacqueline; Sallou, Olivier; Strozzi, Francesco; Seemann, Torsten; Tille, Andreas; Valls Guimera, Roman; Katayama, Toshiaki; Chapman, Brad (October 14, 2013). \"Sprints, Hackathons and Codefests as community gluons in computational biology\". EMBnet.journal. 19 (B): 40. doi:10.14806/ej.19.B.726.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14806%2Fej.19.B.726","url_text":"\"Sprints, Hackathons and Codefests as community gluons in computational biology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14806%2Fej.19.B.726","url_text":"10.14806/ej.19.B.726"}]},{"reference":"\"BOSC 2014 Schedule - Open Bioinformatics Foundations\". www.open-bio.org. Retrieved July 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2014_Schedule","url_text":"\"BOSC 2014 Schedule - Open Bioinformatics Foundations\""}]},{"reference":"\"BOSC 2016 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\". Open Bio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2016","url_text":"\"BOSC 2016 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"About BOSC - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\". Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/about/#Past_BOSCs","url_text":"\"About BOSC - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCCBOSC 2018 - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\". Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-bio.org/2018/07/27/gccbosc-2018-post-meeting-report/","url_text":"\"GCCBOSC 2018 - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bioinformatics Community Conference\". Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bcc2020.github.io/","url_text":"\"Bioinformatics Community Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"OBF » About BOSC » About BOSC\". Retrieved November 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/about/","url_text":"\"OBF » About BOSC » About BOSC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.open-bio.org/","external_links_name":"www.open-bio.org"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287938","external_links_name":"\"The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) 2013\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtu413","external_links_name":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu413"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287938","external_links_name":"4287938"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25024288","external_links_name":"25024288"},{"Link":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/website=www.open-bio.org","external_links_name":"\"BOSC 2021 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/Codefest","external_links_name":"\"Codefest - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14806%2Fej.19.B.726","external_links_name":"\"Sprints, Hackathons and Codefests as community gluons in computational biology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14806%2Fej.19.B.726","external_links_name":"10.14806/ej.19.B.726"},{"Link":"http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2014_Schedule","external_links_name":"\"BOSC 2014 Schedule - Open Bioinformatics Foundations\""},{"Link":"https://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2016","external_links_name":"\"BOSC 2016 – Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/about/#Past_BOSCs","external_links_name":"\"About BOSC - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.open-bio.org/2018/07/27/gccbosc-2018-post-meeting-report/","external_links_name":"\"GCCBOSC 2018 - Open Bioinformatics Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://bcc2020.github.io/","external_links_name":"\"Bioinformatics Community Conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.open-bio.org/events/bosc-2021/about/","external_links_name":"\"OBF » About BOSC » About BOSC\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioinformatics_Open_Source_Conference&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Lim | Freddy Lim | ["1 Early life and music career","2 In politics","3 Political stances","4 References","5 External links"] | Taiwanese politician, musician, and activist
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (June 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|林昶佐}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Freddy LimMLY林昶佐Official portrait, 2020Member of the Legislative YuanIn office1 February 2016 – 31 January 2024Preceded byLin Yu-fangSucceeded byWu Pei-yiConstituencyTaipei City V1st Leader of the New Power PartyIn office25 January 2015 – 2 July 2015Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byHuang Kuo-chang
Personal detailsBorn (1976-02-01) 1 February 1976 (age 48)Taipei, TaiwanPolitical partyDemocratic Progressive Party (since 2023)Other politicalaffiliationsNew Power Party (2015–2019)
Independent (2019-2023)SpouseDoris YehAlma materTaipei Private Yan Ping High SchoolNational Taipei University
Freddy LimTraditional Chinese林昶佐TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLín ChǎngzuǒBopomofoㄌㄧㄣˊㄔㄤˇㄗㄨㄛˇYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationLàhm Chóng-joJyutpingLam4 Cong2-zo3Southern MinHokkien POJLîm Chhióng-chòTâi-lôLîm Tshióng-tsò
Freddy Lim Tshiong-tso (Chinese: 林昶佐; pinyin: Lín Chǎngzuǒ; Tâi-lô: Lîm Tshióng-tsò; born 1 February 1976) is a Taiwanese politician, musician, and independence activist. He is the lead vocalist of the Taiwanese heavy-metal band Chthonic. and the lead vocalist of the band Metal Clone X started by him and American guitarist Marty Friedman. Lim served as chair of Amnesty International Taiwan from 2010 to 2014. He was one of the founding leaders of the New Power Party (NPP) in Taiwan and represented the party in the Legislative Yuan until 2019. Lim won a second legislative term as an independent in 2020.
Early life and music career
Lim was an ardent supporter of Chinese unification as a student, because he was taught from China-centric textbooks in middle school and high school. A diagnosis of anxiety in middle school made him ineligible for military duty. Lim formed Chthonic in 1995, during his second year of university, when he began identifying more strongly with his Taiwanese identity.
Often known simply as Freddy in Taiwan, Lim chose to name himself after Freddy Krueger. On stage, Lim is known as "Left Face of Maradou" and wore corpse paint portraying the Ba-Jia-Jiang in performances until 2011, when the band ended their use of corpse paint.
With fellow Chthonic member and wife Doris Yeh, Lim started the Taiwan Rock Alliance, and as co-founder of The Wall, helped organize two music festivals, Formoz and Megaport. Lim's stake in The Wall was bought out in 2012, and amid the resulting dispute, both festivals were cancelled in 2014. They returned in the next year, organized by Lim's Taiwan Rock Alliance. The Taiwan Rock Alliance has also put on a separate concert since 2000. Originally named Say No to China, the concert occurs some time around the anniversary of the February 28 incident. It then used the name Say Yes to Taiwan until 2007, when it was renamed again to Spirit of Taiwan.
Lim was elected to lead Amnesty International Taiwan in 2010 and stepped down in 2014.
Chthonic was billed to play on the second day of the 2018 On the Pulse of Music Festival, but the performance had to be cancelled because Hong Kong Immigration Department refused to grant Lim a visa. Although the Immigration Department says it does not comment on individual cases, the rejection letter was published by the group's local sponsor, Goomusic. In the letter, officials stated that a person seeking to enter Hong Kong for employment "should, amongst other things, possess a special skill, knowledge or experience of value to and not readily available in the HKSAR", and that the immigration Department was not satisfied that Lim met the criteria. Commentator Stephen Vines questioned the black box operation of an unaccountable bureaucracy, saying it was "no wonder this sort of nonsense was not intended to be made public, otherwise questions might well be asked about whether the newfound musical expertise of the bureaucrats was going to apply to all the very large number of other musicians playing gigs in Hong Kong".
In 2020, he started an English podcast with Taiwanese journalist Emily Y. Wu called Metalhead Politics to direct international attention to Taiwan's political issues: "It's important to get people listening to what's going on here — whether they're metalheads or not".
In politics
In January 2015, Lim founded the New Power Party. The next month Lim declared his candidacy for the 2016 elections, aiming to contest the Daan District legislative seat held by Kuomintang incumbent Chiang Nai-shin. A few weeks later, Lim ceded the race to Social Democratic Party candidate Fan Yun , choosing instead to run against incumbent Kuomintang legislator Lin Yu-fang in the Zhongzheng–Wanhua constituency. The Democratic Progressive Party did not nominate candidates in the constituency, choosing to support Lim, who defeated Lin in the elections held on 16 January 2016. Lim was assigned to the Foreign and National Defense Committee (FNDC) after taking office. In October, Lim announced the formation of a Tibet caucus in the Legislative Yuan, with himself as caucus leader.
Taipei City Constituency 5 in the 2016 Legislative Yuan election
Candidate
Party
Votes
Percentage
Freddy Lim
林昶佐
New Power Party
82,650
49.52%
Lin Yu-fang
林郁方
Kuomintang
76,079
45.58%
You Jui-min
尤瑞敏
Trees Party
4,506
2.69%
Kung Wei-lun
龔偉綸
Independent
1,710
1.02%
Li Chia-hsin
李家幸
Taiwan Independence Party
885
0.53%
Huang Fu-liao
黃福卿
Independent
587
0.35%
Hung Hsien-cheng
洪顯政
Constitutional Conventions of Taiwan
478
0.28%
Source Archived 10 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Total
166,895
100%
On 3 October 2018 during the FNDC session, Lim proposed to re-examine the 1987 Lieyu massacre files in the military archive to render a formal apology to the victims' families through the Vietnamese Representative Office, but Minister of National Defence, General Yen Teh-fa disagreed, claiming that troops followed the standard operating procedure in effect during martial law, and have been court-martialed; later the Ministry of National Defense issued a written response stating that the case "could not be processed further, as it is too difficult to identify the deceased after so much time has passed," which serve as the sole statement of the ROC government for the massacre in 31 years after martial law was lifted in 1987.
In August 2019, Lim announced that he would leave the New Power Party to support Tsai Ing-wen in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election. Lim also stated that he would run for legislative reelection as a political independent. He won reelection in January 2020, defeating Lin Yu-fang for a second time.
The Central Election Commission announced on 10 August 2021 that a petition to recall Lim had gathered enough support, one percent of the eligible electorate in his constituency, to pass the first stage. On 3 December 2021, the CEC announced that the recall movement against Lim garnered 27,362 valid signatures, more than the ten percent threshold required in the second stage to trigger a recall election. Lim's recall election was held on 9 January 2022, the same day as the replacement vote for Taichung's 2nd legislative district, where Chen Po-wei lost a recall vote in October 2021. Supporters of the recall effort have criticized Lim for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in his district. A total of 218 polling stations were open during the recall vote. Although votes to recall Lim outnumbered votes against Lim's recall, low turnout meant that the result was not binding.
Lim announced in March 2023 that he did not plan to contest the 2024 Taiwanese legislative election, citing the need to care for an ill relative. On 27 November 2023 he announced that he would join the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), at the urging of Vice President and DPP presidential candidate Lai Ching-te.
Political stances
Lim favors the abolition of capital punishment, and supports the legalization of same-sex marriage and marijuana use in Taiwan.
References
^ a b Gerber, Abraham (17 November 2015). "INTERVIEW: Metal band singer Freddy Lim talks about politics". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ "時代力量參選人被爆逃兵役 網友酸沒盡義務不敢投". Apple Daily (in Chinese). 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015 – via Yam News.
^ "Freddy因焦慮受關注 柯P這樣說..." Liberty Times (in Chinese). 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ Frazier, David (4 May 2001). "Music industry prepares to pat itself on the back". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Woodworth, Max (27 February 2004). "Say it loud: 'Up yours China'". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Frazier, David (22 June 2001). "Monsters of rock loom over Taipei". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Sherwin, Adam (20 January 2016). "Freddy Lim: Meet Taiwan's new rock'n'roll lawmaker". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Bansal, Andrew (9 September 2011). "Interview: Chthonic Bassist Doris Yeh Discusses New Album and Scary Touring Experiences". Guitar World. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Shih, Eric (11 July 2009). "Shooting for the stars". Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
^ Woodworth, Max (8 October 2004). "Rock 'n' roll pow-wow". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Quartly, Jules (30 July 2004). "When is dance music not electronica?". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Woodworth, Max (10 July 2004). "Michelle Shocked set to rock Formoz". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Frazier, David (24 January 2014). "Live Wire: Lunar New Year line up". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Frazier, David (20 March 2015). "Live Wire: Battling music festivals: Megaport vs T-Fest". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Brownlow, Ron (28 February 2007). "Tune in, turn on, tell the truth". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ Brownlow, Ron (27 February 2008). "Rock talks". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Liao, George (16 January 2016). "NPP's Freddy Lim declares election victory". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ "Why Hong Kong rejected Taiwanese singer's visa application". South China Morning Post. 24 December 2018.
^ "How the government works in the dark EJINSIGHT – ejinsight.com". EJINSIGHT.
^ Sayce, Rob (17 August 2020). "'We want a fairer society': Freddy Lim, Taiwan's metalhead MP". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
^ Su, Fang-ho; Chen, Wei-han (26 June 2015). "INTERVIEW: Freddy Lim unfolds New Power Party platform". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Chen, Wei-han (23 February 2015). "Metal singer to run for legislator". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ Wen, Lii (17 March 2015). "Freddy Lim withdraws from Daan poll". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ Loa, Lok-sin (20 March 2015). "Freddy Lim to run in Wanhua-Zhongzheng". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ Loa, Lok-sin (10 December 2015). "DPP approves list of candidates outside the party to support". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Hsiao, Alison (17 January 2016). "ELECTIONS: DPP secures absolute majority in Legislative Yuan". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
^ Gerber, Abraham (23 February 2016). "Rules on committee members selection irk NPP lawmakers". Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Chen, Chun-hua; Hsu, Elizabeth (7 October 2016). "Tibet caucus established in Taiwan's Legislature". Central News Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
^ Gerber, Abraham (8 October 2016). "Lawmakers establish Tibet group". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
^ "【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」小金門的殺戮時代" . UP Media (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Guan Ren-jian (7 March 2008). "國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). PChome News. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ 外交及國防委員會 (3 October 2018). "會議隨選" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 立法院議事轉播IVOD網路多媒體隨選視訊系統. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ 林昶佐委員、嚴德發部長 (3 October 2018). "267立法院公報第107卷第81期委員會紀錄立法院第9屆第6會期外交及國防委員會第3次全體委員會議紀錄" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 立法院公報第107卷第81期. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ Maxon, Ann (2 August 2019). "Lim to leave NPP, back Tsai re-election bid". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
^ Cheng, Chun-hua; Yu, Hsiao-han; Liu, Kuan-ting; Chung, Yu-chen (1 August 2019). "NPP legislator quits party to run as independent". Central News Agency. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
^ Lin, Sean (12 January 2020). "2020 Elections: DPP maintains its legislative majority". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
^ Lin, Yu-hsuan; Yeh, Joseph (10 August 2021). "Petition to recall lawmaker Freddy Lim passes first stage". Central News Agency. Retrieved 13 August 2021. Republished as: "Petition against Lim to proceed to second stage". Taipei Times. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ Strong, Matthew (3 December 2021). "Taiwan sets Jan. 9 for recall vote of rock star legislator". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
^ Lai, Yu-chen; Wang, Yang-yu; Liu, Kay (3 December 2021). "Date set for recall vote of lawmaker Freddy Lim". Central News Agency. Retrieved 4 December 2021. Republished as: "Lim recall vote scheduled for January 9". Taipei Times. 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^ Hale, Erin (7 January 2022). "Taiwan Rock Star Politician Faces Recall Vote". Voice of America. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^ Yeh, Joseph (9 January 2022). "Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote". Central News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2022. Republished as: "Lim squeaks through recall vote". Taipei Times. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ Yeh, Joseph (9 January 2022). "Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote (update)". Central News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
^ Everington, Keoni (13 March 2023). "Freddy Lim announces he will not run in 2024 Taiwan elections". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ "Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim announces he won't run for reelection in 2024". Formosa Television. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ Hetherington, William (18 March 2023). "Freddy Lim to retire from politics, look after family". Taipei Times. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ "Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim applies to join DPP". Central News Agency. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Chou, Christine (29 March 2016). "Legislator pushes for harsher death penalty law". China Post. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Hsiao, Alison (13 January 2016). "ELECTIONS: KMT challenges Tsai over death penalty". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ van der Horst, Linda (6 January 2016). "The Rise of Taiwan's 'Third Force'". The Diplomat. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
External links
Freddy Lim on Facebook
Freddy Lim (Chthonic) discography at Discogs
Freddy Lim (Metal Clone X) discography at Discogs
Freddy Lim at AllMusic
Metalhead Politics on Spotify
Party political offices
Preceded byNew office
Captain of New Power Party 25 January 2015 – 2 July 2015
Succeeded byHuang Kuo-chang
vte Members of the 9th Legislative Yuan
Speaker: Su Jia-chyuan
Deputy Speaker: Tsai Chi-chang
Secretary General: Lin Chih-chia
Democratic Progressive Party(68 Seats)
Ker Chien-ming (leader)
Chang Hung-lu
Chang Liao Wan-chien
Chen Chi-mai
Chen Lai Su-mei
Chen Ming-wen
Chen Ou-po
Cheng Pao-ching
Chen Su-yueh
Chen Ting-fei
Chen Ying
Cheng Yun-peng
Chiang chieh-an
Chiang Yung-chang
Chen Chien-kuo
Chien Tung-ming
Chiu Chih-wei
Liu Chih-fen
Chiu Yi-ying
Chou Chun-mi
Chung Chia-pin
Chuang Jui-hsiung
Chung Kung-chao
Gao Jyh-peng
Ho Hsin-chun
Hsiao Bi-khim
Huang Hsiu-fang
Huang Kuo-shu
Huang Wei-cher
Hung Chin-yi
Kuan Bi-ling
Lai Jui-lung
Lee Chun-yi
Lee Kun-tse
Lin Chun-hsien
Lin Shu-fen
Lin Tai-hua
Lin Ching-yi
Liu Chao-hao
Liu Shyh-fang
Lo Chih-cheng
Lu Sun-ling
Su Cheng-ching
Su Chiao-hui
Su Jia-chyuan
Hsu Tien-lin
Tsai Chi-chang
Tsai Shih-ying
Frida Tsai
Tsai Yi-yu
Tuan Yi-kang
Wang Ting-yu
Wang Jung-chang
Wu Yu-qing
Wu Chi-ming
Wu Kuen-yuh
Rosalia Wu
Wu Ping-jui
Yang Yao
Yeh Yi-jin
Pasuya Yao
Yu Mei-nu
Karen Yu
Kuomintang(35 Seats)
Lin Te-fu (leader)
Chang Li-shan
Chen Chao-ming
Chen Hsueh-sheng
Apollo Chen
Chen Yi-min
Johnny Chiang
Chiang Nai-shin
Chiang Wan-an
Chien Tung-ming
Alex Fai
Hsu Chen-wei
Hsu Chih-jung
Hsu Shu-hua
Huang Chao-shun
Kung Wen-chi
Ko Chih-en
Lai Shyh-bao
Lee Yen-hsiu
Liao Kuo-tung
Lin Li-chan
Lin Wei-chou
Lo Ming-tsai
Lu Shiow-yen
Lu Yu-ling
Ma Wen-chun
Tseng Ming-chung
John Wu
Wang Huei-mei
Wang Jin-pyng
Alicia Wang
Sra Kacaw
Yang Cheng-wu
Yen Kuan-heng
New Power Party(3 Seats)
Hsu Yung-ming (leader)
Huang Kuo-chang
Jang Show-ling
People First Party(3 Seats)
Lee Hung-chun (leader)
Chen Yi-chieh
Chou Chen Hsiu-hsia
Non-Partisan Solidarity Union
(1 Seat)
Kao Chin Su-mei
Independent (3 Seats)
Chao Cheng-yu
Hung Tzu-yung
Freddy Lim
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddy Lim.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Taiwan
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Tâi-lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Metal Clone X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_Clone_X&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%89%B2%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86X"},{"link_name":"Marty Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"New Power Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Power_Party"},{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"}],"text":"Freddy Lim Tshiong-tso (Chinese: 林昶佐; pinyin: Lín Chǎngzuǒ; Tâi-lô: Lîm Tshióng-tsò; born 1 February 1976) is a Taiwanese politician, musician, and independence activist. He is the lead vocalist of the Taiwanese heavy-metal band Chthonic. and the lead vocalist of the band Metal Clone X [zh] started by him and American guitarist Marty Friedman. Lim served as chair of Amnesty International Taiwan from 2010 to 2014. He was one of the founding leaders of the New Power Party (NPP) in Taiwan and represented the party in the Legislative Yuan until 2019. Lim won a second legislative term as an independent in 2020.","title":"Freddy Lim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttgerberlin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yam2015082523-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltn1425751-3"},{"link_name":"Chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttgerberlin-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes0000084340-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003100385-5"},{"link_name":"Freddy Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Krueger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20010622taipeitimes-6"},{"link_name":"Ba-Jia-Jiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba-Jia-Jiang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent6823981-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20110909guitarworld-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003448410-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003206068-10"},{"link_name":"Formoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formoz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Megaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaport_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003181067-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003178477-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003581996-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003613953-14"},{"link_name":"February 28 incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28_incident"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003350448-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003403145-16"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taiwannews2869355-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ejinsight20181228-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Lim was an ardent supporter of Chinese unification as a student, because he was taught from China-centric textbooks in middle school and high school.[1] A diagnosis of anxiety in middle school made him ineligible for military duty.[2][3] Lim formed Chthonic in 1995, during his second year of university, when he began identifying more strongly with his Taiwanese identity.[1]Often known simply as Freddy in Taiwan,[4][5] Lim chose to name himself after Freddy Krueger.[6] On stage, Lim is known as \"Left Face of Maradou\" and wore corpse paint portraying the Ba-Jia-Jiang in performances until 2011, when the band ended their use of corpse paint.[7][8]With fellow Chthonic member and wife Doris Yeh,[9][10] Lim started the Taiwan Rock Alliance, and as co-founder of The Wall, helped organize two music festivals, Formoz and Megaport.[11][12] Lim's stake in The Wall was bought out in 2012, and amid the resulting dispute, both festivals were cancelled in 2014.[13] They returned in the next year, organized by Lim's Taiwan Rock Alliance.[14] The Taiwan Rock Alliance has also put on a separate concert since 2000. Originally named Say No to China, the concert occurs some time around the anniversary of the February 28 incident.[15] It then used the name Say Yes to Taiwan until 2007, when it was renamed again to Spirit of Taiwan.[16]Lim was elected to lead Amnesty International Taiwan in 2010 and stepped down in 2014.[17]Chthonic was billed to play on the second day of the 2018 On the Pulse of Music Festival, but the performance had to be cancelled because Hong Kong Immigration Department refused to grant Lim a visa. Although the Immigration Department says it does not comment on individual cases, the rejection letter was published by the group's local sponsor, Goomusic. In the letter, officials stated that a person seeking to enter Hong Kong for employment \"should, amongst other things, possess a special skill, knowledge or experience of value to and not readily available in the HKSAR\", and that the immigration Department was not satisfied that Lim met the criteria.[18] Commentator Stephen Vines questioned the black box operation of an unaccountable bureaucracy, saying it was \"no wonder this sort of nonsense was not intended to be made public, otherwise questions might well be asked about whether the newfound musical expertise of the bureaucrats was going to apply to all the very large number of other musicians playing gigs in Hong Kong\".[19]In 2020, he started an English podcast with Taiwanese journalist Emily Y. Wu called Metalhead Politics to direct international attention to Taiwan's political issues: \"It's important to get people listening to what's going on here — whether they're metalheads or not\".[20]","title":"Early life and music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Power Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Power_Party"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003621612-21"},{"link_name":"2016 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republic_of_China_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Daan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan_District,_Taipei_City"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Chiang Nai-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Nai-shin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003612069-22"},{"link_name":"Fan Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Yun_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E9%9B%B2_(%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003613748-23"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Lin Yu-fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yu-fang"},{"link_name":"Zhongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongzheng_District"},{"link_name":"Wanhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanhua_District"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003613981-24"},{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003634468-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003637386-26"},{"link_name":"Foreign and National Defense Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_and_National_Defense_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003640027-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003656730-29"},{"link_name":"1987 Lieyu massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Representative Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Economic_and_Culture_Office_in_Taipei"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wudao-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guan-31"},{"link_name":"Minister of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)#List_of_Ministers_of_National_Defence"},{"link_name":"Yen Teh-fa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_Teh-fa"},{"link_name":"standard operating procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"court-martialed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IVOD-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICI-33"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ing-wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen"},{"link_name":"2020 Taiwan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Taiwan_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Central Election Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lim's recall election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Taipei_City_Constituency_V_recall_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%8D%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9E%97%E6%98%B6%E4%BD%90%E7%BD%B7%E5%85%8D%E6%A1%88"},{"link_name":"Chen Po-wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Po-wei"},{"link_name":"lost a recall vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Taichung_City_Constituency_II_recall_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%8D%80%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%99%B3%E6%9F%8F%E6%83%9F%E7%BD%B7%E5%85%8D%E6%A1%88"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twnnwsrecall-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2024 Taiwanese legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"presidential candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Lai Ching-te","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"In January 2015, Lim founded the New Power Party.[21] The next month Lim declared his candidacy for the 2016 elections, aiming to contest the Daan District legislative seat held by Kuomintang incumbent Chiang Nai-shin.[22] A few weeks later, Lim ceded the race to Social Democratic Party candidate Fan Yun [zh],[23] choosing instead to run against incumbent Kuomintang legislator Lin Yu-fang in the Zhongzheng–Wanhua constituency.[24] The Democratic Progressive Party did not nominate candidates in the constituency, choosing to support Lim,[25] who defeated Lin in the elections held on 16 January 2016.[26] Lim was assigned to the Foreign and National Defense Committee [zh] (FNDC) after taking office.[27] In October, Lim announced the formation of a Tibet caucus in the Legislative Yuan, with himself as caucus leader.[28][29]On 3 October 2018 during the FNDC session, Lim proposed to re-examine the 1987 Lieyu massacre files in the military archive to render a formal apology to the victims' families through the Vietnamese Representative Office,[30][31] but Minister of National Defence, General Yen Teh-fa disagreed, claiming that troops followed the standard operating procedure in effect during martial law, and have been court-martialed; later the Ministry of National Defense issued a written response stating that the case \"could not be processed further, as it is too difficult to identify the deceased after so much time has passed,\" which serve as the sole statement of the ROC government for the massacre in 31 years after martial law was lifted in 1987.[32][33]In August 2019, Lim announced that he would leave the New Power Party to support Tsai Ing-wen in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election. Lim also stated that he would run for legislative reelection as a political independent.[34][35] He won reelection in January 2020, defeating Lin Yu-fang for a second time.[36]The Central Election Commission announced on 10 August 2021 that a petition to recall Lim had gathered enough support, one percent of the eligible electorate in his constituency, to pass the first stage.[37] On 3 December 2021, the CEC announced that the recall movement against Lim garnered 27,362 valid signatures, more than the ten percent threshold required in the second stage to trigger a recall election. Lim's recall election [zh] was held on 9 January 2022, the same day as the replacement vote for Taichung's 2nd legislative district, where Chen Po-wei lost a recall vote [zh] in October 2021.[38][39] Supporters of the recall effort have criticized Lim for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in his district.[40] A total of 218 polling stations were open during the recall vote.[41] Although votes to recall Lim outnumbered votes against Lim's recall, low turnout meant that the result was not binding.[42]Lim announced in March 2023 that he did not plan to contest the 2024 Taiwanese legislative election,[43][44] citing the need to care for an ill relative.[45] On 27 November 2023 he announced that he would join the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), at the urging of Vice President and DPP presidential candidate Lai Ching-te.[46]","title":"In politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinapost462017-47"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taipeitimes2003637104-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20160106thediplomat-49"}],"text":"Lim favors the abolition of capital punishment,[47] and supports the legalization of same-sex marriage and marijuana use in Taiwan.[48][49]","title":"Political stances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gerber, Abraham (17 November 2015). \"INTERVIEW: Metal band singer Freddy Lim talks about politics\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/11/17/2003632665","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: Metal band singer Freddy Lim talks about politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"時代力量參選人被爆逃兵役 網友酸沒盡義務不敢投\". Apple Daily (in Chinese). 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015 – via Yam News.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122161758/http://history.n.yam.com/yam/politics/20150825/20150825237228.html","url_text":"\"時代力量參選人被爆逃兵役 網友酸沒盡義務不敢投\""},{"url":"http://history.n.yam.com/yam/politics/20150825/20150825237228.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy因焦慮受關注 柯P這樣說...\" Liberty Times (in Chinese). 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/1425751","url_text":"\"Freddy因焦慮受關注 柯P這樣說...\""}]},{"reference":"Frazier, David (4 May 2001). \"Music industry prepares to pat itself on the back\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2001/05/04/0000084340","url_text":"\"Music industry prepares to pat itself on the back\""}]},{"reference":"Woodworth, Max (27 February 2004). \"Say it loud: 'Up yours China'\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/02/27/2003100385","url_text":"\"Say it loud: 'Up yours China'\""}]},{"reference":"Frazier, David (22 June 2001). \"Monsters of rock loom over Taipei\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2001/06/22/91067/1","url_text":"\"Monsters of rock loom over Taipei\""}]},{"reference":"Sherwin, Adam (20 January 2016). \"Freddy Lim: Meet Taiwan's new rock'n'roll lawmaker\". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/freddy-lim-meet-taiwan-s-new-rock-n-roll-lawmaker-a6823981.html","url_text":"\"Freddy Lim: Meet Taiwan's new rock'n'roll lawmaker\""}]},{"reference":"Bansal, Andrew (9 September 2011). \"Interview: Chthonic Bassist Doris Yeh Discusses New Album and Scary Touring Experiences\". Guitar World. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guitarworld.com/interview-chthonic-bassist-doris-yeh-discusses-new-album-and-scary-touring-experiences","url_text":"\"Interview: Chthonic Bassist Doris Yeh Discusses New Album and Scary Touring Experiences\""}]},{"reference":"Shih, Eric (11 July 2009). \"Shooting for the stars\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2009/07/11/2003448410","url_text":"\"Shooting for the stars\""}]},{"reference":"Woodworth, Max (8 October 2004). \"Rock 'n' roll pow-wow\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/10/08/2003206068","url_text":"\"Rock 'n' roll pow-wow\""}]},{"reference":"Quartly, Jules (30 July 2004). \"When is dance music not electronica?\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/07/30/2003181067","url_text":"\"When is dance music not electronica?\""}]},{"reference":"Woodworth, Max (10 July 2004). \"Michelle Shocked set to rock Formoz\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/07/10/2003178477","url_text":"\"Michelle Shocked set to rock Formoz\""}]},{"reference":"Frazier, David (24 January 2014). \"Live Wire: Lunar New Year line up\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2014/01/24/2003581996","url_text":"\"Live Wire: Lunar New Year line up\""}]},{"reference":"Frazier, David (20 March 2015). \"Live Wire: Battling music festivals: Megaport vs T-Fest\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/03/20/2003613953","url_text":"\"Live Wire: Battling music festivals: Megaport vs T-Fest\""}]},{"reference":"Brownlow, Ron (28 February 2007). \"Tune in, turn on, tell the truth\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2007/02/28/2003350448/1","url_text":"\"Tune in, turn on, tell the truth\""}]},{"reference":"Brownlow, Ron (27 February 2008). \"Rock talks\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2008/02/27/2003403145","url_text":"\"Rock talks\""}]},{"reference":"Liao, George (16 January 2016). \"NPP's Freddy Lim declares election victory\". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2869355","url_text":"\"NPP's Freddy Lim declares election victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Hong Kong rejected Taiwanese singer's visa application\". South China Morning Post. 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2179415/why-hong-kong-rejected-taiwanese-singer-freddy-lims-visa","url_text":"\"Why Hong Kong rejected Taiwanese singer's visa application\""}]},{"reference":"\"How the government works in the dark EJINSIGHT – ejinsight.com\". EJINSIGHT.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/2025200/20181228-how-the-government-works-in-the-dark","url_text":"\"How the government works in the dark EJINSIGHT – ejinsight.com\""}]},{"reference":"Sayce, Rob (17 August 2020). \"'We want a fairer society': Freddy Lim, Taiwan's metalhead MP\". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/17/we-want-a-fairer-society-freddy-lim-taiwans-metalhead-mp","url_text":"\"'We want a fairer society': Freddy Lim, Taiwan's metalhead MP\""}]},{"reference":"Su, Fang-ho; Chen, Wei-han (26 June 2015). \"INTERVIEW: Freddy Lim unfolds New Power Party platform\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/06/26/2003621612","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: Freddy Lim unfolds New Power Party platform\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Wei-han (23 February 2015). \"Metal singer to run for legislator\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/02/23/2003612069","url_text":"\"Metal singer to run for legislator\""}]},{"reference":"Wen, Lii (17 March 2015). \"Freddy Lim withdraws from Daan poll\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/17/2003613748","url_text":"\"Freddy Lim withdraws from Daan poll\""}]},{"reference":"Loa, Lok-sin (20 March 2015). \"Freddy Lim to run in Wanhua-Zhongzheng\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/20/2003613981","url_text":"\"Freddy Lim to run in Wanhua-Zhongzheng\""}]},{"reference":"Loa, Lok-sin (10 December 2015). \"DPP approves list of candidates outside the party to support\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/12/10/2003634468","url_text":"\"DPP approves list of candidates outside the party to support\""}]},{"reference":"Hsiao, Alison (17 January 2016). \"ELECTIONS: DPP secures absolute majority in Legislative Yuan\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/01/17/2003637386","url_text":"\"ELECTIONS: DPP secures absolute majority in Legislative Yuan\""}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Abraham (23 February 2016). \"Rules on committee members selection irk NPP lawmakers\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/23/2003640027","url_text":"\"Rules on committee members selection irk NPP lawmakers\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Chun-hua; Hsu, Elizabeth (7 October 2016). \"Tibet caucus established in Taiwan's Legislature\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201610070012.aspx","url_text":"\"Tibet caucus established in Taiwan's Legislature\""}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Abraham (8 October 2016). \"Lawmakers establish Tibet group\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/10/08/2003656730","url_text":"\"Lawmakers establish Tibet group\""}]},{"reference":"\"【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」小金門的殺戮時代\" [Top Prize of the Wudao Literacy Award for the Research on March 7 Incident,the Killing Era in Lesser Kinmen]. UP Media (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=75977","url_text":"\"【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」小金門的殺戮時代\""}]},{"reference":"Guan Ren-jian (7 March 2008). \"國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件\" [ROC Army Massacre Vietnamese Refugees in March Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). PChome News. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/kuan0416/post/1304293327","url_text":"\"國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件\""}]},{"reference":"外交及國防委員會 (3 October 2018). \"會議隨選\" [Proceedings Broadcast of the Foreign and National Defense Committee of the Legislative Yuan, IVOD Network Multimedia Video System] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 立法院議事轉播IVOD網路多媒體隨選視訊系統. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ivod.ly.gov.tw/Play/VOD/108535/300K","url_text":"\"會議隨選\""}]},{"reference":"林昶佐委員、嚴德發部長 (3 October 2018). \"267立法院公報第107卷第81期委員會紀錄立法院第9屆第6會期外交及國防委員會第3次全體委員會議紀錄\" [Foreign and National Defense Committee Records No. 3, Legislative Yuan Gazette, Vol. 107, No. 81, Legislative Yuan Term 9, Session 6] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: 立法院公報第107卷第81期. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lci.ly.gov.tw/LyLCEW/communique1/final/pdf//107/81/LCIDC01_1078101_00006.pdf","url_text":"\"267立法院公報第107卷第81期委員會紀錄立法院第9屆第6會期外交及國防委員會第3次全體委員會議紀錄\""}]},{"reference":"Maxon, Ann (2 August 2019). \"Lim to leave NPP, back Tsai re-election bid\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/08/02/2003719765","url_text":"\"Lim to leave NPP, back Tsai re-election bid\""}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Chun-hua; Yu, Hsiao-han; Liu, Kuan-ting; Chung, Yu-chen (1 August 2019). \"NPP legislator quits party to run as independent\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201908010014.aspx","url_text":"\"NPP legislator quits party to run as independent\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Sean (12 January 2020). \"2020 Elections: DPP maintains its legislative majority\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 12 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/01/12/2003729108","url_text":"\"2020 Elections: DPP maintains its legislative majority\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Yu-hsuan; Yeh, Joseph (10 August 2021). \"Petition to recall lawmaker Freddy Lim passes first stage\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202108100018","url_text":"\"Petition to recall lawmaker Freddy Lim passes first stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petition against Lim to proceed to second stage\". Taipei Times. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/14/2003762583","url_text":"\"Petition against Lim to proceed to second stage\""}]},{"reference":"Strong, Matthew (3 December 2021). \"Taiwan sets Jan. 9 for recall vote of rock star legislator\". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4364354","url_text":"\"Taiwan sets Jan. 9 for recall vote of rock star legislator\""}]},{"reference":"Lai, Yu-chen; Wang, Yang-yu; Liu, Kay (3 December 2021). \"Date set for recall vote of lawmaker Freddy Lim\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202112030018","url_text":"\"Date set for recall vote of lawmaker Freddy Lim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lim recall vote scheduled for January 9\". Taipei Times. 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/12/04/2003768993","url_text":"\"Lim recall vote scheduled for January 9\""}]},{"reference":"Hale, Erin (7 January 2022). \"Taiwan Rock Star Politician Faces Recall Vote\". Voice of America. Retrieved 8 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/taiwan-rock-star-politician-faces-recall-vote/6386631.html","url_text":"\"Taiwan Rock Star Politician Faces Recall Vote\""}]},{"reference":"Yeh, Joseph (9 January 2022). \"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202201090008","url_text":"\"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lim squeaks through recall vote\". Taipei Times. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/01/10/2003771078","url_text":"\"Lim squeaks through recall vote\""}]},{"reference":"Yeh, Joseph (9 January 2022). \"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote (update)\". Central News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202201090012","url_text":"\"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote (update)\""}]},{"reference":"Everington, Keoni (13 March 2023). \"Freddy Lim announces he will not run in 2024 Taiwan elections\". Taiwan News. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4838294","url_text":"\"Freddy Lim announces he will not run in 2024 Taiwan elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim announces he won't run for reelection in 2024\". Formosa Television. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.ftvnews.com.tw/news/2023317W05EA","url_text":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim announces he won't run for reelection in 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Hetherington, William (18 March 2023). \"Freddy Lim to retire from politics, look after family\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 3 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/03/18/2003796315","url_text":"\"Freddy Lim to retire from politics, look after family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim applies to join DPP\". Central News Agency. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202311270019","url_text":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim applies to join DPP\""}]},{"reference":"Chou, Christine (29 March 2016). \"Legislator pushes for harsher death penalty law\". China Post. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/03/29/462017/Legislator-pushes.htm","url_text":"\"Legislator pushes for harsher death penalty law\""}]},{"reference":"Hsiao, Alison (13 January 2016). \"ELECTIONS: KMT challenges Tsai over death penalty\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/01/13/2003637104","url_text":"\"ELECTIONS: KMT challenges Tsai over death penalty\""}]},{"reference":"van der Horst, Linda (6 January 2016). \"The Rise of Taiwan's 'Third Force'\". The Diplomat. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-rise-of-taiwans-third-force/","url_text":"\"The Rise of Taiwan's 'Third Force'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://db.cec.gov.tw/histQuery.jsp?voteCode=20160101T1A2&qryType=ctks","external_links_name":"Source"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410174902/https://db.cec.gov.tw/histQuery.jsp?voteCode=20160101T1A2&qryType=ctks","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/11/17/2003632665","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW: Metal band singer Freddy Lim talks about politics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122161758/http://history.n.yam.com/yam/politics/20150825/20150825237228.html","external_links_name":"\"時代力量參選人被爆逃兵役 網友酸沒盡義務不敢投\""},{"Link":"http://history.n.yam.com/yam/politics/20150825/20150825237228.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/1425751","external_links_name":"\"Freddy因焦慮受關注 柯P這樣說...\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2001/05/04/0000084340","external_links_name":"\"Music industry prepares to pat itself on the back\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/02/27/2003100385","external_links_name":"\"Say it loud: 'Up yours China'\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2001/06/22/91067/1","external_links_name":"\"Monsters of rock loom over Taipei\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/freddy-lim-meet-taiwan-s-new-rock-n-roll-lawmaker-a6823981.html","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Lim: Meet Taiwan's new rock'n'roll lawmaker\""},{"Link":"http://www.guitarworld.com/interview-chthonic-bassist-doris-yeh-discusses-new-album-and-scary-touring-experiences","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Chthonic Bassist Doris Yeh Discusses New Album and Scary Touring Experiences\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2009/07/11/2003448410","external_links_name":"\"Shooting for the stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/10/08/2003206068","external_links_name":"\"Rock 'n' roll pow-wow\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/07/30/2003181067","external_links_name":"\"When is dance music not electronica?\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/07/10/2003178477","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Shocked set to rock Formoz\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2014/01/24/2003581996","external_links_name":"\"Live Wire: Lunar New Year line up\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/03/20/2003613953","external_links_name":"\"Live Wire: Battling music festivals: Megaport vs T-Fest\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2007/02/28/2003350448/1","external_links_name":"\"Tune in, turn on, tell the truth\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2008/02/27/2003403145","external_links_name":"\"Rock talks\""},{"Link":"http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2869355","external_links_name":"\"NPP's Freddy Lim declares election victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2179415/why-hong-kong-rejected-taiwanese-singer-freddy-lims-visa","external_links_name":"\"Why Hong Kong rejected Taiwanese singer's visa application\""},{"Link":"https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/2025200/20181228-how-the-government-works-in-the-dark","external_links_name":"\"How the government works in the dark EJINSIGHT – ejinsight.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/aug/17/we-want-a-fairer-society-freddy-lim-taiwans-metalhead-mp","external_links_name":"\"'We want a fairer society': Freddy Lim, Taiwan's metalhead MP\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/06/26/2003621612","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW: Freddy Lim unfolds New Power Party platform\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/02/23/2003612069","external_links_name":"\"Metal singer to run for legislator\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/17/2003613748","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Lim withdraws from Daan poll\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/03/20/2003613981","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Lim to run in Wanhua-Zhongzheng\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/12/10/2003634468","external_links_name":"\"DPP approves list of candidates outside the party to support\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/01/17/2003637386","external_links_name":"\"ELECTIONS: DPP secures absolute majority in Legislative Yuan\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/23/2003640027","external_links_name":"\"Rules on committee members selection irk NPP lawmakers\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201610070012.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Tibet caucus established in Taiwan's Legislature\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/10/08/2003656730","external_links_name":"\"Lawmakers establish Tibet group\""},{"Link":"https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=75977","external_links_name":"\"【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」小金門的殺戮時代\""},{"Link":"http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/kuan0416/post/1304293327","external_links_name":"\"國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件\""},{"Link":"https://ivod.ly.gov.tw/Play/VOD/108535/300K","external_links_name":"\"會議隨選\""},{"Link":"https://lci.ly.gov.tw/LyLCEW/communique1/final/pdf//107/81/LCIDC01_1078101_00006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"267立法院公報第107卷第81期委員會紀錄立法院第9屆第6會期外交及國防委員會第3次全體委員會議紀錄\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/08/02/2003719765","external_links_name":"\"Lim to leave NPP, back Tsai re-election bid\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201908010014.aspx","external_links_name":"\"NPP legislator quits party to run as independent\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/01/12/2003729108","external_links_name":"\"2020 Elections: DPP maintains its legislative majority\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202108100018","external_links_name":"\"Petition to recall lawmaker Freddy Lim passes first stage\""},{"Link":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/14/2003762583","external_links_name":"\"Petition against Lim to proceed to second stage\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4364354","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan sets Jan. 9 for recall vote of rock star legislator\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202112030018","external_links_name":"\"Date set for recall vote of lawmaker Freddy Lim\""},{"Link":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/12/04/2003768993","external_links_name":"\"Lim recall vote scheduled for January 9\""},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/a/taiwan-rock-star-politician-faces-recall-vote/6386631.html","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan Rock Star Politician Faces Recall Vote\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202201090008","external_links_name":"\"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote\""},{"Link":"https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/01/10/2003771078","external_links_name":"\"Lim squeaks through recall vote\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202201090012","external_links_name":"\"Independent Legislator Freddy Lim survives recall vote (update)\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4838294","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Lim announces he will not run in 2024 Taiwan elections\""},{"Link":"https://english.ftvnews.com.tw/news/2023317W05EA","external_links_name":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim announces he won't run for reelection in 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/03/18/2003796315","external_links_name":"\"Freddy Lim to retire from politics, look after family\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202311270019","external_links_name":"\"Independent lawmaker Freddy Lim applies to join DPP\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/03/29/462017/Legislator-pushes.htm","external_links_name":"\"Legislator pushes for harsher death penalty law\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/01/13/2003637104","external_links_name":"\"ELECTIONS: KMT challenges Tsai over death penalty\""},{"Link":"https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-rise-of-taiwans-third-force/","external_links_name":"\"The Rise of Taiwan's 'Third Force'\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/limfreddy","external_links_name":"Freddy Lim"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/863883","external_links_name":"Freddy Lim (Chthonic)"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/4902911","external_links_name":"Freddy Lim (Metal Clone X)"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0001982878","external_links_name":"Freddy Lim"},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/show/1XA1WDgsCjYgLpgnKsXyu9","external_links_name":"Metalhead Politics"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78144782696411088107","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmqYTFVVkf47dxX8hJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173211748","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=001708409&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Taiwan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/56e234cf-b7c5-4912-88c9-f10c92298ba6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD_Foundation | FreeBSD Foundation | ["1 Board of directors","2 References","3 External links"] | Non-profit supporting the development of the FreeBSD operating system
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "FreeBSD Foundation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019)FreeBSD FoundationFounded27 June 2001Type501(c)(3)LocationBoulder, ColoradoPresident and FounderJustin T. GibbsExecutive DirectorDeb GoodkinWebsitewww.freebsdfoundation.org
The FreeBSD Foundation is a United States-based 501(c)(3) registered non-profit organization dedicated to supporting the FreeBSD project, its development and its community. Its current president is Justin T Gibbs and the executive director is Deb Goodkin.
Funding comes from individual and corporate donations, and is used to sponsor developers for specific activities, purchase hardware and network infrastructure and provide travel grants to developer summits. The FreeBSD Foundation is able to provide legal representation to sign contracts and agreements on behalf of the FreeBSD project, and also holds the FreeBSD trademark and related domain names.
The FreeBSD Foundation received initial 501(c)(3) charity status on December 7, 2000, and the Foundation was formally announced to the world on June 27, 2001.
Board of directors
The current Board of Directors as of 2023 is as follows:
Justin T. Gibbs, President and Founder
Deb Goodkin, Assistant Secretary
Cat Allman, Director
Dr. Marshall Kirk McKusick, Treasurer
Dr. Hiroki Sato, Director
Andrew Wafaa, Vice President
Dr. Robert N. M. Watson, Director
References
^ Bresler, Jonathan M. Mail to freebsd-announce: The FreeBSD Foundation -- an introduction, June 27, 2001. Visited June 12, 2011.
^ "Board of Directors". 24 November 2023.
External links
Free and open-source software portal
FreeBSD Foundation
vteThe FreeBSD ProjectFreeBSD
FreeBSD Core Team
FreeBSD Documentation License
FreeBSD Foundation
FreeBSD Ports
Version History
Kernel Normal Form
SubsystemsScheduling
ALTQ
ULE scheduler
Virtualisation
chroot
jail
bhyve
Storage
GEOM
raid5
GBDE
geli
LVM2
vinum
disklabel
fdisk
UFS
Soft updates
VFS
ZFS
Highly Available STorage
Networking
802.11 drivers
ALTQ
Bluetooth
BPF
IPFilter
ipfw
Netgraph
NDIS
pf
CARP
pfsync
SCTP
Other
busdma
DTrace
OpenPAM
OpenBSM
portsnap
kqueue
KLD
moused
systat
People
Matthew Dillon
Jordan Hubbard
Poul-Henning Kamp
Mike Karels
Ben Laurie
Sam Leffler
Marshall Kirk McKusick
Diomidis Spinellis
Robert Watson
Dru Lavigne
Derivativesopen-source
XNU
Darwin
DesktopBSD
DragonFly BSD
FreeNAS
FreeSBIE
GhostBSD
MidnightBSD
m0n0wall
OPNsense
pfSense
TrueOS
GNU/kFreeBSD
Gentoo/FreeBSD
XigmaNAS
proprietary
Junos
macOS, iOS, tvOS, and watchOS
Nintendo Switch OS
OpenServer 10
PlayStation 3 OS
PlayStation 4 OS
PlayStation Vita OS
vteFree and open-source softwareGeneral
Alternative terms for free software
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
Free software
Free software project directories
Gratis versus libre
Long-term support
Open-source software
Open-source software development
Outline
Timeline
Softwarepackages
Audio
Bioinformatics
Codecs
Configuration management
Drivers
Graphics
Wireless
Health
Mathematics
Office suites
Operating systems
Routing
Television
Video games
Web applications
E-commerce
Android apps
iOS apps
Commercial
Formerly proprietary
Formerly open-source
Community
Free software movement
History
Open-source-software movement
Events
Advocacy
Organisations
Free Software Movement of India
Free Software Foundation
Licenses
AFL
Apache
APSL
Artistic
Beerware
BSD
Creative Commons
CDDL
EPL
Free Software Foundation
GNU GPL
GNU AGPL
GNU LGPL
ISC
MIT
MPL
Python
Python Software Foundation License
Shared Source Initiative
Sleepycat
Unlicense
WTFPL
zlib
Types and standards
Comparison of licenses
Contributor License Agreement
Copyleft
Debian Free Software Guidelines
Definition of Free Cultural Works
Free license
The Free Software Definition
The Open Source Definition
Open-source license
Permissive software license
Public domain
Viral license
Challenges
Digital rights management
License proliferation
Mozilla software rebranding
Proprietary device drivers
Proprietary firmware
Proprietary software
SCO/Linux controversies
Software patents
Software security
Trusted Computing
Related topics
Forking
GNU Manifesto
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
Open-core model
Open-source hardware
Shared Source Initiative
Source-available software
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
Revolution OS
Portal
Category
This article related to a non-profit organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3) registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"domain names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The FreeBSD Foundation is a United States-based 501(c)(3) registered non-profit organization dedicated to supporting the FreeBSD project, its development and its community. Its current president is Justin T Gibbs and the executive director is Deb Goodkin.Funding comes from individual and corporate donations, and is used to sponsor developers for specific activities, purchase hardware and network infrastructure and provide travel grants to developer summits. The FreeBSD Foundation is able to provide legal representation to sign contracts and agreements on behalf of the FreeBSD project, and also holds the FreeBSD trademark and related domain names.The FreeBSD Foundation received initial 501(c)(3) charity status on December 7, 2000, and the Foundation was formally announced to the world on June 27, 2001.[1]","title":"FreeBSD Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marshall Kirk McKusick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick"},{"link_name":"Robert N. M. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson_(computer_scientist)"}],"text":"The current Board of Directors as of 2023[2] is as follows:Justin T. Gibbs, President and Founder\nDeb Goodkin, Assistant Secretary\nCat Allman, Director\nDr. Marshall Kirk McKusick, Treasurer\nDr. Hiroki Sato, Director\nAndrew Wafaa, Vice President\nDr. Robert N. M. Watson, Director","title":"Board of directors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://freebsdfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FreeBSD_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22","external_links_name":"\"FreeBSD Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FreeBSD+Foundation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"www.freebsdfoundation.org"},{"Link":"https://docs.freebsd.org/cgi/mid.cgi?20010627123459.9CF3737B40A","external_links_name":"The FreeBSD Foundation -- an introduction"},{"Link":"https://freebsdfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-directors/","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"FreeBSD Foundation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FreeBSD_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_portability | Software portability | ["1 Strategies","1.1 Similar systems","1.2 Different processors","2 Source code portability","2.1 Effort to port source code","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"] | Ability of a program to run on different platforms with little alteration
Not to be confused with application portability.
This article is about portability in itself. For the work required to make software portable, see porting. For other uses, see portability.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Software portability" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Software portability can be exemplified with multiple devices running the same video game.
Software portability is a design objective for source code to be easily made to run on different platforms. An aid to portability is the generalized abstraction between the application logic and system interfaces. When software with the same functionality is produced for several computing platforms, portability is the key issue for development cost reduction.
Strategies
Software portability may involve:
Transferring installed program files to another computer of basically the same architecture.
Reinstalling a program from distribution files on another computer of basically the same architecture.
Building executable programs for different platforms from source code; this is what is usually understood by "porting".
Similar systems
When operating systems of the same family are installed on two computers with processors with similar instruction sets it is often possible to transfer the files implementing program files between them.
In the simplest case, the file or files may simply be copied from one machine to the other. However, in many cases, the software is installed on a computer in a way which depends upon its detailed hardware, software, and setup, with device drivers for particular devices, using installed operating system and supporting software components, and using different drives or directories.
In some cases, software, usually described as "portable software", is specifically designed to run on different computers with compatible operating systems and processors, without any machine-dependent installation. Porting is no more than transferring specified directories and their contents. Software installed on portable mass storage devices such as USB sticks can be used on any compatible computer on simply plugging the storage device in, and stores all configuration information on the removable device. Hardware- and software-specific information is often stored in configuration files in specified locations such as the registry on Windows).
Software which is not portable in this sense must be modified much more to support the environment on the destination machine.
Different processors
As of 2011 the majority of desktop and laptop computers used microprocessors compatible with the 32- and 64-bit x86 instruction sets. Smaller portable devices use processors with different and incompatible instruction sets, such as ARM. The difference between larger and smaller devices is such that detailed software operation is different; an application designed to display suitably on a large screen cannot simply be ported to a pocket-sized smartphone with a tiny screen even if the functionality is similar.
Web applications are required to be processor independent, so portability can be achieved by using web programming techniques, writing in JavaScript. Such a program can run in a common web browser. Such web applications must, for security reasons, have limited control over the host computer, especially regarding reading and writing files. Non-web programs, installed upon a computer in the normal manner, can have more control, and yet achieve system portability by linking to portable libraries providing the same interface on different systems.
Source code portability
Software can be compiled and linked from source code for different operating systems and processors if written in a programming language supporting compilation for the platforms. This is usually a task for the program developers; typical users have neither access to the source code nor the required skills.
In open-source environments such as Linux the source code is available to all. In earlier days source code was often distributed in a standardised format, and could be built into executable code with a standard Make tool for any particular system by moderately knowledgeable users if no errors occurred during the build. Some Linux distributions distribute software to users in source form. In these cases there is usually no need for detailed adaptation of the software for the system; it is distributed in a way which modifies the compilation process to match the system.
Effort to port source code
Even with seemingly portable languages like C and C++, the effort to port source code can vary considerably. The authors of UNIX/32V (1979) reported that "he (Bourne) shell required by far the largest conversion effort of any supposedly portable program, for the simple reason that it is not portable."
Sometimes the effort consists of recompiling the source code, but sometimes it is necessary to rewrite major parts of the software. Many language specifications describe implementation defined behaviour (e.g. right shifting a signed integer in C can do a logical or an arithmetic shift). Operating system functions or third party libraries might not be available on the target system. Some functions can be available on a target system, but exhibit slightly different behavior such as utime() fails under Windows with EACCES, when it is called for a directory). The program code can contain unportable things, like the paths of include files, drive letters, or the backslash. Implementation defined things like byte order and the size of an int can also raise the porting effort. In practice the claim of languages, like C and C++, to have the WOCA (write once, compile anywhere) is arguable.
See also
C (programming language)
Cross-platform software
Data portability
Hardware-dependent software
Interoperability
Language interoperability
Portability testing
Porting
Source-to-source compiler
References
^ Thomas B. London and John F. Reiser (1978). A Unix operating system for the DEC VAX-11/780 computer. Bell Labs internal memo 78-1353-4.
Sources
Mooney (1997). "Bringing Portability to the Software Process" (PDF). (help). West Virginia University. Dept. of Statistics and Computer Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Garen (2007). "Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices". The CPA Journal. 77 (11): 3. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08.
Lehey (1995). "Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug" (PDF). (help). Retrieved 2010-05-27.
vteSoftware qualityQualitiesInternal
Size
Maintainability
Flexibility
Portability
Reusability
Readability
Scalability
Testability
Understandability
Loose coupling
Orthogonality
External
Usability
Reliability
Adaptability
Correctness
Accuracy
Efficiency
Robustness
Security
Safety
Standards and lists
ISO/IEC 9126
Non-functional requirements
List of system quality attributes
Processes
Software quality management
Software quality control
Software quality assurance
Commons
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application portability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_portability"},{"link_name":"porting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"portability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portability_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Utd_platforms.jpg"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform"},{"link_name":"abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"system interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"computing platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform"}],"text":"Not to be confused with application portability.This article is about portability in itself. For the work required to make software portable, see porting. For other uses, see portability.Software portability can be exemplified with multiple devices running the same video game.Software portability is a design objective for source code to be easily made to run on different platforms. An aid to portability is the generalized abstraction between the application logic and system interfaces. When software with the same functionality is produced for several computing platforms, portability is the key issue for development cost reduction.","title":"Software portability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"executable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"porting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"}],"text":"Software portability may involve:Transferring installed program files to another computer of basically the same architecture.\nReinstalling a program from distribution files on another computer of basically the same architecture.\nBuilding executable programs for different platforms from source code; this is what is usually understood by \"porting\".","title":"Strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"instruction sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set"},{"link_name":"installed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_drive"},{"link_name":"directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"portable software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_application"},{"link_name":"mass storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage"},{"link_name":"USB sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_stick"},{"link_name":"configuration files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_file"},{"link_name":"registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_registry"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"sub_title":"Similar systems","text":"When operating systems of the same family are installed on two computers with processors with similar instruction sets it is often possible to transfer the files implementing program files between them.In the simplest case, the file or files may simply be copied from one machine to the other. However, in many cases, the software is installed on a computer in a way which depends upon its detailed hardware, software, and setup, with device drivers for particular devices, using installed operating system and supporting software components, and using different drives or directories.In some cases, software, usually described as \"portable software\", is specifically designed to run on different computers with compatible operating systems and processors, without any machine-dependent installation. Porting is no more than transferring specified directories and their contents. Software installed on portable mass storage devices such as USB sticks can be used on any compatible computer on simply plugging the storage device in, and stores all configuration information on the removable device. Hardware- and software-specific information is often stored in configuration files in specified locations such as the registry on Windows).Software which is not portable in this sense must be modified much more to support the environment on the destination machine.","title":"Strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"ARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture"},{"link_name":"Web applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applications"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"web applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"}],"sub_title":"Different processors","text":"As of 2011 the majority of desktop and laptop computers used microprocessors compatible with the 32- and 64-bit x86 instruction sets. Smaller portable devices use processors with different and incompatible instruction sets, such as ARM. The difference between larger and smaller devices is such that detailed software operation is different; an application designed to display suitably on a large screen cannot simply be ported to a pocket-sized smartphone with a tiny screen even if the functionality is similar.Web applications are required to be processor independent, so portability can be achieved by using web programming techniques, writing in JavaScript. Such a program can run in a common web browser. Such web applications must, for security reasons, have limited control over the host computer, especially regarding reading and writing files. Non-web programs, installed upon a computer in the normal manner, can have more control, and yet achieve system portability by linking to portable libraries providing the same interface on different systems.","title":"Strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker_(computing)"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Make tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)"},{"link_name":"Linux distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution"},{"link_name":"modifies the compilation process to match the system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_compilation"}],"text":"Software can be compiled and linked from source code for different operating systems and processors if written in a programming language supporting compilation for the platforms. This is usually a task for the program developers; typical users have neither access to the source code nor the required skills.In open-source environments such as Linux the source code is available to all. In earlier days source code was often distributed in a standardised format, and could be built into executable code with a standard Make tool for any particular system by moderately knowledgeable users if no errors occurred during the build. Some Linux distributions distribute software to users in source form. In these cases there is usually no need for detailed adaptation of the software for the system; it is distributed in a way which modifies the compilation process to match the system.","title":"Source code portability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"UNIX/32V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX/32V"},{"link_name":"(Bourne) shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"logical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_shift"},{"link_name":"arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_shift"},{"link_name":"byte order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"int","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"write once, compile anywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_once,_compile_anywhere"}],"sub_title":"Effort to port source code","text":"Even with seemingly portable languages like C and C++, the effort to port source code can vary considerably. The authors of UNIX/32V (1979) reported that \"[t]he (Bourne) shell [...] required by far the largest conversion effort of any supposedly portable program, for the simple reason that it is not portable.\"[1]Sometimes the effort consists of recompiling the source code, but sometimes it is necessary to rewrite major parts of the software. Many language specifications describe implementation defined behaviour (e.g. right shifting a signed integer in C can do a logical or an arithmetic shift). Operating system functions or third party libraries might not be available on the target system. Some functions can be available on a target system, but exhibit slightly different behavior such as utime() fails under Windows with EACCES, when it is called for a directory). The program code can contain unportable things, like the paths of include files, drive letters, or the backslash. Implementation defined things like byte order and the size of an int can also raise the porting effort. In practice the claim of languages, like C and C++, to have the WOCA (write once, compile anywhere) is arguable.","title":"Source code portability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bringing Portability to the Software Process\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080725004932/http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100708221340/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/"},{"link_name":"\"Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/PUS/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Software_quality"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Software_quality"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_quality"},{"link_name":"Software quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality"},{"link_name":"Size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_sizing"},{"link_name":"Maintainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainability#Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"Flexibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexibility_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Portability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Reusability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusability"},{"link_name":"Readability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#Readability_of_source_code"},{"link_name":"Scalability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalability"},{"link_name":"Testability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testability"},{"link_name":"Understandability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understandability"},{"link_name":"Loose coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_coupling"},{"link_name":"Orthogonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality_(programming)"},{"link_name":"Usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability"},{"link_name":"Reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_engineering"},{"link_name":"Adaptability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptability"},{"link_name":"Correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctness_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Accuracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision"},{"link_name":"Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency"},{"link_name":"Robustness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_security"},{"link_name":"Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_system_safety"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 9126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126"},{"link_name":"Non-functional requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-functional_requirement#Examples"},{"link_name":"List of system quality attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes"},{"link_name":"Software quality management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_management"},{"link_name":"Software quality control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_control"},{"link_name":"Software quality assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality_assurance"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_quality"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940439t"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940439t"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553561105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124298"}],"text":"Mooney (1997). \"Bringing Portability to the Software Process\" (PDF). (help). West Virginia University. Dept. of Statistics and Computer Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-03-17.\nGaren (2007). \"Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices\". The CPA Journal. 77 (11): 3. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08.\nLehey (1995). \"Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug\" (PDF). (help). Retrieved 2010-05-27.vteSoftware qualityQualitiesInternal\nSize\nMaintainability\nFlexibility\nPortability\nReusability\nReadability\nScalability\nTestability\nUnderstandability\nLoose coupling\nOrthogonality\nExternal\nUsability\nReliability\nAdaptability\nCorrectness\nAccuracy\nEfficiency\nRobustness\nSecurity\nSafety\nStandards and lists\nISO/IEC 9126\nNon-functional requirements\nList of system quality attributes\nProcesses\nSoftware quality management\nSoftware quality control\nSoftware quality assurance\n\n\n CommonsAuthority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Software portability can be exemplified with multiple devices running the same video game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Utd_platforms.jpg/220px-Utd_platforms.jpg"}] | [{"title":"C (programming language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"title":"Cross-platform software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_software"},{"title":"Data portability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_portability"},{"title":"Hardware-dependent software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-dependent_software"},{"title":"Interoperability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability"},{"title":"Language interoperability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interoperability"},{"title":"Portability testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portability_testing"},{"title":"Porting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"title":"Source-to-source compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler"}] | [{"reference":"Mooney (1997). \"Bringing Portability to the Software Process\" (PDF). (help). West Virginia University. Dept. of Statistics and Computer Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725004932/http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Bringing Portability to the Software Process\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garen (2007). \"Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices\". The CPA Journal. 77 (11): 3. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708221340/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/","url_text":"\"Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lehey (1995). \"Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug\" (PDF). (help). Retrieved 2010-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/PUS/","url_text":"\"Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Software+portability%22","external_links_name":"\"Software portability\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Software+portability%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Software+portability%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Software+portability%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Software+portability%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Software+portability%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherports/32vscan.pdf","external_links_name":"A Unix operating system for the DEC VAX-11/780 computer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725004932/http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bringing Portability to the Software Process\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.wvu.edu/~jdm/research/portability/reports/TR_97-1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708221340/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/","external_links_name":"\"Software Portability: Weighing Options, Making Choices\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5346/is_200711/ai_n21298624/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/PUS/","external_links_name":"\"Porting UNIX Software: From Download to Debug\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940439t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940439t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553561105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124298","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing_Group | Trusted Computing Group | ["1 History","2 Overview","3 Criticism","4 ISO standardization","5 References","6 External links"] | American-based computer technology consortium
Trusted Computing GroupCompany typeConsortiumFounded2003FounderAMD, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, MicrosoftHeadquartersBeaverton, OR, United StatesWebsitetrustedcomputinggroup.org
The Trusted Computing Group is a group formed in 2003 as the successor to the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance which was previously formed in 1999 to implement Trusted Computing concepts across personal computers. Members include Intel, AMD, IBM, Microsoft, and Cisco.
The core idea of trusted computing is to give hardware manufacturers control over what software does and does not run on a system by refusing to run unsigned software.
History
On October 11, 1999, the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (abbreviated as TCPA), a consortium of various technology companies including Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft, was formed in an effort to promote trust and security in the personal computing platform. In November 1999, the TCPA announced that over 70 leading hardware and software companies joined the alliance in the first month. On January 30, 2001, version 1.0 of the Trusted Computing Platform Specifications was released IBM was the first original equipment manufacturer to incorporate hardware features based on the specifications with the introduction of its ThinkPad T30 mobile computer in 2002.
In 2003, the TCPA was succeeded by the Trusted Computing Group, with an increased emphasis on mobile devices.
Membership fees vary by level. Promoters pay annual membership fees of $30,000, contributors pay $15,000, and depending upon company size, adopters pay annual membership fees of either $2,500 or $7,500.
Overview
TCG's most successful effort was the development of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a semiconductor intellectual property core or integrated circuit that conforms to the specification to enable trusted computing features in computers and mobile devices. Related efforts involved Trusted Network Connect, to bring trusted computing to network connections, and Storage Core Architecture / Security Subsystem Class, to bring trusted computing to disk drives and other storage devices. These efforts have not achieved the same level of widespread adoption as the trusted platform module.
Criticism
Further information: Trusted Computing § Criticism
The group historically faced opposition from the free software community on the grounds that the technology had a negative impact on the users' privacy and can create customer lock-in, especially if it is used to create DRM applications. It received criticism from the Linux and FreeBSD communities, as well as the software development community in general.
ISO standardization
In 2009 ISO/EIC release trusted platform module standards
ISO/IEC 11889-1:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 1: Overview
ISO/IEC 11889-2:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 2: Design principles
ISO/IEC 11889-3:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 3: Structures
ISO/IEC 11889-4:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 4: Commands
References
^ About Trusted Computing Group
^ a b Rick Merritt (April 8, 2003). "New group aims to secure PCs, PDAs, cell phones". Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ "Trusted Computing Group: TPM FAQ". www.trustedcomputinggroup.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ IBM News Room (October 11, 1999). "Compaq, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft Announce Open Alliance to Build Trust and Security into PCs for e-business". Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Jeanne Orfinik (November 19, 1999). "Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Holds Founding Conference" (PDF). Archived from the original on June 6, 2002. Retrieved 2014-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (January 30, 2001). "Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Announces v.1.0 Specifications for Trusted Computing" (PDF). Archived from the original on August 6, 2002. Retrieved 2014-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Rick Merritt (April 24, 2002). "IBM ThinkPad complies with TCPA security spec". Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ "Membership". Trusted Computing Group. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trusted Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCGInception-2"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Trusted Computing Group is a group formed in 2003 as the successor to the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance which was previously formed in 1999 to implement Trusted Computing concepts across personal computers.[2] Members include Intel, AMD, IBM, Microsoft, and Cisco.The core idea of trusted computing is to give hardware manufacturers control over what software does and does not run on a system by refusing to run unsigned software.[3]","title":"Trusted Computing Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCPAInception-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCPA-FC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCPA-v1.0-6"},{"link_name":"original equipment manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM-TP-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCGInception-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On October 11, 1999, the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (abbreviated as TCPA), a consortium of various technology companies including Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft, was formed in an effort to promote trust and security in the personal computing platform.[4] In November 1999, the TCPA announced that over 70 leading hardware and software companies joined the alliance in the first month.[5] On January 30, 2001, version 1.0 of the Trusted Computing Platform Specifications was released[6] IBM was the first original equipment manufacturer to incorporate hardware features based on the specifications with the introduction of its ThinkPad T30 mobile computer in 2002.[7]In 2003, the TCPA was succeeded by the Trusted Computing Group, with an increased emphasis on mobile devices.[2]Membership fees vary by level. Promoters pay annual membership fees of $30,000, contributors pay $15,000, and depending upon company size, adopters pay annual membership fees of either $2,500 or $7,500.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trusted Platform Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module"},{"link_name":"semiconductor intellectual property core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core"},{"link_name":"integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"trusted computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_computing"},{"link_name":"Trusted Network Connect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Network_Connect"},{"link_name":"Storage Core Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storage_Core_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Security Subsystem Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal_Storage_Specification"}],"text":"TCG's most successful effort was the development of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a semiconductor intellectual property core or integrated circuit that conforms to the specification to enable trusted computing features in computers and mobile devices. Related efforts involved Trusted Network Connect, to bring trusted computing to network connections, and Storage Core Architecture / Security Subsystem Class, to bring trusted computing to disk drives and other storage devices. These efforts have not achieved the same level of widespread adoption as the trusted platform module.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trusted Computing § Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing#Criticism"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"lock-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in"},{"link_name":"DRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"}],"text":"Further information: Trusted Computing § CriticismThe group historically faced opposition from the free software community on the grounds that the technology had a negative impact on the users' privacy and can create customer lock-in, especially if it is used to create DRM applications. It received criticism from the Linux and FreeBSD communities, as well as the software development community in general.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2009 ISO/EIC release trusted platform module standardsISO/IEC 11889-1:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 1: Overview\nISO/IEC 11889-2:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 2: Design principles\nISO/IEC 11889-3:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 3: Structures\nISO/IEC 11889-4:2009 Information technology—Trusted Platform Module—Part 4: Commands","title":"ISO standardization"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rick Merritt (April 8, 2003). \"New group aims to secure PCs, PDAs, cell phones\". Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1202119","url_text":"\"New group aims to secure PCs, PDAs, cell phones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trusted Computing Group: TPM FAQ\". www.trustedcomputinggroup.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061003155033/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/faq/TPMFAQ/","url_text":"\"Trusted Computing Group: TPM FAQ\""},{"url":"https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/faq/TPMFAQ/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IBM News Room (October 11, 1999). \"Compaq, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft Announce Open Alliance to Build Trust and Security into PCs for e-business\". Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/2016.wss","url_text":"\"Compaq, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft Announce Open Alliance to Build Trust and Security into PCs for e-business\""}]},{"reference":"Jeanne Orfinik (November 19, 1999). \"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Holds Founding Conference\" (PDF). Archived from the original on June 6, 2002. Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020606142131/http://www.trustedpc.org/press/pdf/TCPA111999REL.pdf","url_text":"\"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Holds Founding Conference\""}]},{"reference":"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (January 30, 2001). \"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Announces v.1.0 Specifications for Trusted Computing\" (PDF). Archived from the original on August 6, 2002. Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020806140425/http://www.trustedcomputing.org/docs/tcpa_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Announces v.1.0 Specifications for Trusted Computing\""}]},{"reference":"Rick Merritt (April 24, 2002). \"IBM ThinkPad complies with TCPA security spec\". Retrieved 2014-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1144608","url_text":"\"IBM ThinkPad complies with TCPA security spec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership\". Trusted Computing Group. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/membership/","url_text":"\"Membership\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/","external_links_name":"trustedcomputinggroup.org"},{"Link":"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/about/","external_links_name":"About Trusted Computing Group"},{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1202119","external_links_name":"\"New group aims to secure PCs, PDAs, cell phones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061003155033/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/faq/TPMFAQ/","external_links_name":"\"Trusted Computing Group: TPM FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/faq/TPMFAQ/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/2016.wss","external_links_name":"\"Compaq, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft Announce Open Alliance to Build Trust and Security into PCs for e-business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020606142131/http://www.trustedpc.org/press/pdf/TCPA111999REL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Holds Founding Conference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020806140425/http://www.trustedcomputing.org/docs/tcpa_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Trusted Computing Platform Alliance Announces v.1.0 Specifications for Trusted Computing\""},{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1144608","external_links_name":"\"IBM ThinkPad complies with TCPA security spec\""},{"Link":"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/membership/","external_links_name":"\"Membership\""},{"Link":"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138230519","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10180953-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tty_(unix) | tty (Unix) | ["1 Usage","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Command to print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input
For other uses, see TTY (disambiguation).
ttyInitial releaseNovember 3, 1971; 52 years ago (1971-11-03)Operating systemUnix and Unix-likePlatformCross-platformTypeCommand
In computing, tty is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems to print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
tty stands for TeleTYpewriter.
Usage
The tty command is commonly used to check if the output medium is a terminal. The command prints the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. If no file is detected (in case, it's being run as part of a script or the command is being piped) "not a tty" is printed to stdout and the command exits with an exit status of 1. The command also can be run in silent mode (tty -s) where no output is produced, and the command exits with an appropriate exit status.
See also
Pseudoterminal
Teleprinter
References
^ "tty". pubs.opengroup.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
^ "What does "TTY" stand for?". Ask Ubuntu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
^ "tty(1) - Linux man page". linux.die.net. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
External links
tty – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group
tty(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual
tty(1) – NetBSD General Commands Manual
tty(1) – OpenBSD General Commands Manual
tty(1) – Solaris 11.4 User Commands Reference Manual
tty(1) – Linux User Commands Manual
vteGNU Core Utilities command-line interface programsFile system
chcon
chmod
chown
chgrp
cksum
cp
dd
df
dir
dircolors
install
ln
ls
mkdir
mkfifo
mknod
mktemp
mv
realpath
rm
rmdir
shred
sync
touch
truncate
vdir
Text utilities
b2sum
base32
base64
cat
cksum
comm
csplit
cut
expand
fmt
fold
head
join
md5sum
nl
numfmt
od
paste
ptx
pr
sha1sum
shuf
sort
split
sum
tac
tail
tr
tsort
unexpand
uniq
wc
Shell utilities
arch
basename
chroot
date
dirname
du
echo
env
expr
factor
false
groups
hostid
id
link
logname
nice
nohup
nproc
pathchk
pinky
printenv
printf
pwd
readlink
runcon
seq
sleep
stat
stdbuf
stty
tee
test
timeout
true
tty
uname
unlink
uptime
users
who
whoami
yes | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TTY (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTY_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"Unix-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"standard input","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_input"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see TTY (disambiguation).In computing, tty is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems to print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.[1]tty stands for TeleTYpewriter.[2]","title":"tty (Unix)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The tty command is commonly used to check if the output medium is a terminal. The command prints the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. If no file is detected (in case, it's being run as part of a script or the command is being piped) \"not a tty\" is printed to stdout and the command exits with an exit status of 1. The command also can be run in silent mode (tty -s) where no output is produced, and the command exits with an appropriate exit status.[3]","title":"Usage"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pseudoterminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoterminal"},{"title":"Teleprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter"}] | [{"reference":"\"tty\". pubs.opengroup.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/tty.html","url_text":"\"tty\""}]},{"reference":"\"What does \"TTY\" stand for?\". Ask Ubuntu. Retrieved 2020-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://askubuntu.com/questions/481906/what-does-tty-stand-for","url_text":"\"What does \"TTY\" stand for?\""}]},{"reference":"\"tty(1) - Linux man page\". linux.die.net. Retrieved 2020-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://linux.die.net/man/1/tty","url_text":"\"tty(1) - Linux man page\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/tty.html","external_links_name":"\"tty\""},{"Link":"https://askubuntu.com/questions/481906/what-does-tty-stand-for","external_links_name":"\"What does \"TTY\" stand for?\""},{"Link":"https://linux.die.net/man/1/tty","external_links_name":"\"tty(1) - Linux man page\""},{"Link":"https://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/tty.html","external_links_name":"tty"},{"Link":"https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tty&sektion=1","external_links_name":"tty(1)"},{"Link":"https://man.netbsd.org/tty.1","external_links_name":"tty(1)"},{"Link":"https://man.openbsd.org/tty.1","external_links_name":"tty(1)"},{"Link":"https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E37839/tty-1.html","external_links_name":"tty(1)"},{"Link":"https://linux.die.net/man/1/tty","external_links_name":"tty(1)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuesday_Weld | Tuesday Weld | ["1 Background and family","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 20th Century Fox","2.3 Stardom","2.4 Peak years of success","2.5 Later career","3 Personal life","3.1 Montauk house","4 In popular culture","5 Filmography","5.1 Television","6 References","7 External links"] | This article is about the actress. For the band, see The Real Tuesday Weld.
American actress
Tuesday WeldWeld c. 1960BornSusan Ker Weld (1943-08-27) August 27, 1943 (age 80)Manhattan, New York City, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1955–2001Spouses
Claude Harz
(m. 1965; div. 1971)
Dudley Moore
(m. 1975; div. 1980)
Pinchas Zukerman
(m. 1985; div. 2001)Children2
Tuesday Weld (born Susan Ker Weld; August 27, 1943) is a former American actress. She began acting as a child and progressed to mature roles in the late 1950s. She won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Female Newcomer in 1960. Over the following decade, she established a career playing dramatic roles in films.
Weld often portrayed impulsive and reckless women and was nominated for a Golden Globe for Play It as It Lays (1972), an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), an Emmy Award for The Winter of Our Discontent (1983), and a BAFTA for Once Upon a Time in America (1984). Since the late 1980s her acting appearances have been infrequent.
Background and family
Weld was born Susan Ker Weld in Manhattan on August 27, 1943. Her father was Lathrop Motley Weld, of the Weld family of Massachusetts. Her father died in 1947 at the age of 49, shortly before his daughter's fourth birthday. Her mother, Yosene Balfour Ker, daughter of the artist and Life illustrator William Balfour Ker, was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England. She was Lathrop Weld's fourth and last wife. Canadian-born William Balfour Ker had Scottish ancestry. His mother, Lily Florence Bell Ker, was first cousin of the inventor Alexander Graham Bell, and his father, William Ker, was a Scottish businessman and banker.
Weld had two siblings, Sarah King Weld and David Balfour Weld. She legally changed her name to Tuesday Weld on October 9, 1959.
Career
Early career
Left in financial difficulty by her husband's death, Weld's mother put Weld to work as a model to support the family. As the young actress told Life in 1971:
My father's family came from Tuxedo Park, and they offered to take us kids and pay for our education, on the condition that Mama never see us again. Mama was an orphan who had come here from London but so far as my father's family was concerned, she was strictly from the gutter. I have to give Mama credit—she refused to give us up… So I became the supporter of the family, and I had to take my father's place in many, many ways. I was expected to make up for everything that had ever gone wrong in Mama's life. She became obsessed with me, pouring out her pent-up love—her alleged love—on me, and it's been heavy on my shoulders ever since. Mama still thinks I owe everything to her.
Her name became Tuesday, an extension of her childhood nickname, "Tu-Tu", so named by her young cousin, Mary Ker, who could not pronounce "Susan". She officially adopted her name in October 1959.
Weld's mother secured her an agent using her résumé from modeling. She made her acting debut on television at the age of 12, and her feature film debut that year in a bit role in the 1956 Alfred Hitchcock crime drama The Wrong Man.
In 1956 Weld played the lead in Rock, Rock, Rock, which featured record promoter Alan Freed and singers Chuck Berry, Frankie Lymon, and Johnny Burnette. In the film Connie Francis performed the vocals for Weld's singing parts.
On TV she appeared in an episode of Goodyear Playhouse, "Backwoods Cinderella". She understudied on Broadway in The Dark at the Top of the Stairs.
Weld was cast in a supporting role in the Paul Newman–Joanne Woodward comedy Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1958), made by 20th Century Fox. At Paramount Pictures, Weld was in The Five Pennies (1959), playing the daughter of Danny Kaye, who called Weld "15 going on 27". She guest-starred a number of times on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1958–59). She appeared in 77 Sunset Strip with Efrem Zimbalist Jr., in the 1959 episode, "Secret Island".
20th Century Fox
Weld's performance in Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! impressed executives at Fox, who signed her to a long-term contract. They cast her in the CBS television series The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, with a salary of $35,000 for one year. Weld played Thalia Menninger, the love interest of Dobie Gillis (played by Dwayne Hickman), whose rivals for Thalia's affection included Milton Armitage (played by Warren Beatty). Although Weld was a cast member for only one season, the show created considerable national publicity for her, and she was named a co-winner of a "Most Promising Newcomer" award at the Golden Globe Awards.
At Columbia, she had a leading role in a teen film, Because They're Young (1960), starring Dick Clark. She was second billed in Sex Kittens Go to College (1960) made by Albert Zugsmith at Allied Artists. She made a second film for Zugsmith, The Private Lives of Adam and Eve, made in 1959 but not released for two years.
She guest starred on The Red Skelton Hour in "Appleby: The Big Producer" (1959) and on 77 Sunset Strip (1959) and The Millionaire (1960).
At Fox, she played Joy, a free-spirited university student in High Time, starring Bing Crosby and Fabian Forte. She sang a love song to Fabian in the season opener of NBC's The Dinah Shore Chevy Show on October 9, 1960. Four weeks later, on November 13, Weld returned to the network as a guest star in NBC's The Tab Hunter Show. She guested in "The Mormons" for Zane Grey Theatre (1960).
For Fox, Weld had a supporting role in the sequel Return to Peyton Place (1961), in the part played by Hope Lange in the original. Her portrayal of an incest victim was well received, but the film was less successful than its predecessor. She supported Elvis Presley in Wild in the Country (1962), along with Lange. Weld had an off-screen romance with Presley.
Fox also used her as a guest star on Follow the Sun ("The Highest Wall") and Adventures in Paradise ("The Velvet Trap"). On November 12, 1961, she played a singer, Cherie, in the seventh episode of ABC's television series Bus Stop, produced by Fox, with Marilyn Maxwell and Gary Lockwood. It was an adaptation of the play by William Inge, with Weld in the role originated on screen by Marilyn Monroe.
Weld supported Terry-Thomas in the Frank Tashlin comedy Bachelor Flat (1962), for Fox. Following the film's release, she appeared on What's My Line? as the celebrity mystery guest.
Gossip magazine (1960) with a story about Weld and John Ireland
Weld's mother was scandalized by her teen daughter's love affairs with older men, such as actor John Ireland, but Weld resisted, saying, "'If you don't leave me alone, I'll quit being an actress—which means there ain't gonna be no more money for you, Mama'. Finally, when I was sixteen, I left home. I just went out the door and bought my own house".
She was Stanley Kubrick's first choice to play the role of Lolita in his 1962 film, but she turned the offer down, saying: "I didn't have to play it. I was Lolita".
Weld took three months off to go to Greenwich Village in New York and "study myself". Then she starred along with Jackie Gleason and Steve McQueen in Soldier in the Rain, written by Blake Edwards from a novel by William Goldman, but the film was only a minor success.
She won excellent reviews for a February 7, 1962, episode in the Naked City, "A Case Study of Two Savages", adapted from the real-life case of backwood killers Charles Starkweather (played by Rip Torn) and Ora Mae Youngham, (played by Weld), Starkweather's young bride, on a homicidal spree ending in New York City. She guest starred on Route 66 in "Love Is a Skinny Kid" (1962), Ben Casey in "When You See an Evil Man" (1962), and The Dick Powell Theatre in "A Time to Die" (1962) and "Run Till It's Dark" with Fabian (1962).
In 1963 Weld guest-starred as Denise Dunlear in The Eleventh Hour, in the episode "Something Crazy's Going on in the Back Room" alongside Angela Lansbury. She was in "The Legend of Lylah Clare" for The DuPont Show of the Week (1963), directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.
Tuesday Weld in 1964, with David Janssen in the TV series The Fugitive.
In 1964 she appeared in the title role of the episode "Keep an Eye on Emily" on Craig Stevens's CBS drama, Mr. Broadway. In the same year, she appeared as a troubled blind woman in "Dark Corner", an episode of The Fugitive.
She appeared with her former co-star Dwayne Hickman in Heck Palance's circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth on ABC, in separate episodes.
Weld supported Bob Hope in the comedy I'll Take Sweden (1965).
Stardom
Weld appeared in 1965 in the successful Norman Jewison film The Cincinnati Kid, opposite Steve McQueen. There was some controversy when she refused to meet the local governor at a fund-raiser for hurricane victims, jumping out of a car in view of 70,000 people. The film was a big hit.
Weld got a star role in Lord Love a Duck (1966), with Roddy McDowall, Ruth Gordon, and Harvey Korman. Weld received excellent reviews, but the film was a box office disappointment.
She followed it playing Abigail in a TV adaptation of The Crucible (1967), opposite George C. Scott and Colleen Dewhurst. After guest starring on Cimarron Strip (1967), Weld had the starring role in Pretty Poison (1968), co-starring Anthony Perkins. The film became a cult success, but she disliked the film and did not get on with director Noel Black.
Around this time, Weld became famous for turning down roles in films that succeeded at the box office, such as Bonnie and Clyde, Rosemary's Baby, True Grit, Cactus Flower, and Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice. In a 1971 interview with the New York Times, Weld explained that she had chosen to reject these roles precisely because she believed they would be commercial successes: "Do you think I want a success? I refused 'Bonnie and Clyde' because I was nursing at the time, but also because deep down I knew it was going to be a huge success. The same was true of 'Bob and Carol and Fred and Sue' or whatever it was called. It reeked of success".
The films Weld did make included I Walk the Line (1970), opposite Gregory Peck; A Safe Place (1971), co-starring Jack Nicholson and Orson Welles and directed by Henry Jaglom, and Play It as It Lays (1972), again with Perkins, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award.
Peak years of success
Weld began to work again in television, starring in Reflections of Murder (1974) and F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1975) in which she played Zelda Fitzgerald.
Weld attracted attention as the favored, out-of-control Katherine in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977)—packing into her short screen time an orgy, a divorce, a lot of alcohol, and two abortions—and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress; later she appeared in Who'll Stop the Rain (1978) opposite Nick Nolte; and the ensemble satire Serial (1980).
She said she preferred television. "What I dig about TV is the pace", she said. "Two weeks for even a heavy part – great. Too much thinking about a role is a disaster for me. I mean, let's do it, let's get it done."
She played the lead in the TV films A Question of Guilt (1978), in which she plays a woman accused of murdering her children, Mother and Daughter: The Loving War (1980), a remake of Madame X (1981), and a new version of The Rainmaker (1982).
In feature films, Weld had a good supporting role in Michael Mann's acclaimed 1981 film Thief, opposite James Caan. She played Al Pacino's wife in Author! Author! (1982) and co-starred with Donald Sutherland in the TV film The Winter of Our Discontent (1983). This performance earned her an Emmy nomination.
In 1984, she appeared in Sergio Leone's gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America, playing a jeweler's secretary, who is in on a plan to steal a shipment of diamonds. During the robbery, her character goads Robert De Niro's character, David "Noodles" Aaronson, into "raping" her with her complicity. She later meets up with the gang from the robbery, and becomes the moll of James Woods' character Max Bercovicz. Disturbed by what she sees as Max's delusional, even suicidal, ambitions, she convinces Noodles to betray Max to the police. The performance earned Weld a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress of 1984.
On TV, Weld was in Scorned and Swindled (1984), Circle of Violence (1986) and Something in Common (1986). She had a supporting role in Heartbreak Hotel (1988).
Later career
Weld was reunited with Anthony Perkins in an episode of Mistress of Suspense (1990).
In 1993, she played a police officer's neurotic wife in Falling Down, starring Michael Douglas and Robert Duvall. She had small supporting roles in Feeling Minnesota (1996), Investigating Sex (2001), and Chelsea Walls (2001).
Personal life
Weld has been married three times. She was married to screenwriter Claude Harz from October 23, 1965, until their divorce on February 18, 1971. They had a daughter, Natasha, born on August 26, 1966. Weld was awarded custody of Natasha in the divorce and $100 a month in child support payments.
She married British actor, musician and comedian Dudley Moore on September 20, 1975. On February 26, 1976, they had a son, Patrick. The couple divorced in 1980, with Weld receiving a $200,000 settlement plus $3,000 monthly alimony for the next 4 years and an additional $2,500 a month in child support.
On October 18, 1985, she married Israeli concert violinist and conductor Pinchas Zukerman, becoming stepmother to his daughters Arianna and Natalia. The couple divorced in 2001. In court papers, Zukerman quoted Weld as saying, "Why do I need to go to another concert when I've heard the piece before?" and "I can't stand the backstage scene. I don't want to hear another note."
Between marriages, Weld dated Al Pacino, David Steinberg, Mikhail Baryshnikov (whose previous girlfriend, Jessica Lange, had been Weld's best friend), Omar Sharif, Richard Gere and Ryan O'Neal.
Weld sold her beach house in Montauk, New York, in the late 2000s and moved to Carbondale, Colorado. In 2018, she left Colorado and bought a $1.8 million home in the Hollywood Hills.
Montauk house
Weld and then-husband Zukerman purchased 74 Surfside Ave in 1990 from the estate of Norman Kean, who produced the long-running Broadway show Oh! Calcutta! and who killed himself and his actress wife Gwyda Donhowe in their Manhattan apartment in 1988. Although the Montauk residence was not a crime scene, Weld later struggled to find a buyer for the property due to its murder-suicide connection. Listed in 2006, it sat on the market for three years before selling at a reduced price of $6.75 million in 2009 and is now rented. Weld bought a "tiny condo" there in 2021 for $335,000.
In popular culture
The cover of Matthew Sweet's 1991 album Girlfriend features a photo of Weld. Originally called Nothing Lasts, the album was retitled after Weld objected. Weld is mentioned in the Donald Fagen song "New Frontier" on his album The Nightfly. Sweet's greatest hits compilation Time Capsule features photos of Weld on the front and back covers.
Filmography
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1956
Rock, Rock, Rock
Dori Graham
1958
Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!
Comfort Goodpasture
1959
The Five Pennies
Dorothy Nichols, age 12 to 14
1960
Because They're Young
Anne Gregor
Sex Kittens Go to College
Jody
High Time
Joy Elder
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve
Vangie Harper
1961
Return to Peyton Place
Selena Cross
Wild in the Country
Noreen Braxton
1962
Bachelor Flat
Libby Bushmill/Libby Smith
1963
Soldier in the Rain
Bobby Jo Pepperdine
1965
I'll Take Sweden
JoJo Holcomb
The Cincinnati Kid
Christian Rudd
1966
Lord Love a Duck
Barbara Ann Greene
1968
Pretty Poison
Sue Ann Stepanek
1970
I Walk the Line
Alma McCain
1971
A Safe Place
Susan/Noah
1972
Play It as It Lays
Maria Wyeth Lang
Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1974
Reflections of Murder
Vicky
1977
Looking for Mr. Goodbar
Katherine
Nominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1978
Who'll Stop the Rain
Marge Converse
1980
Serial
Kate Linville Holroyd
1981
Thief
Jessie
1982
Author! Author!
Gloria Travalian
1984
Once Upon a Time in America
Carol
Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
1988
Heartbreak Hotel
Marie Wolfe
1993
Falling Down
Amanda Prendergast
1996
Feeling Minnesota
Nora Clayton
2001
Investigating Sex
Sasha Faldo
Chelsea Walls
Greta
Television
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1959
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Connie/Cathy
3 episodes
The Red Skelton Hour
Starlet
Episode: "Appleby: The Big Producer"
77 Sunset Strip
Barrie Connell
Episode: "Secret Island"
1959-62
The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
Thalia Menninger
Series regular (season 1)Guest star (seasons 3-4)
1960
77 Sunset Strip
Kitten Lang
Episode: "Condor's Lair"
The Millionaire
Beth Boland
Episode: "Millionaire Katherine Boland"
The Tab Hunter Show
Ginny
Episode: "The Doll in the Bathtub"
Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre
Beth Lawson
Episode: "The Mormons"
1961
Follow the Sun
Barbara Beaumont
Episode: "The Highest Wall"
Bus Stop
Cherie
Episode: "Cherie"
1962
Adventures in Paradise
Gloria Dannora
Episode: "The Velvet Trap"
Naked City
Ora Mae Youngham
Episode: "A Case Study of Two Savages"
Route 66
Miriam Moore
Episode: "Love Is a Skinny Kid"
Ben Casey
Melanie Gardner
Episode: "When You See an Evil Man"
1964
Mr. Broadway
Emily
Episode: "An Eye on Emily"
The Fugitive
Mattie Braydon
Episode: "Dark Corner"
1967
The Crucible
Abigail Williams
Television film
1968
Cimarron Strip
Heller
Episode: "Heller"
1975
F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood
Zelda Fitzgerald
Television film
1978
A Question of Guilt
Doris Winters
Television film
1980
Mother and Daughter: The Loving War
Lillie Lloyd McCann
Television film
1981
Madame X
Holly Richardson
Television film
1982
The Rainmaker
Lizzie
Television filmCableACE Award for Actress in a Theatrical or Non-Musical Program
1983
The Winter of our Discontent
Margie Young-Hunt
Television filmNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie
1984
Scorned and Swindled
Sharon Clark
Television film
1986
Circle of Violence
Georgia Benfield
Television film
Something in Common
Shelly Grant
Television film
1990
Chillers
Jessica
Episode: "Something You Have to Live With"
References
^ "Weld, Tuesday (1943—)". Encyclopedia.com. Cengage. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CVD6-NJ6Z
^ "Profile of Lathrop M. Weld". The New York Times. June 7, 1947.
^ "Yosene Ker a Bride; Wed to Lathrop M. Weld in Municipal Marriage Chapel". The New York Times. January 28, 1934.
^ Hayne, Carolyn (April 2004). "William Balfour Ker". Ask Art. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
^ "Alexander Graham Bell Autograph – Bell poignantly seeks help for children, 1922". History in Ink. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
^ Lynx, David; Wilbur, Yvonne (November 30, 2009). "Moxee Company, The (Yakima County)". HistoryLink.
^ a b c "Tuesday Weld: 'I Didn't Have to Play Lolita – I Was Lolita'". Moviecrazed. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
^ "Name made legal, 1959". Los Angeles Examiner Negatives Collection, 1950–1961. University of Southern California Libraries. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
^ "Tuesday Weld Given Legal Name on Friday". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 1959. p. 3.
^ "Tuesday weld given legal name on friday". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 1959. ProQuest 167548377.
^ Vickers, Graham (2008). Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again. Chicago Review Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781556529689.
^ Hopper, Hedda (December 7, 1958). "A New 'Child Woman' Comes to Fore—Named Tuesday Weld". Los Angeles Times. p. F3.
^ a b Christian, Frederick (July 26, 1959). "Tuesday Weld New Girl in Hollywood". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ProQuest 149287044.
^ "Only 15, but Expects to Collect $35,000 in TV". Los Angeles Times. February 28, 1959. p. B5. ProQuest 167411679.
^ Denver, Bob (1993). Gilligan, Maynard & Me. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. pp. 9–45. ISBN 978-0806514130.
^ "The Five Pennies". Golden Globe Award. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
^ Alpert, Don (March 13, 1960). "Tuesday Weld, at 16 Would Spend Her Life Like Money". Los Angeles Times. p. I3.
^ Keogh, Pamela Clarke (2008). Elvis Presley: The Man, the Life, the Legend. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0743486132. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ What's My Line?, What's My Line? – Tuesday Weld; Dana Andrews ; Johnny Carson (Jan 14, 1962), archived from the original on December 22, 2021, retrieved December 5, 2018
^ a b c d Jordan, Louis (September 20, 2011). "The Real Tuesday Weld". Slant Magazine.
^ Scott, John L. (July 14, 1963). "HOLLYWOOD CALENDAR: Tuesday Weld Serves Notice on Film Capital". Los Angeles Times. p. d8.
^ "A Case Study of Two Savages". TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "A blue monday for tuesday weld". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 1965. ProQuest 155276508.
^ Haber, J. (October 22, 1972). "The evolution of a hollywood brat". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 157045364.
^ Burke, Tom. (April 30, 1978). "Forever Tuesday". Chicago Tribune. p. i42.
^ "Tuesday Weld Gets Divorce". The New York Times. February 19, 1971.
^ Best of the Gossip Columns (September 29, 1981) – via Google Books
^ Prentice, Michael (April 12, 2001). "Zukerman, Weld divorce with 'amicable' settlement". The Ottawa Citizen. p. D6.
^ Mitchell, Deborah; Landman, Beth (March 29, 1999). "Zukerman Unbound in Court". New York Magazine.
^ Grobel, Lawrence (2006). Al Pacino. Simon and Schuster. p. 59. ISBN 1416955569.
^ Flatley, Guy (November 7, 1971). "Most of All, Tuesday Remembers Mama". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^ "Walter Scott's Personality Parade". The Boston Globe. February 20, 1983.
^ McCall, Cheryl (June 15, 1981). "After Raising Cain in 'Postman,' Jessica Lange Rears Baryshnikov's Babe—Lovingly". People.
^ "The sad life of Omar Sharif - Hollywood's Sultan of seduction". www.dailyo.in.
^ Smith, Liz (January 3, 1980). "Rampant rumors off 1980–Chap. One". New York Daily News.
^ O'Neal, Tatum (2004). A Paper Life. HarperCollins. p. 39. ISBN 0060751029.
^ David, Mark (April 3, 2018). "Tuesday Weld Picks Up Hollywood Hills Home". Variety.
^ Casselman, Ben (December 8, 2006). "Sale Italian Style: Sophia Loren Sells Ranch". Wall Street Journal.
^ Gould, Jennifer (September 24, 2009). "Talk of the townhouses". New York Post.
^ Cassidy, Grace (March 9, 2018). "What $400K rents you in Montauk for the summer". Curbed.
^ Euler, Laura (September 17, 2021). "Tuesday Weld Scoops Up Compact Hamptons Condo". Yahoo!.
^ Kelly, Christina (October 26, 2011). "Matthew Sweet Looks Back on 20 Years of 'Girlfriend'". Spin. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
^ Hickey, Matt (December 15, 2000). "Q&A With Matthew Sweet". Magnet (magazine). Retrieved July 2, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuesday Weld.
Tuesday Weld at IMDb
Tuesday Weld at the Internet Broadway Database
Tuesday Weld at the TCM Movie Database
vteGolden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress1940s
Lois Maxwell (1948)
No Award (1949)
1950s
Mercedes McCambridge (1950)
No Award (1951)
Pier Angeli (1952)
Colette Marchand (1953)
Pat Crowley / Bella Darvi / Barbara Rush (1954)
Shirley MacLaine / Kim Novak / Karen Sharpe (1955)
Anita Ekberg / Victoria Shaw / Dana Wynter (1956)
Carroll Baker / Jayne Mansfield / Natalie Wood (1957)
Sandra Dee / Carolyn Jones / Diane Varsi (1958)
Linda Cristal / Susan Kohner / Tina Louise (1959)
1960s
Angie Dickinson / Janet Munro / Stella Stevens / Tuesday Weld (1960)
Ina Balin / Nancy Kwan / Hayley Mills (1961)
Ann-Margret / Jane Fonda / Christine Kaufmann (1962)
Patty Duke / Sue Lyon / Rita Tushingham (1963)
Ursula Andress / Tippi Hedren / Elke Sommer (1964)
Mia Farrow / Celia Kaye / Mary Ann Mobley (1965)
Elizabeth Hartman (1966)
Camilla Sparv (1967)
Katharine Ross (1968)
Olivia Hussey (1969)
1970s
Ali MacGraw (1970)
Carrie Snodgress (1971)
Twiggy (1972)
Diana Ross (1973)
Tatum O'Neal (1974)
Susan Flannery (1975)
Marilyn Hassett (1976)
Jessica Lange (1977)
No Award (1978)
Irene Miracle (1979)
1980s
Bette Midler (1980)
Nastassja Kinski (1981)
Pia Zadora (1982)
Sandahl Bergman (1983)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Real Tuesday Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Tuesday_Weld"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Female Newcomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Play It as It Lays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_as_It_Lays_(film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Looking for Mr. Goodbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_for_Mr._Goodbar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Winter of Our Discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter_of_Our_Discontent_(film)"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America"}],"text":"This article is about the actress. For the band, see The Real Tuesday Weld.American actressTuesday Weld (born Susan Ker Weld; August 27, 1943) is a former American actress. She began acting as a child and progressed to mature roles in the late 1950s. She won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Female Newcomer in 1960. Over the following decade, she established a career playing dramatic roles in films.Weld often portrayed impulsive and reckless women and was nominated for a Golden Globe for Play It as It Lays (1972), an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), an Emmy Award for The Winter of Our Discontent (1983), and a BAFTA for Once Upon a Time in America (1984). Since the late 1980s her acting appearances have been infrequent.","title":"Tuesday Weld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Weld family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_family"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"William Balfour Ker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Balfour_Ker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AskArt-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HiI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yakima-Herald-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moviecrazed-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Weld was born Susan Ker Weld in Manhattan on August 27, 1943.[1] Her father was Lathrop Motley Weld, of the Weld family of Massachusetts. Her father died in 1947 at the age of 49, shortly before his daughter's fourth birthday. Her mother, Yosene Balfour Ker, daughter of the artist and Life illustrator William Balfour Ker, was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England[2]. She was Lathrop Weld's fourth and last wife.[3][4] Canadian-born William Balfour Ker had Scottish ancestry.[5] His mother, Lily Florence Bell Ker, was first cousin of the inventor Alexander Graham Bell,[6] and his father, William Ker, was a Scottish businessman and banker.[7]Weld had two siblings, Sarah King Weld and David Balfour Weld.[8] She legally changed her name to Tuesday Weld on October 9, 1959.[9][10]","title":"Background and family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuxedo Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moviecrazed-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"The Wrong Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Man"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rock, Rock, Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alan Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Freed"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Frankie Lymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Lymon"},{"link_name":"Johnny Burnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Burnette"},{"link_name":"Connie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis"},{"link_name":"Goodyear Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"The Dark at the Top of the Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_at_the_Top_of_the_Stairs"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Joanne Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Rally Round the Flag, Boys!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Round_the_Flag,_Boys!"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Five Pennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Pennies"},{"link_name":"Danny Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kaye"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ozzie_and_Harriet"},{"link_name":"77 Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77_Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"Efrem Zimbalist Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Left in financial difficulty by her husband's death, Weld's mother put Weld to work as a model to support the family. As the young actress told Life in 1971:My father's family came from Tuxedo Park, and they offered to take us kids and pay for our education, on the condition that Mama never see us again. Mama was an orphan who had come here from London but so far as my father's family was concerned, she was strictly from the gutter. I have to give Mama credit—she refused to give us up… So I became the supporter of the family, and I had to take my father's place in many, many ways. I was expected to make up for everything that had ever gone wrong in Mama's life. She became obsessed with me, pouring out her pent-up love—her alleged love—on me, and it's been heavy on my shoulders ever since. Mama still thinks I owe everything to her.[8]Her name became Tuesday, an extension of her childhood nickname, \"Tu-Tu\", so named by her young cousin, Mary Ker, who could not pronounce \"Susan\". She officially adopted her name in October 1959.[11]Weld's mother secured her an agent using her résumé from modeling. She made her acting debut on television at the age of 12, and her feature film debut that year in a bit role in the 1956 Alfred Hitchcock crime drama The Wrong Man.[12]In 1956 Weld played the lead in Rock, Rock, Rock, which featured record promoter Alan Freed and singers Chuck Berry, Frankie Lymon, and Johnny Burnette. In the film Connie Francis performed the vocals for Weld's singing parts.On TV she appeared in an episode of Goodyear Playhouse, \"Backwoods Cinderella\". She understudied on Broadway in The Dark at the Top of the Stairs.Weld was cast in a supporting role in the Paul Newman–Joanne Woodward comedy Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1958), made by 20th Century Fox. At Paramount Pictures, Weld was in The Five Pennies (1959), playing the daughter of Danny Kaye, who called Weld \"15 going on 27\".[13] She guest-starred a number of times on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1958–59). She appeared in 77 Sunset Strip with Efrem Zimbalist Jr., in the 1959 episode, \"Secret Island\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weld-14"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Loves_of_Dobie_Gillis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Thalia Menninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalia_Menninger"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Hickman"},{"link_name":"Warren Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Beatty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDenverbook-16"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weld-14"},{"link_name":"Because They're Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_They%27re_Young"},{"link_name":"Dick Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark"},{"link_name":"Sex Kittens Go to College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Kittens_Go_to_College"},{"link_name":"Albert Zugsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Zugsmith"},{"link_name":"Allied Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Artists_Pictures_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Private Lives of Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Adam_and_Eve_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Red Skelton Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Skelton_Hour"},{"link_name":"77 Sunset Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77_Sunset_Strip"},{"link_name":"The Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Millionaire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"High Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Time_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Fabian Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Forte"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Dinah Shore Chevy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinah_Shore_Chevy_Show"},{"link_name":"The Tab Hunter Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tab_Hunter_Show"},{"link_name":"Zane Grey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Grey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Return to Peyton Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Peyton_Place_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hope Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Lange"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moviecrazed-8"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Wild in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Follow the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Sun_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Paradise_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Bus Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Stop_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Gary Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"William Inge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Inge"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Terry-Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Frank Tashlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tashlin"},{"link_name":"Bachelor Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Flat"},{"link_name":"What's My Line?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Lolita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita"},{"link_name":"his 1962 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis_jordan-21"},{"link_name":"Soldier in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"William Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goldman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Naked City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charles Starkweather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Starkweather"},{"link_name":"Rip Torn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Torn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ben Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Casey"},{"link_name":"The Dick Powell Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dick_Powell_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Run Till It's Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Till_It%27s_Dark"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(1962_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Lylah Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Lylah_Clare"},{"link_name":"The DuPont Show of the Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_of_the_Week"},{"link_name":"Franklin J. Schaffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Janssen_Tuesday_Weld_The_Fugitive_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Janssen"},{"link_name":"The Fugitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Craig Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Stevens_(actor)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Mr. Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Broadway_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Fugitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heck Palance's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Palance"},{"link_name":"The Greatest Show on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope"},{"link_name":"I'll Take Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Take_Sweden"}],"sub_title":"20th Century Fox","text":"Weld's performance in Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! impressed executives at Fox, who signed her to a long-term contract.[14] They cast her in the CBS television series The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, with a salary of $35,000 for one year.[15] Weld played Thalia Menninger, the love interest of Dobie Gillis (played by Dwayne Hickman), whose rivals for Thalia's affection included Milton Armitage (played by Warren Beatty). Although Weld was a cast member for only one season, the show created considerable national publicity for her,[16] and she was named a co-winner of a \"Most Promising Newcomer\" award at the Golden Globe Awards.[17][14]At Columbia, she had a leading role in a teen film, Because They're Young (1960), starring Dick Clark. She was second billed in Sex Kittens Go to College (1960) made by Albert Zugsmith at Allied Artists. She made a second film for Zugsmith, The Private Lives of Adam and Eve, made in 1959 but not released for two years.She guest starred on The Red Skelton Hour in \"Appleby: The Big Producer\" (1959) and on 77 Sunset Strip (1959) and The Millionaire (1960).At Fox, she played Joy, a free-spirited university student in High Time, starring Bing Crosby and Fabian Forte. She sang a love song to Fabian in the season opener of NBC's The Dinah Shore Chevy Show on October 9, 1960. Four weeks later, on November 13, Weld returned to the network as a guest star in NBC's The Tab Hunter Show. She guested in \"The Mormons\" for Zane Grey Theatre (1960).[18]For Fox, Weld had a supporting role in the sequel Return to Peyton Place (1961), in the part played by Hope Lange in the original. Her portrayal of an incest victim was well received, but the film was less successful than its predecessor.[8] She supported Elvis Presley in Wild in the Country (1962), along with Lange. Weld had an off-screen romance with Presley.[19]Fox also used her as a guest star on Follow the Sun (\"The Highest Wall\") and Adventures in Paradise (\"The Velvet Trap\"). On November 12, 1961, she played a singer, Cherie, in the seventh episode of ABC's television series Bus Stop, produced by Fox, with Marilyn Maxwell and Gary Lockwood. It was an adaptation of the play by William Inge, with Weld in the role originated on screen by Marilyn Monroe.Weld supported Terry-Thomas in the Frank Tashlin comedy Bachelor Flat (1962), for Fox. Following the film's release, she appeared on What's My Line? as the celebrity mystery guest.[20]Gossip magazine (1960) with a story about Weld and John IrelandWeld's mother was scandalized by her teen daughter's love affairs with older men, such as actor John Ireland, but Weld resisted, saying, \"'If you don't leave me alone, I'll quit being an actress—which means there ain't gonna be no more money for you, Mama'. Finally, when I was sixteen, I left home. I just went out the door and bought my own house\".She was Stanley Kubrick's first choice to play the role of Lolita in his 1962 film, but she turned the offer down, saying: \"I didn't have to play it. I was Lolita\".[21]Weld took three months off to go to Greenwich Village in New York and \"study myself\". Then she starred along with Jackie Gleason and Steve McQueen in Soldier in the Rain, written by Blake Edwards from a novel by William Goldman, but the film was only a minor success.[22]She won excellent reviews for a February 7, 1962, episode in the Naked City, \"A Case Study of Two Savages\", adapted from the real-life case of backwood killers Charles Starkweather (played by Rip Torn) and Ora Mae Youngham, (played by Weld), Starkweather's young bride, on a homicidal spree ending in New York City.[23] She guest starred on Route 66 in \"Love Is a Skinny Kid\" (1962), Ben Casey in \"When You See an Evil Man\" (1962), and The Dick Powell Theatre in \"A Time to Die\" (1962) and \"Run Till It's Dark\" with Fabian (1962).In 1963 Weld guest-starred as Denise Dunlear in The Eleventh Hour, in the episode \"Something Crazy's Going on in the Back Room\" alongside Angela Lansbury. She was in \"The Legend of Lylah Clare\" for The DuPont Show of the Week (1963), directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.Tuesday Weld in 1964, with David Janssen in the TV series The Fugitive.In 1964 she appeared in the title role of the episode \"Keep an Eye on Emily\" on Craig Stevens's CBS drama, Mr. Broadway. In the same year, she appeared as a troubled blind woman in \"Dark Corner\", an episode of The Fugitive.She appeared with her former co-star Dwayne Hickman in Heck Palance's circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth on ABC, in separate episodes.Weld supported Bob Hope in the comedy I'll Take Sweden (1965).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Jewison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Jewison"},{"link_name":"The Cincinnati Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Kid"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lord Love a Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Love_a_Duck"},{"link_name":"Roddy McDowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy_McDowall"},{"link_name":"Ruth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Harvey Korman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Korman"},{"link_name":"The Crucible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible"},{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"Colleen Dewhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst"},{"link_name":"Cimarron Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarron_Strip"},{"link_name":"Pretty Poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Poison_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Noel Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Black"},{"link_name":"Bonnie and Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rosemary's Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)"},{"link_name":"True Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Cactus Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Flower_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_%26_Carol_%26_Ted_%26_Alice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis_jordan-21"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis_jordan-21"},{"link_name":"I Walk the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Peck"},{"link_name":"A Safe Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Safe_Place"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Henry Jaglom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jaglom"},{"link_name":"Play It as It Lays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_as_It_Lays_(film)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brat-25"}],"sub_title":"Stardom","text":"Weld appeared in 1965 in the successful Norman Jewison film The Cincinnati Kid, opposite Steve McQueen. There was some controversy when she refused to meet the local governor at a fund-raiser for hurricane victims, jumping out of a car in view of 70,000 people.[24] The film was a big hit.Weld got a star role in Lord Love a Duck (1966), with Roddy McDowall, Ruth Gordon, and Harvey Korman. Weld received excellent reviews, but the film was a box office disappointment.She followed it playing Abigail in a TV adaptation of The Crucible (1967), opposite George C. Scott and Colleen Dewhurst. After guest starring on Cimarron Strip (1967), Weld had the starring role in Pretty Poison (1968), co-starring Anthony Perkins. The film became a cult success, but she disliked the film and did not get on with director Noel Black.Around this time, Weld became famous for turning down roles in films that succeeded at the box office, such as Bonnie and Clyde, Rosemary's Baby, True Grit, Cactus Flower, and Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice.[21] In a 1971 interview with the New York Times, Weld explained that she had chosen to reject these roles precisely because she believed they would be commercial successes: \"Do you think I want a success? I refused 'Bonnie and Clyde' because I was nursing at the time, but also because deep down I knew it was going to be a huge success. The same was true of 'Bob and Carol and Fred and Sue' or whatever it was called. It reeked of success\".[21]The films Weld did make included I Walk the Line (1970), opposite Gregory Peck; A Safe Place (1971), co-starring Jack Nicholson and Orson Welles and directed by Henry Jaglom, and Play It as It Lays (1972), again with Perkins, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reflections of Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_of_Murder"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Zelda Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Looking for Mr. Goodbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_for_Mr._Goodbar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis_jordan-21"},{"link_name":"Who'll Stop the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27ll_Stop_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tom-26"},{"link_name":"Mother and Daughter: The Loving War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Daughter:_The_Loving_War"},{"link_name":"Madame X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_X_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(play)"},{"link_name":"Michael Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mann_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Caan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caan"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Author! Author!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author!_Author!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Donald Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"The Winter of Our Discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter_of_Our_Discontent_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro"},{"link_name":"David \"Noodles\" Aaronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%22Noodles%22_Aaronson"},{"link_name":"James Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Woods"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role"},{"link_name":"Scorned and Swindled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorned_and_Swindled"},{"link_name":"Circle of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Violence:_A_Family_Drama"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Hotel_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Peak years of success","text":"Weld began to work again in television, starring in Reflections of Murder (1974) and F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1975) in which she played Zelda Fitzgerald.Weld attracted attention as the favored, out-of-control Katherine in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977)—packing into her short screen time an orgy, a divorce, a lot of alcohol, and two abortions—and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress;[21] later she appeared in Who'll Stop the Rain (1978) opposite Nick Nolte; and the ensemble satire Serial (1980).She said she preferred television. \"What I dig about TV is the pace\", she said. \"Two weeks for even a heavy part – great. Too much thinking about a role is a disaster for me. I mean, let's do it, let's get it done.\"[26]She played the lead in the TV films A Question of Guilt (1978), in which she plays a woman accused of murdering her children, Mother and Daughter: The Loving War (1980), a remake of Madame X (1981), and a new version of The Rainmaker (1982).In feature films, Weld had a good supporting role in Michael Mann's acclaimed 1981 film Thief, opposite James Caan. She played Al Pacino's wife in Author! Author! (1982) and co-starred with Donald Sutherland in the TV film The Winter of Our Discontent (1983). This performance earned her an Emmy nomination.In 1984, she appeared in Sergio Leone's gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America, playing a jeweler's secretary, who is in on a plan to steal a shipment of diamonds. During the robbery, her character goads Robert De Niro's character, David \"Noodles\" Aaronson, into \"raping\" her with her complicity. She later meets up with the gang from the robbery, and becomes the moll of James Woods' character Max Bercovicz. Disturbed by what she sees as Max's delusional, even suicidal, ambitions, she convinces Noodles to betray Max to the police. The performance earned Weld a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress of 1984.On TV, Weld was in Scorned and Swindled (1984), Circle of Violence (1986) and Something in Common (1986). She had a supporting role in Heartbreak Hotel (1988).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Perkins"},{"link_name":"neurotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis"},{"link_name":"Falling Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_Down"},{"link_name":"Michael Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Feeling Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Investigating Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigating_Sex"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Walls"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Weld was reunited with Anthony Perkins in an episode of Mistress of Suspense (1990).In 1993, she played a police officer's neurotic wife in Falling Down, starring Michael Douglas and Robert Duvall. She had small supporting roles in Feeling Minnesota (1996), Investigating Sex (2001), and Chelsea Walls (2001).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Dudley Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pinchas Zukerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Zukerman"},{"link_name":"Arianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_Zukerman"},{"link_name":"Natalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Zukerman"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"David Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Baryshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jessica Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Lange"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Omar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ryan O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Montauk, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Carbondale, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondale,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Weld has been married three times. She was married to screenwriter Claude Harz from October 23, 1965, until their divorce on February 18, 1971. They had a daughter, Natasha, born on August 26, 1966. Weld was awarded custody of Natasha in the divorce and $100 a month in child support payments.[27]She married British actor, musician and comedian Dudley Moore on September 20, 1975. On February 26, 1976, they had a son, Patrick. The couple divorced in 1980, with Weld receiving a $200,000 settlement plus $3,000 monthly alimony for the next 4 years and an additional $2,500 a month in child support.[28]On October 18, 1985, she married Israeli concert violinist and conductor Pinchas Zukerman, becoming stepmother to his daughters Arianna and Natalia. The couple divorced in 2001.[29] In court papers, Zukerman quoted Weld as saying, \"Why do I need to go to another concert when I've heard the piece before?\" and \"I can't stand the backstage scene. I don't want to hear another note.\"[30]Between marriages, Weld dated Al Pacino,[31] David Steinberg,[32] Mikhail Baryshnikov[33] (whose previous girlfriend, Jessica Lange, had been Weld's best friend),[34] Omar Sharif,[35] Richard Gere[36] and Ryan O'Neal.[37]Weld sold her beach house in Montauk, New York, in the late 2000s and moved to Carbondale, Colorado. In 2018, she left Colorado and bought a $1.8 million home in the Hollywood Hills.[38]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oh! Calcutta!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_Calcutta!"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Montauk house","text":"Weld and then-husband Zukerman purchased 74 Surfside Ave in 1990 from the estate of Norman Kean, who produced the long-running Broadway show Oh! Calcutta! and who killed himself and his actress wife Gwyda Donhowe in their Manhattan apartment in 1988.[39] Although the Montauk residence was not a crime scene, Weld later struggled to find a buyer for the property due to its murder-suicide connection. Listed in 2006, it sat on the market for three years before selling at a reduced price of $6.75 million in 2009 and is now rented.[40][41] Weld bought a \"tiny condo\" there in 2021 for $335,000.[42]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend_(album)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin20Years-43"},{"link_name":"Donald Fagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Fagen"},{"link_name":"New Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Frontier_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Nightfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightfly"},{"link_name":"Time Capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Capsule:_Best_of_90/00"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The cover of Matthew Sweet's 1991 album Girlfriend features a photo of Weld. Originally called Nothing Lasts, the album was retitled after Weld objected.[43] Weld is mentioned in the Donald Fagen song \"New Frontier\" on his album The Nightfly. Sweet's greatest hits compilation Time Capsule features photos of Weld on the front and back covers.[44]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Gossip magazine (1960) with a story about Weld and John Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg/220px-Confidential_Magazine_cover_September_1960_-_Tuesday_Weld.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tuesday Weld in 1964, with David Janssen in the TV series The Fugitive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/David_Janssen_Tuesday_Weld_The_Fugitive_1964.jpg/160px-David_Janssen_Tuesday_Weld_The_Fugitive_1964.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Weld, Tuesday (1943—)\". Encyclopedia.com. Cengage. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/weld-tuesday-1943","url_text":"\"Weld, Tuesday (1943—)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com","url_text":"Encyclopedia.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage","url_text":"Cengage"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Lathrop M. Weld\". The New York Times. June 7, 1947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Yosene Ker a Bride; Wed to Lathrop M. Weld in Municipal Marriage Chapel\". The New York Times. January 28, 1934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hayne, Carolyn (April 2004). \"William Balfour Ker\". Ask Art. Retrieved June 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.askart.com/artist_bio/William_Balfour_Ker/126118/William_Balfour_Ker.aspx","url_text":"\"William Balfour Ker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander Graham Bell Autograph – Bell poignantly seeks help for children, 1922\". History in Ink. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyinink.com/1834603_Alexander_Graham_Bell_TLS_4-18-1922.htm","url_text":"\"Alexander Graham Bell Autograph – Bell poignantly seeks help for children, 1922\""}]},{"reference":"Lynx, David; Wilbur, Yvonne (November 30, 2009). \"Moxee Company, The (Yakima County)\". HistoryLink.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9218","url_text":"\"Moxee Company, The (Yakima County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryLink","url_text":"HistoryLink"}]},{"reference":"\"Tuesday Weld: 'I Didn't Have to Play Lolita – I Was Lolita'\". Moviecrazed. Retrieved April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moviecrazed.com/outpast/tuesdayweld.html","url_text":"\"Tuesday Weld: 'I Didn't Have to Play Lolita – I Was Lolita'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Name made legal, 1959\". Los Angeles Examiner Negatives Collection, 1950–1961. University of Southern California Libraries. Retrieved April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/search/controller/view/examiner-m18417.html?x=1353459887310","url_text":"\"Name made legal, 1959\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Libraries","url_text":"University of Southern California Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Tuesday Weld Given Legal Name on Friday\". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 1959. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Tuesday weld given legal name on friday\". Los Angeles Times. October 10, 1959. ProQuest 167548377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/167548377","url_text":"167548377"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Graham (2008). Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again. Chicago Review Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781556529689.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chasinglolitahow00vick_950","url_text":"Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press","url_text":"Chicago Review Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chasinglolitahow00vick_950/page/n120","url_text":"111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556529689","url_text":"9781556529689"}]},{"reference":"Hopper, Hedda (December 7, 1958). \"A New 'Child Woman' Comes to Fore—Named Tuesday Weld\". Los Angeles Times. p. F3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Christian, Frederick (July 26, 1959). \"Tuesday Weld New Girl in Hollywood\". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ProQuest 149287044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post_and_Times-Herald","url_text":"The Washington Post and Times-Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/149287044","url_text":"149287044"}]},{"reference":"\"Only 15, but Expects to Collect $35,000 in TV\". Los Angeles Times. February 28, 1959. p. B5. ProQuest 167411679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/167411679","url_text":"167411679"}]},{"reference":"Denver, Bob (1993). Gilligan, Maynard & Me. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. pp. 9–45. ISBN 978-0806514130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Denver","url_text":"Denver, Bob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806514130","url_text":"978-0806514130"}]},{"reference":"\"The Five Pennies\". Golden Globe Award. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved April 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hfpa.org/browse/?param=/film/25247","url_text":"\"The Five Pennies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award","url_text":"Golden Globe Award"}]},{"reference":"Alpert, Don (March 13, 1960). \"Tuesday Weld, at 16 Would Spend Her Life Like Money\". Los Angeles Times. p. I3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Keogh, Pamela Clarke (2008). Elvis Presley: The Man, the Life, the Legend. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0743486132. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4leHQDbq6MEC","url_text":"Elvis Presley: The Man, the Life, the Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743486132","url_text":"978-0743486132"}]},{"reference":"What's My Line?, What's My Line? – Tuesday Weld; Dana Andrews [panel]; Johnny Carson [panel] (Jan 14, 1962), archived from the original on December 22, 2021, retrieved December 5, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7cW1NjrXCE","url_text":"What's My Line? – Tuesday Weld; Dana Andrews [panel]; Johnny Carson [panel] (Jan 14, 1962)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/t7cW1NjrXCE","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Louis (September 20, 2011). \"The Real Tuesday Weld\". Slant Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/the-real-tuesday-weld","url_text":"\"The Real Tuesday Weld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Scott, John L. (July 14, 1963). \"HOLLYWOOD CALENDAR: Tuesday Weld Serves Notice on Film Capital\". Los Angeles Times. p. d8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A Case Study of Two Savages\". TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151203180704/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/naked-city/episode-18-season-3/a-case-study-of-two-savages/203338/","url_text":"\"A Case Study of Two Savages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"},{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/naked-city/episode-18-season-3/a-case-study-of-two-savages/203338/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A blue monday for tuesday weld\". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 1965. ProQuest 155276508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/155276508","url_text":"155276508"}]},{"reference":"Haber, J. (October 22, 1972). \"The evolution of a hollywood brat\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 157045364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/157045364","url_text":"157045364"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Tom. (April 30, 1978). \"Forever Tuesday\". Chicago Tribune. p. i42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tuesday Weld Gets Divorce\". The New York Times. February 19, 1971.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/19/archives/tuesday-weld-gets-divorce.html","url_text":"\"Tuesday Weld Gets Divorce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Deborah; Landman, Beth (March 29, 1999). \"Zukerman Unbound in Court\". New York Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/1129","url_text":"\"Zukerman Unbound in Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Grobel, Lawrence (2006). Al Pacino. Simon and Schuster. p. 59. ISBN 1416955569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416955569","url_text":"1416955569"}]},{"reference":"Flatley, Guy (November 7, 1971). \"Most of All, Tuesday Remembers Mama\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/07/archives/most-of-all-tuesday-remembers-mama.html","url_text":"\"Most of All, Tuesday Remembers Mama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Scott's Personality Parade\". The Boston Globe. February 20, 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/437247730","url_text":"\"Walter Scott's Personality Parade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"McCall, Cheryl (June 15, 1981). \"After Raising Cain in 'Postman,' Jessica Lange Rears Baryshnikov's Babe—Lovingly\". People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/after-raising-cain-in-postman-jessica-lange-rears-baryshnikovs-babe-lovingly-vol-15-no-23","url_text":"\"After Raising Cain in 'Postman,' Jessica Lange Rears Baryshnikov's Babe—Lovingly\""}]},{"reference":"\"The sad life of Omar Sharif - Hollywood's Sultan of seduction\". www.dailyo.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyo.in/arts/omar-sharif-alzheimers-disease-hollywood-faten-hamama-ingrid-bergman-4043","url_text":"\"The sad life of Omar Sharif - Hollywood's Sultan of seduction\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Liz (January 3, 1980). \"Rampant rumors off 1980–Chap. One\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/433995929","url_text":"\"Rampant rumors off 1980–Chap. One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"O'Neal, Tatum (2004). A Paper Life. HarperCollins. p. 39. ISBN 0060751029.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu/page/39","url_text":"A Paper Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu/page/39","url_text":"39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060751029","url_text":"0060751029"}]},{"reference":"David, Mark (April 3, 2018). \"Tuesday Weld Picks Up Hollywood Hills Home\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/dirt/real-estalker/tuesday-weld-hollywood-hills-1202741924","url_text":"\"Tuesday Weld Picks Up Hollywood Hills Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Casselman, Ben (December 8, 2006). \"Sale Italian Style: Sophia Loren Sells Ranch\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116553525406344039","url_text":"\"Sale Italian Style: Sophia Loren Sells Ranch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Jennifer (September 24, 2009). \"Talk of the townhouses\". New York Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2009/09/24/talk-of-the-townhouses/","url_text":"\"Talk of the townhouses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Cassidy, Grace (March 9, 2018). \"What $400K rents you in Montauk for the summer\". Curbed.","urls":[{"url":"https://hamptons.curbed.com/2018/3/9/17099666/curbed-comparisons-montauk-400k-rentals","url_text":"\"What $400K rents you in Montauk for the summer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbed","url_text":"Curbed"}]},{"reference":"Euler, Laura (September 17, 2021). \"Tuesday Weld Scoops Up Compact Hamptons Condo\". Yahoo!.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/now/tuesday-weld-scoops-compact-hamptons-202112624.html","url_text":"\"Tuesday Weld Scoops Up Compact Hamptons Condo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Christina (October 26, 2011). \"Matthew Sweet Looks Back on 20 Years of 'Girlfriend'\". Spin. Retrieved January 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/2011/10/matthew-sweet-looks-back-20-years-girlfriend/","url_text":"\"Matthew Sweet Looks Back on 20 Years of 'Girlfriend'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/weld-tuesday-1943","external_links_name":"\"Weld, Tuesday (1943—)\""},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CVD6-NJ6Z","external_links_name":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CVD6-NJ6Z"},{"Link":"https://www.askart.com/artist_bio/William_Balfour_Ker/126118/William_Balfour_Ker.aspx","external_links_name":"\"William Balfour Ker\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyinink.com/1834603_Alexander_Graham_Bell_TLS_4-18-1922.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alexander Graham Bell Autograph – Bell poignantly seeks help for children, 1922\""},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9218","external_links_name":"\"Moxee Company, The (Yakima County)\""},{"Link":"http://www.moviecrazed.com/outpast/tuesdayweld.html","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Weld: 'I Didn't Have to Play Lolita – I Was Lolita'\""},{"Link":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/search/controller/view/examiner-m18417.html?x=1353459887310","external_links_name":"\"Name made legal, 1959\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/167548377","external_links_name":"167548377"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chasinglolitahow00vick_950","external_links_name":"Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chasinglolitahow00vick_950/page/n120","external_links_name":"111"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/149287044","external_links_name":"149287044"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/167411679","external_links_name":"167411679"},{"Link":"http://www.hfpa.org/browse/?param=/film/25247","external_links_name":"\"The Five Pennies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4leHQDbq6MEC","external_links_name":"Elvis Presley: The Man, the Life, the Legend"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7cW1NjrXCE","external_links_name":"What's My Line? – Tuesday Weld; Dana Andrews [panel]; Johnny Carson [panel] (Jan 14, 1962)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/t7cW1NjrXCE","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/the-real-tuesday-weld","external_links_name":"\"The Real Tuesday Weld\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151203180704/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/naked-city/episode-18-season-3/a-case-study-of-two-savages/203338/","external_links_name":"\"A Case Study of Two Savages\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/naked-city/episode-18-season-3/a-case-study-of-two-savages/203338/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/155276508","external_links_name":"155276508"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/157045364","external_links_name":"157045364"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/19/archives/tuesday-weld-gets-divorce.html","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Weld Gets Divorce\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gu8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"Best of the Gossip Columns"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/466767617","external_links_name":"Zukerman, Weld divorce with 'amicable' settlement"},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/1129","external_links_name":"\"Zukerman Unbound in Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/07/archives/most-of-all-tuesday-remembers-mama.html","external_links_name":"\"Most of All, Tuesday Remembers Mama\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/437247730","external_links_name":"\"Walter Scott's Personality Parade\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/archive/after-raising-cain-in-postman-jessica-lange-rears-baryshnikovs-babe-lovingly-vol-15-no-23","external_links_name":"\"After Raising Cain in 'Postman,' Jessica Lange Rears Baryshnikov's Babe—Lovingly\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailyo.in/arts/omar-sharif-alzheimers-disease-hollywood-faten-hamama-ingrid-bergman-4043","external_links_name":"\"The sad life of Omar Sharif - Hollywood's Sultan of seduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/433995929","external_links_name":"\"Rampant rumors off 1980–Chap. One\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu/page/39","external_links_name":"A Paper Life"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paperlife00tatu/page/39","external_links_name":"39"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/dirt/real-estalker/tuesday-weld-hollywood-hills-1202741924","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Weld Picks Up Hollywood Hills Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116553525406344039","external_links_name":"\"Sale Italian Style: Sophia Loren Sells Ranch\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2009/09/24/talk-of-the-townhouses/","external_links_name":"\"Talk of the townhouses\""},{"Link":"https://hamptons.curbed.com/2018/3/9/17099666/curbed-comparisons-montauk-400k-rentals","external_links_name":"\"What $400K rents you in Montauk for the summer\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/now/tuesday-weld-scoops-compact-hamptons-202112624.html","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Weld Scoops Up Compact Hamptons Condo\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/2011/10/matthew-sweet-looks-back-20-years-girlfriend/","external_links_name":"\"Matthew Sweet Looks Back on 20 Years of 'Girlfriend'\""},{"Link":"https://magnetmagazine.com/2000/12/15/qa-with-matthew-sweet/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A With Matthew Sweet\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001839/","external_links_name":"Tuesday Weld"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/110654","external_links_name":"Tuesday Weld"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/203909%7C*","external_links_name":"Tuesday Weld"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/238690/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078243046","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5741534","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4cpYYBKjMTjh6VgRVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9018887","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1532641","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13951451d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13951451d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119449234","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008729405405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88051131","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0158276&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020Q7410","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073476854","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/51502c9f-423a-405b-a9b9-5c9d0c14f47d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/Qnc-nNOBZ","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w79j9c","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156741792","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne | Canton of Lucerne | ["1 History","1.1 Prehistory","1.2 Early middle ages","1.3 Foundation of Lucerne city","2 Geography","3 Political subdivisions","4 Politics","4.1 Cantonal politics and government","4.2 Federal election results","5 Demographics","5.1 Historic population","6 Economy","7 Religion","8 Education","9 Notes and references","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°5′N 8°7′E / 47.083°N 8.117°E / 47.083; 8.117Canton of Switzerland
CantonCanton of Lucerne
Kanton Luzern (German)Canton
FlagCoat of armsLocation in Switzerland
Map of Lucerne
Coordinates: 47°5′N 8°7′E / 47.083°N 8.117°E / 47.083; 8.117CapitalLucerneSubdivisions80 municipalitiesGovernment • ExecutiveRegierungsrat (5) • LegislativeKantonsrat (120)Area • Total1,493.51 km2 (576.65 sq mi)Population (December 2020) • Total416,347 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)GDP • TotalCHF 28.176 billion (2020) • Per capitaCHF 67,936 (2020)ISO 3166 codeCH-LUHighest point2,350 m (7,710 ft): Brienzer RothornLowest point406 m (1,332 ft): Reuss plain at Honauer SchachenJoined1332LanguagesGermanWebsitewww.lu.ch
The canton of Lucerne (German: Kanton Luzern ; Romansh: Chantun Lucerna; French: Canton de Lucerne; Italian: Canton Lucerna) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the country's central, German-speaking part. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 416,347. As of 2007, the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population. The cantonal capital is the city of Lucerne.
History
The canton of Lucerne comprises territories acquired by its capital Lucerne, either by treaty, armed occupation or purchase. The first town acquired was Weggis (in 1380), Rothenburg, Kriens, Horw, Sempach and Hochdorf (all in 1394), Wolhusen and Entlebuch (1405), the so-called "Habsburger region" to the northeast of the town of Lucerne (1406), Willisau (1407), Sursee and Beromünster (1415), Malters (1477) and Littau (1481), while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up.
Prehistory
Reconstruction of several stilt houses at Wauwilermoos
The oldest traces of humans in the Lucerne area are stone artifacts and cave bear bones found in the Steigelfadbalm cave on Mt. Rigi from the Middle Paleolithic or about 30,000 BC. Other animal bones including mammoth, reindeer and giant deer from the local glacial maximum have also been found in the canton. Around 17,000 BC the glaciers disappeared from the Swiss plateau and recolonization is likely at that time.
The first Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement discovered in the canton is in the Wauwilermoos, which is now a Swiss heritage site of national significance. A number of other settlements have since been found, mainly on sandy, dry elevations in the immediate vicinity of water. The settlements of Egolzwil 3 in Wauwilermoos in Egolzwil, Seematte at Hitzkirch and Halbinsel in Sursee are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Wauwilermoos houses had wooden or bark floors and hearths of clay. The villages had ceramic vessels and wood, bone, antler, stone and flint tools as well as textiles. Copper ax blades and knives provide the first evidence of metal use in Switzerland. Imported mollusks show that there were trade connections to the Mediterranean. The bones at Egolzwil 3 are over two thirds from domestic animals with the remainder from wild animals. The main domesticated animals were sheep, goats and pigs with only a few domestic cattle. The animals hunted included deer, roe deer, wild boar and elk.
During the Bronze Age the canton was quite settled. There were a number of settlements on the shores of Lake Sempach and Lake Baldegg along with hilltop settlements, graves and scattered items throughout the area. At Hochdorf-Baldegg a fenced village from the early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BC) was uncovered. The single-story houses all had clay or stone hearths. During the Middle Bronze Age (1550–1350 BC) most of the villages were not located directly on the lake shores. The Late Bronze Age settlement at Sursee-Zellmoos on Lake Sempach featured houses arranged in rows with mortared stone. The walls were timber lined with clay. Another Late Bronze Age settlement near the village of Schötz was densely populated between 1350 and 800 BC.
While numerous individual Iron Age items have been found, almost no settlements have been discovered. From the Hallstatt period (800–480 BC) mainly graves have been discovered. Very little is known about the La Tène period (480–30 BC) in Lucerne. Some iron tools, gold coins, ceramic vessels and a glass bangle as well as a burial ground with at least four graves have been found.
During the Roman era, the canton was once again thickly settled. A number of farms were built in the north–south running valleys (Wigger, Suhre, Wyna and See valleys). During the 1st century AD, the farms provided food for the Legion camp in Vindonissa and for the larger settlements located in the Swiss plateau.
Towards the end of the 1st century there was a vicus at Sursee. The remains of houses show that there were a number of small shops and manufacturing buildings in the town. The west bank of the Suhre was fortified with a stone slip and may have served as a ship or raft berth. Imports from various regions of the Roman Empire (southern Spain, southern Italy, Lipari, southern and eastern Gaul and the Germanic areas) provide evidence of extensive trade relations. Sursee was likely a freight hub for trade with the entire Alpine region.
Early middle ages
Ruins of an early medieval church at Sursee
Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, the canton of Lucerne was settled by the Alamanni, who generally settled away from the Roman settlements. Some exceptions include a Roman manor at Büron and the Roman town of Sursee. An Alamannic grave field was found at Aesch with 61 graves with wooden coffins from before the 7th century before. In the women's graves there were necklaces with glass and amber beads, while swords were found in the men's graves. Belt buckles and small iron knives were found in the graves of both sexes. A few items from the southern Alpine region, southern Germany and Burgundy indicate that trade continued.
Two early medieval stone grave vaults, both of which were used for multiple burials, were found in the church of Altishofen. In the treasury of Beromünster Abbey there is a 7th-century ornate reliquary of gilded copper plates, which probably came from northern Italy.
Foundation of Lucerne city
Lucerne grew up around a Benedictine monastery, founded about 750 on the right bank of the Reuss by Murbach Abbey in Alsace, of which it long remained a "cell". It is first mentioned in a charter of 840 under the name of Luciaria, which is probably derived from the patron saint of the monastery, St Leodegar. The name Lucerrun is first mentioned in 1252. At some point, a small village grew up around the monastery. The first signs of a municipal constitution appear in 1252.
With the growing power of the Habsburgs in the area the ties that bound Lucerne to Murbach weakened. In 1291 the Habsburgs finally purchased Lucerne from Murbach. The purchase of Lucerne by the Habsburgs drove the three forest cantons (Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden) to form an Eternal Alliance, an act that is considered to be the foundation of Switzerland. In 1332 Lucerne became the fourth member of the Eidgenossen or Swiss Confederation, and the first town to join the rural forest cantons.
The Battle of Sempach solidified Lucerne's place in the Swiss Confederation
Amstaldenhandel, an event in the history of the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland
The Battle of Sempach (1386) near Sempach (which while allied wouldn't become part of the canton for 8 more years) drove the Habsburgs out of the region and strengthened the Confederation. That victory led also to the gradual acquisition of territory ruled by and from the town.
Amstalden, a wealthy innkeeper Schüpfheim in the Entlebuch valley of the canton of Lucerne, was the leader of a planned rebellion of the valley against the city of Lucerne. In a plot to limit the power of the city, officials from the neighbouring canton of Obwalden had promised their support. The conspiracy was detected before they could stage the planned coup. On 24 August 1478, Amstalden was arrested, tortured and interrogated, and finally beheaded in November 1478.
The incident furthered the distrust amongst rural and urban cantons in the Old Swiss Confederacy and was one of the reasons for the conclusion of the Stanser Verkommnis (Treaty of Stans) in 1481, an important coalition treaty of the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy
During the Reformation Lucerne remained attached to Roman Catholicism, of which ever since it has been the great stronghold in Switzerland. The papal nuncio resided here from 1601 to 1873. In the 16th century, during the early modern age, the town government fell into the hands of an aristocratic oligarchy, whose power, though shaken by the Swiss peasant war of 1653 in the Entlebuch, lasted until 1798. Under the French-supported Helvetic republic (1798–1803) Lucerne was the seat of the central government. When the republic collapsed, under the Act of Mediation (1803) it was one of the six "Directorial" cantons and during the Restoration (from 1815 to 1848) it was one of the three ruling cantons.
The patrician government was swept away by the cantonal constitution of 1831. But in 1841 the Conservatives regained power. They quickly recalled the Jesuits, who had been expelled by earlier radical governments, to head the cantonal school system. The riots that followed brought about the Sonderbund War (1847) in which the Conservatives were defeated, the decisive battle taking place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne.
Geography
The canton of Lucerne is part of Central Switzerland. The lands of the canton lie on the northern foothills of the Swiss Alps (Urner Alps). The highest elevation of the canton of Lucerne is at the Brienzer Rothorn at 2,350 m (7,710 ft).
It borders the cantons of Obwalden and Nidwalden to the south, Schwyz and Zug to the east, Aargau to the north, and Bern to the west.
Its territory corresponds to the subject territories acquired by the city of Lucerne during the 14th and 15th centuries, including:
Lucerne proper at the outflow of the Reuss river from Lake Lucerne;
the stretch of the Reuss river between Lucerne and Honau, along Rooterberg hill (connecting to Lake Zug with the territory of Meierskappel municipality);
the Kleine Emme basin (including its tributaries Entle and Rümlig);
the tributaries of the Aare between Napf and Lindenberg, including (west to east) Wigger, Suhre (Lake Sempach), Wyna, Aabach (Lake Hallwil, Lake Baldegg);
two territories connected only by water, across Lake Lucerne: the northern slope of Bürgenstock (part of Lucerne municipality), and the municipalities of Greppen, Weggis and Vitznau on the western and south-western slopes of Mount Rigi.
The area of the canton is 1,493 km2 (576 sq mi). 817.7 km2 (315.7 sq mi), about 55% of the total land area, is used for agriculture. An additional 449.0 km2 (173.4 sq mi) (about 30%) of the canton is wooded. The remainder of the canton is either developed, 125.3 km2 (48.4 sq mi) (8.4%), or unproductive (lakes, rivers or mountains), 101.5 km2 (39.2 sq mi) (6.8%).
Political subdivisions
Districts and municipalities (as of 2013)
The Canton is divided into six districts (Wahlkreise):
Entlebuch, Hochdorf, Luzern-Land,
Luzern-Stadt, Sursee, Willisau.
Before 2007, the districts were called Ämter. There were five districts until 2013, when Luzern District was divided into Luzern-Land and Luzern-Stadt, the latter corresponding to the city of Lucerne proper (including Littau, incorporated into Lucerne in 2010).
There are 83 municipalities in the canton (As of 2016).
Politics
Cantonal politics and government
The Constitution of Lucerne of 2007 entered into force on 1 January 2008, replacing the 1875 constitution.
With the new constitution, the legislative body Grosser Rat (Grand Council) was renamed to Kantonsrat (Cantonal Council). It is composed of 120 members elected by proportional representation.
The executive body is the Regierungsrat (Government Council), composed of 5 members.
The Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) is traditionally the largest party, having won 38 seats in the Cantonal Council as of the 2015 elections, and having two out of five members in the Government Council as of 2016.
Federal election results
Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971-2015
Party
Ideology
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
FDP.The Liberalsa
Classical liberalism
30.0
29.1
31.7
28.6
29.8
27.9
25.5
22.6
23.1
21.8
18.4
18.5
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD
Christian democracy
48.8
50.1
50.4
49.6
47.0
48.6
37.3
33.8
29.5
30.2
27.1
23.9
SP/PS
Social democracy
12.4
13.4
12.5
11.8
9.0
11.0
11.7
10.0
11.1
11.5
11.5
13.6
SVP/UDC
Swiss nationalism
* b
*
*
*
*
*
14.1
22.8
22.9
25.3
25.1
28.5
Ring of Independents
Social liberalism
8.7
5.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
EVP/PEV
Christian democracy
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
CSP/PCS
Christian socialism
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0.5
*
*
*
*
GLP/PVL
Green liberalism
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
6.1
5.8
BDP/PBD
Conservatism
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2.1
1.4
POCH
Communism
*
1.8
5.1
8.4
c
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
GPS/PES
Green politics
*
*
*
*
*
9.3
8.1
8.0
9.8
9.5
8.3
7.1
FGA
Feminism
*
*
*
*
8.7
d
0.8
*
*
*
*
*
SD/DS
National conservatism
*
*
*
1.3
1.4
2.8
2.2
0.8
0.4
*
0.2
0.1
FPS/PSL
Right-wing populism
*
*
*
*
3.4
*
*
0.3
*
*
*
*
Other
*
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.1
2.5
1.0
0.5
0.7
Voter participation %
66.3
63.9
59.2
60.5
54.3
50.5
49.4
52.9
50.9
53.0
50.9
50.9
^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009
^b "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
^c Part of a coalition with the FGA
^d Part of a coalition with the Green Party
Demographics
Largest groups of foreign residents 2013
Nationality
Numbers
% of total(% of foreigners)
Germany
14,093
3.6 (20.0)
Italy
7,147
1.8 (10.1)
Portugal
7,063
1.8 (10.0)
Kosovo
6,641
1.7 (9.4)
Serbia
5,986
1.5 (8.5)
Republic of Macedonia
2,299
0.6 (3.3)
Croatia
2,203
0.6 (3.1)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2,137
0.5 (3.0)
Spain
2,037
0.5 (2.9)
Turkey
1,624
0.4 (2.3)
Austria
1,567
0.4 (2.2)
Sri Lanka
1,477
0.4 (2.1)
Lucerne has a population (as of December 2020) of 416,347. As of 2013, 18.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals, of which 15.5% are from Europe, 1.4% from Asia, 0.7% from Africa, and 0.5% from America. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of −0.4%. Migration accounted for −1.2%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.3%.
Most of the population (as of 2010) speaks German (91%) as their first language, while Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Albanian and English are the second most common languages (3%), followed by Portuguese and French with 2% each, and Spanish with 1%.
Of the population in the canton, 115,233 or about 32.9% were born in Lucerne and lived there in 2000. There were 101,980 or 29.1% who were born in the same canton, while 66,486 or 19.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 55,314 or 15.8% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.4%.
As of 2000, there were 158,345 people who were single and never married in the canton. There were 159,152 married individuals, 18,853 widows or widowers and 14,154 individuals who are divorced.
As of 2000, there were 13,430 private households in the canton, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 47,012 households that consist of only one person and 12,952 households with five or more people. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 4.7 new units per 1000 residents.
As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Lucerne city was 1150.31 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$920, £520, €740 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 646.07 CHF (US$520, £290, €410), a two-room apartment was about 879.64 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1033.60 CHF (US$830, £470, €660) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2032.38 CHF (US$1630, £910, €1300). The average apartment price in Lucerne was 103.1% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the canton, in 2010, was 0.77%.
The largest population centres are Lucerne, Emmen and Kriens.
Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Demographic history of the Canton of Luzern 1850–2000
Year
1850
1880
1900
1950
1970
2000
Population
132,843
134,708
146,519
223,249
289,641
350,504
Percent of Total Swiss Population
5.6%
4.8%
4.4%
4.7%
4.6%
4.8%
Language
German
134,155
143,337
216,647
263,310
311,543
Italian
294
2,204
3,587
15,635
6,801
French
302
747
2,150
2,015
2,053
Romansh
5
64
338
525
388
Other
50
167
527
8,156
29,719
Religion
Catholic
131,280
129,172
134,020
189,917
246,888
248,545
Protestant
1,563
5,419
12,085
30,396
38,639
42,926
Christian Catholic
1,129
741
471
Other
215
414
1,807
3,373
58,562
Other, Jewish
152
319
497
563
399
Other, Islam
372
13,227
Other, None
1,672
20,681
Nationality
Swiss
132,252
132,583
140,176
216,600
259,498
294,709
Foreign
591
2,223
6,343
6,649
30,143
55,795
Source:
Notes
^ Before 1950 includes Christian Catholic, from 1950 onward only Roman Catholic
^ Belonging to no organized religious group
Economy
Lucerne area and Lake Lucerne from Pilatus
Much of the land in the canton is used for agriculture. Agriculture is the most significant source of income, but industry is also developed. The most important agricultural products are crops, fruit and cattle breeding. Industry concentrates on textiles, machinery, paper, wood, tobacco and metallurgical goods.
Tourism is of great importance. The canton of Lucerne is a gateway to holiday resorts in the nearby Alps, and much of the transit traffic between Germany and Italy crosses the region.
As of 2010, Luzern had an unemployment rate of 1.4%. As of 2008, there were 1,764 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 703 businesses involved in this sector. 5,388 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 324 businesses in this sector. 9,431 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,113 businesses in this sector.
In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 160,133. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9,608, of which 9,462 were in agriculture, 119 were in forestry or lumber production and 27 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 48,191 of which 31,698 or (65.8%) were in manufacturing, 142 or (0.3%) were in mining and 14,990 (31.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 102,334. In the tertiary sector; 25,105 or 24.5% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 8,182 or 8.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 8,146 or 8.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3,835 or 3.7% were in the information industry, 7,000 or 6.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,979 or 10.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 8,111 or 7.9% were in education and 15,924 or 15.6% were in health care.
Of the working population, 12.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 48.5% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 248,545 or 70.9% were Roman Catholic, while 39,426 or 11.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 7,801 members of an Orthodox church (or 2.23% of the population), there were 471 individuals (or 0.13% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 7,564 individuals (or 2.16% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 399 individuals (or 0.11% of the population) who were Jewish, and 13,227 (or 3.77% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 875 individuals who were Buddhist, 1,715 individuals who were Hindu and 293 individuals who belonged to another church. 20,681 (or 5.90% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13,007 individuals (or 3.71% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Luzern about 127,331 or (36.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 42,391 or (12.1%) have completed additional higher education (either universities or a Fachhochschule). Of the 42,391 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.0% were Swiss men, 23.6% were Swiss women, 7.0% were non-Swiss men and 4.4% were non-Swiss women.
Institutions of higher education include the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences which also has campuses in Lucerne and Horw.
Notes and references
^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017
^ a b c "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). "Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Lucerne (canton)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97, see final lines. ...while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up
^ "KGS-Inventar". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
^ UNESCO World Heritage Site – Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps
^ a b c d e Lucerne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Lucerne (town)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97; four lines from the end. ...and so brought about the Sonderbund War (1847) in which they were defeated, the decisive battle taking place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.(in German)
^ "Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz". Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ a b "Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 15 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2012
^ "Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ a b c d STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 2 February 2011
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices Archived 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2003 data (in German). Retrieved 26 May 2010
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 28 January 2011
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canton of Lucerne.
Official Site (in German)
Public Records Office / State Archive (in German)
Geoportal (in German) GIS
Official Statistics
Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Lucerne (canton)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 96–97.
Canton of Lucerne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
vteCantons and capitals of Switzerland Three CantonsEight CantonsThirteen CantonsFlags and coats of armsPresent-day cantons
Aargau (AG)
Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)
Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)
Basel-Landschaft (BL)
Basel-Stadt (BS)
Bern (BE)
Fribourg (FR)
Geneva (GE)
Glarus (GL)
Grisons (GR)
Jura (JU)
Lucerne (LU)
Neuchâtel (NE)
Nidwalden (NW)
Obwalden (OW)
Schaffhausen (SH)
Schwyz (SZ)
Solothurn (SO)
St. Gallen (SG)
Thurgau (TG)
Ticino (TI)
Uri (UR)
Valais (VS)
Vaud (VD)
Zug (ZG)
Zürich (ZH)
Capitals
Aarau (AG)
Altdorf (UR)
Appenzell (AI)
Basel (BS)
Bellinzona (TI)
Bern (BE)
Chur (GR)
Delémont (JU)
Frauenfeld (TG)
Fribourg (FR)
Geneva (GE)
Glarus (GL)
Herisau (AR)
Lausanne (VD)
Liestal (BL)
Lucerne (LU)
Neuchâtel (NE)
Sarnen (OW)
Schaffhausen (SH)
Schwyz (SZ)
Sion (VS)
Solothurn (SO)
Stans (NW)
St. Gallen (SG)
Zug (ZG)
Zürich (ZH)
Historical cantons
Appenzell (-1597)
Basel (-1833)
Outer Schwyz (-1833)
Unterwalden (-15th century)
Helvetic Republic (-1803): Baden, Bellinzona, Fricktal, Léman, Linth, Lugano, Oberland, Raetia, Säntis, Waldstätten
Lists by topic
Legislatures
Executives
By gross regional product (GRP)
By elevation
vteSwitzerland articlesMajor topicsHistory
Timeline
Enlargement
Early history
Roman era
Old Confederacy
Federal Charter
Rütli Oath
Growth
Reformation
Early Modern era
Napoleonic era
Restoration
Federal state
World wars
Modern history
Military history
list of wars
Historiography
GeographyPhysiographic areas
Swiss Alps
Swiss Plateau
Jura Mountains
Subdivisions
Cantons
AI
AG
AR
BE
BL
BS
FR
GE
GL
GR
JU
LU
NE
NW
OW
SG
SH
SO
SZ
TG
TI
UR
VD
VS
ZG
ZH
Districts
Municipalities
list of cities and towns
Statistical regions
By topic
Climate
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Fauna
Forests
Glaciers
Hydrology
Islands
Lakes
Mountain passes
Mountains
Parks
Rivers
Politics
Administrative divisions
Constitution
Courts
Supreme Court
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Federal Council
President of the Confederation
Federal administration
Human rights
LGBT
Landsgemeinde
Law
Law enforcement
Military
National Redoubt
Neutrality
Parliament
National Council
Council of States
Political parties
Popular initiative
Voting
Federal decree
Economy
Economic history
Agriculture
Banking
Central bank
Private banks
Companies
Energy
Franc (currency)
Pharmaceutical industry
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Swiss made
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
air
rail
road
Waste management
Society
Abortion
Capital punishment
Conscription
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Education
Euthanasia
Firearms regulation
Health
Healthcare
Homelessness
Human trafficking
Immigration
Pensions
Prisons
Poverty
Prostitution
Social security
Swiss people
Welfare
Women
Culture
Anthem
Architecture
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
Flag
Folklore
Helvetia
Languages
German
French
Italian
Romansh
Röstigraben
Literature
Media
Music
Public holidays
National Day
Religion
Sport
Symbols
Cultural Property of National Significance
World Heritage Sites
OutlineIndex
Category
Portal
Portal: Switzerland
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkantɔn luˈtsɛrn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"German-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_LU-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"}],"text":"Canton of SwitzerlandCantonThe canton of Lucerne (German: Kanton Luzern [ˈkantɔn luˈtsɛrn]; Romansh: Chantun Lucerna; French: Canton de Lucerne; Italian: Canton Lucerna) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the country's central, German-speaking part. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 416,347.[2] As of 2007[update], the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population.[4] The cantonal capital is the city of Lucerne.","title":"Canton of Lucerne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Weggis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weggis"},{"link_name":"Rothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothenburg,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Kriens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriens"},{"link_name":"Horw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horw"},{"link_name":"Sempach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempach"},{"link_name":"Hochdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochdorf,_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Wolhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolhusen"},{"link_name":"Entlebuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entlebuch"},{"link_name":"Willisau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willisau"},{"link_name":"Sursee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursee"},{"link_name":"Beromünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Malters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malters"},{"link_name":"Littau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littau"},{"link_name":"Hitzkirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzkirch"},{"link_name":"Merenschwand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenschwand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB_canton-5"}],"text":"The canton of Lucerne comprises territories acquired by its capital Lucerne, either by treaty, armed occupation or purchase. The first town acquired was Weggis (in 1380), Rothenburg, Kriens, Horw, Sempach and Hochdorf (all in 1394), Wolhusen and Entlebuch (1405), the so-called \"Habsburger region\" to the northeast of the town of Lucerne (1406), Willisau (1407), Sursee and Beromünster (1415), Malters (1477) and Littau (1481), while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wauwil-Pfahlbauten-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wauwilermoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauwilermoos_pile_dwelling_settlement_(Egolzwil_3)"},{"link_name":"cave bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_bear"},{"link_name":"Rigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigi"},{"link_name":"Middle Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"local glacial maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age"},{"link_name":"Swiss plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_plateau"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Egolzwil 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauwilermoos_pile_dwelling_settlement_(Egolzwil_3)"},{"link_name":"Egolzwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egolzwil"},{"link_name":"Hitzkirch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzkirch"},{"link_name":"Sursee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursee"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-8"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Hallstatt period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture"},{"link_name":"La Tène period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture"},{"link_name":"Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era"},{"link_name":"Wigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigger_(river)"},{"link_name":"Suhre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhre"},{"link_name":"Wyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynental"},{"link_name":"Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"Vindonissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindonissa"},{"link_name":"vicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)"},{"link_name":"Sursee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-8"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"Reconstruction of several stilt houses at WauwilermoosThe oldest traces of humans in the Lucerne area are stone artifacts and cave bear bones found in the Steigelfadbalm cave on Mt. Rigi from the Middle Paleolithic or about 30,000 BC. Other animal bones including mammoth, reindeer and giant deer from the local glacial maximum have also been found in the canton. Around 17,000 BC the glaciers disappeared from the Swiss plateau and recolonization is likely at that time.The first Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlement discovered in the canton is in the Wauwilermoos, which is now a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[6] A number of other settlements have since been found, mainly on sandy, dry elevations in the immediate vicinity of water. The settlements of Egolzwil 3 in Wauwilermoos in Egolzwil, Seematte at Hitzkirch and Halbinsel in Sursee are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7]The Wauwilermoos houses had wooden or bark floors and hearths of clay. The villages had ceramic vessels and wood, bone, antler, stone and flint tools as well as textiles. Copper ax blades and knives provide the first evidence of metal use in Switzerland. Imported mollusks show that there were trade connections to the Mediterranean. The bones at Egolzwil 3 are over two thirds from domestic animals with the remainder from wild animals. The main domesticated animals were sheep, goats and pigs with only a few domestic cattle. The animals hunted included deer, roe deer, wild boar and elk.[8]During the Bronze Age the canton was quite settled. There were a number of settlements on the shores of Lake Sempach and Lake Baldegg along with hilltop settlements, graves and scattered items throughout the area. At Hochdorf-Baldegg a fenced village from the early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BC) was uncovered. The single-story houses all had clay or stone hearths. During the Middle Bronze Age (1550–1350 BC) most of the villages were not located directly on the lake shores. The Late Bronze Age settlement at Sursee-Zellmoos on Lake Sempach featured houses arranged in rows with mortared stone. The walls were timber lined with clay. Another Late Bronze Age settlement near the village of Schötz was densely populated between 1350 and 800 BC.While numerous individual Iron Age items have been found, almost no settlements have been discovered. From the Hallstatt period (800–480 BC) mainly graves have been discovered. Very little is known about the La Tène period (480–30 BC) in Lucerne. Some iron tools, gold coins, ceramic vessels and a glass bangle as well as a burial ground with at least four graves have been found.During the Roman era, the canton was once again thickly settled. A number of farms were built in the north–south running valleys (Wigger, Suhre, Wyna and See valleys). During the 1st century AD, the farms provided food for the Legion camp in Vindonissa and for the larger settlements located in the Swiss plateau.Towards the end of the 1st century there was a vicus at Sursee. The remains of houses show that there were a number of small shops and manufacturing buildings in the town. The west bank of the Suhre was fortified with a stone slip and may have served as a ship or raft berth. Imports from various regions of the Roman Empire (southern Spain, southern Italy, Lipari, southern and eastern Gaul and the Germanic areas) provide evidence of extensive trade relations. Sursee was likely a freight hub for trade with the entire Alpine region.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picswiss_LU-20-40.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alamanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamanni"},{"link_name":"Büron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCron"},{"link_name":"Alamannic grave field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamannic_graves#Alemannic_grave_fields"},{"link_name":"Aesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesch,_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Altishofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altishofen"},{"link_name":"Beromünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-8"}],"sub_title":"Early middle ages","text":"Ruins of an early medieval church at SurseeFollowing the collapse of the Roman Empire, the canton of Lucerne was settled by the Alamanni, who generally settled away from the Roman settlements. Some exceptions include a Roman manor at Büron and the Roman town of Sursee. An Alamannic grave field was found at Aesch with 61 graves with wooden coffins from before the 7th century before. In the women's graves there were necklaces with glass and amber beads, while swords were found in the men's graves. Belt buckles and small iron knives were found in the graves of both sexes. A few items from the southern Alpine region, southern Germany and Burgundy indicate that trade continued.Two early medieval stone grave vaults, both of which were used for multiple burials, were found in the church of Altishofen. In the treasury of Beromünster Abbey there is a 7th-century ornate reliquary of gilded copper plates, which probably came from northern Italy.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murbach Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murbach_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Leodegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leodegar"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Uri"},{"link_name":"Schwyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz"},{"link_name":"Unterwalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterwalden"},{"link_name":"Eternal Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291"},{"link_name":"Eidgenossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgenossen"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sempach_Schlachtfresko.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amstaldenhandel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sempach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach"},{"link_name":"Schüpfheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCpfheim"},{"link_name":"canton of Obwalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Obwalden"},{"link_name":"Old Swiss Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Stanser Verkommnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanser_Verkommnis"},{"link_name":"Stans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stans"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"papal nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_nuncio"},{"link_name":"early modern age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"oligarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy"},{"link_name":"Swiss peasant war of 1653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war_of_1653"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars#Other_campaigns"},{"link_name":"Helvetic republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetic_republic"},{"link_name":"Act of Mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Mediation"},{"link_name":"Directorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorial_system"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauration_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Sonderbund War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderbund_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB_city-9"}],"sub_title":"Foundation of Lucerne city","text":"Lucerne grew up around a Benedictine monastery, founded about 750 on the right bank of the Reuss by Murbach Abbey in Alsace, of which it long remained a \"cell\". It is first mentioned in a charter of 840 under the name of Luciaria, which is probably derived from the patron saint of the monastery, St Leodegar. The name Lucerrun is first mentioned in 1252. At some point, a small village grew up around the monastery. The first signs of a municipal constitution appear in 1252.With the growing power of the Habsburgs in the area the ties that bound Lucerne to Murbach weakened. In 1291 the Habsburgs finally purchased Lucerne from Murbach. The purchase of Lucerne by the Habsburgs drove the three forest cantons (Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden) to form an Eternal Alliance, an act that is considered to be the foundation of Switzerland. In 1332 Lucerne became the fourth member of the Eidgenossen or Swiss Confederation, and the first town to join the rural forest cantons.The Battle of Sempach solidified Lucerne's place in the Swiss ConfederationAmstaldenhandel, an event in the history of the canton of Lucerne, SwitzerlandThe Battle of Sempach (1386) near Sempach (which while allied wouldn't become part of the canton for 8 more years) drove the Habsburgs out of the region and strengthened the Confederation. That victory led also to the gradual acquisition of territory ruled by and from the town.Amstalden, a wealthy innkeeper Schüpfheim in the Entlebuch valley of the canton of Lucerne, was the leader of a planned rebellion of the valley against the city of Lucerne. In a plot to limit the power of the city, officials from the neighbouring canton of Obwalden had promised their support. The conspiracy was detected before they could stage the planned coup. On 24 August 1478, Amstalden was arrested, tortured and interrogated, and finally beheaded in November 1478.The incident furthered the distrust amongst rural and urban cantons in the Old Swiss Confederacy and was one of the reasons for the conclusion of the Stanser Verkommnis (Treaty of Stans) in 1481, an important coalition treaty of the cantons of the Old Swiss ConfederacyDuring the Reformation Lucerne remained attached to Roman Catholicism, of which ever since it has been the great stronghold in Switzerland. The papal nuncio resided here from 1601 to 1873. In the 16th century, during the early modern age, the town government fell into the hands of an aristocratic oligarchy, whose power, though shaken by the Swiss peasant war of 1653 in the Entlebuch, lasted until 1798. Under the French-supported Helvetic republic (1798–1803) Lucerne was the seat of the central government. When the republic collapsed, under the Act of Mediation (1803) it was one of the six \"Directorial\" cantons and during the Restoration (from 1815 to 1848) it was one of the three ruling cantons.The patrician government was swept away by the cantonal constitution of 1831. But in 1841 the Conservatives regained power. They quickly recalled the Jesuits, who had been expelled by earlier radical governments, to head the cantonal school system. The riots that followed brought about the Sonderbund War (1847) in which the Conservatives were defeated, the decisive battle taking place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"link_name":"Urner Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urner_Alps"},{"link_name":"Obwalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obwalden"},{"link_name":"Nidwalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidwalden"},{"link_name":"Schwyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz"},{"link_name":"Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Zug"},{"link_name":"Aargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bern"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Reuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lake Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Honau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honau,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Rooterberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooterberg"},{"link_name":"Lake Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Zug"},{"link_name":"Meierskappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meierskappel"},{"link_name":"Kleine Emme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine_Emme"},{"link_name":"Aare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aare"},{"link_name":"Napf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napf"},{"link_name":"Lindenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenberg_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Wigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigger_(river)"},{"link_name":"Suhre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhre"},{"link_name":"Lake Sempach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sempach"},{"link_name":"Wyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyna_(river)"},{"link_name":"Aabach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabach_(Seetal)"},{"link_name":"Lake Hallwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Hallwil"},{"link_name":"Lake Baldegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baldegg"},{"link_name":"Bürgenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgenstock"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Greppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greppen"},{"link_name":"Weggis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weggis"},{"link_name":"Vitznau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitznau"},{"link_name":"Mount Rigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rigi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The canton of Lucerne is part of Central Switzerland. The lands of the canton lie on the northern foothills of the Swiss Alps (Urner Alps). The highest elevation of the canton of Lucerne is at the Brienzer Rothorn at 2,350 m (7,710 ft). \nIt borders the cantons of Obwalden and Nidwalden to the south, Schwyz and Zug to the east, Aargau to the north, and Bern to the west.\nIts territory corresponds to the subject territories acquired by the city of Lucerne during the 14th and 15th centuries, including:\nLucerne proper at the outflow of the Reuss river from Lake Lucerne; \nthe stretch of the Reuss river between Lucerne and Honau, along Rooterberg hill (connecting to Lake Zug with the territory of Meierskappel municipality);\nthe Kleine Emme basin (including its tributaries Entle and Rümlig);\nthe tributaries of the Aare between Napf and Lindenberg, including (west to east) Wigger, Suhre (Lake Sempach), Wyna, Aabach (Lake Hallwil, Lake Baldegg);\ntwo territories connected only by water, across Lake Lucerne: the northern slope of Bürgenstock (part of Lucerne municipality), and the municipalities of Greppen, Weggis and Vitznau on the western and south-western slopes of Mount Rigi.The area of the canton is 1,493 km2 (576 sq mi). 817.7 km2 (315.7 sq mi), about 55% of the total land area, is used for agriculture. An additional 449.0 km2 (173.4 sq mi) (about 30%) of the canton is wooded. The remainder of the canton is either developed, 125.3 km2 (48.4 sq mi) (8.4%), or unproductive (lakes, rivers or mountains), 101.5 km2 (39.2 sq mi) (6.8%).[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Gemeinden_des_Kantons_Luzern_farbig_2013.png"},{"link_name":"Entlebuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entlebuch_(Amt)"},{"link_name":"Hochdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochdorf_(Amt)"},{"link_name":"Luzern-Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne-Land_District"},{"link_name":"Luzern-Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne-Stadt_District"},{"link_name":"Sursee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursee_(Amt)"},{"link_name":"Willisau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willisau_(Amt)"},{"link_name":"Luzern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzern_(Amt)"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Littau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littau"},{"link_name":"municipalities in the canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Districts and municipalities (as of 2013)The Canton is divided into six districts (Wahlkreise): \nEntlebuch, Hochdorf, Luzern-Land,\nLuzern-Stadt, Sursee, Willisau.Before 2007, the districts were called Ämter. There were five districts until 2013, when Luzern District was divided into Luzern-Land and Luzern-Stadt, the latter corresponding to the city of Lucerne proper (including Littau, incorporated into Lucerne in 2010).There are 83 municipalities in the canton (As of 2016[update]).[11]","title":"Political subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democratic People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"Cantonal politics and government","text":"The Constitution of Lucerne of 2007 entered into force on 1 January 2008, replacing the 1875 constitution.With the new constitution, the legislative body Grosser Rat (Grand Council) was renamed to Kantonsrat (Cantonal Council). It is composed of 120 members elected by proportional representation.The executive body is the Regierungsrat (Government Council), composed of 5 members.The Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) is traditionally the largest party, having won 38 seats in the Cantonal Council as of the 2015 elections, and having two out of five members in the Government Council as of 2016[update].","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"^b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"^c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"^d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_d"}],"sub_title":"Federal election results","text":"^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009\n^b \"*\" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.\n^c Part of a coalition with the FGA\n^d Part of a coalition with the Green Party","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_LU-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lustat2013-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lustat2010Lang-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-16"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-16"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Swiss francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_franc"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_rent-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Emmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmen,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Kriens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriens"}],"text":"Lucerne has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 416,347.[2] As of 2013[update], 18.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals, of which 15.5% are from Europe, 1.4% from Asia, 0.7% from Africa, and 0.5% from America.[13] Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of −0.4%. Migration accounted for −1.2%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.3%.[14]Most of the population (as of 2010[update]) speaks German (91%) as their first language, while Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Albanian and English are the second most common languages (3%), followed by Portuguese and French with 2% each, and Spanish with 1%.[15]Of the population in the canton, 115,233 or about 32.9% were born in Lucerne and lived there in 2000. There were 101,980 or 29.1% who were born in the same canton, while 66,486 or 19.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 55,314 or 15.8% were born outside of Switzerland.[16] As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.4%.[14]As of 2000[update], there were 158,345 people who were single and never married in the canton. There were 159,152 married individuals, 18,853 widows or widowers and 14,154 individuals who are divorced.[16]As of 2000[update], there were 13,430 private households in the canton, and an average of 2.5 persons per household.[14] There were 47,012 households that consist of only one person and 12,952 households with five or more people. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 4.7 new units per 1000 residents.[14]As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Lucerne city was 1150.31 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$920, £520, €740 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 646.07 CHF (US$520, £290, €410), a two-room apartment was about 879.64 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1033.60 CHF (US$830, £470, €660) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2032.38 CHF (US$1630, £910, €1300). The average apartment price in Lucerne was 103.1% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[17] The vacancy rate for the canton, in 2010[update], was 0.77%.[14]The largest population centres are Lucerne, Emmen and Kriens.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-8"}],"sub_title":"Historic population","text":"The historical population is given in the following chart:[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Switzerland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Pilatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilatus_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"full-time equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-14"}],"text":"Lucerne area and Lake Lucerne from PilatusMuch of the land in the canton is used for agriculture. Agriculture is the most significant source of income, but industry is also developed. The most important agricultural products are crops, fruit and cattle breeding. Industry concentrates on textiles, machinery, paper, wood, tobacco and metallurgical goods.Tourism is of great importance. The canton of Lucerne is a gateway to holiday resorts in the nearby Alps, and much of the transit traffic between Germany and Italy crosses the region.As of 2010[update], Luzern had an unemployment rate of 1.4%. As of 2008[update], there were 1,764 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 703 businesses involved in this sector. 5,388 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 324 businesses in this sector. 9,431 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,113 businesses in this sector.[14]In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 160,133. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9,608, of which 9,462 were in agriculture, 119 were in forestry or lumber production and 27 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 48,191 of which 31,698 or (65.8%) were in manufacturing, 142 or (0.3%) were in mining and 14,990 (31.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 102,334. In the tertiary sector; 25,105 or 24.5% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 8,182 or 8.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 8,146 or 8.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3,835 or 3.7% were in the information industry, 7,000 or 6.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,979 or 10.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 8,111 or 7.9% were in education and 15,924 or 15.6% were in health care.[18]Of the working population, 12.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 48.5% used a private car.[14]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"members of an Orthodox church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-16"}],"text":"From the 2000 census[update], 248,545 or 70.9% were Roman Catholic, while 39,426 or 11.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 7,801 members of an Orthodox church (or 2.23% of the population), there were 471 individuals (or 0.13% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 7,564 individuals (or 2.16% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 399 individuals (or 0.11% of the population) who were Jewish, and 13,227 (or 3.77% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 875 individuals who were Buddhist, 1,715 individuals who were Hindu and 293 individuals who belonged to another church. 20,681 (or 5.90% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13,007 individuals (or 3.71% of the population) did not answer the question.[16]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzern"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STAT2000-16"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Lucerne University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Horw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horw"}],"text":"In Luzern about 127,331 or (36.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 42,391 or (12.1%) have completed additional higher education (either universities or a Fachhochschule). Of the 42,391 who completed tertiary schooling, 65.0% were Swiss men, 23.6% were Swiss women, 7.0% were non-Swiss men and 4.4% were non-Swiss women.[16]Institutions of higher education include the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences which also has campuses in Lucerne and Horw.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Area_Canton_1-0"},{"link_name":"Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/Kantone.assetdetail.1420913.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stat2020_LU_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stat2020_LU_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stat2020_LU_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_canton_5-0"},{"link_name":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_Brevoort_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"\"Lucerne (canton)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(canton)"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"KGS-Inventar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UNESCO_7-0"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site – Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HDS_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HDS_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HDS_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HDS_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HDS_8-4"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D007382.php"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F007382.php"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I007382.php"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_city_9-0"},{"link_name":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_Brevoort_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"\"Lucerne (town)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(town)"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090725063713/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lustat2013_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lustat2013_13-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20141123185530/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SFSO_14-6"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120115203755/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lustat2010Lang_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20141123185532/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-STAT2000_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-STAT2000_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-STAT2000_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-STAT2000_16-3"},{"link_name":"STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BFS_rent_17-0"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100423161803/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141225013454/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017\n\n^ a b c \"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). \"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.\n\n^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.\n\n^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Lucerne (canton)\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97, see final lines. ...while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up\n\n^ \"KGS-Inventar\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.\n\n^ UNESCO World Heritage Site – Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps\n\n^ a b c d e Lucerne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\n\n^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Lucerne (town)\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97; four lines from the end. ...and so brought about the Sonderbund War (1847) in which they were defeated, the decisive battle taking place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne\n\n^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.(in German)\n\n^ \"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz\". Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 27 July 2016.\n\n^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.\n\n^ a b \"Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern\". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 15 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2012\n\n^ \"Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern\". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.\n\n^ a b c d STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 2 February 2011\n\n^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices Archived 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2003 data (in German). Retrieved 26 May 2010\n\n^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 28 January 2011","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Reconstruction of several stilt houses at Wauwilermoos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wauwil-Pfahlbauten-2.jpg/170px-Wauwil-Pfahlbauten-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of an early medieval church at Sursee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Picswiss_LU-20-40.jpg/220px-Picswiss_LU-20-40.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Sempach solidified Lucerne's place in the Swiss Confederation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sempach_Schlachtfresko.jpg/220px-Sempach_Schlachtfresko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amstaldenhandel, an event in the history of the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amstaldenhandel.jpg/170px-Amstaldenhandel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Districts and municipalities (as of 2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Karte_Gemeinden_des_Kantons_Luzern_farbig_2013.png/220px-Karte_Gemeinden_des_Kantons_Luzern_farbig_2013.png"},{"image_text":"Lucerne area and Lake Lucerne from Pilatus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Central_Switzerland.jpg/220px-Central_Switzerland.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"Statistik, Bundesamt für (21 January 2021). \"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856","url_text":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Lucerne (canton)\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97, see final lines. ...while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_Brevoort_Coolidge","url_text":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(canton)","url_text":"\"Lucerne (canton)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"KGS-Inventar\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"\"KGS-Inventar\""},{"url":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Lucerne (town)\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 97; four lines from the end. ...and so brought about the Sonderbund War (1847) in which they were defeated, the decisive battle taking place at Gisikon, not far from Lucerne","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_Brevoort_Coolidge","url_text":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(town)","url_text":"\"Lucerne (town)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Federal Department of Statistics (2008). \"Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten\". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090725063713/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten\""},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz\". Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.html","url_text":"\"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz\""}]},{"reference":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) (Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)"},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern\". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141123185530/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html","url_text":"\"Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern\""},{"url":"http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern\". lustat.ch (Database excerpt) (in German). lustat – Statistik Luzern, Kanton Luzern. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141123185532/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html","url_text":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern\""},{"url":"http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). \"Lucerne (canton)\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 96–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge","url_text":"Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(canton)","url_text":"\"Lucerne (canton)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canton_of_Lucerne¶ms=47_5_N_8_7_E_region:CH-LU_type:city(416347)","external_links_name":"47°5′N 8°7′E / 47.083°N 8.117°E / 47.083; 8.117"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canton_of_Lucerne¶ms=47_5_N_8_7_E_region:CH-LU_type:city(416347)","external_links_name":"47°5′N 8°7′E / 47.083°N 8.117°E / 47.083; 8.117"},{"Link":"https://www.lu.ch/","external_links_name":"www.lu.ch"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canton_of_Lucerne&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/Kantone.assetdetail.1420913.html","external_links_name":"Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen"},{"Link":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","external_links_name":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15304856","external_links_name":"\"Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(canton)","external_links_name":"\"Lucerne (canton)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","external_links_name":"\"KGS-Inventar\""},{"Link":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/","external_links_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site – Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D007382.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F007382.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I007382.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(town)","external_links_name":"\"Lucerne (town)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090725063713/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html","external_links_name":"\"Arealstatistik – Kantonsdaten nach 15 Nutzungsarten\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/key/01/zustand_und_entwicklung__tabelle.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.html","external_links_name":"\"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","external_links_name":"Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%)"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141123185530/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html","external_links_name":"\"Ausländische Personen nach Nationalität und Status Ende 2013 – Kanton Luzern\""},{"Link":"http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w012_019t_kt0003_ss_d_2013.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html","external_links_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115203755/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/regionalportraets.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141123185532/http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html","external_links_name":"\"Wohnbevölkerung nach Hauptsprachen seit 2010 – Kanton Luzern\""},{"Link":"http://www2.lustat.ch/download/lustat_new/kt/0003/w163_005t_kt0003_zz_d_0000_002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true","external_links_name":"STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409212530/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_40%20-%20Eidgen%C3%B6ssische%20Volksz%C3%A4hlung/40.3%20-%202000/40.3%20-%202000.asp?lang=1&prod=40&secprod=3&openChild=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html","external_links_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100423161803/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/05/06/blank/key/einfuehrung.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true","external_links_name":"Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141225013454/http://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/Database/German_06%20-%20Industrie%20und%20Dienstleistungen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen/06.2%20-%20Unternehmen.asp?lang=1&prod=06&secprod=2&openChild=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lu.ch/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.staatsarchiv.lu.ch/index/english.htm","external_links_name":"Public Records Office / State Archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070421220157/http://www.rawi.lu.ch/geoinformation_vermessung/geoportal.htm","external_links_name":"Geoportal"},{"Link":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/lu/key.html","external_links_name":"Official Statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lucerne_(canton)","external_links_name":"\"Lucerne (canton)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7382.php","external_links_name":"German"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7382.php","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7382.php","external_links_name":"Italian"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110870219","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126073629","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12106122n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12106122n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036734-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557382305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051976","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge487328&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/50a7af21-30e8-4884-b238-6a615728ad23","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007382","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Certified_Solutions_Associate | Microsoft Certified Professional | ["1 Overview for Microsoft's certifications","2 More recent certifications","3 See also","4 References"] | Microsoft certification
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2021)
Microsoft Certified Professional was a certification program from Microsoft.
Overview for Microsoft's certifications
Historically, Microsoft offered a number of certifications relating to its product offerings. In the 1990s and well into the early 2000s these offerings were extensive and well received by the IT community. An extensive network of Microsoft Solution Provider organizations offered robust training and formal examinations were provided through other contract testing vendors.
Certifications were earned by passing exams aligned to a specific certification offering. Typically multiple examinations were required to obtain either a hardware centered certification such as the MCSE (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer) or a more software orientated offering such as the MCSD (Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer). The process of earning certification has changed multiple times since its initial inception.
Into the 2020s the Microsoft announced that it was retiring all existing Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP), Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD), Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) and Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) certifications, introducing new pathways, and changing the way individuals earn and maintain those Microsoft certifications.
These certifications were planned to be phased out effective June 30, 2020, in favor of "role-based" certifications focused primarily on Azure and Microsoft 365. However, on March 26, 2020, Microsoft announced that the remaining exams associated with MCSA, MCSE and MCSD would retire on January 31, 2021.
Historically, MCSE and MCSD credentials required the individual to recertify after a period of two to three years in order to keep the credential in the "Active section" of their transcript. Under the new system, the MCSE and MCSD credentials no longer have a recertification requirement, they remain on the "Active transcript" of the holder, once gained. Individuals can now re-earn a certification every year by passing an additional elective exam.
These changes were driven by the increasing cadence of updates to Microsoft products and services. The industry has also moved away from the traditional client-server technology model to current software 'rental' models such as software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and related cloud based IT offerings.
More recent certifications
The current list of certifications are:
Fundamentals
Microsoft Certified Educator (MCE)
Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS)
Role-based:
Microsoft Azure
Microsoft 365
Microsoft Dynamics 365
Microsoft Power Platform
Microsoft Teams
Specialty:
Windows Virtual Desktop Specialty
Azure IoT Developer Specialty
Azure for SAP Workloads Specialty
See also
Microsoft Technology Associate
References
^ "Microsoft Learning: Become a Microsoft Certified professional". Microsoft. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
^ "MCSA, MCSD, MCSE certifications retire; with continued investment to role-based certifications". Microsoft. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
^ Mary Jo Foley. "Microsoft is retiring its MCSA, MCSD and MCSE certifications in June 2020". ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
^ Matt Barclay. "Microsoft Announces Date of Sweeping Retirement of MCSA, MCSE, MCSD Certifications". Skillsoft. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
^ "Top 12 Questions About the New Streamlined Certification Paths". Born to Learn. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
^ "Browse Certifications and Exams". Microsoft.
vteMicrosoft
History
Outline
PeopleFounders
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
Board of directors
Satya Nadella (Chairman and CEO)
John W. Thompson
John W. Stanton
Reid Hoffman
Sandi Peterson
Penny Pritzker
Carlos A. Rodriguez
Charles Scharf
Emma Walmsley
Padmasree Warrior
Senior leadership team
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Chris Capossela (CMO)
Scott Guthrie
Amy Hood (CFO)
Kevin Scott (CTO)
Brad Smith (CLO)
Harry Shum
Phil Spencer
Kathleen Hogan (CPO)
Corporate VPs
Joe Belfiore
Richard Rashid (SVP)
César Cernuda
Panos Panay (CVP)
Employee groups
Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft
Microsoft and unions
ProductsHardware
Azure Kinect
HoloLens
LifeCam
Surface
Hub
Go
Laptop
Laptop Go
Pro
Studio
Duo
Neo
Xbox
Software
365
Clipchamp
Dynamics
Havok
Open source software
Office
Power Platform
Servers
Start
Tay
Visual Studio
Visual Studio Code
Windows
Xbox OS
Programming languages
BASIC
VB.NET
VBA
VBScript
Visual Basic
C#
C/AL a.k.a Navision Attain
F#
MVPL
Power Fx
PowerShell
Transact-SQL
TypeScript
Q#
Visual J#
Visual J++
Web properties
Azure
Bing
Microsoft Learn
Channel 9
Developer Network
TechNet
GitHub
LinkedIn
LinkedIn Learning
MSN
Outlook.com
Store
Translator
CompanyConferences
Build
Ignite
Inspire
MIX
PDC
WinHEC
Divisions
Engineering groups
Mobile
Skype unit
Digital Crimes Unit
Garage
Press
Research
Retail stores
.NET Foundation
Outercurve Foundation
Gaming
Xbox Game Studios
ZeniMax Media
Activision Blizzard
Estates
Microsoft campus
Microsoft Egypt
Microsoft India
Microsoft Japan
Campaigns
"Where do you want to go today?" (1994)
"Champagne" (2002)
"Mojave Experiment" (2006)
"I'm a PC" (2008)
"Scroogled" (2012)
Criticism
Bundling of Microsoft Windows
Clippy
iLoo
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Bob
_NSAKEY
Windows
XP
Vista
10
Litigation
Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
Apple v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Commission
FTC v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Lindows
Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft
Microsoft v. Shah
United States v. Microsoft (2001 antitrust case)
Microsoft v. United States (2018 data privacy case)
AcquisitionsCompleted
6Wunderkinder
Access Software
Acompli
Activision Blizzard
acquisition
Altamira Software
AltspaceVR
aQuantive
Azyxxi
The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
Beam
Bungie
Clipchamp
Colloquis
Compulsion Games
Connectix
Consumers Software
Danger
Double Fine Productions
Farecast
FASA Studio
Fast Search & Transfer
Firefly
Forethought
GIANT Company Software
GitHub
GreenButton
Groove Networks
Havok Group
High Heat Major League Baseball
Hotmail
inXile Entertainment
Jellyfish.com
LinkedIn
LinkExchange
Lionhead Studios
Maluuba
Massive Incorporated
Metaswitch
Mobile Data Labs
Mojang Studios
Ninja Theory
Nokia Devices and Services
npm
Nuance Communications
Obsidian Entertainment
Onfolio
Pando Networks
Perceptive Pixel
Playground Games
PlaceWare
Powerset
Press Play
ProClarity
Rare
Revolution Analytics
RiskIQ
ScreenTonic
Secure Islands
Simplygon
Skype
Sunrise Atelier
SwiftKey
Winternals Software
Teleo
Tellme Networks
Twisted Pixel Games
Undead Labs
Vermeer Technologies
Visio Corporation
Vivaty
VoloMetrix
VXtreme
WebTV Networks
Xamarin
Xandr
AppNexus
Yammer
Yupi
ZeniMax Media
Category
This article related to Microsoft is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Microsoft Certified Professional was a certification program from Microsoft.[1]","title":"Microsoft Certified Professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"Certifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure"},{"link_name":"Microsoft 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_365"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"software as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"platform as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"cloud based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"}],"text":"Historically, Microsoft offered a number of certifications relating to its product offerings. In the 1990s and well into the early 2000s these offerings were extensive and well received by the IT community. An extensive network of Microsoft Solution Provider organizations offered robust training and formal examinations were provided through other contract testing vendors.Certifications were earned by passing exams aligned to a specific certification offering. Typically multiple examinations were required to obtain either a hardware centered certification such as the MCSE (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer) or a more software orientated offering such as the MCSD (Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer). The process of earning certification has changed multiple times since its initial inception.Into the 2020s the Microsoft announced that it was retiring all existing Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP), Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer (MCSD), Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) and Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) certifications, introducing new pathways, and changing the way individuals earn and maintain those Microsoft certifications.[2]These certifications were planned to be phased out effective June 30, 2020, in favor of \"role-based\" certifications focused primarily on Azure and Microsoft 365.[3] However, on March 26, 2020, Microsoft announced that the remaining exams associated with MCSA, MCSE and MCSD would retire on January 31, 2021.[4]Historically, MCSE and MCSD credentials required the individual to recertify after a period of two to three years in order to keep the credential in the \"Active section\" of their transcript. Under the new system, the MCSE and MCSD credentials no longer have a recertification requirement, they remain on the \"Active transcript\" of the holder, once gained. Individuals can now re-earn a certification every year by passing an additional elective exam.[5]These changes were driven by the increasing cadence of updates to Microsoft products and services. The industry has also moved away from the traditional client-server technology model to current software 'rental' models such as software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and related cloud based IT offerings.","title":"Overview for Microsoft's certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure"},{"link_name":"Microsoft 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_365"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Dynamics 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_365"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Power Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Teams"}],"text":"The current list of certifications are:[6]Fundamentals\nMicrosoft Certified Educator (MCE)\nMicrosoft Office Specialist (MOS)\nRole-based:\nMicrosoft Azure\nMicrosoft 365\nMicrosoft Dynamics 365\nMicrosoft Power Platform\nMicrosoft Teams\nSpecialty:\nWindows Virtual Desktop Specialty\nAzure IoT Developer Specialty\nAzure for SAP Workloads Specialty","title":"More recent certifications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Microsoft Technology Associate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Technology_Associate"}] | [{"reference":"\"Microsoft Learning: Become a Microsoft Certified professional\". Microsoft. Retrieved 2018-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/learning/microsoft-certified-professional.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft Learning: Become a Microsoft Certified professional\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"MCSA, MCSD, MCSE certifications retire; with continued investment to role-based certifications\". Microsoft. Retrieved 2023-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/certifications/posts/mcsa-mcsd-mcse-certifications-retire-with-continued-investment-to-role-based-certifications","url_text":"\"MCSA, MCSD, MCSE certifications retire; with continued investment to role-based certifications\""}]},{"reference":"Mary Jo Foley. \"Microsoft is retiring its MCSA, MCSD and MCSE certifications in June 2020\". ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-is-retiring-its-mcsa-mcsd-and-mcse-certifications-in-june-2020/","url_text":"\"Microsoft is retiring its MCSA, MCSD and MCSE certifications in June 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Barclay. \"Microsoft Announces Date of Sweeping Retirement of MCSA, MCSE, MCSD Certifications\". Skillsoft. Retrieved 2021-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalknowledge.com/en-gb/company/news/news-articles/microsoft%20announces%20date%20of%20sweeping%20retirement%20of%20mcsa%20mcse%20mcsd%20certifications","url_text":"\"Microsoft Announces Date of Sweeping Retirement of MCSA, MCSE, MCSD Certifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 12 Questions About the New Streamlined Certification Paths\". Born to Learn. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213520/https://borntolearn.mslearn.net/b/weblog/posts/top-12-questions-about-the-new-streamlined-certification-paths","url_text":"\"Top 12 Questions About the New Streamlined Certification Paths\""},{"url":"https://borntolearn.mslearn.net/b/weblog/posts/top-12-questions-about-the-new-streamlined-certification-paths","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Browse Certifications and Exams\". Microsoft.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/certifications/browse/","url_text":"\"Browse Certifications and Exams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/learning/microsoft-certified-professional.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Learning: Become a Microsoft Certified professional\""},{"Link":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/certifications/posts/mcsa-mcsd-mcse-certifications-retire-with-continued-investment-to-role-based-certifications","external_links_name":"\"MCSA, MCSD, MCSE certifications retire; with continued investment to role-based certifications\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-is-retiring-its-mcsa-mcsd-and-mcse-certifications-in-june-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft is retiring its MCSA, MCSD and MCSE certifications in June 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalknowledge.com/en-gb/company/news/news-articles/microsoft%20announces%20date%20of%20sweeping%20retirement%20of%20mcsa%20mcse%20mcsd%20certifications","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Announces Date of Sweeping Retirement of MCSA, MCSE, MCSD Certifications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213520/https://borntolearn.mslearn.net/b/weblog/posts/top-12-questions-about-the-new-streamlined-certification-paths","external_links_name":"\"Top 12 Questions About the New Streamlined Certification Paths\""},{"Link":"https://borntolearn.mslearn.net/b/weblog/posts/top-12-questions-about-the-new-streamlined-certification-paths","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/certifications/browse/","external_links_name":"\"Browse Certifications and Exams\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Certified_Professional&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing | Microsoft Message Queuing | ["1 Overview","2 Version references","3 Uses","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Message queue implementation by Microsoft
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Microsoft Message Queuing (MSMQ) is a message queue implementation developed by Microsoft and deployed in its Windows Server operating systems since Windows NT 4 and Windows 95. Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10 also includes this component. In addition to its mainstream server platform support, MSMQ has been incorporated into Microsoft Embedded platforms since 1999 and the release of Windows CE 3.0.
Overview
MSMQ is a messaging protocol that allows applications running on separate servers/processes to communicate in a failsafe manner. A queue is a temporary storage location from which messages can be sent and received reliably, as and when conditions permit. This enables communication across networks and between computers, running Windows, which may not always be connected. By contrast, sockets and other network protocols assume that direct connections always exist.
MSMQ has been available to developers on Microsoft platforms since 1997, and has commonly been used in enterprise software built with Visual Studio, both in the native pre-.NET incarnation (version 5 and 6), and in Visual Studio .NET. Microsoft also has incorporated MSMQ in its messaging technology framework, Windows Communication Foundation (WCF). Under WCF, MSMQ can be used for providing secure, reliable transport with a unified programming model compatible with other communications standards.
MSMQ is responsible for reliably delivering messages between applications inside and outside the enterprise. MSMQ ensures reliable delivery by placing messages that fail to reach their intended destination in a queue and then resending them once the destination is reachable. It also supports security and priority based messaging. Dead letter queues can be created for looking at messages which timed out or failed for other reasons.
MSMQ supports both durable and non-durable messaging to make a trade off between performance or consistency by writing messages to disk or only in RAM. Non-durable messaging can only be achieved by sending express messages via non-transactional queues.
MSMQ also supports transactions. It permits multiple operations on multiple queues, with all of the operations wrapped in a single transaction, thus ensuring that either all or none of the operations will take effect. Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MSDTC) supports transactional access to MSMQ and other resources to achieve transactional exact once processing.
The following ports are used for Microsoft Message Queuing operations:
TCP: 1801
RPC: 135, 2101*, 2103*, 2105*
UDP: 3527, 1801
* These port numbers may be incremented by 11 if the initial choice of RPC port is being used when Message Queuing initializes. Port 135 is queried to discover the 2xxx ports.
Version references
Version 1.0 (May 1997). Supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 98 and Windows Me.
Version 2.0, included with Windows 2000.
New features include: Support for registering public message queues in Active Directory, 128-bit encryption and digital certificate support, full COM support for message properties (achieving functional parity with the Win32 API function calls, full DNS path name support, improved performance in multi-threaded applications.
Version 3.0, included with Windows XP (Professional, not Home Edition) and Windows Server 2003.
New features include: Internet Messaging (referencing queues via HTTP, SOAP-formatted messages, MSMQ support for Internet Information Services), queue aliases, multicasting of messages, and additional support for programmatic maintenance and administration of queues and MSMQ itself.
Version 4.0, part of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.
New features include: Subqueues, improved support for "poison messages" (messages which continually fail to be processed correctly by the receiver), and support for transactional receives of messages from a remote queue.
Version 5.0, part of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.
New features include: support for Secure Hash Algorithm 2.0 (SHA2) and all advanced hash algorithms that are supported in Windows 2008 R2; by default, weaker hash algorithms are disabled.
Version 6.0, part of Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.
Version 6.3, part of Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.
Uses
MSMQ is heavily used in various Windows Platform-based contact center applications which uses this service for internal notifications and services.
See also
List of Microsoft Windows components
IBM MQ, similar techonolgy by IBM
Java Message Service, similar technology on the Java platform
Amazon Simple Queue Service, commoditized messaging service provided by Amazon.com for a per-use fee. It allows users to rent access to messaging without having to maintain their own server.
RabbitMQ, open source message queue broker that implements a pre-standard version of AMQP.
References
^ "Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 Message Queuing Service". Microsoft Developer Network. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
^ InformationWeek News Connects The Business Technology Community. Informationweek.com (2014-02-04). Retrieved on 2014-02-22. Archived April 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ TCP ports, UDP ports, and RPC ports that are used by Message Queuing. Support.microsoft.com (2011-09-28). Retrieved on 2014-02-22.
^ "Cloud Administrator". Azure Cloud Administrator. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
^ "Cloud Administrator". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
^ "Cloud Administrator". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
^ Sub-queues in MSMQ 4.0
^ "Cloud Administrator". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
^ "ISO/IEC 19464:2014 - Information technology -- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) v1.0 specification". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
External links
MSDN documentation
vteMicrosoft Windows components
APIs
Architecture
9x
NT
Booting process
Games
Managementtools
App Installer
Command Prompt
Control Panel
Device Manager
Disk Cleanup
Drive Optimizer
Driver Verifier
DirectX Diagnostic Tool
Event Viewer
IExpress
Management Console
Netsh
Performance Monitor
Recovery Console
Resource Monitor
Settings
Sysprep
System Configuration
System File Checker
System Information
System Policy Editor
System Restore
Task Manager
Windows Error Reporting
Windows Ink
Windows Installer
PowerShell
Windows Update
Windows Insider
WinRE
WMI
Apps
3D Viewer
Clock
Calculator
Calendar
Camera
Character Map
Clipchamp
Cortana
Edge
Fax and Scan
Feedback Hub
Get Help
Magnifier
Mail
Maps
Messaging
Media Player
2022
Movies & TV
Mobility Center
Money
Narrator
Notepad
OneDrive
OneNote
Paint
Paint 3D
People
Phone Link
Photos
Quick Assist
Remote Desktop Connection
Snipping Tool
Speech Recognition
Skype
Sports
Start
Sticky Notes
Store
Tips
Voice Recorder
Weather
WordPad
Xbox
Shell
Action Center
Aero
AutoPlay
AutoRun
ClearType
Explorer
Search
Indexing Service
IFilter
Saved search
Namespace
Special folder
Start menu
Taskbar
Task View
Windows Spotlight
Windows XP visual styles
Services
Service Control Manager
BITS
CLFS
Multimedia Class Scheduler
Shadow Copy
Task Scheduler
Error Reporting
Wireless Zero Configuration
File systems
CDFS
DFS
exFAT
IFS
FAT
NTFS
Hard link
links
Mount Point
Reparse point
TxF
EFS
ReFS
UDF
Server
Active Directory
Domains
DNS
Group Policy
Roaming user profiles
Folder redirection
Distributed Transaction Coordinator
MSMQ
Windows Media Services
Active DRM Services
IIS
WSUS
SharePoint
Network Access Protection
PWS
DFS Replication
Print Services for UNIX
Remote Desktop Services
Remote Differential Compression
Remote Installation Services
Windows Deployment Services
System Resource Manager
Hyper-V
Server Core
Architecture
Boot Manager
Console
CSRSS
Desktop Window Manager
Portable Executable
EXE
DLL
Enhanced Write Filter
Graphics Device Interface
Hardware Abstraction Layer
I/O request packet
Imaging Format
Kernel Transaction Manager
Library files
Logical Disk Manager
LSASS
MinWin
NTLDR
Ntoskrnl.exe
Object Manager
Open XML Paper Specification
Registry
Resource Protection
Security Account Manager
Server Message Block
Shadow Copy
SMSS
System Idle Process
USER
WHEA
Winlogon
WinUSB
Security
Security and Maintenance
AppLocker
BitLocker
Credential Guard
Data Execution Prevention
Defender
Family features
Kernel Patch Protection
Mandatory Integrity Control
Protected Media Path
User Account Control
User Interface Privilege Isolation
Windows Firewall
Compatibility
COMMAND.COM
Windows Subsystem for Linux
WoW64
API
Active Scripting
WSH
VBScript
JScript
COM
ActiveX
ActiveX Document
COM Structured storage
DCOM
OLE
OLE Automation
Transaction Server
DirectX
Native
.NET
Universal Windows Platform
WinAPI
Windows Mixed Reality
Windows Runtime
WinUSB
Games
Solitaire Collection
Surf
DiscontinuedGames
3D Pinball
Chess Titans
FreeCell
Hearts
InkBall
Hold 'Em
Purble Place
Spider Solitaire
Solitaire
Tinker
Apps
ActiveMovie
Anytime Upgrade
Address Book
Backup and Restore
Cardfile
CardSpace
CD Player
Chat
Contacts
Desktop Gadgets
Diagnostics
DriveSpace
DVD Maker
Easy Transfer
Fax
Food & Drink
Groove Music
Help and Support Center
Health & Fitness
HyperTerminal
Imaging
Internet Explorer
Journal
Make Compatible
Media Center
Meeting Space
Messaging
Messenger
Mobile Device Center
Movie Maker
MSN Dial-up
NetMeeting
NTBackup
Outlook Express
Pay
Phone Companion
Photo Gallery
Photo Viewer
Program Manager
Steps Recorder
Syskey
Travel
WinHelp
Write
Others
Games for Windows
ScanDisk
File Protection
Media Control Interface
MS-DOS 7
Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
POSIX subsystem
HPFS
Interix
Video for Windows
Virtual DOS machine
Windows on Windows
Windows SideShow
Windows Services for UNIX
Windows System Assessment Tool
Windows To Go
WinFS
Spun off toMicrosoft Store
DVD Player
File Manager
Hover!
Mahjong
Minesweeper
Category
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"message queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_queue"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows NT 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4"},{"link_name":"Windows 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2016"},{"link_name":"Windows 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10"},{"link_name":"Windows CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Microsoft Message Queuing (MSMQ) is a message queue implementation developed by Microsoft and deployed in its Windows Server operating systems since Windows NT 4 and Windows 95. Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10 also includes this component. In addition to its mainstream server platform support, MSMQ has been incorporated into Microsoft Embedded platforms since 1999 and the release of Windows CE 3.0.[1]","title":"Microsoft Message Queuing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_socket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Visual Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio"},{"link_name":".NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_.NET"},{"link_name":"Visual Studio .NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_.NET"},{"link_name":"Windows Communication Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Dead letter queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_letter_queue"},{"link_name":"Distributed Transaction Coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"MSMQ is a messaging protocol that allows applications running on separate servers/processes to communicate in a failsafe manner. A queue is a temporary storage location from which messages can be sent and received reliably, as and when conditions permit. This enables communication across networks and between computers, running Windows, which may not always be connected. By contrast, sockets and other network protocols assume that direct connections always exist.MSMQ has been available to developers on Microsoft platforms since 1997,[2] and has commonly been used in enterprise software built with Visual Studio, both in the native pre-.NET incarnation (version 5 and 6), and in Visual Studio .NET. Microsoft also has incorporated MSMQ in its messaging technology framework, Windows Communication Foundation (WCF). Under WCF, MSMQ can be used for providing secure, reliable transport with a unified programming model compatible with other communications standards.MSMQ is responsible for reliably delivering messages between applications inside and outside the enterprise. MSMQ ensures reliable delivery by placing messages that fail to reach their intended destination in a queue and then resending them once the destination is reachable. It also supports security and priority based messaging. Dead letter queues can be created for looking at messages which timed out or failed for other reasons.MSMQ supports both durable and non-durable messaging to make a trade off between performance or consistency by writing messages to disk or only in RAM. Non-durable messaging can only be achieved by sending express messages via non-transactional queues.MSMQ also supports transactions. It permits multiple operations on multiple queues, with all of the operations wrapped in a single transaction, thus ensuring that either all or none of the operations will take effect. Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MSDTC) supports transactional access to MSMQ and other resources to achieve transactional exact once processing.The following ports are used for Microsoft Message Queuing operations:TCP: 1801\nRPC: 135, 2101*, 2103*, 2105*\nUDP: 3527, 1801\n* These port numbers may be incremented by 11 if the initial choice of RPC port is being used when Message Queuing initializes. Port 135 is queried to discover the 2xxx ports.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windows 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"},{"link_name":"Windows NT 4.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0"},{"link_name":"Windows 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98"},{"link_name":"Windows Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me"},{"link_name":"Windows 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Active Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory"},{"link_name":"COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Model"},{"link_name":"Win32 API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SOAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP"},{"link_name":"Internet Information Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008 R2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"SHA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA2"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012"},{"link_name":"Windows 8.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8.1"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012 R2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2"}],"text":"Version 1.0 (May 1997). Supports Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0 SP3, Windows 98 and Windows Me.\nVersion 2.0, included with Windows 2000.\nNew features include:[4] Support for registering public message queues in Active Directory, 128-bit encryption and digital certificate support, full COM support for message properties (achieving functional parity with the Win32 API function calls, full DNS path name support, improved performance in multi-threaded applications.\nVersion 3.0, included with Windows XP (Professional, not Home Edition) and Windows Server 2003.\nNew features include:[5] Internet Messaging (referencing queues via HTTP, SOAP-formatted messages, MSMQ support for Internet Information Services), queue aliases, multicasting of messages, and additional support for programmatic maintenance and administration of queues and MSMQ itself.\nVersion 4.0, part of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.\nNew features include:[6] Subqueues,[7] improved support for \"poison messages\" (messages which continually fail to be processed correctly by the receiver), and support for transactional receives of messages from a remote queue.\nVersion 5.0, part of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.\nNew features include:[8] support for Secure Hash Algorithm 2.0 (SHA2) and all advanced hash algorithms that are supported in Windows 2008 R2; by default, weaker hash algorithms are disabled.\nVersion 6.0, part of Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.\nVersion 6.3, part of Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.","title":"Version references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"MSMQ is heavily used in various Windows Platform-based contact center applications which uses this service for internal notifications and services. [citation needed]","title":"Uses"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Microsoft Windows components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components"},{"title":"IBM MQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_MQ"},{"title":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"title":"Java Message Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Message_Service"},{"title":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"title":"Amazon Simple Queue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Simple_Queue_Service"},{"title":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"title":"RabbitMQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RabbitMQ"},{"title":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}] | [{"reference":"\"Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 Message Queuing Service\". Microsoft Developer Network. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms834460.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 Message Queuing Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud Administrator\". Azure Cloud Administrator. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"url":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud Administrator\". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"url":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud Administrator\". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"url":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud Administrator\". Azure. Dayasagar Roy. Retrieved 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Cloud Administrator\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 19464:2014 - Information technology -- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) v1.0 specification\". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2017-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/64955.html","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 19464:2014 - Information technology -- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) v1.0 specification\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Message_Queuing&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms834460.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 Message Queuing Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.informationweek.com/673/73iudn2.htm","external_links_name":"InformationWeek News Connects The Business Technology Community"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410201921/http://www.informationweek.com/673/73iudn2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/178517","external_links_name":"TCP ports, UDP ports, and RPC ports that are used by Message Queuing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"Link":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"Link":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105920/https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"Link":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blogs.msdn.com/jolson/archive/2008/01/29/ws08-feature-of-the-week-14-sub-queues-in-msmq-4-0.aspx","external_links_name":"Sub-queues in MSMQ 4.0"},{"Link":"https://azureadministrator.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cloud Administrator\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/standard/64955.html","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC 19464:2014 - Information technology -- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) v1.0 specification\""},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms711472.aspx","external_links_name":"MSDN documentation"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantv | CANTV | ["1 Origins","2 Privatization and re-nationalization","3 Subsidiaries","3.1 CANTV and CANTV.NET","3.2 Movilnet","3.3 Caveguías","4 Controversy","4.1 Public surveillance","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Telecommunications company in Venezuela
For the Chicago, Illinois based cable television public access organization, see CAN-TV.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CANTV" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de VenezuelaCompany typePublicTraded asBVC: TDV.DIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedJune 20, 1930HeadquartersCaracas, VenezuelaKey peopleManuel Fernández (President) Ernesto Paiva (CEO)ProductsWireline and wireless telecommunicationInternet service providerParentGovernment of VenezuelaSubsidiariesCantv.netCaveguíasMovilnetWebsitewww.cantv.com.ve
CANTV (Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela) is the state-run telephone and internet service provider in Venezuela. It was one of the first telephone service enterprises in the country, founded in 1930. The largest telecommunications provider in Venezuela, it was privatized in 1991, and re-nationalized in 2007 by Hugo Chavez.
As of May 9, 2008, Cantv’s customer base numbered 10.1 million mobile subscribers, 5.2 million fixed telephony subscribers and 1,000,000 broadband subscribers.
Origins
In 1930 the "Ministerio de Fomento" of the Gómez government granted a concession to Félix A. Guerrero to build and operate a telephone network in the Federal District and the States of the Union. With fellow shareholders Manuel Pérez Abascal, an entrepreneur, and Alfredo Damirón, an attorney, they registered Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos de Venezuela on 20 June 1930.
On 31 December it became the local operating company for the assets of the Venezuelan Telephone and Electrical Appliances Company Limited, an English firm which had been operating in Venezuela for 40 years between Caracas and Puerto Cabello, San Juan de Los Morros, Ocumare del Tuy and Macuto, and had recently acquired the Maracaibo telephone company in 1929. The foreign company, renamed telephone Properties Ltd, still held 100% of the ordinary shares in the Nacional company, and maintained its investment; at the time of transfer it was in the process of automating its network of exchanges.
After a commission spent several years enquiring into ways of expanding the service, in 1953 the government announced its intention to acquire 100% of the shares of Cantv at a price of US$7.1M, as part of the state's program of nationalization. Over the following years it bought up the other privately owned telephone companies, the last one being Compañía de Teléfonos de San Fernando de Apure which it acquired in 1973.
Privatization and re-nationalization
The company was privatized on December 15, 1991, the envelopes containing the bids were opened in a public act and the successful bidder was the consortium VenWorld Telecom, C.A. which bid US$1.885 million (US$1.085 million above the base price) for a 40% equity stake in the company.
The VenWorld consortium was headed by GTE Corporation, with 51% of the shares. The other members of the consortium were Telefónica Internacional de España, C.A. Electricidad de Caracas, each with 16%, Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil CIMA with 12% and AT&T International with 5%.
On January 8, 2007, President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela would re-nationalize CANTV, a move aimed at returning the company's control to the state. On April 8, 2007, the Venezuelan Government launched a tender offer to acquire Cantv’s shares in Venezuela (Class D) and in the United States (ADS). One month later on expiring the offer, the Government acquired 79.6% of the outstanding shares of the Company, in addition to the 6.6% which it previously owned, obtaining control of the Company with a total of 86.2% of its total shares.
Subsidiaries
In addition to Phone service, other services provided by CANTV are divided into three subsidiaries wholly owned by CANTV, which handle internet access, cellular phone service, and directory services.
CANTV and CANTV.NET
Most of cantv wired telephone network rely over copper wire network, also known as POTS. In 2006 Cantv started offering VoIP, or Internet Phone Service to its broadband users, regardless of the fact that VoIP communication through Cantv is shoddy at best. Internet service in addition to dial-up, ISP Cantv.net, offers broadband access using ADSL technology and wireless broadband service through Movilnet's 3G network 1x EV-DO / UMTS / HSDPA in areas where the wired network does not reach the subscriber. It covers the major share of the Venezuelan broadband market, having reached 53% in 2001 and 76% in 2003, reaching more than 800.000 broadband access customers in 2007. Wireless connections, however have a 6 GB per month limit, a major blight upon claims that Venezuela's infrastructure is actually still developing. Currently there are plans to deploy Television Service over their wired broadband network (IPtv) in late 2011.
Movilnet
Movilnet logo
The mobile phone component of CANTV was founded in 1991. In its first year it reached about 21,000 clients while deploying an AMPS network over major cities in Venezuela. This network was then upgraded to TDMA in 1997. Movilnet offers wireless voice, data, and wireless fixed telephony, among many other services over its digital network. Today, Movilnet's wireless networks are based on 1xRTT CDMA2000, EV-DO in the 800 MHz frequency and a GSM / GPRS / EDGE / UMTS / HSDPA / LTE in the 850/1900 MHz. Both networks with nationwide coverage. In the present Movilnet has more than 1,450 1xRTT base stations, and about the same number in GSM, having more coverage than any other provider. Movilnet, reaching over 10 Million Subscribers in 2008, is also the largest Wireless service provider in Venezuela closely followed by Movistar.
Caveguías
Caveguías provides both printed and electronic directories for CANTV clients and subscribers.
Controversy
Public surveillance
In an El Nuevo Herald article, former SEBIN officials and security experts claim that the Venezuelan government has allegedly spent millions of dollars to spy on Venezuelans, using Italian and Russian technology to monitor emails, keywords, and telephone conversations of its citizens, particularly Venezuelans who use CANTV for telecommunications. The information gathered is used to create a "person of interest" for Venezuelan authorities, where only selected individuals could have been fully spied on and a database set up to track those who openly opposed the Bolivarian Revolution.
See also
Censorship in Venezuela
Media in Venezuela
References
^ CANTV, Presidentes de Cantv Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Cantv Resultados Q1 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ The Times Thursday, 13 Apr 1933, Telephone Properties Limited Dividend Of 8 Per Cent. Conditions In Venezuela, Sir Alexander Roger's Statement
^ The Times, Tuesday, 8 December 1953 Telephone Properties' Venezuelan Assets $7M
^ "El Nuevo Herald: Gobierno gasta millones en espionaje electrónico de sus ciudadanos". La Patilla. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
External links
Cantv (Corporate site, virtual office)
Cantv.net (Portal)
Movilnet
Caveguías
Forbes Global 2000 (2007)
vte IBC companies of Venezuela
BBVA Provincial
BNC
CANTV
Corimon
Domínguez & Cía
Envases Venezolanos
Fondo de Valores Inmobiliarios
Manpa
Mercantil
Sivensa
vteVenezuelan mobile phone companies
Movistar
Movilnet
Digitel GSM | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"CAN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN-TV"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the Chicago, Illinois based cable television public access organization, see CAN-TV.CANTV (Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela) is the state-run telephone and internet service provider in Venezuela. It was one of the first telephone service enterprises in the country, founded in 1930. The largest telecommunications provider in Venezuela, it was privatized in 1991, and re-nationalized in 2007 by Hugo Chavez.As of May 9, 2008, Cantv’s customer base numbered 10.1 million mobile subscribers, 5.2 million fixed telephony subscribers and 1,000,000 broadband subscribers.[2]","title":"CANTV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Cabello"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Los Morros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Los_Morros"},{"link_name":"Ocumare del Tuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocumare_del_Tuy"},{"link_name":"Macuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuto,_Vargas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1930 the \"Ministerio de Fomento\" of the Gómez government granted a concession to Félix A. Guerrero to build and operate a telephone network in the Federal District and the States of the Union. With fellow shareholders Manuel Pérez Abascal, an entrepreneur, and Alfredo Damirón, an attorney, they registered Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos de Venezuela on 20 June 1930.On 31 December it became the local operating company for the assets of the Venezuelan Telephone and Electrical Appliances Company Limited, an English firm which had been operating in Venezuela for 40 years between Caracas and Puerto Cabello, San Juan de Los Morros, Ocumare del Tuy and Macuto, and had recently acquired the Maracaibo telephone company in 1929. The foreign company, renamed telephone Properties Ltd, still held 100% of the ordinary shares in the Nacional company, and maintained its investment; at the time of transfer it was in the process of automating its network of exchanges.[3]After a commission spent several years enquiring into ways of expanding the service, in 1953 the government announced its intention to acquire 100% of the shares of Cantv at a price of US$7.1M, as part of the state's program of nationalization.[4] Over the following years it bought up the other privately owned telephone companies, the last one being Compañía de Teléfonos de San Fernando de Apure which it acquired in 1973.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTE"},{"link_name":"Telefónica Internacional de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica"},{"link_name":"Electricidad de Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricidad_de_Caracas"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"nationalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalize"},{"link_name":"tender offer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_offer"}],"text":"The company was privatized on December 15, 1991, the envelopes containing the bids were opened in a public act and the successful bidder was the consortium VenWorld Telecom, C.A. which bid US$1.885 million (US$1.085 million above the base price) for a 40% equity stake in the company.\nThe VenWorld consortium was headed by GTE Corporation, with 51% of the shares. The other members of the consortium were Telefónica Internacional de España, C.A. Electricidad de Caracas, each with 16%, Consorcio Inversionista Mercantil CIMA with 12% and AT&T International with 5%.On January 8, 2007, President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela would re-nationalize CANTV, a move aimed at returning the company's control to the state. On April 8, 2007, the Venezuelan Government launched a tender offer to acquire Cantv’s shares in Venezuela (Class D) and in the United States (ADS). One month later on expiring the offer, the Government acquired 79.6% of the outstanding shares of the Company, in addition to the 6.6% which it previously owned, obtaining control of the Company with a total of 86.2% of its total shares.","title":"Privatization and re-nationalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cellular phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phone"},{"link_name":"directory services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_services"}],"text":"In addition to Phone service, other services provided by CANTV are divided into three subsidiaries wholly owned by CANTV, which handle internet access, cellular phone service, and directory services.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dial-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up"},{"link_name":"ISP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"ADSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL"},{"link_name":"EV-DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"}],"sub_title":"CANTV and CANTV.NET","text":"Most of cantv wired telephone network rely over copper wire network, also known as POTS. In 2006 Cantv started offering VoIP, or Internet Phone Service to its broadband users, regardless of the fact that VoIP communication through Cantv is shoddy at best. Internet service in addition to dial-up, ISP Cantv.net, offers broadband access using ADSL technology and wireless broadband service through Movilnet's 3G network 1x EV-DO / UMTS / HSDPA in areas where the wired network does not reach the subscriber. It covers the major share of the Venezuelan broadband market, having reached 53% in 2001 and 76% in 2003, reaching more than 800.000 broadband access customers in 2007. Wireless connections, however have a 6 GB per month limit, a major blight upon claims that Venezuela's infrastructure is actually still developing. Currently there are plans to deploy Television Service over their wired broadband network (IPtv) in late 2011.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Movilnet.JPG"},{"link_name":"AMPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System"},{"link_name":"TDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS"},{"link_name":"CDMA2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000"},{"link_name":"EV-DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)"},{"link_name":"Movistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar"}],"sub_title":"Movilnet","text":"Movilnet logoThe mobile phone component of CANTV was founded in 1991. In its first year it reached about 21,000 clients while deploying an AMPS network over major cities in Venezuela. This network was then upgraded to TDMA in 1997. Movilnet offers wireless voice, data, and wireless fixed telephony, among many other services over its digital network. Today, Movilnet's wireless networks are based on 1xRTT CDMA2000, EV-DO in the 800 MHz frequency and a GSM / GPRS / EDGE / UMTS / HSDPA / LTE in the 850/1900 MHz. Both networks with nationwide coverage. In the present Movilnet has more than 1,450 1xRTT base stations, and about the same number in GSM, having more coverage than any other provider. Movilnet, reaching over 10 Million Subscribers in 2008, is also the largest Wireless service provider in Venezuela closely followed by Movistar.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Caveguías","text":"Caveguías provides both printed and electronic directories for CANTV clients and subscribers.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Nuevo Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald"},{"link_name":"SEBIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEBIN"},{"link_name":"person of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_interest"},{"link_name":"Bolivarian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Public surveillance","text":"In an El Nuevo Herald article, former SEBIN officials and security experts claim that the Venezuelan government has allegedly spent millions of dollars to spy on Venezuelans, using Italian and Russian technology to monitor emails, keywords, and telephone conversations of its citizens, particularly Venezuelans who use CANTV for telecommunications. The information gathered is used to create a \"person of interest\" for Venezuelan authorities, where only selected individuals could have been fully spied on and a database set up to track those who openly opposed the Bolivarian Revolution.[5]","title":"Controversy"}] | [{"image_text":"Movilnet logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Logo_Movilnet.JPG/220px-Logo_Movilnet.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Censorship in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela"},{"title":"Media in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Venezuela"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cantv Resultados Q1 2008\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2009-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719065805/http://www.cantv.com.ve/Portales/Cantv/data/Nota%20Cantv%20Resultados%20del%201T08%20eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Cantv Resultados Q1 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.cantv.com.ve/Portales/Cantv%5Cdata%5CNota%20Cantv%20Resultados%20del%201T08%20eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"El Nuevo Herald: Gobierno gasta millones en espionaje electrónico de sus ciudadanos\". La Patilla. 2 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/11/02/el-nuevo-herald-gobierno-gasta-millones-en-espionaje-electronico-de-sus-ciudadanos/","url_text":"\"El Nuevo Herald: Gobierno gasta millones en espionaje electrónico de sus ciudadanos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Patilla","url_text":"La Patilla"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CANTV%22","external_links_name":"\"CANTV\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CANTV%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CANTV%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CANTV%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CANTV%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CANTV%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.bolsadecaracas.com/eng/productos/dinamica/operaciones-light.jsp?symbol=TDV.D","external_links_name":"TDV.D"},{"Link":"http://www.cantv.com.ve/","external_links_name":"www.cantv.com.ve"},{"Link":"http://www.cantv.com.ve/seccion.asp?pid=1&sid=158&id=2&und=6&cat=item_lc&item=item_7&item_name=Historia","external_links_name":"Presidentes de Cantv"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074244/http://www.cantv.com.ve/seccion.asp?pid=1&sid=158&id=2&und=6&cat=item_lc&item=item_7&item_name=Historia","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719065805/http://www.cantv.com.ve/Portales/Cantv/data/Nota%20Cantv%20Resultados%20del%201T08%20eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cantv Resultados Q1 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.cantv.com.ve/Portales/Cantv%5Cdata%5CNota%20Cantv%20Resultados%20del%201T08%20eng.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/11/02/el-nuevo-herald-gobierno-gasta-millones-en-espionaje-electronico-de-sus-ciudadanos/","external_links_name":"\"El Nuevo Herald: Gobierno gasta millones en espionaje electrónico de sus ciudadanos\""},{"Link":"http://www.cantv.com.ve/","external_links_name":"Cantv (Corporate site, virtual office)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19971010221117/http://www.cantv.net/","external_links_name":"Cantv.net (Portal)"},{"Link":"http://www.movilnet.com.ve/","external_links_name":"Movilnet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929231253/http://www.paginasamarillascantv.com.ve/","external_links_name":"Caveguías"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/18/biz_07forbes2000_The-Global-2000-Venezuela_10Rank.html","external_links_name":"Forbes Global 2000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering | Astronomical year numbering | ["1 Usage of the year zero","2 Signed years without the year zero","3 See also","4 References"] | Year numbering system using 0 for 1 BC
Astronomical year numbering is based on AD/CE year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0; the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers. Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before 1582, including the year 0, and the Gregorian calendar for years after 1582, as exemplified by Jacques Cassini (1740), Simon Newcomb (1898) and Fred Espenak (2007).
The prefix AD and the suffixes CE, BC or BCE (Common Era, Before Christ or Before Common Era) are dropped. The year 1 BC/BCE is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered −1, and in general the year n BC/BCE is numbered "−(n − 1)" (a negative number equal to 1 − n). The numbers of AD/CE years are not changed and are written with either no sign or a positive sign; thus in general n AD/CE is simply n or +n. For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.
The system is so named due to its use in astronomy. Few other disciplines outside history deal with the time before year 1, some exceptions being dendrochronology, archaeology and geology, the latter two of which use 'years before the present'. Although the absolute numerical values of astronomical and historical years only differ by one before year 1, this difference is critical when calculating astronomical events like eclipses or planetary conjunctions to determine when historical events which mention them occurred.
Usage of the year zero
Main article: Year zero
In his Rudolphine Tables (1627), Johannes Kepler used a prototype of year zero which he labeled Christi (Christ's) between years labeled Ante Christum (Before Christ) and Post Christum (After Christ) on the mean motion tables for the Sun, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus and Mercury. In 1702, the French astronomer Philippe de la Hire used a year he labeled Christum 0 at the end of years labeled ante Christum (BC), and immediately before years labeled post Christum (AD) on the mean motion pages in his Tabulæ Astronomicæ, thus adding the designation 0 to Kepler's Christi. Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini (Cassini II), who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero, completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ (before Jesus Christ or BC), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ (after Jesus Christ or AD).
Cassini gave the following reasons for using a year 0:
The year 0 is that in which one supposes that Jesus Christ was born, which several chronologists mark 1 before the birth of Jesus Christ and which we marked 0, so that the sum of the years before and after Jesus Christ gives the interval which is between these years, and where numbers divisible by 4 mark the leap years as so many before or after Jesus Christ.— Jacques Cassini
Fred Espenak of NASA lists 50 phases of the Moon within year 0, showing that it is a full year, not an instant in time. Jean Meeus gives the following explanation:
There is a disagreement between astronomers and historians about how to count the years preceding year 1. In , the 'B.C.' years are counted astronomically. Thus, the year before the year +1 is the year zero, and the year preceding the latter is the year −1. The year which historians call 585 B.C. is actually the year −584.
The astronomical counting of the negative years is the only one suitable for arithmetical purpose. For example, in the historical practice of counting, the rule of divisibility by 4 revealing Julian leap-years no longer exists; these years are, indeed, 1, 5, 9, 13, ... B.C. In the astronomical sequence, however, these leap-years are called 0, −4, −8, −12, ..., and the rule of divisibility by 4 subsists.— Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms
Signed years without the year zero
Although he used the usual French terms "avant J.-C." (before Jesus Christ) and "après J.-C." (after Jesus Christ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel (1890–1967) used negative years (identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table. He may have done so to save space and he put no year 0 between them.
Version 1.0 of the XML Schema language, often used to describe data interchanged between computers in XML, includes built-in primitive datatypes date and dateTime. Although these are defined in terms of ISO 8601 which uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar and therefore should include a year 0, the XML Schema specification states that there is no year zero. Version 1.1 of the defining recommendation realigned the specification with ISO 8601 by including a year zero, despite the problems arising from the lack of backward compatibility.
See also
Julian day, another calendar commonly used by astronomers
Astronomical chronology
Holocene calendar
ISO 8601
References
^ a b c d Espenak, Fred. "Year Dating Conventions". NASA Eclipse Web Site. NASA. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
^ a b Jacques Cassini, Tables Astronomiques (1740), Explication et Usage pp. 5 (PA5), 7 (PA7), Tables pp. 10 (RA1-PA10), 22 (RA1-PA22), 63 (RA1-PA63), 77 (RA1-PA77), 91 (RA1-PA91), 105 (RA1-PA105), 119 (RA1-PA119). (in French)
^ Simon Newcomb, "Tables of the Motion of the Earth on its Axis and Around the Sun" in Astronomical Papers Prepared for the Use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, Volume VI: Tables of the Four Inner Planets, (United States Naval Observatory, 1898), pp. 27 & 34–35.
^ a b Fred Espenak, Phases of the Moon: −99 to 0 (100 to 1 BCE) Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine NASA Eclipse web site
^ Johannes Kepler, Tabulae Rudolphinae (1627) Pars secunda, 42 (Zu Seite 191), 48 (197), 54 (203), 60 (209), 66 (215), 72 (221), 78 (227). (Latin)
^ Tabulae Astronomicae – Philippo de la Hire (1702), Tabulæ 15, 21, 39, 47, 55, 63, 71; Usus tabularum 4. (Latin)
^ Robert Kaplan, The nothing that is (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) 103.
^ Dick Teresi, "Zero", The Atlantic, July 1997 (see under Calendars and the Cosmos).
^ L. E. Doggett, "Calendars" Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, ed. P. Kenneth Seidelmann, (Sausalito, California: University Science Books, 1992/2005) 579.
^ Jacques Cassini, Tables astronomiques, 1740, Explication et Usage p. 5, translated by Wikipedia from the French: "L'année 0 est celle dans laquelle on suppose qu'est né Jesus-Christ & que plusieurs Chronologistes marquent 1 avant la naissance de J. C. & que nous avons marquée 0, afin que la somme des années avant & après J. C. donne l'intervalle qui est entre ces années, & que les nombres divisibles par 4 marquent les années bissextiles tant avant qu'après Jesus-Christ."
^ Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (Richmod, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, 1991) 60.
^ V. Grumel, La chronologie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1958) 30. (in French)
^ Biron, P.V. & Malhotra, A. (Eds.). (28 October 2004). XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes (2nd ed.). World Wide Web Consortium.
vteCalendarsSystems
Lunar
Lunisolar
Solar
In wide use
Astronomical
Buddhist
Chinese
Ethiopian
Gregorian
Hindu
Lunar Hijri
Solar Hijri
ISO
Unix time
In morelimited use
Akan
Armenian
Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
Assyrian
Baháʼí
Badí‘
Bali
Pawukon
Saka
Bengali
Bangladeshi
Berber
Borana
Burmese
Chinese
Earthly Branches
Heavenly Stems
Minguo
Solar term
Germanic heathen
Georgian
Hebrew
Hindu
Vikram Samvat
Saka
Hmong
Igbo
Iranian
Jalali
medieval
Zoroastrian
Irish
Gaelic
Islamic
Fasli
Tabular
Jain
Japanese
Javanese
Korean
Juche
Kurdish
Lithuanian
Maithili
Malayalam
Mandaean
Manipuri (Meitei)
Melanau
Mongolian
Nepal
Nepal Sambat
Vikram Samvat
Yele Sambat
Nisg̱a'a
Odia
Punjabi
Nanakshahi
Romanian
Shona
Somali
Sesotho
Slavic
Slavic Native Faith
Macedonian
Tamil
Thai
lunar
solar
Tibetan
Tripuri
Tulu
Vietnamese
Wicca
Xhosa
Yoruba
Zulu
Types
Runic
Mesoamerican
Long Count
Calendar round
Christian variants
Coptic
Ethiopian and Eritrean
Julian
Revised
Liturgical year
Eastern Orthodox
Saints
Historical
Arabian
Attic
Aztec
Tōnalpōhualli
Xiuhpōhualli
Babylonian
Bulgar
Byzantine
Cappadocian
Celtic
Cham
Culāsakaraj
Coligny
Egyptian
Enoch
Florentine
French Republican
Germanic
Greek
Hindu
Inca
Macedonian
Maya
Haabʼ
Tzolkʼin
Muisca
Pentecontad
Pisan
Qumran
Rapa Nui
Roman
Rumi
Sexagenary
Soviet
Swedish
Turkmen
By specialty
Holocene
anthropological
Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian
historiographical
Darian
Martian
Dreamspell
New Age
Discordian
'Pataphysical
Reform proposals
Hanke–Henry Permanent
International Fixed
Pax
Positivist
Symmetry454
World
Displays andapplications
Electronic
Perpetual
Wall
Year namingand numberingTerminology
Era
Epoch
Leap year
New Year
Regnal name
Regnal year
Year zero
Systems
Ab urbe condita
Anka year
Anno Domini/Common Era
Anno Lucis
Anno Martyrum
Anno Mundi
Assyrian
Before Present
Chinese Imperial
Chinese Minguo
English and British regnal year
Human (Holocene)
Japanese
Korean
Nirayana system
Seleucid
Spanish
Yugas
Satya
Treta
Dvapara
Kali
Vietnamese
Fictional
Discworld (Discworld)
Greyhawk (Dungeons & Dragons)
Middle-earth (The Lord of the Rings)
Stardate (Star Trek)
List of calendars
Category
vteChronologyKey topics
Archaeology
Astronomy
Geology
History
Big History
Paleontology
Time
PeriodsErasEpochsCalendar eras
Human Era
Ab urbe condita
Anno Domini / Common Era
Anno Mundi
Bosporan era
Bostran era
Byzantine era
Seleucid era
Era of Caesar (Iberia)
Before present
Hijri
Egyptian
Sothic cycle
Hindu units of time (Yuga)
Mesoamerican
Long Count
Short Count
Tzolk'in
Haab'
Regnal year
Anka year
Canon of Kings
English and British regnal year
Lists of kings
Limmu
Era names
Chinese
Japanese
Korean
Vietnamese
CalendarsPre-Julian / Julian
Pre-Julian Roman
Original Julian
Proleptic Julian
Revised Julian
Gregorian
Gregorian
Proleptic Gregorian
Old Style and New Style dates
Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
Dual dating
Astronomical
Lunisolar (Hebrew, Hindu)
Solar
Lunar (Islamic)
Astronomical year numbering
Others
Chinese sexagenary cycle
Geologic Calendar
Iranian
ISO week date
Mesoamerican
Maya
Aztec
Winter count
New Earth Time
Astronomic time
Cosmic Calendar
Ephemeris
Galactic year
Metonic cycle
Milankovitch cycles
Geologic timeConcepts
Deep time
Geological history of Earth
Geological time units
Standards
Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
Methods
Chronostratigraphy
Geochronology
Isotope geochemistry
Law of superposition
Luminescence dating
Samarium–neodymium dating
ChronologicaldatingAbsolute dating
Amino acid racemisation
Archaeomagnetic dating
Dendrochronology
Ice core
Incremental dating
Lichenometry
Paleomagnetism
Radiometric dating
Lead–lead
Potassium–argon
Radiocarbon
Uranium–lead
Tephrochronology
Luminescence dating
Thermoluminescence dating
Relative dating
Fluorine absorption
Nitrogen dating
Obsidian hydration
Seriation
Stratigraphy
Genetic methods
Molecular clock
Linguistic methods
Glottochronology
Related topics
Chronicle
New Chronology
Synchronoptic view
Timeline
Year zero
Floruit
Terminus post quem
ASPRO chronology
vteTime measurement and standards
Chronometry
Orders of magnitude
Metrology
International standards
Coordinated Universal Time
offset
UT
ΔT
DUT1
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
ISO 31-1
ISO 8601
International Atomic Time
12-hour clock
24-hour clock
Barycentric Coordinate Time
Barycentric Dynamical Time
Civil time
Daylight saving time
Geocentric Coordinate Time
International Date Line
IERS Reference Meridian
Leap second
Solar time
Terrestrial Time
Time zone
180th meridian
Obsolete standards
Ephemeris time
Greenwich Mean Time
Prime meridian
Time in physics
Absolute space and time
Spacetime
Chronon
Continuous signal
Coordinate time
Cosmological decade
Discrete time and continuous time
Proper time
Theory of relativity
Time dilation
Gravitational time dilation
Time domain
Time-translation symmetry
T-symmetry
Horology
Clock
Astrarium
Atomic clock
Complication
History of timekeeping devices
Hourglass
Marine chronometer
Marine sandglass
Radio clock
Watch
stopwatch
Water clock
Sundial
Dialing scales
Equation of time
History of sundials
Sundial markup schema
Calendar
Gregorian
Hebrew
Hindu
Holocene
Islamic (lunar Hijri)
Julian
Solar Hijri
Astronomical
Dominical letter
Epact
Equinox
Intercalation
Julian day
Leap year
Lunar
Lunisolar
Solar
Solstice
Tropical year
Weekday determination
Weekday names
Archaeology and geology
Chronological dating
Geologic time scale
International Commission on Stratigraphy
Astronomical chronology
Galactic year
Nuclear timescale
Precession
Sidereal time
Other units of time
Instant
Flick
Shake
Jiffy
Second
Minute
Moment
Hour
Day
Week
Fortnight
Month
Year
Olympiad
Lustrum
Decade
Century
Saeculum
Millennium
Related topics
Chronology
Duration
music
Mental chronometry
Decimal time
Metric time
System time
Time metrology
Time value of money
Timekeeper | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"year 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(year)"},{"link_name":"negative numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-eclipses-1"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cassini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassini-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Newcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Newcomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fred Espenak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Espenak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espanak-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-eclipses-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-eclipses-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa-eclipses-1"},{"link_name":"number zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(number)"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"dendrochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"years before the present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present"},{"link_name":"eclipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipses"},{"link_name":"planetary conjunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_conjunction"}],"text":"Astronomical year numbering is based on AD/CE year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0; the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers.[1] Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before 1582, including the year 0, and the Gregorian calendar for years after 1582, as exemplified by Jacques Cassini (1740),[2] Simon Newcomb (1898)[3] and Fred Espenak (2007).[4]The prefix AD and the suffixes CE, BC or BCE (Common Era, Before Christ or Before Common Era) are dropped.[1] The year 1 BC/BCE is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered −1, and in general the year n BC/BCE is numbered \"−(n − 1)\"[1] (a negative number equal to 1 − n). The numbers of AD/CE years are not changed and are written with either no sign or a positive sign; thus in general n AD/CE is simply n or +n.[1] For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.The system is so named due to its use in astronomy. Few other disciplines outside history deal with the time before year 1, some exceptions being dendrochronology, archaeology and geology, the latter two of which use 'years before the present'. Although the absolute numerical values of astronomical and historical years only differ by one before year 1, this difference is critical when calculating astronomical events like eclipses or planetary conjunctions to determine when historical events which mention them occurred.","title":"Astronomical year numbering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudolphine Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolphine_Tables"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philippe de la Hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_la_Hire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cassini"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassini-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"phases of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_phase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espanak-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In his Rudolphine Tables (1627), Johannes Kepler used a prototype of year zero which he labeled Christi (Christ's) between years labeled Ante Christum (Before Christ) and Post Christum (After Christ) on the mean motion tables for the Sun, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus and Mercury.[5] In 1702, the French astronomer Philippe de la Hire used a year he labeled Christum 0 at the end of years labeled ante Christum (BC), and immediately before years labeled post Christum (AD) on the mean motion pages in his Tabulæ Astronomicæ, thus adding the designation 0 to Kepler's Christi.[6] Finally, in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini (Cassini II), who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero,[7][8][9] completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques, simply labeling this year 0, which he placed at the end of Julian years labeled avant Jesus-Christ (before Jesus Christ or BC), and immediately before Julian years labeled après Jesus-Christ (after Jesus Christ or AD).[2]Cassini gave the following reasons for using a year 0:[10]The year 0 is that in which one supposes that Jesus Christ was born, which several chronologists mark 1 before the birth of Jesus Christ and which we marked 0, so that the sum of the years before and after Jesus Christ gives the interval which is between these years, and where numbers divisible by 4 mark the leap years as so many before or after Jesus Christ.— Jacques CassiniFred Espenak of NASA lists 50 phases of the Moon within year 0, showing that it is a full year, not an instant in time.[4] Jean Meeus gives the following explanation:[11]There is a disagreement between astronomers and historians about how to count the years preceding year 1. In [Astronomical Algorithms], the 'B.C.' years are counted astronomically. Thus, the year before the year +1 is the year zero, and the year preceding the latter is the year −1. The year which historians call 585 B.C. is actually the year −584.\nThe astronomical counting of the negative years is the only one suitable for arithmetical purpose. For example, in the historical practice of counting, the rule of divisibility by 4 revealing Julian leap-years no longer exists; these years are, indeed, 1, 5, 9, 13, ... B.C. In the astronomical sequence, however, these leap-years are called 0, −4, −8, −12, ..., and the rule of divisibility by 4 subsists.— Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms","title":"Usage of the year zero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venance Grumel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venance_Grumel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"XML Schema language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"ISO 8601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"},{"link_name":"proleptic Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"recommendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_recommendation"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Although he used the usual French terms \"avant J.-C.\" (before Jesus Christ) and \"après J.-C.\" (after Jesus Christ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel (1890–1967) used negative years (identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table. He may have done so to save space and he put no year 0 between them.[12]Version 1.0 of the XML Schema language, often used to describe data interchanged between computers in XML, includes built-in primitive datatypes date and dateTime. Although these are defined in terms of ISO 8601 which uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar and therefore should include a year 0, the XML Schema specification states that there is no year zero. Version 1.1 of the defining recommendation realigned the specification with ISO 8601 by including a year zero, despite the problems arising from the lack of backward compatibility.[13]","title":"Signed years without the year zero"}] | [] | [{"title":"Julian day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day"},{"title":"Astronomical chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_chronology"},{"title":"Holocene calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar"},{"title":"ISO 8601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"}] | [{"reference":"Espenak, Fred. \"Year Dating Conventions\". NASA Eclipse Web Site. NASA. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/dates.html","url_text":"\"Year Dating Conventions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208212742/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/dates.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/dates.html","external_links_name":"\"Year Dating Conventions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208212742/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/dates.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fVIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10","external_links_name":"Tables Astronomiques"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/06AstronomicalPapersPreparedForTheUse","external_links_name":"\"Tables of the Motion of the Earth on its Axis and Around the Sun\""},{"Link":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases-0099.html","external_links_name":"Phases of the Moon: −99 to 0 (100 to 1 BCE)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090605101653/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases-0099.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ub.uni-kiel.de/digiport/bis1800/Arch3_436.html","external_links_name":"Tabulae Rudolphinae"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BjygAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Tabulae Astronomicae – Philippo de la Hire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn0EBVsfi1YC&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"The nothing that is"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/97jul/zero.htm","external_links_name":"\"Zero\""},{"Link":"http://charon.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html","external_links_name":"\"Calendars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210184836/http://charon.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fVIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3","external_links_name":"Tables astronomiques"},{"Link":"http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#dateTime","external_links_name":"XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes (2nd ed.)."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Appleton_Potter | William Appleton Potter | ["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Commissions","4 Greenwich Point","5 Gallery","6 Notes","7 References"] | American architect
Alexander Hall, Princeton University (1891-94)
William Appleton Potter (December 10, 1842 – February 19, 1909) was an American architect who designed numerous buildings for Princeton University, as well as municipal offices and churches. He served as a Supervising Architect of the Treasury from 1874 to 1877.
Biography
Born in 1842 in Schenectady, New York, Potter grew up in Philadelphia, where he attended Episcopal Academy. He then returned to his birthplace to matriculate at Union College as a member of the Class of 1864. Potter was the son of Bishop Alonzo Potter and had eight brothers, including:
Clarkson Nott Potter (1825–1882), Democratic member of the House of Representatives after the Civil War
Howard Potter (1826–1897) Banker, Senior Partner in Brown Shipley
Robert Brown Potter (1829–1887), United States General in the Civil War
Henry Codman Potter (1835–1908), succeeded Horatio Potter as Bishop of New York in 1887
Eliphalet Nott Potter (1836–1901), professor and president of Union College and Hobart College
Potter's half-brother Edward Tuckerman Potter (1831–1904), architect who designed the Nott Memorial at Union College
He became an assistant professor at Columbia College, where he taught chemistry for a year, after which he spent another year touring France. His collegiate background distinguished him from most architects of the first half of the 19th century, who received their training through apprenticeship in the building trades and sometimes in the offices of practicing architects. The apprenticeship tradition was still strong, however, and Potter received his professional training first in the New York office of George B. Post, and then in his half-brother's office at Schenectady.
Potter died February 19, 1909. Among his apprentices was the architect James Brown Lord.
Career
Chancellor Green Library, Princeton University (1871-73).
St Martin's Church, Harlem, New York City (1888).
Chancellor Green Library (1871–1873) for Princeton University was Potter's first major commission. In it, he took the High Victorian Gothic vocabulary and octagonal form used by his half-brother for the Nott Memorial at Union College, and elaborated it into a complex interplay of octagons of various sizes and shapes. For Princeton, retaining Potter represented a shift from dependence on Philadelphia architects to a New York practitioner. He would receive from the college an honorary Master of Arts degree in 1872, and go on to design several other buildings on campus.
From 1874 to 1877, Potter served as supervising architect of the United States Treasury. Under his supervision, designs were produced for customhouses, courthouses, and post offices in Kentucky, Indiana, Massachusetts, Georgia, and Tennessee.
Concurrent with his years at the U.S. Treasury, Potter formed a partnership with Robert Henderson Robertson. From 1875 to 1881, along with major public projects, the firm produced summer vacation cottages in Newport, Rhode Island, and the Jersey Shore, as well as the Adam-Derby House at Oyster Bay, New York.
Commissions
South Congregational Church (Springfield, Massachusetts) (1871–1875)
Chancellor Green Library, Princeton University (1871–1873)
John C. Green School of Science, Princeton (1873–1875) (razed)
Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (1874–1876)
Belleville Avenue Congregational Church, Newark, New Jersey (1874)
Witherspoon Hall, Princeton (1875–1877)
Stuart Hall at Princeton Theological Seminary (1875–1877)
The University Hotel, Princeton (1875–1877, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson) (razed)
Charles H. Baldwin House, Newport, Rhode Island (1877–78, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson)
St. James Protestant Episcopal Chapel; known as the Church of the Presidents, Elberon, New Jersey (1879, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson)
Trinity Episcopal Church, Shelburne, Vermont (1886-1898)
Christ Church, Poughkeepsie, New York (1887–1889)
St. Martin's Church, 230 Lenox Avenue (1888) (NYCL)
St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (1888)
St. Agnes Chapel, New York City (1890–1892; razed 1944)
Alexander Hall, Princeton (1891–1894)
Church of St. Paul & St. Andrew, 236 West 86th Street (1895)
First Reformed Dutch church, Somerville, New Jersey (1896–1897)
East Pyne Building, Princeton (1896–1897)
Church of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York), 160 Central Park West (1898)
Advent Lutheran Church (New York City) (1900)
Townhouse, 33 East 67th Street, New York, New York (1903)
St. John's Episcopal Church, 628 Main Street, Stamford, CT 1891
Greenwich Point
Potter was the uncle of Mrs. J. Kennedy Tod (Maria Howard Potter) daughter of Howard Potter, and in 1887 Potter designed Innis Arden House and several other buildings for Mr. and Mrs. Tod's Greenwich, Connecticut estate, known as Innis Arden. Today the 147-acre (0.59 km2) estate is a public park in Greenwich, known as Greenwich Point. Several original buildings designed by Potter remain on the property, including the Old Barn (circa 1887), which is the oldest extant building at Greenwich Point and was fully restored by the Greenwich Point Conservancy 2016. In addition, the Innis Arden Cottage, which was designed by an associate of Potter, Katherine C. Budd, an early and prominent woman and architect, remains on the property as well. The 1903 Innis Arden Cottage was completely restored by the Greenwich Point Conservancy between 2005 - 2011. Both the Old Barn and the Innis Arden Cottage are open to the public.
Gallery
Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (1874–76).
Witherspoon Hall, Princeton University (1875–77).
Charles H. Baldwin House, Newport, Rhode Island (1877–78), Potter & Robertson.
Church of the Presidents, Elberon, New Jersey (1879), Potter & Robertson.
St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (1888).
Alexander Hall, auditorium, Princeton University (1891–94).
East Pyne Hall, Princeton University (1896–97).
Church of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society), New York, New York (1898).
Notes
^ Selden, William K. (2004). Alexander Hall, home of Richardson Auditorium : a chronicle of Alexander Hall's significance in the development of the Princeton University Campus. Princeton, NY: The Trustees of Princeton University. p. 21. OCLC 57147520.
^ (August 1989) Princeton History, Number 8 http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "SAH ARCHIPEDIA". sah-archipedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
^ AIA Guide to New York City, MacMillan, 1967, page 452
References
Sarah Bradford Landau, Edward T. and William A. Potter: American Victorian Architects; Garland Publishing; New York and London 1979
Preceded byAlfred B. Mullett
Office of the Supervising Architect 1874–1877
Succeeded byJames G. Hill
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
People
Structurae
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hall_exterior_Princeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Supervising Architect of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Supervising_Architect"}],"text":"Alexander Hall, Princeton University (1891-94)William Appleton Potter (December 10, 1842 – February 19, 1909) was an American architect who designed numerous buildings for Princeton University, as well as municipal offices and churches. He served as a Supervising Architect of the Treasury from 1874 to 1877.","title":"William Appleton Potter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Potter"},{"link_name":"Clarkson Nott Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Nott_Potter"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Howard Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Potter"},{"link_name":"Brown Shipley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Shipley"},{"link_name":"Robert Brown Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_Potter"},{"link_name":"Henry Codman Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Codman_Potter"},{"link_name":"Horatio Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Potter"},{"link_name":"Hobart College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Edward Tuckerman Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tuckerman_Potter"},{"link_name":"Nott Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nott_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"George B. Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Brown Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown_Lord"}],"text":"Born in 1842 in Schenectady, New York, Potter grew up in Philadelphia, where he attended Episcopal Academy. He then returned to his birthplace to matriculate at Union College as a member of the Class of 1864.[1] Potter was the son of Bishop Alonzo Potter and had eight brothers, including:Clarkson Nott Potter (1825–1882), Democratic member of the House of Representatives after the Civil War\nHoward Potter (1826–1897) Banker, Senior Partner in Brown Shipley\nRobert Brown Potter (1829–1887), United States General in the Civil War\nHenry Codman Potter (1835–1908), succeeded Horatio Potter as Bishop of New York in 1887\nEliphalet Nott Potter (1836–1901), professor and president of Union College and Hobart College\nPotter's half-brother Edward Tuckerman Potter (1831–1904), architect who designed the Nott Memorial at Union CollegeHe became an assistant professor at Columbia College, where he taught chemistry for a year, after which he spent another year touring France. His collegiate background distinguished him from most architects of the first half of the 19th century, who received their training through apprenticeship in the building trades and sometimes in the offices of practicing architects. The apprenticeship tradition was still strong, however, and Potter received his professional training first in the New York office of George B. Post, and then in his half-brother's office at Schenectady.[2]Potter died February 19, 1909. Among his apprentices was the architect James Brown Lord.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chancellor_Green_exterior_Princeton.JPG"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Martin%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Harlem,_looking_northeast_across_Malcom_X_Blvd,_2008_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Victorian Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Nott Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nott_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College"},{"link_name":"octagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"United States Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Jersey Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore"},{"link_name":"Adam-Derby House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam-Derby_House"},{"link_name":"Oyster Bay, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay_(hamlet),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"text":"Chancellor Green Library, Princeton University (1871-73).St Martin's Church, Harlem, New York City (1888).Chancellor Green Library (1871–1873) for Princeton University was Potter's first major commission. In it, he took the High Victorian Gothic vocabulary and octagonal form used by his half-brother for the Nott Memorial at Union College, and elaborated it into a complex interplay of octagons of various sizes and shapes. For Princeton, retaining Potter represented a shift from dependence on Philadelphia architects to a New York practitioner. He would receive from the college an honorary Master of Arts degree in 1872, and go on to design several other buildings on campus.From 1874 to 1877, Potter served as supervising architect of the United States Treasury. Under his supervision, designs were produced for customhouses, courthouses, and post offices in Kentucky, Indiana, Massachusetts, Georgia, and Tennessee.Concurrent with his years at the U.S. Treasury, Potter formed a partnership with Robert Henderson Robertson. From 1875 to 1881, along with major public projects, the firm produced summer vacation cottages in Newport, Rhode Island, and the Jersey Shore, as well as the Adam-Derby House at Oyster Bay, New York.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Congregational Church (Springfield, Massachusetts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Congregational_Church_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"John C. Green School of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Green_School_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Belleville Avenue Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_Avenue_Congregational_Church"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Princeton Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Baldwin House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Baldwin_House"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Church of the Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Presidents_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Elberon, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elberon,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Robert Henderson Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henderson_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Trinity Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trinityshelburne.org/"},{"link_name":"Shelburne, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Poughkeepsie, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poughkeepsie_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NYCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s-in-Tuxedo"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Agnes Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Agnes_Chapel_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Paul & St. Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.spsanyc.org/"},{"link_name":"Somerville, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Church of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Universalist_Society_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Advent Lutheran Church (New York City)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_Lutheran_Church_(New_York_City)"}],"text":"South Congregational Church (Springfield, Massachusetts) (1871–1875)\nChancellor Green Library, Princeton University (1871–1873)\nJohn C. Green School of Science, Princeton (1873–1875) (razed)\nBerkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (1874–1876)\nBelleville Avenue Congregational Church, Newark, New Jersey (1874)\nWitherspoon Hall, Princeton (1875–1877)\nStuart Hall at Princeton Theological Seminary (1875–1877)\nThe University Hotel, Princeton (1875–1877, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson) (razed)\nCharles H. Baldwin House, Newport, Rhode Island (1877–78, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson)\nSt. James Protestant Episcopal Chapel; known as the Church of the Presidents, Elberon, New Jersey (1879, with partner Robert Henderson Robertson)\nTrinity Episcopal Church, Shelburne, Vermont (1886-1898)[4]\nChrist Church, Poughkeepsie, New York (1887–1889)\nSt. Martin's Church, 230 Lenox Avenue (1888)[5] (NYCL)\nSt. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (1888)\nSt. Agnes Chapel, New York City (1890–1892; razed 1944)\nAlexander Hall, Princeton (1891–1894)\nChurch of St. Paul & St. Andrew, 236 West 86th Street (1895)\nFirst Reformed Dutch church, Somerville, New Jersey (1896–1897)\nEast Pyne Building, Princeton (1896–1897)\nChurch of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York), 160 Central Park West (1898)\nAdvent Lutheran Church (New York City) (1900)\nTownhouse, 33 East 67th Street, New York, New York (1903)\nSt. John's Episcopal Church, 628 Main Street, Stamford, CT 1891","title":"Commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwich, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut"}],"text":"Potter was the uncle of Mrs. J. Kennedy Tod (Maria Howard Potter) daughter of Howard Potter, and in 1887 Potter designed Innis Arden House and several other buildings for Mr. and Mrs. Tod's Greenwich, Connecticut estate, known as Innis Arden. Today the 147-acre (0.59 km2) estate is a public park in Greenwich, known as Greenwich Point. Several original buildings designed by Potter remain on the property, including the Old Barn (circa 1887), which is the oldest extant building at Greenwich Point and was fully restored by the Greenwich Point Conservancy 2016. In addition, the Innis Arden Cottage, which was designed by an associate of Potter, Katherine C. Budd, an early and prominent woman and architect, remains on the property as well. The 1903 Innis Arden Cottage was completely restored by the Greenwich Point Conservancy between 2005 - 2011. Both the Old Barn and the Innis Arden Cottage are open to the public.","title":"Greenwich Point"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkshire_Athenaeum_(original_building,_facade)_-_Pittsfield,_Massachusetts.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witherspoon_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesHBaldwinHouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchofthepresidents.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of the Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Presidents_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Elberon, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elberon,_New_Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_front_view_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s-in-Tuxedo"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_Park,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Hall_auditorium_Princeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Pyne_Hall,_Princeton_University,_NJ_-_tower_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fourth_Universalist_Church_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Church of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Universalist_Society_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"}],"text":"Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts (1874–76).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWitherspoon Hall, Princeton University (1875–77).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCharles H. Baldwin House, Newport, Rhode Island (1877–78), Potter & Robertson.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch of the Presidents, Elberon, New Jersey (1879), Potter & Robertson.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Mary's-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church, Tuxedo Park, New York (1888).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlexander Hall, auditorium, Princeton University (1891–94).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEast Pyne Hall, Princeton University (1896–97).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch of the Divine Paternity (Fourth Universalist Society), New York, New York (1898).","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"57147520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57147520"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"SAH ARCHIPEDIA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sah-archipedia.org/buildings/VT-01-CH58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Selden, William K. (2004). Alexander Hall, home of Richardson Auditorium : a chronicle of Alexander Hall's significance in the development of the Princeton University Campus. Princeton, NY: The Trustees of Princeton University. p. 21. OCLC 57147520.\n\n^ (August 1989) Princeton History, Number 8 http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html\n\n^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.\n\n^ \"SAH ARCHIPEDIA\". sah-archipedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-03.\n\n^ AIA Guide to New York City, MacMillan, 1967, page 452","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Alexander Hall, Princeton University (1891-94)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_Hall_exterior_Princeton.jpg/250px-Alexander_Hall_exterior_Princeton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chancellor Green Library, Princeton University (1871-73).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chancellor_Green_exterior_Princeton.JPG/220px-Chancellor_Green_exterior_Princeton.JPG"},{"image_text":"St Martin's Church, Harlem, New York City (1888).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St._Martin%27s_Episcopal_Church%2C_Harlem%2C_looking_northeast_across_Malcom_X_Blvd%2C_2008_jeh.jpg/220px-St._Martin%27s_Episcopal_Church%2C_Harlem%2C_looking_northeast_across_Malcom_X_Blvd%2C_2008_jeh.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Selden, William K. (2004). Alexander Hall, home of Richardson Auditorium : a chronicle of Alexander Hall's significance in the development of the Princeton University Campus. Princeton, NY: The Trustees of Princeton University. p. 21. OCLC 57147520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57147520","url_text":"57147520"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"SAH ARCHIPEDIA\". sah-archipedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/VT-01-CH58","url_text":"\"SAH ARCHIPEDIA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://trinityshelburne.org/","external_links_name":"Trinity Episcopal Church"},{"Link":"http://www.spsanyc.org/","external_links_name":"Church of St. Paul & St. Andrew"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57147520","external_links_name":"57147520"},{"Link":"http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html","external_links_name":"http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/history.html"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/VT-01-CH58","external_links_name":"\"SAH ARCHIPEDIA\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33053/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006707999X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65277001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCTq9T8kHDKrpGkvPPcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089111436","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007356959305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79033847","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/104771","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500004744","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/persons/1001744","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61g3bgh","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotically_optimal | Asymptotically optimal algorithm | ["1 Formal definitions","2 Speedup","3 See also","4 References"] | Measure of algorithm performance for large inputs
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Asymptotically optimal algorithm" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In computer science, an algorithm is said to be asymptotically optimal if, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performs at worst a constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use of big-O notation.
More formally, an algorithm is asymptotically optimal with respect to a particular resource if the problem has been proven to require Ω(f(n)) of that resource, and the algorithm has been proven to use only O(f(n)).
These proofs require an assumption of a particular model of computation, i.e., certain restrictions on operations allowable with the input data.
As a simple example, it's known that all comparison sorts require at least Ω(n log n) comparisons in the average and worst cases. Mergesort and heapsort are comparison sorts which perform O(n log n) comparisons, so they are asymptotically optimal in this sense.
If the input data have some a priori properties which can be exploited in construction of algorithms, in addition to comparisons, then asymptotically faster algorithms may be possible. For example, if it is known that the N objects are integers from the range , then they may be sorted O(N) time, e.g., by the bucket sort.
A consequence of an algorithm being asymptotically optimal is that, for large enough inputs, no algorithm can outperform it by more than a constant factor. For this reason, asymptotically optimal algorithms are often seen as the "end of the line" in research, the attaining of a result that cannot be dramatically improved upon. Conversely, if an algorithm is not asymptotically optimal, this implies that as the input grows in size, the algorithm performs increasingly worse than the best possible algorithm.
In practice it's useful to find algorithms that perform better, even if they do not enjoy any asymptotic advantage. New algorithms may also present advantages such as better performance on specific inputs, decreased use of resources, or being simpler to describe and implement. Thus asymptotically optimal algorithms are not always the "end of the line".
Although asymptotically optimal algorithms are important theoretical results, an asymptotically optimal algorithm might not be used in a number of practical situations:
It only outperforms more commonly used methods for n beyond the range of practical input sizes, such as inputs with more bits than could fit in any computer storage system.
It is too complex, so that the difficulty of comprehending and implementing it correctly outweighs its potential benefit in the range of input sizes under consideration.
The inputs encountered in practice fall into special cases that have more efficient algorithms or that heuristic algorithms with bad worst-case times can nevertheless solve efficiently.
On modern computers, hardware optimizations such as memory cache and parallel processing may be "broken" by an asymptotically optimal algorithm (assuming the analysis did not take these hardware optimizations into account). In this case, there could be sub-optimal algorithms that make better use of these features and outperform an optimal algorithm on realistic data.
An example of an asymptotically optimal algorithm not used in practice is Bernard Chazelle's linear-time algorithm for triangulation of a simple polygon. Another is the resizable array data structure published in "Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space", which can index in constant time but on many machines carries a heavy practical penalty compared to ordinary array indexing.
Formal definitions
Formally, suppose that we have a lower-bound theorem showing that a problem requires Ω(f(n)) time to solve for an instance (input) of size n (see Big O notation § Big Omega notation for the definition of Ω). Then, an algorithm which solves the problem in O(f(n)) time is said to be asymptotically optimal. This can also be expressed using limits: suppose that b(n) is a lower bound on the running time, and a given algorithm takes time t(n). Then the algorithm is asymptotically optimal if:
lim
n
→
∞
t
(
n
)
b
(
n
)
<
∞
.
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {t(n)}{b(n)}}<\infty .}
This limit, if it exists, is always at least 1, as t(n) ≥ b(n).
Although usually applied to time efficiency, an algorithm can be said to use asymptotically optimal space, random bits, number of processors, or any other resource commonly measured using big-O notation.
Sometimes vague or implicit assumptions can make it unclear whether an algorithm is asymptotically optimal. For example, a lower bound theorem might assume a particular abstract machine model, as in the case of comparison sorts, or a particular organization of memory. By violating these assumptions, a new algorithm could potentially asymptotically outperform the lower bound and the "asymptotically optimal" algorithms.
Speedup
The nonexistence of an asymptotically optimal algorithm is called speedup. Blum's speedup theorem shows that there exist artificially constructed problems with speedup. However, it is an open problem whether many of the most well-known algorithms today are asymptotically optimal or not. For example, there is an
O
(
n
α
(
n
)
)
{\displaystyle O(n\alpha (n))}
algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees, where
α
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \alpha (n)}
is the very slowly growing inverse of the Ackermann function, but the best known lower bound is the trivial
Ω
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \Omega (n)}
. Whether this algorithm is asymptotically optimal is unknown, and would be likely to be hailed as a significant result if it were resolved either way. Coppersmith and Winograd (1982) proved that matrix multiplication has a weak form of speed-up among a restricted class of algorithms (Strassen-type bilinear identities with lambda-computation).
See also
Element uniqueness problem
Asymptotic computational complexity
References
^ Brodnik, Andrej; Carlsson, Svante; Sedgewick, Robert; Munro, JI; Demaine, ED (1999), Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space (PDF), Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"at worst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best,_worst_and_average_case"},{"link_name":"big-O notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-O_notation"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_resource"},{"link_name":"model of computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_of_computation"},{"link_name":"comparison sorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_sort"},{"link_name":"Mergesort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergesort"},{"link_name":"heapsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heapsort"},{"link_name":"a priori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"bucket sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_sort"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"computer storage system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage"},{"link_name":"special cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_case"},{"link_name":"heuristic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"memory cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cache"},{"link_name":"parallel processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"Bernard Chazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Chazelle"},{"link_name":"linear-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-time"},{"link_name":"triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_triangulation"},{"link_name":"simple polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_polygon"},{"link_name":"resizable array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resizable_array"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In computer science, an algorithm is said to be asymptotically optimal if, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performs at worst a constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use of big-O notation.More formally, an algorithm is asymptotically optimal with respect to a particular resource if the problem has been proven to require Ω(f(n)) of that resource, and the algorithm has been proven to use only O(f(n)).These proofs require an assumption of a particular model of computation, i.e., certain restrictions on operations allowable with the input data.As a simple example, it's known that all comparison sorts require at least Ω(n log n) comparisons in the average and worst cases. Mergesort and heapsort are comparison sorts which perform O(n log n) comparisons, so they are asymptotically optimal in this sense.If the input data have some a priori properties which can be exploited in construction of algorithms, in addition to comparisons, then asymptotically faster algorithms may be possible. For example, if it is known that the N objects are integers from the range [1, N], then they may be sorted O(N) time, e.g., by the bucket sort.A consequence of an algorithm being asymptotically optimal is that, for large enough inputs, no algorithm can outperform it by more than a constant factor. For this reason, asymptotically optimal algorithms are often seen as the \"end of the line\" in research, the attaining of a result that cannot be dramatically improved upon. Conversely, if an algorithm is not asymptotically optimal, this implies that as the input grows in size, the algorithm performs increasingly worse than the best possible algorithm.In practice it's useful to find algorithms that perform better, even if they do not enjoy any asymptotic advantage. New algorithms may also present advantages such as better performance on specific inputs, decreased use of resources, or being simpler to describe and implement. Thus asymptotically optimal algorithms are not always the \"end of the line\".Although asymptotically optimal algorithms are important theoretical results, an asymptotically optimal algorithm might not be used in a number of practical situations:It only outperforms more commonly used methods for n beyond the range of practical input sizes, such as inputs with more bits than could fit in any computer storage system.\nIt is too complex, so that the difficulty of comprehending and implementing it correctly outweighs its potential benefit in the range of input sizes under consideration.\nThe inputs encountered in practice fall into special cases that have more efficient algorithms or that heuristic algorithms with bad worst-case times can nevertheless solve efficiently.\nOn modern computers, hardware optimizations such as memory cache and parallel processing may be \"broken\" by an asymptotically optimal algorithm (assuming the analysis did not take these hardware optimizations into account). In this case, there could be sub-optimal algorithms that make better use of these features and outperform an optimal algorithm on realistic data.An example of an asymptotically optimal algorithm not used in practice is Bernard Chazelle's linear-time algorithm for triangulation of a simple polygon. Another is the resizable array data structure published in \"Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space\",[1] which can index in constant time but on many machines carries a heavy practical penalty compared to ordinary array indexing.","title":"Asymptotically optimal algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big O notation § Big Omega notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation#Big_Omega_notation"},{"link_name":"abstract machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_machine"}],"text":"Formally, suppose that we have a lower-bound theorem showing that a problem requires Ω(f(n)) time to solve for an instance (input) of size n (see Big O notation § Big Omega notation for the definition of Ω). Then, an algorithm which solves the problem in O(f(n)) time is said to be asymptotically optimal. This can also be expressed using limits: suppose that b(n) is a lower bound on the running time, and a given algorithm takes time t(n). Then the algorithm is asymptotically optimal if:lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n b\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n <\n ∞\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\rightarrow \\infty }{\\frac {t(n)}{b(n)}}<\\infty .}This limit, if it exists, is always at least 1, as t(n) ≥ b(n).Although usually applied to time efficiency, an algorithm can be said to use asymptotically optimal space, random bits, number of processors, or any other resource commonly measured using big-O notation.Sometimes vague or implicit assumptions can make it unclear whether an algorithm is asymptotically optimal. For example, a lower bound theorem might assume a particular abstract machine model, as in the case of comparison sorts, or a particular organization of memory. By violating these assumptions, a new algorithm could potentially asymptotically outperform the lower bound and the \"asymptotically optimal\" algorithms.","title":"Formal definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blum's speedup theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%27s_speedup_theorem"},{"link_name":"open problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_problem"},{"link_name":"minimum spanning trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_spanning_tree"},{"link_name":"Ackermann function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_function"}],"text":"The nonexistence of an asymptotically optimal algorithm is called speedup. Blum's speedup theorem shows that there exist artificially constructed problems with speedup. However, it is an open problem whether many of the most well-known algorithms today are asymptotically optimal or not. For example, there is an \n \n \n \n O\n (\n n\n α\n (\n n\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(n\\alpha (n))}\n \n algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees, where \n \n \n \n α\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha (n)}\n \n is the very slowly growing inverse of the Ackermann function, but the best known lower bound is the trivial \n \n \n \n Ω\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega (n)}\n \n. Whether this algorithm is asymptotically optimal is unknown, and would be likely to be hailed as a significant result if it were resolved either way. Coppersmith and Winograd (1982) proved that matrix multiplication has a weak form of speed-up among a restricted class of algorithms (Strassen-type bilinear identities with lambda-computation).","title":"Speedup"}] | [] | [{"title":"Element uniqueness problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_uniqueness_problem"},{"title":"Asymptotic computational complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_computational_complexity"}] | [{"reference":"Brodnik, Andrej; Carlsson, Svante; Sedgewick, Robert; Munro, JI; Demaine, ED (1999), Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space (PDF), Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sedgewick_(computer_scientist)","url_text":"Sedgewick, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/1999/09/CS-99-09.pdf","url_text":"Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22","external_links_name":"\"Asymptotically optimal algorithm\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Asymptotically+optimal+algorithm%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/1999/09/CS-99-09.pdf","external_links_name":"Resizable Arrays in Optimal Time and Space"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_programming | Asynchrony (computer programming) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Computer programming technique
Asynchrony, in computer programming, refers to the occurrence of events independent of the main program flow and ways to deal with such events. These may be "outside" events such as the arrival of signals, or actions instigated by a program that take place concurrently with program execution, without the program hanging to wait for results. Asynchronous input/output is an example of the latter case of asynchrony, and lets programs issue commands to storage or network devices that service these requests while the processor continues executing the program. Doing so provides a degree of parallelism.
A common way for dealing with asynchrony in a programming interface is to provide subroutines that return a future or promise that represents the ongoing operation, and a synchronizing operation that blocks until the future or promise is completed. Some programming languages, such as Cilk, have special syntax for expressing an asynchronous procedure call.
Examples of asynchrony include the following:
Asynchronous procedure call, a method to run a procedure concurrently, a lightweight alternative to threads.
Ajax is a set of client-side web technologies used by the client to create asynchronous I/O web applications.
Asynchronous method dispatch (AMD), a data communication method used when there is a need for the server side to handle a large number of long lasting client requests. Using synchronous method dispatch (SMD), this scenario may turn the server into an unavailable busy state resulting in a connection failure response caused by a network connection request timeout. The servicing of a client request is immediately dispatched to an available thread from a pool of threads and the client is put in a blocking state. Upon the completion of the task, the server is notified by a callback. The server unblocks the client and transmits the response back to the client. In case of thread starvation, clients are blocked waiting for threads to become available.
See also
Asynchronous system
Asynchronous circuit
References
^ a b Davies, Alex (2012). Async in C# 5.0. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781449337124.
^ McCool, Michael; Reinders, James; Robison, Arch (2013). Structured Parallel Programming: Patterns for Efficient Computation. Elsevier. p. 30.
^ ICE usage of AMD.
This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming"},{"link_name":"program flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow"},{"link_name":"signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_signal"},{"link_name":"concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_computing"},{"link_name":"hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-1"},{"link_name":"Asynchronous input/output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O"},{"link_name":"processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"parallelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-1"},{"link_name":"programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"subroutines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"future or promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises"},{"link_name":"blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Cilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spp-2"},{"link_name":"Asynchronous procedure call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_procedure_call"},{"link_name":"threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)"},{"link_name":"client-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side"},{"link_name":"web technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_development"},{"link_name":"web applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"timeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeout_(computing)"},{"link_name":"thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"pool of threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_pool_pattern"},{"link_name":"starvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)"}],"text":"Asynchrony, in computer programming, refers to the occurrence of events independent of the main program flow and ways to deal with such events. These may be \"outside\" events such as the arrival of signals, or actions instigated by a program that take place concurrently with program execution, without the program hanging to wait for results.[1] Asynchronous input/output is an example of the latter case of asynchrony, and lets programs issue commands to storage or network devices that service these requests while the processor continues executing the program. Doing so provides a degree of parallelism.[1]A common way for dealing with asynchrony in a programming interface is to provide subroutines that return a future or promise that represents the ongoing operation, and a synchronizing operation that blocks until the future or promise is completed. Some programming languages, such as Cilk, have special syntax for expressing an asynchronous procedure call.[2]Examples of asynchrony include the following:Asynchronous procedure call, a method to run a procedure concurrently, a lightweight alternative to threads.\nAjax is a set of client-side web technologies used by the client to create asynchronous I/O web applications.\nAsynchronous method dispatch (AMD), a data communication method used when there is a need for the server side to handle a large number of long lasting client requests.[3] Using synchronous method dispatch (SMD), this scenario may turn the server into an unavailable busy state resulting in a connection failure response caused by a network connection request timeout. The servicing of a client request is immediately dispatched to an available thread from a pool of threads and the client is put in a blocking state. Upon the completion of the task, the server is notified by a callback. The server unblocks the client and transmits the response back to the client. In case of thread starvation, clients are blocked waiting for threads to become available.","title":"Asynchrony (computer programming)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Asynchronous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_system"},{"title":"Asynchronous circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit"}] | [{"reference":"Davies, Alex (2012). Async in C# 5.0. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781449337124.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xT45qhFrVnUC","url_text":"Async in C# 5.0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449337124","url_text":"9781449337124"}]},{"reference":"McCool, Michael; Reinders, James; Robison, Arch (2013). Structured Parallel Programming: Patterns for Efficient Computation. Elsevier. p. 30.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xT45qhFrVnUC","external_links_name":"Async in C# 5.0"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721031512/http://zeroc.com/doc/Ice-3.3.0/manual/Overview.3.2.html","external_links_name":"ICE usage of AMD"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asynchrony_(computer_programming)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATS | Journal Article Tag Suite | ["1 History","1.1 Timeline","2 Technical scope","2.1 Tag sets","2.2 Document structure","3 Example","4 Tools","4.1 Conversion to JATS","4.2 Conversion from JATS","4.3 Editors","4.4 Preview","4.5 Customization","5 JATS central repositories","6 Alternatives and semantic","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | "JATS" redirects here. For other uses, see Jat (disambiguation).
AbbreviationJATSStatusPublishedFirst published31 March 2003 (2003-03-31)Latest versionNISO JATS 1.28 February 2019 (2019-02-08)Organization
National Information Standards Organization
American National Standards Institute
Authors
National Center for Biotechnology Information
National Information Standards Organization
Base standardsXMLRelated standards
NISO Standards Tag Set (NISO-STS)
Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS)
SciELO Publishing Schema (SPS)
Domain
Academic publishing
Semantic publishing
Websitejats.nlm.nih.gov
The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012.
The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML.
With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles.
The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles
as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.
JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata;
and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.
History
Since its introduction, NCBI's NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD suite has become the de facto standard for journal article markup in scholarly publishing. With the introduction of NISO JATS, it has been elevated to a true standard.
Even without public data interchange, the advantages of NISO JATS adoption affords publishers in terms of streamlining production workflows and optimizing system interoperability.
Timeline
NLM JATS
NLM JATS, version 1
March 31, 2003 (2003-03-31): NLM DTD v1.0 introduced.
November 5, 2003 (2003-11-05): Version 1.1 update released.
NLM JATS, version 2
December 30, 2004 (2004-12-30): Version 2.0 major update released. It is designed to support customization best-practices.
November 14, 2005 (2005-11-14): Version 2.1 update released with the addition the Article Authoring DTD.
June 8, 2006 (2006-06-08): Version 2.2 update released.
March 28, 2007 (2007-03-28): Version 2.3 update released.
NLM JATS, version 3
November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21): Version 3.0 major update released.
NISO JATS
NISO JATS, version 1.0
March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) – September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30): First draft, NISO Z39.96.201x version 0.4 released; six-month comment period.
July 15, 2012 (2012-07-15): NISO JATS, v1.0 received NISO approval.
August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09): NISO JATS, v1.0 received ANSI approval.
August 22, 2012 (2012-08-22): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite (version 1.0) published. It supports full backward-compatibility with NLM JATS v3.0.
NISO JATS, version 1.1
December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d1 released.
December 29, 2014 (2014-12-29): Second draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d2 released.
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14): Third draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d released.
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22): NISO JATS, v1.1 received NISO approval.
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19): NISO JATS, v1.1 received ANSI approval
January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.1 published.
NISO JATS, version 1.2
July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d1 released.
May 23, 2018 (2018-05-23): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d2 released.
February 8, 2019 (2019-02-08): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2 published.
NISO JATS, version 1.3
July 7, 2021 (2021-07-07): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3 published.
Technical scope
By design, this is a model for journal articles, such as the typical research article found in an STM journal, and not a model for complete journals.
Tag sets
The 3 specifications. Due to their color-coded documentation, are colloquially referred to by color.
There are three tag sets:
Journal Archiving and Interchange (Green)
"The most permissive of the Tag Sets," primarily intended for the capture and archiving of extant journal data.
Journal Publishing (Blue)
"A moderately prescriptive Tag Set," intended for general use in journal production and publication.
Formally this model is a subset of the Archiving model. This is the most frequently used JATS variant.
Article Authoring (Orange)
"The most prescriptive of the Tag Sets," intended for the relatively lightweight creation of journal articles valid to JATS.
Formally this model a subset of the Publishing model.
Document type definitions (also released in the form of RELAX NG and XML schema) define each set and incorporate other standards such as MathML and XHTML Tables (although not in the XHTML namespace).
Document structure
JATS Publishing set defines a document that is a top-level component of a journal such as an article, a book or product review, or a letter to the editor. Each such document is composed of front matter (required) and up to three optional parts. These must appear in the following order:
Front matter
The article front matter contains the metadata for the article (also called article header information), for example, the article title, the journal in which it appears, the date and issue of publication for that issue of that journal, a copyright statement, etc. Both article-level and issue-level metadata (in the element <article-meta>) and journal-level metadata (in the element <journal-meta>) may be captured.
Body (of the article)
The body of the article is the main textual and graphic content of the article. This usually consists of paragraphs and sections, which may themselves contain figures, tables, sidebars (boxed text), etc. The body of the article is optional to accommodate those repositories that just keep article header information and do not tag the textual content.
Back matter
If present, the article back matter contains information that is ancillary to the main text, such as a glossary, appendix, or list of cited references.
Floating material
A publisher may choose to place all the floating objects in an article and its back matter (such as tables, figures, boxed text sidebars, etc.) into a separate container element outside the narrative flow for convenience of processing.
Following the front, body, back, and floating material, there may be either one or more responses to the article or one or more subordinate articles.
Example
This is the minimal article's structure,
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN"
"JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"
>
<article dtd-version="1.0" article-type="article" specific-use="migrated"
xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
>
<front>...</front>
<body>...</body>
<back>...</back>
</article>
The DOCTYPE header is optional, a legacy from SGML and DTD-oriented validators. The dtd-version attribute can be used even without a DTD header.
The root element article is common for any version of JATS or "JATS family", as NLM DTDs. The rules for front, body and back tags validation, depends on the JATS version, but all versions have similar structure, with good compatibility in a range of years. The evolution of the schema preserves an overall stability.
Less common, "only front", "only front and back" variations are also used for other finalities than full-content representation. The general article composition (as an DTD-content expression) is
(front, body?, back?, floats-group?, (sub-article* | response*))
Tools
There are a variety of tools for create, edit, convert and transform JATS.
They range from simple forms to complete conversion automation:
Conversion to JATS
Take as input a scientific document, and, with some human support, produce a JATS output.
OpenOffice (LibreOffice) and MS Word documents to JATS:
Typeset: provides automated set of converters for MS-Word to JATS XML.
OxGarage: can convert documents from various formats into "National Library of Medicine (NLM) DTD 3.0".
meTypeset: meTypeset "is a fork of the OxGarage stack" "to convert from Microsoft Word .docx format to NLM/JATS-XML".
eXtyles: automates time-consuming aspects of document editing in Microsoft Word and exports to JATS XML (as well as many other DTDs).
Markdown to JATS: Pandoc 2.0 can convert a number of input formats to JATS.
PDF to JATS: this is a very difficult problem to solve. Success depends on how well structured your PDFs are and, for batch conversion, how consistently structured your PDFs are.
Shabash Merops
Typeset's PDF to JATS XML Converter
The Public Knowledge Project is developing a pipeline for converting PDF to JATS. It will include use of pdfx.
CERMINE Content ExtRactor and MINEr
Conversion from JATS
Take JATS as input, produce another kind of document as output.
from JATS to HTML
JATS Preview Stylesheets (canonical XSLT conversion), see classical (2013) conversor.
eLife Lens converts NLM XML to JSON for displaying using HTML and Javascript.
from JATS to PDF: some JATS Preview Stylesheets, XSLT + XSL-FO conversion.
from JATS to EPUB.
Generic (from JATS DTD): DtdAnalyzer — compare JATS with other DTDs and helps into create a XML representation, XSLT and Schematron generation, and other tools.
Editors
Typeset provides a WYSIWYM editor for scholarly articles. Supports XML exports in NISO JATS and NLM JATS standards. It is mostly used by Journals and Publishers looking to convert author submitted MS-Word files to XML, PDF, HTML and ePuB.
JATS Framework for oXygen XML Editor: users of oXygen XML Editor and oXygen XML Author can now install support for current versions of NISO JATS (and as a bonus, NLM BITS). Based on an identifier given in a DOCTYPE declaration, oXygen will detect that you are editing a JATS document and provide stylesheets and utilities.
FontoXML for JATS: WYSIWYS editor for editing and reviewing JATS content:
PubRef "Pipeline": Browser-based realtime-preview JATS editor:
Annotum: a WordPress theme that contains WYSIWYG authoring in JATS (Kipling subset), peer-review and editorial management, and publishing.
JATS edition for web-based XML editor Xeditor.
Texture Editor of the Substance Consortium. The first online "born to JATS" editor.
Libero Editor, developed by eLife describes itself as 'A user-friendly editing interface designed for publishing staff and authors for the production of high-quality JATS XML.'
Preview
Tools that render JATS as HTML, usually on fly.
JATS Preview Stylesheets: the JATS Preview Stylesheets are a series of .xsl, .xpl, .css, and .sch files that will create .html or .pdf versions of valid NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS 1.0 files. It is primarily intended for internal use by publishers and a basis for customization.
Typeset - Allows to generate HTML from JATS XML within a click. Also, offers capacity to generate custom HTML based on the requirements of the journal.
PubReader – "The PubReader view is an alternative web presentation ... Designed particularly for enhancing readability on tablet and other small screen devices, PubReader can also be used on desktops and laptops and from multiple web browsers".
Customization
Jatsdoc - Produces documentation for any particular JATS customization. Jatsdoc is integrated with NCBI's DtdAnalyzer.
JATS central repositories
As NISO JATS began the de facto and de jure standard for open access journals, the scientific community has adopted the JATS repositories as a kind of legal deposit, sometimes deemed more valuable than the traditional digital libraries where only a PDF version is stored. Open knowledge need richer and structured formats as JATS: PDF and JATS must be certified as "same content", and the set "PDF+JATS" forming the unit of legal deposit.
List of JATS repositories and its contained:
PubMed Central: (please check these numbers)
US PubMed Central: in 2016 ~3.8 million articles
Europe PubMed Central: in 2016 ~3,7 million articles
SciELO: in 2016 ~0.6 million articles
These repositories do overlap and the same article can be held by more than one repository.
Alternatives and semantic
There are some effort and experiments using RDF conversion in the 2012, with no impact in the JATS community.
Later, in ~2016, for Semantic Web context, with SchemaOrg initiative, the class ScholarlyArticle was defined, receiving better reception. It is an initial "JATS-like standardization" for RDF contexts of use.
See also
Related to
IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion)
NISO
Open science data
Scientific literature
Semantic publishing
Separation of presentation and content
XML
Used by (digital preservation)
PubMed Central
SciELO
Used by (publishing)
Elsevier
NPG
Open Journal Systems
PLOS
Similar to
DocBook
Text Encoding Initiative
SchemaOrg (ScholarlyArticle)
XHTML
References
^ ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 ISSN 1041-5653. See z39.96-2012.pdf at www.niso.org/standards/z39-96-2012
^ Beck, J (2011). "NISO Z39.96 The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS): What Happened to the NLM DTDs?". The Journal of Electronic Publishing. 14 (1). doi:10.3998/3336451.0014.106. PMC 3227009. PMID 22140303.
^ Zimmerman, Sara (2012). "The new NISO journal Article Tag Suite standard". Zeeba.tv.
^ Donohoe, Paul; Sherman, Jenny; Mistry, Ashwin (2015). "The Long Road to JATS". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ Usdin, Tommie; Lapeyre, Deborah Aleyne; Glass, Carter M. (2015). "Superimposing Business Rules on JATS". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ a b c d e f g h "NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016.
^ a b "JATS and the NLM DTDs". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
^ "NISO JATS v0.4: Draft Standard for Trial Use". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ a b c "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Information Standards Organization. 26 July 2013.
^ "JATS v1.1d1 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
^ "JATS v1.1d2 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
^ "JATS v1.1d3 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
^ a b c "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Information Standards Organization. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ "JATS v1.2d1". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ "JATS v1.2d2". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2". National Information Standards Organization. 8 February 2019.
^ "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3". National Information Standards Organization. 7 July 2021.
^ a b c d "General Introduction". Journal Publishing Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.0. National Center for Biotechnology Information. August 2012.
^ a b c "JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ A 2012's semanticpublishing.wordpress.com JATS Metadata Input Form.
^ http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/oxgarage/ (documentation)
^ "MartinPaulEve/meTypeset". GitHub. 20 June 2019.
^ "eXtyles". Inera. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ "Pandoc - Pandoc User's Guide".
^ "Merops: Powerful AI for publishers and copy editors".
^ "Public Knowledge Project". Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Constantin, S.Pettifer (2013). "PDFX: Fully-automated PDF-to-XML conversion of scientific literature". Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document engineering. pp. 177–180. doi:10.1145/2494266.2494271. ISBN 9781450317894.
^ "Content ExtRactor and MINEr - User Console". cermine.ceon.pl. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ "JATS Preview Style sheets of 2013". GitHub.
^ "eLife Lens". lens.elifesciences.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ biglist.com/mulberrytech msg and ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books article description
^ "ncbi/DtdAnalyzer". GitHub. 19 April 2019.
^ "Journal archiving schema and tag libraries". Typeset.
^ "wendell piez. oXygen JATS framework". GitHub. 24 June 2019.
^ FontoXML for JATS
^ PubRef
^ "Annotum". Annotum. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
^ Carl Leubsdorf, Jr (2011). Annotum: An open-source authoring and publishing platform based on WordPress. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2011 - NCBI Bookshelf.
^ "GitHub - substance/Texture: A visual editor for research". GitHub. 25 June 2019.
^ "Substance Consortium".
^ "Texture - an open science manuscript editor". 24 July 2017.
^ "ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets". GitHub. 11 February 2019.
^ Wendell Piez (2010). Fitting the Journal Publishing 3.0 Preview Stylesheets to Your Needs: Capabilities and Customizations. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2010 - NCBI Bookshelf.
^ "Typeset for Journals and Publishers". Typeset For Publishers. 4 January 2020.
^ NCBI/PubReader github.com/ncbi/PubReader source-code
^ Maloney, Chris (8 September 2017). "Jatsdoc Documentation Browser". GitHub.
^ "DtdAnalyzer: A tool for analyzing and manipulating DTDs". Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ PMC home, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
^ PMC Europe, "about" page, http://europepmc.org/About
^ SciELO home, http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en
^ From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping NISO JATS v1.0 to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 2012.
Further reading
Packer, Abel L.; Salgado, Eliana; Araujo, Javani; Aquino, Letícia; Almeida, Renata; Santos, Jesner; Lucena, Suely; Soares, Caroline M. (4 April 2014). "Why XML?". SciELO in Perspective.
Sharp, Molly (4 June 2013). "Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format". PLOS Tech.
External links
NLM Journal Article Tag Suite – NCBI's information and documentation site.
NISO JATS Version 1.1 (current standard):
Archiving and Interchange tag library
Publishing tag library
Article Authoring tag library
Styles and customization:
SciELO Publishing Schema (SPS) – SciELO's customization.
Tagging Guidelines of PubMed Central's preferred XML tagging style
ISO Standards Tag Set (ISOSTS) as a customization of NISO JATS
NISO Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS), based on JATS.
TextureJATS, a minimal coherent subset of JATS.
JATS open community:
"JATS for Reuse" (JATS4R) community, validator
SchemaOrg community, ScholarlyArticle
PeerJ's XML-JATS to HTML5-ScholarlyArticle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jat (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"describe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"scientific literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"technical standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard"},{"link_name":"National Information Standards Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Standards_Organization"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"NLM/NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"PubMed Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"scientific open-access journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_journal"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"SciELO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO"},{"link_name":"Redalyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redalyc"},{"link_name":"scientific articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"JATS\" redirects here. For other uses, see Jat (disambiguation).The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012.The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML.With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles.The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles\nas well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.[1]\nJATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; \nand allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.","title":"Journal Article Tag Suite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"scholarly publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"true standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Since its introduction, NCBI's NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD suite has become the de facto standard for journal article markup in scholarly publishing.[2] With the introduction of NISO JATS, it has been elevated to a true standard.[3]\nEven without public data interchange, the advantages of NISO JATS adoption affords publishers in terms of streamlining production workflows and optimizing system interoperability.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutJATS-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutJATS-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv0_4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_0-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TagSuiteHome-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NISOv1_3-17"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"NLM JATS\nNLM JATS, version 1\nMarch 31, 2003 (2003-03-31): NLM DTD v1.0 introduced.[6]\nNovember 5, 2003 (2003-11-05): Version 1.1 update released.[6]\nNLM JATS, version 2\nDecember 30, 2004 (2004-12-30): Version 2.0 major update released. It is designed to support customization best-practices.[6]\nNovember 14, 2005 (2005-11-14): Version 2.1 update released with the addition the Article Authoring DTD.[6][7]\nJune 8, 2006 (2006-06-08): Version 2.2 update released.[6]\nMarch 28, 2007 (2007-03-28): Version 2.3 update released.[6]\nNLM JATS, version 3November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21): Version 3.0 major update released.[6][7]NISO JATS\nNISO JATS, version 1.0\nMarch 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) – September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30): First draft, NISO Z39.96.201x version 0.4 released; six-month comment period.[8]\nJuly 15, 2012 (2012-07-15): NISO JATS, v1.0 received NISO approval.[9]\nAugust 9, 2012 (2012-08-09): NISO JATS, v1.0 received ANSI approval.[9]\nAugust 22, 2012 (2012-08-22): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite (version 1.0) published. It supports full backward-compatibility with NLM JATS v3.0.[6][9]\nNISO JATS, version 1.1\nDecember 9, 2013 (2013-12-09): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d1 released.[10]\nDecember 29, 2014 (2014-12-29): Second draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d2 released.[11]\nApril 14, 2015 (2015-04-14): Third draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d released.[12]\nOctober 22, 2015 (2015-10-22): NISO JATS, v1.1 received NISO approval.[13]\nNovember 19, 2015 (2015-11-19): NISO JATS, v1.1 received ANSI approval[13]\nJanuary 6, 2016 (2016-01-06): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.1 published.[13]\nNISO JATS, version 1.2\nJuly 20, 2017 (2017-07-20): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d1 released.[14]\nMay 23, 2018 (2018-05-23): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d2 released.[15]\nFebruary 8, 2019 (2019-02-08): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2 published.[16]\nNISO JATS, version 1.3\nJuly 7, 2021 (2021-07-07): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3 published.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STM journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientific,_Technical,_and_Medical_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSIntro-18"}],"text":"By design, this is a model for journal articles, such as the typical research article found in an STM journal, and not a model for complete journals.[18]","title":"Technical scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jats-the3specs.png"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSHome-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSHome-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSHome-19"},{"link_name":"Document type definitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition"},{"link_name":"RELAX NG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELAX_NG"},{"link_name":"XML schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_schema"},{"link_name":"MathML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathML"},{"link_name":"XHTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML"},{"link_name":"namespace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_namespace"}],"sub_title":"Tag sets","text":"The 3 specifications. Due to their color-coded documentation, are colloquially referred to by color.There are three tag sets:Journal Archiving and Interchange (Green)\n\"The most permissive of the Tag Sets,\"[19] primarily intended for the capture and archiving of extant journal data.\nJournal Publishing (Blue)\n\"A moderately prescriptive Tag Set,\"[19] intended for general use in journal production and publication.\nFormally this model is a subset of the Archiving model. This is the most frequently used JATS variant.\nArticle Authoring (Orange)\n\"The most prescriptive [tightest and smallest] of the Tag Sets,\"[19] intended for the relatively lightweight creation of journal articles valid to JATS.\nFormally this model a subset of the Publishing model.Document type definitions (also released in the form of RELAX NG and XML schema) define each set and incorporate other standards such as MathML and XHTML Tables (although not in the XHTML namespace).","title":"Technical scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSIntro-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSIntro-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JATSIntro-18"}],"sub_title":"Document structure","text":"JATS Publishing set defines a document that is a top-level component of a journal such as an article, a book or product review, or a letter to the editor. Each such document is composed of front matter (required) and up to three optional parts.[18] These must appear in the following order:Front matter\nThe article front matter contains the metadata for the article (also called article header information), for example, the article title, the journal in which it appears, the date and issue of publication for that issue of that journal, a copyright statement, etc. Both article-level and issue-level metadata (in the element <article-meta>) and journal-level metadata (in the element <journal-meta>) may be captured.\nBody (of the article)\nThe body of the article is the main textual and graphic content of the article. This usually consists of paragraphs and sections, which may themselves contain figures, tables, sidebars (boxed text), etc. The body of the article is optional to accommodate those repositories that just keep article header information and do not tag the textual content.\nBack matter\nIf present, the article back matter contains information that is ancillary to the main text, such as a glossary, appendix, or list of cited references.\nFloating material\nA publisher may choose to place all the floating objects in an article and its back matter (such as tables, figures, boxed text sidebars, etc.) into a separate container element outside the narrative flow for convenience of processing.[18]Following the front, body, back, and floating material, there may be either one or more responses to the article or one or more subordinate articles.[18]","title":"Technical scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SGML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language"},{"link_name":"DTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition"},{"link_name":"validators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_schema#Validation"},{"link_name":"DTD-content expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form"}],"text":"This is the minimal article's structure,<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE article\n PUBLIC \"-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN\"\n \"JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd\"\n>\n<article dtd-version=\"1.0\" article-type=\"article\" specific-use=\"migrated\"\n xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" \n>\n <front>...</front>\n <body>...</body>\n <back>...</back>\n</article>The DOCTYPE header is optional, a legacy from SGML and DTD-oriented validators. The dtd-version attribute can be used even without a DTD header.The root element article is common for any version of JATS or \"JATS family\", as NLM DTDs. The rules for front, body and back tags validation, depends on the JATS version, but all versions have similar structure, with good compatibility in a range of years. The evolution of the schema preserves an overall stability.Less common, \"only front\", \"only front and back\" variations are also used for other finalities than full-content representation. The general article composition (as an DTD-content expression) is(front, body?, back?, floats-group?, (sub-article* | response*))","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"There are a variety of tools for create, edit, convert and transform JATS.\nThey range from simple forms[20] to complete conversion automation:","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org"},{"link_name":"LibreOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"},{"link_name":"MS Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Word"},{"link_name":"MS-Word to JATS XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.typeset.io/for-publishers/convert/word-to-jats-xml/?source=wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxga-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Markdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown"},{"link_name":"Pandoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoc"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"PDF to JATS XML Converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.typeset.io/for-publishers/convert/pdf-to-jats-xml/?source=wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkp-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Conversion to JATS","text":"Take as input a scientific document, and, with some human support, produce a JATS output.OpenOffice (LibreOffice) and MS Word documents to JATS:\nTypeset: provides automated set of converters for MS-Word to JATS XML.\nOxGarage:[21] can convert documents from various formats into \"National Library of Medicine (NLM) DTD 3.0\".\nmeTypeset: meTypeset[22] \"is a fork of the OxGarage stack\" \"to convert from Microsoft Word .docx format to NLM/JATS-XML\".\neXtyles:[23] automates time-consuming aspects of document editing in Microsoft Word and exports to JATS XML (as well as many other DTDs).\nMarkdown to JATS: Pandoc 2.0 can convert a number of input formats to JATS.[24]\nPDF to JATS: this is a very difficult problem to solve. Success depends on how well structured your PDFs are and, for batch conversion, how consistently structured your PDFs are.\nShabash Merops[25]\nTypeset's PDF to JATS XML Converter\nThe Public Knowledge Project[26] is developing a pipeline for converting PDF to JATS. It will include use of pdfx.[27]\nCERMINE Content ExtRactor and MINEr [28]","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XSLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSLT"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"DTDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_transporter"}],"sub_title":"Conversion from JATS","text":"Take JATS as input, produce another kind of document as output.from JATS to HTML\nJATS Preview Stylesheets (canonical XSLT conversion), see classical (2013) conversor.[29]\neLife Lens[30] converts NLM XML to JSON for displaying using HTML and Javascript.\nfrom JATS to PDF: some JATS Preview Stylesheets, XSLT + XSL-FO conversion.\nfrom JATS to EPUB.[31]\nGeneric (from JATS DTD): DtdAnalyzer[32] — compare JATS with other DTDs and helps into create a XML representation, XSLT and Schematron generation, and other tools.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WYSIWYM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYM"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"PubRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubRef"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Xeditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeditor"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"eLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELife"}],"sub_title":"Editors","text":"Typeset provides a WYSIWYM editor for scholarly articles. Supports XML exports in NISO JATS and NLM JATS standards. It is mostly used by Journals and Publishers looking to convert author submitted MS-Word files to XML, PDF, HTML and ePuB.[33]\nJATS Framework for oXygen XML Editor: users of oXygen XML Editor and oXygen XML Author can now install support for current versions of NISO JATS (and as a bonus, NLM BITS). Based on an identifier given in a DOCTYPE declaration, oXygen will detect that you are editing a JATS document and provide stylesheets and utilities.[34]\nFontoXML for JATS: WYSIWYS editor for editing and reviewing JATS content:[35]\nPubRef \"Pipeline\": Browser-based realtime-preview JATS editor:[36]\nAnnotum:[37] a WordPress theme that contains WYSIWYG authoring in JATS (Kipling subset), peer-review and editorial management, and publishing.[38]\nJATS edition for web-based XML editor Xeditor.\nTexture Editor[39] of the Substance Consortium.[40] The first online \"born to JATS\" editor.[41]\nLibero Editor, developed by eLife describes itself as 'A user-friendly editing interface designed for publishing staff and authors for the production of high-quality JATS XML.'","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Preview","text":"Tools that render JATS as HTML, usually on fly.JATS Preview Stylesheets:[42] the JATS Preview Stylesheets are a series of .xsl, .xpl, .css, and .sch files that will create .html or .pdf versions of valid NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS 1.0 files. It is primarily intended for internal use by publishers and a basis for customization.[43]\nTypeset - Allows to generate HTML from JATS XML within a click. Also, offers capacity to generate custom HTML based on the requirements of the journal.[44]\nPubReader – \"The PubReader view is an alternative web presentation ... Designed particularly for enhancing readability on tablet and other small screen devices, PubReader can also be used on desktops and laptops and from multiple web browsers\".[45]","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Customization","text":"Jatsdoc - Produces documentation for any particular JATS customization. Jatsdoc is integrated with NCBI's DtdAnalyzer.[46][47]","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open access journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal"},{"link_name":"scientific community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"traditional digital libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library"},{"link_name":"Open knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_knowledge"},{"link_name":"PubMed Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Europe PubMed Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_PubMed_Central"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"SciELO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"As NISO JATS began the de facto and de jure standard for open access journals, the scientific community has adopted the JATS repositories as a kind of legal deposit, sometimes deemed more valuable than the traditional digital libraries where only a PDF version is stored. Open knowledge need richer and structured formats as JATS: PDF and JATS must be certified as \"same content\", and the set \"PDF+JATS\" forming the unit of legal deposit. \nList of JATS repositories and its contained:PubMed Central: (please check these numbers)\nUS PubMed Central: in 2016 ~3.8 million articles[48]\nEurope PubMed Central: in 2016 ~3,7 million articles [49]\nSciELO: in 2016 ~0.6 million articles[50]These repositories do overlap and the same article can be held by more than one repository.","title":"JATS central repositories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"SchemaOrg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org"},{"link_name":"ScholarlyArticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"}],"text":"There are some effort and experiments using RDF conversion in the 2012,[51] with no impact in the JATS community.Later, in ~2016, for Semantic Web context, with SchemaOrg initiative, the class ScholarlyArticle was defined, receiving better reception. It is an initial \"JATS-like standardization\" for RDF contexts of use.","title":"Alternatives and semantic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Why XML?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.scielo.org/en/2014/04/04/why-xml"},{"link_name":"\"Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.plos.org/tech/structured-documents-for-science-jats-xml-as-canonical-content-format/"}],"text":"Packer, Abel L.; Salgado, Eliana; Araujo, Javani; Aquino, Letícia; Almeida, Renata; Santos, Jesner; Lucena, Suely; Soares, Caroline M. (4 April 2014). \"Why XML?\". SciELO in Perspective.\nSharp, Molly (4 June 2013). \"Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format\". PLOS Tech.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The 3 specifications. Due to their color-coded documentation, are colloquially referred to by color.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jats-the3specs.png/220px-Jats-the3specs.png"}] | [{"title":"IMRAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD"},{"title":"NISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NISO"},{"title":"Open science data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science_data"},{"title":"Scientific literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"title":"Semantic publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_publishing"},{"title":"Separation of presentation and content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_presentation_and_content"},{"title":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"title":"PubMed Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"},{"title":"SciELO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciELO"},{"title":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"title":"NPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group"},{"title":"Open Journal Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems"},{"title":"PLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS"},{"title":"DocBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook"},{"title":"Text Encoding Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative"},{"title":"SchemaOrg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org"},{"title":"XHTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML"}] | [{"reference":"Beck, J (2011). \"NISO Z39.96 The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS): What Happened to the NLM DTDs?\". The Journal of Electronic Publishing. 14 (1). doi:10.3998/3336451.0014.106. PMC 3227009. PMID 22140303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227009","url_text":"\"NISO Z39.96 The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS): What Happened to the NLM DTDs?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3998%2F3336451.0014.106","url_text":"10.3998/3336451.0014.106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227009","url_text":"3227009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22140303","url_text":"22140303"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Sara (2012). \"The new NISO journal Article Tag Suite standard\". Zeeba.tv.","urls":[{"url":"http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/the-new-niso-journal-article-tag-suite-standard/","url_text":"\"The new NISO journal Article Tag Suite standard\""}]},{"reference":"Donohoe, Paul; Sherman, Jenny; Mistry, Ashwin (2015). \"The Long Road to JATS\". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279831/","url_text":"\"The Long Road to JATS\""},{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/jats-con/2015/schedule2015.html","url_text":"JATS-Con 2015"}]},{"reference":"Usdin, Tommie; Lapeyre, Deborah Aleyne; Glass, Carter M. (2015). \"Superimposing Business Rules on JATS\". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279902/","url_text":"\"Superimposing Business Rules on JATS\""},{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/jats-con/2015/schedule2015.html","url_text":"JATS-Con 2015"}]},{"reference":"\"NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite\". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/index.html","url_text":"\"NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827204618/http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JATS and the NLM DTDs\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/about.html","url_text":"\"JATS and the NLM DTDs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111920/http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/about.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NISO JATS v0.4: Draft Standard for Trial Use\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/0.4/","url_text":"\"NISO JATS v0.4: Draft Standard for Trial Use\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\". National Information Standards Organization. 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=93","url_text":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS v1.1d1 (DRAFT)\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d1/","url_text":"\"JATS v1.1d1 (DRAFT)\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS v1.1d2 (DRAFT)\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d2/","url_text":"\"JATS v1.1d2 (DRAFT)\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS v1.1d3 (DRAFT)\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d3/","url_text":"\"JATS v1.1d3 (DRAFT)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\". National Information Standards Organization. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160829182917/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=133","url_text":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""},{"url":"http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=133","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JATS v1.2d1\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.2d1/","url_text":"\"JATS v1.2d1\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS v1.2d2\". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.2d2/","url_text":"\"JATS v1.2d2\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2\". National Information Standards Organization. 8 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niso.org/publications/z3996-2019-jats","url_text":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3\". National Information Standards Organization. 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niso.org/publications/z3996-2021-jats","url_text":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Introduction\". Journal Publishing Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.0. National Center for Biotechnology Information. August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/1.0/n-7w00.html","url_text":"\"General Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\". National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/","url_text":"\"JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""}]},{"reference":"\"MartinPaulEve/meTypeset\". GitHub. 20 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/MartinPaulEve/meTypeset","url_text":"\"MartinPaulEve/meTypeset\""}]},{"reference":"\"eXtyles\". Inera. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inera.com/extyles/","url_text":"\"eXtyles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pandoc - Pandoc User's Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html#general-options","url_text":"\"Pandoc - Pandoc User's Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merops: Powerful AI for publishers and copy editors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://shabash.net/merops/","url_text":"\"Merops: Powerful AI for publishers and copy editors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Knowledge Project\". Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pkp.sfu.ca/","url_text":"\"Public Knowledge Project\""}]},{"reference":"Constantin, S.Pettifer (2013). \"PDFX: Fully-automated PDF-to-XML conversion of scientific literature\". Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document engineering. pp. 177–180. doi:10.1145/2494266.2494271. ISBN 9781450317894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2494266.2494271","url_text":"10.1145/2494266.2494271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450317894","url_text":"9781450317894"}]},{"reference":"\"Content ExtRactor and MINEr - User Console\". cermine.ceon.pl. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cermine.ceon.pl/index.html","url_text":"\"Content ExtRactor and MINEr - User Console\""}]},{"reference":"\"JATS Preview Style sheets of 2013\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets","url_text":"\"JATS Preview Style sheets of 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"eLife Lens\". lens.elifesciences.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lens.elifesciences.org/","url_text":"\"eLife Lens\""}]},{"reference":"\"ncbi/DtdAnalyzer\". GitHub. 19 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/ncbi/DtdAnalyzer","url_text":"\"ncbi/DtdAnalyzer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal archiving schema and tag libraries\". Typeset.","urls":[{"url":"https://typeset.io/formats/journal-archiving-schema-and-tag-libraries","url_text":"\"Journal archiving schema and tag libraries\""}]},{"reference":"\"wendell piez. oXygen JATS framework\". GitHub. 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/wendellpiez/oXygenJATSframework","url_text":"\"wendell piez. oXygen JATS framework\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annotum\". Annotum. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://annotum.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Annotum\""}]},{"reference":"Carl Leubsdorf, Jr (2011). Annotum: An open-source authoring and publishing platform based on WordPress. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2011 - NCBI Bookshelf.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Leubsdorf","url_text":"Carl Leubsdorf"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63828/","url_text":"Annotum: An open-source authoring and publishing platform based on WordPress"}]},{"reference":"\"GitHub - substance/Texture: A visual editor for research\". GitHub. 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/substance/texture","url_text":"\"GitHub - substance/Texture: A visual editor for research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Substance Consortium\".","urls":[{"url":"http://substance.io/consortium/","url_text":"\"Substance Consortium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texture - an open science manuscript editor\". 24 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://elifesciences.org/labs/8de87c33","url_text":"\"Texture - an open science manuscript editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets\". GitHub. 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/NCBITools/JATSPreviewStylesheets","url_text":"\"ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets\""}]},{"reference":"Wendell Piez (2010). Fitting the Journal Publishing 3.0 Preview Stylesheets to Your Needs: Capabilities and Customizations. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2010 - NCBI Bookshelf.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47104/","url_text":"Fitting the Journal Publishing 3.0 Preview Stylesheets to Your Needs: Capabilities and Customizations"}]},{"reference":"\"Typeset for Journals and Publishers\". Typeset For Publishers. 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.typeset.io/for-publishers/","url_text":"\"Typeset for Journals and Publishers\""}]},{"reference":"Maloney, Chris (8 September 2017). \"Jatsdoc Documentation Browser\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/Klortho/jatsdoc","url_text":"\"Jatsdoc Documentation Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"DtdAnalyzer: A tool for analyzing and manipulating DTDs\". Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.","urls":[{"url":"http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/dtdanalyzer/","url_text":"\"DtdAnalyzer: A tool for analyzing and manipulating DTDs\""}]},{"reference":"From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping NISO JATS v1.0 to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100491/","url_text":"From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping NISO JATS v1.0 to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies"}]},{"reference":"Packer, Abel L.; Salgado, Eliana; Araujo, Javani; Aquino, Letícia; Almeida, Renata; Santos, Jesner; Lucena, Suely; Soares, Caroline M. (4 April 2014). \"Why XML?\". SciELO in Perspective.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.scielo.org/en/2014/04/04/why-xml","url_text":"\"Why XML?\""}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Molly (4 June 2013). \"Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format\". PLOS Tech.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.plos.org/tech/structured-documents-for-science-jats-xml-as-canonical-content-format/","url_text":"\"Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/","external_links_name":"jats.nlm.nih.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.typeset.io/for-publishers/convert/word-to-jats-xml/?source=wikipedia","external_links_name":"MS-Word to JATS XML"},{"Link":"https://www.typeset.io/for-publishers/convert/pdf-to-jats-xml/?source=wikipedia","external_links_name":"PDF to JATS XML Converter"},{"Link":"http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","external_links_name":"ScholarlyArticle"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1041-5653","external_links_name":"1041-5653"},{"Link":"http://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96-2012","external_links_name":"z39.96-2012.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227009","external_links_name":"\"NISO Z39.96 The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS): What Happened to the NLM DTDs?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3998%2F3336451.0014.106","external_links_name":"10.3998/3336451.0014.106"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227009","external_links_name":"3227009"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22140303","external_links_name":"22140303"},{"Link":"http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/the-new-niso-journal-article-tag-suite-standard/","external_links_name":"\"The new NISO journal Article Tag Suite standard\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279831/","external_links_name":"\"The Long Road to JATS\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/jats-con/2015/schedule2015.html","external_links_name":"JATS-Con 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279902/","external_links_name":"\"Superimposing Business Rules on JATS\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/jats-con/2015/schedule2015.html","external_links_name":"JATS-Con 2015"},{"Link":"http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/index.html","external_links_name":"\"NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160827204618/http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/about.html","external_links_name":"\"JATS and the NLM DTDs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111920/http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/about.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/0.4/","external_links_name":"\"NISO JATS v0.4: Draft Standard for Trial Use\""},{"Link":"http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=93","external_links_name":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d1/","external_links_name":"\"JATS v1.1d1 (DRAFT)\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d2/","external_links_name":"\"JATS v1.1d2 (DRAFT)\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.1d3/","external_links_name":"\"JATS v1.1d3 (DRAFT)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160829182917/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=133","external_links_name":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""},{"Link":"http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/project/details.php?project_id=133","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.2d1/","external_links_name":"\"JATS v1.2d1\""},{"Link":"https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/1.2d2/","external_links_name":"\"JATS v1.2d2\""},{"Link":"https://www.niso.org/publications/z3996-2019-jats","external_links_name":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2\""},{"Link":"http://www.niso.org/publications/z3996-2021-jats","external_links_name":"\"ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/tag-library/1.0/n-7w00.html","external_links_name":"\"General Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/","external_links_name":"\"JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite\""},{"Link":"http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2012/12/20/jats-metadata-entry-form/","external_links_name":"JATS Metadata Input Form"},{"Link":"http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/oxgarage/","external_links_name":"http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/oxgarage/"},{"Link":"http://wiki.tei-c.org/index.php/OxGarage","external_links_name":"documentation"},{"Link":"https://github.com/MartinPaulEve/meTypeset","external_links_name":"\"MartinPaulEve/meTypeset\""},{"Link":"https://www.inera.com/extyles/","external_links_name":"\"eXtyles\""},{"Link":"https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html#general-options","external_links_name":"\"Pandoc - Pandoc User's Guide\""},{"Link":"https://shabash.net/merops/","external_links_name":"\"Merops: Powerful AI for publishers and copy editors\""},{"Link":"https://pkp.sfu.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Public Knowledge Project\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2494266.2494271","external_links_name":"10.1145/2494266.2494271"},{"Link":"http://cermine.ceon.pl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Content ExtRactor and MINEr - User Console\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets","external_links_name":"\"JATS Preview Style sheets of 2013\""},{"Link":"https://lens.elifesciences.org/","external_links_name":"\"eLife Lens\""},{"Link":"http://www.biglist.com/lists/lists.mulberrytech.com/jats-list/archives/201204/msg00002.html","external_links_name":"biglist.com/mulberrytech msg"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK159966/","external_links_name":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books article"},{"Link":"https://github.com/ncbi/DtdAnalyzer","external_links_name":"\"ncbi/DtdAnalyzer\""},{"Link":"https://typeset.io/formats/journal-archiving-schema-and-tag-libraries","external_links_name":"\"Journal archiving schema and tag libraries\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/wendellpiez/oXygenJATSframework","external_links_name":"\"wendell piez. oXygen JATS framework\""},{"Link":"https://fontoxml.com/jats/","external_links_name":"FontoXML for JATS"},{"Link":"https://pubref.org/","external_links_name":"PubRef"},{"Link":"https://annotum.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"Annotum\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63828/","external_links_name":"Annotum: An open-source authoring and publishing platform based on WordPress"},{"Link":"https://github.com/substance/texture","external_links_name":"\"GitHub - substance/Texture: A visual editor for research\""},{"Link":"http://substance.io/consortium/","external_links_name":"\"Substance Consortium\""},{"Link":"https://elifesciences.org/labs/8de87c33","external_links_name":"\"Texture - an open science manuscript editor\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/NCBITools/JATSPreviewStylesheets","external_links_name":"\"ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47104/","external_links_name":"Fitting the Journal Publishing 3.0 Preview Stylesheets to Your Needs: Capabilities and Customizations"},{"Link":"https://www.typeset.io/for-publishers/","external_links_name":"\"Typeset for Journals and Publishers\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/pubreader/","external_links_name":"NCBI/PubReader"},{"Link":"https://github.com/ncbi/PubReader","external_links_name":"github.com/ncbi/PubReader source-code"},{"Link":"https://github.com/Klortho/jatsdoc","external_links_name":"\"Jatsdoc Documentation Browser\""},{"Link":"http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/dtdanalyzer/","external_links_name":"\"DtdAnalyzer: A tool for analyzing and manipulating DTDs\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/","external_links_name":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/"},{"Link":"http://europepmc.org/About","external_links_name":"http://europepmc.org/About"},{"Link":"http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en","external_links_name":"http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100491/","external_links_name":"From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping NISO JATS v1.0 to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies"},{"Link":"http://blog.scielo.org/en/2014/04/04/why-xml","external_links_name":"\"Why XML?\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.plos.org/tech/structured-documents-for-science-jats-xml-as-canonical-content-format/","external_links_name":"\"Structured Documents for Science: JATS XML as Canonical Content Format\""},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/","external_links_name":"NLM Journal Article Tag Suite"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/","external_links_name":"Archiving and Interchange"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/","external_links_name":"Publishing"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/articleauthoring/","external_links_name":"Article Authoring"},{"Link":"http://docs.scielo.org/projects/scielo-publishing-schema/","external_links_name":"SciELO Publishing Schema"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/pmcdoc/tagging-guidelines/article/style.html","external_links_name":"Tagging Guidelines of PubMed Central's preferred XML tagging style"},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/schema/isosts/v1.0/doc/","external_links_name":"ISO Standards Tag Set (ISOSTS) as a customization of NISO JATS"},{"Link":"http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/extensions/bits/tag-library/1.0/","external_links_name":"Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS)"},{"Link":"https://github.com/substance/texture/blob/master/docs/TextureJATS.md","external_links_name":"TextureJATS"},{"Link":"https://github.com/JATS4R/validator","external_links_name":"\"JATS for Reuse\" (JATS4R) community, validator"},{"Link":"http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle","external_links_name":"SchemaOrg community, ScholarlyArticle"},{"Link":"https://github.com/PeerJ/jats-conversion/blob/master/src/data/xsl/jats-to-html.xsl","external_links_name":"PeerJ's XML-JATS to HTML5-ScholarlyArticle"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_move_(chess) | Glossary of chess | [] | List of terms used in Western chess games
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of named opening lines, see List of chess openings; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants; for a list of terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Directory:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
See also
Notes
References
A
absolute pin
A pin against the king is called absolute since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of attack (as moving it would expose the king to check). Cf. relative pin.
active
Describes a piece that threatens a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play. Antonym: passive.
Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966
adjournment
Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first time control, but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis. See also sealed move.
adjudication
A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A tournament director, or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.
adjust
See touch-move rule. To adjust the position of a piece on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say "I adjust", or the French equivalent "J'adoube".
advanced pawn
A pawn that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth rank or higher for White; the fourth rank or lower for Black). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is overextended, lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it cramps the enemy by limiting mobility. An advanced passed pawn that threatens to promote can be especially strong.
advantage
A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include space, time, material, and threats.
Alekhine vs. Nimzowitsch, 1930
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAlekhine's gun
Alekhine's gun
A special form of battery in which a queen backs up two rooks on the same file.
Algebraic notation
algebraic notation
The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares. Also called standard notation. Abbr. AN.
amateur
Any player whose main occupation is not chess. The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including World Champion. In the 19th century, "Amateur" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer. See also NN.
analysis
The study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game. See also post-mortem.
annotation
Written commentary on a game or a position using words, chess symbols, and/or notation.
announced mate
A practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute best play by both sides, that led to a forced checkmate for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, "mate in five").
antipositional
A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of positional play. Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often pawn moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.
Anti-Sicilian
An opening variation that White uses against the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the Alapin Variation (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), Smith–Morra Gambit (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and Wing Gambit (2.b4).
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghArabian mate
Arabian mate
A checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.
arbiter
An official responsible for overseeing chess tournaments and ensuring that the rules of chess are obeyed.
arena
A type of tournament without a fixed amount of rounds.
Armageddon game
A game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter blitz games have not resolved the tie.
artificial castling
Refers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the king and by a rook where they end up as if they had castled. Also known as castling by hand.
attack
An aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn. See also counterattack, discovered attack, double attack, mating attack, and minority attack. Antonym: defense.
Example of attraction
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is attracted away from the defense of the black queen with a skewer.
attraction
A type of decoy involving a sacrifice of a minor or major piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example (see diagram), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.
automaton
An automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of artificial intelligence. By far, the most famous chess-playing "automaton" was The Turk, whose secret of human control was kept for a very long time. The first true automaton El Ajedrecista was created by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo.
B
B
Symbol used for the bishop when recording chess moves in English.
back rank
A player's first rank (the rank on which the pieces stand in the starting position). White's back rank is Black's eighth rank; Black's back rank is White's eighth rank. Also called home rank and first rank.
back-rank mate
A checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank from which the mated king is unable to move because it is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) or squares under attack on the player's second rank. Also called back-row mate.
back-rank weakness
A situation in which a player is under threat of a back-rank mate and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.
backward pawn
A pawn that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent file and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite has a bad bishop, Black has a good bishop (Evans 1967:66).
bad bishop
A bishop that is hemmed in by the player's own pawns. Cf. good bishop.
bare king
A position in which a king is the only man of its color on the board.
Basque chess
Or Basque system. A chess competition in which the players simultaneously play each other two games on two boards, each playing White on one and Black on the other. There is a clock at both boards. It removes the bonus in mini-matches of playing White first. Basque chess was first played in the 2012 Donostia Chess Festival in the Basque Country, Spain.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA pair of white rooks are aligned along their battery, ready to do some action.
battery
Gathering pieces along a line of action in somewhat varying setups. In games, it usually means to line up rooks and/or the queen on a file, or to place a bishop and a queen on a diagonal. In chess problems, battery refers to an arrangement of two pieces in line with the enemy king on a rank, file, or diagonal so that if the middle piece moves a discovered check (or a threat other than a check) will be delivered. See also Alekhine's gun.
BCF
British Chess Federation, the former name of the English Chess Federation. See also ECF.
BCM
An abbreviation for the British Chess Magazine.
BCO
An abbreviation for the 1982 openings reference book Batsford Chess Openings, by Raymond Keene and Garry Kasparov. The second edition (1989) is often called BCO-2. Cf. ECO and MCO.
best play
The theoretical absolute and ideal best moves from any given position.
Charousek vs. Maroczy, 1895
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghExample of a "big pawn": the white bishop is doing the work of a pawn and has no bigger prospects.
big pawn
A bad bishop stuck behind its own pawns and defending them—effectively doing the work of a pawn.
bind
A strong grip or stranglehold on a position that is difficult for the opponent to break. A bind is usually an advantage in space created by advanced pawns. The Maróczy Bind is a well-known example. See also squeeze.
bishop
A piece that may move along diagonals without jumping.
bishop pair
The player with two bishops is said to have the bishop pair. Two bishops are able to control the diagonals of both colors. In open positions, two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two knights, or a knight and a bishop. Also called the two bishops.
bishop pawn
Or bishop's pawn. A pawn on the bishop's file, i.e. the c-file or f-file. Sometimes abbreviated "BP".
bishops on opposite colors
Or bishops of opposite colors. A situation in which one player has only a light-square bishop remaining while the other has only a dark-square bishop remaining. In endgames, this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces than pawns, even if one side has a material advantage of one, two or even three pawns, since the bishops control different squares (see Opposite-colored bishops endgame). In the middlegame, however, the presence of opposite-colored bishops imbalances the game and can lead to mating attacks, since each bishop attacks squares that cannot be covered by the other.
black
The dark-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as "the black squares" even though they are often some other dark color. Similarly, "the black pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color. See also white.
Black
The designation for the player who moves second, even though the pieces ("the black pieces") are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color. See also White and first-move advantage.
blind chess
See Kriegspiel.
blindfold chess
A form of chess in which one or both players are not allowed to see the board.
blind pigs
A pair of rooks on the opponent's second rank are referred to as "pigs" as they tend to devour pawns and pieces, and "blind pigs" if they cannot find the mate.
blitz chess
A fast form of chess with a very short time limit, usually three or five minutes per player for the entire game. With the advent of electronic chess clocks, the time remaining is often incremented by one or two seconds per move.
blitzkrieg
A blitzkrieg is sometimes used to describe a quick attack on the f7- or f2-square early in the game.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has a solid light-square blockade. White's bishop cannot challenge Black's minor pieces.
blockade
The placement of a piece directly in front of an enemy pawn, where it obstructs the pawn's advance, and hinders the movements of the other enemy pieces. The enemy pawn provides some shelter to the piece that is blocking it, thereby protecting it from attacks by enemy pieces. A blockade is most effective against passed or isolated pawns. The ideal piece to use as a blockader is the knight. This strategy was famously formulated by Aron Nimzowitsch in 1924.
blocked position
A position where both sides are constrained from making progress, typically by interlocking pawn chain(s) dividing the available space into two camps. See also closed game.
blunder
A very bad move, an oversight (indicated by "??" in chess annotation).
board
1. See chessboard.
2. An assignment in team chess, e.g. first board, second board, etc.
board one
See first board.
Schulder vs. Boden, London 1853
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBoden's Mate
Boden's Mate
Boden's Mate, named for Samuel Boden, is a checkmate pattern in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen sacrifice on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.
book draw
An endgame position known to be a draw with perfect play. Historically this was established by reference to chess endgame literature, but in simplified positions computer analysis in an endgame tablebase can be used. Also called theoretical draw.
book move
An opening move found in standard reference books on opening theory. A game is said to be "in book" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. A game is said to be "out of book" when the players have reached the end of the variations analyzed in the opening books, or if one of the players deviates with a novelty (or a blunder).
book win
An endgame position known to be a win with perfect play. Historically this was established by reference to chess endgame literature, but in simplified positions (currently seven pieces or fewer) computer analysis in an endgame tablebase can be used.
break
A move that gains space and therefore freedom of movement, or the opening of a blocked position by the advance or capture of a pawn. See also pawn break.
breakthrough
Penetration of the opponent's position, or destruction of the defense, often by means of a sacrifice.
brevity
See miniature.
brilliancy
A game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.
brilliancy prize
A prize awarded at some tournaments for the best brilliancy played in the tournament.
Bronstein delay
A time control method with time delay, invented by David Bronstein. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the clock waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.
Bughouse chess
bughouse chess
A popular chess variant played with teams of two or more.
building a bridge
Making a path for a king in the endgame by providing protective cover against checks from line pieces. A well-known example is the Lucena position.
bullet chess
Each side has one minute to make all their moves.
bust
A refutation of an opening, an opening line, a tactic, or a previously published analysis.
bye
A tournament round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a win (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).
C
Caïssa, the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)
Caïssa
Known as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, Caïssa or The Game at Chess, by Sir William Jones.
calculate
To plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.
Candidate Master
A chess title ranking below FIDE Master. Abbr. CM.
candidate move
A move that seems good upon initial observation of the position, and that warrants further analysis.
Candidates Match
A knockout match in the Candidates Tournament.
Candidates Tournament
A tournament organised by the FIDE, the third and last qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. The participants are the top players of the Interzonal tournament plus possibly other players selected on the basis of rating or performance in the previous candidates tournament. The top ranking player(s) qualify(ies) for the world championship.
can opener
The plan of attacking a kingside position (sometimes a fianchettoed one) by advancing the h-pawn with the intention of opening a file near the defender's king.
capped piece
A particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a handicap. When the capped piece is a pawn, it is called a pion coiffé .
capture
A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece, except in the case of a capture that is done en passant.
castling
A move in which the king and a rook are moved at the same time. It moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it develops the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done on either the kingside (notated 0-0) or the queenside (0-0-0). Castling cannot be done in reply to a check, nor if the king were to cross or land on a square which is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved has already moved.
castling into it
A situation where one side castles and a result is that the king is in more danger at the destination than on the initial square, either immediately or because lines and diagonals can be more readily opened against it.
castling long
Castling queenside; in chess notation: 0-0-0. Also called long castling.
castling rights
The ability to castle under the laws of chess.
castling short
Castling kingside; in chess notation: 0-0. Also called short castling.
casual game
See friendly game.
category of a tournament
The category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average FIDE rating of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating − 2250) ÷ 25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category 1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.
CC
An abbreviation sometimes used for correspondence chess or for chess club.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe center squares are marked "×".
center
Or centre. The four squares in the middle of the board. See also expanded center. Sometimes short for pawn center. A king "in the center" can refer to an uncastled king on a center file.
center file
Or centre file. The king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).
center pawn
Or centre pawn. A pawn on the king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).
centipawn
A unit of evaluation used by chess engines, e.g. an evaluation of +1.32 is worth 20 centipawns more than an evaluation of +1.12. Historically a centipawn corresponded to a material value of 0.01 of a pawn; however, the strongest modern engines no longer rate pawns as worth 1.
central file
See center file.
centralization
Moving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only control the center, but also extend their influence to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. Knights in particular benefit from being centralized. Antonym: decentralization.
central pawn
See center pawn.
cheapo
Slang for a primitive trap, often set in the hope of swindling a win or a draw from a lost position. Also called cheap shot.
check
A direct attack on the king by an enemy man. The attacked king is said to be in check. There are only three possible immediate responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or interposing a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces "check"; however, this is not a requirement in tournament games.
checkmate
Often shortened to mate. A position in which a player's king is in check and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.
chess annotation
See annotation.
chess blindness
The failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by Siegbert Tarrasch. Similar to Kotov syndrome.
chessboard
The chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.
A chess clock
chess clock
A device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player hits their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock where the term flag fall originates. Modern clocks are digital.
chess club
An in-person, local chess play organization.
chessmen
The movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both pieces and pawns. Singular: chessman.
chess notation
See notation.
chess opening
See opening.
chess problem
Also called composition.
A wooden chess set and board
chess set
The thirty-two pieces required for a game, plus a chessboard.
chess variant
A chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.
Chess960
A synonym for Fischerandom.
chop wood
Slang for capturing or exchanging pieces. See also wood.
classical
1. An opening system geared towards forming a full pawn center. Classical ideas were challenged by hypermodern ideas.
2. A game using a longer time control such as 40/2; the opposite of fast chess categories such as rapid, blitz or bullet.
classical bishop sacrifice
See Greek gift sacrifice.
clearance
Removal of piece from a square, rank, file or diagonal so that another piece may use it. It often involves sacrificing the piece that blocked the position. See Clearance sacrifice.
clock move
In a game played clock move, a move is considered completed only after the clock is pressed. For example, one could touch a piece, then move a different piece—as long as the player has not pressed their clock button. This way of playing is uncommon but can be seen in casual games or blitz games.
clock time
Time (consumed or remaining) on the chess clock, in a tournament game.
closed file
A file on which White and Black each have a pawn.
closed game
Or close game. A closed game has few open lines (files or diagonals). It is generally characterized by interlocking pawn chains, cramped positions with few opportunities to exchange, and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an open game. Cf. open game. See also positional play.
Closed Game
A Closed Game is a particular opening that begins with the moves 1.d4 d5. It is also known as a Double Queen's Pawn Opening or Double Queen's Pawn Game. See also Open Game and Semi-Open Game.
closed tournament
A tournament in which only invited or qualifying players may participate. Also called invitational tournament. Cf. open tournament.
CM
An abbreviation for the Candidate Master title.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!), an example of coffeehouse play
coffeehouse
Adjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in skittles games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or blitz chess. The Blackburne Shilling Gambit is a typical example of coffeehouse play.
color
Or colour. The white or black pieces, and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black. See White and Black in chess.
colorbound
Or colourbound. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each bishop is colorbound to either the white or black squares.
colors reversed
Or colours reversed. With colors reversed refers to opening moves by White normally played by Black, or vice versa. An example is the King's Indian Attack, where White's opening setup mirrors Black's setup in the King's Indian Defense. In such openings, White necessarily has an extra tempo compared to Black. Also called a reverse opening.
combination
A sequence of moves, including forced moves, and often involving a sacrifice, to gain an advantage.
compensation
That which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of material. If material is sacrificed there may be a gain in development, or if a minor piece is exchanged for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.
computer move
A move that seems likely to have been played by a computer rather than a human, either because the move seems counterintuitive, or to not make immediate sense, or to eventually make sense but not until deep into the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on millions of brute-force calculations, and not on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to immediately resign, in favor of an obscure move that may turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but its meaning has evolved as computers have improved. It is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by computer.
connected passed pawns
Passed pawns on adjacent files. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together. See also connected pawns.
connected pawns
Refers to two or more pawns of the same color on adjacent files. Cf. isolated pawns.
connected rooks
Two rooks of the same color on the same rank or file with no pawns or pieces between them. Connected rooks are usually desirable. Players often connect rooks on their own first rank or along an open file. See also doubled rooks.
consolidation
The improvement of a player's position by the reposition of one or more pieces to better square(s), typically after a player's attack or combination has left their pieces in poor positions or uncoordinated.
consultation game
A game in which two or more players consult with each other to jointly decide the moves for one side. Consultation games may also involve teams of two or more players playing on both sides.
continuation
See variation.
control
When a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory. Also, the player that has the initiative has control.
control of the center
Having one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of openings.
cook
In chess problems, an unintended duplicate solution, or a refutation. See also Glossary of chess problems § cook.
coordination
The quality of multiple pieces working together, mutually supporting and complementing one another.
corr.
An abbreviation for correspondence game.
correspondence chess
Chess played at a long time control by long-distance correspondence. Traditionally correspondence chess was played though the post; today it is usually played over a correspondence chess server or by email. Typically, one move is transmitted in every correspondence.
corresponding squares
Corresponding squares are pairs of squares such that when a king moves to one square, it forces the opponent's king to occupy the other square in order to hold the position. If the opponent's king cannot move to the required square it is zugzwang and a disadvantage. Corresponding squares usually occur in pawn endgames. The theory of corresponding squares has developed to include complex calculations based on math-like formulas. Also called related squares. Cf. opposition.
counterattack
An attack that responds to an attack by the opponent.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Falkbeer Countergambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5), a gambit response to the King's Gambit
countergambit
A gambit offered by Black, for example the Greco Counter Gambit, usually called the Latvian Gambit today (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5?!); the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); and the Falkbeer Countergambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5). An opening need not have "countergambit" in its name to be one, for instance the Benko Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5); the Englund Gambit (1.d4 e5?!); the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5); the Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!); and many lines of the Two Knights Defense (e.g. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 and now 4...Bc5!? ; 4...Nxe4?!; 4...d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 ; 4...d5 5.exd5 Nd4 ; and 4...d5 5.exd5 b5 ) are all examples of countergambits.
counterplay
The defending side's own aggressive action.
country move
A disparaging term for a move considered unsophisticated, especially an unnecessary single-step advance of the rook's pawn in the opening. The term was popular in London in the late 19th century.
cover
To protect a piece or control a square.
cramped
Having limited mobility in a position.
critical position
The moment in a game or opening when the evaluation shows that things are about to change, either towards an advantage for one player, or towards equality; a wrong move can be disastrous.
critical square
See key square.
cross-check
A cross-check is a check played in reply to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a discovered check from another piece.
crosstable
An arrangement of the results of every game in a tournament in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a round-robin tournament, there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1 for a win, 0 for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double round-robin tournament each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating White and Black.) For examples see Hastings 1895 chess tournament, Nottingham 1936 chess tournament, and AVRO tournament.
crush
Slang for a quick win, especially an overwhelming attack versus poor defensive play. A crushing move is a decisive one.
D
dark-square bishop
One of the two bishops that moves only on the dark squares. In the starting position, White's dark-square bishop is on c1; Black's is on f8. Often shortened to dark bishop or DSB. Cf. light-square bishop.
dark squares
The 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner. Cf. light squares.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA dead draw by means of insufficient material. King versus king and bishop will never lead to checkmate. If for Black, a knight or a light-squared bishop were added to the position (e.g. a Nf3 or Bf3), a mate would be possible in theory for either side, but not with reasonable play, making it a "dead draw" in the broader sense.
dead draw
A drawn position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. In the strict sense, dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as insufficient material). In a broader sense, it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major blunder before either side would have a chance to win.
dead position
A position where neither player can mate the opponent's king with any series of legal moves (e.g. knight and king against a bare king). This position is drawn.
decoy
This is a tactic used to lure an enemy man away from its defensive position. See also deflection and attraction.
defense
1. A move or plan to meet the opponent's attack.
2. Part of the name of openings played by Black; e.g. the Scandinavian Defense, King's Indian Defense, English Defense, etc.
deflection
A decoy tactic that involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to overloading. See also attraction.
Wouter Mees at a demonstration board
demonstration board
A large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. Johann Löwenthal invented the demonstration board in 1857.
descriptive notation
A system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English and Spanish speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example "pawn to queen's bishop's fourth" is rendered as "P-QB4". Now replaced by the standard algebraic notation.
desperado
A piece that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about stalemate or perpetual check. Also an en prise or trapped piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum compensation possible.
development
The movement of non-pawn pieces in the opening from their original squares to squares where they can be more active. Development of one's pieces is one of the objectives of the opening phase of the game.
diagonal
A line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop can move.
discovered attack
An attack made by a queen, rook or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghOnce the e4-bishop moves, it is discovered check by the rook.
discovered check
A discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.
diversionary sacrifice
Especially in the middlegame, the sacrifice of a decoy piece.
domination
From endgame studies, control of all movement squares of an enemy piece.
double attack
Two attacks made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a fork); or by different pieces, for example in a discovered attack when the moved piece also makes a threat.
double check
A check delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a discovered check. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in the line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move, which makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.
doubled pawns
Two pawns of the same color on the same file; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.
doubled rooks
A powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same file or rank with no other men between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the endgame.
double fianchetto
A player's king bishop and queen bishop have both been fianchettoed.
draw
A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are draws by agreement. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by stalemate, by a dead position, by the threefold repetition rule, by the fifty-move rule, by the fivefold repetition rule and by the seventy-five-move rule. A position is said to be a draw (or a "drawn position" or "theoretical draw") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.
draw by agreement
A game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw. See also resign.
draw death
Hypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).
drawing line
An opening variation that commonly ends in a draw.
drawing weapon
An opening line played with the intent of drawing the game.
drawish
An adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a draw.
draw odds
A type of chess handicap where one player (Black in an Armageddon game) has only to draw in order to win the match.
draw offer
A proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be drawn by agreement.
dynamism
A style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or spatial weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the Hypermodern school and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch.
E
eat
To remove the opponent's piece or pawn from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn. See also capture.
ECF
The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the FIDE. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.
ECU
The European Chess Union (ECU) is the continental association for chess in Europe.
ECO
The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO), a standard and comprehensive chess opening reference. Also a classification system (ECO code) for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.
edge
A small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an edge in the starting position, since White moves first (see First-move advantage in chess).
eighth rank
The rank on which pawns promote (rank eight for White; rank one for Black). Also called last rank.
Elo rating system
The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after Arpad Elo. Since 2012, FIDE publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.
endgame
The third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the middlegame.
endgame tablebase
A computerized database of endgames with a small number of pieces, providing perfect play for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. As of 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAfter 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5, White can play 3.dxe6, capturing the e-pawn en passant on the next move. The white pawn is placed on e6, and the black pawn on e5 is removed from the board.
en passant
The rule that allows a pawn that has just advanced two squares to be captured by an enemy pawn that is on the same rank and adjacent file. The pawn can be taken as if it had advanced only one square. Capturing en passant is possible only on the next move. Abbr. e.p.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe pawn on e4 is en prise.
en prise
often italicized] En prise describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a hanging piece, an undefended pawn, a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn en prise.
e.p.
An abbreviation for en passant.
epaulette mate
A checkmate position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.
EPD
An abbreviation for Extended Position Description.
equalize
Or equalise. To reach a position where the players have equal chances of winning, referred to as equality, or a position that is equal. In the opening, because White has the advantage of the first move, the immediate goal for Black is to achieve equality.
escape square
See flight square.
evaluation
Or simply eval. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign ("+") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign ("−") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides material. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 (or sometimes #4) indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves. Cf. analysis.
exchange
To swap or trade pieces by capture. Usually the pieces are of equal value (i.e., rook for rook, knight for knight, etc.), or of bishop for knight (two pieces that are considered approximately equal in value). Also called even exchange.
exchange, the
The advantage of a rook over a minor piece (knight or bishop). The player who captures a rook for a minor piece is said to have "won the exchange", the player who has lost the rook has "lost the exchange". An exchange sacrifice is giving up a rook for a minor piece.
exchange variation
This is a type of opening in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.
exhibition
Chess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use chess clocks. In a simultaneous exhibition, one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not timed. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.
expanded center
The central sixteen squares of the chessboard.
exposed king
A king lacking pawns to shield it from enemy attack.
extended fianchetto
See fianchetto.
Extended Position Description
A Forsyth–Edwards Notation derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test chess engines. Abbr. EPD.
F
family fork
A knight fork that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving check), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a family check.
FAN
An abbreviation for figurine algebraic notation, which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).
fast chess
A form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament time controls. See also rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess.
FEN
An abbreviation for Forsyth–Edwards Notation.
FGM
An abbreviation for the FICGS Grandmaster title.
fianchetto
To develop a bishop to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The fianchetto of both bishops by a player is called a double fianchetto. Less common is to develop a bishop to the rook's file (a3 or h3 for White; a6 or h6 for Black), called extended fianchetto. The Italian word ("little flank") is pronounced /ˌfiənˈkɛtoʊ/ or /ˌfiənˈtʃɛtoʊ/ in English, while its name sounds like in Italian.
FICGS Grandmaster
A correspondence chess title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.
FIDE
The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.
FIDE Master
A chess title ranking below International Master. Abbr. FM.
FIDE rating
See Elo rating system.
fifty-move rule
A draw may be claimed if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last fifty moves by either side. For the occurrence of seventy-five such moves, see seventy-five-move rule.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe f-file
file
A column of the chessboard. A specific file can be named either using its position in algebraic notation, a–h, or by using its position in descriptive notation. For example, "f-file" and "king bishop file" both denote the squares f1–f8 (or KB1–KB8 in descriptive notation).
fingerfehler
An error caused by unthinkingly touching the wrong piece or releasing a piece on the wrong square, forcing the player to move that piece in accordance with the touch-move rule.
first board
In team chess, the player who is assigned to face the strongest opponents. Also called top board and board one. Second board faces the next strongest players, followed by third board, and so on. Generally board assignments must be made before the competition begins and players may not switch boards, although reserve players are often allowed as substitutes.
first-move advantage
The slight (by most accounts) advantage that White has by virtue of moving first.
first player
The expression "the first player" is sometimes used to refer to White.
first rank
See home rank.
Fischerandom
Also known as Chess960. A variation of chess invented and advocated by Bobby Fischer. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the first rank is random, except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. Castling may be done; the special castling rules incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.
Fischer delay
A time control method with time delay, invented by Bobby Fischer. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.
fish
A weak or easily defeated player or players. See also woodpusher.
fivefold repetition
A game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under threefold repetition.
five-minute chess
See blitz chess.
flag
Part of an analogue chess clock, usually red, that indicates when the minute hand passes the hour. To "flag" someone means winning the game on the basis of the opponent exceeding the time control.
flag-fall
The event when the allotted time of a player has just expired; the player has run out of time.
flank
The queenside a-, b-, and c-files; or the kingside f-, g-, and h-files. Distinguished from the center d-file and e-file. Also called wing.
flank opening
An opening played by White and typified by play on one or both flanks.
flight square
A square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack. Also called escape square. See also luft.
FM
An abbreviation for the FIDE Master title.
FOA
An abbreviation for the FIDE Online Arena.
Fool's mate
Fool's mate
The shortest possible chess game ending in mate: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).
forced mate
A sequence of two or more moves culminating in checkmate that the opponent cannot prevent.
forced move
A move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. Forced can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example "the forced win of a piece" or "a forced checkmate". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively. Cf. forcing move.
forced win
A win guaranteed by a series of forcing moves.
forcing move
A move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses. Cf. forced move.
forfeit
Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the time control (forfeit on time).
fork
A simultaneous attack by a single piece on two (or more) of the opponent's pieces (or other direct target, such as a mate threat). When the attacker is a knight the tactic is often specifically called a knight fork. Some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term double attack is correct when another piece is involved, but this usage is rare.
Forsyth–Edwards Notation
A standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN notation is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position. Abbr. FEN.
fortress
In endgame theory, a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a draw due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.
frame
A square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a picture frame. Also referred to as a ring. The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame. The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the center itself as the innermost frame. The mobility of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.
friendly game
A game that is not played as part of a match, tournament, or exhibition. Often the game is not timed, but if a chess clock is used, rapid time controls are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition. Also called casual game and informal game.
frontier line
An imaginary line dividing the board into two halves, passing between the fourth and fifth ranks. The frontier line separates White's side of the board from Black's side. Coined by Nimzowitsch.
G
gambit
A sacrifice (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in space or time in the opening.
game clock
See chess clock.
game score
Often shortened to score. The record of a game in some form of notation, usually algebraic notation. In over-the-board tournaments, the game score is recorded on a score sheet.
gardez
An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of "check". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.
GM
An abbreviation for Grandmaster.
God
Metaphorical; a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.
good bishop
A bishop that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop. See also bad bishop.
Grandmaster
The highest title a chess player can attain (besides World Champion). Awarded by FIDE, the title is valid for life unless exceptional circumstances (such as cheating) occur. Abbr. GM.
grandmaster draw
A game in which the players agree to a quick draw. Originally it referred to such games between grandmasters, but the term can now refer to any such game.
Greek gift sacrifice
A typical sacrifice of a bishop by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a castled king to initiate a mating attack. Also known as the classical bishop sacrifice.
H
half-open file
A file on which only one player has pawns. Also called semi-open file.
handicap
See odds.
hanging
Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be en prise.
hanging pawns
Two pawns of the same color on adjacent files, with no pawns of the same color on the files to either side of them.
harmony
See coordination.
Harry
A nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, "Harry the h-pawn".
hauptturnier
German word that is freely translated as "candidates tournament". In the early part of the 20th century, it was necessary for the ambitious European amateur to win a succession of prizes in small tournaments, to progress to a higher level of competition. The creation of the hauptturnier enabled the process to become more formalized, and they became a regular feature of the major German chess congresses. Winning such an event conferred the title of 'Master of the German Chess Federation', and this, in turn, could be used to gain admittance to prestigious international tournaments. Some of the best players in chess history, such as Emanuel Lasker and Siegbert Tarrasch, secured their Master titles and advanced their chess careers in this way.
heavy piece
See major piece.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe dots indicate holes. (Evans, 1967)
hole
A square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is e4 in the Stonewall Attack.
home rank
The rank on which the pieces stand in the starting position (rank one for White; rank eight for Black). Also called back rank and first rank.
horizontal line
See rank.
Horwitz vs. Harrwitz, London 1846, rd. 10, 0–1
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAfter 30.Qe2. Black's Horwitz bishops are aimed at White's kingside.
Horwitz bishops
A player's light-square and dark-square bishops placed so that they occupy adjacent diagonals, creating a potent attack. Also called raking bishops, and sometimes Harrwitz bishops.
human move
A move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.
Hutton pairing
A pairing technique invented in 1921 by George Dickson Hutton for matching teams of players in which only one game is required per player. Has been used regularly for correspondence team events and for matches between many teams conducted on one day. Also called jamboree pairing.
hypermodernism
A school of thought that prefers controlling the center with pieces from the flanks as opposed to occupying it directly with pawns. Two major proponents of hypermodernism were Réti and Nimzowitsch. See also classical.
I
IA
An abbreviation for International Arbiter.
ICCA
See International Correspondence Chess Federation.
ICCF
An abbreviation for the International Correspondence Chess Federation.
ICS
An abbreviation for Internet chess server.
IGM
An abbreviation for the older term International Grandmaster. The modern usage is Grandmaster (GM).
illegal move
A move that is not permitted by the rules of chess. An illegal move discovered during the course of a game must be corrected.
illegal position
A position in a game that is a consequence of an illegal move or an incorrect starting position; a position that is impossible to reach by any sequence of legal moves.
IM
An abbreviation for the International Master title.
imbalance
Any difference between the positions of White and Black. An imbalanced position is one where White and Black both have unique advantages. Conversely, a balanced position may be drawish.
inaccuracy
A move that is not the best, but not as bad as a blunder.
inactive
See passive.
in check
See check.
increment
Refers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, rapid chess might be played with "25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method. See Time control § Increment and delay methods.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghIn the KID Fianchetto Variation (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0), both sides have Indian bishops.
Indian bishop
A fianchettoed bishop, characteristic of the Indian defenses, the King's Indian and the Queen's Indian.
Indian Defense
An opening that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the fianchetto of one or both black bishops; now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not transpose into the Queen's Gambit.
informal game
See friendly game.
initiative
The ability to make attacking moves, and force the course of play. It is an aspect of time. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.
innovation
A synonym for theoretical novelty.
insufficient material
An endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can checkmate, regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side blunders are covered by the fifty-move rule. See Draw (chess) § Draws in all games.
interference
The interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by interposing a piece.
intermediate move
See zwischenzug.
intermezzo
See zwischenzug.
International Arbiter
A tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the score when players are under time pressure. Abbr. IA.
International Correspondence Chess Federation
The International Correspondence Chess Federation (abbr. ICCF) was founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).
International Grandmaster
Abbr. IGM. The original name of the FIDE title, now simply called Grandmaster (GM).
International Master
A chess title that ranks below Grandmaster but above FIDE Master. Abbr. IM.
International Woman Master
Obsolete name for Woman International Master.
Internet chess server
An external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the Internet. Abbr. ICS.
interpose
To move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a check.
Interzonal tournament
A tournament organised by the FIDE starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. The participants were selected from the top players of the Zonal tournaments. The top ranking players qualified for the Candidates Tournament. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a knockout-style competition to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament.
IQP
An abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See isolani.
irregular opening
Early 19th-century chess literature classified all openings that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 as "irregular". As opening theory developed and many openings previously considered "irregular" became standard (e.g. the Sicilian Defense), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the Sokolsky Opening) as "uncommon" or "unorthodox".
isolani
Refers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for isolated queen pawn. Aron Nimzowitsch, who coined the term, regarded the isolani as a weapon of attack in the middlegame but an endgame weakness; he saw the problem of hanging pawns as related. See also Pawn structure § Queen's Gambit – Isolani.
isolated pawn
A pawn with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent file.
isolated queen pawn
Or isolated queen's pawn. Abbr. IQP. See isolani.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghItalian bishops in the Giuoco Piano
Italian bishop
A white bishop developed to c4 or a black bishop developed to c5. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the Italian Game. In the Giuoco Piano both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the Spanish bishop on b5 characteristic of the Ruy Lopez. "Italian" may be used as an adjective for an opening where one or both players have Italian bishops.
J
j'adoube
(from French, "I adjust", pronounced ) The international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board. When playing with the touch-move rule, a player must say this in order to be able to touch a piece without being subject to the touched piece rule. The verb adouber, literally "to dub" (raise to the knighthood), is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. "I am adjusting", is generally also acceptable.
K
K
Symbol used for the king when recording chess moves in English.
key square
1. An important square.
2. In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the promotion of a pawn or the win of a pawn.
KGA
The King's Gambit Accepted opening.
KGD
The King's Gambit Declined opening.
KIA
The King's Indian Attack opening.
kibitz
As a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a post-mortem) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.
kick
Attacking a piece, often a knight, with a pawn, so that it will move. Kicking a piece may lead to gaining a tempo, or may force the opponent to concede control of key squares.
KID
The King's Indian Defense opening.
king
The most important piece in chess. It may move to any adjacent square, and it may castle. A king threatened with capture is in check; a player cannot end their move with their king in check. If a player's king is in check and there is no escape, then the king is in checkmate, and the player loses. If the player whose turn it is has no legal moves and their king is not in check, then it is stalemate, and the game is drawn.
king bishop
Or king's bishop. The bishop that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KB".
king hunt
A sustained attack on the enemy king that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its checkmate. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are Edward Lasker–Thomas, Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov, and Kasparov–Topalov. Also called king chase.
king knight
Or king's knight. The knight that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KN".
king pawn
Or king's pawn. A pawn on the king's file, i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated "KP". Also king bishop pawn (KBP), king knight pawn (KNP), and king rook pawn (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.
king pawn opening
Or king's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.e4.
king rook
Or king's rook. The rook that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "KR".
kingside
Or king's side. The side of the board (half-board) the kings are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-file), as opposed to the queenside. Also called king's wing.
king walk
A consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns. See also King walk.
knight
A piece that may move to any nearest square not on a rank, file, or diagonal on which it stands. In other words, it may move two squares horizontally or vertically and then one square perpendicular to that (forming an L shape), jumping over any pieces in the way.
knight pawn
Or knight's pawn. A pawn on the knight's file, i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated "NP".
Example of an open knight's tour
knight's tour
A puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the best known of a variety of tours and puzzles based on chess pieces. A closed tour (also known as a re-entrant tour) ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An open tour ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.
knockout tournament
See Single-elimination tournament. A tournament conducted as a series of matches in which the winner of each match advances to the next round and the loser is eliminated. Well-known chess tournaments held in the knockout format include London 1851 and the 2007 Chess World Cup. Cf. round-robin tournament and Swiss tournament.
Kotov syndrome
This phenomenon, described by Alexander Kotov in his 1971 book Think Like a Grandmaster, can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under time pressure, then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.
Kriegspiel
Kriegspiel is a chess variant played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as blind chess, not to be confused with blindfold chess.
Kt
The symbol sometimes used for the knight when recording chess moves in descriptive notation, mainly in older literature. An N is used instead in algebraic notation and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with K, the symbol for the king.
L
last rank
See eighth rank.
laws of chess
The rules of chess.
lightning chess
A form of chess with an extremely short time limit, either blitz chess or bullet chess.
light-square bishop
One of the two bishops that moves only on the light squares. In the starting position, White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8. Often shortened to light bishop. Cf. dark-square bishop.
light squares
The 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8. Cf. dark squares.
line
1. A sequence of moves, usually in the opening or in analyzing a position.
2. An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.
line piece
A piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the rook, bishop, and queen).
liquidation
See simplification.
long castling
See castling long.
long diagonal
One of the two diagonals with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).
long fianchetto
A fianchetto whereby the knight's pawn has advanced two squares (b4 or g4 for White; b5 or g5 for Black) instead of one.
long-range piece
A bishop, rook, or queen.
loose piece
A piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.
loose position
A position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is overextended or its pieces are uncoordinated.
losing a tempo
See tempo.
loss
A defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being checkmated by the other player, resigning, exceeding the time control, or being forfeited by the tournament director. In chess, a zero-sum game, this results in a win for the other player.
Lucena position
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite wins by 1.Rd1+ Ke7 2.Rd4! Ra1 3.Kc7 Rc1+ 4.Kb6 Rb1+ 5.Kc6 Rc1+ 6.Kb5 Rb1+ 7.Rb4 and the pawn queens.
Lucena position
A well-known rook and pawn versus rook endgame position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to queen.
luft
Space made for a castled king to give it a flight square to prevent a back-rank mate. Usually luft is made by moving a pawn on the second rank in front of the king. See also flight square.
M
main line
The principal, most important, or most often played variation of an opening.
majority
A larger number of pawns on one flank opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other. A central pawn majority is a larger number of pawns on the center files.
major piece
A queen or rook, also known as a heavy piece. The primary distinction of major pieces versus minor pieces is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.
man
A piece or a pawn, when the term "piece" is used as exclusive of pawns.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA typical Maróczy Bind position
Maróczy Bind
A bind on the light squares in the center, particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for Géza Maróczy, it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the Sicilian Defense, but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the English Opening and the Queen's Indian Defense. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.
master
Loosely, a strong chess player who would be expected to beat most amateurs. It may also refer to a formal title such as International Master or National Master. Standards vary, but a master will usually have an Elo rating of over 2200.
match
The term "match" does not refer to an individual game of chess, but to either a competition between two teams or a series of games between two individuals. A match may be the entire competition, or it may be a round in a knockout tournament or team tournament. A match between individuals usually consists of several games, continuing until one of the players has achieved either a set score or a set number of wins.
mate
Short for checkmate.
material
A player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of total greater value is said to have a material advantage. Gaining a material advantage is called winning material. See Chess piece relative value.
materialism
Playstyle characterized by a willingness to win material at the expense of positional considerations. Chess engines historically were often materialistic.
mating attack
An attack aimed at checkmating the enemy king.
mating net
A position or series of moves that leads to forced mate.
MCO
Modern Chess Openings, a popular chess opening reference. Often the edition is also given, as in MCO-14, the 14th edition. Cf. ECO.
middlegame
The part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame, beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.
miniature
A short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900, because the queen is trapped. However, some authors include games up to 30 moves. Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious blunder by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a brilliancy. The Opera Game is a famous example. Sometimes called a brevity . See also Glossary of chess problems § miniature.
minor exchange
The exchange of a bishop for a knight.
minority
A smaller number of pawns on one flank opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.
minority attack
An advance of pawns on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, an attack strategy usually carried out to provoke a weakness.
minor piece
A bishop or knight. Unlike major pieces, minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.
mobile pawn center
Pawns on central squares able to advance without becoming weak.
mobility
The ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having space.
mouse slip
A fumble by a player in the use of a computer control tool while playing chess on the Internet that results in an unintended move.
move
A full move is a turn by both players, White and Black. A turn by either White or Black is a half-move, or (in computer context) one ply.
move order
The sequence of moves one chooses to play an opening or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence. See also transposition.
mysterious rook move
Coined by Nimzowitsch to refer to the placing of a rook on a closed file in anticipation that the opponent is going to open the file. This move may either achieve a position with a rook on an open file, or it may alternatively hinder the opponent's intentions (prophylaxis). The meaning of the word has since expanded to refer to any rook move that appears to have a hidden purpose.
N
N
1. Symbol used for the knight when recording chess moves in English.
2. An abbreviation for novelty.
NCO
An abbreviation sometimes used for the chess opening reference Nunn's Chess Openings. Cf. ECO and MCO.
NN
Traditionally used in game scores to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin nomina ("names"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase nomen nescio ("name unknown"). Sometimes N.N.
norm
A step toward earning a chess title, such as Grandmaster or International Master. To qualify for the award of norms, a tournament must be rated by FIDE, must be sufficiently strong, must include a mix of nationalities, must include a specified number of titled players, and must meet certain other requirements regarding time control and playing conditions. The score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament. In practice, three norms are usually required for a title, though regulations have varied over the years.
notation
Any method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is algebraic notation, which is used internationally. Formerly descriptive notation was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN). Cf. annotation.
novelty
See theoretical novelty.
O
occupation
Occupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.
octopus
A strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight not near the edge reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.
odds
This refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in material, in extra moves, in time on the clock, or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.
offhand game
See skittles.
Olympiad
An international team chess tournament organized biennially by FIDE. Each team represents a FIDE member country.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefgh The e-file is open in the French Defense, Exchange Variation after 3.exd5 exd5.
open file
A file on which there are no pawns. Cf. half-open file.
open game
A game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a closed game.
Open Game
Any opening that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5. Examples of Open Games include the Ruy Lopez, the Giuoco Piano, the Danish Gambit, and many others. The Open Game is also referred to as a Double King's Pawn Opening or Double King's Pawn Game.
opening
The beginning phase of the game, roughly the first dozen moves, but it can extend much farther. In the opening players set up their pawn structures, develop their pieces, and usually castle. The opening precedes the middlegame.
opening innovation
A synonym for theoretical novelty.
opening preparation
Home study and analysis of openings and defenses that one expects to play, or meet, in later tournament or match games. In high-level play, an important part of this is the search for theoretical novelties that improve upon previous play or previously published analysis.
opening repertoire
The set of openings played by a particular player. The breadth of different players' repertoires varies from very narrow to very broad.
opening system
An opening that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of middlegame position. Sometimes several different move orders are possible. Examples include the Colle System and Hippopotamus Defense.
open lines
1. n. Unobstructed files and diagonals. See also open game.
2. v. To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals.
open tournament
A tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation. Cf. closed tournament.
opposite castling
Or opposite-side castling. Describes when one player has castled kingside and the opponent has castled queenside.
opposite-colored bishops
See bishops on opposite colors.
opposition
A position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file, or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in endgames. One orthogonal square separation is direct opposition; one diagonal square is diagonal opposition; multiple squares separation is distant opposition. Cf. corresponding squares.
optimal play
See Best response. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw. Cf. Solved game § Perfect play.
OTB
An abbreviation for over the board.
outpost
An outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.
outside passed pawn
A passed pawn near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the endgame, such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.
overextended
An overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak ("overextended pawns").
overloaded
A piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be deflected, or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.
overprotection
The strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the "over protectors" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. Aron Nimzowitsch coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.
over the board
1. An over-the-board game is played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in online chess or correspondence chess.
2. Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during preparation. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. "I looked up the gambit Smith played and there's a line that refutes it, but I couldn't find it over the board."
Abbr. OTB.
overworked
See overloaded.
P
P
Symbol used for the pawn when recording chess positions in English; a lowercase p is typically used for a Black pawn. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in descriptive notation, e.g. P-K4.
pairing
The assignment of opponents in a tournament. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are round-robin and the Swiss system.
passar battaglia
The former rule that a pawn could evade capture by an opposing pawn by its initial two-square advance, in contrast to the en passant rule. Passar battaglia remained the practice in several parts of Europe long after en passant was introduced, and it was not completely abandoned until 1880 when Italy adopted the en passant rule.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite with a passed pawn on b7. Black has a passed pawn on g6.
passed pawn
A pawn that has no pawn of the opposite color on its file or on an adjacent file to challenge or threaten its potential for queening.
passer
A passed pawn.
passive
Describes a piece or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for attack or counterplay. Antonym: active.
passive sacrifice
The sacrifice of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.
pattern recognition
A part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring positional aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of calculation. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying chess puzzles. It has been studied by Adriaan de Groot, and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.
patzer
A weak chess player (from German: patzen, "to bungle"). See also woodpusher.
pawn
A piece that can move one square directly forward, or on its first move, can move two squares directly forward. It can also move one square diagonally forward when capturing. It may capture en passant. Upon reaching its eighth rank, it is promoted to a same-colored queen, rook, bishop, or knight.
pawn and move
A type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.
pawn break
A pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up lines and/or challenge the opponent's pawn structure. See also break.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite has a large pawn center in the King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghPawn chains in the French Defense, Advance Variation
pawn center
Or pawn centre. A player's pawns in the center of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the hypermodernist school introduced some new ideas. Often shortened to center. See King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.
pawn chain
Two or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base because it is not protected by another pawn. See also pawn structure.
Lichtenhein vs. Morphy, 1857
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has three pawn islands and White has two. The pawn on e5 is not isolated because it is adjacent to a file that has a white pawn.
pawn island
A group of pawns of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an isolated pawn.
pawn majority
See majority.
pawn minority
See minority.
pawn race
A situation where both opponents are pushing a passed pawn in effort to be first to promote.
pawn roller
Two connected passed pawns. "Roller" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward promotion.
pawn skeleton
See pawn structure.
pawn storm
An attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.
pawn structure
The placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game. Also called pawn skeleton.
PCA
An abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.
performance rating
A number reflecting the approximate rating level at which a player performed in a particular tournament or match. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4). Abbr. PR.
perpetual check
Often shortened to perpetual. When a player puts the opponent in check and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by repetition. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.
PGN
An abbreviation for Portable Game Notation.
Philidor position
Usually refers to an important chess endgame that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777. See also Rook and pawn versus rook endgame.
Philidor sacrifice
The sacrifice of a minor piece for one or two pawns for greater pawn mobility as compensation.
piece
1. One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of rules of chess – for example, the touched piece rule.
2. When annotating or discussing chess games, the term "piece" usually excludes pawns. It may be used collectively for all "non-pawns" – for example, "White's pieces are well-posted." In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a minor piece – for example, "White is up two pieces for a rook."
pin
When a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to the attack; or when a piece is attacked and can legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to capture. See absolute pin and relative pin, respectively.
playable
Said of an opening, a position, or move that gives the person playing it a tenable position.
play by hand
To make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.
ply
Term mainly used in computer chess to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a move.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has accepted the "poisoned" b2-pawn with 8...Qxb2 in the Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation.
poisoned pawn
An unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes positional problems or material loss.
Poisoned Pawn Variation
Any of several opening variations, the best-known of these being in the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense, in which there is a poisoned pawn.
Portable Game Notation
This is a popular computer-processible ASCII format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data). There are import and export versions: the import version is lax, while the export version is not. Abbr. PGN.
position
"The disposition of pieces and pawns, of one or both colours, at any stage of the game or as set in a composition." If one side has an overall advantage in strength, that side is said to have "the better position". If neither side has an overall advantage, the position might be called level or equal or balanced. The position of chessmen at the beginning of a game is called an array.
positional play
Play based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate tactics. Cf. antipositional.
positional player
A player who specializes in positional play, as distinguished from a tactician.
positional sacrifice
A sacrifice in which the lost material is not regained via a combination, but instead gains positional compensation. These typically require deep positional understanding and are often overlooked by computers. Also known as a true sacrifice, as opposed to a pseudo sacrifice or sham sacrifice.
post mortem
Analysis of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to "win the post-mortem" by finding a better one.
PR
An abbreviation for performance rating.
premove
In online chess, a move input that is made during the opponent's turn, to take effect only after the opponent has moved. Premoving, the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.
preparation
See opening preparation.
prepared variation
A well-analyzed novelty in the opening that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.
Principle of two weaknesses
A technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.
priyome
A Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.
problem-like
An elegant and counterintuitive tactical shot, of the type generally found in chess problems rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.
promotion
Advancing a pawn to the eighth rank, converting it to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called underpromotion.
prophylaxis
A strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences. See also blockade, overprotection, and mysterious rook move.
protected passed pawn
A passed pawn that is supported by another pawn.
pseudo sacrifice
See sham sacrifice.
push
1. v. To move a pawn forward.
2. n. A pawn move forward.
Q
Q
Symbol used for the queen when recording chess moves in English.
QGA
The Queen's Gambit Accepted opening.
QGD
The Queen's Gambit Declined opening.
QID
The Queen's Indian Defense opening.
quad
A round-robin style tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.
queen
A piece that may move along ranks, files, and diagonals without jumping.
queen bishop
Or queen's bishop. The bishop that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QB".
queening
Promotion to a queen. Also called promoting. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. underpromotion) as well.
queen knight
Or queen's knight. The knight that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QN".
queen pawn
Or queen's pawn. A pawn on the queen's file, i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated "QP". Also queen rook pawn (QRP), queen knight pawn (QNP), and queen bishop pawn (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.
queen pawn opening
Or queen's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.d4.
queen rook
Or queen's rook. The rook that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated "QR".
queenside
Or queen's side. The side of the board (board-half) the queens are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-file), as opposed to the kingside. Also called queen's wing.
quickplay finish
The same as sudden death.
quiet move
A move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.
R
R
Symbol used for the rook when recording chess moves in English.
Rabar Classification
A system of opening classification codes introduced by Braslav Rabar for Chess Informant. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ECO codes.
raking bishops
Another term for Horwitz bishops.
randomized chess
"A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion." See also Fischerandom.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite's ranks are indicated on the left (a-file); Black's relative reference to ranks are indicated on the right (h-file).
rank
A row of the chessboard. In algebraic notation, ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or "back" or "home") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the "eighth" (or last) rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older descriptive notation.
rapid chess
A form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player. Also called active chess and action chess.
rating
See Elo rating system.
recapture
The capture of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same value.
refute
To demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a bust. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a cook.
related squares
See corresponding squares.
relative pin
A pin where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. In other words, the piece is not pinned to the king, but to some other piece. Contrast with absolute pin where the pinned piece is not permitted to move, because the piece it is pinned to is the king.
remis
A draw. It literally means "reset" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is nulle), but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.
repertoire
See opening repertoire.
reserve tempo
A move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.
resign
To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying "I resign". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with checkmate, because experienced players can foresee the checkmate. However, under FIDE Laws, a player's resignation results in a draw if there is no sequence of legal moves that could lead to their opponent checkmating them.
resign on time
A player who in a hopeless position intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign can be said to have resigned on time. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall against Wilhelm Steinitz. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply "forget" to pay any attention to the clock.
reverse opening
See colors reversed.
Romantic chess
Romantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.
rook
A piece that may move along ranks and files without jumping.
rook lift
A maneuver that places a rook in front of its own pawns, often on the third or fourth rank. This can allow the rook to treat a half-open file as if it were an open file, or a closed file as if it were half-open.
rook pawn
Or rook's pawn. A pawn on the rook's file, i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated "RP".
round-robin tournament
This is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small. See also Swiss tournament.
royal fork
A fork threatening the king and queen.
royal piece
A king or queen. In chess variants, the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.
S
S
Alternative notation for the knight. Used rather than K, which means king.
sac
Short for sacrifice, usually used to describe a sacrifice for a mating attack.
sacrifice
A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the opening is called a gambit, especially when applied to a pawn.
SAN
An abbreviation for standard algebraic notation or short algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to long algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).
sans voir
See blindfold chess.
scalp
To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.
Scholar's mate
Scholar's mate
A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.
score
1. The recorded moves in a game. See game score.
2. A player's score in a match or tournament, which is almost always 1 point for each win and ½ point for each draw. See Chess scoring.
A score sheet
score sheet
The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the game score.
sealed move
To prevent unfair advantage when an OTB game is adjourned, the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the arbiter opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disqualified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice. See also Adjournment (games).
second
An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as opening preparation. The second also used to assist with adjournment analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.
second player
The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to Black.
seesaw
See windmill.
Semi-Closed Game
An opening that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5. Also called half-closed game. See also Open Game and Closed Game.
semi-open file
See half-open file.
Semi-Open Game
An opening that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5. Also called half-open game. See also Open Game and Closed Game.
seventy-five-move rule
The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the fifty-move rule for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.
sham sacrifice
An offer of material that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or checkmate. This is in contrast to a true sacrifice in which the compensation is less tangible. Also called pseudo sacrifice.
sharp
Risky, double-edged, highly tactical. Sharp can be used to describe moves, maneuvers, positions, opening lines, and styles of play.
short castling
See castling short.
shot
Slang for an unexpected or sharp move that typically makes a tactical threat or technical challenge for the opponent.
silent move
A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece. See also quiet move.
simplification
A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force; when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's counterplay; to try to obtain a draw; or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in endgame play with simplified positions. Also called liquidation.
A simultaneous exhibition
simul
Short for simultaneous exhibition.
simultaneous chess
A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.
sitzfleisch
The ability to sit still.
skewer
An attack on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken. See also X-ray.
skittles
A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a chess clock. At chess tournaments, a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.
slow
Describes a strategy that requires too many tempi to complete, allowing the opponent time to consolidate.
smothered mate
A checkmate delivered by a knight in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or "smothered") by its own pieces.
Sofia rules
In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by stalemate, threefold repetition, fifty-move rule, or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.
solid
An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on quiet positional play rather than wild tactics.
sortie
A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.
sound
A correct move or plan. A sound sacrifice has sufficient compensation, a sound opening or variation has no known refutation, and a sound puzzle or composition has no known cooks. Antonym: unsound.
space
The squares controlled by each player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a spatial advantage.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Spanish bishop on b5 in the Ruy Lopez.
Spanish bishop
A white king bishop developed to b5. This is characteristic of the Ruy Lopez, also known as the Spanish Opening.
speed chess
See blitz chess.
spite check
A harmless check given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.
squeeze
Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a zugzwang.
staircase maneuver
A tactic by which a queen, rook, or king progresses along a diagonal by making a series of lateral steps using a series of checks or alternating with pins and checks. Also called staircase movement.
stalemate
A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their king is not in check. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.
standard notation
See algebraic notation.
starting square
A piece's starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.
Staunton chessmen
Staunton chess set
The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.
stem game
A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular opening variation. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.
strategic crush
Win characterized by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of counterplay.
strategy
The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with tactics, which are the calculations of more immediate plans and combinations.
strong
An effective and well-placed piece or pawn; a potential outpost; a forceful or good move; a position having good winning chances; a highly rated player or one successful in tournaments; or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as grandmasters. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: weak, e.g. a weak square.
stronger side
The side with a material or positional advantage.
strongpoint
1. A "strongpoint defense" means an opening that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.
2. More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.
strong square
A square on a player's 4th or greater rank on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns. Cf. weak square.
sudden death
The most straightforward time control for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also fast chess.
support point
A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.
swap
See exchange.
swindle
A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.
Swiss tournament
A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score. See also round-robin tournament.
Example of symmetry
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefgh1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 (diagram). Capablanca–Maróczy, 1926. The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 ½–½
symmetry
A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to break symmetry when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.
system
See opening system.
T
tabia
Also tabiya. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known "point of departure" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.
tablebase
See endgame tablebase.
tactician
A player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a positional player.
tactics
Combinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from positional play.
takeback
Used in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.
tall pawn
An ineffective bishop, usually a bad bishop hemmed in by its own pawns.
Tarrasch rule
The general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind passed pawns, either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after Siegbert Tarrasch.
TC
An abbreviation for time control.
TD
An abbreviation for tournament director.
technique
The manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.
tempo
A unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the endgame, one may wish to lose a tempo by triangulation in order to gain the opposition. Plural: tempos or tempi.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThis Scotch Opening position contains tension due to the knights on c6 and d4. Both knights are currently adequately defended, so neither player is forced to release the tension.
tension
A position in which one or more exchanges are possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain tension. Such a situation differs from a threat in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing material. This makes calculating the best move more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to "release the tension" by making a like-for-like exchange (see simplification) or by moving the attacked piece. To "keep the tension" is to avoid resolving it, which can be good advice depending on the position.
text move
This term is used in written analysis of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to text, for example "The text is inferior as it allows ...f5." Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.
thematic
Suited to the demands of the position. The term "thematic move" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.
theme tournament
A chess tournament in which every game must begin with a particular opening specified by the organizers, for example the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).
theoretical draw
See book draw.
theoretical novelty
Or simply novelty. A move in the opening that has not been played before. Abbr. TN or N.
theory
See book move.
threat
A plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.
threefold repetition
A draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture en passant and the right to castle. For the same position occurring five times, see fivefold repetition.
tiebreaks
See Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a Swiss system chess tournament.
time
1. The amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a chess clock.
2. The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from queening, and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as "not enough time". See also tempo.
time control
The allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a chess clock. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in 2+1⁄2 hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for blitz). Hybrid schemes are used, and time delay controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.
time delay
A time control that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with sudden death). The most important time delays in chess are Bronstein delay and Fischer delay.
time pressure
Or time trouble. Having very little time on one's clock (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. Also called zeitnot. See also time control.
TN
An abbreviation for theoretical novelty.
top board
See first board.
touch-move rule
Or touched piece rule. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say "J'adoube" or "I adjust".
Tata Steel Tournament 2013
tournament
A competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of knockout tournaments and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called pairing, with the most popular systems being round-robin and Swiss. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as "London 1851", although there are well-known exceptions, such as "AVRO 1938".
tournament book
A book recording the scores of all the games in a tournament, usually with analysis of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is Bronstein's Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953. The less comprehensive tournament bulletin is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the tournament book.
tournament director
Organizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the laws of chess. Abbr. TD. Also tournament controller .
tournament performance rating
The performance rating over the course of a tournament. Abbr. TPR.
trade
See exchange.
transposition
Arriving at a position using a different sequence of moves than usual.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWith 4...Nbd7 Black sets a trap in the QGD (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5). White cannot win the pawn on d5 due to the Elephant Trap.
trap
A move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move. See also swindle and List of chess traps.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghTrébuchet, whoever has the move loses. 1.Kg4 Kxe4 2.Kg3 Ke3 3.Kg2 Ke2 4.Kg3 e4 5.Kf4 e3 6.Ke4 Kf2 and the black pawn will queen.
trébuchet
A theoretical position of mutual zugzwang in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.
triangulation
A technique used in king and pawn endgames (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a tempo and gain the opposition.
tripled pawns
Three pawns of the same color on the same file; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.
Troitsky line
Also Troitzky line. Endgame analysis by Alexey Troitsky of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each file form what is known as the Troitsky line or Troitsky position.
two bishops
Or the two bishops. A synonym for bishop pair.
U
unclear
A position where it is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage.
undermining
A tactic (also known as "removal of the guard") in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite to move should underpromote the c7-pawn to a rook; promoting to a queen gives stalemate.
underpromotion
Promoting a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial check, or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid stalemate.
United States Chess Federation
This is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the FIDE. Abbr. USCF.
unorthodox opening
See irregular opening.
unpinning
The act of breaking a pin by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.
unsound
Antonym of sound.
USCF
An abbreviation for the United States Chess Federation.
V
vacating sacrifice
A sacrifice made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.
valve
A move that opens one line and closes another.
vanished center
Or vanished centre. A position with no white or black center pawns.
variant
See chess variant.
variation
1. A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the opening. A variation does not have to have been played in a game; it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis. Also called continuation.
2. The word "Variation" is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the Dragon Variation is part of the Sicilian Defense.
vertical line
See file.
W
waiting move
A move whose sole purpose is to oblige the opponent to move. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in zugzwang).
WCC
An abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.
WCM
An abbreviation for the Woman Candidate Master title.
weakness
A pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.
weak square
A square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a hole) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a "weak square complex" on the light squares or the dark squares.
WFM
An abbreviation for the Woman FIDE Master title.
WGM
An abbreviation for the Woman Grandmaster title.
white
The light-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as "the white squares" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, "the white pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also black.
White
The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding pieces, referred to as "the white pieces", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also Black and first-move advantage.
WIM
An abbreviation for the Woman International Master title.
win
A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to checkmate, resignation by the other player, the other player exceeding the time control, or the other player being forfeited by the tournament director. Chess being a zero-sum game, this results in a loss for the other player. In a tournament a bye may be scored as a win. See also winning position.
windmill
A combination in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of checks and discovered checks in such a way that the opposing king is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a tempo. The most famous example is Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925. Also called seesaw.
wing
The queenside a-, b-, and c-files; or the kingside f-, g-, and h-files. Also called flank.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWing Gambit in the Sicilian Defense
Wing Gambit
The name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.
winning percentage
A number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn (i.e. ignoring the losses), then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played.
Another way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.
winning position
A position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. perfect defense). Also called won game.
Woman Candidate Master
A women-only chess title ranking below Woman FIDE Master. Abbr. WCM.
Woman FIDE Master
A women-only chess title ranking below Woman International Master. Abbr. WFM.
Woman Grandmaster
The highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion. Abbr. WGM.
Woman International Master
A women-only chess title ranking below Woman Grandmaster and above Woman FIDE Master. Abbr. WIM.
won game
See winning position.
wood
Slang for pieces. "A lot of wood came off the board" conveys that several piece exchanges occurred.
woodpusher
A weak chess player, also referred to as a patzer or duffer. See also fish.
World Champion
A winner of the World Chess Championship.
wrong bishop
Or wrong-colored bishop. A bishop that, because of the color squares it is restricted to, suffers critical loss of utility in the game position. See also wrong rook pawn.
wrong rook pawn
With a bishop, a rook pawn may be the wrong rook pawn, depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA wrong rook pawn at a5 with a wrong-colored bishop. In this position, White cannot force promotion and Black can force a draw.
X
Example of an X-ray defense
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe white queen has just put the king in check, and the white rook provides an X-ray defense of the white queen.
X-ray
When the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. An X-ray attack, also known as a skewer, occurs when two pieces of the same color are caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece forces the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured. An X-ray defense occurs when one piece is defended by another piece through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.
Z
zeitnot
Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game. Also called time pressure and time trouble. See also time control.
Zonal tournaments
Tournaments organized by FIDE, the first qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to Interzonal tournaments. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in knockout-style competitions to determine who goes on to the Candidates Tournament.
zugzwang
When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the endgame, and rarely in the middlegame.
zwischenschach
Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a zwischenzug that is a check.
zwischenzug
An "in-between" move, or an intermezzo, played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.
See also
Chess portal
Chess equipment
Notes
^ Wilkinson 2008, p. 128
^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237
^ United States Chess Federation, p. 72
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282
^ a b c d e f Staunton 2014, p. 59
^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 14
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 389
^ a b Brace 1977, p. 17
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 28
^ Brace 1977, p. 22
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18
^ Hoffman 1996, p. 12
^ Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182
^ "What are arena tournaments?". Chess.com.
^ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship" Payne, Marissa. Washington Post. 26 November 2016.
^ Kaufmann 2014, p. 151
^ a b c d e f Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 34
^ a b c d e Staunton 2009, p. 57
^ a b c Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103
^ Silman 1998, p. 236
^ Grooten 2017, p. 199
^ Pritchard 2012, p. 75
^ "CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!". ChessBase. 29 February 2012.
^ Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32
^ Harding 2015, p. 424
^ Hilbert 2013, p. 104
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 233
^ Roycroft, 1981, p. 346
^ Soltis 2012, p. 11
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 42
^ a b c Staunton 2009, p. 3
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 46
^ a b Staunton 2009, p. 1
^ a b c Pandolfini 1996, p. 47
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45
^ MacEnulty 2004, p. 129
^ a b Schiller 2003, p. 398
^ Kidder, Harvey (1970). Illustrated Chess for Children. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05764-4.
^ "Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg", New York Times, Dec. 7, 1964
^ Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 47
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100
^ Schiller 2003, p. 299
^ Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ICGA Journal, 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911
^ Silman 1999, p. 428
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 429
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 55
^ Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 56
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 154
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 162
^ de Firmian 1999, p. 3
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 57
^ Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137
^ a b "B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook".
^ Johnson 2010, p. 12
^ Olafsson 2014, p. 32
^ Higgins, Andrew. "Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion". The New York Times. 30 March 2016
^ Souleidis 2017, p. 176
^ Staunton 1875, p. 384
^ Keene 1989, p. 178
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 55
^ "Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling". Archived from the original on 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 64
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 71
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426
^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72
^ Stockfish source code .
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 430
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102
^ Snyder 2007, p. 22
^ Staunton 2014, p. 48
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 53
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210
^ Staunton 2014, p. 30
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 66
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7
^ a b Hochberg 2005, p. 13
^ a b Shibut 2012, p. 68
^ a b United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8
^ Hertan 2014, p. 373
^ Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 181
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 70
^ de Firmian 1999, p. 389
^ Avni 2014, pp. 35–37
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 339
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 72
^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99
^ Hertan 2014, p. 7
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 223
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 76
^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 92
^ Borders 2007, p. 102
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 20
^ Yusupov, Artur (2010). Boost Your Chess 1: The Fundamentals. Quality Chess. p. 218. ISBN 9781906552404.
^ Dunne 1991, p. 1
^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 125
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 78
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 431
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 79
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 81
^ Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53
^ Webb 2006, p. 49
^ a b c d e f "FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess
^ a b c d e Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 102–03
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 274
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 64
^ Wilson 1994, p. 60
^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 106; Pandolfini 1996, p. 89
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 56
^ Staunton 2014, p. 50
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 110
^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 111
^ Staunton 2014, p. 51
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 75
^ a b c Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 133
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 96
^ Grooten 2017, p. 289
^ Soltis 2002, p. 146
^ Desjarlais 2011, p. 99
^ Edwards 2007, p. 258
^ Capablanca 2002, p. 79
^ Schiller 2003, p. 376
^ Suba 2014, p. 104
^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281
^ Silman 1998, p. 10
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 301
^ a b Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241
^ Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14
^ Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23
^ Brace 1977
^ New Oxford American Dictionary
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 57
^ "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 102
^ Wilson 1994, p. 55
^ David 2016, pp. 88–96
^ ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015
^ Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14
^ Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.
^ Schiller 2003, p. 113
^ Soltis 2002, p. 102
^ Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88
^ Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118
^ Pawlak, Robert. "Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant". Chess Life, Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.
^ a b Pandolfini 1989, p. 225
^ Soltis 2002, p. 71
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 433
^ "Fianchetto". Dizionario Italiano. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ FICGS correspondence chess titles
^ a b c d Pandolfini 1996, p. 108
^ Ashley 2007, p. 232
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 16
^ Byrne, Robert. "Pastimes; Chess". The New York Times. 4 November 1990
^ See section "II.3 Chess960 castling rules" under "Guidelines" in the FIDE Laws of Chess
^ Gligorić 2002, p. 40
^ Olafsson 2014, p. 80
^ Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 234
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 58
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 47
^ Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69
^ Brown 2012, p. 241
^ Moore 2015, p. 77
^ Soltis 2014, p. 31
^ Ashley, Maurice (2009). The Most Valuable Skills in Chess. Gambit. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9781904600879.
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145
^ Evans, Larry (2011). New Ideas in Chess. Cardoza. p. 121. ISBN 9781580422741.
^ Horton, Byrne J. (1959). Dictionary of Modern Chess. Philosophical Library. pp. 76–77.
^ Nimzowitsch, Aron (2016). My System & Chess Praxis. New in Chess. p. 15. ISBN 9789056916596.
^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1995). Chess Thinking. Fireside Chess Library. Simon and Schuster. pp. 30, 114–115, 168. ISBN 9780671795023.
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 134
^ Murray 2012, pp. 390–91
^ Ashley 2007, p. 233
^ Kvanvig 2008, p. 229
^ Schiller 2003, p. 165
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 434
^ Clarke 1963, p. 1
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242
^ Barden 2017
^ Cranston 2017, p. 1
^ Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11
^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 69
^ "London m4 Games". 365Chess.com.
^ Hertan 2013, p. 109
^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466
^ Timman 2014, p. 71
^ Lee 2016, p. 158
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 435
^ a b Dunne 1991, p. 99
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 124
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 125
^ Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 126.
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 128
^ a b c Pandolfini 2009, p. 302
^ Schiller 2003, p. 91.
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 227
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 61
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 136
^ "Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999". Chessgames.com.
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220
^ Petković 1997, pp. 50–55
^ Kotov 2012, p. 12
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 73
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 146
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226
^ Staunton 2009, p. 46
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 148
^ Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 150
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 152
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 109
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 303
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244
^ Kmoch 2013, p. 143
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 234
^ Pandolfini 2008, p. 351
^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 436
^ Hartston 1997, p. 118
^ a b Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187
^ "Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2". Chess Edinburgh and Lothians. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ Nunn 1999, p. 6
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 63
^ Keene 1989, p. 73
^ Klein, Mike. "Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 "The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4."
^ a b c d Hochberg 2005, p. 12
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 185
^ Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182
^ Hallman, 2013, p. 154
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274
^ "FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Agdestein 2013, p. 141
^ Wilson 1994, p. 4
^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19
^ Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13
^ Keene 1989, p. 182
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 437
^ Schiller 2003, p. 19
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 166
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 167
^ Staunton 2014, p. 60
^ a b Webb 2006, p. 72
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 113
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 305
^ Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 237
^ a b c Silman 1999, p. 438
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 172
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 291
^ Kmoch 2013, p. 18
^ de Groot 2008, pp. 189–203
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7
^ Kaan 2016, p. 19
^ Staunton 1875, p. 41
^ Keene 1989, p. 183
^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 439
^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 238
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245
^ a b Hurst 2007, p. 365
^ Fine 1976, p. 4
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 305
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 11
^ Kaan 2016, p. 16
^ Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess". The Washington Post. 16 July 2007
^ Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 316
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 20
^ "What are premoves and how do they work?". Chess.com. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 188
^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53
^ Soltis 2013, p. 1
^ Silman 1999, p. 440
^ Staunton 2009, p. 355
^ Staunton 2009, p. 360
^ Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 306
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337
^ Hertan 2014, p. 193
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330
^ Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32
^ Seirawan 1992, p. 312
^ Soltis 2013, p. 210
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 96
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 441
^ Burgess 2000, p. 481
^ "E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook". International Chess Federation (FIDE).
^ Grooten 2017, p. 51
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 102
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 238
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247
^ All The King's Men Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165
^ Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess
^ Brace 1977, p. 257
^ Kaan 2016, p. 244
^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136
^ Timman 2014, p. 166
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 239
^ Fine 2015, p. 87
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 267
^ Staunton 2009, p. 25
^ Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70
^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 151
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 78
^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 387
^ Stamp, Jimmy (3 April 2013). "How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel". Smithsonian.com.
^ a b c d e f g Silman 1999, p. 442
^ Averbakh, Yuri. Comprehensive Chess Endings. Pergamon Press. p. viii.
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 240
^ "Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926". Chessgames.com.
^ Steingass 1884, p. 752
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193
^ Kotov 2012, p. 42
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 241
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 240
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 307
^ Bronstein 2013, p. vii
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 443
^ Soltis 2013, p. 33
^ Soltis 2013, p. 5
^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50
^ de la Villa 2014, p. 246
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 310
^ Matanović, Aleksander, ed. (1973). Šahovski Informator . Vol. 14. Belgrade. pp. 8–9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 241
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439
^ Tarrasch 2012, p. 5
^ a b Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250
^ a b c d e Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329
^ Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91
^ Hertan 2016, p. 43
^ Schiller 2003, p. 287
^ Young & Howell 1894, p. 46
^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 585
^ Silver 2012, p. 270
^ Capablanca 2002, p. 116
^ Evans 2009, p. 92
^ Soltis 2002, p. 87
^ Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16
^ Pandolfini 1993, p. 46
^ Galperin 2012, p. 64
^ Williams 1997, p. 120
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 76
^ Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10
^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159
References
Agdestein, Simen (2013), How Magnus Carlsen Became the Youngest Chess Grandmaster in the World: The Story and the Games, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914424
Alburt, Lev; Parr, Larry (2003), The Secrets of the Russian Chess Masters: Fundamentals of the Game, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393324525
Ashley, Maurice (2007), Chess for Success: Using an Old Game to Build New Strengths in Children and Teens, Harmony/Rodale, ISBN 9780307418883
Avni, Amatzia (2014), Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941822
Barden, Leonard (20 January 2017). "Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds". The Guardian.
Benjamin, Joel (2015), Liquidation on the Chess Board: Mastering the Transition into the Pawn Ending, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915544
Borders, Mark (2007), The Self-Improvement of Chess, Lulu, ISBN 9781430327646
Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, ISBN 0-600-32920-8 (1989 reprint by Chartwell Books, ISBN 978-1555213947)
Bronstein, David (2013), Zurich International Chess Tournament, 1953, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319063
Brown, Isaac M. (2012), The British Chess Magazine, Volume 15, Nabu Press, ISBN 9781276679046
Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-0725-9
Capablanca, Jose R. (2002), A Primer of Chess, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 9780156028073
Clarke, P. H. (1963), 100 Soviet Chess Miniatures, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486408446
Cranston, Adam. (2017). "Heatwave Chess". Hammersmith Chess Club Newsletter.
David, Omid E.; Netanyahu, Nathan S.; Wolf, Lior (2016), DeepChess: End-to-End Deep Neural Network for Automatic Learning in Chess. International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN) Vol. 9887, Springer, ISBN 9783319447810
de Firmian, Nick (1999), Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 0-8129-3084-3
de Groot, Adriaan D. (2008), Thought and Choice in Chess, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 9789053569986
de la Villa, Jesús (2014), 100 Endgames You Must Know: Vital Lessons for Every Chess Player Improved and Expanded, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914547
Desjarlais, Robert R. (2011), Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520948204
Dunne, Alex (1991), Complete Guide to Correspondence Chess, Thinkers' Press, ISBN 9780938650522
Dvoretsky, Mark (2006), Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual (second ed.), Russell Enterprises, ISBN 1-888690-28-3
Edwards, Jon (2007), Teach Yourself VISUALLY Chess, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780470121320
Euwe, Max; Meiden, Walter (2013), Chess Master vs. Chess Amateur, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319896
Evans, Larry (1967), New Ideas in Chess, Cornerstone Library (1984 Dover edition), ISBN 0-486-28305-4
Evans, Larry; Silman, Jeremy; Roberts, Betty (1991), How to Get Better at Chess: Chess Masters on Their Art, Summit, ISBN 9780945806059
Evans, Larry (2009), This Crazy World of Chess, Cardoza, ISBN 9781580422376
Evans, Larry (2011), 10 Most Common Chess Mistakes, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 978-1580422895
Fine, Gary Alan (2015), Players and Pawns: How Chess Builds Community and Culture, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226265032
Fine, Reuben (1976), The World's Great Chess Games, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486245126
Fischer, Bobby; Margulies, Stuart; Mosenfelder, Donn (1982), Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess, Random House Publishing Group, ISBN 9780553263152
Galperin, Misha (2012), Reimagining Leadership in Jewish Organizations: Ten Practical Lessons to Help You Implement Change and Achieve Your Goals, Jewish Lights Publishing, ISBN 9781580234924
Giddins, Steve (2017), The New In Chess Book of Chess Improvement: Lessons From the Best Players in the World's Leading Chess Magazine, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916954
Golombek, Harry, ed. (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Batsford, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
Gligorić, Svetozar (2002), Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?, B.T. Batsford Ltd, ISBN 0-7134-8764-X
Goichberg, Bill; Jarecki, Carol; Riddle, Ira Lee (1993), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, David McKay Chess Library, ISBN 9780812922172
Grooten, Herman (2017), Chess Strategy for Club Players: The Road to Positional Advantage, Siles Press, ISBN 9789056916947
Hallman, J.C. (2013), The Chess Artist: Genius, Obsession, and the World's Oldest Game, Macmillan, ISBN 9781466852235
Harding, Tim (2015), Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography, McFarland, ISBN 9781476620282
Hartston, William (1997), Teach Yourself Better Chess, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 9780844239330
Hendriks, Willy (2014), Move First, Think Later: Sense and Nonsense in Improving Your Chess, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915407
Hertan, Charles (2013), Power Chess for Kids: Learn How to Think Ahead and Become One of the Best Players in Your School, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914448
Hertan, Charles (2014), Forcing Chess Moves: The Key to Better Calculation, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914653
Hertan, Charles (2016), Start Playing Chess!: Learn the Rules of the Royal Game, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916879
Hilbert, John S. (2013), Emil Kemeny: A Life in Chess, McFarland, ISBN 9780786473595
Hochberg, Burt (2005), Outrageous Chess Problems, Sterling Publishing Company, ISBN 9781402719097
Hoffman, Asa (1996), Chess Gladiator, International Chess Enterprises, ISBN 9781879479319
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) , The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Horton, Byrne Joseph (1959), Dictionary of Modern Chess, Owen, ISBN 0-8022-0746-4
Hurst, John (2007), Professional SlickEdit, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780470251706
Johnson, Joel (2010), Formation Attacks, Lulu, ISBN 9780557522699
Judovitz, Dalia; Duchamp, Marcel (2010), Drawing on Art: Duchamp and Company, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 9780816665297
Kaan, Jef (2016), Better Chess Openings, Lulu, ISBN 9781326180775
Kasparov, Garry (2017), Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins, PublicAffairs, ISBN 9781610397872
Kaufman, Larry (2014), Sabotage the Grunfeld!: A Cutting-edge Repertoire for White based on 3.f3, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915391
Keene, Raymond (1989), The Simon & Schuster Pocket Book of Chess, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671679248
Kmoch, Hans (2013), Pawn Power in Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319698
Komarov, Dimitri; Djuric, Stefan (2016), Chess Opening Essentials: 1.d4 d5 / 1.d4 Various / Queen's Gambits, Microsoft Press, ISBN 9789056917289
Kotov, A. A. (2012), Think Like a Grandmaster, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849940535
Kvanvig, Jonathan (2008), Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Volume 1 =Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191562204
Lawrence, Al; Alburt, Lev (2010), Knack Chess for Everyone: A Step-by-Step Guide to Rules, Moves & Winning Strategies, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9780762762712
Lawson, Kristan (1992), The Rules of Speed Chess, Jolly Roger Press, ISBN 9780963420572
Lee, Newton (2016), Google It: Total Information Awareness, Springer, ISBN 9781493964154
Lemos, Damien (2014), Opening Repertoire: The Fianchetto System, Everyman Chess, ISBN 9781781941621
Levitt, Gerald M. (2006), Turk, Chess Automation, McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786429035
Lombardy, William; Daniels, David (1977). Chess Panorama. Stein & Day. ISBN 0-8019-6078-9.
MacEnulty, David (2004), The Chess Kid's Book of Checkmate, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 9780812935943
Moore, Cristopher; Mertens, Stephan (2011), The Nature of Computation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199233212
Moore, Ethan (2015), How To Beat Anyone At Chess: The Best Chess Tips, Moves, and Tactics, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781440592157
Murray, Harold James Ruthven (2012), A History of Chess, Skyhorse Publishing, ISBN 978-1620870624
Newborn, Monty (2013), Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 9780387217901
Nimzowitsch, Aron (1980), Blockade, Chess Enterprises, ISBN 9781476739700
Nimzowitsch, Aron (2014), Aron Nimzowitsch 1928-1935: Annotated Games & Essays, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915162
Nimzowitsch, Aron (2016), My System & Chess Praxis: His Landmark Classics in One Edition, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916602
Nunn, John (1999). 101 Brilliant Chess Miniatures. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-901983-16-1.
Ólafsson, Helgi (2014), Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914363
Pandolfini, Bruce (1988), Pandolfini's Endgame Course: Basic Endgame Concepts Explained, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671656881
Pandolfini, Bruce (1989), Chess Openings: Traps And Zaps, Touchstone, ISBN 978-0671656904
Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671701864
Pandolfini, Bruce (1993), Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671795016
Pandolfini, Bruce (1996), Chess Thinking: The Visual Dictionary of Chess Moves, Rules, Strategies and Concepts (Fireside Chess Library), Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-480-9
Pandolfini, Bruce (2005), The Q&A Way in Chess, Random House, ISBN 9780812936582
Pandolfini, Bruce (2008), Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780743260985
Pandolfini, Bruce (2009), Pandolfini's Endgame Course, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671656881
Pandolfini, Bruce (2013), Weapons of Chess: An Omnibus of Chess Strategies, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781476739700
Petković, Miodrag (1997), Mathematics and Chess: 110 Entertaining Problems and Solutions, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486294322
Pritchard, David (2012), The Right Way to Play Chess, Little, Brown Book Group, ISBN 9780716023326
Rasskin-Gutman, Diego (2009), Chess Metaphors: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind, MIT Press, ISBN 9780262182676
Reinfeld, Fred (2016), The Complete Chess Course, Russell Enterprises, ISBN 9781941270240
Renaud, Georges; Kahn, Victor (2015), The Art of Checkmate, Batsford, ISBN 978-1849942706
Roycroft, A. J. (1981), The Chess Endgame Study: A Comprehensive Introduction, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 9780486241869
Schiller, Eric (2003), Encyclopedia of Chess Wisdom, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781580420884
Schiller, Eric (2009), World Champion Openings, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 9781580425612
Seirawan, Yasser; Stefanovic, George (1992), No Regrets • Fischer–Spassky 1992, International Chess Enterprises, ISBN 1-879479-09-5
Seirawan, Yasser; Silman, Jeremy (1994), Winning Chess Strategies: Proven Principles from One of the U.S.A.'s Top Chess Players, Microsoft Press, ISBN 9781556156632
Shibut, Macon (2012), Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486149875
Silman, Jeremy (1998), The Complete Book of Chess Strategy: Grandmaster Techniques from A to Z, Siles Press, ISBN 9781890085018
Silman, Jeremy (1999), The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery, Siles Press, ISBN 978-1890085025
Silver, Nate (2012), The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don't, Penguin, ISBN 9781101595954
Snyder, Robert M. (2007), Winning Chess Traps: Opening Tactics for the Advanced Beginner and Intermediate Player, iUniverse, ISBN 9780595453450
Soltis, Andrew (2002), Chess Lists, 2d ed., McFarland, ISBN 9780786412969
Soltis, Andrew (2012), What It Takes to Become a Chess Master, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849940887
Soltis, Andrew (2013), The Wisest Things Ever Said About Chess, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941020
Soltis, Andrew (2013), 100 Chess Master Trade Secrets: From Sacrifices to Endgames, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941556
Soltis, Andrew (2014), New Art of Defence in Chess: chess defence tactics classic, Batsford, ISBN 978-1849941600
Soltis, Andy (2019), "Out on a limb; What level of certainty do you need to confidently play a move?", Chess Life, United States Chess Federation
Souleidis, Georgios (2017), Winning with the Slow (but Venomous!) Italian: An Easy-to-Grasp Chess Opening for White, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916756
Standage, Tom (2004), Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess Playing Machine That Fooled the World, Penguin USA, ISBN 978-0140299199
Staunton, Howard (1875), The Chess-Player's Companion: comprising a new Treatise on Odds, and a Collection of Games, George Bell and Sons
Staunton, Howard (2009), Staunton's Chess-Player's Handbook, Siles Press, ISBN 9784871878210
Staunton, Howard (2014), Chess: theory & practice; containing the laws & history of the game, together with an analysis of the openings, & a treatise of end games, Nabu Press, ISBN 978-1294776635
Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, Crosby Lockwood and Son
Suba, Mihai (2014), Dynamic Chess Strategy: Extended & Updated Edition, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914592
Tarrasch, Siegbert (2012), The Game of Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486144559
Timman, Jan (2014), On The Attack: The Art of Attacking Chess According to the Modern Masters, MIT Press, ISBN 9789056914905
United States Chess Federation (2003), United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 9780812935592
van de Oudeweetering, Arthur (2014), Improve Your Chess Pattern Recognition: Key Moves and Motifs in the Middlegame, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915421
van de Oudeweetering, Arthur (2016), Train Your Chess Pattern Recognition: More Key Moves & Motives in the Middlegame, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916145
Waitzkin, Josh; Waitzkin, Fred (1995), Attacking Chess: Aggressive Strategies and Inside Moves from the U.S. Junior Chess Champion, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780684802503
Watson, John L. (1998), Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch, Gambit, ISBN 9781901983074
Webb, Simon (2006), Chess for Tigers, Batsford, ISBN 978-0713489880
Williams, Gareth (1997), Introduction to Chess: Learn to Play the World's Most Popular Game of Skill, Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 9780760705339
Wilkinson, Sinclair L. (2008), Chess!: A Fun Game to Learn and Play, Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 9781453550397
Wilson, Fred (1994), 101 Questions on How to Play Chess, Dover Publications, ISBN 9780486282732
Wilson, Fred; Alberston, Bruce (2012), 303 Tricky Chess Puzzles, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 9781580425247
Young, Franklin Knowles; Howell, Edwin C. (1894), The Minor Tactics of Chess: A Treatise on the Deployment of the Forces in Obedience to the Strategic Principle, Roberts brothers
Zelepukhin, N. P. (1982), Dictionary of Chess, French & European Pubns, ISBN 0-8288-2350-2
Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A. (2012), How Not to Play Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486158372
Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A. (2012), How to Play the Chess Openings, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486158396
vteChessOutline
Chess theory
Chess titles
Grandmaster
Computer chess
glossary
matches
engines
software
Correspondence chess
FIDE
Glossary
Online chess
Premove
Internet chess server
list
Rating system
world rankings
norms
Variants
List
World records
Equipment
Chess set
chessboard
Dubrovnik chess set
Staunton chess set
Chess pieces
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn
Fairy
Chess clock
Chess table
Score sheets
History
Timeline
Versus de scachis
Göttingen manuscript
Charlemagne chessmen
Lewis chessmen
Romantic chess
Hypermodernism
Soviet chess school
Top player comparison
Geography of chess
Africa
South Africa
China
Europe
Armenia
Spain
India
Notable games
List of chess players
amateurs
female
grandmasters
Women in chess
Chess museums
Bobby Fischer Center
Gökyay Association Chess Museum
World Chess Hall of Fame
Rules
Castling
Cheating in chess
Check
Checkmate
Draw
by agreement
Fifty-move rule
Perpetual check
Stalemate
Threefold repetition
En passant
Pawn promotion
Time control
Fast chess
Touch-move rule
White and Black
Terms
Blunder
Chess notation
algebraic
descriptive
PGN
annotation symbols
symbols in Unicode
Fianchetto
Gambit
Key square
King walk
Open file
Half-open file
Outpost
Pawns
backward
connected
doubled
isolated
passed
Swindle
Tempo
Transposition
Trap
Tactics
Artificial castling
Battery
Alekhine's gun
Block
Checkmate patterns
Combination
Decoy
Deflection
Desperado
Discovered attack
Double check
Fork
Interference
Overloading
Pawn storm
Pin
Sacrifice
Queen sacrifice
Skewer
Undermining
Windmill
X-ray
Zwischenzug
Strategy
Compensation
Exchange
the exchange
Initiative
first-move advantage
Middlegame
Pawn structure
Hedgehog
Isolated Queen's Pawn
Maróczy Bind
Minority attack
Piece values
Prophylaxis
School of chess
OpeningsFlank opening
Benko Opening
Bird's Opening
Dunst Opening
English Opening
Grob's Attack
Larsen's Opening
Zukertort Opening
King's Indian Attack
Réti Opening
King's Pawn Game
Alekhine's Defense
Caro–Kann Defense
French Defense
Modern Defense
Nimzowitsch Defense
Open Game
Four Knights Game
Giuoco Piano
Italian Game
King's Gambit
Petrov's Defense
Philidor Defense
Ponziani Opening
Ruy Lopez
Semi-Italian Opening
Scotch Game
Two Knights Defense
Vienna Game
Owen's Defense
Pirc Defense
Austrian Attack
Scandinavian Defense
Sicilian Defence
Alapin
Dragon/Accelerated Dragon
Najdorf
Scheveningen
Queen's Pawn Game
Budapest Gambit
Colle System
Dutch Defense
English Defence
Indian Defense
Benoni Defense
Modern Benoni
Bogo-Indian Defense
Catalan Opening
Grünfeld Defense
King's Indian Defense
Nimzo-Indian Defense
Old Indian Defense
Queen's Indian Defense
London System
Richter–Veresov Attack
Queen's Gambit
Accepted
Declined
Slav Defense
Semi-Slav Defense
Chigorin Defense
Torre Attack
Trompowsky Attack
Other
List of openings
theory table
List of chess gambits
Irregular
Bongcloud Attack
Fool's mate
Scholar's mate
Endgames
Bishop and knight checkmate
King and pawn vs king
Opposite-colored bishops
Pawnless endgame
Queen and pawn vs queen
Queen vs pawn
Rook and bishop vs rook
Rook and pawn vs rook
Lucena position
Philidor position
Strategy
fortress
opposition
Tarrasch rule
triangulation
Zugzwang
Study
Tablebase
Two knights endgame
Wrong bishop
Wrong rook pawn
Tournaments
List of strong chess tournaments
Chess Olympiad
Women
World Chess Championship
List
Candidates Tournament
Chess World Cup
FIDE Grand Prix
Other world championships
Women
Team
Rapid
Blitz
Junior
Youth
Senior
Amateur
Chess composition
Solving
Computer chess championships
CCC
CSVN
North American
TCEC
WCCC
WCSCC
Art and media
Caïssa
Chess aesthetics
Chess in the arts
early literature
film
novels
paintings
poetry
short stories
Chess books
opening books
endgame literature
Oxford Companion
Chess libraries
Chess newspaper columns
Chess periodicals
Related
Arbiter
Chess boxing
Chess club
Chess composer
Chess engine
AlphaZero
Deep Blue
Leela Chess Zero
Stockfish
Chess problem
glossary
joke chess
Chess prodigy
Simultaneous exhibition
Solving chess
Chess portal
Category
vteGlossaries of sports
Sports terms named after people
American football
Archery
Association football
Athletics
Australian rules football
Baseball
derived idioms
Basketball
Board games
Bowling
Bowls
Canadian football
Chess
chess problems
computer chess
Climbing
Contract bridge
Cricket
Cue sports
Curling
Cycling
parts
Darts
Disc golf
Equestrian
Australian and New Zealand punting
North American horse racing
Fencing
Italian terms
Figure skating
Gaelic games
Golf
Gymnastics
Ice hockey
Kabaddi
Kho kho
Motorsport
Pickleball
Poker
Professional wrestling
Rowing
Rugby league
Rugby union
Shooting sport
Skiing and snowboarding
Skiing and snowboarding
Sumo
Surfing
Table tennis
Tennis
Trampolining
Underwater diving
Volleyball
Water polo
Wing Chun
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fork"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pin"},{"link_name":"Fairy chess piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece"},{"link_name":"chess problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problems"},{"link_name":"Glossary of chess problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems"},{"link_name":"opening lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"List of chess openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_openings"},{"link_name":"List of chess variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_variants"},{"link_name":"board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"Glossary of board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_board_games"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Notes"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of named opening lines, see List of chess openings; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants; for a list of terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.Directory: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nZ\nSee also\nNotes\nReferences","title":"Glossary of chess"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"absolute pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(chess)#Absolute_pin"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pin"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"relative pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#relative_pin"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"threatens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p237-2"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adjournment.JPG"},{"link_name":"Efim Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efim_Geller"},{"link_name":"Bent Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsen"},{"link_name":"adjournment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjournment_(games)#Chess"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sealed move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sealed_move"},{"link_name":"tournament director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament_director"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"touch-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#touch-move_rule"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"overextended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overextended"},{"link_name":"cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cramped"},{"link_name":"mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mobility"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"promote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p237-2"},{"link_name":"Alekhine's gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#battery"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCD_algebraic_notation.svg"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brace_p17-10"},{"link_name":"World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#World_Champion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brace_p17-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p13-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p13-11"},{"link_name":"NN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#NN"},{"link_name":"post-mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#post-mortem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p237-2"},{"link_name":"chess symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols"},{"link_name":"notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#notation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p237-2"},{"link_name":"best play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#optimal_play"},{"link_name":"forced checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forced_mate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"positional play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense"},{"link_name":"Alapin Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation"},{"link_name":"Smith–Morra Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Smith%E2%80%93Morra_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Wing Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Gambit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Arabian mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate_pattern#Arabian_mate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Armageddon game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armageddon_chess"},{"link_name":"blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"artificial castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_castling"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"castled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#castling"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"counterattack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#counterattack"},{"link_name":"discovered attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_attack"},{"link_name":"double attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#double_attack"},{"link_name":"mating attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mating_attack"},{"link_name":"minority attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minority_attack"},{"link_name":"defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#defense"},{"link_name":"skewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skewer"},{"link_name":"attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attraction_(chess)"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decoy"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minor_piece"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#major_piece"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"The Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Turk"},{"link_name":"El Ajedrecista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ajedrecista"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Torres y Quevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_y_Quevedo"}],"text":"absolute pin \nA pin against the king is called absolute since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of attack (as moving it would expose the king to check).[1] Cf. relative pin.\n\nactive \nDescribes a piece that threatens a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play.[2] Antonym: passive.\n\nEnvelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966\nadjournment \nSuspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first time control, but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.[3] See also sealed move.\n\nadjudication \nA way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A tournament director, or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.[4]\n\nadjust \nSee touch-move rule. To adjust the position of a piece on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say \"I adjust\", or the French equivalent \"J'adoube\".[5]\n\nadvanced pawn \nA pawn that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth rank or higher for White; the fourth rank or lower for Black). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is overextended, lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it cramps the enemy by limiting mobility. An advanced passed pawn that threatens to promote can be especially strong.[6]\n\nadvantage \nA better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include space, time, material, and threats.[2]\n\nAlekhine vs. Nimzowitsch, 1930\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAlekhine's gun \n\nAlekhine's gun \nA special form of battery in which a queen backs up two rooks on the same file.[7]\n\nAlgebraic notation\nalgebraic notation \nThe standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares.[8] Also called standard notation.[9] Abbr. AN.\n\namateur \nAny player whose main occupation is not chess.[10] The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including World Champion.[10][11] In the 19th century, \"Amateur\" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer.[11] See also NN.\n\nanalysis \nThe study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game. See also post-mortem.[2]\n\nannotation \nWritten commentary on a game or a position using words, chess symbols, and/or notation.[2]\n\nannounced mate \nA practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute best play by both sides, that led to a forced checkmate for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, \"mate in five\").[12]\n\nantipositional \nA move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of positional play.[13] Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often pawn moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.[14]\n\nAnti-Sicilian \nAn opening variation that White uses against the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the Alapin Variation (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), Smith–Morra Gambit (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and Wing Gambit (2.b4).[15]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghArabian mate\n\nArabian mate \nA checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.[16]\n\narbiter \nAn official responsible for overseeing chess tournaments and ensuring that the rules of chess are obeyed.\n\narena \nA type of tournament without a fixed amount of rounds.[17]\n\nArmageddon game \nA game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter blitz games have not resolved the tie.[18]\n\nartificial castling \nRefers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the king and by a rook where they end up as if they had castled. Also known as castling by hand.[19]\n\nattack \nAn aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn.[20] See also counterattack, discovered attack, double attack, mating attack, and minority attack. Antonym: defense.\n\nExample of attraction\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is attracted away from the defense of the black queen with a skewer.\n\nattraction \nA type of decoy involving a sacrifice of a minor or major piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example (see diagram), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.[21]\n\nautomaton \nAn automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of artificial intelligence. By far, the most famous chess-playing \"automaton\" was The Turk, whose secret of human control was kept for a very long time. The first true automaton El Ajedrecista was created by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._57-22"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103-23"},{"link_name":"back-rank mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-rank_checkmate"},{"link_name":"back rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#back_rank"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103-23"},{"link_name":"back-rank mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#back-rank_mate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103-23"},{"link_name":"backward pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_pawn"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Evans 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEvans1967"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"good bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#good_bishop"},{"link_name":"bare king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_king"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#man"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#color"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Donostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"discovered check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_check"},{"link_name":"threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threat"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alekhine's gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alekhine's_gun"},{"link_name":"English Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"ECF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ECF"},{"link_name":"BCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"Raymond Keene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene"},{"link_name":"Garry Kasparov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ECO"},{"link_name":"MCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MCO"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"bad bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bad_bishop"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"advanced pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#advanced_pawn"},{"link_name":"Maróczy Bind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"squeeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#squeeze"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess)"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"open positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_game"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._3-35"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"endgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"Opposite-colored bishops endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"mating attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mating_attack"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._1-37"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#white"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47-38"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"first-move advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first-move_advantage"},{"link_name":"Kriegspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kriegspiel"},{"link_name":"blindfold chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindfold_chess"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Blitz"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"fast form of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fast_chess"},{"link_name":"time limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"chess clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiller_2003,_p._398-41"},{"link_name":"blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg"},{"link_name":"f7- or f2-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Aron Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"pawn chain(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_chain"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"closed game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#closed_game"},{"link_name":"blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunder_(chess)"},{"link_name":"??","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#??"},{"link_name":"annotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#annotation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"first board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first_board"},{"link_name":"first board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first_board"},{"link_name":"Boden's Mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden%27s_Mate"},{"link_name":"Samuel Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Boden"},{"link_name":"checkmate pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate_pattern"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"perfect play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_play"},{"link_name":"chess endgame literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature"},{"link_name":"endgame tablebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame_tablebase"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haworth-48"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"opening theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_theory#Opening_theory"},{"link_name":"variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blunder"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#win"},{"link_name":"perfect play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_play"},{"link_name":"chess endgame literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature"},{"link_name":"endgame tablebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame_tablebase"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"blocked position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blocked_position"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._429-51"},{"link_name":"pawn break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_break"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#miniature"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._429-51"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"brilliancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brilliancy"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._55-52"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"time delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_delay"},{"link_name":"David Bronstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bughouse_game_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"bughouse chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bughouse_chess"},{"link_name":"chess variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_variant"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"line pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_piece"},{"link_name":"Lucena position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lucena_position"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._154-55"},{"link_name":"bullet chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Bullet"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"refutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refute"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p57-58"},{"link_name":"bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#win"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p57-58"}],"text":"B \nSymbol used for the bishop when recording chess moves in English.[22]\n\nback rank \nA player's first rank (the rank on which the pieces stand in the starting position). White's back rank is Black's eighth rank; Black's back rank is White's eighth rank.[23] Also called home rank and first rank.\n\nback-rank mate \nA checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank from which the mated king is unable to move because it is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) or squares under attack on the player's second rank.[23] Also called back-row mate.\n\nback-rank weakness \nA situation in which a player is under threat of a back-rank mate and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.[23]\n\nbackward pawn \nA pawn that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent file and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.[24]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite has a bad bishop, Black has a good bishop (Evans 1967:66).\n\nbad bishop \nA bishop that is hemmed in by the player's own pawns.[25] Cf. good bishop.\n\nbare king \nA position in which a king is the only man of its color on the board.[26]\n\nBasque chess \nOr Basque system. A chess competition in which the players simultaneously play each other two games on two boards, each playing White on one and Black on the other. There is a clock at both boards. It removes the bonus in mini-matches of playing White first. Basque chess was first played in the 2012 Donostia Chess Festival in the Basque Country, Spain.[27]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA pair of white rooks are aligned along their battery, ready to do some action.\n\nbattery \nGathering pieces along a line of action in somewhat varying setups. In games, it usually means to line up rooks and/or the queen on a file, or to place a bishop and a queen on a diagonal.[20] In chess problems, battery refers to an arrangement of two pieces in line with the enemy king on a rank, file, or diagonal so that if the middle piece moves a discovered check (or a threat other than a check) will be delivered.[28] See also Alekhine's gun.\n\nBCF \nBritish Chess Federation, the former name of the English Chess Federation.[29] See also ECF.\n\nBCM \nAn abbreviation for the British Chess Magazine.[30]\n\nBCO \nAn abbreviation for the 1982 openings reference book Batsford Chess Openings, by Raymond Keene and Garry Kasparov. The second edition (1989) is often called BCO-2.[31] Cf. ECO and MCO.\n\nbest play \nThe theoretical absolute and ideal best moves from any given position.[32]\n\nCharousek vs. Maroczy, 1895\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghExample of a \"big pawn\": the white bishop is doing the work of a pawn and has no bigger prospects. \n\nbig pawn \nA bad bishop stuck behind its own pawns and defending them—effectively doing the work of a pawn.[33]\n\nbind \nA strong grip or stranglehold on a position that is difficult for the opponent to break. A bind is usually an advantage in space created by advanced pawns. The Maróczy Bind is a well-known example.[34] See also squeeze.\n\nbishop \nA piece that may move along diagonals without jumping.\n\nbishop pair \nThe player with two bishops is said to have the bishop pair. Two bishops are able to control the diagonals of both colors. In open positions, two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two knights, or a knight and a bishop.[20] Also called the two bishops.\n\nbishop pawn \nOr bishop's pawn. A pawn on the bishop's file, i.e. the c-file or f-file. Sometimes abbreviated \"BP\".[35]\n\nbishops on opposite colors \nOr bishops of opposite colors. A situation in which one player has only a light-square bishop remaining while the other has only a dark-square bishop remaining. In endgames, this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces than pawns, even if one side has a material advantage of one, two or even three pawns, since the bishops control different squares (see Opposite-colored bishops endgame). In the middlegame, however, the presence of opposite-colored bishops imbalances the game and can lead to mating attacks, since each bishop attacks squares that cannot be covered by the other.[36]\n\nblack \nThe dark-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as \"the black squares\" even though they are often some other dark color. Similarly, \"the black pieces\" are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.[37] See also white.\n\nBlack \nThe designation for the player who moves second, even though the pieces (\"the black pieces\") are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.[38] See also White and first-move advantage.\n\nblind chess \nSee Kriegspiel.\n\nblindfold chess \nA form of chess in which one or both players are not allowed to see the board.[39]\n\nblind pigs \nA pair of rooks on the opponent's second rank are referred to as \"pigs\" as they tend to devour pawns and pieces, and \"blind pigs\" if they cannot find the mate.[40]\n\nblitz chess \n[from German: Blitz, \"lightning\"] A fast form of chess with a very short time limit, usually three or five minutes per player for the entire game. With the advent of electronic chess clocks, the time remaining is often incremented by one or two seconds per move.[41]\n\nblitzkrieg \nA blitzkrieg is sometimes used to describe a quick attack on the f7- or f2-square early in the game.[42][43]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has a solid light-square blockade. White's bishop cannot challenge Black's minor pieces.\n\nblockade \nThe placement of a piece directly in front of an enemy pawn, where it obstructs the pawn's advance, and hinders the movements of the other enemy pieces. The enemy pawn provides some shelter to the piece that is blocking it, thereby protecting it from attacks by enemy pieces. A blockade is most effective against passed or isolated pawns. The ideal piece to use as a blockader is the knight. This strategy was famously formulated by Aron Nimzowitsch in 1924.[44][45]\n\nblocked position \nA position where both sides are constrained from making progress, typically by interlocking pawn chain(s) dividing the available space into two camps.[46] See also closed game.\n\nblunder \nA very bad move, an oversight (indicated by \"??\" in chess annotation).[20]\n\nboard \n1. See chessboard.\n2. An assignment in team chess, e.g. first board, second board, etc.\n\nboard one \nSee first board.\n\nSchulder vs. Boden, London 1853\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBoden's Mate\n\nBoden's Mate \nBoden's Mate, named for Samuel Boden, is a checkmate pattern in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen sacrifice on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.[47]\n\nbook draw \nAn endgame position known to be a draw with perfect play. Historically this was established by reference to chess endgame literature, but in simplified positions computer analysis in an endgame tablebase can be used.[48] Also called theoretical draw.\n\nbook move \nAn opening move found in standard reference books on opening theory. A game is said to be \"in book\" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. A game is said to be \"out of book\" when the players have reached the end of the variations analyzed in the opening books, or if one of the players deviates with a novelty (or a blunder).[49]\n\nbook win \nAn endgame position known to be a win with perfect play. Historically this was established by reference to chess endgame literature, but in simplified positions (currently seven pieces or fewer) computer analysis in an endgame tablebase can be used.[50]\n\nbreak \nA move that gains space and therefore freedom of movement, or the opening of a blocked position by the advance or capture of a pawn.[51] See also pawn break.\n\nbreakthrough \nPenetration of the opponent's position, or destruction of the defense, often by means of a sacrifice.[20]\n\nbrevity \n[chiefly British] See miniature.\n\nbrilliancy \nA game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.[51]\n\nbrilliancy prize \nA prize awarded at some tournaments for the best brilliancy played in the tournament.[52]\n\nBronstein delay \nA time control method with time delay, invented by David Bronstein. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the clock waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.[53]\n\nBughouse chess\nbughouse chess \nA popular chess variant played with teams of two or more.[54]\n\nbuilding a bridge \nMaking a path for a king in the endgame by providing protective cover against checks from line pieces. A well-known example is the Lucena position.[55]\n\nbullet chess \nEach side has one minute to make all their moves.[56]\n\nbust \n[colloq.] A refutation of an opening, an opening line, a tactic, or a previously published analysis.[57][58]\n\nbye \nA tournament round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a win (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).[58]","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caissa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caïssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p238-20"},{"link_name":"Candidate Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_Master"},{"link_name":"FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmandwcmtitles-60"},{"link_name":"candidate move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_move"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"knockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"Candidates Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Candidates_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Interzonal tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Interzonal_tournament"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"fianchettoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#odds"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#en_passant"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"develops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#development"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._55-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"chess notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#notation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._55-67"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_1996_p71-70"},{"link_name":"castling rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#Castling_rights"},{"link_name":"laws of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#laws_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"chess notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#notation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._55-67"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_1996_p71-70"},{"link_name":"friendly game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#friendly_game"},{"link_name":"FIDE rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"correspondence chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"chess club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_club"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p239-72"},{"link_name":"expanded center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#expanded_center"},{"link_name":"pawn center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_center"},{"link_name":"center file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center_file"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"chess engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engines"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"center file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center_file"},{"link_name":"centralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy#Control_of_the_center"},{"link_name":"control the center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#control_of_the_center"},{"link_name":"Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._430-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p102-76"},{"link_name":"center pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center_pawn"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trap"},{"link_name":"swindling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#swindle"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_(chess)"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#man"},{"link_name":"interposing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#interpose"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._53-79"},{"link_name":"annotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#annotation"},{"link_name":"Siegbert Tarrasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch"},{"link_name":"Kotov syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kotov_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sah_sahovska_ura.png"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_clock"},{"link_name":"flag fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flag_fall"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"chess club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_club"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#notation"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"chess problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problem"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#composition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg"},{"link_name":"chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_set"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"chess variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._13-84"},{"link_name":"Fischerandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fischerandom"},{"link_name":"capturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"exchanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shibut_2012,_p._68-85"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wood"},{"link_name":"opening system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening_system"},{"link_name":"pawn center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_center"},{"link_name":"hypermodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypermodernism"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p239-72"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_control"},{"link_name":"fast chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fast_chess"},{"link_name":"rapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rapid_chess"},{"link_name":"blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"bullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bullet_chess"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"},{"link_name":"Greek gift sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Greek_gift_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Clearance sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"casual games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#friendly_game"},{"link_name":"blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"tournament game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"pawn chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_chain"},{"link_name":"cramped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cramped"},{"link_name":"exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"open game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_game"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"open game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_game"},{"link_name":"positional play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"Closed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Open_Game"},{"link_name":"Semi-Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Semi-Open_Game"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"open tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_tournament"},{"link_name":"Candidate Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Candidate_Master"},{"link_name":"Blackburne Shilling Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburne_Shilling_Gambit"},{"link_name":"skittles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skittles"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"Blackburne Shilling Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburne_Shilling_Gambit"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"White and Black in chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#white"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#black"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_(chess)"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p239-72"},{"link_name":"compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"sacrificed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"exchanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess"},{"link_name":"resign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#resign"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"connected passed pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn#Protected_passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"Passed pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p239-72"},{"link_name":"connected pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#connected_pawns"},{"link_name":"connected pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_pawns"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._430-75"},{"link_name":"isolated pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isolated_pawn"},{"link_name":"rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"first rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#home_rank"},{"link_name":"open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_file"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"doubled rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#doubled_rooks"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#combination"},{"link_name":"uncoordinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coordination"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"control of the center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy#Control_of_the_center"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"chess problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#composition"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Glossary of chess problems § cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#cook"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"correspondence game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"correspondence chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"correspondence chess server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_chess_server"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"corresponding squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corresponding_squares"},{"link_name":"zugzwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zugzwang"},{"link_name":"endgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposition"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Falkbeer Countergambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkbeer_Countergambit"},{"link_name":"King's Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Gambit"},{"link_name":"gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gambit"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Black"},{"link_name":"Latvian Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Gambit"},{"link_name":"?!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#?!"},{"link_name":"Albin Countergambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Countergambit"},{"link_name":"Falkbeer Countergambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkbeer_Countergambit"},{"link_name":"Benko Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benko_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Englund Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englund_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Budapest Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Blackburne Shilling Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburne_Shilling_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Two Knights Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense"},{"link_name":"!?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#!?"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._431-109"},{"link_name":"rook's pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook's_pawn"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mobility"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._431-109"},{"link_name":"key square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#key_square"},{"link_name":"cross-check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-check_(chess)"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"discovered check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_check"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Hastings 1895 chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_1895_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"Nottingham 1936 chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_1936_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"AVRO tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVRO_1938_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attack"}],"text":"Caïssa, the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)\nCaïssa \nKnown as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, Caïssa or The Game at Chess, by Sir William Jones.[59]\n\ncalculate \nTo plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.[20]\n\nCandidate Master \nA chess title ranking below FIDE Master.[60] Abbr. CM.\n\ncandidate move \nA move that seems good upon initial observation of the position, and that warrants further analysis.[61]\n\nCandidates Match \nA knockout match in the Candidates Tournament.[62]\n\nCandidates Tournament \nA tournament organised by the FIDE, the third and last qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. The participants are the top players of the Interzonal tournament plus possibly other players selected on the basis of rating or performance in the previous candidates tournament. The top ranking player(s) qualify(ies) for the world championship.[63]\n\ncan opener \n[colloq.] The plan of attacking a kingside position (sometimes a fianchettoed one) by advancing the h-pawn with the intention of opening a file near the defender's king.[64][verification needed]\n\ncapped piece \nA particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a handicap. When the capped piece is a pawn, it is called a pion coiffé [from French, \"capped pawn\"].[65]\n\ncapture \nA move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece, except in the case of a capture that is done en passant.[66]\n\ncastling \nA move in which the king and a rook are moved at the same time. It moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it develops the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done on either the kingside (notated 0-0) or the queenside (0-0-0). Castling cannot be done in reply to a check, nor if the king were to cross or land on a square which is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved has already moved.[67][68]\n\ncastling into it \nA situation where one side castles and a result is that the king is in more danger at the destination than on the initial square, either immediately or because lines and diagonals can be more readily opened against it.[69]\n\ncastling long \nCastling queenside; in chess notation: 0-0-0.[67] Also called long castling.[70]\n\ncastling rights \nThe ability to castle under the laws of chess.\n\ncastling short \nCastling kingside; in chess notation: 0-0.[67] Also called short castling.[70]\n\ncasual game \nSee friendly game.\n\ncategory of a tournament \nThe category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average FIDE rating of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating − 2250) ÷ 25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category 1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.[71]\n\nCC \nAn abbreviation sometimes used for correspondence chess or for chess club.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe center squares are marked \"×\".\n\ncenter \nOr centre. The four squares in the middle of the board.[72] See also expanded center. Sometimes short for pawn center. A king \"in the center\" can refer to an uncastled king on a center file.\n\ncenter file \nOr centre file. The king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).\n\ncenter pawn \nOr centre pawn. A pawn on the king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).[73]\n\ncentipawn \nA unit of evaluation used by chess engines, e.g. an evaluation of +1.32 is worth 20 centipawns more than an evaluation of +1.12. Historically a centipawn corresponded to a material value of 0.01 of a pawn; however, the strongest modern engines no longer rate pawns as worth 1.[74][better source needed]\n\ncentral file \nSee center file.\n\ncentralization \nMoving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only control the center, but also extend their influence to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. Knights in particular benefit from being centralized.[75] Antonym: decentralization.[76]\n\ncentral pawn \nSee center pawn.\n\ncheapo \nSlang for a primitive trap, often set in the hope of swindling a win or a draw from a lost position.[77] Also called cheap shot.\n\ncheck \nA direct attack on the king by an enemy man. The attacked king is said to be in check. There are only three possible immediate responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or interposing a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces \"check\"; however, this is not a requirement in tournament games.[78]\n\ncheckmate \nOften shortened to mate. A position in which a player's king is in check and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.[79]\n\nchess annotation \nSee annotation.\n\nchess blindness \nThe failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by Siegbert Tarrasch. Similar to Kotov syndrome.[80]\n\nchessboard \nThe chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.[81]\n\nA chess clock\nchess clock \nA device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player hits their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock where the term flag fall originates. Modern clocks are digital.[82]\n\nchess club \nAn in-person, local chess play organization.\n\nchessmen \nThe movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both pieces and pawns.[83] Singular: chessman.\n\nchess notation \nSee notation.\n\nchess opening \nSee opening.\n\nchess problem \nAlso called composition.\n\nA wooden chess set and board\nchess set \nThe thirty-two pieces required for a game, plus a chessboard.\n\nchess variant \nA chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.[84]\n\nChess960 \nA synonym for Fischerandom.\n\nchop wood \nSlang for capturing or exchanging pieces.[85] See also wood.\n\nclassical \n1. An opening system geared towards forming a full pawn center. Classical ideas were challenged by hypermodern ideas.[72]\n2. A game using a longer time control such as 40/2; the opposite of fast chess categories such as rapid, blitz or bullet.[86]\n\nclassical bishop sacrifice \nSee Greek gift sacrifice.\n\nclearance \nRemoval of piece from a square, rank, file or diagonal so that another piece may use it. It often involves sacrificing the piece that blocked the position.[87] See Clearance sacrifice.\n\nclock move \nIn a game played clock move, a move is considered completed only after the clock is pressed. For example, one could touch a piece, then move a different piece—as long as the player has not pressed their clock button. This way of playing is uncommon but can be seen in casual games or blitz games.[88]\n\nclock time \nTime (consumed or remaining) on the chess clock, in a tournament game.[89]\n\nclosed file \nA file on which White and Black each have a pawn.[90]\n\nclosed game \nOr close game. A closed game has few open lines (files or diagonals). It is generally characterized by interlocking pawn chains, cramped positions with few opportunities to exchange, and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an open game.[91] Cf. open game. See also positional play.\n\nClosed Game \nA Closed Game is a particular opening that begins with the moves 1.d4 d5. It is also known as a Double Queen's Pawn Opening or Double Queen's Pawn Game.[92] See also Open Game and Semi-Open Game.\n\nclosed tournament \nA tournament in which only invited or qualifying players may participate. Also called invitational tournament. Cf. open tournament.\n\nCM \nAn abbreviation for the Candidate Master title.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!), an example of coffeehouse play\n\ncoffeehouse \nAdjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in skittles games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or blitz chess. The Blackburne Shilling Gambit is a typical example of coffeehouse play.[93]\n\ncolor \nOr colour. The white or black pieces, and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black.[83] See White and Black in chess.\n\ncolorbound \nOr colourbound. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each bishop is colorbound to either the white or black squares.\n\ncolors reversed \nOr colours reversed. With colors reversed refers to opening moves by White normally played by Black, or vice versa. An example is the King's Indian Attack, where White's opening setup mirrors Black's setup in the King's Indian Defense. In such openings, White necessarily has an extra tempo compared to Black. Also called a reverse opening.[94]\n\ncombination \nA sequence of moves, including forced moves, and often involving a sacrifice, to gain an advantage.[72]\n\ncompensation \nThat which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of material. If material is sacrificed there may be a gain in development, or if a minor piece is exchanged for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.[95]\n\ncomputer move \nA move that seems likely to have been played by a computer rather than a human, either because the move seems counterintuitive, or to not make immediate sense, or to eventually make sense but not until deep into the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on millions of brute-force calculations, and not on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to immediately resign, in favor of an obscure move that may turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but its meaning has evolved as computers have improved. It is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by computer.[96][97]\n\nconnected passed pawns \nPassed pawns on adjacent files. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together.[72] See also connected pawns.\n\nconnected pawns \nRefers to two or more pawns of the same color on adjacent files.[75] Cf. isolated pawns.\n\nconnected rooks \nTwo rooks of the same color on the same rank or file with no pawns or pieces between them. Connected rooks are usually desirable. Players often connect rooks on their own first rank or along an open file.[98] See also doubled rooks.\n\nconsolidation \nThe improvement of a player's position by the reposition of one or more pieces to better square(s), typically after a player's attack or combination has left their pieces in poor positions or uncoordinated.[99]\n\nconsultation game \nA game in which two or more players consult with each other to jointly decide the moves for one side. Consultation games may also involve teams of two or more players playing on both sides.[100]\n\ncontinuation \nSee variation.\n\ncontrol \nWhen a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory.[101] Also, the player that has the initiative has control.\n\ncontrol of the center \nHaving one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of openings.[102]\n\ncook \nIn chess problems, an unintended duplicate solution, or a refutation.[103] See also Glossary of chess problems § cook.\n\ncoordination \nThe quality of multiple pieces working together, mutually supporting and complementing one another.[104]\n\ncorr. \nAn abbreviation for correspondence game.\n\ncorrespondence chess \nChess played at a long time control by long-distance correspondence. Traditionally correspondence chess was played though the post; today it is usually played over a correspondence chess server or by email. Typically, one move is transmitted in every correspondence.[105]\n\ncorresponding squares \nCorresponding squares are pairs of squares such that when a king moves to one square, it forces the opponent's king to occupy the other square in order to hold the position. If the opponent's king cannot move to the required square it is zugzwang and a disadvantage. Corresponding squares usually occur in pawn endgames. The theory of corresponding squares has developed to include complex calculations based on math-like formulas.[106] Also called related squares. Cf. opposition.\n\ncounterattack \nAn attack that responds to an attack by the opponent.[107]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Falkbeer Countergambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5), a gambit response to the King's Gambit\n\ncountergambit \nA gambit offered by Black, for example the Greco Counter Gambit, usually called the Latvian Gambit today (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5?!); the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); and the Falkbeer Countergambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5). An opening need not have \"countergambit\" in its name to be one, for instance the Benko Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5); the Englund Gambit (1.d4 e5?!); the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5); the Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!); and many lines of the Two Knights Defense (e.g. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 and now 4...Bc5!? [the Wilkes–Barre Variation or Traxler Counterattack]; 4...Nxe4?!; 4...d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 [the main line]; 4...d5 5.exd5 Nd4 [the Fritz Variation]; and 4...d5 5.exd5 b5 [the Ulvestad Variation]) are all examples of countergambits.[108]\n\ncounterplay \nThe defending side's own aggressive action.[109]\n\ncountry move \nA disparaging term for a move considered unsophisticated, especially an unnecessary single-step advance of the rook's pawn in the opening. The term was popular in London in the late 19th century.[110]\n\ncover \nTo protect a piece or control a square.\n\ncramped \nHaving limited mobility in a position.[111]\n\ncritical position \nThe moment in a game or opening when the evaluation shows that things are about to change, either towards an advantage for one player, or towards equality; a wrong move can be disastrous.[109]\n\ncritical square \nSee key square.\n\ncross-check \nA cross-check is a check played in reply to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a discovered check from another piece.[112]\n\ncrosstable \nAn arrangement of the results of every game in a tournament in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a round-robin tournament, there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1 for a win, 0 for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double round-robin tournament each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating White and Black.)[113] For examples see Hastings 1895 chess tournament, Nottingham 1936 chess tournament, and AVRO tournament.\n\ncrush \nSlang for a quick win, especially an overwhelming attack versus poor defensive play. A crushing move is a decisive one.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"dark squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dark_squares"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47-38"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p102-76"},{"link_name":"light-square bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#light-square_bishop"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47-38"},{"link_name":"light squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#light_squares"},{"link_name":"drawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"insufficient material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#insufficient_material"},{"link_name":"blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blunder"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"dead position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess#Dead_position"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_(chess)"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"bare king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_king"},{"link_name":"drawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy_(chess)"},{"link_name":"tactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#man"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p240-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"deflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deflection"},{"link_name":"attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attraction"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._431-109"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"English Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Defense"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._431-109"},{"link_name":"deflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection_(chess)"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decoy"},{"link_name":"overloading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overloaded"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attraction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johann Löwenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_L%C3%B6wenthal"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_chess_notation"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"desperado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperado_(chess)"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalemate"},{"link_name":"perpetual check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#perpetual_check"},{"link_name":"en prise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#en_prise"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#active"},{"link_name":"objectives of the opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening#Common_aims_in_opening_play"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p240-117"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._56-123"},{"link_name":"discovered attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovered_attack"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p240-117"},{"link_name":"discovered check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovered_check"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#decoy"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domination_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgame studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_studies"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fork"},{"link_name":"discovered attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_attack"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p240-117"},{"link_name":"double check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_check"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"discovered check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_check"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"doubled pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._56-123"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#man"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"king bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king_bishop"},{"link_name":"queen bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen_bishop"},{"link_name":"fianchettoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC_p133-129"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(chess)"},{"link_name":"draws by agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalemate"},{"link_name":"dead position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dead_position"},{"link_name":"threefold repetition rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"fivefold repetition rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fivefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"seventy-five-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seventy-five-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p240-117"},{"link_name":"draw by agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"resign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#resign"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Armageddon game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Armageddon_game"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"drawn by agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw_by_agreement"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Hypermodern school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypermodernism"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Steinitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz"},{"link_name":"Siegbert Tarrasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"dark-square bishop \nOne of the two bishops that moves only on the dark squares. In the starting position, White's dark-square bishop is on c1; Black's is on f8.[38] Often shortened to dark bishop[76] or DSB. Cf. light-square bishop.\n\ndark squares \nThe 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner.[38] Cf. light squares.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA dead draw by means of insufficient material. King versus king and bishop will never lead to checkmate. If for Black, a knight or a light-squared bishop were added to the position (e.g. a Nf3 or Bf3), a mate would be possible in theory for either side, but not with reasonable play, making it a \"dead draw\" in the broader sense.\n\ndead draw \nA drawn position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. In the strict sense, dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as insufficient material). In a broader sense, it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major blunder before either side would have a chance to win.[114]\n\ndead position \nA position where neither player can mate the opponent's king with any series of legal moves (e.g. knight and king against a bare king). This position is drawn.[116]\n\ndecoy \nThis is a tactic used to lure an enemy man away from its defensive position.[117][118] See also deflection and attraction.\n\ndefense \n1. A move or plan to meet the opponent's attack.[109]\n2. Part of the name of openings played by Black; e.g. the Scandinavian Defense, King's Indian Defense, English Defense, etc.[109]\n\ndeflection \nA decoy tactic that involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to overloading.[119] See also attraction.\n\nWouter Mees at a demonstration board\ndemonstration board \nA large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. Johann Löwenthal invented the demonstration board in 1857.[120]\n\ndescriptive notation \nA system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English and Spanish speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example \"pawn to queen's bishop's fourth\" is rendered as \"P-QB4\". Now replaced by the standard algebraic notation.[121]\n\ndesperado \nA piece that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about stalemate or perpetual check. Also an en prise or trapped piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum compensation possible.[122]\n\ndevelopment \nThe movement of non-pawn pieces in the opening from their original squares to squares where they can be more active. Development of one's pieces is one of the objectives of the opening phase of the game.[117]\n\ndiagonal \nA line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop can move.[123]\n\ndiscovered attack \nAn attack made by a queen, rook or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.[117]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghOnce the e4-bishop moves, it is discovered check by the rook.\n\ndiscovered check \nA discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.[124]\n\ndiversionary sacrifice \nEspecially in the middlegame, the sacrifice of a decoy piece.[125]\n\ndomination \nFrom endgame studies, control of all movement squares of an enemy piece.[126]\n\ndouble attack \nTwo attacks made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a fork); or by different pieces, for example in a discovered attack when the moved piece also makes a threat.[117]\n\ndouble check \nA check delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a discovered check. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in the line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move, which makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.[127]\n\ndoubled pawns \nTwo pawns of the same color on the same file; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.[123]\n\ndoubled rooks \nA powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same file or rank with no other men between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the endgame.[128]\n\ndouble fianchetto \nA player's king bishop and queen bishop have both been fianchettoed.[129]\n\ndraw \nA game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are draws by agreement. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by stalemate, by a dead position, by the threefold repetition rule, by the fifty-move rule, by the fivefold repetition rule and by the seventy-five-move rule. A position is said to be a draw (or a \"drawn position\" or \"theoretical draw\") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.[117]\n\ndraw by agreement \nA game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw.[130] See also resign.\n\ndraw death \nHypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).[131]\n\ndrawing line \nAn opening variation that commonly ends in a draw.[132]\n\ndrawing weapon \nAn opening line played with the intent of drawing the game.[133]\n\ndrawish \nAn adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a draw.[134]\n\ndraw odds \nA type of chess handicap where one player (Black in an Armageddon game) has only to draw in order to win the match.[135]\n\ndraw offer \nA proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be drawn by agreement.[136]\n\ndynamism \nA style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or spatial weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the Hypermodern school and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch.[137]","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"ECF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"ECU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Chess_Union"},{"link_name":"ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Chess_Openings"},{"link_name":"chess opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"First-move advantage in chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"promote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"Elo rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"Arpad Elo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpad_Elo"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p241-141"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&S_p241-141"},{"link_name":"endgame tablebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endgame_tablebase"},{"link_name":"endgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"perfect play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_play"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hanging"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._57-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#en_passant"},{"link_name":"epaulette mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaulette_mate"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Extended Position Description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Extended_Position_Description"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"advantage of the first move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first-move_advantage"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"flight square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flight_square"},{"link_name":"evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#analysis"},{"link_name":"exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(chess)"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"exchange, the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)"},{"link_name":"minor piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minor_piece"},{"link_name":"exchange sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)#Exchange_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._57-146"},{"link_name":"exchange variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_variation"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"chess clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"simultaneous exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#simultaneous_chess"},{"link_name":"timed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"fianchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"Forsyth–Edwards Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation"},{"link_name":"chess engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"text":"eat\n[colloq.] To remove the opponent's piece or pawn from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn.[138][139] See also capture.\n\nECF \nThe English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the FIDE. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.\n\nECU \nThe European Chess Union (ECU) is the continental association for chess in Europe.\n\nECO \nThe Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO), a standard and comprehensive chess opening reference. Also a classification system (ECO code) for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.\n\nedge \nA small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an edge in the starting position, since White moves first (see First-move advantage in chess).[140]\n\neighth rank \nThe rank on which pawns promote (rank eight for White; rank one for Black). Also called last rank.\n\nElo rating system \nThe Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after Arpad Elo. Since 2012, FIDE publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.[141]\n\nendgame \nThe third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the middlegame.[141]\n\nendgame tablebase \nA computerized database of endgames with a small number of pieces, providing perfect play for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. As of 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.[142]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAfter 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5, White can play 3.dxe6, capturing the e-pawn en passant on the next move. The white pawn is placed on e6, and the black pawn on e5 is removed from the board.\n\nen passant \n[from French, \"in the act of passing\"] The rule that allows a pawn that has just advanced two squares to be captured by an enemy pawn that is on the same rank and adjacent file. The pawn can be taken as if it had advanced only one square. Capturing en passant is possible only on the next move.[143] Abbr. e.p.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe pawn on e4 is en prise.\n\nen prise \n[from French, \"in a position to be taken\",[144][145] often italicized] En prise describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a hanging piece, an undefended pawn, a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn en prise.[146][147]\n\ne.p. \nAn abbreviation for en passant.\n\nepaulette mate \nA checkmate position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.[148]\n\nEPD \nAn abbreviation for Extended Position Description.\n\nequalize \nOr equalise. To reach a position where the players have equal chances of winning, referred to as equality, or a position that is equal. In the opening, because White has the advantage of the first move, the immediate goal for Black is to achieve equality.[149]\n\nescape square \nSee flight square.\n\nevaluation \nOr simply eval. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign (\"+\") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign (\"−\") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides material. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 (or sometimes #4) indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves.[150][151][152] Cf. analysis.\n\nexchange \nTo swap or trade pieces by capture. Usually the pieces are of equal value (i.e., rook for rook, knight for knight, etc.), or of bishop for knight (two pieces that are considered approximately equal in value).[153] Also called even exchange.\n\nexchange, the \nThe advantage of a rook over a minor piece (knight or bishop). The player who captures a rook for a minor piece is said to have \"won the exchange\", the player who has lost the rook has \"lost the exchange\". An exchange sacrifice is giving up a rook for a minor piece.[146]\n\nexchange variation \nThis is a type of opening in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.[154]\n\nexhibition \nChess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use chess clocks. In a simultaneous exhibition, one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not timed. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.[155]\n\nexpanded center \nThe central sixteen squares of the chessboard.[156]\n\nexposed king \nA king lacking pawns to shield it from enemy attack.[157]\n\nextended fianchetto \nSee fianchetto.\n\nExtended Position Description \nA Forsyth–Edwards Notation derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test chess engines.[158] Abbr. EPD.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fork"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1989,_p._225-159"},{"link_name":"figurine algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#Naming_the_pieces"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"fast chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess"},{"link_name":"time controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"rapid chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rapid_chess"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"bullet chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bullet_chess"},{"link_name":"Forsyth–Edwards Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation"},{"link_name":"FICGS Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FICGS_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"fianchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianchetto"},{"link_name":"develop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#development"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC_p133-129"},{"link_name":"/ˌfiənˈkɛtoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ˌfiənˈtʃɛtoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[fjaŋˈketto]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._433-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p108-164"},{"link_name":"FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Master"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Elo rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"seventy-five-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#seventy-five-move_rule"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p108-164"},{"link_name":"touch-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#touch-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"first-move advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p108-164"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"home rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#home_rank"},{"link_name":"Fischerandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_random_chess"},{"link_name":"variation of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_variant"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer"},{"link_name":"first rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#back_rank"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"time delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_delay"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"woodpusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woodpusher"},{"link_name":"fivefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_repetition#Fivefold_repetition_rule"},{"link_name":"threefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan_1996_p108-164"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"flank opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_opening"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White"},{"link_name":"flanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flank"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"flight square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_square"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1989,_p._225-159"},{"link_name":"luft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#luft"},{"link_name":"FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"FIDE Online Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_Online_Arena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fools_mate_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"Fool's mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fool%27s_mate"},{"link_name":"mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._58-174"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._58-174"},{"link_name":"forcing move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forcing_move"},{"link_name":"win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#win"},{"link_name":"forcing moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forcing_move"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"forced move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forced_move"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(chess)"},{"link_name":"mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"double attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#double_attack"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"},{"link_name":"Forsyth–Edwards Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgame theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"picture frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_frame"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center"},{"link_name":"mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mobility"},{"link_name":"match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#match"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exhibition"},{"link_name":"timed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"rapid time controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fast_chess"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvansNew-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horton-185"},{"link_name":"Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nimzo2016-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pthink-187"}],"text":"family fork \nA knight fork that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving check), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a family check.[159]\n\nFAN \nAn abbreviation for figurine algebraic notation, which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).[160]\n\nfast chess \nA form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament time controls. See also rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess.\n\nFEN \nAn abbreviation for Forsyth–Edwards Notation.\n\nFGM \nAn abbreviation for the FICGS Grandmaster title.\n\nfianchetto \nTo develop a bishop to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The fianchetto of both bishops by a player is called a double fianchetto. Less common is to develop a bishop to the rook's file (a3 or h3 for White; a6 or h6 for Black), called extended fianchetto.[129] The Italian word (\"little flank\") is pronounced /ˌfiənˈkɛtoʊ/ or /ˌfiənˈtʃɛtoʊ/ in English, while its name sounds like [fjaŋˈketto] in Italian.[161][162]\n\nFICGS Grandmaster \nA correspondence chess title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.[163]\n\nFIDE \nThe World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.[164]\n\nFIDE Master \nA chess title ranking below International Master.[165] Abbr. FM.\n\nFIDE rating \nSee Elo rating system.\n\nfifty-move rule \nA draw may be claimed if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last fifty moves by either side.[166] For the occurrence of seventy-five such moves, see seventy-five-move rule.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe f-file\n\nfile \nA column of the chessboard. A specific file can be named either using its position in algebraic notation, a–h, or by using its position in descriptive notation. For example, \"f-file\" and \"king bishop file\" both denote the squares f1–f8 (or KB1–KB8 in descriptive notation).[164]\n\nfingerfehler \n[from German, \"finger mistake\"] An error caused by unthinkingly touching the wrong piece or releasing a piece on the wrong square, forcing the player to move that piece in accordance with the touch-move rule.[167]\n\nfirst board \nIn team chess, the player who is assigned to face the strongest opponents. Also called top board and board one. Second board faces the next strongest players, followed by third board, and so on. Generally board assignments must be made before the competition begins and players may not switch boards, although reserve players are often allowed as substitutes.\n\nfirst-move advantage \nThe slight (by most accounts) advantage that White has by virtue of moving first.[164]\n\nfirst player \nThe expression \"the first player\" is sometimes used to refer to White.\n\nfirst rank \nSee home rank.\n\nFischerandom \nAlso known as Chess960. A variation of chess invented and advocated by Bobby Fischer. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the first rank is random, except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. Castling may be done; the special castling rules incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.[168][169]\n\nFischer delay \nA time control method with time delay, invented by Bobby Fischer. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.[170]\n\nfish \n[derogatory slang] A weak or easily defeated player or players. See also woodpusher.\n\nfivefold repetition \nA game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under threefold repetition.[171]\n\nfive-minute chess \nSee blitz chess.\n\nflag \nPart of an analogue chess clock, usually red, that indicates when the minute hand passes the hour. To \"flag\" someone means winning the game on the basis of the opponent exceeding the time control.[164]\n\nflag-fall \nThe event when the allotted time of a player has just expired; the player has run out of time.[115]\n\nflank \nThe queenside a-, b-, and c-files; or the kingside f-, g-, and h-files. Distinguished from the center d-file and e-file.[172] Also called wing.\n\nflank opening \nAn opening played by White and typified by play on one or both flanks.[173]\n\nflight square \nA square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack.[159] Also called escape square. See also luft.\n\nFM \nAn abbreviation for the FIDE Master title.\n\nFOA \nAn abbreviation for the FIDE Online Arena.\n\nFool's mate\nFool's mate \nThe shortest possible chess game ending in mate: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).[174]\n\nforced mate \nA sequence of two or more moves culminating in checkmate that the opponent cannot prevent.[175]\n\nforced move \nA move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. Forced can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example \"the forced win of a piece\" or \"a forced checkmate\". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively.[174] Cf. forcing move.\n\nforced win \nA win guaranteed by a series of forcing moves.\n\nforcing move \nA move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses.[176] Cf. forced move.\n\nforfeit \nRefers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the time control (forfeit on time).[177]\n\nfork \nA simultaneous attack by a single piece on two (or more) of the opponent's pieces (or other direct target, such as a mate threat). When the attacker is a knight the tactic is often specifically called a knight fork. Some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term double attack is correct when another piece is involved, but this usage is rare.[5]\n\nForsyth–Edwards Notation \nA standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN notation is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position.[178][179] Abbr. FEN.\n\nfortress \nIn endgame theory, a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a draw due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.[180]\n\nframe \nA square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a picture frame. Also referred to as a ring.[181] The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame.[182] The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the center itself as the innermost frame. The mobility of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.\n\nfriendly game \nA game that is not played as part of a match, tournament, or exhibition. Often the game is not timed, but if a chess clock is used, rapid time controls are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition.[183] Also called casual game and informal game.\n\nfrontier line \nAn imaginary line dividing the board into two halves, passing between the fourth and fifth ranks.[184][185] The frontier line separates White's side of the board from Black's side. Coined by Nimzowitsch.[186][187]","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#notation"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"over-the-board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#over_the_board"},{"link_name":"score sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#score_sheet"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._134-188"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"bad bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bad_bishop"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#World_Champion"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"cheating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_chess"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._434-193"},{"link_name":"grandmaster draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Grandmaster_draw"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._434-193"},{"link_name":"Greek gift sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_gift_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"castled king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"mating attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mating_attack"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"text":"gambit \nA sacrifice (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in space or time in the opening.[5]\n\ngame clock \nSee chess clock.\n\ngame score \nOften shortened to score. The record of a game in some form of notation, usually algebraic notation. In over-the-board tournaments, the game score is recorded on a score sheet.[188]\n\ngardez \n[from French: gardez la reine!, \"Protect the Queen!\"] An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of \"check\". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.[189]\n\nGM \nAn abbreviation for Grandmaster.[190]\n\nGod \nMetaphorical; a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.[191]\n\ngood bishop \nA bishop that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop.[192] See also bad bishop.\n\nGrandmaster \nThe highest title a chess player can attain (besides World Champion). Awarded by FIDE, the title is valid for life unless exceptional circumstances (such as cheating) occur.[193] Abbr. GM.\n\ngrandmaster draw \nA game in which the players agree to a quick draw. Originally it referred to such games between grandmasters, but the term can now refer to any such game.[193]\n\nGreek gift sacrifice \nA typical sacrifice of a bishop by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a castled king to initiate a mating attack. Also known as the classical bishop sacrifice.[194]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"half-open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-open_file"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_handicap"},{"link_name":"odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#odds"},{"link_name":"en prise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#en_prise"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._434-193"},{"link_name":"hanging pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_structure#Hanging_pawns"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._434-193"},{"link_name":"coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coordination"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Lasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker"},{"link_name":"Siegbert Tarrasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"major piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#major_piece"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Attack"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"back rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#back_rank"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"pairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pairing"},{"link_name":"correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"hypermodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)"},{"link_name":"flanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flank"},{"link_name":"Réti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti"},{"link_name":"Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._435-207"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#classical"}],"text":"half-open file \nA file on which only one player has pawns.[195] Also called semi-open file.\n\nhandicap \nSee odds.\n\nhanging \n[colloq.] Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be en prise.[193]\n\nhanging pawns \nTwo pawns of the same color on adjacent files, with no pawns of the same color on the files to either side of them.[193]\n\nharmony \nSee coordination.\n\nHarry \nA nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, \"Harry the h-pawn\".[196][197]\n\nhauptturnier \nGerman word that is freely translated as \"candidates tournament\". In the early part of the 20th century, it was necessary for the ambitious European amateur to win a succession of prizes in small tournaments, to progress to a higher level of competition. The creation of the hauptturnier enabled the process to become more formalized, and they became a regular feature of the major German chess congresses. Winning such an event conferred the title of 'Master of the German Chess Federation', and this, in turn, could be used to gain admittance to prestigious international tournaments. Some of the best players in chess history, such as Emanuel Lasker and Siegbert Tarrasch, secured their Master titles and advanced their chess careers in this way.[198]\n\nheavy piece \nSee major piece.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe dots indicate holes. (Evans, 1967)\n\nhole \nA square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is e4 in the Stonewall Attack.[199]\n\nhome rank \nThe rank on which the pieces stand in the starting position (rank one for White; rank eight for Black).[200] Also called back rank and first rank.\n\nhorizontal line \nSee rank.\n\nHorwitz vs. Harrwitz, London 1846, rd. 10, 0–1[201] \nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghAfter 30.Qe2. Black's Horwitz bishops are aimed at White's kingside.[202]\n\nHorwitz bishops \nA player's light-square and dark-square bishops placed so that they occupy adjacent diagonals, creating a potent attack. Also called raking bishops, and sometimes Harrwitz bishops.[203][204]\n\nhuman move \nA move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.[205]\n\nHutton pairing \nA pairing technique invented in 1921 by George Dickson Hutton for matching teams of players in which only one game is required per player. Has been used regularly for correspondence team events and for matches between many teams conducted on one day.[206] Also called jamboree pairing.\n\nhypermodernism \nA school of thought that prefers controlling the center with pieces from the flanks as opposed to occupying it directly with pawns. Two major proponents of hypermodernism were Réti and Nimzowitsch.[207] See also classical.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Arbiter"},{"link_name":"International Correspondence Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Correspondence Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne_1991,_p._99-208"},{"link_name":"Internet chess server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Internet_chess_server"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"rules of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._124-209"},{"link_name":"illegal move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#illegal_move"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._124-209"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Master"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._125-210"},{"link_name":"drawish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drawish"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._435-207"},{"link_name":"blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blunder"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._125-210"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passive"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"rapid chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rapid_chess"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiller_2003,_p._398-41"},{"link_name":"Time control § Increment and delay methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods"},{"link_name":"KID Fianchetto Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence#Fianchetto_Variation"},{"link_name":"fianchettoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"Indian defenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"King's Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Queen's Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"fianchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#transposition"},{"link_name":"Queen's Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"friendly game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#friendly_game"},{"link_name":"initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._128-213"},{"link_name":"theoretical novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"blunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blunder"},{"link_name":"fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302-214"},{"link_name":"Draw (chess) § Draws in all games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(chess)#Draws_in_all_games"},{"link_name":"interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(chess)"},{"link_name":"interposing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#interpose"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._128-213"},{"link_name":"zwischenzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zwischenzug"},{"link_name":"zwischenzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zwischenzug"},{"link_name":"International Arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)#International_Arbiter"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_score"},{"link_name":"time pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_pressure"},{"link_name":"International Correspondence Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunne_1991,_p._99-208"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_International_Master"},{"link_name":"Internet chess server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_chess_server"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"},{"link_name":"Interzonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interzonal"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Zonal tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zonal_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Candidates Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Candidates_Tournament"},{"link_name":"knockout-style competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"isolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isolani"},{"link_name":"irregular opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense"},{"link_name":"Sokolsky Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolsky_Opening"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"isolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_pawn#Isolated_queen_pawn"},{"link_name":"Aron Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"hanging pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hanging_pawns"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Pawn structure § Queen's Gambit – Isolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_structure#Queen's_Gambit_%E2%80%93_Isolani"},{"link_name":"isolated pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_pawn"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._61-217"},{"link_name":"isolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isolani"},{"link_name":"Giuoco Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuoco_Piano"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"c4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"c5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"Italian Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Game"},{"link_name":"Giuoco Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuoco_Piano"},{"link_name":"Spanish bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spanish_bishop"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"}],"text":"IA \nAn abbreviation for International Arbiter.\n\nICCA \nSee International Correspondence Chess Federation.\n\nICCF \nAn abbreviation for the International Correspondence Chess Federation.[208]\n\nICS \nAn abbreviation for Internet chess server.\n\nIGM \nAn abbreviation for the older term International Grandmaster. The modern usage is Grandmaster (GM).\n\nillegal move \nA move that is not permitted by the rules of chess. An illegal move discovered during the course of a game must be corrected.[209]\n\nillegal position \nA position in a game that is a consequence of an illegal move or an incorrect starting position; a position that is impossible to reach by any sequence of legal moves.[209]\n\nIM \nAn abbreviation for the International Master title.[210]\n\nimbalance \nAny difference between the positions of White and Black. An imbalanced position is one where White and Black both have unique advantages. Conversely, a balanced position may be drawish.[207]\n\ninaccuracy \nA move that is not the best, but not as bad as a blunder.[210]\n\ninactive \nSee passive.\n\nin check\nSee check.\n\nincrement \nRefers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, rapid chess might be played with \"25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment\", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method.[41] See Time control § Increment and delay methods.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghIn the KID Fianchetto Variation (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0), both sides have Indian bishops.\n\nIndian bishop \nA fianchettoed bishop, characteristic of the Indian defenses, the King's Indian and the Queen's Indian.[211]\n\nIndian Defense \nAn opening that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the fianchetto of one or both black bishops; now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not transpose into the Queen's Gambit.[212]\n\ninformal game \nSee friendly game.\n\ninitiative \nThe ability to make attacking moves, and force the course of play. It is an aspect of time. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.[213]\n\ninnovation \nA synonym for theoretical novelty.\n\ninsufficient material \nAn endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can checkmate, regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side blunders are covered by the fifty-move rule.[214] See Draw (chess) § Draws in all games.\n\ninterference \nThe interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by interposing a piece.[213]\n\nintermediate move \nSee zwischenzug.\n\nintermezzo \nSee zwischenzug.\n\nInternational Arbiter \nA tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the score when players are under time pressure. Abbr. IA.\n\nInternational Correspondence Chess Federation \nThe International Correspondence Chess Federation (abbr. ICCF) was founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).[208]\n\nInternational Grandmaster \nAbbr. IGM. The original name of the FIDE title, now simply called Grandmaster (GM).\n\nInternational Master \nA chess title that ranks below Grandmaster but above FIDE Master. Abbr. IM.\n\nInternational Woman Master \nObsolete name for Woman International Master.\n\nInternet chess server \nAn external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the Internet. Abbr. ICS.\n\ninterpose \nTo move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a check.[5]\n\nInterzonal tournament \nA tournament organised by the FIDE starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. The participants were selected from the top players of the Zonal tournaments. The top ranking players qualified for the Candidates Tournament. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a knockout-style competition to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament.\n\nIQP \nAn abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See isolani.\n\nirregular opening \nEarly 19th-century chess literature classified all openings that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 as \"irregular\". As opening theory developed and many openings previously considered \"irregular\" became standard (e.g. the Sicilian Defense), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the Sokolsky Opening) as \"uncommon\" or \"unorthodox\".[215]\n\nisolani \nRefers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for isolated queen pawn. Aron Nimzowitsch, who coined the term, regarded the isolani as a weapon of attack in the middlegame but an endgame weakness; he saw the problem of hanging pawns as related.[216] See also Pawn structure § Queen's Gambit – Isolani.\n\nisolated pawn \nA pawn with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent file.[217]\n\nisolated queen pawn \nOr isolated queen's pawn. Abbr. IQP. See isolani.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghItalian bishops in the Giuoco Piano\n\nItalian bishop \nA white bishop developed to c4 or a black bishop developed to c5. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the Italian Game. In the Giuoco Piano both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the Spanish bishop on b5 characteristic of the Ruy Lopez. \"Italian\" may be used as an adjective for an opening where one or both players have Italian bishops.[218]","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒa.dub]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"touch-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-move_rule"},{"link_name":"touched piece rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#touched_piece_rule"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"}],"text":"j'adoube \n(from French, \"I adjust\", pronounced [ʒa.dub]) The international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board. When playing with the touch-move rule, a player must say this in order to be able to touch a piece without being subject to the touched piece rule. The verb adouber, literally \"to dub\" (raise to the knighthood), is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. \"I am adjusting\", is generally also acceptable.[5]","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._57-22"},{"link_name":"key square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_square"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302-214"},{"link_name":"KGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Gambit#King's_Gambit_Accepted"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"KGD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Gambit#King's_Gambit_Declined"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"KIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"kibitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibitzer"},{"link_name":"post-mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#post-mortem"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._136-219"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"key squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#key_square"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._136-219"},{"link_name":"KID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#castling"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalemate"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"king hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_hunt"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"Edward Lasker–Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker#Notable_games"},{"link_name":"Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Nezhmetdinov#Illustrative_games"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"king pawn opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._3-35"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"King walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_walk"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_(chess)"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knight%27s_tour_anim_2.gif"},{"link_name":"knight's tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_tour"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#match"},{"link_name":"London 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"2007 Chess World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2007"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"Swiss tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swiss_tournament"},{"link_name":"Kotov syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotov_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kotov"},{"link_name":"time pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_pressure"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Kriegspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegspiel_(chess)"},{"link_name":"chess variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_variant"},{"link_name":"blindfold chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blindfold_chess"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#King"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._57-22"}],"text":"K \nSymbol used for the king when recording chess moves in English.[22]\n\nkey square \n1. An important square.\n2. In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the promotion of a pawn or the win of a pawn.[214]\n\nKGA \nThe King's Gambit Accepted opening.\n\nKGD \nThe King's Gambit Declined opening.\n\nKIA \nThe King's Indian Attack opening.\n\nkibitz \nAs a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a post-mortem) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.[219]\n\nkick \nAttacking a piece, often a knight, with a pawn, so that it will move. Kicking a piece may lead to gaining a tempo, or may force the opponent to concede control of key squares.[219]\n\nKID \nThe King's Indian Defense opening.\n\nking \nThe most important piece in chess. It may move to any adjacent square, and it may castle. A king threatened with capture is in check; a player cannot end their move with their king in check. If a player's king is in check and there is no escape, then the king is in checkmate, and the player loses. If the player whose turn it is has no legal moves and their king is not in check, then it is stalemate, and the game is drawn.\n\nking bishop \nOr king's bishop. The bishop that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"KB\".[83]\n\nking hunt \nA sustained attack on the enemy king that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its checkmate. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are Edward Lasker–Thomas, Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov, and Kasparov–Topalov.[220] Also called king chase.\n\nking knight \nOr king's knight. The knight that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"KN\".[83]\n\nking pawn \nOr king's pawn. A pawn on the king's file, i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated \"KP\". Also king bishop pawn (KBP), king knight pawn (KNP), and king rook pawn (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.[83]\n\nking pawn opening \nOr king's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.e4.\n\nking rook \nOr king's rook. The rook that is on the kingside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"KR\".[83]\n\nkingside \nOr king's side. The side of the board (half-board) the kings are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-file), as opposed to the queenside.[35] Also called king's wing.\n\nking walk \nA consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns.[221] See also King walk.\n\nknight \nA piece that may move to any nearest square not on a rank, file, or diagonal on which it stands. In other words, it may move two squares horizontally or vertically and then one square perpendicular to that (forming an L shape), jumping over any pieces in the way.\n\nknight pawn \nOr knight's pawn. A pawn on the knight's file, i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated \"NP\".[83]\n\nExample of an open knight's tour\nknight's tour \nA puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the best known of a variety of tours and puzzles based on chess pieces. A closed tour (also known as a re-entrant tour) ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An open tour ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.[222]\n\nknockout tournament \nSee Single-elimination tournament. A tournament conducted as a series of matches in which the winner of each match advances to the next round and the loser is eliminated. Well-known chess tournaments held in the knockout format include London 1851 and the 2007 Chess World Cup. Cf. round-robin tournament and Swiss tournament.\n\nKotov syndrome \nThis phenomenon, described by Alexander Kotov in his 1971 book Think Like a Grandmaster, can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under time pressure, then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.[223]\n\nKriegspiel \n[from German, \"war game\"] Kriegspiel is a chess variant played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as blind chess, not to be confused with blindfold chess.[224]\n\nKt \nThe symbol sometimes used for the knight when recording chess moves in descriptive notation, mainly in older literature. An N is used instead in algebraic notation and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with K, the symbol for the king.[22]","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eighth rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#eighth_rank"},{"link_name":"laws of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"time limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"bullet chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bullet_chess"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._146-225"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"light squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#light_squares"},{"link_name":"starting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#starting_position"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302-214"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"dark-square bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dark-square_bishop"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"dark squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dark_squares"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._146-225"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"simplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#simplification"},{"link_name":"castling long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#castling_long"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"fianchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fianchetto"},{"link_name":"knight's pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight's_pawn"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC_p133-129"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"overextended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overextended"},{"link_name":"uncoordinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coordination"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"checkmated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"resigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#resign"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"forfeited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forfeit"},{"link_name":"tournament director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament_director"},{"link_name":"zero-sum game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game"},{"link_name":"win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#win"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Lucena position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena_position"},{"link_name":"rook and pawn versus rook endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._154-55"},{"link_name":"luft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft"},{"link_name":"castled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"flight square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flight_square"},{"link_name":"back-rank mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#back-rank_mate"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"flight square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flight_square"}],"text":"last rank \nSee eighth rank.\n\nlaws of chess \nThe rules of chess.[115]\n\nlightning chess \nA form of chess with an extremely short time limit, either blitz chess or bullet chess.[225]\n\nlight-square bishop \nOne of the two bishops that moves only on the light squares. In the starting position, White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8.[214] Often shortened to light bishop.[226] Cf. dark-square bishop.\n\nlight squares \nThe 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8.[227] Cf. dark squares.\n\nline \n1. A sequence of moves, usually in the opening or in analyzing a position.\n2. An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.[225]\n\nline piece \nA piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the rook, bishop, and queen).[228]\n\nliquidation \nSee simplification.\n\nlong castling \nSee castling long.\n\nlong diagonal \nOne of the two diagonals with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).[229]\n\nlong fianchetto \nA fianchetto whereby the knight's pawn has advanced two squares (b4 or g4 for White; b5 or g5 for Black) instead of one.[129]\n\nlong-range piece \nA bishop, rook, or queen.\n\nloose piece \nA piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.[230]\n\nloose position \nA position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is overextended or its pieces are uncoordinated.\n\nlosing a tempo \nSee tempo.\n\nloss \nA defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being checkmated by the other player, resigning, exceeding the time control, or being forfeited by the tournament director. In chess, a zero-sum game, this results in a win for the other player.[231]\n\nLucena position\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite wins by 1.Rd1+ Ke7 2.Rd4! Ra1 3.Kc7 Rc1+ 4.Kb6 Rb1+ 5.Kc6 Rc1+ 6.Kb5 Rb1+ 7.Rb4 and the pawn queens.\n\nLucena position \nA well-known rook and pawn versus rook endgame position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to queen.[55]\n\nluft \n[from German, \"air\"] Space made for a castled king to give it a flight square to prevent a back-rank mate. Usually luft is made by moving a pawn on the second rank in front of the king.[232] See also flight square.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"flank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flank"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._109-234"},{"link_name":"center files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center_files"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"minor pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minor_piece"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Maróczy Bind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind"},{"link_name":"bind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bind"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center"},{"link_name":"Géza Maróczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense"},{"link_name":"English Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Opening"},{"link_name":"Queen's Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#International_Master"},{"link_name":"National Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Master"},{"link_name":"Elo rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._234-238"},{"link_name":"knockout tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._234-238"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._436-240"},{"link_name":"Chess piece relative value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"checkmating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waitzkin_&_Waitzkin_1995,_p._187-242"},{"link_name":"forced mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forced_mate"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waitzkin_&_Waitzkin_1995,_p._187-242"},{"link_name":"MCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings"},{"link_name":"chess opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ECO"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_middlegame"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._436-240"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blunder"},{"link_name":"brilliancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brilliancy"},{"link_name":"Opera Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphy_versus_the_Duke_of_Brunswick_and_Count_Isouard"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._55-52"},{"link_name":"Glossary of chess problems § miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#miniature"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"flank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flank"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._109-234"},{"link_name":"minority attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_attack"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._436-240"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._436-240"},{"link_name":"major pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#major_piece"},{"link_name":"Pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"central squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#space"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._436-240"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"ply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ply"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._12-248"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#transposition"},{"link_name":"Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"prophylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prophylaxis"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"}],"text":"main line \nThe principal, most important, or most often played variation of an opening.[233]\n\nmajority \nA larger number of pawns on one flank opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other.[234] A central pawn majority is a larger number of pawns on the center files.\n\nmajor piece \nA queen or rook, also known as a heavy piece.[235] The primary distinction of major pieces versus minor pieces is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.\n\nman \nA piece or a pawn, when the term \"piece\" is used as exclusive of pawns.[236]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA typical Maróczy Bind position\n\nMaróczy Bind \nA bind on the light squares in the center, particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for Géza Maróczy, it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the Sicilian Defense, but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the English Opening and the Queen's Indian Defense. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.[237]\n\nmaster \nLoosely, a strong chess player who would be expected to beat most amateurs. It may also refer to a formal title such as International Master or National Master. Standards vary, but a master will usually have an Elo rating of over 2200.[238]\n\nmatch \nThe term \"match\" does not refer to an individual game of chess, but to either a competition between two teams or a series of games between two individuals. A match may be the entire competition, or it may be a round in a knockout tournament or team tournament. A match between individuals usually consists of several games, continuing until one of the players has achieved either a set score or a set number of wins.[238]\n\nmate \nShort for checkmate.[239]\n\nmaterial \nA player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of total greater value is said to have a material advantage. Gaining a material advantage is called winning material.[240] See Chess piece relative value.\n\nmaterialism \nPlaystyle characterized by a willingness to win material at the expense of positional considerations. Chess engines historically were often materialistic.[241]\n\nmating attack \nAn attack aimed at checkmating the enemy king.[242]\n\nmating net \nA position or series of moves that leads to forced mate.[242]\n\nMCO \nModern Chess Openings, a popular chess opening reference. Often the edition is also given, as in MCO-14, the 14th edition. Cf. ECO.\n\nmiddlegame \nThe part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame, beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.[240]\n\nminiature \nA short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900,[243] because the queen is trapped. However, some authors include games up to 30 moves.[244] Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious blunder by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a brilliancy. The Opera Game is a famous example. Sometimes called a brevity [chiefly British].[52] See also Glossary of chess problems § miniature.\n\nminor exchange \nThe exchange of a bishop for a knight.[245]\n\nminority \nA smaller number of pawns on one flank opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.[234]\n\nminority attack \nAn advance of pawns on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, an attack strategy usually carried out to provoke a weakness.[240]\n\nminor piece \nA bishop or knight.[240] Unlike major pieces, minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.\n\nmobile pawn center \nPawns on central squares able to advance without becoming weak.[246]\n\nmobility \nThe ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having space.[240]\n\nmouse slip \nA fumble by a player in the use of a computer control tool while playing chess on the Internet that results in an unintended move.[247]\n\nmove \nA full move is a turn by both players, White and Black. A turn by either White or Black is a half-move, or (in computer context) one ply.[248]\n\nmove order \nThe sequence of moves one chooses to play an opening or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence.[249] See also transposition.\n\nmysterious rook move \nCoined by Nimzowitsch to refer to the placing of a rook on a closed file in anticipation that the opponent is going to open the file. This move may either achieve a position with a rook on an open file, or it may alternatively hinder the opponent's intentions (prophylaxis). The meaning of the word has since expanded to refer to any rook move that appears to have a hidden purpose.[250][251]","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"chess opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ECO"},{"link_name":"MCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MCO"},{"link_name":"game scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_score"},{"link_name":"nomen nescio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_nescio"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)"},{"link_name":"chess title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_title"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Master"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideNorms-253"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_notation"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"Forsyth–Edwards Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"annotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#annotation"},{"link_name":"theoretical novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"}],"text":"N \n1. Symbol used for the knight when recording chess moves in English.\n2. An abbreviation for novelty.\n\nNCO \nAn abbreviation sometimes used for the chess opening reference Nunn's Chess Openings. Cf. ECO and MCO.\n\nNN \nTraditionally used in game scores to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin nomina (\"names\"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase nomen nescio (\"name unknown\").[252] Sometimes N.N.\n\nnorm \nA step toward earning a chess title, such as Grandmaster or International Master. To qualify for the award of norms, a tournament must be rated by FIDE, must be sufficiently strong, must include a mix of nationalities, must include a specified number of titled players, and must meet certain other requirements regarding time control and playing conditions. The score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament. In practice, three norms are usually required for a title, though regulations have varied over the years.[253][254]\n\nnotation \nAny method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is algebraic notation, which is used internationally. Formerly descriptive notation was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN).[255] Cf. annotation.\n\nnovelty \nSee theoretical novelty.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_handicap"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"skittles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skittles"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"French Defense, Exchange Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence#Exchange_Variation"},{"link_name":"open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._59-5"},{"link_name":"half-open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-open_file"},{"link_name":"closed game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#closed_game"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._437-260"},{"link_name":"Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Giuoco Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuoco_Piano"},{"link_name":"Danish Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Gambit"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening"},{"link_name":"pawn structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"develop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#development"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._437-260"},{"link_name":"theoretical novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"theoretical novelties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"move orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#move_order"},{"link_name":"Colle System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colle_System"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamus Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus_Defense"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"open game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_game"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"closed tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#closed_tournament"},{"link_name":"opposite castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#Strategy"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"bishops on opposite colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishops_on_opposite_colors"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"corresponding squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corresponding_squares"},{"link_name":"Best response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_response"},{"link_name":"Solved game § Perfect play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solved_game#Perfect_play"},{"link_name":"over the board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#over_the_board"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb_2006,_p._72-266"},{"link_name":"outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpost_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"outside passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn#Outside_passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"overloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overloading_(chess)"},{"link_name":"deflected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deflect"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Aron Nimzowitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._438-271"},{"link_name":"online chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_chess_server"},{"link_name":"correspondence chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#prepared_variation"},{"link_name":"gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gambit"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"refutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refute"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb_2006,_p._72-266"},{"link_name":"overloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overloaded"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"}],"text":"occupation \nOccupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.[256][257]\n\noctopus \nA strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight not near the edge reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.[258]\n\nodds \nThis refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in material, in extra moves, in time on the clock, or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.[259]\n\noffhand game \nSee skittles.\n\nOlympiad \nAn international team chess tournament organized biennially by FIDE. Each team represents a FIDE member country.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefgh The e-file is open in the French Defense, Exchange Variation after 3.exd5 exd5.\n\nopen file \nA file on which there are no pawns.[5] Cf. half-open file.\n\nopen game \nA game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a closed game.[260]\n\nOpen Game \nAny opening that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5. Examples of Open Games include the Ruy Lopez, the Giuoco Piano, the Danish Gambit, and many others. The Open Game is also referred to as a Double King's Pawn Opening or Double King's Pawn Game.\n\nopening \nThe beginning phase of the game, roughly the first dozen moves, but it can extend much farther. In the opening players set up their pawn structures, develop their pieces, and usually castle. The opening precedes the middlegame.[260]\n\nopening innovation \nA synonym for theoretical novelty.\n\nopening preparation \nHome study and analysis of openings and defenses that one expects to play, or meet, in later tournament or match games. In high-level play, an important part of this is the search for theoretical novelties that improve upon previous play or previously published analysis.[261]\n\nopening repertoire \nThe set of openings played by a particular player. The breadth of different players' repertoires varies from very narrow to very broad.[262]\n\nopening system \nAn opening that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of middlegame position. Sometimes several different move orders are possible. Examples include the Colle System and Hippopotamus Defense.[263]\n\nopen lines \n1. n. Unobstructed files and diagonals. See also open game. \n2. v. To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals.\n\nopen tournament \nA tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation.[264] Cf. closed tournament.\n\nopposite castling \nOr opposite-side castling. Describes when one player has castled kingside and the opponent has castled queenside.\n\nopposite-colored bishops \nSee bishops on opposite colors.\n\nopposition \nA position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file, or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in endgames.[265] One orthogonal square separation is direct opposition; one diagonal square is diagonal opposition; multiple squares separation is distant opposition. Cf. corresponding squares.\n\noptimal play \nSee Best response. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw. Cf. Solved game § Perfect play.\n\nOTB \nAn abbreviation for over the board.[266]\n\noutpost \nAn outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.[267]\n\noutside passed pawn \nA passed pawn near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the endgame, such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.[268]\n\noverextended \nAn overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak (\"overextended pawns\").[269]\n\noverloaded \nA piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be deflected, or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.[270]\n\noverprotection \nThe strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the \"over protectors\" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. Aron Nimzowitsch coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.[271]\n\nover the board \n1. An over-the-board game is played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in online chess or correspondence chess.\n2. Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during preparation. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. \"I looked up the gambit Smith played and there's a line that refutes it, but I couldn't find it over the board.\"[266]\nAbbr. OTB.\n\noverworked \nSee overloaded.[272]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"Swiss system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swiss_tournament"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#En_passant"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"queening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queening"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._61-217"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"counterplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#counterplay"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._438-271"},{"link_name":"active","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#active"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"pattern recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"calculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#calculation"},{"link_name":"chess puzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_puzzle"},{"link_name":"Adriaan de Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"woodpusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#woodpusher"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(chess)"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#en_passant"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"promoted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promoted"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"pawn and move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_handicap"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"pawn structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#break"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defense,_Four_Pawns_Attack"},{"link_name":"French Defense, Advance Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence#Advance_Variation"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center"},{"link_name":"hypermodernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hypermodernism"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defense,_Four_Pawns_Attack"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._438-271"},{"link_name":"pawn structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"isolated pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#isolated_pawn"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._439-281"},{"link_name":"majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#majority"},{"link_name":"minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minority"},{"link_name":"pushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#push"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"promote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#connected_pawns"},{"link_name":"passed pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"pawn structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"pawn storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_storm"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"pawn structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"PCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association"},{"link_name":"performance rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_rating_(chess)"},{"link_name":"rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#match"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"perpetual check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_check"},{"link_name":"repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"Portable Game Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Portable_Game_Notation"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst_2007,_p._365-286"},{"link_name":"Philidor position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philidor_position"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Rook and pawn versus rook endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"minor piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minor_piece"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece"},{"link_name":"rules of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"link_name":"touched piece rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#touched_piece_rule"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"minor piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#minor_piece"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(chess)"},{"link_name":"the attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._12-248"},{"link_name":"absolute pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#absolute_pin"},{"link_name":"relative pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#relative_pin"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"ply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ply_(chess)"},{"link_name":"computer chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess"},{"link_name":"move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#move"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense,_Najdorf_Variation"},{"link_name":"positional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._439-281"},{"link_name":"Poisoned Pawn Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoned_Pawn_Variation"},{"link_name":"variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"Najdorf Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdorf_Variation"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense"},{"link_name":"poisoned pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#poisoned_pawn"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Portable Game Notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurst_2007,_p._365-286"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#composition"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"equal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#equal"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactic"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._439-281"},{"link_name":"antipositional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#antipositional"},{"link_name":"positional play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"tactician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactician"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#combination"},{"link_name":"compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compensation"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Glossary_of_chess#Dubious"},{"link_name":"sham sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sham_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#analysis"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._439-281"},{"link_name":"performance rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#performance_rating"},{"link_name":"premove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premove"},{"link_name":"online chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chess"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"opening preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening_preparation"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dvoretsky_2006,_p._53-297"},{"link_name":"priyome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyome"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shot"},{"link_name":"chess problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problem"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(chess)"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"eighth rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#eighth_rank"},{"link_name":"underpromotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#underpromotion"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._12-248"},{"link_name":"prophylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._439-281"},{"link_name":"blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blockade"},{"link_name":"overprotection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overprotection"},{"link_name":"mysterious rook move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mysterious_rook_move"},{"link_name":"protected passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn#Protected_passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"passed pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"sham sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sham_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"}],"text":"P \nSymbol used for the pawn when recording chess positions in English; a lowercase p is typically used for a Black pawn. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in descriptive notation, e.g. P-K4.\n\npairing \nThe assignment of opponents in a tournament. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are round-robin and the Swiss system.[273]\n\npassar battaglia \n[from Italian, \"to dodge the fight\"] The former rule that a pawn could evade capture by an opposing pawn by its initial two-square advance, in contrast to the en passant rule. Passar battaglia remained the practice in several parts of Europe long after en passant was introduced, and it was not completely abandoned until 1880 when Italy adopted the en passant rule.[274]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite with a passed pawn on b7. Black has a passed pawn on g6.\n\npassed pawn \nA pawn that has no pawn of the opposite color on its file or on an adjacent file to challenge or threaten its potential for queening.[217]\n\npasser \nA passed pawn.[275]\n\npassive \nDescribes a piece or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for attack or counterplay.[271] Antonym: active.\n\npassive sacrifice \nThe sacrifice of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.\n\npattern recognition \nA part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring positional aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of calculation. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying chess puzzles. It has been studied by Adriaan de Groot, and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.[276][277]\n\npatzer \nA weak chess player (from German: patzen, \"to bungle\").[278] See also woodpusher.\n\npawn \nA piece that can move one square directly forward, or on its first move, can move two squares directly forward. It can also move one square diagonally forward when capturing. It may capture en passant. Upon reaching its eighth rank, it is promoted to a same-colored queen, rook, bishop, or knight.\n\npawn and move \nA type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.[279]\n\npawn break \nA pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up lines and/or challenge the opponent's pawn structure. See also break.\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite has a large pawn center in the King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack.\n\n\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghPawn chains in the French Defense, Advance Variation\n\n \n\n\npawn center \nOr pawn centre. A player's pawns in the center of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the hypermodernist school introduced some new ideas.[280] Often shortened to center. See King's Indian Defense, Four Pawns Attack for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.\n\npawn chain \nTwo or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base because it is not protected by another pawn.[271] See also pawn structure.\n\nLichtenhein vs. Morphy, 1857\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has three pawn islands and White has two. The pawn on e5 is not isolated because it is adjacent to a file that has a white pawn.\n\npawn island \nA group of pawns of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an isolated pawn.[281]\n\npawn majority \nSee majority.\n\npawn minority \nSee minority.\n\npawn race \nA situation where both opponents are pushing a passed pawn in effort to be first to promote.\n\npawn roller \nTwo connected passed pawns. \"Roller\" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward promotion.\n\npawn skeleton \nSee pawn structure.\n\npawn storm \nAn attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.[282]\n\npawn structure \nThe placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game.[283] Also called pawn skeleton.\n\nPCA \nAn abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.\n\nperformance rating \nA number reflecting the approximate rating level at which a player performed in a particular tournament or match. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4).[284] Abbr. PR.\n\nperpetual check \nOften shortened to perpetual. When a player puts the opponent in check and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by repetition. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.[285]\n\nPGN \nAn abbreviation for Portable Game Notation.[286]\n\nPhilidor position \nUsually refers to an important chess endgame that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777.[287] See also Rook and pawn versus rook endgame.\n\nPhilidor sacrifice \nThe sacrifice of a minor piece for one or two pawns for greater pawn mobility as compensation.[288]\n\npiece \n1. One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of rules of chess – for example, the touched piece rule.\n2. When annotating or discussing chess games, the term \"piece\" usually excludes pawns. It may be used collectively for all \"non-pawns\" – for example, \"White's pieces are well-posted.\" In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a minor piece – for example, \"White is up two pieces for a rook.\"[289]\n\npin \nWhen a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to the attack; or when a piece is attacked and can legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to capture.[248] See absolute pin and relative pin, respectively.\n\nplayable \nSaid of an opening, a position, or move that gives the person playing it a tenable position.[290]\n\nplay by hand \nTo make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.[291]\n\nply \nTerm mainly used in computer chess to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a move.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghBlack has accepted the \"poisoned\" b2-pawn with 8...Qxb2 in the Sicilian Defense, Najdorf Variation.\n\npoisoned pawn \nAn unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes positional problems or material loss.[281]\n\nPoisoned Pawn Variation \nAny of several opening variations, the best-known of these being in the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense, in which there is a poisoned pawn.[292]\n\nPortable Game Notation \nThis is a popular computer-processible ASCII format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data).[286] There are import and export versions: the import version is lax, while the export version is not. Abbr. PGN.\n\nposition \n\"The disposition of pieces and pawns, of one or both colours, at any stage of the game or as set in a composition.\"[293] If one side has an overall advantage in strength, that side is said to have \"the better position\". If neither side has an overall advantage, the position might be called level or equal or balanced. The position of chessmen at the beginning of a game is called an array.[294]\n\npositional play \nPlay based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate tactics.[281] Cf. antipositional.\n\npositional player \nA player who specializes in positional play, as distinguished from a tactician.[citation needed]\n\npositional sacrifice \nA sacrifice in which the lost material is not regained via a combination, but instead gains positional compensation. These typically require deep positional understanding and are often overlooked by computers[dubious – discuss]. Also known as a true sacrifice, as opposed to a pseudo sacrifice or sham sacrifice.[citation needed]\n\npost mortem \nAnalysis of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to \"win the post-mortem\" by finding a better one.[281]\n\nPR \nAn abbreviation for performance rating.\n\npremove \nIn online chess, a move input that is made during the opponent's turn, to take effect only after the opponent has moved. Premoving, the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.[295]\n\npreparation \nSee opening preparation.\n\nprepared variation \nA well-analyzed novelty in the opening that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.[296]\n\nPrinciple of two weaknesses \nA technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.[297]\n\npriyome \nA Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.[298]\n\nproblem-like \nAn elegant and counterintuitive tactical shot, of the type generally found in chess problems rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.\n\npromotion \nAdvancing a pawn to the eighth rank, converting it to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called underpromotion.[248]\n\nprophylaxis \nA strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences.[281] See also blockade, overprotection, and mysterious rook move.\n\nprotected passed pawn \nA passed pawn that is supported by another pawn.[299]\n\npseudo sacrifice \nSee sham sacrifice.\n\npush \n1. v. To move a pawn forward.\n2. n. A pawn move forward.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._57-22"},{"link_name":"QGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"QGD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"QID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"round-robin style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"diagonals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#diagonal"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"Promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"underpromotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#underpromotion"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._61-217"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"queen pawn opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._3-35"},{"link_name":"sudden death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sudden_death"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"}],"text":"Q \nSymbol used for the queen when recording chess moves in English.[22]\n\nQGA \nThe Queen's Gambit Accepted opening.[300]\n\nQGD \nThe Queen's Gambit Declined opening.[301]\n\nQID \nThe Queen's Indian Defense opening.[302]\n\nquad \nA round-robin style tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.\n\nqueen \nA piece that may move along ranks, files, and diagonals without jumping.\n\nqueen bishop \nOr queen's bishop. The bishop that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"QB\".[303]\n\nqueening \nPromotion to a queen.[83] Also called promoting. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. underpromotion) as well.[217]\n\nqueen knight \nOr queen's knight. The knight that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"QN\".[83]\n\nqueen pawn \nOr queen's pawn. A pawn on the queen's file, i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated \"QP\". Also queen rook pawn (QRP), queen knight pawn (QNP), and queen bishop pawn (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.[83]\n\nqueen pawn opening \nOr queen's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.d4.\n\nqueen rook \nOr queen's rook. The rook that is on the queenside at the start of the game. Sometimes abbreviated \"QR\".[83]\n\nqueenside \nOr queen's side. The side of the board (board-half) the queens are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-file), as opposed to the kingside.[35] Also called queen's wing.\n\nquickplay finish \nThe same as sudden death.[304]\n\nquiet move \nA move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.[305]","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._57-22"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Opening"},{"link_name":"Braslav Rabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braslav_Rabar"},{"link_name":"Chess Informant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informant"},{"link_name":"ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ECO"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Horwitz bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Horwitz_bishops"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Fischerandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fischerandom"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"descriptive notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"rapid chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess#Rapid_chess"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"Elo rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capture"},{"link_name":"value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value"},{"link_name":"bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bust"},{"link_name":"cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cook"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"corresponding squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corresponding_squares"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pin"},{"link_name":"absolute pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#absolute_pin"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"opening repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening_repertoire"},{"link_name":"reserve tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(chess)#Reserve_tempo"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"resign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess#Resigning"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._441-313"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_von_Bardeleben#Game"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Steinitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz"},{"link_name":"colors reversed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#colors_reversed"},{"link_name":"Romantic chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_chess"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(chess)"},{"link_name":"ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"half-open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-open_file"},{"link_name":"open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#open_file"},{"link_name":"closed file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#closed_file"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._238-318"},{"link_name":"Swiss tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swiss_tournament"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fork"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queen"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937-83"},{"link_name":"chess variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_variant"}],"text":"R \nSymbol used for the rook when recording chess moves in English.[22]\n\nRabar Classification \nA system of opening classification codes introduced by Braslav Rabar for Chess Informant. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ECO codes.[306]\n\nraking bishops \nAnother term for Horwitz bishops.[307]\n\nrandomized chess \n\"A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion.\"[308] See also Fischerandom.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite's ranks are indicated on the left (a-file); Black's relative reference to ranks are indicated on the right (h-file).\n\nrank \nA row of the chessboard. In algebraic notation, ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or \"back\" or \"home\") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the \"eighth\" (or last) rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older descriptive notation.[309]\n\nrapid chess \nA form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player. Also called active chess and action chess.[310]\n\nrating \nSee Elo rating system.\n\nrecapture \nThe capture of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same value.\n\nrefute \nTo demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a bust. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a cook.[311]\n\nrelated squares \nSee corresponding squares.\n\nrelative pin \nA pin where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. In other words, the piece is not pinned to the king, but to some other piece. Contrast with absolute pin where the pinned piece is not permitted to move, because the piece it is pinned to is the king.\n\nremis \n[from French] A draw. It literally means \"reset\" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is nulle), but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.\n\nrepertoire \nSee opening repertoire.\n\nreserve tempo \nA move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.[312]\n\nresign \nTo concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying \"I resign\". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with checkmate, because experienced players can foresee the checkmate.[313][314] However, under FIDE Laws, a player's resignation results in a draw if there is no sequence of legal moves that could lead to their opponent checkmating them.[315]\n\nresign on time \nA player who in a hopeless position intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign can be said to have resigned on time. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall against Wilhelm Steinitz. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply \"forget\" to pay any attention to the clock.\n\nreverse opening \nSee colors reversed.\n\nRomantic chess \nRomantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.[316]\n\nrook \nA piece that may move along ranks and files without jumping.\n\nrook lift \nA maneuver that places a rook in front of its own pawns, often on the third or fourth rank. This can allow the rook to treat a half-open file as if it were an open file, or a closed file as if it were half-open.[317]\n\nrook pawn \nOr rook's pawn. A pawn on the rook's file, i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated \"RP\".[83]\n\nround-robin tournament \nThis is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small.[318] See also Swiss tournament.\n\nroyal fork \nA fork threatening the king and queen.[319]\n\nroyal piece \nA king or queen.[83] In chess variants, the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"mating attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mating_attack"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._238-318"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gambit"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._441-313"},{"link_name":"SAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#Notation_for_moves"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"long algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#Long_algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"blindfold chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blindfold_chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scholars_mate_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"Scholar's mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._58-174"},{"link_name":"game score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_score"},{"link_name":"Chess scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_scoring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg"},{"link_name":"game score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_score"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1996,_p._134-188"},{"link_name":"OTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#OTB"},{"link_name":"adjourned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adjournment"},{"link_name":"arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#arbiter"},{"link_name":"Adjournment (games)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjournment_(games)"},{"link_name":"opening preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening_preparation"},{"link_name":"adjournment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#adjournment"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Black"},{"link_name":"windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#windmill"},{"link_name":"Semi-Closed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Closed_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p365-321"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p165-322"},{"link_name":"Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Open_Game"},{"link_name":"Closed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Closed_Game"},{"link_name":"half-open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-open_file"},{"link_name":"Semi-Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Open_Game"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p365-321"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&W_p165-322"},{"link_name":"Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Open_Game"},{"link_name":"Closed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Closed_Game"},{"link_name":"seventy-five-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty-move_rule#Seventy-five-move_rule"},{"link_name":"fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"sham sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)#Real_versus_sham"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compensation"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"tactical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#move"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"castling short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#castling_short"},{"link_name":"sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sharp"},{"link_name":"tactical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"quiet move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#quiet_move"},{"link_name":"counterplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#counterplay"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maksimenko_in_simultaneous_exhibition.jpg"},{"link_name":"simultaneous exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#simultaneous_chess"},{"link_name":"simultaneous chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._239-329"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"skewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewer_(chess)"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#attack"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X-ray"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._239-329"},{"link_name":"tempi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time"},{"link_name":"consolidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#consolidation"},{"link_name":"smothered mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smothered_mate"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knight"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"Sofia rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Only_theoretical_draws_allowed_(Sofia_Rules)"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalemate"},{"link_name":"threefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"quiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#quiet_move"},{"link_name":"positional play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#compensation"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"refutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refute"},{"link_name":"puzzle or composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems#composition"},{"link_name":"cooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cook"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._441-313"},{"link_name":"controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#control"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._441-313"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"king bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king_bishop"},{"link_name":"b5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"blitz chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"zugzwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zugzwang"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"staircase maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase_maneuver"},{"link_name":"tactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactic"},{"link_name":"checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pin"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalemate"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2014,_p._53-79"},{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#algebraic_notation"},{"link_name":"piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Staunton chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_chess_set"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#variation"},{"link_name":"counterplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#counterplay"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"combinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#combination"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#outpost"},{"link_name":"rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elo_rating_system"},{"link_name":"grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"weak square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#weak_square"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"positional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rank"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"weak square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#weak_square"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"fast chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fast_chess"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"Swiss tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._240-341"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"Capablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca"},{"link_name":"Maróczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"½–½","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#%C2%BD%E2%80%93%C2%BD"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"opening system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening_system"}],"text":"S \n[from German: Springer, \"jumper\"] Alternative notation for the knight. Used rather than K, which means king.\n\nsac \nShort for sacrifice, usually used to describe a sacrifice for a mating attack.[318]\n\nsacrifice \nA move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the opening is called a gambit, especially when applied to a pawn.[313]\n\nSAN \nAn abbreviation for standard algebraic notation or short algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to long algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).\n\nsans voir \n[from French] See blindfold chess.\n\nscalp \n[slang] To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.\n\nScholar's mate\nScholar's mate \nA four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.[174]\n\nscore \n1. The recorded moves in a game. See game score.\n2. A player's score in a match or tournament, which is almost always 1 point for each win and ½ point for each draw. See Chess scoring.\n\nA score sheet\nscore sheet \nThe sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the game score.[188]\n\nsealed move \nTo prevent unfair advantage when an OTB game is adjourned, the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the arbiter opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disqualified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice. See also Adjournment (games).\n\nsecond \nAn assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as opening preparation. The second also used to assist with adjournment analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.[320]\n\nsecond player \nThe expression \"the second player\" is sometimes used to refer to Black.\n\nseesaw \nSee windmill.\n\nSemi-Closed Game \nAn opening that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.[321] Also called half-closed game.[322] See also Open Game and Closed Game.\n\nsemi-open file \nSee half-open file.\n\nSemi-Open Game \nAn opening that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.[321] Also called half-open game.[322] See also Open Game and Closed Game.\n\nseventy-five-move rule \nThe game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the fifty-move rule for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.[323]\n\nsham sacrifice \nAn offer of material that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or checkmate. This is in contrast to a true sacrifice in which the compensation is less tangible. Also called pseudo sacrifice.[324]\n\nsharp \nRisky, double-edged, highly tactical. Sharp can be used to describe moves, maneuvers, positions, opening lines, and styles of play.[325]\n\nshort castling \nSee castling short.\n\nshot \nSlang for an unexpected or sharp move that typically makes a tactical threat or technical challenge for the opponent.\n\nsilent move\nA move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.[326][327] See also quiet move.\n\nsimplification \nA strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force; when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's counterplay; to try to obtain a draw; or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in endgame play with simplified positions.[328] Also called liquidation.\n\nA simultaneous exhibition\nsimul \nShort for simultaneous exhibition.\n\nsimultaneous chess \nA form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.[329]\n\nsitzfleisch \n[from German, \"sitting flesh\"] The ability to sit still.[330]\n\nskewer \nAn attack on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.[331] See also X-ray.\n\nskittles \nA casual or \"pickup\" game, usually played without a chess clock. At chess tournaments, a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.[329]\n\nslow \nDescribes a strategy that requires too many tempi to complete, allowing the opponent time to consolidate.\n\nsmothered mate \nA checkmate delivered by a knight in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or \"smothered\") by its own pieces.[332]\n\nSofia rules \nIn the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by stalemate, threefold repetition, fifty-move rule, or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.[333]\n\nsolid \nAn adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on quiet positional play rather than wild tactics.\n\nsortie \nA queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.\n\nsound \nA correct move or plan. A sound sacrifice has sufficient compensation, a sound opening or variation has no known refutation, and a sound puzzle or composition has no known cooks.[313] Antonym: unsound.\n\nspace \nThe squares controlled by each player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a spatial advantage.[313]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe Spanish bishop on b5 in the Ruy Lopez.\n\nSpanish bishop \nA white king bishop developed to b5. This is characteristic of the Ruy Lopez, also known as the Spanish Opening.\n\nspeed chess \nSee blitz chess.\n\nspite check \nA harmless check given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.[334]\n\nsqueeze \nMaking pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a zugzwang.[335]\n\nstaircase maneuver \nA tactic by which a queen, rook, or king progresses along a diagonal by making a series of lateral steps using a series of checks or alternating with pins and checks. Also called staircase movement.[336]\n\nstalemate \nA position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their king is not in check. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.[79]\n\nstandard notation \nSee algebraic notation.\n\nstarting square \nA piece's starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.\n\nStaunton chessmen\nStaunton chess set \nThe standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.[337]\n\nstem game \nA stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular opening variation. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.\n\nstrategic crush \nWin characterized by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of counterplay.\n\nstrategy \nThe basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with tactics, which are the calculations of more immediate plans and combinations.[338]\n\nstrong \nAn effective and well-placed piece or pawn; a potential outpost; a forceful or good move; a position having good winning chances; a highly rated player or one successful in tournaments; or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as grandmasters. A \"strong showing\" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: weak, e.g. a weak square.\n\nstronger side \nThe side with a material or positional advantage.[339]\n\nstrongpoint \n1. A \"strongpoint defense\" means an opening that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.\n2. More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.\n\nstrong square \nA square on a player's 4th or greater rank on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.[340] Cf. weak square.\n\nsudden death \nThe most straightforward time control for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also fast chess.\n\nsupport point \nA square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.[338]\n\nswap \nSee exchange.\n\nswindle \nA ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.[338]\n\nSwiss tournament \nA system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.[341] See also round-robin tournament.\n\nExample of symmetry \nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefgh1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 (diagram). Capablanca–Maróczy, 1926.[342] The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 ½–½\n\nsymmetry \nA symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to break symmetry when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.[338]\n\nsystem \nSee opening system.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"endgame tablebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame_tablebase"},{"link_name":"positional player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_player"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactics"},{"link_name":"positional play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#positional_play"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"bad bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bad_bishop"},{"link_name":"Tarrasch rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrasch_rule"},{"link_name":"passed pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"Siegbert Tarrasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"tournament director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament_director"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley_2007,_p._240-341"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#triangulation"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposition"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"Scotch Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Opening"},{"link_name":"exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#threat"},{"link_name":"material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#material"},{"link_name":"best move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#best_play"},{"link_name":"simplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#simplification"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#analysis"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"Budapest Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Gambit"},{"link_name":"book draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#book_draw"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"book move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#book_move"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._240-348"},{"link_name":"threefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"fivefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fivefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Swiss system chess tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swiss_tournament"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_clock"},{"link_name":"queening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queening"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._442-338"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_control"},{"link_name":"chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blitz_chess"},{"link_name":"time delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_delay"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"sudden death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sudden_death"},{"link_name":"Bronstein delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bronstein_delay"},{"link_name":"Fischer delay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fischer_delay"},{"link_name":"clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_clock"},{"link_name":"zeitnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zeitnot"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"theoretical novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#theoretical_novelty"},{"link_name":"first board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first_board"},{"link_name":"touch-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-move_rule"},{"link_name":"J'adoube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#j'adoube"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandolfini_1992,_p._240-348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tata Steel Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Chess_Tournament"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"knockout tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"pairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pairing"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Swiss_tournament"},{"link_name":"London 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"AVRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVRO_tournament"},{"link_name":"scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_score"},{"link_name":"analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#analysis"},{"link_name":"Bronstein's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"laws of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#laws_of_chess"},{"link_name":"performance rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#performance_rating"},{"link_name":"exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._433-161"},{"link_name":"QGD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined"},{"link_name":"Elephant Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined,_Elephant_Trap"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._443-351"},{"link_name":"swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#swindle"},{"link_name":"List of chess traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_traps"},{"link_name":"siege engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine"},{"link_name":"zugzwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zugzwang"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opposition"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"tripled pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns#Tripled_and_quadrupled_pawns"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pawn"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"Troitsky line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsky_line"},{"link_name":"Endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"Alexey Troitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Troitsky"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"},{"link_name":"Troitsky line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsky_line"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"bishop pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bishop_pair"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"}],"text":"tabia \n[from Arabic: طبيعة ṭabīʕa, \"essence\"] Also tabiya. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known \"point of departure\" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.[343][344]\n\ntablebase \nSee endgame tablebase.\n\ntactician \nA player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a positional player.\n\ntactics \nCombinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from positional play.[338]\n\ntakeback \nUsed in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.\n\ntall pawn \n[colloq.] An ineffective bishop, usually a bad bishop hemmed in by its own pawns.\n\nTarrasch rule \nThe general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind passed pawns, either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after Siegbert Tarrasch.[345]\n\nTC \nAn abbreviation for time control.\n\nTD \nAn abbreviation for tournament director.[341]\n\ntechnique \nThe manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.\n\ntempo \nA unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the endgame, one may wish to lose a tempo by triangulation in order to gain the opposition.[338] Plural: tempos or tempi.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThis Scotch Opening position contains tension due to the knights on c6 and d4. Both knights are currently adequately defended, so neither player is forced to release the tension.\n\ntension \nA position in which one or more exchanges are possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain tension. Such a situation differs from a threat in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing material. This makes calculating the best move more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to \"release the tension\" by making a like-for-like exchange (see simplification) or by moving the attacked piece. To \"keep the tension\" is to avoid resolving it, which can be good advice depending on the position.\n\ntext move \nThis term is used in written analysis of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to text, for example \"The text is inferior as it allows ...f5.\" Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.\n\nthematic \nSuited to the demands of the position. The term \"thematic move\" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.[346]\n\ntheme tournament \nA chess tournament in which every game must begin with a particular opening specified by the organizers, for example the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).\n\ntheoretical draw \nSee book draw.\n\ntheoretical novelty \nOr simply novelty. A move in the opening that has not been played before.[347] Abbr. TN or N.\n\ntheory\nSee book move.\n\nthreat \nA plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.[348]\n\nthreefold repetition \nA draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture en passant and the right to castle.[349] For the same position occurring five times, see fivefold repetition.\n\ntiebreaks \nSee Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a Swiss system chess tournament.\n\ntime \n1. The amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a chess clock.\n2. The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from queening, and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as \"not enough time\".[338] See also tempo.\n\ntime control \nThe allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a chess clock. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in 2+1⁄2 hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for blitz). Hybrid schemes are used, and time delay controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.[86]\n\ntime delay \nA time control that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with sudden death). The most important time delays in chess are Bronstein delay and Fischer delay.\n\ntime pressure \nOr time trouble. Having very little time on one's clock (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. Also called zeitnot. See also time control.\n\nTN \nAn abbreviation for theoretical novelty.\n\ntop board \nSee first board.\n\ntouch-move rule \nOr touched piece rule. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say \"J'adoube\" or \"I adjust\".[348]\n\nTata Steel Tournament 2013\ntournament \nA competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of knockout tournaments and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called pairing, with the most popular systems being round-robin and Swiss. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as \"London 1851\", although there are well-known exceptions, such as \"AVRO 1938\".\n\ntournament book \nA book recording the scores of all the games in a tournament, usually with analysis of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is Bronstein's Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953. The less comprehensive tournament bulletin is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the tournament book.[350]\n\ntournament director \nOrganizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the laws of chess. Abbr. TD. Also tournament controller [chiefly British].\n\ntournament performance rating \nThe performance rating over the course of a tournament. Abbr. TPR.\n\ntrade \nSee exchange.\n\ntransposition \nArriving at a position using a different sequence of moves than usual.[161]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWith 4...Nbd7 Black sets a trap in the QGD (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5). White cannot win the pawn on d5 due to the Elephant Trap.\n\ntrap \nA move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move.[351] See also swindle and List of chess traps.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghTrébuchet, whoever has the move loses. 1.Kg4 Kxe4 2.Kg3 Ke3 3.Kg2 Ke2 4.Kg3 e4 5.Kf4 e3 6.Ke4 Kf2 and the black pawn will queen.\n\ntrébuchet \n[from French, a type of siege engine] A theoretical position of mutual zugzwang in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.[352]\n\ntriangulation \nA technique used in king and pawn endgames (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a tempo and gain the opposition.[353]\n\ntripled pawns \nThree pawns of the same color on the same file; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.[354]\n\nTroitsky line \nAlso Troitzky line. Endgame analysis by Alexey Troitsky of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each file form what is known as the Troitsky line or Troitsky position.[355]\n\ntwo bishops \nOr the two bishops. A synonym for bishop pair.[356]","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols#unclear"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"undermining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undermining_(chess)"},{"link_name":"tactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tactics"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"underpromotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Promoting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#promotion"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stalemate"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._12-248"},{"link_name":"United States Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"irregular opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#irregular_opening"},{"link_name":"pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pin"},{"link_name":"sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sound"},{"link_name":"United States Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#United_States_Chess_Federation"}],"text":"unclear \nA position where it is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage.[357]\n\nundermining \nA tactic (also known as \"removal of the guard\") in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.[358]\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWhite to move should underpromote the c7-pawn to a rook; promoting to a queen gives stalemate.\n\nunderpromotion \nPromoting a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial check, or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid stalemate.[248]\n\nUnited States Chess Federation \nThis is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the FIDE. Abbr. USCF.\n\nunorthodox opening \nSee irregular opening.\n\nunpinning \nThe act of breaking a pin by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.\n\nunsound \nAntonym of sound.\n\nUSCF \nAn abbreviation for the United States Chess Federation.","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sacrifice"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"center pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#center_pawn"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"chess variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chess_variant"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_(game_tree)"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#opening"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silman_1999,_p._443-351"},{"link_name":"Dragon Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defense"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochberg_2005,_p._13-84"},{"link_name":"file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#file"}],"text":"vacating sacrifice \nA sacrifice made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.\n\nvalve \nA move that opens one line and closes another.\n\nvanished center \nOr vanished centre. A position with no white or black center pawns.[359]\n\nvariant \nSee chess variant.\n\nvariation \n1. A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the opening. A variation does not have to have been played in a game; it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis.[351] Also called continuation.\n2. The word \"Variation\" is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the Dragon Variation is part of the Sicilian Defense.[84]\n\nvertical line \nSee file.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zugzwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zugzwang"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"WCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiller_2009,_pp._1%E2%80%9310-361"},{"link_name":"Woman Candidate Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_Candidate_Master"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-364"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-364"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chessboard"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staunton_2009,_p._1-37"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#black"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Black"},{"link_name":"first-move advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#first-move_advantage"},{"link_name":"Woman International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_International_Master"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"},{"link_name":"checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#checkmate"},{"link_name":"resignation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#resign"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"forfeited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forfeit"},{"link_name":"tournament director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tournament_director"},{"link_name":"zero-sum game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game"},{"link_name":"loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loss"},{"link_name":"bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bye"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"winning position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#winning_position"},{"link_name":"windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(chess)"},{"link_name":"combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#combination"},{"link_name":"checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"discovered checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#discovered_check"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#king"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tempo"},{"link_name":"Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Torre#%22The_Windmill%22"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"queenside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#queenside"},{"link_name":"kingside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kingside"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"Wing Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Gambit"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"perfect defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_play"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"Woman Candidate Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Candidate_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmandwcmtitles-60"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_International_Master"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-364"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-364"},{"link_name":"Woman International Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_International_Master"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"Woman FIDE Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woman_FIDE_Master"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-364"},{"link_name":"winning position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#winning_position"},{"link_name":"pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piece"},{"link_name":"exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exchange"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shibut_2012,_p._68-85"},{"link_name":"patzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#patzer"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fish"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiller_2009,_pp._1%E2%80%9310-361"},{"link_name":"wrong bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrong_bishop"},{"link_name":"wrong rook pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#wrong_rook_pawn"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"wrong rook pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn"},{"link_name":"rook pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rook_pawn"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"}],"text":"waiting move \nA move whose sole purpose is to oblige the opponent to move. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in zugzwang).[360]\n\nWCC \nAn abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.[361]\n\nWCM \nAn abbreviation for the Woman Candidate Master title.\n\nweakness \nA pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.[362]\n\nweak square \nA square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a hole) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a \"weak square complex\" on the light squares or the dark squares.[363]\n\nWFM \nAn abbreviation for the Woman FIDE Master title.[364]\n\nWGM \nAn abbreviation for the Woman Grandmaster title.[364]\n\nwhite \nThe light-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as \"the white squares\" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, \"the white pieces\" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.[37] See also black.\n\nWhite \nThe designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding pieces, referred to as \"the white pieces\", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also Black and first-move advantage.\n\nWIM \nAn abbreviation for the Woman International Master title.[365]\n\nwin \nA victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to checkmate, resignation by the other player, the other player exceeding the time control, or the other player being forfeited by the tournament director. Chess being a zero-sum game, this results in a loss for the other player. In a tournament a bye may be scored as a win.[366] See also winning position.\n\nwindmill \nA combination in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of checks and discovered checks in such a way that the opposing king is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a tempo. The most famous example is Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925.[367] Also called seesaw.\n\nwing \nThe queenside a-, b-, and c-files; or the kingside f-, g-, and h-files.[368] Also called flank.\n\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghWing Gambit in the Sicilian Defense\n\nWing Gambit \nThe name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.[369]\n\nwinning percentage \nA number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn (i.e. ignoring the losses), then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played.\n\nAnother way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.[370]\n\nwinning position \nA position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. perfect defense).[371] Also called won game.\n\nWoman Candidate Master \nA women-only chess title ranking below Woman FIDE Master.[60] Abbr. WCM.\n\nWoman FIDE Master \nA women-only chess title ranking below Woman International Master.[364] Abbr. WFM.\n\nWoman Grandmaster \nThe highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion.[364] Abbr. WGM.\n\nWoman International Master \nA women-only chess title ranking below Woman Grandmaster and above Woman FIDE Master.[364] Abbr. WIM.\n\nwon game \nSee winning position.\n\nwood \nSlang for pieces. \"A lot of wood came off the board\" conveys that several piece exchanges occurred.[85]\n\nwoodpusher \n[colloq., typically derogatory] A weak chess player, also referred to as a patzer or duffer.[372] See also fish.\n\nWorld Champion \nA winner of the World Chess Championship.[361]\n\nwrong bishop \nOr wrong-colored bishop. A bishop that, because of the color squares it is restricted to, suffers critical loss of utility in the game position. See also wrong rook pawn.[373]\n\nwrong rook pawn \nWith a bishop, a rook pawn may be the wrong rook pawn, depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.[374]\n\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghA wrong rook pawn at a5 with a wrong-colored bishop. In this position, White cannot force promotion and Black can force a draw.","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_(chess)"},{"link_name":"skewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skewer"},{"link_name":"forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forcing_move"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"}],"text":"Example of an X-ray defense\nabcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghThe white queen has just put the king in check, and the white rook provides an X-ray defense of the white queen.\n\nX-ray \nWhen the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. An X-ray attack, also known as a skewer, occurs when two pieces of the same color are caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece forces the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured. An X-ray defense occurs when one piece is defended by another piece through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.[375]","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"time pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_pressure"},{"link_name":"time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#time_control"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FIDE"},{"link_name":"World Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Interzonal tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Interzonal_tournament"},{"link_name":"knockout-style competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"Candidates Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Candidates_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"zugzwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endgame"},{"link_name":"middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middlegame"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"zwischenzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#zwischenzug"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#check"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"zwischenzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwischenzug"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"}],"text":"zeitnot \n[from German, \"time need\"] Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game.[376] Also called time pressure and time trouble. See also time control.\n\nZonal tournaments \nTournaments organized by FIDE, the first qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to Interzonal tournaments. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in knockout-style competitions to determine who goes on to the Candidates Tournament.[377]\n\nzugzwang \n[from German, \"compulsion to move\"] When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the endgame, and rarely in the middlegame.[378]\n\nzwischenschach \n[from German, \"in-between check\"] Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a zwischenzug that is a check.[379]\n\nzwischenzug \n[from German, \"in-between move\"] An \"in-between\" move, or an intermezzo, played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.[380]","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p237_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p237_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p237_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p237_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._59_5-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brace_p17_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brace_p17_10-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p13_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p13_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"What are arena tournaments?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments"},{"link_name":"Chess.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p238_20-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._57_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._57_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._57_22-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._57_22-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._57_22-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103_23-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you-"},{"link_name":"ChessBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessBase"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._3_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._3_35-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._3_35-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._1_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_p._1_37-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._47_38-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schiller_2003,_p._398_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schiller_2003,_p._398_41-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-05764-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-05764-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/archives/chess-a-fortissimo-zuckertort-its-a-kevitz-blitzkrieg.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Haworth_48-0"},{"link_name":"ICGA Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICGA_Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._429_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._429_51-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._55_52-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._55_52-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._154_55-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._154_55-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p57_58-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p57_58-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cmandwcmtitles_60-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cmandwcmtitles_60-1"},{"link_name":"\"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._55_67-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._55_67-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._55_67-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"\"Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190705231309/http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_1996_p71_70-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_1996_p71_70-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p239_72-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p239_72-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p239_72-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p239_72-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"Stockfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/src/types.h#L189-L193"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._430_75-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._430_75-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p102_76-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p102_76-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._53_79-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._53_79-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2009,_pp._2%E2%80%937_83-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._13_84-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._13_84-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shibut_2012,_p._68_85-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shibut_2012,_p._68_85-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"Yusupov, Artur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Yusupov_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781906552404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906552404"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._431_109-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._431_109-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._431_109-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._431_109-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-112"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-114"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideLawsOfChess_115-5"},{"link_name":"\"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p240_117-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p240_117-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p240_117-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p240_117-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p240_117-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-122"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._56_123-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._56_123-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-127"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCC_p133_129-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCC_p133_129-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCC_p133_129-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-130"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-131"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-134"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-135"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-136"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-138"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-139"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-140"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p241_141-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S&S_p241_141-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-142"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-144"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-145"},{"link_name":"New Oxford American Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._57_146-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._57_146-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-147"},{"link_name":"\"En prise (Chess Term)\" by Edward Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/enprise.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-150"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-153"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-156"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-158"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1989,_p._225_159-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1989,_p._225_159-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-160"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._433_161-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._433_161-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-162"},{"link_name":"\"Fianchetto\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dizionario-italiano.it/dizionario-italiano.php?parola=fianchetto"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-163"},{"link_name":"FICGS correspondence chess titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ficgs.com/membership.html#titles"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p108_164-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p108_164-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p108_164-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pan_1996_p108_164-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-165"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-167"},{"link_name":"Byrne, Robert. \"Pastimes; Chess\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/pastimes-chess.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-168"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-169"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-170"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-171"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-172"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-173"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._58_174-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._58_174-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._58_174-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-175"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-176"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-177"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-178"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-179"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-181"},{"link_name":"Ashley, Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ashley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781904600879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904600879"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-182"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EvansNew_184-0"},{"link_name":"Evans, Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781580422741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580422741"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Horton_185-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nimzo2016_186-0"},{"link_name":"Nimzowitsch, Aron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch"},{"link_name":"New in Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_in_Chess"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789056916596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916596"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pthink_187-0"},{"link_name":"Pandolfini, Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780671795023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671795023"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._134_188-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._134_188-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-189"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-190"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-191"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-192"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._434_193-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._434_193-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._434_193-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._434_193-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-194"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-195"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-196"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-197"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-198"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-199"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-200"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-201"},{"link_name":"\"London m4 Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-202"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-203"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-204"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-205"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-206"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._435_207-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._435_207-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunne_1991,_p._99_208-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunne_1991,_p._99_208-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._124_209-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._124_209-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._125_210-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._125_210-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-211"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-212"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._128_213-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._128_213-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302_214-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302_214-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_2009,_p._302_214-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-215"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-216"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._61_217-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._61_217-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Staunton_2014,_p._61_217-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-218"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._136_219-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._136_219-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-220"},{"link_name":"\"Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478"},{"link_name":"Chessgames.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessgames.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-221"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-222"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-223"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-224"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._146_225-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1996,_p._146_225-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-226"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-227"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-228"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-229"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-230"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-232"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-233"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._109_234-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._109_234-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-235"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-236"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-237"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._234_238-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._234_238-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-239"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._436_240-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._436_240-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._436_240-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._436_240-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._436_240-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-241"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Waitzkin_&_Waitzkin_1995,_p._187_242-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Waitzkin_&_Waitzkin_1995,_p._187_242-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-243"},{"link_name":"\"Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110916014322/http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-244"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-245"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-246"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-247"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uschess.org/content/view/13082/826/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._12_248-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._12_248-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._12_248-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hochberg_2005,_p._12_248-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-249"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-250"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-251"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-252"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FideNorms_253-0"},{"link_name":"\"FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-254"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-255"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-256"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-257"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-258"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-259"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._437_260-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._437_260-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-261"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-262"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-263"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-264"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-265"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Webb_2006,_p._72_266-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Webb_2006,_p._72_266-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-267"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-268"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-269"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-270"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._438_271-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._438_271-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._438_271-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-272"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-273"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-274"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-275"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-276"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-277"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-278"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-279"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-280"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._439_281-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._439_281-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._439_281-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._439_281-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._439_281-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-282"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-283"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-284"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-285"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hurst_2007,_p._365_286-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hurst_2007,_p._365_286-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-287"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-288"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-289"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-290"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-291"},{"link_name":"Kavalek, Lubomir. \"Chess\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071500907.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-292"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-293"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-294"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-295"},{"link_name":"\"What are premoves and how do they work?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-296"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dvoretsky_2006,_p._53_297-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-298"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-299"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-300"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-301"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-302"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-304"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-305"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-306"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-307"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-308"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-309"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-310"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-311"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-312"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._441_313-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._441_313-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._441_313-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._441_313-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-314"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-315"},{"link_name":"\"E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-316"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-317"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._238_318-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._238_318-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-319"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-320"},{"link_name":"All The King's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p365_321-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p365_321-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p165_322-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&W_p165_322-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-323"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FideLawsOfChess-115"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-324"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-325"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-326"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-327"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-328"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._239_329-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._239_329-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-330"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-332"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-333"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-334"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-335"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-336"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-337"},{"link_name":"\"How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._442_338-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-339"},{"link_name":"Averbakh, Yuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh"},{"link_name":"Pergamon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-340"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._240_341-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ashley_2007,_p._240_341-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-342"},{"link_name":"\"Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365"},{"link_name":"Chessgames.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessgames.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-343"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-344"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-346"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-347"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._240_348-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pandolfini_1992,_p._240_348-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-349"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-350"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._443_351-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silman_1999,_p._443_351-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-352"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-353"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-354"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-355"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-356"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-357"},{"link_name":"Matanović, Aleksander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Matanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-358"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-359"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-360"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schiller_2009,_pp._1%E2%80%9310_361-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schiller_2009,_pp._1%E2%80%9310_361-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-362"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-363"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329_364-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329_364-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329_364-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329_364-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329_364-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-365"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-366"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-368"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-369"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-370"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-371"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-372"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-373"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-374"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-375"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-376"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-377"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-378"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-379"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-380"}],"text":"^ Wilkinson 2008, p. 128\n\n^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237\n\n^ United States Chess Federation, p. 72\n\n^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282\n\n^ a b c d e f Staunton 2014, p. 59\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23\n\n^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25\n\n^ Hochberg 2005, p. 14\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 389\n\n^ a b Brace 1977, p. 17\n\n^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 28\n\n^ Brace 1977, p. 22\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18\n\n^ Hoffman 1996, p. 12\n\n^ Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182\n\n^ \"What are arena tournaments?\". Chess.com.\n\n^ \"Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship\" Payne, Marissa. Washington Post. 26 November 2016.\n\n^ Kaufmann 2014, p. 151\n\n^ a b c d e f Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 34\n\n^ a b c d e Staunton 2009, p. 57\n\n^ a b c Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103\n\n^ Silman 1998, p. 236\n\n^ Grooten 2017, p. 199\n\n^ Pritchard 2012, p. 75\n\n^ \"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!\". ChessBase. 29 February 2012.\n\n^ Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32\n\n^ Harding 2015, p. 424\n\n^ Hilbert 2013, p. 104\n\n^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 233\n\n^ Roycroft, 1981, p. 346\n\n^ Soltis 2012, p. 11\n\n^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 42\n\n^ a b c Staunton 2009, p. 3\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 46\n\n^ a b Staunton 2009, p. 1\n\n^ a b c Pandolfini 1996, p. 47\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45\n\n^ MacEnulty 2004, p. 129\n\n^ a b Schiller 2003, p. 398\n\n^ Kidder, Harvey (1970). Illustrated Chess for Children. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05764-4.\n\n^ \"Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg\", New York Times, Dec. 7, 1964\n\n^ Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5\n\n^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 47\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 299\n\n^ Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ICGA Journal, 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911\n\n^ Silman 1999, p. 428\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 429\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 55\n\n^ Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 56\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 154\n\n^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 162\n\n^ de Firmian 1999, p. 3\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 57\n\n^ Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137\n\n^ a b \"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook\".\n\n^ Johnson 2010, p. 12\n\n^ Olafsson 2014, p. 32\n\n^ Higgins, Andrew. \"Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion\". The New York Times. 30 March 2016\n\n^ Souleidis 2017, p. 176\n\n^ Staunton 1875, p. 384\n\n^ Keene 1989, p. 178\n\n^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 55\n\n^ \"Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-06-25.\n\n^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 64\n\n^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 71\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426\n\n^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72\n\n^ Stockfish source code [1].\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 430\n\n^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102\n\n^ Snyder 2007, p. 22\n\n^ Staunton 2014, p. 48\n\n^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 53\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210\n\n^ Staunton 2014, p. 30\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 66\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7\n\n^ a b Hochberg 2005, p. 13\n\n^ a b Shibut 2012, p. 68\n\n^ a b United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8\n\n^ Hertan 2014, p. 373\n\n^ Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 181\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 70\n\n^ de Firmian 1999, p. 389\n\n^ Avni 2014, pp. 35–37\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 339\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 72\n\n^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99\n\n^ Hertan 2014, p. 7\n\n^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 223\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 76\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 92\n\n^ Borders 2007, p. 102\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149\n\n^ Hochberg 2005, p. 20\n\n^ Yusupov, Artur (2010). Boost Your Chess 1: The Fundamentals. Quality Chess. p. 218. ISBN 9781906552404.\n\n^ Dunne 1991, p. 1\n\n^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15\n\n^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 125\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 78\n\n^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 431\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 79\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 81\n\n^ Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53\n\n^ Webb 2006, p. 49\n\n^ a b c d e f \"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018\". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.\n\n^ Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess[115]\n\n^ a b c d e Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 102–03\n\n^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 274\n\n^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 64\n\n^ Wilson 1994, p. 60\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 106; Pandolfini 1996, p. 89\n\n^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 56\n\n^ Staunton 2014, p. 50\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 110\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 111\n\n^ Staunton 2014, p. 51\n\n^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 75\n\n^ a b c Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 133\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 96\n\n^ Grooten 2017, p. 289\n\n^ Soltis 2002, p. 146\n\n^ Desjarlais 2011, p. 99\n\n^ Edwards 2007, p. 258\n\n^ Capablanca 2002, p. 79\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 376\n\n^ Suba 2014, p. 104\n\n^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281\n\n^ Silman 1998, p. 10\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 301\n\n^ a b Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241\n\n^ Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14\n\n^ Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23\n\n^ Brace 1977\n\n^ New Oxford American Dictionary\n\n^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 57\n\n^ \"En prise (Chess Term)\" by Edward Winter\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 102\n\n^ Wilson 1994, p. 55\n\n^ David 2016, pp. 88–96\n\n^ ChessMN16. \"How to Read Engine Evaluations\". Chess.com. April 29, 2015\n\n^ Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14\n\n^ Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 113\n\n^ Soltis 2002, p. 102\n\n^ Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118\n\n^ Pawlak, Robert. \"Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant\". Chess Life, Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1989, p. 225\n\n^ Soltis 2002, p. 71\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 433\n\n^ \"Fianchetto\". Dizionario Italiano. Retrieved 2 March 2022.\n\n^ FICGS correspondence chess titles\n\n^ a b c d Pandolfini 1996, p. 108\n\n^ Ashley 2007, p. 232\n\n^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 16\n\n^ Byrne, Robert. \"Pastimes; Chess\". The New York Times. 4 November 1990\n\n^ See section \"II.3 Chess960 castling rules\" under \"Guidelines\" in the FIDE Laws of Chess[115]\n\n^ Gligorić 2002, p. 40\n\n^ Olafsson 2014, p. 80\n\n^ Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess[115]\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 234\n\n^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 58\n\n^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 47\n\n^ Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62\n\n^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69\n\n^ Brown 2012, p. 241\n\n^ Moore 2015, p. 77\n\n^ Soltis 2014, p. 31\n\n^ Ashley, Maurice (2009). The Most Valuable Skills in Chess. Gambit. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9781904600879.\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145\n\n^ Evans, Larry (2011). New Ideas in Chess. Cardoza. p. 121. ISBN 9781580422741.\n\n^ Horton, Byrne J. (1959). Dictionary of Modern Chess. Philosophical Library. pp. 76–77.\n\n^ Nimzowitsch, Aron (2016). My System & Chess Praxis. New in Chess. p. 15. ISBN 9789056916596.\n\n^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1995). Chess Thinking. Fireside Chess Library. Simon and Schuster. pp. 30, 114–115, 168. ISBN 9780671795023.\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 134\n\n^ Murray 2012, pp. 390–91\n\n^ Ashley 2007, p. 233\n\n^ Kvanvig 2008, p. 229\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 165\n\n^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 434\n\n^ Clarke 1963, p. 1\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242\n\n^ Barden 2017\n\n^ Cranston 2017, p. 1\n\n^ Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11\n\n^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39\n\n^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 69\n\n^ \"London m4 Games\". 365Chess.com.\n\n^ Hertan 2013, p. 109\n\n^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466\n\n^ Timman 2014, p. 71\n\n^ Lee 2016, p. 158\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 435\n\n^ a b Dunne 1991, p. 99\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 124\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 125\n\n^ Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 126.\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 128\n\n^ a b c Pandolfini 2009, p. 302\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 91.\n\n^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 227\n\n^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 61\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 136\n\n^ \"Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999\". Chessgames.com.\n\n^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220\n\n^ Petković 1997, pp. 50–55\n\n^ Kotov 2012, p. 12\n\n^ Hochberg 2005, p. 73\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 146\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226\n\n^ Staunton 2009, p. 46\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 147\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 148\n\n^ Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 150\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 152\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 109\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 303\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244\n\n^ Kmoch 2013, p. 143\n\n^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 234\n\n^ Pandolfini 2008, p. 351\n\n^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 436\n\n^ Hartston 1997, p. 118\n\n^ a b Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187\n\n^ \"Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2\". Chess Edinburgh and Lothians. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2012-05-02.\n\n^ Nunn 1999, p. 6\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 63\n\n^ Keene 1989, p. 73\n\n^ [2] Klein, Mike. \"Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship\". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 \"The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4.\"\n\n^ a b c d Hochberg 2005, p. 12\n\n^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 185\n\n^ Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182\n\n^ Hallman, 2013, p. 154\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274\n\n^ \"FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017\". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.\n\n^ Agdestein 2013, p. 141\n\n^ Wilson 1994, p. 4\n\n^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19\n\n^ Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10\n\n^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13\n\n^ Keene 1989, p. 182\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 437\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 19\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 166\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 167\n\n^ Staunton 2014, p. 60\n\n^ a b Webb 2006, p. 72\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 113\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 305\n\n^ Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 237\n\n^ a b c Silman 1999, p. 438\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 172\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 291\n\n^ Kmoch 2013, p. 18\n\n^ de Groot 2008, pp. 189–203\n\n^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7\n\n^ Kaan 2016, p. 19\n\n^ Staunton 1875, p. 41\n\n^ Keene 1989, p. 183\n\n^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 439\n\n^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 238\n\n^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245\n\n^ a b Hurst 2007, p. 365\n\n^ Fine 1976, p. 4\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 305\n\n^ Hochberg 2005, p. 11\n\n^ Kaan 2016, p. 16\n\n^ Kavalek, Lubomir. \"Chess\". The Washington Post. 16 July 2007\n\n^ Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 316\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 20\n\n^ \"What are premoves and how do they work?\". Chess.com. Retrieved 15 May 2022.\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 188\n\n^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53\n\n^ Soltis 2013, p. 1\n\n^ Silman 1999, p. 440\n\n^ Staunton 2009, p. 355\n\n^ Staunton 2009, p. 360\n\n^ Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 306\n\n^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337\n\n^ Hertan 2014, p. 193\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330\n\n^ Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32\n\n^ Seirawan 1992, p. 312\n\n^ Soltis 2013, p. 210\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 96\n\n^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 441\n\n^ Burgess 2000, p. 481\n\n^ \"E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook\". International Chess Federation (FIDE).\n\n^ Grooten 2017, p. 51\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 102\n\n^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 238\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247\n\n^ All The King's Men Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009\n\n^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365\n\n^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165\n\n^ Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess[115]\n\n^ Brace 1977, p. 257\n\n^ Kaan 2016, p. 244\n\n^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136\n\n^ Timman 2014, p. 166\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441\n\n^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 239\n\n^ Fine 2015, p. 87\n\n^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 267\n\n^ Staunton 2009, p. 25\n\n^ Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70\n\n^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 151\n\n^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 78\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 387\n\n^ Stamp, Jimmy (3 April 2013). \"How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel\". Smithsonian.com.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Silman 1999, p. 442\n\n^ Averbakh, Yuri. Comprehensive Chess Endings. Pergamon Press. p. viii.\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400\n\n^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 240\n\n^ \"Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926\". Chessgames.com.\n\n^ Steingass 1884, p. 752\n\n^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193\n\n^ Kotov 2012, p. 42\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 241\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418\n\n^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 240\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 307\n\n^ Bronstein 2013, p. vii\n\n^ a b Silman 1999, p. 443\n\n^ Soltis 2013, p. 33\n\n^ Soltis 2013, p. 5\n\n^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50\n\n^ de la Villa 2014, p. 246\n\n^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 310\n\n^ Matanović, Aleksander, ed. (1973). Šahovski Informator [Chess Informant]. Vol. 14. Belgrade. pp. 8–9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 241\n\n^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439\n\n^ Tarrasch 2012, p. 5\n\n^ a b Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127\n\n^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250\n\n^ a b c d e Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329\n\n^ Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91\n\n^ Hertan 2016, p. 43\n\n^ Schiller 2003, p. 287\n\n^ Young & Howell 1894, p. 46\n\n^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 585\n\n^ Silver 2012, p. 270\n\n^ Capablanca 2002, p. 116\n\n^ Evans 2009, p. 92\n\n^ Soltis 2002, p. 87\n\n^ Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16\n\n^ Pandolfini 1993, p. 46\n\n^ Galperin 2012, p. 64\n\n^ Williams 1997, p. 120\n\n^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 76\n\n^ Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10\n\n^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adjournment.JPG/210px-Adjournment.JPG"},{"image_text":"Algebraic notation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/242px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bughouse chess","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Bughouse_game_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"Caïssa, the patron goddess of chess (author unknown, 19th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caissa.jpg/180px-Caissa.jpg"},{"image_text":"A chess clock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sah_sahovska_ura.png/210px-Sah_sahovska_ura.png"},{"image_text":"A wooden chess set and board","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/210px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wouter Mees at a demonstration board","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg/210px-WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fool's mate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Fools_mate_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"Example of an open knight's tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Knight%27s_tour_anim_2.gif/210px-Knight%27s_tour_anim_2.gif"},{"image_text":"Scholar's mate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Scholars_mate_animation.gif"},{"image_text":"A score sheet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg/210px-Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg"},{"image_text":"A simultaneous exhibition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Maksimenko_in_simultaneous_exhibition.jpg/210px-Maksimenko_in_simultaneous_exhibition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Staunton chessmen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JaquesCookStaunton.jpg/210px-JaquesCookStaunton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tata Steel Tournament 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg/260px-TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess.svg"},{"title":"Chess portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chess"},{"title":"Chess equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_equipment"}] | [{"reference":"\"What are arena tournaments?\". Chess.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments","url_text":"\"What are arena tournaments?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess.com","url_text":"Chess.com"}]},{"reference":"\"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!\". ChessBase. 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you-","url_text":"\"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChessBase","url_text":"ChessBase"}]},{"reference":"Kidder, Harvey (1970). Illustrated Chess for Children. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05764-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-05764-4","url_text":"0-385-05764-4"}]},{"reference":"\"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook\".","urls":[{"url":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017","url_text":"\"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling\". Archived from the original on 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705231309/http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm","url_text":"\"Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling\""},{"url":"http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yusupov, Artur (2010). Boost Your Chess 1: The Fundamentals. Quality Chess. p. 218. ISBN 9781906552404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Yusupov_(chess_player)","url_text":"Yusupov, Artur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906552404","url_text":"9781906552404"}]},{"reference":"\"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018\". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018","url_text":"\"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fianchetto\". Dizionario Italiano. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dizionario-italiano.it/dizionario-italiano.php?parola=fianchetto","url_text":"\"Fianchetto\""}]},{"reference":"Ashley, Maurice (2009). The Most Valuable Skills in Chess. Gambit. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9781904600879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ashley","url_text":"Ashley, Maurice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904600879","url_text":"9781904600879"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry (2011). New Ideas in Chess. Cardoza. p. 121. ISBN 9781580422741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_player)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580422741","url_text":"9781580422741"}]},{"reference":"Horton, Byrne J. (1959). Dictionary of Modern Chess. Philosophical Library. pp. 76–77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nimzowitsch, Aron (2016). My System & Chess Praxis. New in Chess. p. 15. ISBN 9789056916596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch","url_text":"Nimzowitsch, Aron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_in_Chess","url_text":"New in Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916596","url_text":"9789056916596"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1995). Chess Thinking. Fireside Chess Library. Simon and Schuster. pp. 30, 114–115, 168. ISBN 9780671795023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671795023","url_text":"9780671795023"}]},{"reference":"\"London m4 Games\". 365Chess.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141","url_text":"\"London m4 Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999\". Chessgames.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478","url_text":"\"Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessgames.com","url_text":"Chessgames.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2\". Chess Edinburgh and Lothians. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2012-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916014322/http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3","url_text":"\"Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2\""},{"url":"http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017\". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017","url_text":"\"FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are premoves and how do they work?\". Chess.com. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work","url_text":"\"What are premoves and how do they work?\""}]},{"reference":"\"E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook\". International Chess Federation (FIDE).","urls":[{"url":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023","url_text":"\"E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"Stamp, Jimmy (3 April 2013). \"How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel\". Smithsonian.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist","url_text":"\"How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel\""}]},{"reference":"Averbakh, Yuri. Comprehensive Chess Endings. Pergamon Press. p. viii.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh","url_text":"Averbakh, Yuri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press","url_text":"Pergamon Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926\". Chessgames.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365","url_text":"\"Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessgames.com","url_text":"Chessgames.com"}]},{"reference":"Matanović, Aleksander, ed. (1973). Šahovski Informator [Chess Informant]. Vol. 14. Belgrade. pp. 8–9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Matanovi%C4%87","url_text":"Matanović, Aleksander"}]},{"reference":"Agdestein, Simen (2013), How Magnus Carlsen Became the Youngest Chess Grandmaster in the World: The Story and the Games, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914424","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simen_Agdestein","url_text":"Agdestein, Simen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914424","url_text":"9789056914424"}]},{"reference":"Alburt, Lev; Parr, Larry (2003), The Secrets of the Russian Chess Masters: Fundamentals of the Game, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 9780393324525","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Alburt","url_text":"Alburt, Lev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Parr_(chess_player)","url_text":"Parr, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393324525","url_text":"9780393324525"}]},{"reference":"Ashley, Maurice (2007), Chess for Success: Using an Old Game to Build New Strengths in Children and Teens, Harmony/Rodale, ISBN 9780307418883","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ashley","url_text":"Ashley, Maurice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307418883","url_text":"9780307418883"}]},{"reference":"Avni, Amatzia (2014), Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941822","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849941822","url_text":"9781849941822"}]},{"reference":"Barden, Leonard (20 January 2017). \"Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Barden","url_text":"Barden, Leonard"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/20/wesley-so-top-wijk-standings","url_text":"\"Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Joel (2015), Liquidation on the Chess Board: Mastering the Transition into the Pawn Ending, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915544","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Benjamin","url_text":"Benjamin, Joel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056915544","url_text":"9789056915544"}]},{"reference":"Borders, Mark (2007), The Self-Improvement of Chess, Lulu, ISBN 9781430327646","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781430327646","url_text":"9781430327646"}]},{"reference":"Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, ISBN 0-600-32920-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-32920-8","url_text":"0-600-32920-8"}]},{"reference":"Bronstein, David (2013), Zurich International Chess Tournament, 1953, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319063","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein","url_text":"Bronstein, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319063","url_text":"9780486319063"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Isaac M. (2012), The British Chess Magazine, Volume 15, Nabu Press, ISBN 9781276679046","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781276679046","url_text":"9781276679046"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-0725-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Burgess","url_text":"Burgess, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0725-9","url_text":"0-7867-0725-9"}]},{"reference":"Capablanca, Jose R. (2002), A Primer of Chess, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 9780156028073","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Capablanca","url_text":"Capablanca, Jose R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156028073","url_text":"9780156028073"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, P. H. (1963), 100 Soviet Chess Miniatures, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486408446","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486408446","url_text":"9780486408446"}]},{"reference":"Cranston, Adam. (2017). \"Heatwave Chess\". Hammersmith Chess Club Newsletter.","urls":[]},{"reference":"David, Omid E.; Netanyahu, Nathan S.; Wolf, Lior (2016), DeepChess: End-to-End Deep Neural Network for Automatic Learning in Chess. International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN) Vol. 9887, Springer, ISBN 9783319447810","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319447810","url_text":"9783319447810"}]},{"reference":"de Firmian, Nick (1999), Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 0-8129-3084-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_de_Firmian","url_text":"de Firmian, Nick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chess_Openings","url_text":"Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3084-3","url_text":"0-8129-3084-3"}]},{"reference":"de Groot, Adriaan D. (2008), Thought and Choice in Chess, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 9789053569986","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot","url_text":"de Groot, Adriaan D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053569986","url_text":"9789053569986"}]},{"reference":"de la Villa, Jesús (2014), 100 Endgames You Must Know: Vital Lessons for Every Chess Player Improved and Expanded, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914547","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_de_la_Villa","url_text":"de la Villa, Jesús"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914547","url_text":"9789056914547"}]},{"reference":"Desjarlais, Robert R. (2011), Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520948204","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520948204","url_text":"9780520948204"}]},{"reference":"Dunne, Alex (1991), Complete Guide to Correspondence Chess, Thinkers' Press, ISBN 9780938650522","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780938650522","url_text":"9780938650522"}]},{"reference":"Dvoretsky, Mark (2006), Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual (second ed.), Russell Enterprises, ISBN 1-888690-28-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dvoretsky","url_text":"Dvoretsky, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888690-28-3","url_text":"1-888690-28-3"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Jon (2007), Teach Yourself VISUALLY Chess, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780470121320","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470121320","url_text":"9780470121320"}]},{"reference":"Euwe, Max; Meiden, Walter (2013), Chess Master vs. Chess Amateur, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319896","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe","url_text":"Euwe, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319896","url_text":"9780486319896"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry (1967), New Ideas in Chess, Cornerstone Library (1984 Dover edition), ISBN 0-486-28305-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28305-4","url_text":"0-486-28305-4"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry; Silman, Jeremy; Roberts, Betty (1991), How to Get Better at Chess: Chess Masters on Their Art, Summit, ISBN 9780945806059","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman","url_text":"Silman, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945806059","url_text":"9780945806059"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry (2009), This Crazy World of Chess, Cardoza, ISBN 9781580422376","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580422376","url_text":"9781580422376"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry (2011), 10 Most Common Chess Mistakes, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 978-1580422895","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580422895","url_text":"978-1580422895"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Gary Alan (2015), Players and Pawns: How Chess Builds Community and Culture, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226265032","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226265032","url_text":"9780226265032"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Reuben (1976), The World's Great Chess Games, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486245126","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Fine","url_text":"Fine, Reuben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486245126","url_text":"9780486245126"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Bobby; Margulies, Stuart; Mosenfelder, Donn (1982), Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess, Random House Publishing Group, ISBN 9780553263152","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer","url_text":"Fischer, Bobby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553263152","url_text":"9780553263152"}]},{"reference":"Galperin, Misha (2012), Reimagining Leadership in Jewish Organizations: Ten Practical Lessons to Help You Implement Change and Achieve Your Goals, Jewish Lights Publishing, ISBN 9781580234924","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580234924","url_text":"9781580234924"}]},{"reference":"Giddins, Steve (2017), The New In Chess Book of Chess Improvement: Lessons From the Best Players in the World's Leading Chess Magazine, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916954","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Giddins","url_text":"Giddins, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916954","url_text":"9789056916954"}]},{"reference":"Golombek, Harry, ed. (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Batsford, ISBN 0-517-53146-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Golombek","url_text":"Golombek, Harry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53146-1","url_text":"0-517-53146-1"}]},{"reference":"Gligorić, Svetozar (2002), Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?, B.T. Batsford Ltd, ISBN 0-7134-8764-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87","url_text":"Gligorić, Svetozar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anova_Books","url_text":"B.T. Batsford Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8764-X","url_text":"0-7134-8764-X"}]},{"reference":"Goichberg, Bill; Jarecki, Carol; Riddle, Ira Lee (1993), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, David McKay Chess Library, ISBN 9780812922172","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Goichberg","url_text":"Goichberg, Bill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Jarecki","url_text":"Jarecki, Carol"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/uschessfederatio0000unit","url_text":"U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812922172","url_text":"9780812922172"}]},{"reference":"Grooten, Herman (2017), Chess Strategy for Club Players: The Road to Positional Advantage, Siles Press, ISBN 9789056916947","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916947","url_text":"9789056916947"}]},{"reference":"Hallman, J.C. (2013), The Chess Artist: Genius, Obsession, and the World's Oldest Game, Macmillan, ISBN 9781466852235","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466852235","url_text":"9781466852235"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Tim (2015), Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography, McFarland, ISBN 9781476620282","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Harding_(chess_player)","url_text":"Harding, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476620282","url_text":"9781476620282"}]},{"reference":"Hartston, William (1997), Teach Yourself Better Chess, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 9780844239330","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hartston","url_text":"Hartston, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844239330","url_text":"9780844239330"}]},{"reference":"Hendriks, Willy (2014), Move First, Think Later: Sense and Nonsense in Improving Your Chess, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915407","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056915407","url_text":"9789056915407"}]},{"reference":"Hertan, Charles (2013), Power Chess for Kids: Learn How to Think Ahead and Become One of the Best Players in Your School, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914448","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914448","url_text":"9789056914448"}]},{"reference":"Hertan, Charles (2014), Forcing Chess Moves: The Key to Better Calculation, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914653","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914653","url_text":"9789056914653"}]},{"reference":"Hertan, Charles (2016), Start Playing Chess!: Learn the Rules of the Royal Game, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916879","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916879","url_text":"9789056916879"}]},{"reference":"Hilbert, John S. (2013), Emil Kemeny: A Life in Chess, McFarland, ISBN 9780786473595","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786473595","url_text":"9780786473595"}]},{"reference":"Hochberg, Burt (2005), Outrageous Chess Problems, Sterling Publishing Company, ISBN 9781402719097","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Hochberg","url_text":"Hochberg, Burt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402719097","url_text":"9781402719097"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Asa (1996), Chess Gladiator, International Chess Enterprises, ISBN 9781879479319","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Hoffman","url_text":"Hoffman, Asa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781879479319","url_text":"9781879479319"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [first pub. 1992], The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper","url_text":"Hooper, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld","url_text":"Whyld, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3","url_text":"0-19-280049-3"}]},{"reference":"Horton, Byrne Joseph (1959), Dictionary of Modern Chess, Owen, ISBN 0-8022-0746-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8022-0746-4","url_text":"0-8022-0746-4"}]},{"reference":"Hurst, John (2007), Professional SlickEdit, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780470251706","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470251706","url_text":"9780470251706"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Joel (2010), Formation Attacks, Lulu, ISBN 9780557522699","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557522699","url_text":"9780557522699"}]},{"reference":"Judovitz, Dalia; Duchamp, Marcel (2010), Drawing on Art: Duchamp and Company, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 9780816665297","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_Judovitz","url_text":"Judovitz, Dalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp","url_text":"Duchamp, Marcel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816665297","url_text":"9780816665297"}]},{"reference":"Kaan, Jef (2016), Better Chess Openings, Lulu, ISBN 9781326180775","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781326180775","url_text":"9781326180775"}]},{"reference":"Kasparov, Garry (2017), Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins, PublicAffairs, ISBN 9781610397872","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov","url_text":"Kasparov, Garry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610397872","url_text":"9781610397872"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Larry (2014), Sabotage the Grunfeld!: A Cutting-edge Repertoire for White based on 3.f3, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915391","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kaufman","url_text":"Kaufman, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056915391","url_text":"9789056915391"}]},{"reference":"Keene, Raymond (1989), The Simon & Schuster Pocket Book of Chess, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671679248","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keene","url_text":"Keene, Raymond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671679248","url_text":"9780671679248"}]},{"reference":"Kmoch, Hans (2013), Pawn Power in Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486319698","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kmoch","url_text":"Kmoch, Hans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486319698","url_text":"9780486319698"}]},{"reference":"Komarov, Dimitri; Djuric, Stefan (2016), Chess Opening Essentials: 1.d4 d5 / 1.d4 Various / Queen's Gambits, Microsoft Press, ISBN 9789056917289","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Komarov","url_text":"Komarov, Dimitri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056917289","url_text":"9789056917289"}]},{"reference":"Kotov, A. A. (2012), Think Like a Grandmaster, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849940535","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kotov","url_text":"Kotov, A. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849940535","url_text":"9781849940535"}]},{"reference":"Kvanvig, Jonathan (2008), Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Volume 1 =Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191562204","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191562204","url_text":"9780191562204"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Al; Alburt, Lev (2010), Knack Chess for Everyone: A Step-by-Step Guide to Rules, Moves & Winning Strategies, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9780762762712","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lawrence_(chess_writer)","url_text":"Lawrence, Al"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Alburt","url_text":"Alburt, Lev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762762712","url_text":"9780762762712"}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Kristan (1992), The Rules of Speed Chess, Jolly Roger Press, ISBN 9780963420572","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963420572","url_text":"9780963420572"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Newton (2016), Google It: Total Information Awareness, Springer, ISBN 9781493964154","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493964154","url_text":"9781493964154"}]},{"reference":"Lemos, Damien (2014), Opening Repertoire: The Fianchetto System, Everyman Chess, ISBN 9781781941621","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781941621","url_text":"9781781941621"}]},{"reference":"Levitt, Gerald M. (2006), Turk, Chess Automation, McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786429035","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786429035","url_text":"978-0786429035"}]},{"reference":"Lombardy, William; Daniels, David (1977). Chess Panorama. Stein & Day. ISBN 0-8019-6078-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lombardy","url_text":"Lombardy, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chesspanorama00lomb","url_text":"Chess Panorama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8019-6078-9","url_text":"0-8019-6078-9"}]},{"reference":"MacEnulty, David (2004), The Chess Kid's Book of Checkmate, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 9780812935943","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812935943","url_text":"9780812935943"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Cristopher; Mertens, Stephan (2011), The Nature of Computation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199233212","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199233212","url_text":"9780199233212"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Ethan (2015), How To Beat Anyone At Chess: The Best Chess Tips, Moves, and Tactics, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781440592157","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440592157","url_text":"9781440592157"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Harold James Ruthven (2012), A History of Chess, Skyhorse Publishing, ISBN 978-1620870624","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_James_Ruthven_Murray","url_text":"Murray, Harold James Ruthven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620870624","url_text":"978-1620870624"}]},{"reference":"Newborn, Monty (2013), Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 9780387217901","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387217901","url_text":"9780387217901"}]},{"reference":"Nimzowitsch, Aron (1980), Blockade, Chess Enterprises, ISBN 9781476739700","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch","url_text":"Nimzowitsch, Aron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476739700","url_text":"9781476739700"}]},{"reference":"Nimzowitsch, Aron (2014), Aron Nimzowitsch 1928-1935: Annotated Games & Essays, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915162","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch","url_text":"Nimzowitsch, Aron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056915162","url_text":"9789056915162"}]},{"reference":"Nimzowitsch, Aron (2016), My System & Chess Praxis: His Landmark Classics in One Edition, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916602","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nimzowitsch","url_text":"Nimzowitsch, Aron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916602","url_text":"9789056916602"}]},{"reference":"Nunn, John (1999). 101 Brilliant Chess Miniatures. Gambit Publications. ISBN 1-901983-16-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nunn","url_text":"Nunn, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901983-16-1","url_text":"1-901983-16-1"}]},{"reference":"Ólafsson, Helgi (2014), Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914363","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_%C3%93lafsson","url_text":"Ólafsson, Helgi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914363","url_text":"9789056914363"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1988), Pandolfini's Endgame Course: Basic Endgame Concepts Explained, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671656881","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671656881","url_text":"9780671656881"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1989), Chess Openings: Traps And Zaps, Touchstone, ISBN 978-0671656904","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671656904","url_text":"978-0671656904"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671701864","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671701864","url_text":"9780671701864"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1993), Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671795016","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beginningchess00pand","url_text":"Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671795016","url_text":"9780671795016"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (1996), Chess Thinking: The Visual Dictionary of Chess Moves, Rules, Strategies and Concepts (Fireside Chess Library), Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-480-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-480-9","url_text":"1-85744-480-9"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (2005), The Q&A Way in Chess, Random House, ISBN 9780812936582","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812936582","url_text":"9780812936582"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (2008), Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780743260985","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743260985","url_text":"9780743260985"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (2009), Pandolfini's Endgame Course, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780671656881","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671656881","url_text":"9780671656881"}]},{"reference":"Pandolfini, Bruce (2013), Weapons of Chess: An Omnibus of Chess Strategies, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781476739700","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Pandolfini","url_text":"Pandolfini, Bruce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476739700","url_text":"9781476739700"}]},{"reference":"Petković, Miodrag (1997), Mathematics and Chess: 110 Entertaining Problems and Solutions, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486294322","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486294322","url_text":"9780486294322"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, David (2012), The Right Way to Play Chess, Little, Brown Book Group, ISBN 9780716023326","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pritchard_(chess_player)","url_text":"Pritchard, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716023326","url_text":"9780716023326"}]},{"reference":"Rasskin-Gutman, Diego (2009), Chess Metaphors: Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind, MIT Press, ISBN 9780262182676","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262182676","url_text":"9780262182676"}]},{"reference":"Reinfeld, Fred (2016), The Complete Chess Course, Russell Enterprises, ISBN 9781941270240","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Reinfeld","url_text":"Reinfeld, Fred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781941270240","url_text":"9781941270240"}]},{"reference":"Renaud, Georges; Kahn, Victor (2015), The Art of Checkmate, Batsford, ISBN 978-1849942706","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Renaud","url_text":"Renaud, Georges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849942706","url_text":"978-1849942706"}]},{"reference":"Roycroft, A. J. (1981), The Chess Endgame Study: A Comprehensive Introduction, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 9780486241869","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roycroft","url_text":"Roycroft, A. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486241869","url_text":"9780486241869"}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Eric (2003), Encyclopedia of Chess Wisdom, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9781580420884","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schiller","url_text":"Schiller, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580420884","url_text":"9781580420884"}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Eric (2009), World Champion Openings, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 9781580425612","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schiller","url_text":"Schiller, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580425612","url_text":"9781580425612"}]},{"reference":"Seirawan, Yasser; Stefanovic, George (1992), No Regrets • Fischer–Spassky 1992, International Chess Enterprises, ISBN 1-879479-09-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan","url_text":"Seirawan, Yasser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879479-09-5","url_text":"1-879479-09-5"}]},{"reference":"Seirawan, Yasser; Silman, Jeremy (1994), Winning Chess Strategies: Proven Principles from One of the U.S.A.'s Top Chess Players, Microsoft Press, ISBN 9781556156632","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan","url_text":"Seirawan, Yasser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman","url_text":"Silman, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556156632","url_text":"9781556156632"}]},{"reference":"Shibut, Macon (2012), Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486149875","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486149875","url_text":"9780486149875"}]},{"reference":"Silman, Jeremy (1998), The Complete Book of Chess Strategy: Grandmaster Techniques from A to Z, Siles Press, ISBN 9781890085018","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman","url_text":"Silman, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890085018","url_text":"9781890085018"}]},{"reference":"Silman, Jeremy (1999), The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery, Siles Press, ISBN 978-1890085025","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Silman","url_text":"Silman, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amateursmind00jere","url_text":"The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1890085025","url_text":"978-1890085025"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Nate (2012), The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-but Some Don't, Penguin, ISBN 9781101595954","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101595954","url_text":"9781101595954"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Robert M. (2007), Winning Chess Traps: Opening Tactics for the Advanced Beginner and Intermediate Player, iUniverse, ISBN 9780595453450","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Michael_Snyder","url_text":"Snyder, Robert M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595453450","url_text":"9780595453450"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2002), Chess Lists, 2d ed., McFarland, ISBN 9780786412969","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786412969","url_text":"9780786412969"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2012), What It Takes to Become a Chess Master, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849940887","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849940887","url_text":"9781849940887"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2013), The Wisest Things Ever Said About Chess, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941020","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849941020","url_text":"9781849941020"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2013), 100 Chess Master Trade Secrets: From Sacrifices to Endgames, Pavilion Books, ISBN 9781849941556","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849941556","url_text":"9781849941556"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2014), New Art of Defence in Chess: chess defence tactics classic, Batsford, ISBN 978-1849941600","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849941600","url_text":"978-1849941600"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andy (2019), \"Out on a limb; What level of certainty do you need to confidently play a move?\", Chess Life, United States Chess Federation","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Soltis","url_text":"Soltis, Andy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Life","url_text":"Chess Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation","url_text":"United States Chess Federation"}]},{"reference":"Souleidis, Georgios (2017), Winning with the Slow (but Venomous!) Italian: An Easy-to-Grasp Chess Opening for White, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916756","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916756","url_text":"9789056916756"}]},{"reference":"Standage, Tom (2004), Mechanical Turk: The True Story of the Chess Playing Machine That Fooled the World, Penguin USA, ISBN 978-0140299199","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140299199","url_text":"978-0140299199"}]},{"reference":"Staunton, Howard (1875), The Chess-Player's Companion: comprising a new Treatise on Odds, and a Collection of Games, George Bell and Sons","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton","url_text":"Staunton, Howard"}]},{"reference":"Staunton, Howard (2009), Staunton's Chess-Player's Handbook, Siles Press, ISBN 9784871878210","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton","url_text":"Staunton, Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784871878210","url_text":"9784871878210"}]},{"reference":"Staunton, Howard (2014), Chess: theory & practice; containing the laws & history of the game, together with an analysis of the openings, & a treatise of end games, Nabu Press, ISBN 978-1294776635","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton","url_text":"Staunton, Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1294776635","url_text":"978-1294776635"}]},{"reference":"Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, Crosby Lockwood and Son","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suba, Mihai (2014), Dynamic Chess Strategy: Extended & Updated Edition, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056914592","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Suba","url_text":"Suba, Mihai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914592","url_text":"9789056914592"}]},{"reference":"Tarrasch, Siegbert (2012), The Game of Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486144559","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch","url_text":"Tarrasch, Siegbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486144559","url_text":"9780486144559"}]},{"reference":"Timman, Jan (2014), On The Attack: The Art of Attacking Chess According to the Modern Masters, MIT Press, ISBN 9789056914905","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Timman","url_text":"Timman, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056914905","url_text":"9789056914905"}]},{"reference":"United States Chess Federation (2003), United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, Fifth Edition, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 9780812935592","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation","url_text":"United States Chess Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812935592","url_text":"9780812935592"}]},{"reference":"van de Oudeweetering, Arthur (2014), Improve Your Chess Pattern Recognition: Key Moves and Motifs in the Middlegame, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056915421","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056915421","url_text":"9789056915421"}]},{"reference":"van de Oudeweetering, Arthur (2016), Train Your Chess Pattern Recognition: More Key Moves & Motives in the Middlegame, New In Chess, ISBN 9789056916145","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789056916145","url_text":"9789056916145"}]},{"reference":"Waitzkin, Josh; Waitzkin, Fred (1995), Attacking Chess: Aggressive Strategies and Inside Moves from the U.S. Junior Chess Champion, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 9780684802503","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Waitzkin","url_text":"Waitzkin, Josh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Waitzkin","url_text":"Waitzkin, Fred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684802503","url_text":"9780684802503"}]},{"reference":"Watson, John L. (1998), Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch, Gambit, ISBN 9781901983074","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Watson","url_text":"Watson, John L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901983074","url_text":"9781901983074"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Simon (2006), Chess for Tigers, Batsford, ISBN 978-0713489880","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Webb_(chess_player)","url_text":"Webb, Simon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713489880","url_text":"978-0713489880"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Gareth (1997), Introduction to Chess: Learn to Play the World's Most Popular Game of Skill, Barnes & Noble Books, ISBN 9780760705339","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760705339","url_text":"9780760705339"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Sinclair L. (2008), Chess!: A Fun Game to Learn and Play, Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 9781453550397","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781453550397","url_text":"9781453550397"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Fred (1994), 101 Questions on How to Play Chess, Dover Publications, ISBN 9780486282732","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/101questionsonho00wils","url_text":"101 Questions on How to Play Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486282732","url_text":"9780486282732"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Fred; Alberston, Bruce (2012), 303 Tricky Chess Puzzles, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 9781580425247","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580425247","url_text":"9781580425247"}]},{"reference":"Young, Franklin Knowles; Howell, Edwin C. (1894), The Minor Tactics of Chess: A Treatise on the Deployment of the Forces in Obedience to the Strategic Principle, Roberts brothers","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zelepukhin, N. P. (1982), Dictionary of Chess, French & European Pubns, ISBN 0-8288-2350-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8288-2350-2","url_text":"0-8288-2350-2"}]},{"reference":"Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A. (2012), How Not to Play Chess, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486158372","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Znosko-Borovsky","url_text":"Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486158372","url_text":"9780486158372"}]},{"reference":"Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A. (2012), How to Play the Chess Openings, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486158396","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Znosko-Borovsky","url_text":"Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486158396","url_text":"9780486158396"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments","external_links_name":"\"What are arena tournaments?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/","external_links_name":"\"Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship\""},{"Link":"http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you-","external_links_name":"\"CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/archives/chess-a-fortissimo-zuckertort-its-a-kevitz-blitzkrieg.html","external_links_name":"Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg"},{"Link":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017","external_links_name":"\"B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017 / FIDE Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705231309/http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chess Corner – Chess Tutorial – Castling\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/src/types.h#L189-L193","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018","external_links_name":"\"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/enprise.html","external_links_name":"\"En prise (Chess Term)\" by Edward Winter"},{"Link":"https://www.dizionario-italiano.it/dizionario-italiano.php?parola=fianchetto","external_links_name":"\"Fianchetto\""},{"Link":"http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#titles","external_links_name":"FICGS correspondence chess titles"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/pastimes-chess.html","external_links_name":"Byrne, Robert. \"Pastimes; Chess\"."},{"Link":"https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141","external_links_name":"\"London m4 Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478","external_links_name":"\"Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916014322/http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3","external_links_name":"\"Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.uschess.org/content/view/13082/826/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017","external_links_name":"\"FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071500907.html","external_links_name":"Kavalek, Lubomir. \"Chess\"."},{"Link":"https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work","external_links_name":"\"What are premoves and how do they work?\""},{"Link":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023","external_links_name":"\"E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023 / FIDE Handbook\""},{"Link":"http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378","external_links_name":"All The King's Men"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist","external_links_name":"\"How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel\""},{"Link":"http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365","external_links_name":"\"Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/20/wesley-so-top-wijk-standings","external_links_name":"\"Wesley So at top of Wijk standings going into weekend rounds\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/uschessfederatio0000unit","external_links_name":"U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chesspanorama00lomb","external_links_name":"Chess Panorama"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beginningchess00pand","external_links_name":"Beginning Chess: Over 300 Elementary Problems for Players New to the Game"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/amateursmind00jere","external_links_name":"The Amateur's Mind: Turning Chess Misconceptions Into Chess Mastery"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/101questionsonho00wils","external_links_name":"101 Questions on How to Play Chess"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_and_Scanner_Interface_Specification | Image and Scanner Interface Specification | ["1 Functions","2 See also","3 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Image and Scanner Interface Specification" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Image and Scanner Interface Specification (ISIS) is an industry standard interface for image scanning technologies, developed by Pixel Translations in 1990 (which became EMC Corporation's Captiva Software and later acquired by OpenText).
ISIS is an open standard for scanner control and a complete image-processing framework. It is currently supported by a number of application and scanner vendors.
Functions
The modular design allows the scanner to be accessed both directly or with built-in routines to handle most situations automatically.
A message-based interface with tags is used so that features, operations, and formats not yet supported by ISIS can be added as desired without waiting for a new version of the specification.
The standard addresses all of the issues that an application using a scanner needs to be concerned with. Functions include but are not limited to selecting, installing, and configuring a new scanner; setting scanner-specific parameters; scanning, reading and writing files, and fast image scaling, rotating, displaying, and printing. Drivers have been written to dynamically process data for operations such as converting grayscale to binary image data.
An ISIS interface can run scanners at or above their rated speed by linking drivers together in a pipe so that data flows from a scanner driver to compression driver, to packaging driver, to a file, viewer, or printer in a continuous stream, usually without the need to buffer more than a small portion of the full image. As a result of using the piping method, each driver can be optimised to perform one function well. Drivers are typically small and modular in order to make it simple to add new functionality to an existing application.
See also
Scanner Access Now Easy
TWAIN
Windows Image Acquisition
External links
EMC Captiva
Official portal for ISIS developers
http://www.scannerdrivers.com
This graphics software–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"image scanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanning"},{"link_name":"EMC Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Captiva Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captiva_Software"},{"link_name":"OpenText","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenText"}],"text":"Image and Scanner Interface Specification (ISIS) is an industry standard interface for image scanning technologies, developed by Pixel Translations in 1990 (which became EMC Corporation's Captiva Software and later acquired by OpenText).ISIS is an open standard for scanner control and a complete image-processing framework. It is currently supported by a number of application and scanner vendors.","title":"Image and Scanner Interface Specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(metadata)"},{"link_name":"image scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scaling"}],"text":"The modular design allows the scanner to be accessed both directly or with built-in routines to handle most situations automatically.A message-based interface with tags is used so that features, operations, and formats not yet supported by ISIS can be added as desired without waiting for a new version of the specification.The standard addresses all of the issues that an application using a scanner needs to be concerned with. Functions include but are not limited to selecting, installing, and configuring a new scanner; setting scanner-specific parameters; scanning, reading and writing files, and fast image scaling, rotating, displaying, and printing. Drivers have been written to dynamically process data for operations such as converting grayscale to binary image data.An ISIS interface can run scanners at or above their rated speed by linking drivers together in a pipe so that data flows from a scanner driver to compression driver, to packaging driver, to a file, viewer, or printer in a continuous stream, usually without the need to buffer more than a small portion of the full image. As a result of using the piping method, each driver can be optimised to perform one function well. Drivers are typically small and modular in order to make it simple to add new functionality to an existing application.","title":"Functions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Scanner Access Now Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner_Access_Now_Easy"},{"title":"TWAIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAIN"},{"title":"Windows Image Acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Image_Acquisition"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22","external_links_name":"\"Image and Scanner Interface Specification\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Image+and+Scanner+Interface+Specification%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.emc.com/enterprise-content-management/captiva/captiva.htm","external_links_name":"EMC Captiva"},{"Link":"https://community.emc.com/community/edn/isis","external_links_name":"Official portal for ISIS developers"},{"Link":"http://www.scannerdrivers.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.scannerdrivers.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_and_Scanner_Interface_Specification&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_histogram | Image histogram | ["1 Image manipulation and histograms","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Digital image analysis tool
Not to be confused with Color histogram.
Sunflower imageHistogram of sunflower image
An image histogram is a type of histogram that acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value. By looking at the histogram for a specific image a viewer will be able to judge the entire tonal distribution at a glance.
Image histograms are present on many modern services. Photographers can use them as an aid to show the distribution of tones captured, and whether image detail has been lost to blown-out highlights or blacked-out shadows. This is less useful when using a raw image format, as the dynamic range of the displayed image may only be an approximation to that in the raw file.
The horizontal axis of the graph represents the tonal variations, while the vertical axis represents the total number of pixels in that particular tone.
The left side of the horizontal axis represents the dark areas, the middle represents mid-tone values and the right hand side represents light areas. The vertical axis represents the size of the area (total number of pixels) that is captured in each one of these zones.
Thus, the histogram for a very dark image will have most of its data points on the left side and center of the graph.
Conversely, the histogram for a very bright image with few dark areas and/or shadows will have most of its data points on the right side and center of the graph.
Image manipulation and histograms
Image editors typically create a histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness or tonal value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Histogram equalization is a popular example of these algorithms. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.
In the field of computer vision, image histograms can be useful tools for thresholding. Because the information contained in the graph is a representation of pixel distribution as a function of tonal variation, image histograms can be analyzed for peaks and/or valleys. This threshold value can then be used for edge detection, image segmentation, and co-occurrence matrices.
See also
Color histogram, a multidimensional histogram of the distribution of color in an image
Curve (tonality)
Histogram equalization
Histogram matching
Image editing
References
^ a b Ed Sutton. "Histograms and the Zone System". Illustrated Photography. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
^ Michael Freeman (2005). The Digital SLR Handbook. Ilex. ISBN 1-904705-36-7.
^ Todd Vorenkamp. "How to Read Your Camera's Histogram". B&H Explora. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
^ Martin Evening (2007). Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Photographers: A Professional Image Editor's Guide... Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52028-5.
External links
CAMERA HISTOGRAMS: TONES & CONTRAST at cambridgeincolour.com
This photography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Color histogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SunLou2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SunHistacp.jpg"},{"link_name":"histogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram"},{"link_name":"graphical representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_representation"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightness_(color)"},{"link_name":"digital image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton-1"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"raw image format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format"},{"link_name":"dynamic range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"horizontal axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_axis"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics"},{"link_name":"vertical axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Color histogram.Sunflower imageHistogram of sunflower imageAn image histogram is a type of histogram that acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image.[1] It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value. By looking at the histogram for a specific image a viewer will be able to judge the entire tonal distribution at a glance.Image histograms are present on many modern services. Photographers can use them as an aid to show the distribution of tones captured, and whether image detail has been lost to blown-out highlights or blacked-out shadows.[2] This is less useful when using a raw image format, as the dynamic range of the displayed image may only be an approximation to that in the raw file.[3]The horizontal axis of the graph represents the tonal variations, while the vertical axis represents the total number of pixels in that particular tone.[1]The left side of the horizontal axis represents the dark areas, the middle represents mid-tone values and the right hand side represents light areas. The vertical axis represents the size of the area (total number of pixels) that is captured in each one of these zones.Thus, the histogram for a very dark image will have most of its data points on the left side and center of the graph.Conversely, the histogram for a very bright image with few dark areas and/or shadows will have most of its data points on the right side and center of the graph.","title":"Image histogram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Histogram equalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_equalization"},{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"thresholding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresholding_(image_processing)"},{"link_name":"edge detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_detection"},{"link_name":"image segmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_segmentation"},{"link_name":"co-occurrence matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence_matrix"}],"text":"Image editors typically create a histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness or tonal value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made.[4] Histogram equalization is a popular example of these algorithms. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.In the field of computer vision, image histograms can be useful tools for thresholding. Because the information contained in the graph is a representation of pixel distribution as a function of tonal variation, image histograms can be analyzed for peaks and/or valleys. This threshold value can then be used for edge detection, image segmentation, and co-occurrence matrices.","title":"Image manipulation and histograms"}] | [] | [{"title":"Color histogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_histogram"},{"title":"Curve (tonality)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_(tonality)"},{"title":"Histogram equalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_equalization"},{"title":"Histogram matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_matching"},{"title":"Image editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_editing"}] | [{"reference":"Ed Sutton. \"Histograms and the Zone System\". Illustrated Photography. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223082314/http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/zone-system-histograms","url_text":"\"Histograms and the Zone System\""},{"url":"http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/zone-system-histograms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Freeman (2005). The Digital SLR Handbook. Ilex. ISBN 1-904705-36-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904705-36-7","url_text":"1-904705-36-7"}]},{"reference":"Todd Vorenkamp. \"How to Read Your Camera's Histogram\". B&H Explora. Retrieved 2021-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/how-read-your-cameras-histogram","url_text":"\"How to Read Your Camera's Histogram\""}]},{"reference":"Martin Evening (2007). Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Photographers: A Professional Image Editor's Guide... Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52028-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0XZO93ZcbqkC&dq=%22image+histogram%22&pg=PA136","url_text":"Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Photographers: A Professional Image Editor's Guide..."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52028-5","url_text":"978-0-240-52028-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223082314/http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/zone-system-histograms","external_links_name":"\"Histograms and the Zone System\""},{"Link":"http://www.illustratedphotography.net/basic-photography/zone-system-histograms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/photography/tips-and-solutions/how-read-your-cameras-histogram","external_links_name":"\"How to Read Your Camera's Histogram\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0XZO93ZcbqkC&dq=%22image+histogram%22&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"Adobe Photoshop CS3 for Photographers: A Professional Image Editor's Guide..."},{"Link":"http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/histograms1.htm","external_links_name":"CAMERA HISTOGRAMS: TONES & CONTRAST"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_histogram&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Trust_Bank_of_Japan | The Master Trust Bank of Japan | ["1 Shares","2 History","3 References","4 External links"] | Japanese trust bank
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (February 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,065 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|日本マスタートラスト信託銀行}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
The Master Trust Bank of Japan日本マスタートラスト信託銀行株式会社Founded2000; 24 years ago (2000)HeadquartersMinato, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleKaoru Wachi (President)Net incomeJPY 717 million (2016)AUMJPY 371 trillion (2016)Total assetsJPY 6,217.9 billion (2016)Total equityJPY 21.8 billion (2016)OwnerMitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation (46.5%)Nippon Life Insurance Company (33.5%)Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company (10.0%)Norinchukin Trust & Banking Co. (10.0%)ParentMitsubishi UFJ Financial GroupWebsitemastertrust.co.jp
The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (日本マスタートラスト信託銀行株式会社, Nippon Masutā Torasuto Shintaku Ginkō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a trust bank in Japan. It was founded in 2000 and claims to be the first trust bank in Japan to be exclusively engaged in asset administration business.
The company's shareholders are Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation (46.5%), Nippon Life Insurance (33.5%), Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance (10%) and Norinchukin Trust & Banking Co. (10%). Master Trust Bank is treated as a consolidated subsidiary of Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking, and is by extension part of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
It is one of the three main master trust service providers in Japan, alongside Trust & Custody Services Bank (affiliated with Mizuho) and Japan Trustee Services Bank (affiliated with SMFG).
Shares
End of 2016 the Master Trust Bank of Japan had round about 4.9 percent of the Japanese advertiser Dentsu, Inc. End of 2022 it hold circa 15.4 percent shares of Toyo Tires, worldwide according revenue the tenth biggest manufacturer of tires. Furthermore, it is with 10 percent biggest shareholder of the Japanese investment-company Softbank; last one was for example an early investor in the Chinese e-commerce-company Alibaba.
History
Master Trust Bank was founded in 2000 with investments from Mitsubishi Trust Bank, Nippon Life Insurance, Toyo Trust Bank, Meiji Life Insurance and Deutsche Bank. A month after its founding, it became the first Japanese asset administrator to offer online information reporting services.
References
^ "GREETINGS". mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ "Corporate Overview (as of Jun. 28, 2016)". www.mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ "Group Companies in Japan : Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking". tr.mufg.jp. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ "マスタートラスト｜用語集｜企業年金連合会". pfa.or.jp. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich: Jahresbericht 2016/2017, Page 71 (German, PDF-file, 2,9 MB), Retrieved 14. January 2024.
^ "Toyo Tire Corporation (Formerly Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.) - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal". marklines.com. 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ "Umsatzstärkste Reifenhersteller 2022". de.statista.com. 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
^ Lepcha, Mensholong (2022-11-23). "Softbank Shareholders, Who Owns The Most Shares of Softbank?". capital.com. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
^ "2016ディスクロージャー誌" (PDF). mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd.
External links
The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (in Japanese) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Trust_and_Banking_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nippon Life Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Life"},{"link_name":"Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Yasuda_Life"},{"link_name":"Norinchukin Trust & Banking Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norinchukin_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"master trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Trust"},{"link_name":"Trust & Custody Services Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%26_Custody_Services_Bank"},{"link_name":"Mizuho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"Japan Trustee Services Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Trustee_Services_Bank"},{"link_name":"SMFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (日本マスタートラスト信託銀行株式会社, Nippon Masutā Torasuto Shintaku Ginkō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a trust bank in Japan. It was founded in 2000 and claims to be the first trust bank in Japan to be exclusively engaged in asset administration business.[1]The company's shareholders are Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation (46.5%), Nippon Life Insurance (33.5%), Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance (10%) and Norinchukin Trust & Banking Co. (10%).[2] Master Trust Bank is treated as a consolidated subsidiary of Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking, and is by extension part of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.[3]It is one of the three main master trust service providers in Japan, alongside Trust & Custody Services Bank (affiliated with Mizuho) and Japan Trustee Services Bank (affiliated with SMFG).[4]","title":"The Master Trust Bank of Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Toyo Tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Tires"},{"link_name":"manufacturer of tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba.com"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"End of 2016 the Master Trust Bank of Japan had round about 4.9 percent of the Japanese advertiser Dentsu, Inc.[5] End of 2022 it hold circa 15.4 percent shares of Toyo Tires, worldwide according revenue the tenth biggest manufacturer of tires.[6][7] Furthermore, it is with 10 percent biggest shareholder of the Japanese investment-company Softbank; last one was for example an early investor in the Chinese e-commerce-company Alibaba.[8]","title":"Shares"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Master Trust Bank was founded in 2000 with investments from Mitsubishi Trust Bank, Nippon Life Insurance, Toyo Trust Bank, Meiji Life Insurance and Deutsche Bank. A month after its founding, it became the first Japanese asset administrator to offer online information reporting services.[9]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"GREETINGS\". mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/english/index.html","url_text":"\"GREETINGS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Overview (as of Jun. 28, 2016)\". www.mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. Retrieved 2016-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/english/corporate.html","url_text":"\"Corporate Overview (as of Jun. 28, 2016)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group Companies in Japan : Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking\". tr.mufg.jp. Retrieved 2016-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tr.mufg.jp/english/aboutmutb/company/group.html","url_text":"\"Group Companies in Japan : Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking\""}]},{"reference":"\"マスタートラスト｜用語集｜企業年金連合会\". pfa.or.jp. Retrieved 2016-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pfa.or.jp/yogoshu/ma/ma03.html","url_text":"\"マスタートラスト｜用語集｜企業年金連合会\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toyo Tire Corporation (Formerly Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.) - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal\". marklines.com. 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marklines.com/en/top500/toyo-tire#history","url_text":"\"Toyo Tire Corporation (Formerly Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.) - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umsatzstärkste Reifenhersteller 2022\". de.statista.com. 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/223875/umfrage/umsatzstaerkste-reifenhersteller-weltweit","url_text":"\"Umsatzstärkste Reifenhersteller 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Lepcha, Mensholong (2022-11-23). \"Softbank Shareholders, Who Owns The Most Shares of Softbank?\". capital.com. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://capital.com/softbank-shareholder-who-owns-most-sftby-stock","url_text":"\"Softbank Shareholders, Who Owns The Most Shares of Softbank?\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016ディスクロージャー誌\" (PDF). mastertrust.co.jp. The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/company/pdf/discro_2016.pdf","url_text":"\"2016ディスクロージャー誌\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://mastertrust.co.jp/","external_links_name":"mastertrust.co.jp"},{"Link":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/english/index.html","external_links_name":"\"GREETINGS\""},{"Link":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/english/corporate.html","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Overview (as of Jun. 28, 2016)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tr.mufg.jp/english/aboutmutb/company/group.html","external_links_name":"\"Group Companies in Japan : Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking\""},{"Link":"https://www.pfa.or.jp/yogoshu/ma/ma03.html","external_links_name":"\"マスタートラスト｜用語集｜企業年金連合会\""},{"Link":"https://www.kek-online.de/fileadmin/user_upload/KEK/Publikationen/Jahresberichte/19._Jahresbericht.pdf","external_links_name":"Jahresbericht 2016/2017, Page 71"},{"Link":"https://www.marklines.com/en/top500/toyo-tire#history","external_links_name":"\"Toyo Tire Corporation (Formerly Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.) - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal\""},{"Link":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/223875/umfrage/umsatzstaerkste-reifenhersteller-weltweit","external_links_name":"\"Umsatzstärkste Reifenhersteller 2022\""},{"Link":"https://capital.com/softbank-shareholder-who-owns-most-sftby-stock","external_links_name":"\"Softbank Shareholders, Who Owns The Most Shares of Softbank?\""},{"Link":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/company/pdf/discro_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2016ディスクロージャー誌\""},{"Link":"http://www.mastertrust.co.jp/","external_links_name":"The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necker_cube | Necker cube | ["1 Ambiguity","2 Apparent viewpoint","3 References in popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Form of perceptual phenomena
The Necker cube: a wire frame cube with no depth cuesOne possible interpretation of the Necker cube.Another possible interpretation
The Necker cube is an optical illusion that was first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker. It is a simple wire-frame, two dimensional drawing of a cube with no visual cues as to its orientation, so it can be interpreted to have either the lower-left or the upper-right square as its front side.
Ambiguity
See also: Ambiguity § Visual art
The Necker cube is an ambiguous drawing.
Necker cube on the left, impossible cube on the right.
Each part of the picture is ambiguous by itself, yet the human visual system picks an interpretation of each part that makes the whole consistent. The Necker cube is sometimes used to test computer models of the human visual system to see whether they can arrive at consistent interpretations of the image the same way humans do.
Humans do not usually see an inconsistent interpretation of the cube. A cube whose edges cross in an inconsistent way is an example of an impossible object, specifically an impossible cube (compare Penrose triangle).
With the cube on the left, most people see the lower-left face as being in front most of the time. This is possibly because people view objects from above, with the top side visible, far more often than from below, with the bottom visible, so the brain "prefers" the interpretation that the cube is viewed from above.
There is evidence that by focusing on different parts of the figure, one can force a more stable perception of the cube. The intersection of the two faces that are parallel to the observer forms a rectangle, and the lines that converge on the square form a "y-junction" at the two diagonally opposite sides. If an observer focuses on the upper "y-junction" the lower left face will appear to be in front. The upper right face will appear to be in front if the eyes focus on the lower junction. Blinking while being on the second perception will probably cause you to switch to the first one.
This is an example of two identical Necker cubes, the one on the left showing an intermediate object (blue bar) going in "down from the top" while the one on the right shows the object going in "up from the bottom" which shows how the image can change its perspective simply by changing which face (front or back) appears behind the intervening object.
It is possible to cause the switch to occur by focusing on different parts of the cube. If one sees the first interpretation on the right it is possible to cause a switch to the second by focusing on the base of the cube until the switch occurs to the second interpretation. Similarly, if one is viewing the second interpretation, focusing on the left side of the cube may cause a switch to the first.
The Necker cube has shed light on the human visual system. The phenomenon has served as evidence of the human brain being a neural network with two distinct equally possible interchangeable stable states. Sidney Bradford, blind from the age of ten months but regaining his sight following an operation at age 52, did not perceive the ambiguity that normal-sighted observers do, but rather perceived only a flat image.
During the 1970s, undergraduates in the Psychology Department of City University, London, were provided with assignments to measure their Introversion-Extroversion orientations by the time it took for them to switch between the Front and Back perceptions of the Necker Cube.
Apparent viewpoint
The orientation of the Necker cube can also be altered by shifting the observer's point of view. When seen from apparent above, one face tends to be seen closer; and in contrast, when seen from a subjective viewpoint that is below, a different face comes to the fore.
References in popular culture
The Necker cube is discussed to such extent in Robert J. Sawyer's 1998 science fiction novel Factoring Humanity that "Necker" becomes a verb, meaning to impel one's brain to switch from one perspective or perception to another.
The Necker cube is used to illustrate how vampires in Peter Watts' science fiction novels Blindsight (2006) and Echopraxia (2014) have superior pattern recognition skills. One of the pieces of evidence is that vampires can see both interpretations of the Necker Cube simultaneously, which sets them apart from baseline humanity.
See also
Ambigram
Binocular rivalry
Crow T. Robot
Multistable perception
Pareidolia
Rhombille tiling
Schroeder stairs
Spinning Dancer
References
^ Necker 1832.
^ a b Troje & McAdam 2010.
^ Ward & Scholl 2015, p. 931.
^ Khan & Crawford 2001.
^ Einhäuser, Martin & König 2004.
^ Ward & Scholl 2015.
^ Marr 1982.
^ Gregory 2004.
^ Lindauer, Martin S.; Reukauf, Lynn C. (1971). "Introversion-extraversion and figure-ground perception". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 19 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1037/h0031103. ISSN 1939-1315.
^ Martelli, Kubovy & Claessens 1998.
^ Sawyer 1998, pp. 233, 256, 299, et al..
^ Watts 2006, pp. 42, 284.
Citations
Einhäuser, W.; Martin, K.A.C.; König, P. (2004). "Are switches in perception of the Necker cube related to eye position?". European Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (10): 2811–2818. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.71.6358. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03722.x. PMID 15548224. S2CID 1831130.
Einhäuser, Wolfgang; Stout, James; Koch, Christof; Carter, Olivia Louise (March 2008). "Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry". PNAS. 105 (5): 1704–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707727105. PMC 2234208. PMID 18250340.
Gregory, R. (August 2004). "The Blind Leading the Sighted: An Eye-Opening Experience of the Wonders of Perception" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7002): 836. doi:10.1038/430836a. PMID 15318199.
Khan, Aarlenne; Crawford, J. Douglas (June 2001). "Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle". Vision Research. 41 (14): 1743–8. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7. PMID 11369037.
Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. W.H. Freeman. Reprint: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-7167-1284-8.
Martelli, M.L.; Kubovy, M.; Claessens, P. (1998). "Instability of the Necker cube: influence of orientation and configuration". Perception. 27 (ECVP Abstract Supplement). 90a.
Necker, L.A. (1832). "Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1080/14786443208647909.
Sawyer, Robert J. (1998). Factoring Humanity. New York: Tor. ISBN 978-0-312-86458-3.
Troje, Nikolaus F.; McAdam, Matthew (2010). "The viewing-from-above bias and the silhouette illusion". i-Perception. 1 (3): 143–148. doi:10.1068/i0408. PMC 3485768. PMID 23145219.
Ward, Emily J.; Scholl, Brian J. (2015). "Stochastic or Systematic? Seemingly Random Perceptual Switching in Bistable Events Triggered by Transient Unconscious Cues" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 41 (4): 929–939. doi:10.1037/a0038709. PMID 25915074.
Watts, Peter (2006). Blindsight. Tor. ISBN 978-0-7653-1218-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Necker cubes.
History of the cube and a Java applet
vteOptical illusions (list)Illusions
Afterimage
Ambigram
Ambiguous image
Ames room
Autostereogram
Barberpole
Bezold
Café wall
Checker shadow
Chubb
Cornsweet
Delboeuf
Ebbinghaus
Ehrenstein
Flash lag
Fraser spiral
Gravity hill
Grid
Hering
Impossible trident
Irradiation
Jastrow
Lilac chaser
Mach bands
McCollough
Müller-Lyer
Necker cube
Oppel-Kundt
Orbison
Penrose stairs
Penrose triangle
Peripheral drift
Poggendorff
Ponzo
Rubin vase
Sander
Schroeder stairs
Shepard tables
Spinning dancer
Ternus
Vertical–horizontal
White's
Wundt
Zöllner
Popular culture
Op art
Trompe-l'œil
Spectropia (1864 book)
Ascending and Descending (1960 drawing)
Waterfall (1961 drawing)
The dress (2015 photograph)
Related
Accidental viewpoint
Auditory illusions
Illusions
Tactile illusions
Temporal illusion | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cube1.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cube2.svg"},{"link_name":"optical illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion"},{"link_name":"rhomboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboid"},{"link_name":"crystallographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"Louis Albert Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Albert_Necker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecker1832-1"},{"link_name":"wire-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire-frame_model"},{"link_name":"visual cues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cues"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_orientation"}],"text":"The Necker cube: a wire frame cube with no depth cuesOne possible interpretation of the Necker cube.Another possible interpretationThe Necker cube is an optical illusion that was first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker.[1] It is a simple wire-frame, two dimensional drawing of a cube with no visual cues as to its orientation, so it can be interpreted to have either the lower-left or the upper-right square as its front side.","title":"Necker cube"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambiguity § Visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity#Visual_art"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube_and_impossible_cube.svg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"impossible object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_object"},{"link_name":"impossible cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_cube"},{"link_name":"Penrose triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_triangle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrojeMcAdam2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardScholl2015931-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanCrawford2001-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinh%C3%A4userMartinK%C3%B6nig2004-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_necker_cubes.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardScholl2015-6"},{"link_name":"human brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain"},{"link_name":"neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_neural_network"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr1982-7"},{"link_name":"Sidney Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Bradford"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2004-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrojeMcAdam2010-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: Ambiguity § Visual artThe Necker cube is an ambiguous drawing.Necker cube on the left, impossible cube on the right.Each part of the picture is ambiguous by itself, yet the human visual system picks an interpretation of each part that makes the whole consistent. The Necker cube is sometimes used to test computer models of the human visual system to see whether they can arrive at consistent interpretations of the image the same way humans do.Humans do not usually see an inconsistent interpretation of the cube.[citation needed] A cube whose edges cross in an inconsistent way is an example of an impossible object, specifically an impossible cube (compare Penrose triangle).With the cube on the left, most people see the lower-left face as being in front most of the time. This is possibly because people view objects from above, with the top side visible, far more often than from below, with the bottom visible, so the brain \"prefers\" the interpretation that the cube is viewed from above.[2][3][4]There is evidence that by focusing on different parts of the figure, one can force a more stable perception of the cube. The intersection of the two faces that are parallel to the observer forms a rectangle, and the lines that converge on the square form a \"y-junction\" at the two diagonally opposite sides. If an observer focuses on the upper \"y-junction\" the lower left face will appear to be in front. The upper right face will appear to be in front if the eyes focus on the lower junction.[5] Blinking while being on the second perception will probably cause you to switch to the first one.This is an example of two identical Necker cubes, the one on the left showing an intermediate object (blue bar) going in \"down from the top\" while the one on the right shows the object going in \"up from the bottom\" which shows how the image can change its perspective simply by changing which face (front or back) appears behind the intervening object.It is possible to cause the switch to occur by focusing on different parts of the cube. If one sees the first interpretation on the right it is possible to cause a switch to the second by focusing on the base of the cube until the switch occurs to the second interpretation. Similarly, if one is viewing the second interpretation, focusing on the left side of the cube may cause a switch to the first.The Necker cube has shed light on the human visual system.[6] The phenomenon has served as evidence of the human brain being a neural network with two distinct equally possible interchangeable stable states.[7] Sidney Bradford, blind from the age of ten months but regaining his sight following an operation at age 52, did not perceive the ambiguity that normal-sighted observers do, but rather perceived only a flat image.[8][2]During the 1970s, undergraduates in the Psychology Department of City University, London, were provided with assignments to measure their Introversion-Extroversion orientations by the time it took for them to switch between the Front and Back perceptions of the Necker Cube.[9]","title":"Ambiguity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartelliKubovyClaessens1998-10"}],"text":"The orientation of the Necker cube can also be altered by shifting the observer's point of view. When seen from apparent above, one face tends to be seen closer; and in contrast, when seen from a subjective viewpoint that is below, a different face comes to the fore.[10]","title":"Apparent viewpoint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert J. Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Sawyer"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer1998233,_256,_299,_et_al.-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Watts_(author)"},{"link_name":"Blindsight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight_(Watts_novel)"},{"link_name":"Echopraxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echopraxia_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts200642,_284-12"}],"text":"The Necker cube is discussed to such extent in Robert J. Sawyer's 1998 science fiction novel Factoring Humanity that \"Necker\" becomes a verb, meaning to impel one's brain to switch from one perspective or perception to another.[11]The Necker cube is used to illustrate how vampires in Peter Watts' science fiction novels Blindsight (2006) and Echopraxia (2014) have superior pattern recognition skills. One of the pieces of evidence is that vampires can see both interpretations of the Necker Cube simultaneously, which sets them apart from baseline humanity.[12]","title":"References in popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Necker cube on the left, impossible cube on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Necker_cube_and_impossible_cube.svg/402px-Necker_cube_and_impossible_cube.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This is an example of two identical Necker cubes, the one on the left showing an intermediate object (blue bar) going in \"down from the top\" while the one on the right shows the object going in \"up from the bottom\" which shows how the image can change its perspective simply by changing which face (front or back) appears behind the intervening object.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2_necker_cubes.svg/300px-2_necker_cubes.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Ambigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambigram"},{"title":"Binocular rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_rivalry"},{"title":"Crow T. Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_T._Robot"},{"title":"Multistable perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistable_perception"},{"title":"Pareidolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia"},{"title":"Rhombille tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombille_tiling"},{"title":"Schroeder stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroeder_stairs"},{"title":"Spinning Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Dancer"}] | [{"reference":"Lindauer, Martin S.; Reukauf, Lynn C. (1971). \"Introversion-extraversion and figure-ground perception\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 19 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1037/h0031103. ISSN 1939-1315.","urls":[{"url":"http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0031103","url_text":"\"Introversion-extraversion and figure-ground perception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0031103","url_text":"10.1037/h0031103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315","url_text":"1939-1315"}]},{"reference":"Einhäuser, W.; Martin, K.A.C.; König, P. (2004). \"Are switches in perception of the Necker cube related to eye position?\". European Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (10): 2811–2818. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.71.6358. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03722.x. PMID 15548224. S2CID 1831130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.71.6358","url_text":"10.1.1.71.6358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2004.03722.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03722.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15548224","url_text":"15548224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1831130","url_text":"1831130"}]},{"reference":"Einhäuser, Wolfgang; Stout, James; Koch, Christof; Carter, Olivia Louise (March 2008). \"Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry\". PNAS. 105 (5): 1704–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707727105. PMC 2234208. PMID 18250340.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234208","url_text":"\"Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS","url_text":"PNAS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707727105","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0707727105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234208","url_text":"2234208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250340","url_text":"18250340"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, R. (August 2004). \"The Blind Leading the Sighted: An Eye-Opening Experience of the Wonders of Perception\" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7002): 836. doi:10.1038/430836a. PMID 15318199.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardgregory.org/papers/articles/seeing-after-blindness.pdf","url_text":"\"The Blind Leading the Sighted: An Eye-Opening Experience of the Wonders of Perception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F430836a","url_text":"10.1038/430836a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318199","url_text":"15318199"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Aarlenne; Crawford, J. Douglas (June 2001). \"Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle\". Vision Research. 41 (14): 1743–8. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7. PMID 11369037.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6989%2801%2900079-7","url_text":"\"Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6989%2801%2900079-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11369037","url_text":"11369037"}]},{"reference":"Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. W.H. Freeman. Reprint: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-7167-1284-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/vision00davi","url_text":"Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1284-8","url_text":"978-0-7167-1284-8"}]},{"reference":"Martelli, M.L.; Kubovy, M.; Claessens, P. (1998). \"Instability of the Necker cube: influence of orientation and configuration\". Perception. 27 (ECVP Abstract Supplement). 90a.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Necker, L.A. (1832). \"Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid\". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1080/14786443208647909.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1430991","url_text":"\"Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786443208647909","url_text":"10.1080/14786443208647909"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Robert J. (1998). Factoring Humanity. New York: Tor. ISBN 978-0-312-86458-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-86458-3","url_text":"978-0-312-86458-3"}]},{"reference":"Troje, Nikolaus F.; McAdam, Matthew (2010). \"The viewing-from-above bias and the silhouette illusion\". i-Perception. 1 (3): 143–148. doi:10.1068/i0408. PMC 3485768. PMID 23145219.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485768","url_text":"\"The viewing-from-above bias and the silhouette illusion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fi0408","url_text":"10.1068/i0408"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485768","url_text":"3485768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145219","url_text":"23145219"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Emily J.; Scholl, Brian J. (2015). \"Stochastic or Systematic? Seemingly Random Perceptual Switching in Bistable Events Triggered by Transient Unconscious Cues\" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 41 (4): 929–939. doi:10.1037/a0038709. PMID 25915074.","urls":[{"url":"http://perception.research.yale.edu/papers/15-Ward-Scholl-JEPHPP.pdf#3190c40","url_text":"\"Stochastic or Systematic? Seemingly Random Perceptual Switching in Bistable Events Triggered by Transient Unconscious Cues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0038709","url_text":"10.1037/a0038709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25915074","url_text":"25915074"}]},{"reference":"Watts, Peter (2006). Blindsight. Tor. ISBN 978-0-7653-1218-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blindsight00watt","url_text":"Blindsight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1218-1","url_text":"978-0-7653-1218-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0031103","external_links_name":"\"Introversion-extraversion and figure-ground perception\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0031103","external_links_name":"10.1037/h0031103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315","external_links_name":"1939-1315"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.71.6358","external_links_name":"10.1.1.71.6358"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2004.03722.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03722.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15548224","external_links_name":"15548224"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1831130","external_links_name":"1831130"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234208","external_links_name":"\"Pupil dilation reflects perceptual selection and predicts subsequent stability in perceptual rivalry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707727105","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0707727105"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234208","external_links_name":"2234208"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250340","external_links_name":"18250340"},{"Link":"http://www.richardgregory.org/papers/articles/seeing-after-blindness.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Blind Leading the Sighted: An Eye-Opening Experience of the Wonders of Perception\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F430836a","external_links_name":"10.1038/430836a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318199","external_links_name":"15318199"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6989%2801%2900079-7","external_links_name":"\"Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6989%2801%2900079-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11369037","external_links_name":"11369037"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/vision00davi","external_links_name":"Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1430991","external_links_name":"\"Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786443208647909","external_links_name":"10.1080/14786443208647909"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485768","external_links_name":"\"The viewing-from-above bias and the silhouette illusion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fi0408","external_links_name":"10.1068/i0408"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485768","external_links_name":"3485768"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145219","external_links_name":"23145219"},{"Link":"http://perception.research.yale.edu/papers/15-Ward-Scholl-JEPHPP.pdf#3190c40","external_links_name":"\"Stochastic or Systematic? Seemingly Random Perceptual Switching in Bistable Events Triggered by Transient Unconscious Cues\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0038709","external_links_name":"10.1037/a0038709"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25915074","external_links_name":"25915074"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blindsight00watt","external_links_name":"Blindsight"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/flinn/Illusions/NC/nc.html","external_links_name":"History of the cube and a Java applet"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh | The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh | ["1 Characters","2 Episodes","3 History","3.1 Origin","3.2 Development","3.3 Production","3.4 Casting","3.5 Promotion","3.6 Broadcast history","4 Setting","5 Themes and analysis","6 Reception","6.1 Critical response","6.2 Ratings","6.3 Awards and nominations","7 Home media","8 Impact and legacy","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | American animated television series
This article is about the TV series. For the 1977 film, see The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.
The New Adventures of Winnie the PoohAlso known asWinnie the PoohGenreChildren's television seriesFantasyComedySlapstickEducationalBased onWinnie-the-Poohby A. A. Milne and E. H. ShepardDeveloped byKarl GeursWritten byMark ZasloveDev RossBruce TalkingtonCarter CrockerRich FogelDoug HutchinsonLarry BernardDavid SilvermanLen UhleyDirected byCarole BeersKarl GeursTerence HarrisonKen KesselJamie MitchellCharles A. NicholsClive PallantMike SvaykoVincent WoodcockVoices ofJim CummingsJohn FiedlerPeter CullenPaul WinchellPatricia ParrisNicholas MelodyKen SansomHal SmithMichael GoughTim HoskinsTheme music composerSteve NelsonOpening theme"Pooh Bear (The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Theme Song)" sung by Steve WoodEnding theme"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh"ComposersSteve NelsonThom SharpCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes50 (82 segments) (list of episodes)ProductionProducersKarl GeursKen KesselEditorRick HinsonRunning time22 minutesProduction companyWalt Disney Television AnimationOriginal releaseNetworkThe Disney ChannelReleaseJanuary 17 (1988-01-17) –April 10, 1988 (1988-04-10)NetworkABCReleaseNovember 12, 1988 (1988-11-12) –October 26, 1991 (1991-10-26)Related
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too
The Book of Pooh
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Based on the Winnie-the-Pooh books by authors A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard, The New Adventures was the first time a major Disney character headlined an animated, made-for-television series as well as the first Disney television series based on a major animated film. The cartoon premiered with a limited run on The Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Nine months later, the show moved to ABC as part of their Saturday morning lineup. New episodes continued until October 26, 1991. Proving popular with children and older fans, it remained a staple on television in the United States for nearly two decades.
The series depicts the everyday lives of Christopher Robin and his companions Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Kanga, Roo, Rabbit, Owl and Gopher. Rather than a straightforward adaptation, the show was more Americanized than previous Pooh efforts. Episodes dealt with strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship, and caring. Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears.
Publications ranging from The Los Angeles Times to TV Guide gave the series extremely positive reviews for its resemblance to the earlier Disney efforts and its high production quality, receiving praise for its wholesome tradition. The show won back-to-back Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program as well as two Humanitas Prizes. The show was well received by both children and their parents. Most of the viewer mail the crew received were from parents thanking the staff for producing a show that they can watch with their children. The New Adventures is credited with bringing about a resurgence of Pooh animated media, including a series of television and video specials.
Characters
Main article: List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
Winnie the Pooh (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the main character, a "bear of very little brain". Pooh is very naive yet lovable and is always good-natured. Cummings called the program timeless.
Piglet (voiced by John Fiedler) is Pooh's best friend. Piglet is shy, very kindhearted and is obsessed with keeping things neat and tidy, and enjoys beautiful things like flowers. His fears and nervousness often hinder his life, as Piglet runs and hides when unnecessary and often stutters when nervous, but has been shown to have a lot of hidden courage and often faces danger to help others. Piglet sometimes has an inferiority complex, although his friends think highly of him. Episodes about him tend to revolve around these traits as well as his small size.
Tigger (voiced by Paul Winchell primarily in Seasons 1–2 and Jim Cummings primarily in Seasons 3–4) is an ebullient tiger. Tigger is always filled with great energy and optimism, and though always well-meaning, Tigger can also be mischievous, and his actions have sometimes led to chaos and trouble for himself and his friends. Tigger is very confident and has quite an ego, having a high opinion of himself. Tigger has a notable habit of mispronouncing various words, or stressing wrong syllables in them. Unlike previous adaptations, Tigger is shown living in a large treehouse. Winchell thought of him as a cross between the Dead End Kids and the Cowardly Lion.
Rabbit (voiced by Ken Sansom) is a sarcastic and finicky rabbit. In addition to wanting to be organized and practical, Rabbit's tendency to take charge is inflated to the extent that Rabbit becomes a control freak who insists on doing things exactly right, in his way and in the proper order. Rabbit keeps a garden and does whatever he can to protect it from other animals such as bugs and crows, often getting upset when anyone or anything tries to steal his vegetables. Rabbit and Tigger are usually foils for each other, reluctantly working together. Rabbit was shown as pale green in the series, compared to yellow in later efforts.
Gopher (voiced by Michael Gough) plays a more prominent role in this series. Gopher is shown to be a bit of a workaholic, and is obsessed with dynamite and digging in his tunnels. Gopher speaks with a Southern accent and wears a helmet with a light attached. Gopher often helps the others out with construction plans.
Eeyore (voiced by Peter Cullen) is a gloomy donkey. Eeyore is somewhat less caustic and sarcastic in this version than in the original stories. Despite his depressive nature, Eeyore is capable of great compassion. Eeyore usually expects misfortune to happen to him, such as his house of sticks to be knocked down regularly, but accepts it when it does.
Owl (voiced by Hal Smith) is the eldest character in the series. Owl presents himself as a mentor and teacher to the others, but is really quite scatterbrained. Owl enjoys telling stories about his distant relatives, whenever something reminds him of one, but many of his stories are pointless or absurd. Owl speaks with a strong Southern English accent.
Christopher Robin (voiced by Tim Hoskins) is a young boy that has adventures with the stuffed animals.
Roo (voiced by Nicholas Melody) is a young joey. Roo wears a light blue shirt. The smallest of the characters, Roo frequently is seen hanging around Tigger.
Kanga (voiced by Patricia Parris) is Roo's mother. Kanga rarely appears, but is shown to be kindhearted and calm.
For the most part, the show used a limited cast consisting only of characters in the original Milne books, with the notable exception of the Disney-created character Gopher. However, several minor characters did make appearances. Christopher Robin's mother is shown occasionally, but always with her face obscured.
Kessie, a female bluebird that Rabbit rescues, makes her first appearance in this series; Kessie would later appear in The Book of Pooh. Stan Woozle and Heff Heffalump appear as a pair of honey thieves. This marked the first time heffalumps and woozles were seen on-screen. Prior to this, heffalumps and woozles had always been portrayed as creatures that did not exist and were representative of childhood fears. Instead, the show used other unseen villains such as Jagulars and the "Grab-Me Gotcha." Papa Heffalump also appeared from time to time. Other characters on the show include Owl's cousin Dexter (voiced by Hal Smith) and Skippy the Sheepdog. Chuck McCann provided additional voices as well.
Episodes
Main article: List of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh episodes
Season
Episodes
TV season
Time slot (ET)
Originally aired
Season premiere
Season finale
1
22
1988–89
8:30 AM – 9:30 AM
January 17, 1988 (1988-01-17)
March 4, 1989 (1989-03-04)
2
10
1989
9:00 AM – 9:30 AM
September 9, 1989 (1989-09-09)
December 2, 1989 (1989-12-02)
3
10
1990
8:00 AM – 8:30 AM
August 18, 1990 (1990-08-18)
November 10, 1990 (1990-11-10)
4
8
1991
September 7, 1991 (1991-09-07)
October 26, 1991 (1991-10-26)
History
Origin
Winnie the Pooh was created by British authors A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard in the 1920s. The character was named after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne. He had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and "Pooh", a swan they had met while on holiday. Drawing from this and other toys owned by his son, Milne created the world of Winnie-the-Pooh. He first appeared by name on December 24, 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London Evening News. The following year, a collection of Pooh stories was formally released bearing the name Winnie-the-Pooh. The stories proved very popular and inspired a sequel.
The idea for a television series was first discussed in 1957. NBC suggested Jay Ward undertake the pilot, then titled The World of Winnie the Pooh, with an option for thirty-nine episodes. Some songs and bits of dialogue were recorded, but the project was ultimately abandoned. In 1961, Disney's namesake founder Walt Disney purchased the film rights to make an animated movie starring the characters. He subsequently produced a series of three short featurettes throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, beginning with Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966). Disney had also aired a variety show with the characters that used electronically controlled puppetry and life-sized costume titled Welcome to Pooh Corner. This became the highest rated program on the Disney Channel. The original featurettes also proved popular, with video sales topping the charts in 1986 and 1987.
Development
Production took place at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences complex
An animated cartoon starring the characters was first proposed by Walt Disney Television Animation Vice President Gary Krisel during a Disney retreat, in which company assets and future prospects were examined. Rich Frank later recalled him saying: "I think Pooh is a great character for Saturday morning animation". He believed the merchandising license, held at that time by Sears, would work as a great promotional tool. Mark Zaslove was contacted to write the series bible; he had recently finished work on the DuckTales pilot episode. The document was written over Memorial Day weekend 1987, with Zaslove having only three days to complete the proposal. The pitch was well received by Disney and subsequently green-lit.
Instead of shopping Winnie the Pooh around to different networks, the show was pitched directly to ABC. The channel had desperately wanted a cartoon from Disney for their Saturday morning schedule, which had fallen to last place in the ratings. They had hoped Pooh could boost ratings for the channel. Two years earlier, Michael Eisner and Krisel had set up meetings with all three major networks in hopes to sell rights to their two cartoon series: Disney's Wuzzles and Adventures of the Gummi Bears. CBS and NBC had purchased Wuzzles and Gummi Bears respectively. Realizing they had nothing left to offer ABC, Eisner and Krisel met with them anyway and received a warm response to the gaffe. A deal was reached giving ABC the show, while giving first run rights to The Disney Channel.
The show was official announced via a press release on November 15, 1987. It would mark the first time a prominent Disney character was seen on Saturday morning television. The series was viewed as a gamble, with people unsure if Pooh would survive on the new medium. At the time, Saturday morning cartoons were viewed as a place with dry, repetitive storylines, shallow characters, clichéd narratives, and cheap animation. As a result, animation fans greeted Disney's plans to adapt A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard's childhood favorite to the small screen with a mixture of skepticism and dismay, fearing the show could not top the original featurettes.
Production
Further information: Walt Disney Television Animation
ABC eagerly commissioned 25 half-hour episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh for its first season, rather than the standard 13 to 17. Karl Geurs, a self-described Pooh fan, developed the series, which took many months. At the time, Walt Disney Television Animation had only 80 employees and two projects in production. The department did not yet have in-house facilities built, so employees worked out of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences building. Disney put the same high standards of expectation that they had with their feature films. They had hoped to set a new standard of excellence in Saturday morning television, one with "storytelling rich in language and values, as well as delightful well acted characters" that would appeal to audiences of all ages.
We've been well-trained in being really careful about how the characters are being handled, and a lot of effort goes into the writing, just to guarantee that it’s true to the original sense of Milne. Since he was writing for a different era, compromises have to be made, and we’ve always been very concerned about that
—Ken Kessel, Tribune Media Services
The writing process began with story premises being pitched to Zaslove, who served as story editor for the first season. The best ones were selected and sent to ABC executives for approval, followed by story outlines and scripts. The process took around four weeks per episode. The crew were "dyed-in-the-wool" fan of Milne's works, constantly checking their work against published Pooh books in order to stay true to the original sense of Milne. Special attention was given to maintain the personalities of the characters as they had originally been written. The cartoon attempted to have the right balance of both action-adventure sequences and moments of whimsy. The staff often found trouble working with the limited cast, with supervising director Ken Kessel quoted as saying: "You are restrained by what the characters can do and who they are". The writing staff hoped to channel the spirit of the Walt Disney shorts of the 1940s, drawing inspiration from artists Jack Hannah, Ward Kimball, and Jack and Dick Kinney.
The series had one internal standards director. Care was made to ensure there was no imitable behavior that children could copy. A source of friction on the show was whether Gopher was allowed to have gunpowder. A consulting company based in Glendale, California advised the team on how the characters should speak, look, and act in order to better appeal to the target demographic. The relationship with the production staff was described as positive.
Like most other cartoons, the animation was outsourced to other countries. This was mainly done for cost purposes and the limited availability of artists in the United States. All the writing, music, direction, character design, and color was worked by around 30 Disney employees in Hollywood. After this, everything was sent overseas for the animation. Approximately 300 employees would work on inking and printing. An unusually high number of animation cels were used for the show, with 20,000 cels in each episode as opposed to 8,000–12,000 for typical cartoons. The show had more drawings per minute than any other television cartoon at the time. Early episodes were completed by TMS Entertainment in Tokyo, Japan and later by Walt Disney Animation UK Ltd. in London, England, Hanho Heung-Up in Seoul, South Korea and Wang Film Productions in Taipei, Taiwan. Sixteen episodes were also produced by Walt Disney Television Australia in Sydney, New South Wales. The show set a benchmark for similar cartoons that both Disney as well as other channels expected for future shows. In Manila, Philippines, Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) and Toon City also contributed some animation for the series.
After the animation was completed, the production reels were sent back to the United States where music and sound effects were added. The show's theme song, entitled "Pooh Bear", was written by Steve Nelson and sung by Steve Wood. A version with Nelson doing the vocals later appeared on his Listen What the Katmandu album. Another version of the song with Jim Cummings doing the vocals (who also voiced Pooh and Tigger) appeared in reruns of the series on Disney Channel in 1994. Nelson also composed several additional songs that were shown on the early episodes. The music was particularly praised by critics. The show's underscore was composed by Thom Sharp. An orchestra was used to record the music, using instruments such as trumpets, woodwinds, and a full string section. The composers were given the unique opportunity to examine the animator's exposure sheets, enabling them to write music while an episode was being scripted.
Casting
The producers actively sought out the surviving original voice cast which had been used in the 1960s featurettes. Sterling Holloway, the original voice of Winnie the Pooh, read for the part, but had aged to the point where he could no longer do the voice successfully. A casting call was held and Jim Cummings was selected as his replacement, a role he has continued with to the present day. Cummings has claimed that veteran actors such as Burgess Meredith and E. G. Marshall had read for the part of Pooh as well.
Paul Winchell, John Fiedler and Hal Smith, the original voices for Tigger, Piglet, and Owl respectively, returned for the series. On advice from his cardiologist, Winchell mostly avoided recording with the rest of the cast to avoid the stress so the studio allowed him do his voices alone. Meanwhile, Winchell was making various trips to Africa to cure hunger, in which Cummings often understudied for Winchell. Throughout the series, Winchell voiced Tigger in the first two seasons and select episodes of the third season before Cummings took over the role. When Cummings took over, Winchell said: "Take care of my little friend for me."
Most of the recording sessions occurred at B&B Sound in Burbank, California. Advanced technology allowed for the actors to record their roles without having to be in the same room. For example, Fiedler recorded his role from New York while Winchell recorded some from Florida. Cummings described Fielder's voice as "kind of like the wind blowing through tall grass. It sounded homey, and it sounding comforting." Fiedler stated he was very proud of his work on the show having enjoyed the role as much as when he started in 1968. Ken Sansom described voicing Rabbit in the series as the best professional experience he ever had.
Promotion
Coming into the 1988–89 television season, networks had been struggling with a drop in ratings among children. ABC itself experienced a decline of 37 percent in kids under the age of 6. It had been surmised by ABC executives that this was due to a change in the way Nielsen ratings were collected. The data had historically been recorded automatically by a device inside household television sets. However this had been changed the year before; children now had to use people meters for their viewership to be counted. This required manually pushing buttons that would clock kids in and out and programs, something they often had trouble successfully completing. What resulted was a demographic that could not be guaranteed to advertisers.
In order to combat this, ABC decided to fill their programming with "old favorites". The studio began to develop and retool preexisting characters and shows, ones that they hoped could attract older children and their parents into watching the program. Winnie the Pooh became the centerpiece in this plan, with the show was described as the highlight of ABC's Saturday morning schedule. The character had what network executives call "marquee value"—meaning they are familiar and already have a built-in audience. Squire Rushnell, Children's Vice President for ABC, was hoping Pooh could draw a "somewhat more sophisticated" audience in the range from 6 to 11 years.
In the three weeks leading up to its debut, ABC began airing promotionals for the cartoon during prime-time hours. This was seen as a very unusual occurrence. Part of the reason this was done was to fill airtime, as the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike had caused production to be halted on prime time television shows. Advertisements for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh were played during adult shows such as thirtysomething and Moonlighting using the tag line "Now you can share your childhood heroes with your children". A television commercial that aired during the ABC Sunday Night Movie on September 4, 1988 used the tagline "before taxes. before puberty. there was childhood. and Winnie the Pooh".
The evening before the show made its broadcast debut, ABC aired a thirty-minute Saturday Morning preview show featuring Winnie the Pooh and other debuting cartoons: The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil and A Pup Named Scooby-Doo. The show placed second in its time slot with a 7.3 rating and a 14 share, with 11.2 million viewers watching.
Sears & Roebuck and Honey Nut Cheerios partnered to host a nationwide premiere party to celebrate the series coming to ABC. Over 300 Sears stores across the country participated in the breakfast, which doubled as a charity event. The first episode was telecast on in-store video displays. More than 40,000 children attended the event. Some stores had Winnie the Pooh characters show up in costume. Sears also dedicated eight pages of their Christmas catalog to the series.
Broadcast history
During the late 1980s, a debate emerged inside Disney about whether original programs should be aired on the Disney Channel or outsourced to other channels. Some executives felt there was nothing more important than the Disney Channel. Others such as Gary Krisel disagreed, feeling they risked losing a generation of TV viewers who did not have cable. In the end, a compromise was reached with Disney Channel President John F. Cooke, who agreed to "pay" Krisel's division a certain price if he could get first run rights. The show premiered on the Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Thirteen episodes aired at 8:30am on weekends. The show's run ended that July.
The show then moved to Saturday morning on ABC where it aired for a full hour from 8:30am to 9:30am. For the second season, the show was cut back to 30 minutes to make room for new entries. The show was merged with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and aired as part of the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour. This partnership was short-lived and lasted only one year, when Gummi Bears moved to The Disney Afternoon. Winnie the Pooh returned as a solo effort the following year. New episodes intermixed with reruns returned for a third season in the fall of 1990. During this time, two of the show's characters—Winnie the Pooh and Tigger—were incorporated into the television special Cartoon All Stars to the Rescue. The show returned for a fourth season on September 7, 1991. The show was not renewed the following year. After the series ended, the crew produced Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, a primetime spin-off of the show.
Despite production ending the year before, reruns of the show continued on ABC's fall schedule for the 1992–93 season. By the following year, the show was dropped altogether by ABC and sold in syndication. Executives felt the show could make more money selling directly to television stations rather than accepting ABC's license fee. The show returned on ABC in late 1995 when reruns of the program replaced The New Adventures of Madeline and continued until September 7, 2002.
The Disney Channel began airing reruns of the series on October 3, 1994, in the United States. The show also began airing in the channel's preschool block, Playhouse Disney, when the block launched on April 1, 1997. These continued until September 1, 2006, at which point it was taken off the channel's schedule. Playhouse Disney on the other hand ran it until August 1, 2006, one month before Disney Channel ended its run. It was also shown on Toon Disney, first airing on April 18, 1998, and ran until October 19, 2007. After Toon Disney's final run of the series, the show hasn't been seen in the United States since then. Internationally, the show has aired in several countries including Seven Network (later The Disney Channel) in Australia, CITV (later The Disney Channel) in the United Kingdom, TF1 in France, Super RTL in Germany, Rai 1 and Rai 2 in Italy, TV Tokyo (later Disney Channel, Tokyo MX, Toon Disney, Disney XD, Disney Junior, and NHK BS Premium) in Japan, SBT (later Disney Weekend, Disney Channel and Claro TV's channel) in Brazil, and the Family Channel in Canada, India, and Poland.
Setting
For this adaptation, the show underwent an Americanization. The setting was changed from native England to contemporary America. The series depicted Christopher Robin as a typical 1980s kid rather than a 1920s British child. He is shown living in a suburban house with his mother and no longer had an English accent. His mischievous imagination drew comparisons to Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes, as opposed to Milne's original interpretation. Additionally, unlike the earlier Disney featurettes, the show did not use a narrator or the storybook theme.
Although the show still used the Hundred Acre Wood as its main setting, several episodes took place in other locations. The characters occasionally traveled to the adjacent town, going to a grocery store or movie theater. Other episodes were set in more imaginative settings and involved the characters journeying into the clouds or down in a wishing well. Two episodes took place in the Wild West, one in the form of a play. These styles of episodes were done away with later on. The writing staff felt they worked best in the Hundred Acre Wood.
The writers made a point of keeping the show as timeless as possible, having the Hundred Acre Wood become a "never, never land". The show did its best to leave out all the modern conveniences. The approach to episodes was to put more emphasis on adventure, yet keep the integrity of Milne's characters. To add excitement, the occasional waterfall or cliff was added, which the show found tough to fit in. The dialogue was updated to make the show more relatable to today's generation.
Themes and analysis
The show was a conceived as a comedy of manners and was hailed as a rare cartoon devoid of any violence or villains. The show's main theme revolved around the complications and misunderstandings that often arose between the characters and their eventual return to normalcy. For instance, one episode dealt with Pooh believing Rabbit was moving away after hearing he had "eaten him out of house and ". Special attention was paid to write from a child's point of view, rather than an adult's. For this, the writers drew inspiration from Bill Cosby, Gahan Wilson, and The Phantom Tollbooth. Additionally, the staff was also very conscious of their older viewers—dubbed "older kids"—and would always aim for a sensibility that would appeal to them as well. Kessel noted that while the show often had writing that would go over the heads of little kids, the original Milne books did as well.
Unlike previous adaptations of Winnie the Pooh, the stories were for the most part not based on chapters from A. A. Milne's books. The writers made a point of not copying from Milne, but instead drawing the essence of him for the modern day; keeping the same charm and style as the original stories. The episodes have very little action in terms of plot, which in later years has drawn comparisons to Seinfeld. The main storylines typically derived from the characters and their relationships to each other. Episode plots ranged from the simple, such as Winnie the Pooh searching for honey (stylized as hunny), to the more dramatic, such as Christopher Robin becoming trapped under his bed. Some episodes spoofed published works of fiction including Frankenstein and Sherlock Holmes.
Episodes focused on socioemotional issues, dealing with topics such as teamwork, resourcefulness, how to triumph over challenges, the power of positive outlook, and the value of friendship. The series delivered strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship and caring. The morals taught in each story allow children to draw parallels to their own lives. These were offered in a far more subtle manner than the "prosocial snippets" seen on other programs. Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears. Innumerable children's-expert panels continued throughout its lengthy network run to highly commend and recommend the series to the three-to-ten-year-old crowd, even growing tolerant enough to be amused by the "hunny/honey" spelling controversy.
Reception
Critical response
Only a few program even approach the quality of ABC's four-season-old New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, the most artfully written and drawn kids' series on the air.
—Noel Holston, The Pittsburgh Press
Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times called the show "the best made-for-TV cartoon show in several seasons". Months later, he claimed it as "not only the classiest new show of the season, but also one of the best-looking series ever animated for television", and gave an similarly positive review the next year. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said it "contained much more detailed and lively animation than the usual kidvid". TV Guide said the show had "theatrical-grade animation, sprightly stories, conscientious eschewing of laugh tracks and best of all, the willingness to let the visual jokes speak for themselves". Entertainment Weekly gave the show an "A" saying "there's enough excitement, including lots of slapstick and bad guys, to keep '90s adventurers happy". The New York Times called the show "lovingly faithful" to the original Milne books. Lee Winfrey of Knight-Ridder says the writers successfully maintained the integrity of Milne's characters and praised the animators for Ernest H. Shepard's illustrations. The Milwaukee Journal said the show will "offer children and probably their parents, a gentle walk through Pooh Corner". Gene Seymour of Knight-Ridder called the best animation on weekly television outside of the General Mills Commercials. The Dayton Daily News called the program one of the best on television writing "The animation of this offering from the Disney's studios is not as sumptuous as the company's feature films, but it is miles above the television norm". Charles Witback praised the show claiming that "Milne out on top " and they remain unique to the flashy, noisy Hollywood. The San Bernardino Sun wrote "if kids like the verbal wit of the other shows, they'll tackle the rich sophistication of Winnie the Pooh".
Good Housekeeping wrote that the show was "sweet and endearing, though its educational value is essentially limited to a kid-tailored 'I'm okay, you're okay' theme". Common Sense Media gave the show 4 stars, saying "the lessons are just as classic and time-tested as the characters". Hal Erickson, writing in his book Television Cartoon Shows, called the show a delightful eye of calm in "the hurricane of hectic Saturday morning slapstick". DVDizzy.com praised the show calling it "true both to the spirit of Milne's creation and the animation of Disney's terrific short films". DVDVerdict.com called the show "perfectly respectable imitations that still rank as stellar, sweet-natured children's entertainment", going on to write "Kids should enjoy this stuff and adults should feel comfortable leaving their young ones in the care of this of this good-hearted programming for an hour". AnimatedViews called the show "a well-remembered if not exceptional series that slotted into the kind of programming that filled the Disney Afternoons." David Perlmutter, in his book America Toons In, called the longevity of the show "a testament to the enduring appeal of the beloved characters". Common Sense Media have the series a four out of five stars, saying, "Classic characters will delight preschoolers."
Not all reviews have been positive. Evan Levine, writing for the Philadelphia Daily News, gave the program a mixed review, saying "the characters are all true to form, but the colors are overly bright, and the whole look is harsh" but adding "this series is certainly better than a lot of other cartoons that we've seen". Jan Crain Rudeen, writing for the Scripps Howard News Service, described the series and the resulting video releases as "awful", which he felt lacked imagination. Desson Howe of The Washington Post described the series as "cheaply sweetened fare". One particular episode has been a source of controversy. "Sorry Wrong Slusher", in which the characters stay up late, order pizza, and watch a late night "slusher film", has been called violent.
Ratings
Select Nielsen ratings
Date
Score
September 10, 1988
5.9/22
September 17, 1988
5.7/23
September 24, 1988
5.1/21
October 1, 1988
5.2/22
September 9, 1989
4.9/25
September 16, 1989
4.4/20
September 23, 1989
4.1/18
The network television premiere on Saturday, September 10, 1988, was hailed as an immediate success. The show won its time-slot with 5.9/23 Nielsen ratings share, translating to 5.7 million viewers. ABC, who had been in third place for Saturday morning the year prior, won every time-slot averaging a 5.0 rating/20 share. This trend continued for the next three weeks. Selby Hall, Marketing Manager for ABC, was quoted as saying " been very successful on Saturday mornings in the States". The high ratings caused an extra push behind the international airings of the program. Throughout the season, the show continued to receive "solid" ratings. The show ranked 10th place out of all Saturday morning cartoons for the season.
During the 1989–90 television schedule, the series was paired with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears. The show once again won its time-slot, but fell one rating point from the previous year's debut. The show repeated this the next week, but was beaten by Captain N: The Game Master the next two weeks.
By 1993, the show had fallen in the ratings. Finishing 27th out of the 36 Saturday morning programs, the show averaged a 2.1/9 Nielsen rating share. The show received a 3.3 Nielsen rating in late February 1993 corresponding to 3.2 million viewers. In 1997, MediaWeek ranked it 301st out of every broadcast show. By the late 1990s, the show was one of the top five Saturday morning cartoons. It had a (2.5/11) market share in Boys 2–11 and a (2.2/11) market share in boys 6–11.
Awards and nominations
For its debut season, the show won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. During his acceptance speech, Mark Zaslove praised the actors and animators for their dedication to the series and specifically thanked Jymn Magon and Karl Geurs for the humanity they brought to the program. The following year the series was awarded the same honor, this time in a tie with Beetlejuice. The show was awarded the first of two Humanitas Prizes during its first season for " the need to both hold onto and let go of love". Three years later, the show would pick up its second prize for its dramatization "of the struggle to assume responsibility and live with the consequences of your mistakes". The show also received a commemoration from the Action for Children's Television with President Peggy Charren calling the show "an imaginative extension of the Pooh stories...preserving the essence of the original characters".
The show was cited in the Children's Television Act of 1990 as an example of a positive educational program. The show received a special salute during the opening session of the Congressional Club in 1988. Joan Lunden, co-host of Good Morning America, hosted the opening session which included United States Congressional and Cabinet wives as well as their children and grandchildren. BuzzFeed ranked the theme song third in their list of "7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed to Earworm You"
Awards and nominations for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Date
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
1988
CableACE Award
Children's Entertainment Series or Special, 8 and Younger
Won
Parents' Choice Awards
Silver Seal Award
Won
1989
Golden Reel Awards
Sound Effects Mixing
"Paw & Order"
Nominated
"The Masked Offender"
Nominated
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Actor Voice-Over Role
Tim Hoskins
Nominated
Action for Children's Television
Commercial Broadcast Award
Won
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program
Won
Humanitas Prize
Children's Animation
Doug Hutchinson, Larry Bernard and Mark Zaslovefor "Find Her, Keep Her"
Won
Parents Choice Awards
Gold Seal Award
Won
1990
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program
Won
Parents Choice Awards
Gold Seal Award
Won
1991
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Film Sound Editing
Nominated
Golden Reel Awards
Outstanding Achievement
"The Good, The Bad, and The Tigger"
Nominated
1992
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program
Nominated
Outstanding Film Sound Editing
Nominated
Humanitas Prize
Children's Animation
Bruce Reid Schaeferfor "Home Is Where The Home Is"
Won
Home media
Logo used for Disney's Pooh products in the 1990s
Although Disney has never released the complete series on home video, there have been numerous video collections released over the years. The first was a collection of 10 videocassette tapes issued by Walt Disney Home Video. Each VHS contained two to four episodes, with the first three tapes released in 1989. This was followed by an additional two the next year, one more in 1991 and four more in 1992. Due to a twenty-five year license agreement on Pooh merchandise, these videotapes were released only in Sears. Sales were very poor, despite a solid consumer base.
Eric Schulz, Vice President of Marketing at Disney, recalled an incident one Friday afternoon at Kmart where parents were shopping: "We noticed that no Winnie the Pooh characters were available. Several consumers were asking the store clerks if the Poohs were sold out". Schulz and his team discovered there were no plush toys available at Kmart, due to the licensing. They also discovered that this license was expiring in just a few months and would not be renewed. That afternoon, the marketing team returned to the office and began to plan new ideas to sell Winnie the Pooh videos.
In 1994, on the day that the Sears license expired, a nationwide Pooh video and plush promotion was launched. Videos were packaged with Pooh plush characters together in a single box. Disney proclaimed 1994, "The Year of Pooh", which coincided with the 70th anniversary of Winnie the Pooh. In lieu of traditional press kit, Disney sent out a Winnie the Pooh cookie jar to the press outlets, a decision which received overwhelmingly positive reaction. The Today Show proudly displayed its Pooh cookie jar on television while the hosts talked about the new video releases.
Two collections of compilation tapes called Pooh Playtime and Pooh Learning were released with three videotapes encompassing each set. The videos featured between two and four episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and featured new songs written by Dave Kinnoin. Sales were very high, with numerous videos turned up on the Video Bestseller List. In just three weeks, Disney had sold twenty times more Winnie the Pooh videos than they had in the previous twelve months. By 1995, Pooh videos sold over thirty times what they had sold the year before, despite the fact that Disney had only repackaged existing products. Because of their success, two additional videos were added to each collection. A third collection entitled Pooh Friendship was released in 1997, bringing the three collections to fifteen videos between them.
The show first appeared on DVD in the United Kingdom. Under the title The Magical World of Winnie the Pooh, eight volumes were released consisting of four episodes apiece. The first five volumes of this series later appeared in the United States under the name Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh. Appearing in February 2005, the releases were made to coincide with the premiere of Pooh's Heffalump Movie. These episodes did not include the original opening credits, but instead had new sequences specifically made for the discs. Episodes of the show have also been released as part of the "special features" in the DVD releases of Winnie the Pooh movies, such as The Tigger Movie and Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo.
The series became available on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.
Impact and legacy
The series helped spawn a successful Winnie the Pooh media franchise, which grew into a series of made-for-TV holiday specials, two additional television series, and four theatrically released movies. Many of the cast members continued to work with these Winnie the Pooh adaptations. Jim Cummings continues to voice Winnie the Pooh and Tigger in the present day. Paul Winchell briefly reprised his role as Tigger in Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin as well as some of the 1990s Specials. John Fiedler voiced Piglet until his death in 2005. Peter Cullen continues to voice Eeyore. Ken Sansom continued voicing Rabbit until 2010. Much of the writers and directors returned for Pooh's Grand Adventure and The Book of Pooh. Bruce Talkington has since written many children's books based on Winnie the Pooh.
The show was one of the last times Winnie the Pooh was designed and marketed for audiences of all ages. In the years following the series, Walt Disney Home Video began to reposition their strategy and marketed the television series, and Winnie the Pooh in general, towards younger age groups, despite critics claiming the show can be enjoyed by members of all ages. In later years, the show has been touted as strictly for preschoolers. DVDizzy summarized the idea saying "Even though Milne's books had won over readers of all ages and even though kids weren't buying movie tickets and merchandise, Disney seemed set on the idea that Pooh was strictly for little ones, those not even old enough to attend school".
The program caused a resurgence of popularity of Winnie the Pooh that continues to this day, to the point of the character being Disney's second largest franchise. Following the home video releases, Disney's annual revenue from Winnie the Pooh rose from $100 million to more than $1 billion in just four years. Winnie the Pooh is now the most successful Disney character, surpassing Mickey Mouse. As of 2012, it is the third most popular media franchise in the United States.
To promote the opening of Winnie the Pooh: The New Musical Adaptation, the production released a recording of Corbin Bleu covering the show's theme song. Bleu sings the original Winnie the Pooh theme for the actual production.
Notes
^ Scrooge McDuck had previously been adapted for DuckTales the year before, but was not considered to be one of the main Disney characters.
^ Jim Cummings voiced Tigger during Season 1's "King of the Beasties" and most of Season 3's episodes except for "Oh Bottle", "What's the Score, Pooh?", and "Eeyi Eeyi Eeyore".
^ Despite the fact that the two programs were technically considered a single show, ratings were not reportedly uniformly.
^ Ratings are notoriously tricky to obtain for children's programming and not guaranteed to be accurate. Because of this, very few sources publish Saturday morning ratings outside of premiere dates.
References
^ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 429. ISBN 978-1538103739.
^ Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 315–316. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
^ McKerrow, Steve (September 14, 1991). "PRIME TIME FOR KIDS A few gems pan out of the gravel of Saturday morning TV fare". The Baltimore Sun.
^ "Bullish outlook in cable-land" (PDF). Television/Radio Age. August 7, 1989. pp. 42–5.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bobbin, Jay (December 6, 1991). "Winnie the Pooh celebrates holidays in network special". Rome News-Tribune. Georgia. Tribune Media Services. p. 3 – via Google News Archive.
^ a b c Simon, Ben (August 23, 2012). "The Tigger Movie: Bounce-a-rrrific Special Edition". Animated Views.
^ Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (December 9, 2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 139. ISBN 9781578066964. When asked for his opinion of what will endure of recent animation, Cummings replied that he believes the Disney programs like Winnie the Pooh, Goof Troop, and TaleSpin are timeless.
^ a b "Voice of Pooh found honey in a career". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 12, 2005 – via Google News Archive.
^ Jacobson, Colin (November 20, 2003). "Winnie The Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)". DVD Movie Guide.
^ Foli, Karen J. (March 7, 2002). Like Sound Through Water: A Mother's Journey Through The Auditory Processing Disorder. Atria Books. p. 203.
^ Levine, Evan (January 31, 2001). "A New Look for Pooh: Japanese Puppetry, Computer Effects Give Old Favorite Modern Appeal". The Ledger. Parental Guidance. Lakeland, Florida. p. D7 – via Google News Archive.
^ a b c Hack, Richard (1995). Richard Hack's Complete Home Video Companion for Parents. Dove Books. p. 156. ISBN 9780787102920.
^ Issac, Steven. "Movie Review: Pooh's Heffalump Movie". Focus on the Family. A.A. Milne created heffalumps as unseen icons representing the things we're afraid of but can't always put our finger on.
^ a b c d Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History. New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 978-0786863594.
^ Levitan, Charan (October 6, 1995). "'Frankenpooh' Is Good, Gentle Fun". Sun-Sentinel. Cinemom. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "Pooh's Heffalump Movie DVD Review". DVDizzy.com.
^ a b c d Allen, Michael (November 8, 2006). "Ultimate Guide to Winnie the Pooh". HowStuffWorks.com.
^ Fritz, Steve. "Chuck McCann Pt 3 – Doin' His Thing in the West Coast" (PDF). ChuckMcCann.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008. From there, they put me on Winnie The Pooh
^ a b c d e f g h i j Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: The shows, M-Z (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786422562.
^ "A Children's Story by A. A. Milne". London Evening News. December 24, 1925. p. 1.
^ Scott, Keith (2014). The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel and a Talking Moose. Macmillan. pp. 78, 137. ISBN 978-1-466-86743-7.
^ Gillies, Judith S. (January 19, 2001). "Winnie the Pooh gets a makeover". The Washington Post.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Winfrey, Lee (September 16, 1988). "ABC hoping Pooh can pull more than honey out a jar". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Knight Ridder. p. A9 – via Google News Archive.
^ Katz, Debra Morgenstern (April 28, 1983). "Disney channel comes to cable". The Kingman Daily Miner. TV Data. p. 19 – via Google News Archive.
^ Katz, Debra Morgenstern (April 18, 1986). "Cable offers kids several quality shows". Ludington Daily News. p. 11 – via Google News Archive.
^ Holston, Noel (August 8, 1985). "Cable networks list most popular shows". Orlando Sentinel.
^ "Top Kid Videocassettes". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media. December 27, 1986. p. 24 – via Google Books.
^ "Top Kid Videocassettes". Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media. December 26, 1987. p. 70 – via Google Books.
^ a b c Behrens, Steven (November 1987). "Can Disney's Magic Work on Network Television?" (PDF). Channels. Act III Publishing. p. 41 – via World Radio History.
^ a b c d e "In which Pooh is brought to life by a new team of writers". Channels. Act III Publishing. February 15, 1989.
^ a b Article Emmy. Volume 16.
^ "Coming from Disney". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. November 15, 1987.
^ a b c "Here's what's coming for the kids this fall". The Register-Guard (Oregon). HIGHLIGHTS. June 21, 1988. p. 7A – via Google News Archive.
^ a b c d e f "Pooh Bear brings new adventures to Saturday morning television Series". St. Petersburg Times. Florida. September 4, 1988 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Cawley, John (May 11, 2007). "Digital Pooh and Tigger Too". Animation World Network.
^ a b c d Perlmutter, David (2014). America Toons In: A History of Television Animation. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786476503.
^ a b c d e f g Witbeck, Charles (September 14, 1988). "Winnie the Pooh delights again". Times-News. North Carolina. p. 6B – via Google News Archive.
^ a b c d e Solomon, Charles (February 5, 1988). "Television Reviews: 'Winnie' Wins, 'Duckula' Doesn't Count in Debuts". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b King, Susan (August 7, 1997). "Pooh Has Gone Straight to Video Too". The Los Angeles Times. p. 9.
^ "Buyers' caution at NATPE parley seen as a positive sign by BV's Jacquemin" (PDF). Television Radio/Age. February 6, 1989. p. 96.
^ "Ex-Disney exec finds you can go home again". The Toledo Blade. Ohio. June 28, 2002. p. 9.
^ Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L. (2001). Handbook of Children and the Media (Illustrated, revised ed.). Sage Publications. p. 611. ISBN 9780761919544.
^ Valenti, Mark (September 7, 2013). "Industry Insider Interview: Writer Mark Zaslove". Wordpress. The Creators of Kindertainment. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. I once got into a battle on whether I could have a giant cask of gunpowder in Winnie The Pooh (Gopher is a miner and needed to carve out the side of a hill). Nope: imitable behavior.
^ Haithman, Diane (September 3, 1987). "How Image Makers Shape Kids' TV". The Los Angeles Times.
^ a b c Wahlers, Roberta (September 4, 1988). "New fall season is kids' stuff". The Milwaukee Journal.
^ Drogin, Ben (March 30, 1993). "Doing Business: Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Networks promise summer punch" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. February 19, 1990. pp. 52–7.
^ "Steve Wood Music – Bio". Steve Wood Music.
^ "Listen What the Katmundu". AllMusic. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: ""The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" Intro (JIM CUMMINGS VERSION!!!)". Retrieved June 8, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ Taitz, Sonya (1994). Mothering Heights. Berkley. p. 131. ISBN 978-0425142363.
^ "Thom Sharp". LA County High School for the Arts. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
^ "Jim Cummings Talks Winnie The Pooh, Christopher Robin, Darkwing Duck Joining Duck Tales, Hondo Ohnaka & Much More In Our Interview (Exclusive)". Discussing Film (Interview). April 18, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
^ Interview: Jim Cummings, the voice of Pooh and Tigger in 'Christopher Robin'. WhatSheSaid Talk. July 31, 2018 – via YouTube.
^ a b "Paul Winchell brings Pooh's 'Tigger' to life". Allegheny Times. Associated Press. October 26, 1988. p. C9 – via Google News Archive.
^ Bentley, Rick (August 1, 2018). "It's no bother for voice actor to speak for Pooh, Tigger". Austin-American Statesman. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ Grant, John (1998). Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's animated characters. Hyperion Books. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-786-86336-5. Paul Winchell (1988–1989) and Jim Cummings (1990–onward) for Tigger
^ a b Jefferson, Graham (December 13, 1991). "Prime-time 'Pooh' Christmas". USA Today. p. 3D. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019 – via ProQuest Archiver.
^ a b Arave, Lynn (June 18, 1993). "'Rabbit' leaves L.A. area, returns to his Utah roots". Deseret News. p. C2 – via Google News Archive.
^ Mclellan, Dennis (June 28, 2005). "John Fiedler, 80; Character Actor Best Known for Distinctive Voice". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b Messina, Elizabeth (2012). What's His Name? John Fiedler: The Man, the Face, the Voice. AuthorHouse. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-468-55856-2.
^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (June 7, 1988). "Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks". Chicago Tribune. New York Times News Service.
^ "Children's television: Saturday morning live" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. October 17, 1988. p. 52.
^ a b Tiegel, Eliot; Sobel, Robert (August 8, 1988). "Syndicators look to new form" (PDF). Television Radio/Age. p. 53.
^ a b c Roush, Matt (September 8, 1988). "On ABC: Portrait of Scooby as a young dog". USA Today. p. 3D. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 – via ProQuest Archiver.
^ a b Webber, Marilyn (2000). Gardner's Guide to Animation Scriptwriting: The Writer's Road Map. Garth Gardner Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0966107593.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Television Commercial). September 4, 1988. ABC. YouTube.
^ "TV's Best Bets". The San Bernardino Sun (California). TV HIGHLIGHTS. Gannett News Service. September 9, 1988. p. D10 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "TV Listings for September 9, 1988". TVTango.
^ a b "Sears, Honey Nut Cheerios and Walt Disney Television to host nationwide premiere party for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 7, 1988 – via Gale Group.
^ "Special kids Hollywood-type premiere for 'New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh' set for Sept. 9" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 9, 1988 – via Gale Group.
^ "Sear holds party for Winnie". Lakeland Ledger. September 9, 1988. p. 2W – via Google News Archive.
^ "'Pooh' party a delight, too". Rome News-Tribune. September 7, 1988. p. 3B – via Google News Archive.
^ From staff and wire reports (November 27, 1987). "Disney Channel opens door to Pooh and his furry pals". Spokane Chronicle. People. Washington. p. 12 – via Google News Archive.
^ Shister, Gail (May 7, 1988). "Pooh, Beany, Cecil, Slimer And Friends Are On Their Way". Chicago Tribune. Knight Ridder Newspapers.
^ Carmody, John (April 24, 1989). "The TV Column". The Washington Post.
^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present (4 ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 350, 594. ISBN 9780140249163.
^ "Hollywood and Networks Fight Drugs With Cartoon". The New York Times. April 21, 1990.
^ "'Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too' airs tonight". The Item. South Carolina. December 14, 1991. p. 11B – via Google News Archive.
^ McFarlin, Jim (September 25, 1992). "NBC Drops Out, but TV Still Has Ton of Saturday 'Toons". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
^ Coe, Steve (February 22, 1993). "Disney To Pull Goofy from ABC Schedule" (PDF). Broadcasting. pp. 16–8.
^ Cerone, Daniel (February 20, 1993). "'X-Men' vs. the Gang of Three: Animation Series Has Helped Fox Challenge the Other Networks on Saturday Mornings". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "Baseball over 'Blue'". Star-News. October 25, 1995. Retrieved November 12, 2019 – via Google News Archive.
^ The Disney Channel Magazine, Vol. 12, no. 6, October/November 1994: pp. 36, 48.
^ "Television News". Animation World Network. Vol. 2, no. 10. January 1998.
^ Greer, Sandy (September 24, 1988). "For the Family". The Toronto Star (SA2 ed.). p. S.98. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 – via ProQuest Archiver.
^ "THE NEW ADVENTURES OF WINNIE THE POOH premieres on Disney Channel". Bollywood Trade. September 11, 2012. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
^ Sienkiewicz, Aleksander (February 21, 2006). "Kolejne cykle Disneya na dobranoc w Jedynce". Press. Telewizja (in Polish).
^ a b c d Mark, Lois Alter (March 18, 1994). "Oh, Pooh". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Virtel, Louis (July 14, 2011). "And Now, Winnie the Pooh's 7 Trippiest Adventures". Movieline. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
^ a b c Kloer, Phil (March 13, 1988). "Cable fertile ground for raising the high, low, and middlebrow". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. NewsBank. p. T/4.
^ a b "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". Common Sense Media.
^ a b Hughes, Mike (September 8, 1988). "Wacky heroes lead the way as children's TV enters new phase". The San Bernardino Sun. Thursday TV. (California). Gannett News Service. p. D6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Benzel, Jan (June 5, 1994). "Classic Storybook Characters Live Televisually Ever After". The New York Times.
^ Figuerido, Robert (August 27, 2002). "Winnie the Pooh: Frankenpooh/Spookable Pooh". Animated Views.
^ Kelley, Gordon (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Screen and Sound Guide. Scarecrow Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0810828599.
^ Jennings Bryany; Dolf Zillman, eds. (2002). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Taylor & Francis. p. 403. ISBN 978-0805838633.
^ Marder, Keith (October 9, 1997). "A Guide to TV That Tries to Teach; FCC Mandate Puts Learning on Schedule". Los Angeles Daily News. California. Gale Group. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019 – via TheFreeLibrary.com.
^ FCC 398 Children's Television Programming Report (Report). 2002. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2019. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ Holston, Noel (December 8, 1991). "Most Saturday morning cartoons forsake quality". The Pittsburgh Press. p. TV4 – via Google News Archive.
^ Solomon, Charles (September 20, 1988). "TV Review: New Kidvid Season: Send in the Clones". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
^ Solomon, Charles (September 22, 1989). "TV REVIEWS : Saturday Morning Cartoons Offer Good Reason to Sleep In". Los Angeles Times.
^ Kloer, Phil (July 10, 1988). "Saturday Morning Television Growing Up". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. NewsBank.
^ "Review". TV Guide. Vol. 37. 1989.
^ Seymour, Gene (November 2, 1989). "Is Saturday morning TV worth the effort?". Knight-Ridder. Moscow-Pullman Daily News – via Google News Archive.
^ Mifflin, Lawrie (January 1999). "Beyond Sesame Street (children's television programming)". Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
^ a b c "Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: A Great Day of Discovery DVD Review". DVDizzy.
^ "DVD Verdict Review - Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving: 10th Anniversary Edition". www.dvdverdict.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - TV Review". www.commonsensemedia.org. August 8, 2006.
^ Levine, Evan (May 1, 1992). "It Looks Cute, but It's Not Milne". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
^ Crain Rudeen, Jai (June 13, 2001). "'Superman: The Movie' is remastered, but keeps original sounds that add authenticity". Scripps Howard News Service. Star-News – via Google News Archive.
^ Howe, Desson (February 11, 2000). "'Tigger' Loses Some Bounce". The Washington Post.
^ Holt Mcgavran, James (1998). Literature and the Child: Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations. University of Iowa Press. pp. 201–2. ISBN 9781587292910.
^ a b "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 16, 1988.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 26, 1988.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 30, 1988.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. October 7, 1988.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 18, 1989.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 22, 1989.
^ "Saturday morning ratings". Variety. Penske Media. September 29, 1989.
^ Hendershot, Heather (1998). Saturday Morning Censors: Television Regulation Before the V-chip. Duke University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0822322405. :children are not interested.
^ "Saturday morning news". Variety. Penske Media. April 19, 1989.
^ "TV Ratings". Television Radio/Age. 37. Television Editorial Corporation: 68. 1989. Retrieved September 9, 2014 – via Google Books.
^ "State of the Art: Programming/89" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. October 9, 1989. p. 49.
^ Coe, Steve (July 26, 1993). "More Players in Saturday Playground" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. p. 48.
^ "Wherein a President Easily Outpolls Pooh". The New York Times. February 23, 1993. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
^ Mandel, Jon MediaWeek Volume 167 pg. 167
^ "Television News". Animation World Network. Vol. 3, no. 7. October 1998.
^ "Anime News Service: August 16–25". Anime News Service. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ Zaslove, Mark (June 29, 1989). "16th Daytime Emmy Awards". Daytime Emmy Awards. Event occurs at 43:16. NBC.
^ Haithman, Diane (July 7, 1989). "ABC, CBS Top Humanitas Prize Winners". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ Quinn, Michelle (July 10, 1992). "First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas". Los Angeles Times. Television.
^ Trott, Robert W. (May 9, 1989). "ABC Honored For Drama About Illiteracy". Associated Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
^ Moore, Steve (September 21, 1997). "Meeting a Higher Standard". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ Carmody, John (September 7, 1988). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. F10. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
^ Fagan, Sean (March 25, 2014). "7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed To Earworm You". BuzzFeed.
^ Weinstein, Steve (January 16, 1989). "HBO Dominates the 10th ACE Awards with 35 Wins". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015 – via WebCite.
^ Krott, Robert (May 19, 1989). "ABC Honored for children's shows". Daily News.
^ a b "Children's Animation Winners". Humanitas Prize. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015.
^ King, Susan (December 23, 1990). "Today's News, Tomorrow's Television: Movie Channel Rewards Andy Hardy fans". Los Angeles Times.
^ Quinn, Michaelle (July 10, 1992). "First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas". Los Angeles Times.
^ Zad, Martie (September 30, 1990). "Disney Offers Treats, Classics For Holidays". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ Zad, Martie; E. Hill, Michael (July 4, 1991). "Popular Videos". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ a b c d e Schulz, Eric (1999). The Marketing Game: How the World's Best Companies Play to Win. Kogan Page. ISBN 978-1466867437.
^ a b James, Meg (July 5, 2002). "Big Battle for a Silly Old Bear". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ McCormick, Moira (March 5, 1994). "Sight & Sound Puts Kid Vid In-Store At More Than 500 Retailers". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 10. p. 64.
^ "Industry". SongWizard. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ McCormick, Moira (March 8, 1997). "'Wee Sing' Changes Its Tune". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 10. pp. 53–4.
^ "Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: It's Playtime with Pooh DVD Review". DVDizzy.
^ "Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review". DVDizzy.
^ @Disney+ (October 14, 2019). "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988)" (Tweet). Retrieved November 17, 2019 – via Twitter.
^ Rautzhan, Kendal (October 16, 1994). "Spooky stories (or trick-or-treating) help enhance Halloween". The Day. p. C4.
^ "Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review". DVDizzy.com. There is actual drama and depth to this story, things that Disney has moved away from in recent years to make Pooh strictly for tots.
^ "More repositioned Pooh". The Laser Disc Newsletter. No. 119. Indiana University. July 1994 – via Google Books. ...Walt Disney Home Video is repositioning the marketing of its Winnie the Pooh cartoons, aiming the releases at a younger age group than previously
^ "Winnie the Pooh: DVD + Blu-ray Review". DVDizzy.com.
^ James, Meg (December 21, 2012). "Disney Controls Winnie the Pooh Trademarks Court Rules". Los Angeles Times.
^ Goudreau, Jenna (September 17, 2012). "Disney Princess Tops List Of The 20 Best-Selling Entertainment Products". Forbes.
^ "Corbin Bleu Sings "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" Theme". YouTube. Winnie The Pooh Show. September 23, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.
Official website
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh at IMDb
vteWinnie-the-Pooh by A. A. MilneBooksMilne books
When We Were Very Young (1924)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1926)
Now We Are Six (1927)
The House at Pooh Corner (1928)
Other authors
Winnie ille Pu (1958)
The Pooh Perplex (1963)
The Tao of Pooh (1982)
The Te of Piglet (1992)
Pooh and the Philosophers (1995)
Return to the Hundred Acre Wood (2009)
Finding Winnie (2015)
The Best Bear in All the World (2016)
Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)
Characters
Winnie-the-Pooh
Disney version
Tigger
Piglet
Eeyore
Christopher Robin
Rabbit
Roo
Heffalumps
Gopher
People
Christopher Robin Milne
E. H. Shepard
Harry Colebourn
Shirley Slesinger Lasswell
Stephen Slesinger
Sherman Brothers
David Benedictus
Mark Burgess
Sterling Holloway
Related
Ashdown Forest
Hundred Acre Wood
Poohsticks
Eeyore's Birthday Party
Winnie-the-Pooh: Exploring a Classic
Winnipeg the Bear
Censorship in China
Disney franchiseFeaturettes
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Short films
Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981)
Once Upon a Studio (2023)
Feature filmsTheatrical
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Christopher Robin (2018)
Direct-to-video
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart (2001)
A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Springtime with Roo (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
Televisionseries
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1984)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
episodes
The Book of Pooh (2001–2003)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–2010)
episodes
Televisionspecials
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (1991)
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996)
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving (1998)
A Valentine for You (1999)
Video games
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1986)
Disney's Animated Storybook
Ready to Read with Pooh (1997)
Disney Learning: Winnie the Pooh (1999)
Adventures in the 100 Acre Wood (2000)
Tigger's Honey Hunt (2000)
Party Time with Winnie the Pooh (2001)
Piglet's Big Game (2003)
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure (2005)
Winnie the Pooh's Home Run Derby (2007)
Related
Kingdom Hearts series
Kingdom Hearts (2002)
Chain of Memories (2004)
II (2005)
Birth by Sleep (2010)
III (2019)
Disney Friends (2007)
Disney Magic Kingdoms (2018)
Disney Mirrorverse (2022)
Music
"Winnie the Pooh" (1965)
Winnie the Pooh soundtrack (2011)
Christopher Robin soundtrack (2018)
Attractions
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Pooh's Hunny Hunt
Other
Comic strip
The New Musical Adaptation
Other adaptations and mediaFilmsSoyuzmultfilmfeaturettes
Winnie-the-Pooh (1969)
Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit (1971)
Winnie-the-Pooh and a Busy Day (1972)
The Twisted Childhood Universe
Blood and Honey (2023)
Blood and Honey 2 (2024)
Biographical
A Bear Named Winnie (2004)
Goodbye Christopher Robin (2017)
Music
"House at Pooh Corner" (1970)
Return to Pooh Corner (1994)
More Songs from Pooh Corner (2000)
Other
Bother! The Brain of Pooh
"Band in China" (2019)
"Winnie-the-Screwed" (2022)
Winnie's Hole (2023)
Category
vteDisney Television AnimationMain television series1980s
The Wuzzles (1985)
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985–1991)
DuckTales (1987–1990)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1989–1990)
1990s
TaleSpin (1990–1991)
Darkwing Duck (1991–1992)
Goof Troop (1992)
The Little Mermaid (1992–1994)
Raw Toonage (1992)
Bonkers (1993–1994)
Marsupilami (1993)
Aladdin (1994–1995)
Gargoyles (1994–1997)
Timon & Pumbaa (1995–1999)
Henry's Amazing Animals (1996-1999)
The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (1995)
Quack Pack (1996)
Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series (1996–1997)
Doug (1996–1999)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998)
Recess (1997–2001)
Pepper Ann (1997–2000)
PB&J Otter (1998–2000)
Hercules (1998–1999)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
2000s
The Weekenders (2000–2004)
Teacher's Pet (2000–2002)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000–2001)
House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Lloyd in Space (2001–2004)
The Legend of Tarzan (2001–2003)
Teamo Supremo (2002–2004)
Kim Possible (2002–2007)
Fillmore! (2002–2004)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
Dave the Barbarian (2004–2005)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2004–2006)
American Dragon: Jake Long (2005–2007)
The Buzz on Maggie (2005–2006)
The Emperor's New School (2006–2008)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
The Replacements (2006–2009)
Shorty McShorts' Shorts (2006–2007)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–2010)
Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015; 2024)
Special Agent Oso (2009–2012)
2010s
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil (2010–2012)
Fish Hooks (2010–2014)
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010–2011)
Jake and the Never Land Pirates (2011–2016)
Motorcity (2012–2013)
Tron: Uprising (2012–2013)
Gravity Falls (2012–2016)
Sofia the First (2012–2018)
Mickey Mouse (2013–2019)
Wander Over Yonder (2013–2016)
The 7D (2014–2016)
Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero (2014–2017)
Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2015–2019)
Two More Eggs (2015–2017)
Pickle and Peanut (2015–2018)
Descendants: Wicked World (2015–2017)
The Lion Guard (2015–2019)
Elena of Avalor (2016–2020)
Future-Worm! (2016–2018)
Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019)
Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021)
Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (2017–2020)
Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer (2017)
DuckTales (2017–2021)
Big Hero 6: The Series (2017–2021)
Big City Greens (2018–present)
Fancy Nancy (2018–2022)
Amphibia (2019–2022)
2020s
The Owl House (2020–2023)
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023)
Monsters at Work (2021–present)
Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present)
The Ghost and Molly McGee (2021–2024)
Rise Up, Sing Out (2022–present)
Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022–2024)
The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder (2022–present)
Chibiverse (2022–present)
Hamster & Gretel (2022–present)
Firebuds (2022–present)
Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur (2023–present)
Kiff (2023–present)
Hailey's On It! (2023–present)
Associatedproductions1990s
Nightmare Ned (1997)
2000s
Clerks: The Animated Series (2000–2002)
Jetix Animation Concepts
Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! (2004–2006)
Get Ed (2005–2006)
Yin Yang Yo! (2006–2009)
2010s
Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja (2012–2015)
Feature filmsTheatricalfilms
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Return to Never Land (2002)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
Televisionfilms
Fluppy Dogs (1986)
Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time (2003)
Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama (2005)
The Proud Family Movie (2005)
Leroy & Stitch (2006)
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011)
Elena and the Secret of Avalor (2016)
Tangled: Before Ever After (2017)
Mickey's Tale of Two Witches (2021)
Mickey and Minnie Wish Upon a Christmas (2021)
Big City Greens the Movie: Spacecation (2024)
Direct-to-videofilms
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)
Stitch! The Movie (2003)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
Disney+films
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe (2020)
Specials
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (1991)
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996)
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving (1998)
Winnie the Pooh: A Valentine for You (1999)
Mickey and Friends Trick or Treats (2023)
^ Productions listed here had Disney Television Animation's involvement go uncredited.
vteFormer Disney Channel original programming1980s debuts
Good Morning, Mickey! (1983–1992)
Contraption (1983–1989)
EPCOT Magazine (1983–1999)
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1986)
Donald Duck Presents (1983–1985)
Mousercise (1983–1996)
You and Me Kid (1983–1986)
Disney Family Album (1984–1986)
D-TV (1984–1989)
Dumbo's Circus (1985–1989)
Sidekicks (1986–1987)
Videopolis (1987–1989)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (1989–1997)
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1989–1990)
Teen Angel (1989)
Teen Angel Returns (1989)
1990s debuts
TaleSpin (1990–1991)
Disney Channel in Concert (1991–1997)
Darkwing Duck (1991–1992)
The Secret of Lost Creek (1992)
Adventures in Wonderland (1992–1995)
Goof Troop (1992–1993)
Donald's Quack Attack (1992–2003)
Bonkers (1993–1994)
Walt Disney World Inside Out (1994–1996)
Aladdin: The Series (1994–1995)
Gargoyles (1994–1997)
The Shnookums & Meat Funny Cartoon Show (1995)
The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa (1995–1999)
Flash Forward (1995–1997)
Quack Pack (1996)
Mighty Ducks (1996–1997)
Going Wild with Jeff Corwin (1997–1999)
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998)
The Ink and Paint Club (1997–1998)
Bug Juice (1998–2001)
Mad Libs (1998–1999)
Off the Wall (1998–1999)
Disney's Hercules: The Animated Series (1998–1999)
The Famous Jett Jackson (1998–2001)
So Weird (1999–2001)
The Jersey (1999–2004)
2000s debuts
Totally Circus (2000)
Even Stevens (2000–2003)
In a Heartbeat (2000–2001)
Totally Hoops (2001)
Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004)
The Legend of Tarzan (2001–2003)
The Proud Family (2001–2005)
Kim Possible (2002–2007)
Totally in Tune (2002)
That's So Raven (2003–2007)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
Dave the Barbarian (2004–2005)
Phil of the Future (2004–2006)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2004–2006)
American Dragon: Jake Long (2005–2007)
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2008)
The Buzz on Maggie (2005–2006)
The Emperor's New School (2006–2008)
Hannah Montana (2006–2011)
Disney Channel Games (2006–2008)
The Replacements (2006–2009)
Shorty McShorts' Shorts (2006–2007)
Cory in the House (2007–2008)
As the Bell Rings (2007–2009)
Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015)
Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–2012)
Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010)
The Suite Life on Deck (2008–2011)
Cars Toons (2008–2014)
Sonny with a Chance (2009–2011)
Jonas (2009–2010)
Have a Laugh! (2009–2012)
2010s debuts
Good Luck Charlie (2010–2014)
Fish Hooks (2010–2014)
Shake It Up (2010–2013)
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010–2011)
A.N.T. Farm (2011–2014)
So Random! (2011–2012)
PrankStars (2011)
Jessie (2011–2015)
Austin & Ally (2011–2016)
Gravity Falls (2012–2016)
Code: 9 (2012)
Dog with a Blog (2012–2015)
Wander Over Yonder (2013–2016)
Liv and Maddie (2013–2017)
Mickey Mouse (2013–2019)
I Didn't Do It (2014–2015)
Win, Lose or Draw (2014)
Girl Meets World (2014–2017)
K.C. Undercover (2015–2018)
Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2015–2019)
Best Friends Whenever (2015–2016)
Descendants: School of Secrets (2015)
Descendants: Wicked World (2015–2017)
Stuck in the Middle (2016–2018)
Walk the Prank (2016)
Bizaardvark (2016–2019)
Elena of Avalor (2016–2018)
Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019)
Mech-X4 (2016–2018)
Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (2017–2020)
Andi Mack (2017–2019)
Raven's Home (2017–2023)
DuckTales (2017–2021)
Big Hero 6: The Series (2017–2021)
Star Wars Resistance (2018–2020)
Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp (2018)
Coop & Cami Ask the World (2018–2020)
Sydney to the Max (2019–2021)
Fast Layne (2019)
Just Roll with It (2019–2021)
Amphibia (2019–2022)
Gabby Duran & the Unsittables (2019–2021)
2020s debuts
The Owl House (2020–2023)
Disney Fam Jam (2020)
Secrets of Sulphur Springs (2021–2023)
Disney's Magic Bake-Off (2021)
The Ghost and Molly McGee (2021–2024)
Ultra Violet & Black Scorpion (2022)
Saturdays (2023)
See also
25 Days of Christmas
The Disney Afternoon
Current original series
Disney Channel Storytellers
Disney Television Animation
It's a Laugh Productions
vteThe Disney AfternoonSeries
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (episodes)
DuckTales (episodes)
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (episodes)
TaleSpin (episodes)
Darkwing Duck (episodes)
Goof Troop (episodes)
Bonkers (episodes)
Aladdin (episodes)
Gargoyles (episodes)
The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (episodes)
Timon & Pumbaa (episodes)
Quack Pack (episodes)
Mighty Ducks (episodes)
101 Dalmatians (episodes)
Hercules (episodes)
Related topics
Disney Channel
Disney's One Saturday Morning
Disney's One Too
The Disney Afternoon Collection
Kellogg's
syndicated first-run animated TV series
Weekday cartoon
Buena Vista Television
Disney Television Animation
vteABC KidsDisney's OneSaturday Morning(1997–2002)
The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show (1997–2000)
Schoolhouse Rock! (1997–2000)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1997–2002)
Doug (1997–2001)
Science Court (1997–2000)
Recess (1997–2004)
Pepper Ann (1997–2001)
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1999)
Jungle Cubs (1997–1998)
Mrs. Munger's Class (1997–1998)
Hercules (1998–1999)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
Sabrina: The Animated Series (1999–2001)
The Weekenders (2000–2002)
Teacher's Pet (2000–2002)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000–2001)
House of Mouse (2001–2002)
Lloyd in Space (2001–2002)
Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action! (2001–2002)
Teamo Supremo (2002–2003)
NBA Inside Stuff (2002–2004)
ABC Kids(2002–2011)
Lizzie McGuire (2001–2005)
Even Stevens (2001–2002, 2005)
The Proud Family (2002–2006)
Fillmore! (2002–2005)
Kim Possible (2002–2006)
Power Rangers Wild Force (2002–2003)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
That's So Raven (2003–2011)
Power Rangers Ninja Storm (2003–2004)
Power Rangers Dino Thunder (2004–2005)
Phil of the Future (2004–2006)
W.I.T.C.H. (2005)
Power Rangers S.P.D. (2005–2006)
The Buzz on Maggie (2005–2006)
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2011)
The Emperor's New School (2006–2011)
Power Rangers Mystic Force (2006–2007)
The Replacements (2006–2011)
Hannah Montana (2006–2011)
Power Rangers Operation Overdrive (2007–2008)
Power Rangers Jungle Fury (2008–2009)
Power Rangers RPM (2009)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (re-version) (2010)
Related topics
Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company
Disney's One Too
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel
It's a Laugh Productions
Disney Television Animation
vteTelevision series based on Walt Disney Animation Studios films1980s
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1984)
Dumbo's Circus (1985)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
1990s
TaleSpin (1990–1991)
The Little Mermaid (1992–1994)
Sebastian (1993)
Aladdin (1994–1995)
Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1997)
Timon & Pumbaa (1995–1999)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998)
Hercules (1998–1999)
2000s
The Book of Pooh (2001–2003)
The Legend of Tarzan (2001–2003)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003–2006)
The Emperor's New School (2006–2008)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–2010)
Stitch! (2008–2011, 2012, 2015)
2010s
Jake and the Never Land Pirates (2011–2016)
The Lion Guard (2015–2019)
Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (2017–2020)
Stitch & Ai (2017)
Big Hero 6: The Series (2017–2021)
Legend of the Three Caballeros (2018)
101 Dalmatian Street (2019–2020)
2020s
Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022–2024)
Baymax! (2022)
Zootopia+ (2022)
Related
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Disney Television Animation
Jiminy Cricket educational serials (1955–1977)
Bonkers (1993–1994)
House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Once Upon a Time (2011–2018)
Sofia the First (2012–2018)
Mickey Mouse (2013–2019)
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013–2014)
The 7D (2014–2016)
Descendants: Wicked World (2015–2017)
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023)
Ariel (2024)
The Disney Afternoon
ABC Kids
Disney's One Too
vteChildren's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1980sFirst-runanimated series
The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979–80)
The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (Mighty Man and Yukk
Fangface
Rickety Rocket) (1979–80)
Spider-Woman (1979–80)
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979–80)
Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels (1977–80)
Super Friends (1980-82)
The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (1980–82)
Richie Rich (1980–84)
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (shorts) (1980–82)
Thundarr the Barbarian (1980–82)
The Heathcliff and Dingbat Show (1980–82)
Laverne & Shirley in the Army (1981–82)
Goldie Gold and Action Jack (1981–82)
Pac-Man (1982–84)
The Little Rascals (1982–84)
Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour (1982–83)
The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour (1982–83)
The Puppy's Further Adventures (1982–84)
Monchhichis (1983–84)
Rubik, the Amazing Cube (1983–84, 1985)
The Littles (1983–86)
Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984–85)
Mighty Orbots (1984–85)
Turbo Teen (1984–85)
Dragon's Lair (1984–85)
Wolf Rock TV (1984)
The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show/The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1983–85)
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985–90)
Ewoks (1985–87)
Droids (1985–86)
The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985–86)
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo (1985)
Pound Puppies (1986–88)
The Care Bears Family (1986–88)
The Flintstone Kids (1986–89)
The Real Ghostbusters (1986–91)
My Pet Monster (1987–88)
The Little Clowns of Happytown (1987-88)
Little Wizards (1987-88)
The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil (1988)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988–91)
Beetlejuice (1989–92)
First-runlive-action series
ABC Weekend Special (1977–97)
American Bandstand (1957–87)
Animals, Animals, Animals (1976–81)
Kids Are People Too (1978–82)
Menudo on ABC (1983–85)
ABC Funfit (1985)
ABC Fun Facts (1988)
Rebroadcasts
The Best of Scooby-Doo (1983–84)
The Bugs Bunny Show (1985–2000)
Scary Scooby Funnies (1984–85)
Scooby's Mystery Funhouse (1985–86)
Pink Panther and Sons (1986)
The Wuzzles (1986–87)
Related
Animation in the United States in the television era
Modern animation in the United States
vteChildren's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1990sFirst-run animated series
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988–91)
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1989–90)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
Slimer! and the Real Ghostbusters (1986–91)
Beetlejuice (1989–92)
The Wizard of Oz (1990–91)
Little Rosey (1990–91)
New Kids on the Block (1990–91)
Darkwing Duck (1991–93)
Hammerman (1991–92)
The Pirates of Dark Water (1991–92)
Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa (1992–94)
Goof Troop (1992–93)
The Addams Family (1992–95)
Cro (1993–95)
Tales from the Cryptkeeper (1993–95)
Sonic the Hedgehog (1993–95)
Free Willy (1994–95)
ReBoot (1994–96)
Bump in the Night (1994–96)
The New Adventures of Madeline (1995)
Dumb and Dumber (1995–96)
What-a-Mess (1995–96)
Brand Spanking New Doug (1996–2001)
Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series (1996–97)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Gargoyles: The Goliath Chronicles (1996–97)
Jungle Cubs (1996–97)
Nightmare Ned (1997)
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–98)
Recess (1997–2004)
Pepper Ann (1997–2000)
Science Court (1997–2000)
Hercules (1998–99)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2001)
Sabrina: The Animated Series (1999–2001)
First-run live-action series
Animal Crack-Ups (1987–90)
ABC Weekend Special (1977–97)
Land of the Lost (1991–92)
CityKids (1993–94)
Fudge (1995)
Hypernauts (1996)
Bone Chillers (1996–97)
Flash Forward (1996–97)
Rebroadcasts
The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show (1985–2000)
DuckTales (1997)
Related programming and topics
Disney's One Saturday Morning
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Modern animation in the United States
vteDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program
Muppet Babies (1985-1988)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1989)
Beetlejuice / The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1990)
Tiny Toon Adventures (1991)
Rugrats (1992)
Tiny Toon Adventures (1993)
Rugrats (1994)
Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? (1995)
Animaniacs (1996-1997)
Arthur (1998-1999)
Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain (2000)
Arthur (2001)
Madeline (2002)
Rugrats (2003)
Little Bill (2004)
Peep and the Big Wide World (2005)
Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2006)
Arthur (2007)
Curious George (2008)
WordWorld (2009)
Curious George (2010)
The Penguins of Madagascar (2011-2012)
Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (2013-2014)
All Hail King Julien (2015)
Niko and the Sword of Light (2016)
Lost in Oz: Extended Adventure (2017)
SpongeBob SquarePants (2018)
The Loud House (2019)
The Dragon Prince (2020)
Hilda (2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Television Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television_Animation"},{"link_name":"Winnie-the-Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)"},{"link_name":"A. A. Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Milne"},{"link_name":"E. H. Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Shepard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlmutter-1"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Eeyore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeyore"},{"link_name":"Tigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigger"},{"link_name":"Kanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanga_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo"},{"link_name":"Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daytime-2"},{"link_name":"Americanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Children%27s_Animated_Program"},{"link_name":"Humanitas Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TiggerMovie-6"}],"text":"This article is about the TV series. For the 1977 film, see The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. Based on the Winnie-the-Pooh books by authors A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard, The New Adventures was the first time a major Disney character headlined an animated, made-for-television series as well as the first Disney television series based on a major animated film.[1] The cartoon premiered with a limited run on The Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Nine months later, the show moved to ABC as part of their Saturday morning lineup. New episodes continued until October 26, 1991. Proving popular with children and older fans, it remained a staple on television in the United States for nearly two decades.The series depicts the everyday lives of Christopher Robin and his companions Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Kanga, Roo, Rabbit, Owl and Gopher.[2] Rather than a straightforward adaptation, the show was more Americanized than previous Pooh efforts. Episodes dealt with strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship, and caring. Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears.Publications ranging from The Los Angeles Times to TV Guide gave the series extremely positive reviews for its resemblance to the earlier Disney efforts and its high production quality, receiving praise for its wholesome tradition.[3] The show won back-to-back Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program as well as two Humanitas Prizes. The show was well received by both children and their parents.[4] Most of the viewer mail the crew received were from parents thanking the staff for producing a show that they can watch with their children.[5] The New Adventures is credited with bringing about a resurgence of Pooh animated media, including a series of television and video specials.[6]","title":"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"John Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"Tigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigger"},{"link_name":"Paul Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Winchell"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"Dead End Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_End_Kids"},{"link_name":"Cowardly Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowardly_Lion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim-8"},{"link_name":"Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Ken Sansom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sansom"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Michael Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gough_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Eeyore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeyore"},{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy"},{"link_name":"Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Melody"},{"link_name":"joey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)"},{"link_name":"Tigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigger"},{"link_name":"Patricia Parris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Parris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bluebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird"},{"link_name":"The Book of Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Pooh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kessie-11"},{"link_name":"Stan Woozle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Woozle"},{"link_name":"Heff Heffalump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heff_Heffalump"},{"link_name":"heffalumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heffalump"},{"link_name":"woozles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_characters#Woozles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monkey-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonderful-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Papa Heffalump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_characters#Papa,_Mama,_and_Junior_Heffalump"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Skippy the Sheepdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_characters#Skippy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowStuff-17"},{"link_name":"Chuck McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_McCann"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Winnie the Pooh (voiced by Jim Cummings) is the main character, a \"bear of very little brain\". Pooh is very naive yet lovable and is always good-natured. Cummings called the program timeless.[7]\nPiglet (voiced by John Fiedler) is Pooh's best friend. Piglet is shy, very kindhearted and is obsessed with keeping things neat and tidy, and enjoys beautiful things like flowers. His fears and nervousness often hinder his life, as Piglet runs and hides when unnecessary and often stutters when nervous, but has been shown to have a lot of hidden courage and often faces danger to help others. Piglet sometimes has an inferiority complex, although his friends think highly of him. Episodes about him tend to revolve around these traits as well as his small size.\nTigger (voiced by Paul Winchell primarily in Seasons 1–2 and Jim Cummings primarily in Seasons 3–4) is an ebullient tiger. Tigger is always filled with great energy and optimism, and though always well-meaning, Tigger can also be mischievous, and his actions have sometimes led to chaos and trouble for himself and his friends. Tigger is very confident and has quite an ego, having a high opinion of himself. Tigger has a notable habit of mispronouncing various words, or stressing wrong syllables in them. Unlike previous adaptations, Tigger is shown living in a large treehouse. Winchell thought of him as a cross between the Dead End Kids and the Cowardly Lion.[8]\nRabbit (voiced by Ken Sansom) is a sarcastic and finicky rabbit. In addition to wanting to be organized and practical, Rabbit's tendency to take charge is inflated to the extent that Rabbit becomes a control freak who insists on doing things exactly right, in his way and in the proper order. Rabbit keeps a garden and does whatever he can to protect it from other animals such as bugs and crows, often getting upset when anyone or anything tries to steal his vegetables. Rabbit and Tigger are usually foils for each other, reluctantly working together. Rabbit was shown as pale green in the series, compared to yellow in later efforts.[9]\nGopher (voiced by Michael Gough) plays a more prominent role in this series. Gopher is shown to be a bit of a workaholic, and is obsessed with dynamite and digging in his tunnels. Gopher speaks with a Southern accent and wears a helmet with a light attached. Gopher often helps the others out with construction plans.\nEeyore (voiced by Peter Cullen) is a gloomy donkey. Eeyore is somewhat less caustic and sarcastic in this version than in the original stories. Despite his depressive nature, Eeyore is capable of great compassion. Eeyore usually expects misfortune to happen to him, such as his house of sticks to be knocked down regularly, but accepts it when it does.\nOwl (voiced by Hal Smith) is the eldest character in the series. Owl presents himself as a mentor and teacher to the others, but is really quite scatterbrained. Owl enjoys telling stories about his distant relatives, whenever something reminds him of one, but many of his stories are pointless or absurd. Owl speaks with a strong Southern English accent.\nChristopher Robin (voiced by Tim Hoskins) is a young boy that has adventures with the stuffed animals.\nRoo (voiced by Nicholas Melody) is a young joey. Roo wears a light blue shirt. The smallest of the characters, Roo frequently is seen hanging around Tigger.\nKanga (voiced by Patricia Parris) is Roo's mother. Kanga rarely appears, but is shown to be kindhearted and calm.For the most part, the show used a limited cast consisting only of characters in the original Milne books, with the notable exception of the Disney-created character Gopher.[5] However, several minor characters did make appearances. Christopher Robin's mother is shown occasionally, but always with her face obscured.[10]Kessie, a female bluebird that Rabbit rescues, makes her first appearance in this series; Kessie would later appear in The Book of Pooh.[11] Stan Woozle and Heff Heffalump appear as a pair of honey thieves. This marked the first time heffalumps and woozles were seen on-screen.[12] Prior to this, heffalumps and woozles had always been portrayed as creatures that did not exist and were representative of childhood fears.[13] Instead, the show used other unseen villains such as Jagulars[14] and the \"Grab-Me Gotcha.\"[15] Papa Heffalump also appeared from time to time.[16] Other characters on the show include Owl's cousin Dexter (voiced by Hal Smith) and Skippy the Sheepdog.[17] Chuck McCann provided additional voices as well.[18]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. A. Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Milne"},{"link_name":"E. H. Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Shepard"},{"link_name":"Winnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Winnie-the-Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)"},{"link_name":"Jay Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ward"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Honey_Tree"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Pooh Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Pooh_Corner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Winnie the Pooh was created by British authors A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard in the 1920s. The character was named after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne. He had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and \"Pooh\", a swan they had met while on holiday. Drawing from this and other toys owned by his son, Milne created the world of Winnie-the-Pooh. He first appeared by name on December 24, 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London Evening News.[20] The following year, a collection of Pooh stories was formally released bearing the name Winnie-the-Pooh. The stories proved very popular and inspired a sequel.The idea for a television series was first discussed in 1957. NBC suggested Jay Ward undertake the pilot, then titled The World of Winnie the Pooh, with an option for thirty-nine episodes. Some songs and bits of dialogue were recorded, but the project was ultimately abandoned.[21] In 1961, Disney's namesake founder Walt Disney purchased the film rights to make an animated movie starring the characters. He subsequently produced a series of three short featurettes throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, beginning with Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966).[22][23] Disney had also aired a variety show with the characters that used electronically controlled puppetry and life-sized costume titled Welcome to Pooh Corner.[24][25] This became the highest rated program on the Disney Channel.[26] The original featurettes also proved popular, with video sales topping the charts in 1986 and 1987.[27][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences_(2076600212).jpg"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Television Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television_Animation"},{"link_name":"Rich Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Frank"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channels-29"},{"link_name":"Mark Zaslove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zaslove"},{"link_name":"DuckTales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckTales"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-30"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"Michael Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eisner"},{"link_name":"Disney's Wuzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Wuzzles"},{"link_name":"Adventures of the Gummi Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy-31"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"At the time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaToonsIn-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duckula-39"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Production took place at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences complexAn animated cartoon starring the characters was first proposed by Walt Disney Television Animation Vice President Gary Krisel during a Disney retreat, in which company assets and future prospects were examined. Rich Frank later recalled him saying: \"I think Pooh is a great character for Saturday morning animation\". He believed the merchandising license, held at that time by Sears, would work as a great promotional tool.[29] Mark Zaslove was contacted to write the series bible; he had recently finished work on the DuckTales pilot episode. The document was written over Memorial Day weekend 1987, with Zaslove having only three days to complete the proposal. The pitch was well received by Disney and subsequently green-lit.[30]Instead of shopping Winnie the Pooh around to different networks, the show was pitched directly to ABC. The channel had desperately wanted a cartoon from Disney for their Saturday morning schedule, which had fallen to last place in the ratings. They had hoped Pooh could boost ratings for the channel.[23] Two years earlier, Michael Eisner and Krisel had set up meetings with all three major networks in hopes to sell rights to their two cartoon series: Disney's Wuzzles and Adventures of the Gummi Bears. CBS and NBC had purchased Wuzzles and Gummi Bears respectively. Realizing they had nothing left to offer ABC, Eisner and Krisel met with them anyway and received a warm response to the gaffe.[31] A deal was reached giving ABC the show, while giving first run rights to The Disney Channel.The show was official announced via a press release on November 15, 1987.[32] It would mark the first time a prominent Disney character was seen on Saturday morning television.[a][34] The series was viewed as a gamble, with people unsure if Pooh would survive on the new medium.[35] At the time, Saturday morning cartoons were viewed as a place with dry, repetitive storylines, shallow characters, clichéd narratives, and cheap animation.[36][37] As a result, animation fans greeted Disney's plans to adapt A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard's childhood favorite to the small screen with a mixture of skepticism and dismay, fearing the show could not top the original featurettes.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Television Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television_Animation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geurs-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaToonsIn-37"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-30"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monkey-12"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"story editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_editor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-30"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Milne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"Jack Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hannah"},{"link_name":"Ward Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Kimball"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Dick Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Kinney"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"cels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee-46"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"},{"link_name":"TMS Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMS_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Hanho Heung-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanho_Heung-Up"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"Wang Film Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Television Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studios_owned_by_The_Walt_Disney_Company#Disney_Animation_Australia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaToonsIn-37"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Fil-Cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cartoon_and_animation"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Toon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_City"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalmBeach-35"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Further information: Walt Disney Television AnimationABC eagerly commissioned 25 half-hour episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh for its first season, rather than the standard 13 to 17.[19] Karl Geurs, a self-described Pooh fan, developed the series,[39] which took many months.[40] At the time, Walt Disney Television Animation had only 80 employees and two projects in production.[41] The department did not yet have in-house facilities built,[36] so employees worked out of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences building.[30] Disney put the same high standards of expectation that they had with their feature films.[12] They had hoped to set a new standard of excellence in Saturday morning television, one with \"storytelling rich in language and values, as well as delightful well acted characters\" that would appeal to audiences of all ages.[34][5]We've been well-trained in being really careful about how the characters are being handled, and a lot of effort goes into the writing, just to guarantee that it’s true to the original sense of Milne. Since he was writing for a different era, compromises have to be made, and we’ve always been very concerned about that\n\n\n—Ken Kessel, Tribune Media Services[5]The writing process began with story premises being pitched to Zaslove, who served as story editor for the first season. The best ones were selected and sent to ABC executives for approval, followed by story outlines and scripts. The process took around four weeks per episode.[30] The crew were \"dyed-in-the-wool\" fan of Milne's works,[37] constantly checking their work against published Pooh books in order to stay true to the original sense of Milne. Special attention was given to maintain the personalities of the characters as they had originally been written.[5] The cartoon attempted to have the right balance of both action-adventure sequences and moments of whimsy.[34] The staff often found trouble working with the limited cast, with supervising director Ken Kessel quoted as saying: \"You are restrained by what the characters can do and who they are\".[5] The writing staff hoped to channel the spirit of the Walt Disney shorts of the 1940s, drawing inspiration from artists Jack Hannah, Ward Kimball, and Jack and Dick Kinney.[37]The series had one internal standards director.[42] Care was made to ensure there was no imitable behavior that children could copy. A source of friction on the show was whether Gopher was allowed to have gunpowder.[43] A consulting company based in Glendale, California advised the team on how the characters should speak, look, and act in order to better appeal to the target demographic. The relationship with the production staff was described as positive.[44]Like most other cartoons, the animation was outsourced to other countries. This was mainly done for cost purposes and the limited availability of artists in the United States. All the writing, music, direction, character design, and color was worked by around 30 Disney employees in Hollywood. After this, everything was sent overseas for the animation. Approximately 300 employees would work on inking and printing.[23] An unusually high number of animation cels were used for the show, with 20,000 cels in each episode as opposed to 8,000–12,000 for typical cartoons.[34] The show had more drawings per minute than any other television cartoon at the time.[45][34] Early episodes were completed by TMS Entertainment in Tokyo, Japan and later by Walt Disney Animation UK Ltd. in London, England, Hanho Heung-Up in Seoul, South Korea[19] and Wang Film Productions in Taipei, Taiwan.[46] Sixteen episodes were also produced by Walt Disney Television Australia in Sydney, New South Wales. The show set a benchmark for similar cartoons that both Disney as well as other channels expected for future shows.[36][47] In Manila, Philippines, Fil-Cartoons (subsidiary of Hanna-Barbera) and Toon City also contributed some animation for the series.After the animation was completed, the production reels were sent back to the United States where music and sound effects were added.[23] The show's theme song, entitled \"Pooh Bear\", was written by Steve Nelson and sung by Steve Wood.[48] A version with Nelson doing the vocals later appeared on his Listen What the Katmandu album.[49] Another version of the song with Jim Cummings doing the vocals (who also voiced Pooh and Tigger) appeared in reruns of the series on Disney Channel in 1994.[50] Nelson also composed several additional songs that were shown on the early episodes.[19] The music was particularly praised by critics.[51] The show's underscore was composed by Thom Sharp.[52] An orchestra was used to record the music, using instruments such as trumpets, woodwinds, and a full string section.[53] The composers were given the unique opportunity to examine the animator's exposure sheets, enabling them to write music while an episode was being scripted.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sterling Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-30"},{"link_name":"casting call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_call"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Burgess Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Meredith"},{"link_name":"E. G. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._G._Marshall"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Paul Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Winchell"},{"link_name":"John Fiedler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiedler"},{"link_name":"Hal Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigger"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"cardiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchell-57"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowStuff-17"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoohChristmas-61"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowStuff-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jim-8"},{"link_name":"B&B Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sansom-62"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winchell-57"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiedler-64"},{"link_name":"Ken Sansom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sansom"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sansom-62"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The producers actively sought out the surviving original voice cast which had been used in the 1960s featurettes. Sterling Holloway, the original voice of Winnie the Pooh, read for the part, but had aged to the point where he could no longer do the voice successfully.[30] A casting call was held and Jim Cummings was selected as his replacement, a role he has continued with to the present day.[54] Cummings has claimed that veteran actors such as Burgess Meredith and E. G. Marshall had read for the part of Pooh as well.[55]Paul Winchell, John Fiedler and Hal Smith, the original voices for Tigger, Piglet, and Owl respectively, returned for the series. On advice from his cardiologist, Winchell mostly avoided recording with the rest of the cast to avoid the stress so the studio allowed him do his voices alone.[56] Meanwhile, Winchell was making various trips to Africa to cure hunger,[57] in which Cummings often understudied for Winchell.[17] Throughout the series, Winchell voiced Tigger in the first two seasons and select episodes of the third season before Cummings took over the role.[b][58][59][17] When Cummings took over, Winchell said: \"Take care of my little friend for me.\"[8]Most of the recording sessions occurred at B&B Sound in Burbank, California. Advanced technology allowed for the actors to record their roles without having to be in the same room. For example, Fiedler recorded his role from New York[60] while Winchell recorded some from Florida.[56] Cummings described Fielder's voice as \"kind of like the wind blowing through tall grass. It sounded homey, and it sounding comforting.\"[61] Fiedler stated he was very proud of his work on the show having enjoyed the role as much as when he started in 1968.[62] Ken Sansom described voicing Rabbit in the series as the best professional experience he ever had.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-65"},{"link_name":"Nielsen ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"people meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_meter"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-67"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel-33"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-68"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel-33"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner'sGuide-69"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-67"},{"link_name":"1988 Writers Guild of America strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike"},{"link_name":"thirtysomething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtysomething"},{"link_name":"Moonlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlighting_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"ABC Sunday Night Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Sunday_Night_Movie"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-68"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Beany_and_Cecil"},{"link_name":"A Pup Named Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pup_Named_Scooby-Doo"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Sears & Roebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_%26_Roebuck"},{"link_name":"Honey Nut Cheerios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Nut_Cheerios"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sears-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sears-73"}],"sub_title":"Promotion","text":"Coming into the 1988–89 television season, networks had been struggling with a drop in ratings among children. ABC itself experienced a decline of 37 percent in kids under the age of 6.[63] It had been surmised by ABC executives that this was due to a change in the way Nielsen ratings were collected.[23] The data had historically been recorded automatically by a device inside household television sets. However this had been changed the year before; children now had to use people meters for their viewership to be counted. This required manually pushing buttons that would clock kids in and out and programs, something they often had trouble successfully completing.[64][63] What resulted was a demographic that could not be guaranteed to advertisers.[65]In order to combat this, ABC decided to fill their programming with \"old favorites\".[33] The studio began to develop and retool preexisting characters and shows, ones that they hoped could attract older children and their parents into watching the program.[66] Winnie the Pooh became the centerpiece in this plan, with the show was described as the highlight of ABC's Saturday morning schedule.[33] The character had what network executives call \"marquee value\"—meaning they are familiar and already have a built-in audience.[67] Squire Rushnell, Children's Vice President for ABC, was hoping Pooh could draw a \"somewhat more sophisticated\" audience in the range from 6 to 11 years.[23]In the three weeks leading up to its debut, ABC began airing promotionals for the cartoon during prime-time hours.[66] This was seen as a very unusual occurrence.[65] Part of the reason this was done was to fill airtime, as the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike had caused production to be halted on prime time television shows. Advertisements for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh were played during adult shows such as thirtysomething and Moonlighting using the tag line \"Now you can share your childhood heroes with your children\".[23] A television commercial that aired during the ABC Sunday Night Movie on September 4, 1988 used the tagline \"before taxes. before puberty. there was childhood. and Winnie the Pooh\".[68][66]The evening before the show made its broadcast debut, ABC aired a thirty-minute Saturday Morning preview show featuring Winnie the Pooh and other debuting cartoons: The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil and A Pup Named Scooby-Doo.[69] The show placed second in its time slot with a 7.3 rating and a 14 share, with 11.2 million viewers watching.[70]Sears & Roebuck and Honey Nut Cheerios partnered to host a nationwide premiere party to celebrate the series coming to ABC. Over 300 Sears stores across the country participated in the breakfast, which doubled as a charity event. The first episode was telecast on in-store video displays. More than 40,000 children attended the event.[71][72] Some stores had Winnie the Pooh characters show up in costume.[73][74] Sears also dedicated eight pages of their Christmas catalog to the series.[71]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channels-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channels-29"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonderful-14"},{"link_name":"The Disney Afternoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disney_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"Cartoon All Stars to the Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_All_Stars_to_the_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_Christmas_Too"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"license fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_licence"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Madeline"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Playhouse Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_Disney"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HowStuff-17"},{"link_name":"Toon Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_Disney"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"CITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITV"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"Super RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_RTL"},{"link_name":"Rai 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_1"},{"link_name":"Rai 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_2"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Japanese_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_MX"},{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BCXD"},{"link_name":"Disney Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Junior"},{"link_name":"NHK BS Premium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"SBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Claro TV's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claro_TV"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Broadcast history","text":"During the late 1980s, a debate emerged inside Disney about whether original programs should be aired on the Disney Channel or outsourced to other channels. Some executives felt there was nothing more important than the Disney Channel.[29] Others such as Gary Krisel disagreed, feeling they risked losing a generation of TV viewers who did not have cable.[31] In the end, a compromise was reached with Disney Channel President John F. Cooke, who agreed to \"pay\" Krisel's division a certain price if he could get first run rights.[29] The show premiered on the Disney Channel on January 17, 1988. Thirteen episodes aired at 8:30am on weekends.[75] The show's run ended that July.[76]The show then moved to Saturday morning on ABC where it aired for a full hour from 8:30am to 9:30am. For the second season, the show was cut back to 30 minutes to make room for new entries. The show was merged with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and aired as part of the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour.[14] This partnership was short-lived and lasted only one year, when Gummi Bears moved to The Disney Afternoon. Winnie the Pooh returned as a solo effort the following year.[19][77][78] New episodes intermixed with reruns returned for a third season in the fall of 1990.[19] During this time, two of the show's characters—Winnie the Pooh and Tigger—were incorporated into the television special Cartoon All Stars to the Rescue.[79] The show returned for a fourth season on September 7, 1991.[19] The show was not renewed the following year. After the series ended, the crew produced Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, a primetime spin-off of the show.[80]Despite production ending the year before, reruns of the show continued on ABC's fall schedule for the 1992–93 season.[81] By the following year, the show was dropped altogether by ABC and sold in syndication.[82] Executives felt the show could make more money selling directly to television stations rather than accepting ABC's license fee.[83] The show returned on ABC in late 1995 when reruns of the program replaced The New Adventures of Madeline[84] and continued until September 7, 2002.The Disney Channel began airing reruns of the series on October 3, 1994, in the United States. The show also began airing in the channel's preschool block, Playhouse Disney, when the block launched on April 1, 1997.[85] These continued until September 1, 2006, at which point it was taken off the channel's schedule. Playhouse Disney on the other hand ran it until August 1, 2006, one month before Disney Channel ended its run.[17] It was also shown on Toon Disney, first airing on April 18, 1998, and ran until October 19, 2007. After Toon Disney's final run of the series, the show hasn't been seen in the United States since then.[86] Internationally, the show has aired in several countries including Seven Network (later The Disney Channel) in Australia, CITV (later The Disney Channel) in the United Kingdom, TF1 in France, Super RTL in Germany, Rai 1 and Rai 2 in Italy, TV Tokyo (later Disney Channel, Tokyo MX, Toon Disney, Disney XD, Disney Junior, and NHK BS Premium) in Japan, SBT (later Disney Weekend, Disney Channel and Claro TV's channel) in Brazil, and the Family Channel in Canada,[87] India,[88] and Poland.[89]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-92"},{"link_name":"Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_(Calvin_and_Hobbes)"},{"link_name":"Calvin and Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_and_Hobbes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duckula-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duckula-39"},{"link_name":"Hundred Acre Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Acre_Wood"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-92"},{"link_name":"wishing well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishing_well"},{"link_name":"the Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATL-94"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATL-94"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Common-95"}],"text":"For this adaptation, the show underwent an Americanization. The setting was changed from native England to contemporary America.[23] The series depicted Christopher Robin as a typical 1980s kid rather than a 1920s British child. He is shown living in a suburban house with his mother and no longer had an English accent.[90] His mischievous imagination drew comparisons to Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes, as opposed to Milne's original interpretation.[38] Additionally, unlike the earlier Disney featurettes, the show did not use a narrator or the storybook theme.[38]Although the show still used the Hundred Acre Wood as its main setting, several episodes took place in other locations. The characters occasionally traveled to the adjacent town, going to a grocery store or movie theater.[90] Other episodes were set in more imaginative settings and involved the characters journeying into the clouds or down in a wishing well. Two episodes took place in the Wild West, one in the form of a play.[91] These styles of episodes were done away with later on.[92] The writing staff felt they worked best in the Hundred Acre Wood.[5]The writers made a point of keeping the show as timeless as possible, having the Hundred Acre Wood become a \"never, never land\". The show did its best to leave out all the modern conveniences.[37] The approach to episodes was to put more emphasis on adventure, yet keep the integrity of Milne's characters.[23] To add excitement, the occasional waterfall or cliff was added,[92] which the show found tough to fit in.[37] The dialogue was updated to make the show more relatable to today's generation.[93]","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy of manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_of_manners"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATL-94"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoohChristmas-61"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonderful-14"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"Gahan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahan_Wilson"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Tollbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Tollbooth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-30"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome-5"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun-96"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYork-97"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner'sGuide-69"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monkey-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"}],"text":"The show was a conceived as a comedy of manners and was hailed as a rare cartoon devoid of any violence or villains.[92][59] The show's main theme revolved around the complications and misunderstandings that often arose between the characters and their eventual return to normalcy.[5] For instance, one episode dealt with Pooh believing Rabbit was moving away after hearing he had \"eaten him out of house and [honey]\".[14] Special attention was paid to write from a child's point of view, rather than an adult's. For this, the writers drew inspiration from Bill Cosby, Gahan Wilson, and The Phantom Tollbooth.[30] Additionally, the staff was also very conscious of their older viewers—dubbed \"older kids\"—and would always aim for a sensibility that would appeal to them as well. Kessel noted that while the show often had writing that would go over the heads of little kids, the original Milne books did as well.[5]Unlike previous adaptations of Winnie the Pooh, the stories were for the most part not based on chapters from A. A. Milne's books. The writers made a point of not copying from Milne, but instead drawing the essence of him for the modern day; keeping the same charm and style as the original stories.[94] The episodes have very little action in terms of plot, which in later years has drawn comparisons to Seinfeld.[95] The main storylines typically derived from the characters and their relationships to each other.[67] Episode plots ranged from the simple, such as Winnie the Pooh searching for honey (stylized as hunny), to the more dramatic, such as Christopher Robin becoming trapped under his bed.[37] Some episodes spoofed published works of fiction including Frankenstein[96] and Sherlock Holmes.[97]Episodes focused on socioemotional issues,[98] dealing with topics such as teamwork, resourcefulness, how to triumph over challenges, the power of positive outlook, and the value of friendship.[99] The series delivered strong messages about honesty, responsibility, persistence, cooperative effort, friendship and caring. The morals taught in each story allow children to draw parallels to their own lives.[12] These were offered in a far more subtle manner than the \"prosocial snippets\" seen on other programs.[19] Many stories are designed to help young children distinguish between fantasy and reality and overcome common childhood fears.[100] Innumerable children's-expert panels continued throughout its lengthy network run to highly commend and recommend the series to the three-to-ten-year-old crowd, even growing tolerant enough to be amused by the \"hunny/honey\" spelling controversy.[19]","title":"Themes and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duckula-39"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-92"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYork-97"},{"link_name":"Knight-Ridder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight-Ridder"},{"link_name":"Ernest H. Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_H._Shepard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey-23"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee-46"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-38"},{"link_name":"The San Bernardino Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Bernardino_Sun"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sun-96"},{"link_name":"Good Housekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Common-95"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hal-19"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDizzy-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TiggerMovie-6"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaToonsIn-37"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Scripps Howard News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Howard_News_Service"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Desson Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desson_Thomson"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"\"slusher film\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slasher_film"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Only a few program even approach the quality of ABC's four-season-old New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, the most artfully written and drawn kids' series on the air.\n\n\n—Noel Holston, The Pittsburgh Press[101]Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times called the show \"the best made-for-TV cartoon show in several seasons\".[38] Months later, he claimed it as \"not only the classiest new show of the season, but also one of the best-looking series ever animated for television\",[102] and gave an similarly positive review the next year.[103] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said it \"contained much more detailed and lively animation than the usual kidvid\".[104] TV Guide said the show had \"theatrical-grade animation, sprightly stories, conscientious eschewing of laugh tracks and best of all, the willingness to let the visual jokes speak for themselves\".[105] Entertainment Weekly gave the show an \"A\" saying \"there's enough excitement, including lots of slapstick and bad guys, to keep '90s adventurers happy\".[90] The New York Times called the show \"lovingly faithful\" to the original Milne books.[95] Lee Winfrey of Knight-Ridder says the writers successfully maintained the integrity of Milne's characters and praised the animators for Ernest H. Shepard's illustrations.[23] The Milwaukee Journal said the show will \"offer children and probably their parents, a gentle walk through Pooh Corner\".[45] Gene Seymour of Knight-Ridder called the best animation on weekly television outside of the General Mills Commercials.[106] The Dayton Daily News called the program one of the best on television writing \"The animation of this offering from the Disney's studios is not as sumptuous as the company's feature films, but it is miles above the television norm\". Charles Witback praised the show claiming that \"Milne [came] out on top \" and they remain unique to the flashy, noisy Hollywood.[37] The San Bernardino Sun wrote \"if kids like the verbal wit of the other shows, they'll tackle the rich sophistication of Winnie the Pooh\".[94]Good Housekeeping wrote that the show was \"sweet and endearing, though its educational value is essentially limited to a kid-tailored 'I'm okay, you're okay' theme\".[107] Common Sense Media gave the show 4 stars, saying \"the lessons are just as classic and time-tested as the characters\".[93] Hal Erickson, writing in his book Television Cartoon Shows, called the show a delightful eye of calm in \"the hurricane of hectic Saturday morning slapstick\".[19] DVDizzy.com praised the show calling it \"true both to the spirit of Milne's creation and the animation of Disney's terrific short films\".[108] DVDVerdict.com called the show \"perfectly respectable imitations that still rank as stellar, sweet-natured children's entertainment\", going on to write \"Kids should enjoy this stuff and adults should feel comfortable leaving their young ones in the care of this of this good-hearted programming for an hour\".[109] AnimatedViews called the show \"a well-remembered if not exceptional series that slotted into the kind of programming that filled the Disney Afternoons.\"[6] David Perlmutter, in his book America Toons In, called the longevity of the show \"a testament to the enduring appeal of the beloved characters\".[36] Common Sense Media have the series a four out of five stars, saying, \"Classic characters will delight preschoolers.\"[110]Not all reviews have been positive. Evan Levine, writing for the Philadelphia Daily News, gave the program a mixed review, saying \"the characters are all true to form, but the colors are overly bright, and the whole look is harsh\" but adding \"this series is certainly better than a lot of other cartoons that we've seen\".[111] Jan Crain Rudeen, writing for the Scripps Howard News Service, described the series and the resulting video releases as \"awful\", which he felt lacked imagination.[112] Desson Howe of The Washington Post described the series as \"cheaply sweetened fare\".[113] One particular episode has been a source of controversy. \"Sorry Wrong Slusher\", in which the characters stay up late, order pizza, and watch a late night \"slusher film\", has been called violent.[114]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wonderful-14"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety1-118"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_United_States_network_television_schedule_(Saturday_morning)"},{"link_name":"Captain N: The Game Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_N:_The_Game_Master"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"MediaWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWeek"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"The network television premiere on Saturday, September 10, 1988, was hailed as an immediate success.[14] The show won its time-slot with 5.9/23 Nielsen ratings share, translating to 5.7 million viewers. ABC, who had been in third place for Saturday morning the year prior, won every time-slot averaging a 5.0 rating/20 share.[115] This trend continued for the next three weeks.[d] Selby Hall, Marketing Manager for ABC, was quoted as saying \"[the show had] been very successful on Saturday mornings in the States\". The high ratings caused an extra push behind the international airings of the program.[123] Throughout the season, the show continued to receive \"solid\" ratings. The show ranked 10th place out of all Saturday morning cartoons for the season.[124]During the 1989–90 television schedule, the series was paired with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears. The show once again won its time-slot, but fell one rating point from the previous year's debut. The show repeated this the next week, but was beaten by Captain N: The Game Master the next two weeks.[125]By 1993, the show had fallen in the ratings. Finishing 27th out of the 36 Saturday morning programs, the show averaged a 2.1/9 Nielsen rating share.[126] The show received a 3.3 Nielsen rating in late February 1993 corresponding to 3.2 million viewers.[127] In 1997, MediaWeek ranked it 301st out of every broadcast show.[128] By the late 1990s, the show was one of the top five Saturday morning cartoons.[129] It had a (2.5/11) market share in Boys 2–11 and a (2.2/11) market share in boys 6–11.[130]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Children%27s_Animated_Program"},{"link_name":"Jymn Magon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jymn_Magon"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Beetlejuice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetlejuice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Humanitas Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_Prize"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Action for Children's Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_for_Children%27s_Television"},{"link_name":"Peggy Charren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Charren"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Children's Television Act of 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Television_Act"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Congressional Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Club"},{"link_name":"Joan Lunden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lunden"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"For its debut season, the show won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. During his acceptance speech, Mark Zaslove praised the actors and animators for their dedication to the series and specifically thanked Jymn Magon and Karl Geurs for the humanity they brought to the program.[131] The following year the series was awarded the same honor, this time in a tie with Beetlejuice. The show was awarded the first of two Humanitas Prizes during its first season for \"[examining] the need to both hold onto and let go of love\".[132] Three years later, the show would pick up its second prize for its dramatization \"of the struggle to assume responsibility and live with the consequences of your mistakes\".[133] The show also received a commemoration from the Action for Children's Television with President Peggy Charren calling the show \"an imaginative extension of the Pooh stories...preserving the essence of the original characters\".[134]The show was cited in the Children's Television Act of 1990 as an example of a positive educational program.[135] The show received a special salute during the opening session of the Congressional Club in 1988. Joan Lunden, co-host of Good Morning America, hosted the opening session which included United States Congressional and Cabinet wives as well as their children and grandchildren.[136] BuzzFeed ranked the theme song third in their list of \"7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed to Earworm You\"[137]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disney_s_Winnie_the_Pooh.svg"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDizzy-110"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-92"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingGame-150"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingGame-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigBattle-151"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingGame-150"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingGame-150"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketingGame-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Pooh's Heffalump Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Heffalump_Movie"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDizzy-110"},{"link_name":"The Tigger Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh:_Springtime_with_Roo"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"text":"Logo used for Disney's Pooh products in the 1990sAlthough Disney has never released the complete series on home video, there have been numerous video collections released over the years.[108] The first was a collection of 10 videocassette tapes issued by Walt Disney Home Video.[90] Each VHS contained two to four episodes, with the first three tapes released in 1989.[144] This was followed by an additional two the next year, one more in 1991[145] and four more in 1992. Due to a twenty-five year license agreement on Pooh merchandise, these videotapes were released only in Sears. Sales were very poor, despite a solid consumer base.[146]Eric Schulz, Vice President of Marketing at Disney, recalled an incident one Friday afternoon at Kmart where parents were shopping: \"We noticed that no Winnie the Pooh characters were available. Several consumers were asking the store clerks if the Poohs were sold out\". Schulz and his team discovered there were no plush toys available at Kmart, due to the licensing. They also discovered that this license was expiring in just a few months and would not be renewed. That afternoon, the marketing team returned to the office and began to plan new ideas to sell Winnie the Pooh videos.[146]In 1994, on the day that the Sears license expired, a nationwide Pooh video and plush promotion was launched.[147] Videos were packaged with Pooh plush characters together in a single box.[146] Disney proclaimed 1994, \"The Year of Pooh\",[148] which coincided with the 70th anniversary of Winnie the Pooh. In lieu of traditional press kit, Disney sent out a Winnie the Pooh cookie jar to the press outlets, a decision which received overwhelmingly positive reaction. The Today Show proudly displayed its Pooh cookie jar on television while the hosts talked about the new video releases.[146]Two collections of compilation tapes called Pooh Playtime and Pooh Learning were released with three videotapes encompassing each set. The videos featured between two and four episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and featured new songs written by Dave Kinnoin.[149] Sales were very high, with numerous videos turned up on the Video Bestseller List. In just three weeks, Disney had sold twenty times more Winnie the Pooh videos than they had in the previous twelve months. By 1995, Pooh videos sold over thirty times what they had sold the year before, despite the fact that Disney had only repackaged existing products.[146] Because of their success, two additional videos were added to each collection. A third collection entitled Pooh Friendship was released in 1997, bringing the three collections to fifteen videos between them.[150]The show first appeared on DVD in the United Kingdom. Under the title The Magical World of Winnie the Pooh, eight volumes were released consisting of four episodes apiece. The first five volumes of this series later appeared in the United States under the name Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh. Appearing in February 2005, the releases were made to coincide with the premiere of Pooh's Heffalump Movie.[151] These episodes did not include the original opening credits, but instead had new sequences specifically made for the discs.[108] Episodes of the show have also been released as part of the \"special features\" in the DVD releases of Winnie the Pooh movies, such as The Tigger Movie and Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo.[152]The series became available on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.[153]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Grand_Adventure:_The_Search_for_Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geurs-40"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fiedler-64"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duckula-39"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milwaukee-46"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TiggerMovie-6"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BigBattle-151"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"third most popular media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_media_franchises"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh: The New Musical Adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh:_The_New_Musical_Adaptation"},{"link_name":"Corbin Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin_Bleu"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"}],"text":"The series helped spawn a successful Winnie the Pooh media franchise, which grew into a series of made-for-TV holiday specials, two additional television series, and four theatrically released movies. Many of the cast members continued to work with these Winnie the Pooh adaptations. Jim Cummings continues to voice Winnie the Pooh and Tigger in the present day. Paul Winchell briefly reprised his role as Tigger in Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin as well as some of the 1990s Specials.[39] John Fiedler voiced Piglet until his death in 2005.[62] Peter Cullen continues to voice Eeyore. Ken Sansom continued voicing Rabbit until 2010. Much of the writers and directors returned for Pooh's Grand Adventure and The Book of Pooh. Bruce Talkington has since written many children's books based on Winnie the Pooh.[154]The show was one of the last times Winnie the Pooh was designed and marketed for audiences of all ages.[155] In the years following the series, Walt Disney Home Video began to reposition their strategy and marketed the television series, and Winnie the Pooh in general, towards younger age groups, despite critics claiming the show can be enjoyed by members of all ages.[38][45][156] In later years, the show has been touted as strictly for preschoolers. DVDizzy summarized the idea saying \"Even though Milne's books had won over readers of all ages and even though kids weren't buying movie tickets and merchandise, Disney seemed set on the idea that Pooh was strictly for little ones, those not even old enough to attend school\".[157]The program caused a resurgence of popularity of Winnie the Pooh that continues to this day, to the point of the character being Disney's second largest franchise.[6] Following the home video releases, Disney's annual revenue from Winnie the Pooh rose from $100 million to more than $1 billion in just four years.[147] Winnie the Pooh is now the most successful Disney character, surpassing Mickey Mouse.[158] As of 2012, it is the third most popular media franchise in the United States.[159]To promote the opening of Winnie the Pooh: The New Musical Adaptation, the production released a recording of Corbin Bleu covering the show's theme song.[160] Bleu sings the original Winnie the Pooh theme for the actual production.","title":"Impact and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Scrooge McDuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck"},{"link_name":"DuckTales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckTales"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"^ Scrooge McDuck had previously been adapted for DuckTales the year before, but was not considered to be one of the main Disney characters.[33]\n\n^ Jim Cummings voiced Tigger during Season 1's \"King of the Beasties\" and most of Season 3's episodes except for \"Oh Bottle\", \"What's the Score, Pooh?\", and \"Eeyi Eeyi Eeyore\".\n\n^ Despite the fact that the two programs were technically considered a single show, ratings were not reportedly uniformly.\n\n^ Ratings are notoriously tricky to obtain for children's programming and not guaranteed to be accurate. Because of this, very few sources publish Saturday morning ratings outside of premiere dates.[122]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Production took place at the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences_%282076600212%29.jpg/220px-Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences_%282076600212%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo used for Disney's Pooh products in the 1990s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Disney_s_Winnie_the_Pooh.svg/150px-Disney_s_Winnie_the_Pooh.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 429. ISBN 978-1538103739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538103739","url_text":"978-1538103739"}]},{"reference":"Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 315–316. ISBN 978-0823083152. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat/page/314/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823083152","url_text":"978-0823083152"}]},{"reference":"McKerrow, Steve (September 14, 1991). \"PRIME TIME FOR KIDS A few gems pan out of the gravel of Saturday morning TV fare\". The Baltimore Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-09-14/features/1991257099_1_cartoon-characters-k-tv-michael-jordan","url_text":"\"PRIME TIME FOR KIDS A few gems pan out of the gravel of Saturday morning TV fare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Bullish outlook in cable-land\" (PDF). Television/Radio Age. August 7, 1989. pp. 42–5.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Radio-Age/80s/1989/1989-08-07-RTVA.pdf","url_text":"\"Bullish outlook in cable-land\""}]},{"reference":"Bobbin, Jay (December 6, 1991). \"Winnie the Pooh celebrates holidays in network special\". Rome News-Tribune. Georgia. Tribune Media Services. p. 3 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AG4wAAAAIBAJ&pg=4947%2C1935435","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh celebrates holidays in network special\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Ben (August 23, 2012). \"The Tigger Movie: Bounce-a-rrrific Special Edition\". Animated Views.","urls":[{"url":"http://animatedviews.com/2012/the-tigger-movie-bounce-a-rrrific-blu-ray","url_text":"\"The Tigger Movie: Bounce-a-rrrific Special Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (December 9, 2004). The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 139. ISBN 9781578066964. When asked for his opinion of what will endure of recent animation, Cummings replied that he believes the Disney programs like Winnie the Pooh, Goof Troop, and TaleSpin are timeless.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C","url_text":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578066964","url_text":"9781578066964"}]},{"reference":"\"Voice of Pooh found honey in a career\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 12, 2005 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20050212&id=iYlIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6129,708801","url_text":"\"Voice of Pooh found honey in a career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Colin (November 20, 2003). \"Winnie The Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)\". DVD Movie Guide.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdmg.com/winniethepoohseasons.shtml","url_text":"\"Winnie The Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)\""}]},{"reference":"Foli, Karen J. (March 7, 2002). Like Sound Through Water: A Mother's Journey Through The Auditory Processing Disorder. Atria Books. p. 203.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levine, Evan (January 31, 2001). \"A New Look for Pooh: Japanese Puppetry, Computer Effects Give Old Favorite Modern Appeal\". The Ledger. Parental Guidance. Lakeland, Florida. p. D7 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=20010131&id=474wAAAAIBAJ&pg=6291,8391924","url_text":"\"A New Look for Pooh: Japanese Puppetry, Computer Effects Give Old Favorite Modern Appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ledger","url_text":"The Ledger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida","url_text":"Lakeland, Florida"}]},{"reference":"Hack, Richard (1995). Richard Hack's Complete Home Video Companion for Parents. Dove Books. p. 156. ISBN 9780787102920.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z0nwfoF9If4C","url_text":"Richard Hack's Complete Home Video Companion for Parents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787102920","url_text":"9780787102920"}]},{"reference":"Issac, Steven. \"Movie Review: Pooh's Heffalump Movie\". Focus on the Family. A.A. Milne created heffalumps as unseen icons representing the things we're afraid of but can't always put our finger on.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/poohsheffalumpmovie","url_text":"\"Movie Review: Pooh's Heffalump Movie\""}]},{"reference":"Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History. New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 978-0786863594.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AA5mAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786863594","url_text":"978-0786863594"}]},{"reference":"Levitan, Charan (October 6, 1995). \"'Frankenpooh' Is Good, Gentle Fun\". Sun-Sentinel. Cinemom. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054422/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510040232_1_frankenpooh-silly-story-unscary","url_text":"\"'Frankenpooh' Is Good, Gentle Fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Sentinel","url_text":"Sun-Sentinel"},{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510040232_1_frankenpooh-silly-story-unscary","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pooh's Heffalump Movie DVD Review\". DVDizzy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/heffalump.html","url_text":"\"Pooh's Heffalump Movie DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Michael (November 8, 2006). \"Ultimate Guide to Winnie the Pooh\". HowStuffWorks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/family/activities/movie-fun-night/how-winnie-the-pooh-works3.htm","url_text":"\"Ultimate Guide to Winnie the Pooh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks.com","url_text":"HowStuffWorks.com"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Steve. \"Chuck McCann Pt 3 – Doin' His Thing in the West Coast\" (PDF). ChuckMcCann.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008. From there, they put me on Winnie The Pooh","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121155338/http://www.chuckmccann.net/interviews/press%20articles/Animated%20shorts%20PT%203.pdf","url_text":"\"Chuck McCann Pt 3 – Doin' His Thing in the West Coast\""},{"url":"http://www.chuckmccann.net/interviews/press%20articles/Animated%20shorts%20PT%203.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: The shows, M-Z (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786422562.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7eQLAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Television Cartoon Shows: The shows, M-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786422562","url_text":"9780786422562"}]},{"reference":"\"A Children's Story by A. A. Milne\". London Evening News. December 24, 1925. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scott, Keith (2014). The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel and a Talking Moose. Macmillan. pp. 78, 137. ISBN 978-1-466-86743-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moosethatroaredt00scot/","url_text":"The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel and a Talking Moose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-466-86743-7","url_text":"978-1-466-86743-7"}]},{"reference":"Gillies, Judith S. (January 19, 2001). \"Winnie the Pooh gets a makeover\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=20010119&id=rLFOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5911,657254","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh gets a makeover\""}]},{"reference":"Winfrey, Lee (September 16, 1988). \"ABC hoping Pooh can pull more than honey out a jar\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Knight Ridder. p. A9 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19880916&id=CqgeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6729,251354","url_text":"\"ABC hoping Pooh can pull more than honey out a jar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal","url_text":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder","url_text":"Knight Ridder"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Debra Morgenstern (April 28, 1983). \"Disney channel comes to cable\". The Kingman Daily Miner. TV Data. p. 19 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=932&dat=19830428&id=GqJPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4405,6700319","url_text":"\"Disney channel comes to cable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingman_Daily_Miner","url_text":"The Kingman Daily Miner"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Debra Morgenstern (April 18, 1986). \"Cable offers kids several quality shows\". Ludington Daily News. p. 11 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19860418&id=8RxQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4175,7473926","url_text":"\"Cable offers kids several quality shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludington_Daily_News","url_text":"Ludington Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Holston, Noel (August 8, 1985). \"Cable networks list most popular shows\". Orlando Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media. December 27, 1986. p. 24 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tiQEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\". Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. Nielsen Business Media. December 26, 1987. p. 70 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgEAAAAMBA","url_text":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\""}]},{"reference":"Behrens, Steven (November 1987). \"Can Disney's Magic Work on Network Television?\" (PDF). Channels. Act III Publishing. p. 41 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Channels-of-Communication/Channels-1987-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Can Disney's Magic Work on Network Television?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_III_Publishing","url_text":"Act III Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"In which Pooh is brought to life by a new team of writers\". Channels. Act III Publishing. February 15, 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Coming from Disney\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. November 15, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19871115&id=Pj0sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3979,6396105","url_text":"\"Coming from Disney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal","url_text":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's what's coming for the kids this fall\". The Register-Guard (Oregon). HIGHLIGHTS. June 21, 1988. p. 7A – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zuhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6954%2C4914499","url_text":"\"Here's what's coming for the kids this fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register-Guard","url_text":"The Register-Guard"}]},{"reference":"\"Pooh Bear brings new adventures to Saturday morning television Series\". St. Petersburg Times. Florida. September 4, 1988 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20254301/tampa-bay-times/","url_text":"\"Pooh Bear brings new adventures to Saturday morning television Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"}]},{"reference":"Cawley, John (May 11, 2007). \"Digital Pooh and Tigger Too\". Animation World Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/animationworld/digital-pooh-and-tigger-too","url_text":"\"Digital Pooh and Tigger Too\""}]},{"reference":"Perlmutter, David (2014). America Toons In: A History of Television Animation. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786476503.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=riYXAwAAQBAJ&q=America+Toons+In","url_text":"America Toons In: A History of Television Animation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786476503","url_text":"978-0786476503"}]},{"reference":"Witbeck, Charles (September 14, 1988). \"Winnie the Pooh delights again\". Times-News. North Carolina. p. 6B – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19880914&id=Qu0eAAAAIBAJ&pg=3860,3254403","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh delights again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-News_(Hendersonville,_North_Carolina)","url_text":"Times-News"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Charles (February 5, 1988). \"Television Reviews: 'Winnie' Wins, 'Duckula' Doesn't Count in Debuts\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-05/entertainment/ca-27348_1_count-duckula","url_text":"\"Television Reviews: 'Winnie' Wins, 'Duckula' Doesn't Count in Debuts\""}]},{"reference":"King, Susan (August 7, 1997). \"Pooh Has Gone Straight to Video Too\". The Los Angeles Times. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997/aug/07/entertainment/ca-20052pg=5335,3934494","url_text":"\"Pooh Has Gone Straight to Video Too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Buyers' caution at NATPE parley seen as a positive sign by BV's Jacquemin\" [Continuous flow] (PDF). Television Radio/Age. February 6, 1989. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Radio-Age/80s/1989/1989-02-06-RTVA.pdf","url_text":"\"Buyers' caution at NATPE parley seen as a positive sign by BV's Jacquemin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television/Radio_Age_(magazine)","url_text":"Television Radio/Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Disney exec finds you can go home again\". The Toledo Blade. Ohio. June 28, 2002. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=20020628&id=6kxQAAAAIBAJ&pg=5335,3934494","url_text":"\"Ex-Disney exec finds you can go home again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toledo_Blade","url_text":"The Toledo Blade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio","url_text":"Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Dorothy G.; Singer, Jerome L. (2001). Handbook of Children and the Media (Illustrated, revised ed.). Sage Publications. p. 611. ISBN 9780761919544.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761919544","url_text":"Handbook of Children and the Media"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761919544/page/611","url_text":"611"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761919544","url_text":"9780761919544"}]},{"reference":"Valenti, Mark (September 7, 2013). \"Industry Insider Interview: Writer Mark Zaslove\". Wordpress. The Creators of Kindertainment. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. I once got into a battle on whether I could have a giant cask of gunpowder in Winnie The Pooh (Gopher is a miner and needed to carve out the side of a hill). Nope: imitable behavior.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222933/https://valenti29.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/industry-insider-interview-mark-zaslove/","url_text":"\"Industry Insider Interview: Writer Mark Zaslove\""},{"url":"https://valenti29.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/industry-insider-interview-mark-zaslove/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haithman, Diane (September 3, 1987). \"How Image Makers Shape Kids' TV\". The Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-09-03/entertainment/ca-5843_1_tv-shows/","url_text":"\"How Image Makers Shape Kids' TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Wahlers, Roberta (September 4, 1988). \"New fall season is kids' stuff\". The Milwaukee Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal","url_text":"The Milwaukee Journal"}]},{"reference":"Drogin, Ben (March 30, 1993). \"Doing Business: Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-30/news/wr-17071_1_cheap-labor","url_text":"\"Doing Business: Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Networks promise summer punch\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. February 19, 1990. pp. 52–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1990/BC-1990-02-19.pdf","url_text":"\"Networks promise summer punch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Wood Music – Bio\". Steve Wood Music.","urls":[{"url":"http://stevewoodmusic.com/index.php/bio.html","url_text":"\"Steve Wood Music – Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen What the Katmundu\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/listen-what-the-katmandu-mw0000366801","url_text":"\"Listen What the Katmundu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Intro (JIM CUMMINGS VERSION!!!)\". Retrieved June 8, 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OaDkQ_oRuA","url_text":"\"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Intro (JIM CUMMINGS VERSION!!!)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Taitz, Sonya (1994). Mothering Heights. Berkley. p. 131. ISBN 978-0425142363.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motheringheights00tait/page/131","url_text":"Mothering Heights"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motheringheights00tait/page/131","url_text":"131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425142363","url_text":"978-0425142363"}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Sharp\". LA County High School for the Arts. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lachsa.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=539766&type=u&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=526379","url_text":"\"Thom Sharp\""}]},{"reference":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200026576#about-this-item","url_text":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Cummings Talks Winnie The Pooh, Christopher Robin, Darkwing Duck Joining Duck Tales, Hondo Ohnaka & Much More In Our Interview (Exclusive)\". Discussing Film (Interview). April 18, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discussingfilm.net/2018/04/18/jim-cummings-talks-winnie-the-pooh-christopher-robin-darkwing-duck-joining-duck-tales-hondo-ohnaka-much-more-in-our-interview-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Jim Cummings Talks Winnie The Pooh, Christopher Robin, Darkwing Duck Joining Duck Tales, Hondo Ohnaka & Much More In Our Interview (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Interview: Jim Cummings, the voice of Pooh and Tigger in 'Christopher Robin'. WhatSheSaid Talk. July 31, 2018 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nupz2skKArk","url_text":"Interview: Jim Cummings, the voice of Pooh and Tigger in 'Christopher Robin'"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Winchell brings Pooh's 'Tigger' to life\". Allegheny Times. Associated Press. October 26, 1988. p. C9 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19881026&id=cbUiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2869,5307882","url_text":"\"Paul Winchell brings Pooh's 'Tigger' to life\""}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Rick (August 1, 2018). \"It's no bother for voice actor to speak for Pooh, Tigger\". Austin-American Statesman. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/news/20180801/its-no-bother-for-voice-actor-to-speak-for-pooh-tigger","url_text":"\"It's no bother for voice actor to speak for Pooh, Tigger\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, John (1998). Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's animated characters. Hyperion Books. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-786-86336-5. Paul Winchell (1988–1989) and Jim Cummings (1990–onward) for Tigger","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ozAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's animated characters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-86336-5","url_text":"978-0-786-86336-5"}]},{"reference":"Jefferson, Graham (December 13, 1991). \"Prime-time 'Pooh' Christmas\". USA Today. p. 3D. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019 – via ProQuest Archiver.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307071715/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306509861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&date=Dec+13%2C+1991&author=Jefferson%2C+Graham&pub=USA+TODAY+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Prime-time+%60Pooh%27+Christmas","url_text":"\"Prime-time 'Pooh' Christmas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306509861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+13%2C+1991&author=Jefferson%2C+Graham&pub=USA+TODAY+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Prime-time+%60Pooh%27+Christmas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arave, Lynn (June 18, 1993). \"'Rabbit' leaves L.A. area, returns to his Utah roots\". Deseret News. p. C2 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19930618&id=DIEoAAAAIBAJ&pg=5718,834212","url_text":"\"'Rabbit' leaves L.A. area, returns to his Utah roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Mclellan, Dennis (June 28, 2005). \"John Fiedler, 80; Character Actor Best Known for Distinctive Voice\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-28-me-fiedler28-story.html","url_text":"\"John Fiedler, 80; Character Actor Best Known for Distinctive Voice\""}]},{"reference":"Messina, Elizabeth (2012). What's His Name? John Fiedler: The Man, the Face, the Voice. AuthorHouse. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-468-55856-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse","url_text":"AuthorHouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-468-55856-2","url_text":"978-1-468-55856-2"}]},{"reference":"Harmetz, Aljean (June 7, 1988). \"Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks\". Chicago Tribune. New York Times News Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-06-07/features/8801060009_1_squire-rushnell-people-meter-young-viewers","url_text":"\"Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Children's television: Saturday morning live\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. October 17, 1988. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/88-OCR/BC-1988-10-17-OCR-Page-0052.pdf","url_text":"\"Children's television: Saturday morning live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable"}]},{"reference":"Tiegel, Eliot; Sobel, Robert (August 8, 1988). \"Syndicators look to new form\" [People meters blamed] (PDF). Television Radio/Age. p. 53.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-TV-Radio-Age-IDX/IDX/80s/1988/1988-08-08-RTVA-Page-0053.pdf","url_text":"\"Syndicators look to new form\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television/Radio_Age_(magazine)","url_text":"Television Radio/Age"}]},{"reference":"Roush, Matt (September 8, 1988). \"On ABC: Portrait of Scooby as a young dog\". USA Today. p. 3D. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 – via ProQuest Archiver.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230602/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306108370.html","url_text":"\"On ABC: Portrait of Scooby as a young dog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306108370.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Webber, Marilyn (2000). Gardner's Guide to Animation Scriptwriting: The Writer's Road Map. Garth Gardner Company. p. 18. ISBN 978-0966107593.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersguidetoa00mari/page/18","url_text":"Gardner's Guide to Animation Scriptwriting: The Writer's Road Map"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersguidetoa00mari/page/18","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0966107593","url_text":"978-0966107593"}]},{"reference":"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Television Commercial). September 4, 1988. ABC. YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPNLRbP9VC4","url_text":"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Television Commercial). September 4, 1988. ABC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"TV's Best Bets\". The San Bernardino Sun (California). TV HIGHLIGHTS. Gannett News Service. September 9, 1988. p. D10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/67969100/","url_text":"\"TV's Best Bets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Bernardino_Sun","url_text":"The San Bernardino Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_News_Service","url_text":"Gannett News Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Listings for September 9, 1988\". TVTango.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtango.com/listings/1988/09/09","url_text":"\"TV Listings for September 9, 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sears, Honey Nut Cheerios and Walt Disney Television to host nationwide premiere party for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 7, 1988 – via Gale Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA6946773&v=2.1&u=tel_k_wvhsl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=d961aa23a137cc02c0a847bdce676a83","url_text":"\"Sears, Honey Nut Cheerios and Walt Disney Television to host nationwide premiere party for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Special kids Hollywood-type premiere for 'New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh' set for Sept. 9\" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 9, 1988 – via Gale Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6951891/GPS?u=tel_k_wvhsl&sid=GPS&xid=bdad74bc","url_text":"\"Special kids Hollywood-type premiere for 'New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh' set for Sept. 9\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sear holds party for Winnie\". Lakeland Ledger. September 9, 1988. p. 2W – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19880909&id=DIowAAAAIBAJ&pg=992,4412302","url_text":"\"Sear holds party for Winnie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ledger","url_text":"Lakeland Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"'Pooh' party a delight, too\". Rome News-Tribune. September 7, 1988. p. 3B – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fm4wAAAAIBAJ&pg=2445,1430955&dq=winnie+the+pooh&hl=en","url_text":"\"'Pooh' party a delight, too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_News-Tribune","url_text":"Rome News-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"From staff and wire reports (November 27, 1987). \"Disney Channel opens door to Pooh and his furry pals\". Spokane Chronicle. People. Washington. p. 12 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x4dOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6612%2C2524921","url_text":"\"Disney Channel opens door to Pooh and his furry pals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"Spokane Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)","url_text":"Washington"}]},{"reference":"Shister, Gail (May 7, 1988). \"Pooh, Beany, Cecil, Slimer And Friends Are On Their Way\". Chicago Tribune. Knight Ridder Newspapers.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-05-07/entertainment/8803150256_1_pooh-corner-cecil-beany","url_text":"\"Pooh, Beany, Cecil, Slimer And Friends Are On Their Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder","url_text":"Knight Ridder Newspapers"}]},{"reference":"Carmody, John (April 24, 1989). \"The TV Column\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/04/24/the-tv-column/f597de02-afdd-4ff7-8781-35a976d694c0/","url_text":"\"The TV Column\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present (4 ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 350, 594. ISBN 9780140249163.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140249163","url_text":"9780140249163"}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood and Networks Fight Drugs With Cartoon\". The New York Times. April 21, 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/21/movies/hollywood-and-networks-fight-drugs-with-cartoon.html","url_text":"\"Hollywood and Networks Fight Drugs With Cartoon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too' airs tonight\". The Item. South Carolina. December 14, 1991. p. 11B – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19911213&id=66giAAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,4491524","url_text":"\"'Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too' airs tonight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Item","url_text":"The Item"}]},{"reference":"McFarlin, Jim (September 25, 1992). \"NBC Drops Out, but TV Still Has Ton of Saturday 'Toons\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410070651/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4131468.html","url_text":"\"NBC Drops Out, but TV Still Has Ton of Saturday 'Toons\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4131468.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coe, Steve (February 22, 1993). \"Disney To Pull Goofy from ABC Schedule\" (PDF). Broadcasting. pp. 16–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-02-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Disney To Pull Goofy from ABC Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Cerone, Daniel (February 20, 1993). \"'X-Men' vs. the Gang of Three: Animation Series Has Helped Fox Challenge the Other Networks on Saturday Mornings\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190119031713/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-20/entertainment/ca-117_1_fox-affiliate","url_text":"\"'X-Men' vs. the Gang of Three: Animation Series Has Helped Fox Challenge the Other Networks on Saturday Mornings\""},{"url":"https://www.articles.latimes.com/1993-02-20/entertainment/ca-117_1_fox-affiliate/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball over 'Blue'\". Star-News. October 25, 1995. Retrieved November 12, 2019 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19951026&id=0vZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6867,4553168","url_text":"\"Baseball over 'Blue'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-News","url_text":"Star-News"}]},{"reference":"\"Television News\". Animation World Network. Vol. 2, no. 10. January 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.10/2.10pages/2.10television.html","url_text":"\"Television News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network","url_text":"Animation World Network"}]},{"reference":"Greer, Sandy (September 24, 1988). \"For the Family\". The Toronto Star (SA2 ed.). p. S.98. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 – via ProQuest Archiver.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220041/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/435775467.html","url_text":"\"For the Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toronto_Star","url_text":"The Toronto Star"},{"url":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/435775467.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE NEW ADVENTURES OF WINNIE THE POOH premieres on Disney Channel\". Bollywood Trade. September 11, 2012. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914031157/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/television/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh-premieres-on-disney-channel/B93B47FC-63B1-498A-8CC9-1656CB5EC6D5/index.htm","url_text":"\"THE NEW ADVENTURES OF WINNIE THE POOH premieres on Disney Channel\""},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/television/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh-premieres-on-disney-channel/B93B47FC-63B1-498A-8CC9-1656CB5EC6D5/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sienkiewicz, Aleksander (February 21, 2006). \"Kolejne cykle Disneya na dobranoc w Jedynce\". Press. Telewizja (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.press.pl/tresc/3760,kolejne-cykle-disneya-na-dobranoc-w-jedynce","url_text":"\"Kolejne cykle Disneya na dobranoc w Jedynce\""}]},{"reference":"Mark, Lois Alter (March 18, 1994). \"Oh, Pooh\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20456627,00.html","url_text":"\"Oh, Pooh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Virtel, Louis (July 14, 2011). \"And Now, Winnie the Pooh's 7 Trippiest Adventures\". Movieline. Retrieved September 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://movieline.com/2011/07/14/and-now-winnie-the-poohs-7-trippiest-adventures/","url_text":"\"And Now, Winnie the Pooh's 7 Trippiest Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movieline","url_text":"Movieline"}]},{"reference":"Kloer, Phil (March 13, 1988). \"Cable fertile ground for raising the high, low, and middlebrow\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. NewsBank. p. T/4.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_hidethis=no&p_field_label-0=Author&p_field_label-1=title&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=Cable%20fertile%20ground%20for&s_dispstring=headline%28Cable%20fertile%20ground%20for%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no","url_text":"\"Cable fertile ground for raising the high, low, and middlebrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\". Common Sense Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh","url_text":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media","url_text":"Common Sense Media"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Mike (September 8, 1988). \"Wacky heroes lead the way as children's TV enters new phase\". The San Bernardino Sun. Thursday TV. (California). Gannett News Service. p. D6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/67969100/","url_text":"\"Wacky heroes lead the way as children's TV enters new phase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Bernardino_Sun","url_text":"The San Bernardino Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_News_Service","url_text":"Gannett News Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Benzel, Jan (June 5, 1994). \"Classic Storybook Characters Live Televisually Ever After\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/books/television-classic-storybook-characters-live-televisually-ever-after.html","url_text":"\"Classic Storybook Characters Live Televisually Ever After\""}]},{"reference":"Figuerido, Robert (August 27, 2002). \"Winnie the Pooh: Frankenpooh/Spookable Pooh\". Animated Views.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animatedviews.com/2002/winnie-the-pooh-frankenpoohspookable-pooh/","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Frankenpooh/Spookable Pooh\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Gordon (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Screen and Sound Guide. Scarecrow Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0810828599.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PJBaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tigger+Private+Ear%22","url_text":"Sherlock Holmes: Screen and Sound Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810828599","url_text":"978-0810828599"}]},{"reference":"Jennings Bryany; Dolf Zillman, eds. (2002). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Taylor & Francis. p. 403. ISBN 978-0805838633.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KnQXQOP5uoMC&q=%22new+adventures+of+winnie+the+pooh%22&pg=PA403","url_text":"Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805838633","url_text":"978-0805838633"}]},{"reference":"Marder, Keith (October 9, 1997). \"A Guide to TV That Tries to Teach; FCC Mandate Puts Learning on Schedule\". Los Angeles Daily News. California. Gale Group. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2019 – via TheFreeLibrary.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305091728/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+GUIDE+TO+TV+THAT+TRIES+TO+TEACH%3B+FCC+MANDATE+PUTS+LEARNING+ON...-a083887739","url_text":"\"A Guide to TV That Tries to Teach; FCC Mandate Puts Learning on Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+GUIDE+TO+TV+THAT+TRIES+TO+TEACH%3B+FCC+MANDATE+PUTS+LEARNING+ON...-a083887739","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com","url_text":"TheFreeLibrary.com"}]},{"reference":"FCC 398 Children's Television Programming Report (Report). 2002. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130125060413/http://data.fcc.gov/mediabureau/v01/tv/application/KidVid_30598.html","url_text":"FCC 398 Children's Television Programming Report"},{"url":"https://data.fcc.gov/mediabureau/v01/tv/application/KidVid_30598.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holston, Noel (December 8, 1991). \"Most Saturday morning cartoons forsake quality\". The Pittsburgh Press. p. TV4 – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19911208&id=j-MhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2491,6436145","url_text":"\"Most Saturday morning cartoons forsake quality\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Charles (September 20, 1988). \"TV Review: New Kidvid Season: Send in the Clones\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1988-09-20/entertainment/ca-2381_1_saturday-morning-tv","url_text":"\"TV Review: New Kidvid Season: Send in the Clones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Charles (September 22, 1989). \"TV REVIEWS : Saturday Morning Cartoons Offer Good Reason to Sleep In\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-22/entertainment/ca-562_1_saturday-morning-cartoons/","url_text":"\"TV REVIEWS : Saturday Morning Cartoons Offer Good Reason to Sleep In\""}]},{"reference":"Kloer, Phil (July 10, 1988). \"Saturday Morning Television Growing Up\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_hidethis=no&p_field_label-0=Author&p_field_label-1=title&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=Saturday%20Morning%20Television%20Growing%20Up&s_dispstring=Pooh%20AND%20headline%28Saturday%20Morning%20Television%20Growing%20Up%29%20AND%20date%2801/01/1987%20to%205/21/1995%29&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=01/01/1987%20to%205/21/1995%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Pooh%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no","url_text":"\"Saturday Morning Television Growing Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review\". TV Guide. Vol. 37. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6k7vAAAAMAAJ&q=Behold+the+theatrical-grade+animation","url_text":"\"Review\""}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Gene (November 2, 1989). \"Is Saturday morning TV worth the effort?\". Knight-Ridder. Moscow-Pullman Daily News – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=19891102&id=srEtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=odAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6352,254802","url_text":"\"Is Saturday morning TV worth the effort?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow-Pullman_Daily_News","url_text":"Moscow-Pullman Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Mifflin, Lawrie (January 1999). \"Beyond Sesame Street (children's television programming)\". Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063005/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53460780.html","url_text":"\"Beyond Sesame Street (children's television programming)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping","url_text":"Good Housekeeping"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53460780.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: A Great Day of Discovery DVD Review\". DVDizzy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/guwpooh1.html","url_text":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: A Great Day of Discovery DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"DVD Verdict Review - Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving: 10th Anniversary Edition\". www.dvdverdict.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003205519/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/poohseasons10th.php","url_text":"\"DVD Verdict Review - Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving: 10th Anniversary Edition\""},{"url":"http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/poohseasons10th.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - TV Review\". www.commonsensemedia.org. August 8, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh","url_text":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - TV Review\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Evan (May 1, 1992). \"It Looks Cute, but It's Not Milne\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071936/http://articles.philly.com/1992-05-01/news/26014858_1_characters-olivia-humor","url_text":"\"It Looks Cute, but It's Not Milne\""},{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1992-05-01/news/26014858_1_characters-olivia-humor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crain Rudeen, Jai (June 13, 2001). \"'Superman: The Movie' is remastered, but keeps original sounds that add authenticity\". Scripps Howard News Service. Star-News – via Google News Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=20010613&id=4QpPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6721,4099574","url_text":"\"'Superman: The Movie' is remastered, but keeps original sounds that add authenticity\""}]},{"reference":"Howe, Desson (February 11, 2000). \"'Tigger' Loses Some Bounce\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/tiggermoviehowe.htm","url_text":"\"'Tigger' Loses Some Bounce\""}]},{"reference":"Holt Mcgavran, James (1998). Literature and the Child: Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations. University of Iowa Press. pp. 201–2. ISBN 9781587292910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LVTsR0J13RIC&q=slusher&pg=PA207","url_text":"Literature and the Child: Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press","url_text":"University of Iowa Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587292910","url_text":"9781587292910"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 16, 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 26, 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 30, 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. October 7, 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 18, 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 22, 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning ratings\". Variety. Penske Media. September 29, 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hendershot, Heather (1998). Saturday Morning Censors: Television Regulation Before the V-chip. Duke University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0822322405. :children are not interested.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/saturdaymorningc0000hend","url_text":"Saturday Morning Censors: Television Regulation Before the V-chip"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/saturdaymorningc0000hend/page/109","url_text":"109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822322405","url_text":"978-0822322405"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday morning news\". Variety. Penske Media. April 19, 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings\". Television Radio/Age. 37. Television Editorial Corporation: 68. 1989. Retrieved September 9, 2014 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2D24AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"TV Ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television/Radio_Age_(magazine)","url_text":"Television Radio/Age"}]},{"reference":"\"State of the Art: Programming/89\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. October 9, 1989. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1989/BC-1989-10-09.pdf","url_text":"\"State of the Art: Programming/89\""}]},{"reference":"Coe, Steve (July 26, 1993). \"More Players in Saturday Playground\" (PDF). Broadcasting & Cable. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-07-26.pdf","url_text":"\"More Players in Saturday Playground\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wherein a President Easily Outpolls Pooh\". The New York Times. February 23, 1993. Retrieved November 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/23/us/wherein-a-president-easily-outpolls-pooh.html","url_text":"\"Wherein a President Easily Outpolls Pooh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television News\". Animation World Network. Vol. 3, no. 7. October 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.7/3.7pages/3.7television.html","url_text":"\"Television News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime News Service: August 16–25\". Anime News Service. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034732/http://www.animenewsservice.com/archives/aug21.htm","url_text":"\"Anime News Service: August 16–25\""},{"url":"http://www.animenewsservice.com/archives/aug21.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zaslove, Mark (June 29, 1989). \"16th Daytime Emmy Awards\". Daytime Emmy Awards. Event occurs at 43:16. NBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards","url_text":"16th Daytime Emmy Awards"}]},{"reference":"Haithman, Diane (July 7, 1989). \"ABC, CBS Top Humanitas Prize Winners\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-07-ca-3357-story.html","url_text":"\"ABC, CBS Top Humanitas Prize Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Michelle (July 10, 1992). \"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\". Los Angeles Times. Television.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1781_1_brooklyn-bridge","url_text":"\"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\""}]},{"reference":"Trott, Robert W. (May 9, 1989). \"ABC Honored For Drama About Illiteracy\". Associated Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/47ec3d7345f6bbbd584bc7d26816de0b","url_text":"\"ABC Honored For Drama About Illiteracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Steve (September 21, 1997). \"Meeting a Higher Standard\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1997/09/21/meeting-a-higher-standard/d67c1f1d-e9a0-4ebe-b1ab-63fb6200c531/","url_text":"\"Meeting a Higher Standard\""}]},{"reference":"Carmody, John (September 7, 1988). \"The TV Column\". The Washington Post. p. F10. Retrieved November 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/09/07/the-tv-column/57a0e195-a971-4395-beca-e5c08099313d/","url_text":"\"The TV Column\""}]},{"reference":"Fagan, Sean (March 25, 2014). \"7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed To Earworm You\". BuzzFeed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/mccarricksean/cartoon-theme-songs-guaranteed-to-earworm-you-fjmu","url_text":"\"7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed To Earworm You\""}]},{"reference":"Weinstein, Steve (January 16, 1989). \"HBO Dominates the 10th ACE Awards with 35 Wins\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-16/entertainment/ca-447_1_comedy-series","url_text":"\"HBO Dominates the 10th ACE Awards with 35 Wins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards\". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015 – via WebCite.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150716012647/http://youngartistawards.org/pastnoms10.htm","url_text":"\"Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms10.htm","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCite","url_text":"WebCite"}]},{"reference":"Krott, Robert (May 19, 1989). \"ABC Honored for children's shows\". Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19890519&id=b_saAAAAIBAJ&pg=3456,3559486","url_text":"\"ABC Honored for children's shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Animation Winners\". Humanitas Prize. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212143004/http://humanitasprize.info/welcome/?page_id=699","url_text":"\"Children's Animation Winners\""},{"url":"http://humanitasprize.info/welcome/?page_id=699","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"King, Susan (December 23, 1990). \"Today's News, Tomorrow's Television: Movie Channel Rewards Andy Hardy fans\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-23/news/tv-9979_1_andy-hardy","url_text":"\"Today's News, Tomorrow's Television: Movie Channel Rewards Andy Hardy fans\""}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Michaelle (July 10, 1992). \"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1781_1_brooklyn-bridge","url_text":"\"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\""}]},{"reference":"Zad, Martie (September 30, 1990). \"Disney Offers Treats, Classics For Holidays\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1990/09/30/disney-offers-treats-classics-for-holidays/a3924b8c-88d0-477e-8bba-e4c12d4c46c7/","url_text":"\"Disney Offers Treats, Classics For Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"Zad, Martie; E. Hill, Michael (July 4, 1991). \"Popular Videos\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1991/07/07/popular-videos/51d792f4-0ccc-4b50-a00b-0cfb2cd57c54/","url_text":"\"Popular Videos\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Eric (1999). The Marketing Game: How the World's Best Companies Play to Win. Kogan Page. ISBN 978-1466867437.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2KvcAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Marketing Game: How the World's Best Companies Play to Win"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466867437","url_text":"978-1466867437"}]},{"reference":"James, Meg (July 5, 2002). \"Big Battle for a Silly Old Bear\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-05-fi-pooh5-story.html","url_text":"\"Big Battle for a Silly Old Bear\""}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Moira (March 5, 1994). \"Sight & Sound Puts Kid Vid In-Store At More Than 500 Retailers\". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 10. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22year+of+pooh%22&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Sight & Sound Puts Kid Vid In-Store At More Than 500 Retailers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Industry\". SongWizard. Retrieved November 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://songwizard.com/industry/","url_text":"\"Industry\""}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Moira (March 8, 1997). \"'Wee Sing' Changes Its Tune\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 10. pp. 53–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Pooh+Playtime%22&pg=PA54","url_text":"\"'Wee Sing' Changes Its Tune\""}]},{"reference":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: It's Playtime with Pooh DVD Review\". DVDizzy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/guwpooh4.html","url_text":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: It's Playtime with Pooh DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\". DVDizzy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/springtime.html","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"@Disney+ (October 14, 2019). \"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988)\" (Tweet). Retrieved November 17, 2019 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Disney+/status/1183721599960150016","url_text":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Rautzhan, Kendal (October 16, 1994). \"Spooky stories (or trick-or-treating) help enhance Halloween\". The Day. p. C4.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19941016&id=IQxHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3742,3727891","url_text":"\"Spooky stories (or trick-or-treating) help enhance Halloween\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\". DVDizzy.com. There is actual drama and depth to this story, things that Disney has moved away from in recent years to make Pooh strictly for tots.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/pooh-seasonsofgiving.html","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"More repositioned Pooh\". The Laser Disc Newsletter. No. 119. Indiana University. July 1994 – via Google Books. ...Walt Disney Home Video is repositioning the marketing of its Winnie the Pooh cartoons, aiming the releases at a younger age group than previously","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=030HAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"More repositioned Pooh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winnie the Pooh: DVD + Blu-ray Review\". DVDizzy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/winniethepooh.html","url_text":"\"Winnie the Pooh: DVD + Blu-ray Review\""}]},{"reference":"James, Meg (December 21, 2012). \"Disney Controls Winnie the Pooh Trademarks Court Rules\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/21/news/la-disney-controls-winnie-the-pooh-trademarks-court-rules-20121221","url_text":"\"Disney Controls Winnie the Pooh Trademarks Court Rules\""}]},{"reference":"Goudreau, Jenna (September 17, 2012). \"Disney Princess Tops List Of The 20 Best-Selling Entertainment Products\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/09/17/disney-princess-tops-list-of-the-20-best-selling-entertainment-products/","url_text":"\"Disney Princess Tops List Of The 20 Best-Selling Entertainment Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Corbin Bleu Sings \"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Theme\". YouTube. Winnie The Pooh Show. September 23, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vj-xwzbMXKo","url_text":"\"Corbin Bleu Sings \"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Theme\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofda00hyat/page/314/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-09-14/features/1991257099_1_cartoon-characters-k-tv-michael-jordan","external_links_name":"\"PRIME TIME FOR KIDS A few gems pan out of the gravel of Saturday morning TV fare\""},{"Link":"https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Radio-Age/80s/1989/1989-08-07-RTVA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bullish outlook in cable-land\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AG4wAAAAIBAJ&pg=4947%2C1935435","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh celebrates holidays in network special\""},{"Link":"http://animatedviews.com/2012/the-tigger-movie-bounce-a-rrrific-blu-ray","external_links_name":"\"The Tigger Movie: Bounce-a-rrrific Special Edition\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cEAOsLJad8C","external_links_name":"The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20050212&id=iYlIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6129,708801","external_links_name":"\"Voice of Pooh found honey in a career\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdmg.com/winniethepoohseasons.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Winnie The Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=20010131&id=474wAAAAIBAJ&pg=6291,8391924","external_links_name":"\"A New Look for Pooh: Japanese Puppetry, Computer Effects Give Old Favorite Modern Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z0nwfoF9If4C","external_links_name":"Richard Hack's Complete Home Video Companion for Parents"},{"Link":"https://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/poohsheffalumpmovie","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review: Pooh's Heffalump Movie\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AA5mAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054422/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510040232_1_frankenpooh-silly-story-unscary","external_links_name":"\"'Frankenpooh' Is Good, Gentle Fun\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510040232_1_frankenpooh-silly-story-unscary","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/heffalump.html","external_links_name":"\"Pooh's Heffalump Movie DVD Review\""},{"Link":"http://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/family/activities/movie-fun-night/how-winnie-the-pooh-works3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ultimate Guide to Winnie the Pooh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121155338/http://www.chuckmccann.net/interviews/press%20articles/Animated%20shorts%20PT%203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chuck McCann Pt 3 – Doin' His Thing in the West Coast\""},{"Link":"http://www.chuckmccann.net/interviews/press%20articles/Animated%20shorts%20PT%203.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7eQLAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Television Cartoon Shows: The shows, M-Z"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/moosethatroaredt00scot/","external_links_name":"The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel and a Talking Moose"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=20010119&id=rLFOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5911,657254","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh gets a makeover\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19880916&id=CqgeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6729,251354","external_links_name":"\"ABC hoping Pooh can pull more than honey out a jar\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=932&dat=19830428&id=GqJPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4405,6700319","external_links_name":"\"Disney channel comes to cable\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19860418&id=8RxQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4175,7473926","external_links_name":"\"Cable offers kids several quality shows\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tiQEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgEAAAAMBA","external_links_name":"\"Top Kid Videocassettes\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Channels-of-Communication/Channels-1987-11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Can Disney's Magic Work on Network Television?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usO2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22although+shows+such+as+darkwing%22","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19871115&id=Pj0sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3979,6396105","external_links_name":"\"Coming from Disney\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zuhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6954%2C4914499","external_links_name":"\"Here's what's coming for the kids this fall\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20254301/tampa-bay-times/","external_links_name":"\"Pooh Bear brings new adventures to Saturday morning television Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/animationworld/digital-pooh-and-tigger-too","external_links_name":"\"Digital Pooh and Tigger Too\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=riYXAwAAQBAJ&q=America+Toons+In","external_links_name":"America Toons In: A History of Television Animation"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19880914&id=Qu0eAAAAIBAJ&pg=3860,3254403","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh delights again\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-05/entertainment/ca-27348_1_count-duckula","external_links_name":"\"Television Reviews: 'Winnie' Wins, 'Duckula' Doesn't Count in Debuts\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997/aug/07/entertainment/ca-20052pg=5335,3934494","external_links_name":"\"Pooh Has Gone Straight to Video Too\""},{"Link":"https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Radio-Age/80s/1989/1989-02-06-RTVA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Buyers' caution at NATPE parley seen as a positive sign by BV's Jacquemin\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=20020628&id=6kxQAAAAIBAJ&pg=5335,3934494","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Disney exec finds you can go home again\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761919544","external_links_name":"Handbook of Children and the Media"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761919544/page/611","external_links_name":"611"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222933/https://valenti29.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/industry-insider-interview-mark-zaslove/","external_links_name":"\"Industry Insider Interview: Writer Mark Zaslove\""},{"Link":"https://valenti29.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/industry-insider-interview-mark-zaslove/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-09-03/entertainment/ca-5843_1_tv-shows/","external_links_name":"\"How Image Makers Shape Kids' TV\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-30/news/wr-17071_1_cheap-labor","external_links_name":"\"Doing Business: Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1990/BC-1990-02-19.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Networks promise summer punch\""},{"Link":"http://stevewoodmusic.com/index.php/bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Steve Wood Music – Bio\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/listen-what-the-katmandu-mw0000366801","external_links_name":"\"Listen What the Katmundu\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1OaDkQ_oRuA","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190804114527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OaDkQ_oRuA&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OaDkQ_oRuA","external_links_name":"\"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Intro (JIM CUMMINGS VERSION!!!)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motheringheights00tait/page/131","external_links_name":"Mothering Heights"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/motheringheights00tait/page/131","external_links_name":"131"},{"Link":"https://www.lachsa.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=539766&type=u&termREC_ID=&pREC_ID=526379","external_links_name":"\"Thom Sharp\""},{"Link":"http://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200026576#about-this-item","external_links_name":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"Link":"https://discussingfilm.net/2018/04/18/jim-cummings-talks-winnie-the-pooh-christopher-robin-darkwing-duck-joining-duck-tales-hondo-ohnaka-much-more-in-our-interview-exclusive/","external_links_name":"\"Jim Cummings Talks Winnie The Pooh, Christopher Robin, Darkwing Duck Joining Duck Tales, Hondo Ohnaka & Much More In Our Interview (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nupz2skKArk","external_links_name":"Interview: Jim Cummings, the voice of Pooh and Tigger in 'Christopher Robin'"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2004&dat=19881026&id=cbUiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2869,5307882","external_links_name":"\"Paul Winchell brings Pooh's 'Tigger' to life\""},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/news/20180801/its-no-bother-for-voice-actor-to-speak-for-pooh-tigger","external_links_name":"\"It's no bother for voice actor to speak for Pooh, Tigger\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ozAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's animated characters"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307071715/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306509861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&date=Dec+13%2C+1991&author=Jefferson%2C+Graham&pub=USA+TODAY+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Prime-time+%60Pooh%27+Christmas","external_links_name":"\"Prime-time 'Pooh' Christmas\""},{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306509861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+13%2C+1991&author=Jefferson%2C+Graham&pub=USA+TODAY+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=Prime-time+%60Pooh%27+Christmas","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19930618&id=DIEoAAAAIBAJ&pg=5718,834212","external_links_name":"\"'Rabbit' leaves L.A. area, returns to his Utah roots\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-28-me-fiedler28-story.html","external_links_name":"\"John Fiedler, 80; Character Actor Best Known for Distinctive Voice\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-06-07/features/8801060009_1_squire-rushnell-people-meter-young-viewers","external_links_name":"\"Kids Like Tube, But Tune Out Networks\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/88-OCR/BC-1988-10-17-OCR-Page-0052.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Children's television: Saturday morning live\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-TV-Radio-Age-IDX/IDX/80s/1988/1988-08-08-RTVA-Page-0053.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Syndicators look to new form\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230602/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306108370.html","external_links_name":"\"On ABC: Portrait of Scooby as a young dog\""},{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/doc/306108370.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersguidetoa00mari/page/18","external_links_name":"Gardner's Guide to Animation Scriptwriting: The Writer's Road Map"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gardnersguidetoa00mari/page/18","external_links_name":"18"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/QPNLRbP9VC4","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414144802/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPNLRbP9VC4","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPNLRbP9VC4","external_links_name":"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Television Commercial). September 4, 1988. ABC"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/67969100/","external_links_name":"\"TV's Best Bets\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvtango.com/listings/1988/09/09","external_links_name":"\"TV Listings for September 9, 1988\""},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA6946773&v=2.1&u=tel_k_wvhsl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=d961aa23a137cc02c0a847bdce676a83","external_links_name":"\"Sears, Honey Nut Cheerios and Walt Disney Television to host nationwide premiere party for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6951891/GPS?u=tel_k_wvhsl&sid=GPS&xid=bdad74bc","external_links_name":"\"Special kids Hollywood-type premiere for 'New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh' set for Sept. 9\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19880909&id=DIowAAAAIBAJ&pg=992,4412302","external_links_name":"\"Sear holds party for Winnie\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fm4wAAAAIBAJ&pg=2445,1430955&dq=winnie+the+pooh&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"'Pooh' party a delight, too\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x4dOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6612%2C2524921","external_links_name":"\"Disney Channel opens door to Pooh and his furry pals\""},{"Link":"https://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-05-07/entertainment/8803150256_1_pooh-corner-cecil-beany","external_links_name":"\"Pooh, Beany, Cecil, Slimer And Friends Are On Their Way\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/04/24/the-tv-column/f597de02-afdd-4ff7-8781-35a976d694c0/","external_links_name":"\"The TV Column\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dctkAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/21/movies/hollywood-and-networks-fight-drugs-with-cartoon.html","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood and Networks Fight Drugs With Cartoon\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19911213&id=66giAAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,4491524","external_links_name":"\"'Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too' airs tonight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410070651/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4131468.html","external_links_name":"\"NBC Drops Out, but TV Still Has Ton of Saturday 'Toons\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4131468.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-02-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Disney To Pull Goofy from ABC Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190119031713/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-20/entertainment/ca-117_1_fox-affiliate","external_links_name":"\"'X-Men' vs. the Gang of Three: Animation Series Has Helped Fox Challenge the Other Networks on Saturday Mornings\""},{"Link":"https://www.articles.latimes.com/1993-02-20/entertainment/ca-117_1_fox-affiliate/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19951026&id=0vZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6867,4553168","external_links_name":"\"Baseball over 'Blue'\""},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.10/2.10pages/2.10television.html","external_links_name":"\"Television News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220041/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/435775467.html","external_links_name":"\"For the Family\""},{"Link":"http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/doc/435775467.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914031157/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/television/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh-premieres-on-disney-channel/B93B47FC-63B1-498A-8CC9-1656CB5EC6D5/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"THE NEW ADVENTURES OF WINNIE THE POOH premieres on Disney Channel\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/television/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh-premieres-on-disney-channel/B93B47FC-63B1-498A-8CC9-1656CB5EC6D5/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.press.pl/tresc/3760,kolejne-cykle-disneya-na-dobranoc-w-jedynce","external_links_name":"\"Kolejne cykle Disneya na dobranoc w Jedynce\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20456627,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Oh, Pooh\""},{"Link":"http://movieline.com/2011/07/14/and-now-winnie-the-poohs-7-trippiest-adventures/","external_links_name":"\"And Now, Winnie the Pooh's 7 Trippiest Adventures\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_hidethis=no&p_field_label-0=Author&p_field_label-1=title&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=Cable%20fertile%20ground%20for&s_dispstring=headline%28Cable%20fertile%20ground%20for%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no","external_links_name":"\"Cable fertile ground for raising the high, low, and middlebrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh","external_links_name":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\""},{"Link":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/67969100/","external_links_name":"\"Wacky heroes lead the way as children's TV enters new phase\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/05/books/television-classic-storybook-characters-live-televisually-ever-after.html","external_links_name":"\"Classic Storybook Characters Live Televisually Ever After\""},{"Link":"https://www.animatedviews.com/2002/winnie-the-pooh-frankenpoohspookable-pooh/","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Frankenpooh/Spookable Pooh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PJBaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tigger+Private+Ear%22","external_links_name":"Sherlock Holmes: Screen and Sound Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KnQXQOP5uoMC&q=%22new+adventures+of+winnie+the+pooh%22&pg=PA403","external_links_name":"Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305091728/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+GUIDE+TO+TV+THAT+TRIES+TO+TEACH%3B+FCC+MANDATE+PUTS+LEARNING+ON...-a083887739","external_links_name":"\"A Guide to TV That Tries to Teach; FCC Mandate Puts Learning on Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+GUIDE+TO+TV+THAT+TRIES+TO+TEACH%3B+FCC+MANDATE+PUTS+LEARNING+ON...-a083887739","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130125060413/http://data.fcc.gov/mediabureau/v01/tv/application/KidVid_30598.html","external_links_name":"FCC 398 Children's Television Programming Report"},{"Link":"https://data.fcc.gov/mediabureau/v01/tv/application/KidVid_30598.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19911208&id=j-MhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bmQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2491,6436145","external_links_name":"\"Most Saturday morning cartoons forsake quality\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1988-09-20/entertainment/ca-2381_1_saturday-morning-tv","external_links_name":"\"TV Review: New Kidvid Season: Send in the Clones\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-22/entertainment/ca-562_1_saturday-morning-cartoons/","external_links_name":"\"TV REVIEWS : Saturday Morning Cartoons Offer Good Reason to Sleep In\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_hidethis=no&p_field_label-0=Author&p_field_label-1=title&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=Saturday%20Morning%20Television%20Growing%20Up&s_dispstring=Pooh%20AND%20headline%28Saturday%20Morning%20Television%20Growing%20Up%29%20AND%20date%2801/01/1987%20to%205/21/1995%29&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=01/01/1987%20to%205/21/1995%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Pooh%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no","external_links_name":"\"Saturday Morning Television Growing Up\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6k7vAAAAMAAJ&q=Behold+the+theatrical-grade+animation","external_links_name":"\"Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=19891102&id=srEtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=odAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6352,254802","external_links_name":"\"Is Saturday morning TV worth the effort?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063005/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53460780.html","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Sesame Street (children's television programming)\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53460780.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/guwpooh1.html","external_links_name":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: A Great Day of Discovery DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003205519/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/poohseasons10th.php","external_links_name":"\"DVD Verdict Review - Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving: 10th Anniversary Edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/poohseasons10th.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/the-new-adventures-of-winnie-the-pooh","external_links_name":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh - TV Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071936/http://articles.philly.com/1992-05-01/news/26014858_1_characters-olivia-humor","external_links_name":"\"It Looks Cute, but It's Not Milne\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/1992-05-01/news/26014858_1_characters-olivia-humor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=20010613&id=4QpPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6721,4099574","external_links_name":"\"'Superman: The Movie' is remastered, but keeps original sounds that add authenticity\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/tiggermoviehowe.htm","external_links_name":"\"'Tigger' Loses Some Bounce\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LVTsR0J13RIC&q=slusher&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"Literature and the Child: Romantic Continuations, Postmodern Contestations"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/saturdaymorningc0000hend","external_links_name":"Saturday Morning Censors: Television Regulation Before the V-chip"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/saturdaymorningc0000hend/page/109","external_links_name":"109"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2D24AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"TV Ratings\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1989/BC-1989-10-09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State of the Art: Programming/89\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-07-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"More Players in Saturday Playground\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/23/us/wherein-a-president-easily-outpolls-pooh.html","external_links_name":"\"Wherein a President Easily Outpolls Pooh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ixEUAQAAMAAJ&q=%22top+rated%22+%22winnie+the+pooh%22","external_links_name":"MediaWeek"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.7/3.7pages/3.7television.html","external_links_name":"\"Television News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034732/http://www.animenewsservice.com/archives/aug21.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anime News Service: August 16–25\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsservice.com/archives/aug21.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-07-ca-3357-story.html","external_links_name":"\"ABC, CBS Top Humanitas Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1781_1_brooklyn-bridge","external_links_name":"\"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/47ec3d7345f6bbbd584bc7d26816de0b","external_links_name":"\"ABC Honored For Drama About Illiteracy\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1997/09/21/meeting-a-higher-standard/d67c1f1d-e9a0-4ebe-b1ab-63fb6200c531/","external_links_name":"\"Meeting a Higher Standard\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/09/07/the-tv-column/57a0e195-a971-4395-beca-e5c08099313d/","external_links_name":"\"The TV Column\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/mccarricksean/cartoon-theme-songs-guaranteed-to-earworm-you-fjmu","external_links_name":"\"7 Cartoon Theme Songs Guaranteed To Earworm You\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-16/entertainment/ca-447_1_comedy-series","external_links_name":"\"HBO Dominates the 10th ACE Awards with 35 Wins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150716012647/http://youngartistawards.org/pastnoms10.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms10.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19890519&id=b_saAAAAIBAJ&pg=3456,3559486","external_links_name":"\"ABC Honored for children's shows\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212143004/http://humanitasprize.info/welcome/?page_id=699","external_links_name":"\"Children's Animation Winners\""},{"Link":"http://humanitasprize.info/welcome/?page_id=699","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-23/news/tv-9979_1_andy-hardy","external_links_name":"\"Today's News, Tomorrow's Television: Movie Channel Rewards Andy Hardy fans\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-10/entertainment/ca-1781_1_brooklyn-bridge","external_links_name":"\"First-Year Series Take Top Humanitas\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1990/09/30/disney-offers-treats-classics-for-holidays/a3924b8c-88d0-477e-8bba-e4c12d4c46c7/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Offers Treats, Classics For Holidays\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1991/07/07/popular-videos/51d792f4-0ccc-4b50-a00b-0cfb2cd57c54/","external_links_name":"\"Popular Videos\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2KvcAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Marketing Game: How the World's Best Companies Play to Win"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-05-fi-pooh5-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Battle for a Silly Old Bear\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22year+of+pooh%22&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"\"Sight & Sound Puts Kid Vid In-Store At More Than 500 Retailers\""},{"Link":"https://songwizard.com/industry/","external_links_name":"\"Industry\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Pooh+Playtime%22&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"\"'Wee Sing' Changes Its Tune\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/guwpooh4.html","external_links_name":"\"Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh: It's Playtime with Pooh DVD Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/springtime.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Disney+/status/1183721599960150016","external_links_name":"\"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988)\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19941016&id=IQxHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3742,3727891","external_links_name":"\"Spooky stories (or trick-or-treating) help enhance Halloween\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/pooh-seasonsofgiving.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo DVD Review\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=030HAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"More repositioned Pooh\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/winniethepooh.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie the Pooh: DVD + Blu-ray Review\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/21/news/la-disney-controls-winnie-the-pooh-trademarks-court-rules-20121221","external_links_name":"\"Disney Controls Winnie the Pooh Trademarks Court Rules\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2012/09/17/disney-princess-tops-list-of-the-20-best-selling-entertainment-products/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Princess Tops List Of The 20 Best-Selling Entertainment Products\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vj-xwzbMXKo","external_links_name":"\"Corbin Bleu Sings \"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" Theme\""},{"Link":"http://disney.go.com/disneyjunior/winnie-the-pooh","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165052/","external_links_name":"The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Marlborough_Road | The Old Marlborough Road | ["1 References"] | 1850 poem by Henry David Thoreau
"The Old Marlborough Road" is a poem written by Trascendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau in 1850.
Thoreau lived near the disused Old Marlboro Road in Concord, Massachusetts, and frequently walked along it, which inspired him to write the poem. It first appeared as a journal entry in 1850; it was extensively revised before being incorporated into Walking, published posthumously in 1862.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Old Marlborough Road
References
^ "The Old Marlborough Road, by Henry David Thoreau (1861)". Monadnock Valley Press. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
This article related to a poem is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Old Marlboro Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Marlboro_Road"},{"link_name":"Concord, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_(Thoreau)"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"The Old Marlborough Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Old_Marlborough_Road"}],"text":"\"The Old Marlborough Road\" is a poem written by Trascendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau in 1850.Thoreau lived near the disused Old Marlboro Road in Concord, Massachusetts, and frequently walked along it, which inspired him to write the poem.[1] It first appeared as a journal entry in 1850; it was extensively revised before being incorporated into Walking, published posthumously in 1862.Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nThe Old Marlborough Road","title":"The Old Marlborough Road"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Old Marlborough Road, by Henry David Thoreau (1861)\". Monadnock Valley Press. Retrieved 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://monadnock.net/thoreau/marlborough.html","url_text":"\"The Old Marlborough Road, by Henry David Thoreau (1861)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://monadnock.net/thoreau/marlborough.html","external_links_name":"\"The Old Marlborough Road, by Henry David Thoreau (1861)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Marlborough_Road&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pathfinder_series | The Pathfinder series | ["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 Books in the series","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Series of three books by Orson Scott Card
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Pathfinder series" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Pathfinder series is a completed series of novels by Orson Scott Card that is notable for its unusual fusion of the themes of science fiction and fantasy, with some elements of historical fiction. One significant aspect of the Pathfinder series is its uniquely complex but well documented set of time travel rules.
Plot
The narrative follows the adventures of a young man named Rigg, an unknowing colonist of a planet called Garden in a seemingly medieval state of scientific advancement. Rigg, at first a fur trapper's apprentice who has been educated in nearly every skill by a mysterious figure claiming to be his father, prominently exhibits a seemingly magical ability to see "paths" (hence the series' title), or the physical traces of living entities through time, to his benefit. Rigg and his companions, a band of unlikely friends, young and old, who have similar time-altering abilities, travel across Garden through many varied societies and environments to use their talents for personal benefit and heroics.
The story line develops in parallel with another story which converges as the story of the colonization of Garden by Terrans some 11,000 years in the past.
Reception
The series is critically acclaimed for its fast-paced, yet detailed, action, and the complex international power games that characterize much of Orson Scott Card's latest works. Some readers complained that the ending of the series felt "lazy" or weak, the writing uneven.
Books in the series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
See also
Novels portal
List of works by Orson Scott Card
References
^ PATHFINDER | Kirkus Reviews.
^ "Pathfinder by Orson Scott Card book review - Fantasy Book Review". www.fantasybookreview.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
^ "All those poor timelines..."Pathfinder Visitors"". Hatrack River Forum. November 26, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Users say things such as, "I hate to say it, but the conclusion of this series feels incredibly lazy to me." and "Yes, the ending felt very weak to me as well".
External links
The Pathfinder series on Goodreads
Orson Scott Card official website
vteWorks by Orson Scott CardEnder's Game seriesBooksEnder Series
Ender's Game (1985)
Speaker for the Dead (1986)
Xenocide (1991)
Children of the Mind (1996)
Ender in Exile (2008)
Shadow Saga
Ender's Shadow (1999)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
Shadow Puppets (2002)
Shadow of the Giant (2005)
Shadows in Flight (2012)
The Last Shadow (2021)
Formic Wars
Earth Unaware (2012)
Earth Afire (2013)
Earth Awakens (2014)
The Swarm (2016)
The Hive (2019)
The Queens (TBA)
First Meetings (2002)
A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
Children of the Fleet (2017)
Short stories
"Ender's Game" (1977)
"Gloriously Bright" (1991)
"Investment Counselor"
"The Polish Boy"
"Teacher's Pest"
"Mazer in Prison"
"Pretty Boy"
"Cheater"
"A Young Man with Prospects"
"The Gold Bug"
"Ender's Stocking"
"Ender's Homecoming"
"Ender in Flight"
"Renegat"
"Governor Wiggin"
"Messenger"
Other media
Comics
Film
Characters
Ender Wiggin
Formics
Jane
The Tales of Alvin MakerBooks
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Other media
"Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)
The Worthing seriesBooks
Capitol (1979)
Hot Sleep (1979)
The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
The Worthing Saga (1990)
Other worksHomecoming Saga
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Women of Genesis
Sarah (2000)
Rebekah (2001)
Rachel and Leah (2004)
The Wives of Israel (TBA)
Mithermages series
Sandmagic (1979)
Stonefather (2008)
The Lost Gate (2011)
The Gate Thief (2013)
Gatefather (2015)
Mayflower series
Lovelock (1994)
Rasputin (TBA)
The Empire duet
Empire (2006)
Hidden Empire (2009)
The Pathfinder series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
Standalone novels
A Planet Called Treason (1979)
Songmaster (1980)
Hart's Hope (1983)
Saints (1984)
Wyrms (1987)
Treason (1988)
The Abyss (1989)
Lost Boys (1992)
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
Treasure Box (1996)
Stone Tables (1997)
Homebody (1998)
Enchantment (1999)
Magic Street (2005)
Invasive Procedures (2007)
Bully and the Beast (TBA)
Story collections
Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
Cardography (1987)
The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
Maps in a Mirror (1990)
Keeper of Dreams (2008)
Other works
Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
Ainge (1981)
Saintspeak (1981)
Eye for Eye (1987)
Loom (1990)
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
The Dig (1995)
NeoHunter (1996)
Magic Mirror (1999)
Robota (2003)
An Open Book (2004)
Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
Advent Rising (2005)
InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
Hamlet's Father (2011)
Firefall (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"time travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Pathfinder series is a completed series of novels by Orson Scott Card that is notable for its unusual fusion of the themes of science fiction and fantasy, with some elements of historical fiction.[1] One significant aspect of the Pathfinder series is its uniquely complex but well documented set of time travel rules.[2]","title":"The Pathfinder series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The narrative follows the adventures of a young man named Rigg, an unknowing colonist of a planet called Garden in a seemingly medieval state of scientific advancement. Rigg, at first a fur trapper's apprentice who has been educated in nearly every skill by a mysterious figure claiming to be his father, prominently exhibits a seemingly magical ability to see \"paths\" (hence the series' title), or the physical traces of living entities through time, to his benefit. Rigg and his companions, a band of unlikely friends, young and old, who have similar time-altering abilities, travel across Garden through many varied societies and environments to use their talents for personal benefit and heroics.\nThe story line develops in parallel with another story which converges as the story of the colonization of Garden by Terrans some 11,000 years in the past.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The series is critically acclaimed for its fast-paced, yet detailed, action, and the complex international power games that characterize much of Orson Scott Card's latest works. Some readers complained that the ending of the series felt \"lazy\" or weak, the writing uneven.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pathfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Visitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitors_(Card_novel)"}],"text":"Pathfinder (2010)\nRuins (2012)\nVisitors (2014)","title":"Books in the series"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"List of works by Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Orson_Scott_Card"}] | [{"reference":"PATHFINDER | Kirkus Reviews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/orson-scott-card/pathfinder-1/","url_text":"PATHFINDER | Kirkus Reviews"}]},{"reference":"\"Pathfinder by Orson Scott Card book review - Fantasy Book Review\". www.fantasybookreview.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk/Orson-Scott-Card/Pathfinder.html","url_text":"\"Pathfinder by Orson Scott Card book review - Fantasy Book Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"All those poor timelines...\"Pathfinder Visitors\"\". Hatrack River Forum. November 26, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hatrack.com/cgi-bin/ubbmain/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=005601;p=0","url_text":"\"All those poor timelines...\"Pathfinder Visitors\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22","external_links_name":"\"The Pathfinder series\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Pathfinder+series%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/orson-scott-card/pathfinder-1/","external_links_name":"PATHFINDER | Kirkus Reviews"},{"Link":"https://www.fantasybookreview.co.uk/Orson-Scott-Card/Pathfinder.html","external_links_name":"\"Pathfinder by Orson Scott Card book review - Fantasy Book Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.hatrack.com/cgi-bin/ubbmain/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=005601;p=0","external_links_name":"\"All those poor timelines...\"Pathfinder Visitors\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/series/51357-pathfinder","external_links_name":"The Pathfinder series on Goodreads"},{"Link":"http://www.hatrack.com/","external_links_name":"Orson Scott Card official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_surface | Parametric surface | ["1 Examples","2 Local differential geometry","2.1 Notation","2.2 Tangent plane and normal vector","2.3 Surface area","2.4 First fundamental form","2.5 Second fundamental form","2.6 Curvature","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Surface specified with parameters
A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters
r
:
R
2
→
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} :\mathbb {R} ^{2}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
. Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures can all be computed from a given parametrization.
Examples
Torus, created with equations:
x
=
r
sin
v
y
=
(
R
+
r
cos
v
)
sin
u
z
=
(
R
+
r
cos
v
)
cos
u
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=r\sin v\\y&=(R+r\cos v)\sin u\\z&=(R+r\cos v)\cos u\end{aligned}}}
Parametric surface forming a trefoil knot, equation details in the attached source code.
The simplest type of parametric surfaces is given by the graphs of functions of two variables:
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
,
r
(
x
,
y
)
=
(
x
,
y
,
f
(
x
,
y
)
)
.
{\displaystyle z=f(x,y),\quad \mathbf {r} (x,y)=(x,y,f(x,y)).}
A rational surface is a surface that admits parameterizations by a rational function. A rational surface is an algebraic surface. Given an algebraic surface, it is commonly easier to decide if it is rational than to compute its rational parameterization, if it exists.
Surfaces of revolution give another important class of surfaces that can be easily parametrized. If the graph z = f(x), a ≤ x ≤ b is rotated about the z-axis then the resulting surface has a parametrization
r
(
u
,
ϕ
)
=
(
u
cos
ϕ
,
u
sin
ϕ
,
f
(
u
)
)
,
a
≤
u
≤
b
,
0
≤
ϕ
<
2
π
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (u,\phi )=(u\cos \phi ,u\sin \phi ,f(u)),\quad a\leq u\leq b,0\leq \phi <2\pi .}
It may also be parameterized
r
(
u
,
v
)
=
(
u
1
−
v
2
1
+
v
2
,
u
2
v
1
+
v
2
,
f
(
u
)
)
,
a
≤
u
≤
b
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (u,v)=\left(u{\frac {1-v^{2}}{1+v^{2}}},u{\frac {2v}{1+v^{2}}},f(u)\right),\quad a\leq u\leq b,}
showing that, if the function f is rational, then the surface is rational.
The straight circular cylinder of radius R about x-axis has the following parametric representation:
r
(
x
,
ϕ
)
=
(
x
,
R
cos
ϕ
,
R
sin
ϕ
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (x,\phi )=(x,R\cos \phi ,R\sin \phi ).}
Using the spherical coordinates, the unit sphere can be parameterized by
r
(
θ
,
ϕ
)
=
(
cos
θ
sin
ϕ
,
sin
θ
sin
ϕ
,
cos
ϕ
)
,
0
≤
θ
<
2
π
,
0
≤
ϕ
≤
π
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (\theta ,\phi )=(\cos \theta \sin \phi ,\sin \theta \sin \phi ,\cos \phi ),\quad 0\leq \theta <2\pi ,0\leq \phi \leq \pi .}
This parametrization breaks down at the north and south poles where the azimuth angle θ is not determined uniquely. The sphere is a rational surface.
The same surface admits many different parametrizations. For example, the coordinate z-plane can be parametrized as
r
(
u
,
v
)
=
(
a
u
+
b
v
,
c
u
+
d
v
,
0
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (u,v)=(au+bv,cu+dv,0)}
for any constants a, b, c, d such that ad − bc ≠ 0, i.e. the matrix
[
a
b
c
d
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{bmatrix}}}
is invertible.
Local differential geometry
The local shape of a parametric surface can be analyzed by considering the Taylor expansion of the function that parametrizes it. The arc length of a curve on the surface and the surface area can be found using integration.
Notation
Let the parametric surface be given by the equation
r
=
r
(
u
,
v
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {r} (u,v),}
where
r
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }
is a vector-valued function of the parameters (u, v) and the parameters vary within a certain domain D in the parametric uv-plane. The first partial derivatives with respect to the parameters are usually denoted
r
u
:=
∂
r
∂
u
{\textstyle \mathbf {r} _{u}:={\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial u}}}
and
r
v
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{v},}
and similarly for the higher derivatives,
r
u
u
,
r
u
v
,
r
v
v
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{uu},\mathbf {r} _{uv},\mathbf {r} _{vv}.}
In vector calculus, the parameters are frequently denoted (s,t) and the partial derivatives are written out using the ∂-notation:
∂
r
∂
s
,
∂
r
∂
t
,
∂
2
r
∂
s
2
,
∂
2
r
∂
s
∂
t
,
∂
2
r
∂
t
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial s}},{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} }{\partial t}},{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {r} }{\partial s^{2}}},{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {r} }{\partial s\partial t}},{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {r} }{\partial t^{2}}}.}
Tangent plane and normal vector
For broader coverage of this topic, see Differentiable surface § Tangent vectors and normal vector.
The parametrization is regular for the given values of the parameters if the vectors
r
u
,
r
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{u},\mathbf {r} _{v}}
are linearly independent. The tangent plane at a regular point is the affine plane in R3 spanned by these vectors and passing through the point r(u, v) on the surface determined by the parameters. Any tangent vector can be uniquely decomposed into a linear combination of
r
u
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{u}}
and
r
v
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{v}.}
The cross product of these vectors is a normal vector to the tangent plane. Dividing this vector by its length yields a unit normal vector to the parametrized surface at a regular point:
n
^
=
r
u
×
r
v
|
r
u
×
r
v
|
.
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}={\frac {\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}}{\left|\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}\right|}}.}
In general, there are two choices of the unit normal vector to a surface at a given point, but for a regular parametrized surface, the preceding formula consistently picks one of them, and thus determines an orientation of the surface. Some of the differential-geometric invariants of a surface in R3 are defined by the surface itself and are independent of the orientation, while others change the sign if the orientation is reversed.
Surface area
The surface area can be calculated by integrating the length of the normal vector
r
u
×
r
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}}
to the surface over the appropriate region D in the parametric uv plane:
A
(
D
)
=
∬
D
|
r
u
×
r
v
|
d
u
d
v
.
{\displaystyle A(D)=\iint _{D}\left|\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}\right|du\,dv.}
Although this formula provides a closed expression for the surface area, for all but very special surfaces this results in a complicated double integral, which is typically evaluated using a computer algebra system or approximated numerically. Fortunately, many common surfaces form exceptions, and their areas are explicitly known. This is true for a circular cylinder, sphere, cone, torus, and a few other surfaces of revolution.
This can also be expressed as a surface integral over the scalar field 1:
∫
S
1
d
S
.
{\displaystyle \int _{S}1\,dS.}
First fundamental form
Main article: First fundamental form
The first fundamental form is a quadratic form
I
=
E
d
u
2
+
2
F
d
u
d
v
+
G
d
v
2
{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} =E\,du^{2}+2\,F\,du\,dv+G\,dv^{2}}
on the tangent plane to the surface which is used to calculate distances and angles. For a parametrized surface
r
=
r
(
u
,
v
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {r} (u,v),}
its coefficients can be computed as follows:
E
=
r
u
⋅
r
u
,
F
=
r
u
⋅
r
v
,
G
=
r
v
⋅
r
v
.
{\displaystyle E=\mathbf {r} _{u}\cdot \mathbf {r} _{u},\quad F=\mathbf {r} _{u}\cdot \mathbf {r} _{v},\quad G=\mathbf {r} _{v}\cdot \mathbf {r} _{v}.}
Arc length of parametrized curves on the surface S, the angle between curves on S, and the surface area all admit expressions in terms of the first fundamental form.
If (u(t), v(t)), a ≤ t ≤ b represents a parametrized curve on this surface then its arc length can be calculated as the integral:
∫
a
b
E
u
′
(
t
)
2
+
2
F
u
′
(
t
)
v
′
(
t
)
+
G
v
′
(
t
)
2
d
t
.
{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}{\sqrt {E\,u'(t)^{2}+2F\,u'(t)v'(t)+G\,v'(t)^{2}}}\,dt.}
The first fundamental form may be viewed as a family of positive definite symmetric bilinear forms on the tangent plane at each point of the surface depending smoothly on the point. This perspective helps one calculate the angle between two curves on S intersecting at a given point. This angle is equal to the angle between the tangent vectors to the curves. The first fundamental form evaluated on this pair of vectors is their dot product, and the angle can be found from the standard formula
cos
θ
=
a
⋅
b
|
a
|
|
b
|
{\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} }{\left|\mathbf {a} \right|\left|\mathbf {b} \right|}}}
expressing the cosine of the angle via the dot product.
Surface area can be expressed in terms of the first fundamental form as follows:
A
(
D
)
=
∬
D
E
G
−
F
2
d
u
d
v
.
{\displaystyle A(D)=\iint _{D}{\sqrt {EG-F^{2}}}\,du\,dv.}
By Lagrange's identity, the expression under the square root is precisely
|
r
u
×
r
v
|
2
{\displaystyle \left|\mathbf {r} _{u}\times \mathbf {r} _{v}\right|^{2}}
, and so it is strictly positive at the regular points.
Second fundamental form
Main article: Second fundamental form
The second fundamental form
I
I
=
L
d
u
2
+
2
M
d
u
d
v
+
N
d
v
2
{\displaystyle \mathrm {I\!I} =L\,du^{2}+2M\,du\,dv+N\,dv^{2}}
is a quadratic form on the tangent plane to the surface that, together with the first fundamental form, determines the curvatures of curves on the surface. In the special case when (u, v) = (x, y) and the tangent plane to the surface at the given point is horizontal, the second fundamental form is essentially the quadratic part of the Taylor expansion of z as a function of x and y.
For a general parametric surface, the definition is more complicated, but the second fundamental form depends only on the partial derivatives of order one and two.
Its coefficients are defined to be the projections of the second partial derivatives of
r
{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }
onto the unit normal vector
n
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}
defined by the parametrization:
L
=
r
u
u
⋅
n
^
,
M
=
r
u
v
⋅
n
^
,
N
=
r
v
v
⋅
n
^
.
{\displaystyle L=\mathbf {r} _{uu}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {n} }},\quad M=\mathbf {r} _{uv}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {n} }},\quad N=\mathbf {r} _{vv}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}.}
Like the first fundamental form, the second fundamental form may be viewed as a family of symmetric bilinear forms on the tangent plane at each point of the surface depending smoothly on the point.
Curvature
Main article: Curvature
The first and second fundamental forms of a surface determine its important differential-geometric invariants: the Gaussian curvature, the mean curvature, and the principal curvatures.
The principal curvatures are the invariants of the pair consisting of the second and first fundamental forms. They are the roots κ1, κ2 of the quadratic equation
det
(
I
I
−
κ
I
)
=
0
,
det
[
L
−
κ
E
M
−
κ
F
M
−
κ
F
N
−
κ
G
]
=
0.
{\displaystyle \det(\mathrm {I\!I} -\kappa \mathrm {I} )=0,\quad \det {\begin{bmatrix}L-\kappa E&M-\kappa F\\M-\kappa F&N-\kappa G\end{bmatrix}}=0.}
The Gaussian curvature K = κ1κ2 and the mean curvature H = (κ1 + κ2)/2 can be computed as follows:
K
=
L
N
−
M
2
E
G
−
F
2
,
H
=
E
N
−
2
F
M
+
G
L
2
(
E
G
−
F
2
)
.
{\displaystyle K={\frac {LN-M^{2}}{EG-F^{2}}},\quad H={\frac {EN-2FM+GL}{2(EG-F^{2})}}.}
Up to a sign, these quantities are independent of the parametrization used, and hence form important tools for analysing the geometry of the surface. More precisely, the principal curvatures and the mean curvature change the sign if the orientation of the surface is reversed, and the Gaussian curvature is entirely independent of the parametrization.
The sign of the Gaussian curvature at a point determines the shape of the surface near that point: for K > 0 the surface is locally convex and the point is called elliptic, while for K < 0 the surface is saddle shaped and the point is called hyperbolic. The points at which the Gaussian curvature is zero are called parabolic. In general, parabolic points form a curve on the surface called the parabolic line. The first fundamental form is positive definite, hence its determinant EG − F2 is positive everywhere. Therefore, the sign of K coincides with the sign of LN − M2, the determinant of the second fundamental.
The coefficients of the first fundamental form presented above may be organized in a symmetric matrix:
F
1
=
[
E
F
F
G
]
.
{\displaystyle F_{1}={\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\F&G\end{bmatrix}}.}
And the same for the coefficients of the second fundamental form, also presented above:
F
2
=
[
L
M
M
N
]
.
{\displaystyle F_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}L&M\\M&N\end{bmatrix}}.}
Defining now matrix
A
=
F
1
−
1
F
2
{\displaystyle A=F_{1}^{-1}F_{2}}
, the principal curvatures κ1 and κ2 are the eigenvalues of A.
Now, if v1 = (v11, v12) is the eigenvector of A corresponding to principal curvature κ1, the unit vector in the direction of
t
1
=
v
11
r
u
+
v
12
r
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {t} _{1}=v_{11}\mathbf {r} _{u}+v_{12}\mathbf {r} _{v}}
is called the principal vector corresponding to the principal curvature κ1.
Accordingly, if v2 = (v21,v22) is the eigenvector of A corresponding to principal curvature κ2, the unit vector in the direction of
t
2
=
v
21
r
u
+
v
22
r
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {t} _{2}=v_{21}\mathbf {r} _{u}+v_{22}\mathbf {r} _{v}}
is called the principal vector corresponding to the principal curvature κ2.
See also
Spline (mathematics)
Surface normal
References
^ Surface curvatures Handouts, Principal Curvatures
External links
Java applets demonstrate the parametrization of a helix surface
m-ART(3d) - iPad/iPhone application to generate and visualize parametric surfaces. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"parametric equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equation"},{"link_name":"implicit representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_surface"},{"link_name":"vector calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"},{"link_name":"Stokes' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem"},{"link_name":"divergence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence_theorem"},{"link_name":"arc length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length"},{"link_name":"curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_fundamental_form"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_fundamental_form"},{"link_name":"Gaussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_curvature"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_curvature"}],"text":"A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n :\n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n \n \n →\n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} :\\mathbb {R} ^{2}\\to \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n. Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures can all be computed from a given parametrization.","title":"Parametric surface"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parametric_surface_illustration_(torus).png"},{"link_name":"Torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parametric_surface_illustration_(trefoil_knot).png"},{"link_name":"trefoil knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil_knot"},{"link_name":"rational surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_surface"},{"link_name":"rational function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function"},{"link_name":"algebraic surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_surface"},{"link_name":"Surfaces of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_revolution"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"spherical coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinates"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"}],"text":"Torus, created with equations: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n =\n r\n sin\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n v\n )\n sin\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n v\n )\n cos\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x&=r\\sin v\\\\y&=(R+r\\cos v)\\sin u\\\\z&=(R+r\\cos v)\\cos u\\end{aligned}}}Parametric surface forming a trefoil knot, equation details in the attached source code.The simplest type of parametric surfaces is given by the graphs of functions of two variables: \n \n \n \n z\n =\n f\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ,\n \n \n r\n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n f\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=f(x,y),\\quad \\mathbf {r} (x,y)=(x,y,f(x,y)).}\n \n\nA rational surface is a surface that admits parameterizations by a rational function. A rational surface is an algebraic surface. Given an algebraic surface, it is commonly easier to decide if it is rational than to compute its rational parameterization, if it exists.\nSurfaces of revolution give another important class of surfaces that can be easily parametrized. If the graph z = f(x), a ≤ x ≤ b is rotated about the z-axis then the resulting surface has a parametrization \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n (\n u\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n =\n (\n u\n cos\n \n ϕ\n ,\n u\n sin\n \n ϕ\n ,\n f\n (\n u\n )\n )\n ,\n \n a\n ≤\n u\n ≤\n b\n ,\n 0\n ≤\n ϕ\n <\n 2\n π\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} (u,\\phi )=(u\\cos \\phi ,u\\sin \\phi ,f(u)),\\quad a\\leq u\\leq b,0\\leq \\phi <2\\pi .}\n \n It may also be parameterized \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n =\n \n (\n \n u\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n u\n \n \n \n 2\n v\n \n \n 1\n +\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n f\n (\n u\n )\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n a\n ≤\n u\n ≤\n b\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} (u,v)=\\left(u{\\frac {1-v^{2}}{1+v^{2}}},u{\\frac {2v}{1+v^{2}}},f(u)\\right),\\quad a\\leq u\\leq b,}\n \n showing that, if the function f is rational, then the surface is rational.\nThe straight circular cylinder of radius R about x-axis has the following parametric representation: \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n (\n x\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n =\n (\n x\n ,\n R\n cos\n \n ϕ\n ,\n R\n sin\n \n ϕ\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} (x,\\phi )=(x,R\\cos \\phi ,R\\sin \\phi ).}\n \n\nUsing the spherical coordinates, the unit sphere can be parameterized by \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n (\n θ\n ,\n ϕ\n )\n =\n (\n cos\n \n θ\n sin\n \n ϕ\n ,\n sin\n \n θ\n sin\n \n ϕ\n ,\n cos\n \n ϕ\n )\n ,\n \n 0\n ≤\n θ\n <\n 2\n π\n ,\n 0\n ≤\n ϕ\n ≤\n π\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} (\\theta ,\\phi )=(\\cos \\theta \\sin \\phi ,\\sin \\theta \\sin \\phi ,\\cos \\phi ),\\quad 0\\leq \\theta <2\\pi ,0\\leq \\phi \\leq \\pi .}\n \n This parametrization breaks down at the north and south poles where the azimuth angle θ is not determined uniquely. The sphere is a rational surface.The same surface admits many different parametrizations. For example, the coordinate z-plane can be parametrized asr\n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n =\n (\n a\n u\n +\n b\n v\n ,\n c\n u\n +\n d\n v\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} (u,v)=(au+bv,cu+dv,0)}abcdad − bc ≠ 0[\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\\\c&d\\end{bmatrix}}}invertible","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_expansion"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral"}],"text":"The local shape of a parametric surface can be analyzed by considering the Taylor expansion of the function that parametrizes it. The arc length of a curve on the surface and the surface area can be found using integration.","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vector calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"}],"sub_title":"Notation","text":"Let the parametric surface be given by the equationr\n \n =\n \n r\n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} =\\mathbf {r} (u,v),}r\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} }vector-valued functionuvDuvr\n \n \n u\n \n \n :=\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\mathbf {r} _{u}:={\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {r} }{\\partial u}}}r\n \n \n v\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{v},}r\n \n \n u\n u\n \n \n ,\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n v\n \n \n ,\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n v\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{uu},\\mathbf {r} _{uv},\\mathbf {r} _{vv}.}In vector calculus, the parameters are frequently denoted (s,t) and the partial derivatives are written out using the ∂-notation:∂\n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n s\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n s\n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {r} }{\\partial s}},{\\frac {\\partial \\mathbf {r} }{\\partial t}},{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}\\mathbf {r} }{\\partial s^{2}}},{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}\\mathbf {r} }{\\partial s\\partial t}},{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}\\mathbf {r} }{\\partial t^{2}}}.}","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Differentiable surface § Tangent vectors and normal vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_surface#Tangent_vectors_and_normal_vector"},{"link_name":"tangent plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_plane"},{"link_name":"normal vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_vector"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability"}],"sub_title":"Tangent plane and normal vector","text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Differentiable surface § Tangent vectors and normal vector.The parametrization is regular for the given values of the parameters if the vectorsr\n \n \n u\n \n \n ,\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{u},\\mathbf {r} _{v}}tangent planeR3ruvlinear combinationr\n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{u}}r\n \n \n v\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{v}.}cross productnormal vectortangent planenormal vectorn\n \n ^\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }}={\\frac {\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}}{\\left|\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}\\right|}}.}In general, there are two choices of the unit normal vector to a surface at a given point, but for a regular parametrized surface, the preceding formula consistently picks one of them, and thus determines an orientation of the surface. Some of the differential-geometric invariants of a surface in R3 are defined by the surface itself and are independent of the orientation, while others change the sign if the orientation is reversed.","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area"},{"link_name":"double integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_integral"},{"link_name":"computer algebra system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_algebra_system"},{"link_name":"circular cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"surfaces of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_revolution"},{"link_name":"surface integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_integral"}],"sub_title":"Surface area","text":"The surface area can be calculated by integrating the length of the normal vector \n \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}}\n \n to the surface over the appropriate region D in the parametric uv plane:A\n (\n D\n )\n =\n \n ∬\n \n D\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n |\n \n d\n u\n \n d\n v\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A(D)=\\iint _{D}\\left|\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}\\right|du\\,dv.}Although this formula provides a closed expression for the surface area, for all but very special surfaces this results in a complicated double integral, which is typically evaluated using a computer algebra system or approximated numerically. Fortunately, many common surfaces form exceptions, and their areas are explicitly known. This is true for a circular cylinder, sphere, cone, torus, and a few other surfaces of revolution.This can also be expressed as a surface integral over the scalar field 1:∫\n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n d\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{S}1\\,dS.}","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"Arc length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length"},{"link_name":"positive definite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_bilinear_form"},{"link_name":"symmetric bilinear forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_bilinear_form"},{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"Lagrange's identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_identity"}],"sub_title":"First fundamental form","text":"The first fundamental form is a quadratic formI\n \n =\n E\n \n d\n \n u\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n F\n \n d\n u\n \n d\n v\n +\n G\n \n d\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {I} =E\\,du^{2}+2\\,F\\,du\\,dv+G\\,dv^{2}}tangent planer\n \n =\n \n r\n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} =\\mathbf {r} (u,v),}E\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ,\n \n F\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n ,\n \n G\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\cdot \\mathbf {r} _{u},\\quad F=\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\cdot \\mathbf {r} _{v},\\quad G=\\mathbf {r} _{v}\\cdot \\mathbf {r} _{v}.}Arc length of parametrized curves on the surface S, the angle between curves on S, and the surface area all admit expressions in terms of the first fundamental form.If (u(t), v(t)), a ≤ t ≤ b represents a parametrized curve on this surface then its arc length can be calculated as the integral:∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n u\n ′\n \n (\n t\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n F\n \n \n u\n ′\n \n (\n t\n )\n \n v\n ′\n \n (\n t\n )\n +\n G\n \n \n v\n ′\n \n (\n t\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n t\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{a}^{b}{\\sqrt {E\\,u'(t)^{2}+2F\\,u'(t)v'(t)+G\\,v'(t)^{2}}}\\,dt.}The first fundamental form may be viewed as a family of positive definite symmetric bilinear forms on the tangent plane at each point of the surface depending smoothly on the point. This perspective helps one calculate the angle between two curves on S intersecting at a given point. This angle is equal to the angle between the tangent vectors to the curves. The first fundamental form evaluated on this pair of vectors is their dot product, and the angle can be found from the standard formulacos\n \n θ\n =\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n a\n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n b\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos \\theta ={\\frac {\\mathbf {a} \\cdot \\mathbf {b} }{\\left|\\mathbf {a} \\right|\\left|\\mathbf {b} \\right|}}}cosineSurface area can be expressed in terms of the first fundamental form as follows:A\n (\n D\n )\n =\n \n ∬\n \n D\n \n \n \n \n E\n G\n −\n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n u\n \n d\n v\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A(D)=\\iint _{D}{\\sqrt {EG-F^{2}}}\\,du\\,dv.}By Lagrange's identity, the expression under the square root is precisely \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n ×\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\mathbf {r} _{u}\\times \\mathbf {r} _{v}\\right|^{2}}\n \n, and so it is strictly positive at the regular points.","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partial derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"}],"sub_title":"Second fundamental form","text":"The second fundamental formI\n \n I\n \n =\n L\n \n d\n \n u\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n M\n \n d\n u\n \n d\n v\n +\n N\n \n d\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {I\\!I} =L\\,du^{2}+2M\\,du\\,dv+N\\,dv^{2}}(u, v) = (x, y)Taylor expansionzxyFor a general parametric surface, the definition is more complicated, but the second fundamental form depends only on the partial derivatives of order one and two. \nIts coefficients are defined to be the projections of the second partial derivatives of \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} }\n \n onto the unit normal vector \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }}}\n \n defined by the parametrization:L\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n u\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n M\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n v\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n N\n =\n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n v\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n ^\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L=\\mathbf {r} _{uu}\\cdot {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }},\\quad M=\\mathbf {r} _{uv}\\cdot {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }},\\quad N=\\mathbf {r} _{vv}\\cdot {\\hat {\\mathbf {n} }}.}Like the first fundamental form, the second fundamental form may be viewed as a family of symmetric bilinear forms on the tangent plane at each point of the surface depending smoothly on the point.","title":"Local differential geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invariants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Gaussian curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature"},{"link_name":"mean curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_curvature"},{"link_name":"principal curvatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_curvature"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"positive definite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_definite_matrix"},{"link_name":"first fundamental form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#First_fundamental_form"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"eigenvector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector"},{"link_name":"eigenvector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector"}],"sub_title":"Curvature","text":"The first and second fundamental forms of a surface determine its important differential-geometric invariants: the Gaussian curvature, the mean curvature, and the principal curvatures.The principal curvatures are the invariants of the pair consisting of the second and first fundamental forms. They are the roots κ1, κ2 of the quadratic equationdet\n (\n \n I\n \n I\n \n −\n κ\n \n I\n \n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n L\n −\n κ\n E\n \n \n M\n −\n κ\n F\n \n \n \n \n M\n −\n κ\n F\n \n \n N\n −\n κ\n G\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(\\mathrm {I\\!I} -\\kappa \\mathrm {I} )=0,\\quad \\det {\\begin{bmatrix}L-\\kappa E&M-\\kappa F\\\\M-\\kappa F&N-\\kappa G\\end{bmatrix}}=0.}The Gaussian curvature K = κ1κ2 and the mean curvature H = (κ1 + κ2)/2 can be computed as follows:K\n =\n \n \n \n L\n N\n −\n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n E\n G\n −\n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n H\n =\n \n \n \n E\n N\n −\n 2\n F\n M\n +\n G\n L\n \n \n 2\n (\n E\n G\n −\n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K={\\frac {LN-M^{2}}{EG-F^{2}}},\\quad H={\\frac {EN-2FM+GL}{2(EG-F^{2})}}.}Up to a sign, these quantities are independent of the parametrization used, and hence form important tools for analysing the geometry of the surface. More precisely, the principal curvatures and the mean curvature change the sign if the orientation of the surface is reversed, and the Gaussian curvature is entirely independent of the parametrization.The sign of the Gaussian curvature at a point determines the shape of the surface near that point: for K > 0 the surface is locally convex and the point is called elliptic, while for K < 0 the surface is saddle shaped and the point is called hyperbolic. The points at which the Gaussian curvature is zero are called parabolic. In general, parabolic points form a curve on the surface called the parabolic line. The first fundamental form is positive definite, hence its determinant EG − F2 is positive everywhere. Therefore, the sign of K coincides with the sign of LN − M2, the determinant of the second fundamental.The coefficients of the first fundamental form presented above may be organized in a symmetric matrix:F\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{1}={\\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\\\F&G\\end{bmatrix}}.}second fundamental formF\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n L\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{2}={\\begin{bmatrix}L&M\\\\M&N\\end{bmatrix}}.}Defining now matrix \n \n \n \n A\n =\n \n F\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=F_{1}^{-1}F_{2}}\n \n, the principal curvatures κ1 and κ2 are the eigenvalues of A.[1]Now, if v1 = (v11, v12) is the eigenvector of A corresponding to principal curvature κ1, the unit vector in the direction of \n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n +\n \n v\n \n 12\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {t} _{1}=v_{11}\\mathbf {r} _{u}+v_{12}\\mathbf {r} _{v}}\n \n is called the principal vector corresponding to the principal curvature κ1.Accordingly, if v2 = (v21,v22) is the eigenvector of A corresponding to principal curvature κ2, the unit vector in the direction of \n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n u\n \n \n +\n \n v\n \n 22\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {t} _{2}=v_{21}\\mathbf {r} _{u}+v_{22}\\mathbf {r} _{v}}\n \n is called the principal vector corresponding to the principal curvature κ2.","title":"Local differential geometry"}] | [{"image_text":"Torus, created with equations: \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n =\n r\n sin\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n v\n )\n sin\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n v\n )\n cos\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x&=r\\sin v\\\\y&=(R+r\\cos v)\\sin u\\\\z&=(R+r\\cos v)\\cos u\\end{aligned}}}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Parametric_surface_illustration_%28torus%29.png/220px-Parametric_surface_illustration_%28torus%29.png"},{"image_text":"Parametric surface forming a trefoil knot, equation details in the attached source code.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Parametric_surface_illustration_%28trefoil_knot%29.png/220px-Parametric_surface_illustration_%28trefoil_knot%29.png"}] | [{"title":"Spline (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spline_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Surface normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normal"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~cs577/","external_links_name":"Surface curvatures"},{"Link":"http://mathinsight.org/parametrized_surface_introduction","external_links_name":"Java applets demonstrate the parametrization of a helix surface"},{"Link":"http://mart3d.lsrodier.net/","external_links_name":"m-ART(3d)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargeting | Pargeting | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Decorative or waterproof plaster applied to building walls
Pargeting on the upper wall of the County Museum in Clare, Suffolk
Pargeting (or sometimes pargetting) is a decorative or waterproofing plastering applied to building walls. The term, if not the practice, is particularly associated with the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. In the neighbouring county of Norfolk the term "pinking" is used.
The "Ancient House" in Ipswich shows a particularly fine example of pargeting, depicting scenes from the four continents. When the hall was built in 1670, Australia and Antarctica had not yet been discovered by Europeans, and the Americas were considered a single continent.
Patrick Leigh Fermor describes similar decorations on pre-World War II buildings in Linz, Austria. "Pargeted façades rose up, painted chocolate, green, purple, cream and blue. They were adorned with medallions in high relief and the stone and plaster scroll-work gave them a feeling of motion and flow."
Pargeting derives from the word 'parget', a Middle English term that is probably derived from the Old French pargeter or parjeter, to throw about, or porgeter, to roughcast a wall. However, the term is more usually applied only to the decoration in relief of the plastering between the studwork on the outside of half-timber houses, or sometimes covering the whole wall.
The devices were stamped on the wet plaster. This seems generally to have been done by sticking a number of pins in a board in certain lines or curves, and then pressing on the wet plaster in various directions, so as to form geometrical figures. Sometimes these devices are in relief, and in the time of Elizabeth I of England represent figures, birds and foliage. Fine examples can be seen at Ipswich, Maidstone, and Newark-on-Trent.
The term is also applied to the lining of the inside of smoke flues to form an even surface for the passage of the smoke.
See also
Harl
Parge coat
Plasterwork
Yeseria
References
^ Darley, Gillian (1983). Built in Britain. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 56. ISBN 0-297-78312-2.
^ Fermor, Patrick Leigh, "A Time of Gifts," at 147 (New York Review Books, 2005)(ISBN 978-1-59017-165-3).
^ Webster's Dictionary.
^ a b c This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pargetting". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Media related to Pargeting at Wikimedia Commons
Buxbaum, Tim (2001). "Pargeting". The Building Conservation Directory. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pargeting,_County_Museum,_Clare.jpg"},{"link_name":"County Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_House,_Clare"},{"link_name":"Clare, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"plastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster"},{"link_name":"English counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_county"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_House"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leigh Fermor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"studwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_stud"},{"link_name":"half-timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-timbering"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-4"},{"link_name":"geometrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"foliage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliage"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"Newark-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-4"},{"link_name":"flues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-4"}],"text":"Pargeting on the upper wall of the County Museum in Clare, SuffolkPargeting (or sometimes pargetting) is a decorative or waterproofing plastering applied to building walls. The term, if not the practice, is particularly associated with the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. In the neighbouring county of Norfolk the term \"pinking\" is used.[1]The \"Ancient House\" in Ipswich shows a particularly fine example of pargeting, depicting scenes from the four continents. When the hall was built in 1670, Australia and Antarctica had not yet been discovered by Europeans, and the Americas were considered a single continent.Patrick Leigh Fermor describes similar decorations on pre-World War II buildings in Linz, Austria. \"Pargeted façades rose up, painted chocolate, green, purple, cream and blue. They were adorned with medallions in high relief and the stone and plaster scroll-work gave them a feeling of motion and flow.\"[2]Pargeting derives from the word 'parget', a Middle English term that is probably derived from the Old French pargeter or parjeter, to throw about, or porgeter, to roughcast a wall.[3] However, the term is more usually applied only to the decoration in relief of the plastering between the studwork on the outside of half-timber houses, or sometimes covering the whole wall.[4]The devices were stamped on the wet plaster. This seems generally to have been done by sticking a number of pins in a board in certain lines or curves, and then pressing on the wet plaster in various directions, so as to form geometrical figures. Sometimes these devices are in relief, and in the time of Elizabeth I of England represent figures, birds and foliage. Fine examples can be seen at Ipswich, Maidstone, and Newark-on-Trent.[4]The term is also applied to the lining of the inside of smoke flues to form an even surface for the passage of the smoke.[4]","title":"Pargeting"}] | [{"image_text":"Pargeting on the upper wall of the County Museum in Clare, Suffolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pargeting%2C_County_Museum%2C_Clare.jpg/220px-Pargeting%2C_County_Museum%2C_Clare.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Ancient House\" in Ipswich shows a particularly fine example of pargeting, depicting scenes from the four continents. When the hall was built in 1670, Australia and Antarctica had not yet been discovered by Europeans, and the Americas were considered a single continent.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg/220px-Ipswich_Ancient_House.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Harl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harl"},{"title":"Parge coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parge_coat"},{"title":"Plasterwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterwork"},{"title":"Yeseria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeseria"}] | [{"reference":"Darley, Gillian (1983). Built in Britain. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 56. ISBN 0-297-78312-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson","url_text":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78312-2","url_text":"0-297-78312-2"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Pargetting\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pargetting","url_text":"Pargetting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Buxbaum, Tim (2001). \"Pargeting\". The Building Conservation Directory.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/pargeting/pargeting.htm","url_text":"\"Pargeting\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/pargeting/pargeting.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pargeting\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review | The Princeton Review | ["1 Corporate history","2 Test preparation","3 Criticisms","3.1 General","3.2 Ranking schools","3.3 Privacy concerns","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | College admission services company
This article is about the consulting company in New York City. For the journal produced by Princeton Theological Seminary, see The Princeton Theological Review. For the no-relation private research university in New Jersey, see Princeton University.
The Princeton ReviewCompany typePrivateIndustryEducationFounded1981FounderJohn KatzmanAdam RobinsonHeadquartersNew York CityKey peopleJoshua HJ Park, CEOOwnerPrimavera Capital GroupDivisionsCollege, Business School, Law School, Grad School, Med SchoolSubsidiariesTutor.comWebsiteprincetonreview.com
The Princeton Review is an education services company providing tutoring, test preparation and admission resources for students. It was founded in 1981, and since that time has worked with over 400 million students. Services are delivered by 4,000+ tutors and teachers in the United States, Canada and international offices in 21 countries.; online resources; more than 150 print and digital books published by Penguin Random House; and dozens of categories of school rankings. The Princeton Review's affiliate division, Tutor.com, provides online tutoring services. The Princeton Review is headquartered in New York City and is privately held. The Princeton Review is not associated with Princeton University.
Corporate history
The Princeton Review was founded in 1981 by John Katzman, who—shortly after graduating from Princeton University—began tutoring students for the SAT from his Upper West Side apartment. A short time later, Katzman teamed up with Adam Robinson, an Oxford-trained SAT tutor who had developed a series of techniques for "cracking the system." Katzman built the Princeton Review into a national and then international operation and was CEO until 2007, when he was replaced by Michael Perik.
In March 2010, Perik resigned and was replaced by John M. Connolly. In April 2010, the company sold $48 million in stock for $3 per share, and a short time later was accused of fraud in a class action suit filed by a Michigan retirement fund, which claimed The Princeton Review leadership exaggerated earnings to boost its stock price. In 2012, the company was acquired by Charlesbank Capital, a private equity fund, for $33 million. On August 1, 2014, the Princeton Review brand name and operations were bought for an undisclosed sum by Tutor.com, an IAC company, and Mandy Ginsburg became CEO. The company is no longer affiliated with its former parent, Education Holdings 1, Inc. On March 31, 2017, ST Unitas acquired The Princeton Review for an undisclosed sum. In January 2022, Primavera Capital Group acquired The Princeton Review and Tutor.com from ST Unitas.
Test preparation
School on Broadway
The Princeton Review offers test preparation courses, tutoring services, and or guidebooks for various tests via the Princeton Review website:
ACT
Advanced Placement Exams (AP Exams)
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA® Level I)
Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA® Level II)
Dental Admission Test (DAT)
GED
Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)
Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
ISEE
Law School Admissions Test (LSAT)
Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
NCLEX-RN
Optometry Admission Test (OAT)
PSAT
SAT
SAT Subject Tests
Secondary School Admission Test
SHSAT
TOEFL
United States Medical Licensing Examination
The company offers courses worldwide through company-owned and third-party franchises. Countries with Princeton Review franchises include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.
Criticisms
General
Test preparation providers have been criticized in the past on the grounds that their courses claim larger score increases than they deliver.
Ranking schools
College rankings, including those published by the Princeton Review, have been criticized for failing to be accurate or comprehensive by assigning objective rankings formed from subjective opinions. Princeton Review officials counter that their rankings are unique in that they rely on student opinion and not just on statistical data.
In 2002 an American Medical Association affiliated program, A Matter of Degree, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, criticized the Princeton Review list of Best Party Schools. USA Today published an editorial titled "Sobering Statistics" in August 2002 and stated, "the doctor's group goes too far in suggesting that the rankings contribute to the problem (of campus drinking)." The editorial noted the fact that among the schools the AMA program was then funding as part of its campaign against campus drinking, six of 10 of those schools calling for The Princeton Review to "drop the annual ranking...had made (Princeton Review's) past top-party-school lists: many times for some. That's no coincidence." The editorial commended The Princeton Review for reporting the list, calling it "a public service" for "student applicants and their parents".
The Princeton Review rankings for LGBT-related lists were criticized in 2010 by a ranking competitor in The Advocate magazine as inaccurate due to outdated methodologies. The Princeton Review has always based its "LGBTQ-Friendly" and "LGBTQ-Unfriendly" top twenty ranking lists on its tri-annual surveys of students at colleges profiled in the company's Best Colleges book which asks undergraduates: "Do students, faculty, and administrators at your college treat all persons equally regardless of their sexual orientations and gender identify/expression?" The Princeton Review also publishes The Gay & Lesbian Guide to College Life (2007). It has been available as an eBook since 2011.
Privacy concerns
In 2016, the company was criticized by privacy rights advocates concerned that a company that owns online dating and college preparation services could amass data and exploit it in a way that preys on unsuspecting consumers, particularly younger people. "Do parents know that when their underage kids enroll for exam prep or tutoring, personal information may be shared with hookup sites that could then target their kids to become customers?" asked the critic, who concluded that the company "makes no guarantee that data sharing among its entities will not include those customers whose sole aim is to improve their grades and test scores." Indeed, another critic points out that The Princeton Review "policy states 'we may collect certain information from your computer each time you visit our site'—information like data 'regarding your academic and extracurricular activities and interests.' That information can be used to 'send you email notices and offers; perform research and analysis about your use of or interest in our products, services or products or services offered by others; develop and display content and advertising tailored to your interests on our site and other sites.'"
No evidence was ever presented that IAC, which owned The Princeton Review when these criticisms were made, used data gathered by The Princeton Review to promote IAC company dating services to younger people.
See also
Storefront school
References
^ "Yahoo Finance".
^ "International Locations | the Princeton Review".
^ "CNBC - Best Colleges Rankings". CNBC. 31 August 2021.
^ "City University of New York - green college". 26 October 2021.
^ "Yahoo Finance - entrepreneurship rankings undergrad and grad".
^ "Penn State - law school rankings".
^ "LSU - business school rankings".
^ "Gaming Output - top game design undergrad and grad".
^ "CNBC - best financial aid". CNBC. 26 April 2022.
^ "Los Angeles Times Tutor.com". Los Angeles Times. 22 July 2020.
^ Princeton Review website, history
^ Schonfeld, Zach (April 16, 2014). "Princeton Review Founder Blasts the SAT: 'These Tests Measure Nothing of Value'". Newsweek.com. Retrieved September 6, 2019. Founded in 1981 by Katzman and Adam Robinson, the Princeton Review offers test preparation tutoring services, books and online courses, with franchises in 14 countries.
^ "Leadership Change At Princeton Review". Worcester Business Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^ "Investor Accuses Princeton Review Of Fraud". 360Law. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ . EdSurge.com. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
^ "IAC/InterActive Unit Agrees to Buy Princeton Review name". The Wall Street Journal. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ "ST Unitas".
^ Hyo-Sik, Lee (February 14, 2017). "ST Unitas Acquires The Princeton Review". Korea Times. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
^ Korn, Melissa (2023-05-08). "WSJ News Exclusive | Chinese Company Now Owns Tutoring Firm Contracted by Military and Schools in U.S." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
^ "Official website". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ International Offices of The Princeton Review at the Princeton Review website
^ John Hechinger (May 20, 2009). "SAT Coaching Found to Boost Scores – Barely". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Valerie Strauss. "U.S. News's College Rankings Face Competition and Criticism", The Washington Post, 17 August 2008.
^ "Robert Franek – author of The Best 377 Colleges". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ "Best 380 Colleges Videos - The Princeton Review". www.princetonreview.com. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
^ A Matter of Degree: Reducing High-Risk Drinking Among College Students(pdf), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, March 23, 200
^ End of Top Party School's Ranking?. The Early Show. CBS News. August 27, 2002. Retrieved on October 30, 2009.
^ "Sobering Statistics" (PDF). USA Today. Aug 20, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on Sep 11, 2017.
^ Windmeyer, Shane L. (August 13, 2009). "Princeton Review's Approach is Outdated". Advocate. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
^ "LGBTQ-Friendly". The Princeton Review. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ "The Gay and Lesbian Guide to College Life". The Princeton Review Bookstore. Random House. Archived from the original on Oct 15, 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ "Guide to College for LGBT Students". The Princeton Review. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
^ ""Consumer data online needs to be protected", The Mercury News, April 15, 2016, editorial by Ken McEldowney.
^ "Violating Privacy Is Bad Business". Townhall. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Recent Online Dating Company IPO Raises Questions About Privacy". The Huffington Post. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ "Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 214 (Tuesday, November 7, 2023)". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
External links
Official website
vteUniversity ranking systemsGlobal
Academic Ranking of World Universities
Center for World University Rankings
CWTS Leiden Ranking
Global University Ranking
Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities
Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities
QS World University Rankings
Round University Ranking
SCImago Institutions Rankings
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
University Ranking by Academic Performance
U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
World's Universities with Real Impact
Regional
European Union
Latin America
South East Asia
National
Australia
Excellence in Research for Australia
Brazil
Canada
Maclean's
China
BCUR
Wu Shulian
CUAA
Netbig
France
Germany
CHE
India
Japan
Going broke universities – Disappearing universities
Truly Strong Universities
Mexico
ECUM
Pakistan
Russia
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
Center for Measuring University Performance
Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index
Forbes
The Princeton Review
U.S. News & World Report
Washington Monthly
What Will They Learn?
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Princeton Theological Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Theological_Review"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"tutoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutoring"},{"link_name":"test preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_preparation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tutor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor.com"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"This article is about the consulting company in New York City. For the journal produced by Princeton Theological Seminary, see The Princeton Theological Review. For the no-relation private research university in New Jersey, see Princeton University.The Princeton Review is an education services company providing tutoring, test preparation and admission resources for students. It was founded in 1981,[1] and since that time has worked with over 400 million students. Services are delivered by 4,000+ tutors and teachers in the United States, Canada and international offices in 21 countries.;[2] online resources; more than 150 print and digital books published by Penguin Random House; and dozens of categories of school rankings.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The Princeton Review's affiliate division, Tutor.com, provides online tutoring services.[10] The Princeton Review is headquartered in New York City and is privately held. The Princeton Review is not associated with Princeton University.[11]","title":"The Princeton Review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Katzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Katzman"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Charlesbank Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlesbank_Capital"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tutor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor.com"},{"link_name":"IAC company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_(company)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Primavera Capital Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_Capital_Group"},{"link_name":"Tutor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor.com"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Princeton Review was founded in 1981 by John Katzman, who—shortly after graduating from Princeton University—began tutoring students for the SAT from his Upper West Side apartment.[12] A short time later, Katzman teamed up with Adam Robinson, an Oxford-trained SAT tutor who had developed a series of techniques for \"cracking the system.\" Katzman built the Princeton Review into a national and then international operation and was CEO until 2007, when he was replaced by Michael Perik.[13]In March 2010, Perik resigned and was replaced by John M. Connolly. In April 2010, the company sold $48 million in stock for $3 per share, and a short time later was accused of fraud in a class action suit filed by a Michigan retirement fund, which claimed The Princeton Review leadership exaggerated earnings to boost its stock price.[14] In 2012, the company was acquired by Charlesbank Capital, a private equity fund, for $33 million.[15] On August 1, 2014, the Princeton Review brand name and operations were bought for an undisclosed sum by Tutor.com, an IAC company, and Mandy Ginsburg became CEO. The company is no longer affiliated with its former parent, Education Holdings 1, Inc.[16] On March 31, 2017, ST Unitas[17] acquired The Princeton Review for an undisclosed sum.[18] In January 2022, Primavera Capital Group acquired The Princeton Review and Tutor.com from ST Unitas.[19]","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_Review_Bwy_84_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(examination)"},{"link_name":"Advanced Placement Exams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Exams"},{"link_name":"Chartered Financial Analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analyst"},{"link_name":"Chartered Financial Analyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analyst"},{"link_name":"Dental Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"GED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GED"},{"link_name":"Graduate Management Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Management_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"Graduate Record Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examination"},{"link_name":"ISEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_School_Entrance_Examination"},{"link_name":"Law School Admissions Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_School_Admissions_Test"},{"link_name":"Medical College Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"NCLEX-RN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCLEX-RN"},{"link_name":"Optometry Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"PSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSAT/NMSQT"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"SAT Subject Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT_Subject_Tests"},{"link_name":"Secondary School Admission Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_School_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"SHSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_High_Schools_Admissions_Test"},{"link_name":"TOEFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEFL"},{"link_name":"United States Medical Licensing Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination"},{"link_name":"franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"School on BroadwayThe Princeton Review offers test preparation courses, tutoring services, and or guidebooks for various tests via the Princeton Review website:[20]ACT\nAdvanced Placement Exams (AP Exams)\nChartered Financial Analyst (CFA® Level I)\nChartered Financial Analyst (CFA® Level II)\nDental Admission Test (DAT)\nGED\nGraduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)\nGraduate Record Examination (GRE)\nISEE\nLaw School Admissions Test (LSAT)\nMedical College Admission Test (MCAT)\nNCLEX-RN\nOptometry Admission Test (OAT)\nPSAT\nSAT\nSAT Subject Tests\nSecondary School Admission Test\nSHSAT\nTOEFL\nUnited States Medical Licensing ExaminationThe company offers courses worldwide through company-owned and third-party franchises. Countries with Princeton Review franchises include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.[21]","title":"Test preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Test preparation providers have been criticized in the past on the grounds that their courses claim larger score increases than they deliver.[22]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Party Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_school#Criticism_of_party_school_lists"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Ranking schools","text":"College rankings, including those published by the Princeton Review, have been criticized for failing to be accurate or comprehensive by assigning objective rankings formed from subjective opinions.[23] Princeton Review officials counter that their rankings are unique in that they rely on student opinion and not just on statistical data.[24][25]In 2002 an American Medical Association affiliated program, A Matter of Degree,[26] funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, criticized the Princeton Review list of Best Party Schools.[27] USA Today published an editorial titled \"Sobering Statistics\"[28] in August 2002 and stated, \"the doctor's group goes too far in suggesting that the rankings contribute to the problem (of campus drinking).\" The editorial noted the fact that among the schools the AMA program was then funding as part of its campaign against campus drinking, six of 10 of those schools calling for The Princeton Review to \"drop the annual ranking...had made (Princeton Review's) past top-party-school lists: many times for some. That's no coincidence.\" The editorial commended The Princeton Review for reporting the list, calling it \"a public service\" for \"student applicants and their parents\".The Princeton Review rankings for LGBT-related lists were criticized in 2010 by a ranking competitor in The Advocate magazine as inaccurate due to outdated methodologies.[29] The Princeton Review has always based its \"LGBTQ-Friendly\" and \"LGBTQ-Unfriendly\" [30] top twenty ranking lists on its tri-annual surveys of students at colleges profiled in the company's Best Colleges book which asks undergraduates: \"Do students, faculty, and administrators at your college treat all persons equally regardless of their sexual orientations and gender identify/expression?\" The Princeton Review also publishes The Gay & Lesbian Guide to College Life (2007). It has been available as an eBook since 2011.[31][32]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"IAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_(company)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Privacy concerns","text":"In 2016, the company was criticized by privacy rights advocates concerned that a company that owns online dating and college preparation services could amass data and exploit it in a way that preys on unsuspecting consumers, particularly younger people.[33] \"Do parents know that when their underage kids enroll for exam prep or tutoring, personal information may be shared with hookup sites that could then target their kids to become customers?\" asked the critic, who concluded that the company \"makes no guarantee that data sharing among its entities will not include those customers whose sole aim is to improve their grades and test scores.\"[34] Indeed, another critic points out that The Princeton Review \"policy states 'we may collect certain information from your computer each time you visit our site'—information like data 'regarding your academic and extracurricular activities and interests.' That information can be used to 'send you email notices and offers; perform research and analysis about your use of or interest in our products, services or products or services offered by others; [and] develop and display content and advertising tailored to your interests on our site and other sites.'\"[35]No evidence was ever presented that IAC, which owned The Princeton Review when these criticisms were made, used data gathered by The Princeton Review to promote IAC company dating services to younger people.[36]","title":"Criticisms"}] | [{"image_text":"School on Broadway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Princeton_Review_Bwy_84_jeh.jpg/220px-Princeton_Review_Bwy_84_jeh.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Storefront school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storefront_school"}] | [{"reference":"\"Yahoo Finance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/princeton-review-turned-40-companys-140000059.html","url_text":"\"Yahoo Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Locations | the Princeton Review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.princetonreview.com/international/locations","url_text":"\"International Locations | the Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNBC - Best Colleges Rankings\". CNBC. 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/31/the-top-colleges-with-the-most-generous-financial-aid-offers.html","url_text":"\"CNBC - Best Colleges Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"City University of New York - green college\". 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/ccny-features-princeton-review-guide-green-colleges-2022-rankings","url_text":"\"City University of New York - green college\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Finance - entrepreneurship rankings undergrad and grad\".","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/princeton-review-entrepreneur-magazine-name-140000294.html","url_text":"\"Yahoo Finance - entrepreneurship rankings undergrad and grad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Penn State - law school rankings\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/penn-state-dickinson-law-named-best-law-school-princeton-review","url_text":"\"Penn State - law school rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"LSU - business school rankings\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lsu.edu/business/newsevents/2021/12-december/e-j-ourso-college-named-a-2022-best-business-school-by-the-princeton-review-2021.php","url_text":"\"LSU - business school rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaming Output - top game design undergrad and grad\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamingoutput.com/pc/the-best-game-design-programs-ranked-by-the-princeton-review/","url_text":"\"Gaming Output - top game design undergrad and grad\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNBC - best financial aid\". CNBC. 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/26/the-private-and-public-colleges-that-top-the-list-for-financial-aid.html","url_text":"\"CNBC - best financial aid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Times Tutor.com\". Los Angeles Times. 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-22/distance-learning-pods-tutors-equity","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Times Tutor.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Schonfeld, Zach (April 16, 2014). \"Princeton Review Founder Blasts the SAT: 'These Tests Measure Nothing of Value'\". Newsweek.com. Retrieved September 6, 2019. Founded in 1981 by Katzman and Adam Robinson, the Princeton Review offers test preparation tutoring services, books and online courses, with franchises in 14 countries.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-review-founder-blasts-sat-these-tests-measure-nothing-value-246360","url_text":"\"Princeton Review Founder Blasts the SAT: 'These Tests Measure Nothing of Value'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership Change At Princeton Review\". Worcester Business Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbjournal.com/article/leadership-change-at-princeton-review","url_text":"\"Leadership Change At Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Accuses Princeton Review Of Fraud\". 360Law. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law360.com/articles/261409/investor-accuses-princeton-review-of-fraud","url_text":"\"Investor Accuses Princeton Review Of Fraud\""}]},{"reference":"[ps://www.edsurge.com/news/2014-07-29-tutor-com-acquires-princeton-review \"Tutor.com Acquires Princeton Review\"]. EdSurge.com. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"IAC/InterActive Unit Agrees to Buy Princeton Review name\". The Wall Street Journal. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/iac-interactive-unit-agrees-to-buy-princeton-review-1406670736","url_text":"\"IAC/InterActive Unit Agrees to Buy Princeton Review name\""}]},{"reference":"\"ST Unitas\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stunitas.com/front/about/en","url_text":"\"ST Unitas\""}]},{"reference":"Hyo-Sik, Lee (February 14, 2017). \"ST Unitas Acquires The Princeton Review\". Korea Times. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2017/02/694_223955.html","url_text":"\"ST Unitas Acquires The Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"Korn, Melissa (2023-05-08). \"WSJ News Exclusive | Chinese Company Now Owns Tutoring Firm Contracted by Military and Schools in U.S.\" Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/princeton-review-and-tutor-com-are-now-owned-by-a-chinese-company-58ebea38","url_text":"\"WSJ News Exclusive | Chinese Company Now Owns Tutoring Firm Contracted by Military and Schools in U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Official website\". Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princetonreview.com/","url_text":"\"Official website\""}]},{"reference":"John Hechinger (May 20, 2009). \"SAT Coaching Found to Boost Scores – Barely\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124278685697537839","url_text":"\"SAT Coaching Found to Boost Scores – Barely\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Franek – author of The Best 377 Colleges\". Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princetonreview.com/college/college-rankings.aspx","url_text":"\"Robert Franek – author of The Best 377 Colleges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best 380 Colleges Videos - The Princeton Review\". www.princetonreview.com. Retrieved 2016-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/best-colleges/video","url_text":"\"Best 380 Colleges Videos - The Princeton Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sobering Statistics\" (PDF). USA Today. Aug 20, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on Sep 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162538/http://inthenews.unt.edu/sites/default/files/PDF/2002/8/20/08_20_2002_USAT_Sobering.pdf","url_text":"\"Sobering Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"http://inthenews.unt.edu/sites/default/files/PDF/2002/8/20/08_20_2002_USAT_Sobering.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Windmeyer, Shane L. (August 13, 2009). \"Princeton Review's Approach is Outdated\". Advocate. Retrieved 2016-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/society/education/2009/08/13/princeton-reviews-approach-outdated","url_text":"\"Princeton Review's Approach is Outdated\""}]},{"reference":"\"LGBTQ-Friendly\". The Princeton Review. Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.princetonreview.com/schoollist.aspx?id=707","url_text":"\"LGBTQ-Friendly\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gay and Lesbian Guide to College Life\". The Princeton Review Bookstore. Random House. Archived from the original on Oct 15, 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015052432/http://www.randomhouse.com/princetonreview/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307945013","url_text":"\"The Gay and Lesbian Guide to College Life\""},{"url":"http://www.randomhouse.com/princetonreview/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307945013","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Violating Privacy Is Bad Business\". Townhall. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://townhall.com/columnists/lindachavez/2016/01/08/violating-privacy-is-bad-business-n2101280","url_text":"\"Violating Privacy Is Bad Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recent Online Dating Company IPO Raises Questions About Privacy\". The Huffington Post. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-alexander/recent-online-dating-comp_b_9307742.html","url_text":"\"Recent Online Dating Company IPO Raises Questions About Privacy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 214 (Tuesday, November 7, 2023)\". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-11-07/html/2023-22678.htm","url_text":"\"Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 214 (Tuesday, November 7, 2023)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.princetonreview.com/","external_links_name":"princetonreview.com"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/princeton-review-turned-40-companys-140000059.html","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo Finance\""},{"Link":"https://www.princetonreview.com/international/locations","external_links_name":"\"International Locations | the Princeton Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/31/the-top-colleges-with-the-most-generous-financial-aid-offers.html","external_links_name":"\"CNBC - Best Colleges Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/ccny-features-princeton-review-guide-green-colleges-2022-rankings","external_links_name":"\"City University of New York - green college\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/princeton-review-entrepreneur-magazine-name-140000294.html","external_links_name":"\"Yahoo Finance - entrepreneurship rankings undergrad and grad\""},{"Link":"https://dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/penn-state-dickinson-law-named-best-law-school-princeton-review","external_links_name":"\"Penn State - law school rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.lsu.edu/business/newsevents/2021/12-december/e-j-ourso-college-named-a-2022-best-business-school-by-the-princeton-review-2021.php","external_links_name":"\"LSU - business school rankings\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamingoutput.com/pc/the-best-game-design-programs-ranked-by-the-princeton-review/","external_links_name":"\"Gaming Output - top game design undergrad and grad\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/26/the-private-and-public-colleges-that-top-the-list-for-financial-aid.html","external_links_name":"\"CNBC - best financial aid\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-07-22/distance-learning-pods-tutors-equity","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Times Tutor.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/corporate/about-us","external_links_name":"Princeton Review website, history"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/princeton-review-founder-blasts-sat-these-tests-measure-nothing-value-246360","external_links_name":"\"Princeton Review Founder Blasts the SAT: 'These Tests Measure Nothing of Value'\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbjournal.com/article/leadership-change-at-princeton-review","external_links_name":"\"Leadership Change At Princeton Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.law360.com/articles/261409/investor-accuses-princeton-review-of-fraud","external_links_name":"\"Investor Accuses Princeton Review Of Fraud\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/iac-interactive-unit-agrees-to-buy-princeton-review-1406670736","external_links_name":"\"IAC/InterActive Unit Agrees to Buy Princeton Review name\""},{"Link":"http://www.stunitas.com/front/about/en","external_links_name":"\"ST Unitas\""},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2017/02/694_223955.html","external_links_name":"\"ST Unitas Acquires The Princeton Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/princeton-review-and-tutor-com-are-now-owned-by-a-chinese-company-58ebea38","external_links_name":"\"WSJ News Exclusive | Chinese Company Now Owns Tutoring Firm Contracted by Military and Schools in U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/international-locations.aspx","external_links_name":"International Offices of The Princeton Review"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124278685697537839","external_links_name":"\"SAT Coaching Found to Boost Scores – Barely\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/16/AR2007081602537.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. News's College Rankings Face Competition and Criticism\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/college/college-rankings.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Robert Franek – author of The Best 377 Colleges\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/best-colleges/video","external_links_name":"\"Best 380 Colleges Videos - The Princeton Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2009/rwjf69648","external_links_name":"A Matter of Degree: Reducing High-Risk Drinking Among College Students"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/26/earlyshow/living/parenting/main519804.shtml","external_links_name":"End of Top Party School's Ranking?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162538/http://inthenews.unt.edu/sites/default/files/PDF/2002/8/20/08_20_2002_USAT_Sobering.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sobering Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://inthenews.unt.edu/sites/default/files/PDF/2002/8/20/08_20_2002_USAT_Sobering.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.advocate.com/society/education/2009/08/13/princeton-reviews-approach-outdated","external_links_name":"\"Princeton Review's Approach is Outdated\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/schoollist.aspx?id=707","external_links_name":"\"LGBTQ-Friendly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015052432/http://www.randomhouse.com/princetonreview/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307945013","external_links_name":"\"The Gay and Lesbian Guide to College Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.com/princetonreview/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780307945013","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/lgbtq/college-guide.aspx","external_links_name":"Guide to College for LGBT Students"},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_29762266/ken-mceldowney-consumer-data-online-needs-be-protected","external_links_name":"\"Consumer data online needs to be protected\""},{"Link":"http://townhall.com/columnists/lindachavez/2016/01/08/violating-privacy-is-bad-business-n2101280","external_links_name":"\"Violating Privacy Is Bad Business\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-alexander/recent-online-dating-comp_b_9307742.html","external_links_name":"\"Recent Online Dating Company IPO Raises Questions About Privacy\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-11-07/html/2023-22678.htm","external_links_name":"\"Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 214 (Tuesday, November 7, 2023)\""},{"Link":"http://www.princetonreview.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012242948X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125314366","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266870405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88047479","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2015891207&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03827713?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/068709943","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(short_story) | The Sandman (short story) | ["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 Folklore references","4 Interpretations","5 Opera and ballet adaptations","6 In popular culture","7 Further reading","8 Citations","9 External links"] | 1816 short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann
"The Sandman"Short story by E. T. A. HoffmannOriginal titleDer SandmannLanguageGermanPublicationPublished in1816
1817 short story collection Die Nachtstücke (The Night Pieces), Berlin
"The Sandman" (German: Der Sandmann) is a short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann. It was the first in an 1817 book of stories titled Die Nachtstücke (The Night Pieces).
Plot summary
The story is told by a narrator who claims to have known Lothar. It begins by quoting three letters:
A letter from Nathanael to Lothar, the brother of his fiancée, Clara. Nathanael recalls his childhood terror of the legendary Sandman, who was said to steal the eyes of children who would not go to bed and feed them to his own children who lived in the moon. Nathanael came to associate the Sandman with a mysterious nightly visitor to his father. He recounts that one night, he hid in his father's room to see the Sandman. It is Coppelius, an obnoxious lawyer come to carry out alchemical experiments. Coppelius begins taking "shining masses" out of the fire and hammering them into face-like shapes without eyes. When Nathanael screams and is discovered, Coppelius flings him to the hearth. He is about to throw fire embers into Nathanael's eyes when his father pleads he be permitted to keep his eyes. Coppelius instead twists Nathanael's hands and feet and tortures him until he passes out. A year later, another night of experiments caused his father's death in the presence of Coppelius, who then vanished without a trace. His father having died of some sort of flaming explosion, the burns to his face are gone before he is laid in his coffin. Nathanael believes that a barometer-seller who arrived recently at his rooms under the name Giuseppe Coppola is none other than the hated sandman, and he is determined to seek vengeance.
A letter from Clara to Nathanael, explaining that Nathanael had addressed the previous letter to her instead of to Lothar. She was touched at the account of Nathanael's childhood trauma, and discussed it with Lothar, but she is convinced that the terrors are of Nathanael's own imagining and urges him to put Coppelius/Coppola out of his mind.
A letter from Nathanael to Lothar, in which Nathanael declares that Coppola is not, after all, Coppelius: Coppola is clearly Italian, while Coppelius was German, and Coppola is also vouched for by the new physics professor, Spallanzani, who is also Italian and has known Coppola for years. Nathanael adds that Spallanzani has a daughter, Olimpia, a brief glimpse of whom has made a considerable impression upon him.
Shortly after this third letter, Nathanael returns to his home town from his studies to see Clara and Lothar, and in the joy of their reunion Coppelius/Coppola is at first forgotten. Nevertheless, the encounter with Coppola has had a profound effect on Nathanael, driving him toward a gloomy mysticism which bores Clara and leads to their gradual estrangement. He writes a poem about Coppelius destroying his happiness in love, in which Coppelius appears at his wedding to touch Clara's eyes and then throws Nathanael into a circle of fire. After he emotionally reads this poem to her, she tells him to throw the insane poem into the fire. Nathanael's frustration with this leads him to call her an "inanimate, accursed automaton", which so enrages Lothar that he in turn insults Nathanael, and a duel is only narrowly averted by Clara's intervention. Nathanael pleads for Clara's forgiveness, and declares his true love for her, and the three then reconcile.
Nathanael returns to complete the final year of his studies, after which he intends to return to his hometown forever. He finds his student lodgings destroyed by fire, though his possessions were rescued by his friends and moved to a new house which is opposite that of Spallanzani. His window now looks directly into that of Olimpia, and he is again struck by her beauty. Coppola calls to sell his wares, and offers "pretty eyes, pretty eyes!" which reawakens Nathanael's childish fear of the Sandman. However, it turns out that Coppola has lenses and spectacles to sell, and also small telescopes, and Nathanael buys one of these from him to set matters right after his earlier outburst. As Coppola leaves, Nathanael becomes fixated on watching Olimpia through his telescope, although her fixed gaze and motionless stance disconcert him.
Spallanzani gives a grand party at which it is reported that his daughter will be presented in public for the first time. Nathanael is invited, and becomes enraptured by Olimpia, who plays the harpsichord, sings and dances. Her stiffness of movement and coldness of touch appear strange to many of the company. Nathanael dances with her repeatedly, awed by her perfect rhythm, and eventually tells her of his passion for her, to which Olimpia replies only "Ah, ah!". During the following days, he visits Olimpia repeatedly, reading her the poems and mysticism that had so bored Clara, and Olimpia listens to it all and replies only "Ah, ah!", which Nathanael interprets as understanding. Most other people consider her dull and stupid, although pretty, and with strangely mechanical actions.
Eventually Nathanael determines to propose to Olimpia, but when he arrives at her rooms he finds an argument in progress between Spallanzani and Coppola, who are fighting over the body of Olimpia and arguing over who made the eyes and who made the clockwork. Coppola, who is now revealed as Coppelius in truth, wins the struggle, and makes off with the lifeless and eyeless body, while the injured Spallanzani urges Nathanael to chase after him and recover the automaton to which he has devoted so many years of his life. The sight of Olimpia's eyes lying on the ground drives Nathanael to madness, and he flies at the professor to strangle him. He is pulled away by other people drawn by the noise of the struggle, and in a state of insanity, is taken to an asylum.
Spallanzani recovers from the encounter, but is forced to leave the university because of the sensational revelation of the trick he had played in trying to pass off an automaton as a living person. Coppelius once more vanishes without trace. The narrator adds that the story of the automaton had a widespread effect on society, with many lovers taking steps to ensure they were not enamoured of puppets but of real flesh and blood.
Nathanael appears to recover from his madness and is reunited with Clara and Lothar. He resolves to marry Clara and move to a pleasant estate near his home town. On the way to visit the place, they pass through the town and climb the high steeple to look out at the view. Clara points out a bush that seems to be striding towards them. Nathanael automatically withdraws Coppola's spyglass and, looking through it sideways, sees Clara through the lens. With Clara in place of Olimpia as the subject of the spyglass's gaze, madness strikes Nathanael again, and he tries to hurl Clara from the steeple. She is saved by Lothar, but in the crowd that gathers below Coppelius appears, and upon seeing him Nathanael cries "pretty eyes, pretty eyes!" and leaps over the railing to his death. Coppelius disappears into the crowd.
Many years afterward, the narrator concludes, it is said that Clara was seen with a kind-looking man sitting before a country house with two lovely boys, and thus found the domestic happiness that Nathanael could never have provided.
Characters
Nathanael: Narcissistic protagonist with a manic sense of mission.
Clara: Nathanael's fiancée with a peaceful, judicious, yet determined temperament.
Lothar: Clara's brother and Nathanael's friend.
Nathanael's father: Alchemical experimentalist whose dealings with Coppelius during Nathanael's childhood lead to his death.
Coppelius: Fear-instilling, large and malformed man who spoiled the happiness of Nathanael and his siblings in their childhood and may be implicated in the death of Nathanael's father.
Coppola: Italian trader in barometers and lenses, in whom Nathanael recognizes Coppelius.
Spallanzani: Physics professor with whom Nathanael is studying, and collaborator with Coppola on building the lifelike automaton Olimpia. He shares his name with a real scientist who published during Hoffmann's lifetime, and is alluded to in the story.
Olimpia: "Daughter" of Nathanael's professor, Spallanzani, who is later revealed to be an automaton, or robot; this revelation is one of the elements that incites Nathanael's madness.
Siegmund: Attempts to save his friend Nathanael from unhappiness and insanity.
Folklore references
The story contains an example of a horrific depiction of the folklore character, the Sandman, who is traditionally said to throw sand in the eyes of children to help them fall asleep. The following excerpt is from an English translation of the story:
Most curious to know more of this Sandman and his particular connection with children, I at last asked the old woman who looked after my youngest sister what sort of man he was.
"Eh, Natty," said she, "don't you know that yet? He is a wicked man, who comes to children when they won't go to bed, and throws a handful of sand into their eyes, so that they start out bleeding from their heads. He puts their eyes in a bag and carries them to the crescent moon to feed his own children, who sit in the nest up there. They have crooked beaks like owls so that they can pick up the eyes of naughty human children."
Interpretations
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The characters and the conflict are first defined in the story's three opening letters. Furthermore, the psychological conflict of the protagonist, Nathanael, is represented, who is torn between hallucinations and reality. Nathanael struggles his whole life against posttraumatic stress which comes from a traumatic episode with the sandman in his childhood experience. Until the end of the book it remains open whether this experience was real, or just a dream of the young Nathanael. The text clearly leaves the decision open inasmuch as it offers two understandings: that of Nathanael's belief that there is a dark power controlling him, and Clara's postulation (together with Lothar) against this that this is only a psychological element.
The story is partly a subjective description of the proceedings from Nathanael's viewpoint which, due to enormous psychological problems, is not likely objective – or possibly objectively portrayed. Hoffman consciously leaves the reader unsure. In this, the interpretation from an Enlightenment perspective makes sense against the Romantic view, whereby Clara represents the enlightenment and Nathanael the Romantics.
Of central importance is the "eyes" theme (interpreted by Freud in his 1919 essay, The Uncanny, as fear of castration), the "steps", the robot, and laughing. Hoffman, well known for not conforming to society, manages to give a satirical critique of society here, which offers a lesson to both Enlightened scientists and Romantic "hoverers and floaters".
The Coppelius/Coppola character can be considered not as a real physical character, but as a metaphor, like Nathanael does when he returns home. He represents the dark side within Nathanael. Note that the fight between Spallanzani and one or both of them for the "wooden doll" where we hear Coppelius's voice but see Coppola. There is also the motif of fists, where Coppelius is always described as having fists, but never hands.
Opera and ballet adaptations
1852: La poupée de Nuremberg, an opéra comique, by Adolphe Adam
1870: Elements of the story were later adapted (very loosely) as the ballet Coppélia.
1881: It was also adapted as Act I of Offenbach's opera Les contes d'Hoffmann.
1896: La poupée, an opéra comique, by Edmond Audran
2002: Der Sandmann is the basis of the chamber opera The Sandman produced by Target Margin Theater in New York City; text by David Herskovits and Douglas Langworthy; music by Thomas Cabaniss.
2006: Der Sandmann, a ballet created for Stuttgarter Ballett, choreographed by Christian Spuck
In popular culture
1991: "Der Sandmann" is the basis of the stop-motion animation film, The Sandman, created by Paul Berry, and nominated for an Oscar.
2000: The Sandman is a dance film made by the Brothers Quay and William Tuckett which is loosely based on E. T. A. Hoffmann's story.
2007: The Residents' album The Voice of Midnight is an updated re-telling of "Der Sandmann."
2009: A.S. Byatt's novel The Children's Book features a puppet-theatre performance of "Der Sandmann."
2013: The episode "Mr. Sandman" from the occult detective TV series Grimm opens with a quote from the short story, and features a fly-like monster who blinds his victims and eats their tears.
2018: The episode "Lights Out" from the horror podcast The Magnus Archives heavily references the short story.
2018: The Sandman was one of three Hoffmann tales featured in the October 2018 Russian animated feature Hoffmaniada.
2020: The short story is retold in a two-part episode of the Parcast podcast Tales.
Further reading
Ingo Müller: Die Rezeption E.T.A. Hoffmanns in der klassischen Musik des 19. bis 21. Jahrhunderts. In: “Unheimlich Fantastisch – E.T.A. Hoffmann 2022”. Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung der Staatsbibliothek Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Deutschen Romantik-Museum Frankfurt a. M. und der Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, hg. von Benjamin Schlodder, Christina Schmitz, Bettina Wagner und Wolfgang Bunzel, Leipzig 2022, ISBN 3959055730 S. 315-322.
Citations
^ E. T. A. Hoffmann. "The Sandman". Translated by John Oxenford. Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
^ E. T. A. Hoffmann. "Der Sandmann" (in German). Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
External links
The full text in German at Wikisource
The full text in English at Project Gutenberg
Der Sandmann public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Weird Tales, Volume 1 public domain audiobook at LibriVox (translation by John Thomas Bealby)
vteE. T. A. HoffmannBibliographyNovels
The Devil's Elixirs (1815/16)
The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr (1819-1821)
Master Flea (1822)
Short stories
Little Zaches called Cinnabar (1819)
Princess Brambilla (1820)
Fantasiestücke inCallots Manier (1814–15)
Jaques Callot
Ritter Gluck
Kreisleriana
Don Juan
News of the Latest Fates of The Dog Berganza
Fascination
The Golden Pot
A New Year's Eve Adventure
Nachtstücke (1815-17)
The Sandman
The Vow
Ignaz Denner
The Jesuit Church at Glogau
The Entail
The Deserted House
The Sanctus
The Agate Heart
The Serapion Brethren(1819-21)
Councillor Krespel
The Fermata
The Poet and the Composer
A Fragment of the Lives of Three Friends
Arthur's Hall
The Mines of Falun
The Nutcracker and the Mouse King
The Singer's Contest
The King's Bride
The Automata
The Doge and Dogess
Master Martin, the Cooper, and his Journeymen
The Strange Child
The Uncanny Guest
Mademoiselle de Scuderi
Gambler's Luck
The Baron of B.
Signor Formica
Operas
Love and Jealousy
Undine
Miscellaneous
E.T.A. Hoffmann. Das Leben eines skeptischen Phantasten (1984 biography)
Johannes Kreisler
vteJacques Offenbach's The Tales of HoffmannFilms
Tales of Hoffmann (1916)
The Tales of Hoffmann (1923)
The Tales of Hoffmann (1951)
Music
The Tales of Hoffmann discography
"Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour"
Sources
Der Sandmann (1816)
Klein Zaches genannt Zinnober (1819)
vteSandman mythSeminal works
The Sandman (1816)
"Ole Lukøje" (1841)
Film
Lullaby Land (1933)
The Daydreamer (1966)
The Sandman (1991)
Sleepstalker (1995)
The Sandman (2000)
The Sandman (2011)
The Sandman (2017)
Songs
"The Japanese Sandman" (1920)
"Mr. Sandman" (1954)
"In Dreams" (1963)
"Morningtown Ride" (1966)
"Enter Sandman" (1991)
"Blood Red Sandman" (2004)
ComicsCharacters
Dream (DC Comics)
Sandman (Marvel Comics)
Sandman (Wesley Dodds)
Sandy the Golden Boy
Hector Hall
Series
The Sandman (Vertigo)
characters
Sandman Mystery Theatre
Sandman Midnight Theatre
"The Sandman Saga"
Literature
The Sandman (1816)
The Sandman (2008)
Television
Sandmännchen (1959 German)
Nilus the Sandman: The Boy Who Dreamed Christmas (1991 Canadian)
Nilus the Sandman (1996 Canadian)
The Sandman (2022 American)
Other
Sandman (Dungeons & Dragons)
The Sandman (audio drama)
Coppélia (ballet)
Sha Wujing
Related
Logan's Run (1967)
film adaptation
TV adaptation
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoffmann._E._T._A._(1817).JPG"},{"link_name":"German:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"E. T. A. Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann"}],"text":"1817 short story collection Die Nachtstücke (The Night Pieces), Berlin\"The Sandman\" (German: Der Sandmann) is a short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann. It was the first in an 1817 book of stories titled Die Nachtstücke (The Night Pieces).","title":"The Sandman (short story)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman"},{"link_name":"estrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estrange"}],"text":"The story is told by a narrator who claims to have known Lothar. It begins by quoting three letters:A letter from Nathanael to Lothar, the brother of his fiancée, Clara. Nathanael recalls his childhood terror of the legendary Sandman, who was said to steal the eyes of children who would not go to bed and feed them to his own children who lived in the moon. Nathanael came to associate the Sandman with a mysterious nightly visitor to his father. He recounts that one night, he hid in his father's room to see the Sandman. It is Coppelius, an obnoxious lawyer come to carry out alchemical experiments. Coppelius begins taking \"shining masses\" out of the fire and hammering them into face-like shapes without eyes. When Nathanael screams and is discovered, Coppelius flings him to the hearth. He is about to throw fire embers into Nathanael's eyes when his father pleads he be permitted to keep his eyes. Coppelius instead twists Nathanael's hands and feet and tortures him until he passes out. A year later, another night of experiments caused his father's death in the presence of Coppelius, who then vanished without a trace. His father having died of some sort of flaming explosion, the burns to his face are gone before he is laid in his coffin. Nathanael believes that a barometer-seller who arrived recently at his rooms under the name Giuseppe Coppola is none other than the hated sandman, and he is determined to seek vengeance.\nA letter from Clara to Nathanael, explaining that Nathanael had addressed the previous letter to her instead of to Lothar. She was touched at the account of Nathanael's childhood trauma, and discussed it with Lothar, but she is convinced that the terrors are of Nathanael's own imagining and urges him to put Coppelius/Coppola out of his mind.\nA letter from Nathanael to Lothar, in which Nathanael declares that Coppola is not, after all, Coppelius: Coppola is clearly Italian, while Coppelius was German, and Coppola is also vouched for by the new physics professor, Spallanzani, who is also Italian and has known Coppola for years. Nathanael adds that Spallanzani has a daughter, Olimpia, a brief glimpse of whom has made a considerable impression upon him.Shortly after this third letter, Nathanael returns to his home town from his studies to see Clara and Lothar, and in the joy of their reunion Coppelius/Coppola is at first forgotten. Nevertheless, the encounter with Coppola has had a profound effect on Nathanael, driving him toward a gloomy mysticism which bores Clara and leads to their gradual estrangement. He writes a poem about Coppelius destroying his happiness in love, in which Coppelius appears at his wedding to touch Clara's eyes and then throws Nathanael into a circle of fire. After he emotionally reads this poem to her, she tells him to throw the insane poem into the fire. Nathanael's frustration with this leads him to call her an \"inanimate, accursed automaton\", which so enrages Lothar that he in turn insults Nathanael, and a duel is only narrowly averted by Clara's intervention. Nathanael pleads for Clara's forgiveness, and declares his true love for her, and the three then reconcile.Nathanael returns to complete the final year of his studies, after which he intends to return to his hometown forever. He finds his student lodgings destroyed by fire, though his possessions were rescued by his friends and moved to a new house which is opposite that of Spallanzani. His window now looks directly into that of Olimpia, and he is again struck by her beauty. Coppola calls to sell his wares, and offers \"pretty eyes, pretty eyes!\" which reawakens Nathanael's childish fear of the Sandman. However, it turns out that Coppola has lenses and spectacles to sell, and also small telescopes, and Nathanael buys one of these from him to set matters right after his earlier outburst. As Coppola leaves, Nathanael becomes fixated on watching Olimpia through his telescope, although her fixed gaze and motionless stance disconcert him.Spallanzani gives a grand party at which it is reported that his daughter will be presented in public for the first time. Nathanael is invited, and becomes enraptured by Olimpia, who plays the harpsichord, sings and dances. Her stiffness of movement and coldness of touch appear strange to many of the company. Nathanael dances with her repeatedly, awed by her perfect rhythm, and eventually tells her of his passion for her, to which Olimpia replies only \"Ah, ah!\". During the following days, he visits Olimpia repeatedly, reading her the poems and mysticism that had so bored Clara, and Olimpia listens to it all and replies only \"Ah, ah!\", which Nathanael interprets as understanding. Most other people consider her dull and stupid, although pretty, and with strangely mechanical actions.Eventually Nathanael determines to propose to Olimpia, but when he arrives at her rooms he finds an argument in progress between Spallanzani and Coppola, who are fighting over the body of Olimpia and arguing over who made the eyes and who made the clockwork. Coppola, who is now revealed as Coppelius in truth, wins the struggle, and makes off with the lifeless and eyeless body, while the injured Spallanzani urges Nathanael to chase after him and recover the automaton to which he has devoted so many years of his life. The sight of Olimpia's eyes lying on the ground drives Nathanael to madness, and he flies at the professor to strangle him. He is pulled away by other people drawn by the noise of the struggle, and in a state of insanity, is taken to an asylum.Spallanzani recovers from the encounter, but is forced to leave the university because of the sensational revelation of the trick he had played in trying to pass off an automaton as a living person. Coppelius once more vanishes without trace. The narrator adds that the story of the automaton had a widespread effect on society, with many lovers taking steps to ensure they were not enamoured of puppets but of real flesh and blood.Nathanael appears to recover from his madness and is reunited with Clara and Lothar. He resolves to marry Clara and move to a pleasant estate near his home town. On the way to visit the place, they pass through the town and climb the high steeple to look out at the view. Clara points out a bush that seems to be striding towards them. Nathanael automatically withdraws Coppola's spyglass and, looking through it sideways, sees Clara through the lens. With Clara in place of Olimpia as the subject of the spyglass's gaze, madness strikes Nathanael again, and he tries to hurl Clara from the steeple. She is saved by Lothar, but in the crowd that gathers below Coppelius appears, and upon seeing him Nathanael cries \"pretty eyes, pretty eyes!\" and leaps over the railing to his death. Coppelius disappears into the crowd.Many years afterward, the narrator concludes, it is said that Clara was seen with a kind-looking man sitting before a country house with two lovely boys, and thus found the domestic happiness that Nathanael could never have provided.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a real scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani"}],"text":"Nathanael: Narcissistic protagonist with a manic sense of mission.\nClara: Nathanael's fiancée with a peaceful, judicious, yet determined temperament.\nLothar: Clara's brother and Nathanael's friend.\nNathanael's father: Alchemical experimentalist whose dealings with Coppelius during Nathanael's childhood lead to his death.\nCoppelius: Fear-instilling, large and malformed man who spoiled the happiness of Nathanael and his siblings in their childhood and may be implicated in the death of Nathanael's father.\nCoppola: Italian trader in barometers and lenses, in whom Nathanael recognizes Coppelius.\nSpallanzani: Physics professor with whom Nathanael is studying, and collaborator with Coppola on building the lifelike automaton Olimpia. He shares his name with a real scientist who published during Hoffmann's lifetime, and is alluded to in the story.\nOlimpia: \"Daughter\" of Nathanael's professor, Spallanzani, who is later revealed to be an automaton, or robot; this revelation is one of the elements that incites Nathanael's madness.\nSiegmund: Attempts to save his friend Nathanael from unhappiness and insanity.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The story contains an example of a horrific depiction of the folklore character, the Sandman, who is traditionally said to throw sand in the eyes of children to help them fall asleep. The following excerpt is from an English translation of the story:Most curious to know more of this Sandman and his particular connection with children, I at last asked the old woman who looked after my youngest sister what sort of man he was.\n\"Eh, Natty,\" said she, \"don't you know that yet? He is a wicked man, who comes to children when they won't go to bed, and throws a handful of sand into their eyes, so that they start out bleeding from their heads. He puts their eyes in a bag and carries them to the crescent moon to feed his own children, who sit in the nest up there. They have crooked beaks like owls so that they can pick up the eyes of naughty human children.\"[1][2]","title":"Folklore references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination"},{"link_name":"posttraumatic stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"subjective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity"},{"link_name":"Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud"},{"link_name":"The Uncanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny#Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"castration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castration"},{"link_name":"motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative)"}],"text":"The characters and the conflict are first defined in the story's three opening letters. Furthermore, the psychological conflict of the protagonist, Nathanael, is represented, who is torn between hallucinations and reality. Nathanael struggles his whole life against posttraumatic stress which comes from a traumatic episode with the sandman in his childhood experience. Until the end of the book it remains open whether this experience was real, or just a dream of the young Nathanael. The text clearly leaves the decision open inasmuch as it offers two understandings: that of Nathanael's belief that there is a dark power controlling him, and Clara's postulation (together with Lothar) against this that this is only a psychological element.The story is partly a subjective description of the proceedings from Nathanael's viewpoint which, due to enormous psychological problems, is not likely objective – or possibly objectively portrayed. Hoffman consciously leaves the reader unsure. In this, the interpretation from an Enlightenment perspective makes sense against the Romantic view, whereby Clara represents the enlightenment and Nathanael the Romantics.Of central importance is the \"eyes\" theme (interpreted by Freud in his 1919 essay, The Uncanny, as fear of castration), the \"steps\", the robot, and laughing. Hoffman, well known for not conforming to society, manages to give a satirical critique of society here, which offers a lesson to both Enlightened scientists and Romantic \"hoverers and floaters\".The Coppelius/Coppola character can be considered not as a real physical character, but as a metaphor, like Nathanael does when he returns home. He represents the dark side within Nathanael. Note that the fight between Spallanzani and one or both of them for the \"wooden doll\" where we hear Coppelius's voice but see Coppola. There is also the motif of fists, where Coppelius is always described as having fists, but never hands.","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La poupée de Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_poup%C3%A9e_de_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"opéra comique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Adam"},{"link_name":"Coppélia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copp%C3%A9lia"},{"link_name":"Les contes d'Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_contes_d%27Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"La poupée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_poup%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Edmond Audran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Audran"}],"text":"1852: La poupée de Nuremberg, an opéra comique, by Adolphe Adam\n1870: Elements of the story were later adapted (very loosely) as the ballet Coppélia.\n1881: It was also adapted as Act I of Offenbach's opera Les contes d'Hoffmann.\n1896: La poupée, an opéra comique, by Edmond Audran\n2002: Der Sandmann is the basis of the chamber opera The Sandman produced by Target Margin Theater in New York City; text by David Herskovits and Douglas Langworthy; music by Thomas Cabaniss.\n2006: Der Sandmann, a ballet created for Stuttgarter Ballett, choreographed by Christian Spuck","title":"Opera and ballet adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion"},{"link_name":"The Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berry_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Brothers Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay"},{"link_name":"The Residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Residents"},{"link_name":"The Voice of Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_Midnight"},{"link_name":"A.S. Byatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Byatt"},{"link_name":"The Children's Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Book"},{"link_name":"Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Magnus Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnus_Archives"},{"link_name":"Hoffmaniada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmaniada"},{"link_name":"Parcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcast"}],"text":"1991: \"Der Sandmann\" is the basis of the stop-motion animation film, The Sandman, created by Paul Berry, and nominated for an Oscar.\n2000: The Sandman is a dance film made by the Brothers Quay and William Tuckett which is loosely based on E. T. A. Hoffmann's story.\n2007: The Residents' album The Voice of Midnight is an updated re-telling of \"Der Sandmann.\"\n2009: A.S. Byatt's novel The Children's Book features a puppet-theatre performance of \"Der Sandmann.\"\n2013: The episode \"Mr. Sandman\" from the occult detective TV series Grimm opens with a quote from the short story, and features a fly-like monster who blinds his victims and eats their tears.\n2018: The episode \"Lights Out\" from the horror podcast The Magnus Archives heavily references the short story.\n2018: The Sandman was one of three Hoffmann tales featured in the October 2018 Russian animated feature Hoffmaniada.\n2020: The short story is retold in a two-part episode of the Parcast podcast Tales.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ingo Müller: Die Rezeption E.T.A. Hoffmanns in der klassischen Musik des 19. bis 21. Jahrhunderts. In: “Unheimlich Fantastisch – E.T.A. Hoffmann 2022”. Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung der Staatsbibliothek Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Deutschen Romantik-Museum Frankfurt a. M. und der Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, hg. von Benjamin Schlodder, Christina Schmitz, Bettina Wagner und Wolfgang Bunzel, Leipzig 2022, ISBN 3959055730 S. 315-322.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Sandman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand_e.html"},{"link_name":"John Oxenford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oxenford"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Der Sandmann\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand.html"}],"text":"^ E. T. A. Hoffmann. \"The Sandman\". Translated by John Oxenford. Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.\n\n^ E. T. A. Hoffmann. \"Der Sandmann\" (in German). Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"1817 short story collection Die Nachtstücke (The Night Pieces), Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hoffmann._E._T._A._%281817%29.JPG/220px-Hoffmann._E._T._A._%281817%29.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"E. T. A. Hoffmann. \"The Sandman\". Translated by John Oxenford. Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand_e.html","url_text":"\"The Sandman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oxenford","url_text":"John Oxenford"}]},{"reference":"E. T. A. Hoffmann. \"Der Sandmann\" (in German). Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand.html","url_text":"\"Der Sandmann\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand_e.html","external_links_name":"\"The Sandman\""},{"Link":"https://archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand.html","external_links_name":"\"Der Sandmann\""},{"Link":"https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Der_Sandmann","external_links_name":"The full text in German"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32046/32046-h/32046-h.htm#sandman","external_links_name":"The full text in English"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Der+Sandmann&author=Hoffmann&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Der Sandmann"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Weird+Tales,+Volume+1&author=Hoffmann&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Weird Tales, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/180040549","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121144199","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121144199","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4198693-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425156405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97072993","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029538904","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Agency | National Crime Agency | ["1 History","2 Jurisdiction","2.1 Powers","2.2 Scotland","2.3 Northern Ireland","2.4 Crown Dependencies","3 Challenges","4 Organisational structure","4.1 List of Directors General","4.2 Regional organised crime units","4.2.1 Multi-Agency Groups","5 Notable operations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | National law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom
This article is about the United Kingdom law enforcement agency. For the former Australian agency, see National Crime Authority.
Law enforcement agency
National Crime AgencyAbbreviationNCAMottoLeading the UK's fight to cut serious and organised crimeAgency overviewFormed7 October 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-07)Preceding agenciesSerious Organised Crime AgencyPolice Central e-Crime Unit (PCeU)Parts of National Policing Improvement AgencyAnnual budget£859.9 million (2023/24)Jurisdictional structureNational agency(Operations jurisdiction)United KingdomOperations jurisdictionUnited KingdomJurisdiction of the National Crime AgencyPopulation65,182,178Legal jurisdictionFull in England and Wales and Northern Ireland; limited in ScotlandOperational structureHeadquarters1–6 Citadel Place, Tinworth Street, London SE11 5EFSworn officers1,791Overall workforces4,194Elected officer responsibleJames Cleverly, Home SecretaryAgency executiveGraeme Biggar, Director GeneralParent agencyHome OfficeChild agenciesChild Exploitation and Online Protection CentreNational Cyber Crime UnitWebsitenca.gov.uk
The National Crime Agency (NCA) is a national law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's lead agency against organised crime; human, weapon and drug trafficking; cybercrime; and economic crime that goes across regional and international borders, but it can be tasked to investigate any crime. The NCA has a strategic role as part of which it looks at serious crime in aggregate across the UK, especially analysing how organised criminals are operating and how they can be disrupted. To do this, it works closely with regional organised crime units (ROCUs), local police forces, and other government departments and agencies.
It is the UK's point of contact for foreign agencies such as Interpol, Europol and other international law enforcement agencies. On a day-to-day basis, the NCA assists police forces and other law enforcement agencies (and vice versa) under voluntary assistance arrangements. In extremis, the NCA Director General has the power to direct a chief officer of a police force to give directed assistance with NCA tasks where necessary (but only with consent of the relevant Secretary of State). The NCA itself can also be directed by the Secretary of State to give directed assistance to a police force or other law enforcement agency.
It was established in 2013 as a non-ministerial government department, replacing the Serious Organised Crime Agency and absorbed the previously separate Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) as one of its commands. It also assumed a number of responsibilities from other law enforcement agencies.
The NCA has also assumed a range of functions from the National Policing Improvement Agency, which has been scrapped as part of the government's changes to policing. These include a specialist database relating to injuries and unusual weapons, expert research on potential serial killers, and the National Missing Persons Bureau. The agencies going into the NCA had a combined budget of £812m, yet the new agency only had £464m in its first year—a decrease of 43%. Some of the responsibilities of the former UK Border Agency (now Immigration Enforcement and Border Force) relating to border policing also became part of the NCA. Like its predecessor SOCA, the NCA has been dubbed the "British FBI" by the media.
The NCA's leadership team sets the Agency's strategic direction and provides senior operational oversight. Executive and non-executive directors bring a wealth of experience and expertise from across policing, government and the private sector.
As of October 2021, the Director General is Graeme Biggar.
History
The proposed agency was first publicly announced in a statement to the House of Commons by Theresa May, the then Home Secretary, on 26 July 2010. On 8 June 2011, she declared that the NCA would comprise a number of distinct operational commands: Organised Crime, Border Policing, Economic Crime and the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, and that it would house the National Cyber Crime Unit. She added that capabilities, expertise, assets and intelligence would be shared across the new agency; that each command would operate as part of one single organisation; and that the NCA would be a powerful body of operational crime fighters, led by a senior chief constable and accountable to the Home Secretary. In her statement to the House of Commons, May stated that the new agency would have the authority to "undertake tasking and coordination, ensuring appropriate action is taken to put a stop to the activities of organised crime groups".
In June 2011, the coalition government announced that SOCA's operations (serious drug trafficking investigative and intelligence sections) would be merged into a larger National Crime Agency to launch in 2013.
On 23 September 2011, the Home Affairs Select Committee called for the Metropolitan Police's counterterrorism role to be given to the NCA when it became operational, saying that the terrorist threat was a "national problem" and that there would be "advantages" in transferring responsibility. The Metropolitan Police raised concerns around the cost of such a move.
The Home Affairs Select Committee met again on 9 May 2014 to discuss counterterrorism. As a part of the report, the committee reconsidered the question of moving counterterrorism responsibilities to the NCA. The committee came to the conclusion that:
"The Metropolitan Police have a wide remit which has many complexities and the current difficulties faced by the organisation lead us to believe that the responsibility for counter-terrorism ought to be moved to the NCA in order to allow the Met to focus on the basics of policing London. The work to transfer the command ought to begin immediately with a view to a full transfer of responsibility for counter-terrorism operations taking place, for example within five years after the NCA became operational, in 2018. When this takes place, it should finally complete the jigsaw of the new landscape of policing."
However, the report acknowledged that the NCA was still a new agency and that at the time it was not fully operational in Northern Ireland. Questions have been raised as to how effective this model would be and, with a limited budget, whether other responsibilities would suffer and not be resourced as properly as they should be. If the whole of Counter Terrorism Command were to transfer from the Metropolitan police to the NCA, the NCA would receive a further 1,500 officers or more if other counterterrorism units transferred in as well. It raised the question of what other national police units could be absorbed into the NCA, such as the National Wildlife Crime Unit, National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit, National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service and other units with a national remit from ACPO, the Metropolitan Police and other forces. Plans are being discussed for the second time of moving the Serious Fraud Office into the NCA.
The process of looking at moving counterterrorism into the NCA was put on hold on 9 October 2014 by Home Secretary Theresa May due to an increase in the terror threat level.
In October 2011, it was announced that Keith Bristow, the then Chief Constable of Warwickshire Police, would head the organisation.
The NCA came into existence under provisions granted by the Crime and Courts Act 2013, which received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013.
Until 20 May 2015, the agency was only able to carry out border and customs functions in Northern Ireland. This was due to the fact that under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that led to a political settlement and power-sharing in Northern Ireland, policing was subjected to a far higher degree of community oversight and monitoring than in other parts of the UK. The chief constable and officers are responsible to the Policing Board.
Jurisdiction
The NCA's former headquarters on Old Queen Street in London
Powers
The NCA operates across the UK, respecting the devolution of policing in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
A large number of NCA officers, including Investigators, can be designated with the powers and privileges of a police constable, immigration officer, or customs officer and general customs officer (or any combination of the three sets of powers) under the Courts and Crime Act 2013. When NCA officers are designated with all three sets of powers it is known as being triple warranted, or "tri-warranted".
Although NCA officers can be designated with the above powers, they do not hold the office of constable and are civil servants. This is a different legal position to police officers who serve in the various police forces of the UK. The NCA is not a police force but an operationally independent non-ministerial government department.
Scotland
In Scotland, the NCA's operations and powers are limited to those inherited from its predecessor, the Serious Organised Crime Agency, and the powers to operate in Scotland are conditional on authorisation from the Lord Advocate and through co-operation with Police Scotland.: 5 Previously co-operation was with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (a police force which was responsible for similar matters in Scotland).
Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, the NCA is "fully operational", through the passage of The Crime and Courts Act 2013 (National Crime Agency and Proceeds of Crime) (Northern Ireland) Order 2015 which extended provisions of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 to Northern Ireland. A general authorisation was signed by Minister of Justice for Northern Ireland and the Director General granted trained and qualified NCA officers the powers of a constable in Northern Ireland. However, the NCA requires authorisation from the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland for the use of covert techniques.: 5
Crown Dependencies
The NCA also has a role in assisting the Crown Dependencies, having assisted Guernsey and Jersey police on matters of serious crime.
Challenges
The NCA faces several challenges. The first of these is the scale of the growing problem facing them. At the end of 2014 UK law enforcement estimated there were 5,800 organised crime groups – comprising some 40,600 individuals. This is an increase of three hundred organised crime groups and 3,500 people on the year before. The National Crime Agency (NCA) estimates that there are as many as 50,000 people in the UK involved in the downloading and viewing of indecent images online. The Director General of the NCA has suggested that the British public cannot expect every person viewing indecent images to enter the criminal justice system – not least because of the sheer scale of the problem. The NCA received 12,505 referrals from the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children in its first 12 months, compared to 9,855 in 2012, an increase of almost 27 per cent. Tackling modern slavery is another area that the Home Secretary has identified as requiring more effort. The Home Office's Chief Scientific Adviser estimates that there may have been as many as 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK in 2013. This figure was increased in August 2017 to "tens of thousands of victims". Most will rely on the services of organised criminal groups at some point in their journey to the UK.
In addition to this the NCA has been tasked with the Rotherham investigation into child sex exploitation. According to the NCA there are 3,300 lines of enquiry, around 1,400 victims and 300 suspects.
The second challenge, of funding and resources, links with the first challenge. Although the NCA budget is half a billion pounds, in proportion to the scale of the problem it is small. The combined budget of previous agencies and units that make up the NCA was almost a billion pounds, so the agency has had an almost 50% cut before its creation. The NCA has 5000 staff only around 1250 of which are investigators, again small when faced with the problem. For the Rotherham investigation the NCA has had to bring in agency staff who are ex-police to assist with the scale of the investigation.
Thirdly there is the challenge of the "failure" of its predecessor agencies, SOCA and the National Crime squad and the fact that its success needs to be judged over years and not months due to the nature of the threat. SOCA was criticised for poor management and that some staff had poor investigation skills due to not working in law enforcement before. It is suggested that around 300 police detectives left SOCA due to this. With the NCA having the same staff this could be an issue. The NCA has already been criticised for not seizing enough assets (even though they seized more than SOCA in their last year of operation as well as using a search warrant that was judged to be illegal after staff at the agency were "deliberately trying to stretch the boundaries imposed upon such investigation agencies by the statutory scheme under which they operate". The judge Mr Justice Hickinbottom stated though "This case smacks of incompetence, not bad faith."
Organisational structure
Chart showing the senior management structure of the National Crime Agency
The NCA is organised into eight operational branches, overseen by seven directors, who are in turn overseen by a Director General, assisted by a Deputy Director General. The commands are as follows:
Border Policing Command
CEOP Command
Economic Crime Command
Organised Crime Command
Intelligence
Operations
Specialist Capabilities
Proceeds of Crime Centre
The Assets Recovery Agency became part of the Serious Organised Crime Agency from April 2008. This then became the Proceeds of Crime Centre in the NCA. The power to launch civil recovery proceedings has also been extended to the three main prosecutors in England and Wales: the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office (RCPO) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). It will also be extended to the Public Prosecution Service in Northern Ireland and the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service in Scotland.
Missing Persons Bureau
The Missing Persons Bureau (MPB) transferred to SOCA in April 2012 along with SCAS. It had previously been based at New Scotland Yard until April 2008 when it was moved to the NPIA and based in Bramshill.
The bureau acts as the centre for the exchange of information connected with the search for missing persons nationally and internationally. It is responsible for cross-matching missing persons with unidentified persons or bodies, as well as maintaining an index of dental records of missing persons and unidentified bodies.
The MPB also manages a missing persons and Child Rescue Alert website, and analyses data to identify trends and patterns in disappearances.
UK Human Trafficking Centre
National Injuries Database
The National Injuries Database also transferred from the NPIA. It provides additional support to police forces by providing analysis of weapons and wounds, and seeking to identify similarities to aid investigators in determining which weapon may have been used. The database holds over 4,000 cases of suspicious deaths, murders and clinical cases, and contains over 20,000 images.
Central Bureau
Chemical Suspicious Activity Reports
UK Financial Intelligence Unit
SOCA via the UK Financial Intelligence Unit took over responsibility for dealing with suspicious activity reports (SARs), previously made to the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) under the money laundering legislation. This function is now part of NCA.
NCIS received just under 200,000 SARs in 2005 and throughout its life was heavily critical of the banking and financial services sector, and the Financial Services Authority, for not being more transparent or forthcoming in reporting their customers' suspicious activity.
Despite criticism from professional representative bodies that the disclosure rules are too broad, SOCA said that up to one in three SARs lead to or add substantially to terrorism investigations; that HMRC estimates that around one in five SARs identifies new subjects of interest, and one in four SARs lead to direct tax enquiries; and many arrests and confiscations of criminal assets.
Serious Crime Analysis Section
The Serious Crime Analysis Section moved to SOCA from the National Policing Improvement Agency on 1 April 2012 in advance of the planned establishment of the National Crime Agency in 2013. SCAS is based at Foxley Hall in the grounds of the Police Staff College, Bramshill in Hampshire. It was originally formed by the Home Office in 1998 to identify the potential emergence of serial killers and serial rapists at the earliest stage of their offending. This scope has since broadened to include the analysis by specialist staff of rapes, serious sexual assaults and motiveless or sexually motivated murders.
Criminal case files are received by SCAS from all police forces in the UK at an early stage in the investigations. The information is coded and placed on a single database, ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System). The system was developed in Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
The investigating officer receives a report from a crime analyst with a number of key elements designed to assist the investigation. It will identify if there are grounds to believe that the offender has previously been identified. It will also provide a breakdown of the behaviour exhibited in the offence, often with a statistical description of some of the elements involved. This can alert an investigator to the importance of some aspects of the offence not immediately apparent. SCAS are also responsible for identifying good practice, or "what works", so the analyst's report may contain "investigative suggestions" that might guide the officer to a specific line of enquiry not yet considered. The report may also suggest possible suspects that the unit has identified from a number of databases. When a prime suspect has been identified and charged with an offence, senior analysts are able to provide specialist evidence in court, to assist with the prosecution of offenders.
National Cyber Crime Unit
International Partnership
UK National Central Bureau for INTERPOL
UK Europol National Unit
UK SIRENE Bureau
The NCA is the UK single point of contact for Interpol, Europol and the Schengen Information System, and also the point of contact for international enquiries from all UK police and law enforcement agencies. It has 24/7 capacity for Interpol and Europol with direct connections to their databases, provides international Liaison Officers, and co-ordinates all inbound and outbound Cross Border Surveillance requests with Schengen partners. It also has a dedicated Fugitives Unit that acts as the UK Central Authority for all extraditions.
List of Directors General
Main article: Director General of the National Crime Agency
Keith Bristow (2011–2016)
Lynne Owens (2016–2021)
Graeme Biggar (2021–present)
Regional organised crime units
In 2010, nine regional organised crime units (ROCUs) were created across England and Wales outside of London to investigate organised crime in their region and to support the NCA. Each ROCU is supported by a regional intelligence unit which is staffed by police officers and staff from each ROCU's constituent forces.
The Police Service of Northern Ireland, Police Scotland, the City of London Police, and the Metropolitan Police Service each have individual organised crime units which also support the NCA.
The nine ROCUs are:
ERSOU – Eastern England
EMSOU – East Midlands
NERSOU – North East
ODYSSEY – Yorkshire and Humber
SEROCU – South East
TARIAN – Southern Wales
TITAN – North West
VIPER – West Midlands
ZEPHYR – South West
Regional organised crime units bring together a number of specialised teams and functions under the one structure:
Regional Investigation Unit
Regional Asset Recovery Unit
Regional Intelligence Unit
Regional Protected Persons Unit
Regional Technical Surveillance Unit
Regional cyber capability
Regional Fraud Unit
Regional Prison Intelligence
Regional covert capability
Multi-Agency Groups
There are special multi-agency teams, an example is the National County Lines Coordination Centre (NCLCC), a multi-agency team drawn from the NCA, police forces and ROCUs. The team develops a national intelligence picture of the threat from county lines crime to improve understanding and scale of child sexual abuse crimes. The NCLCC is responsible for coordinating the response to county lines and managing the flow of intelligence to the police forces and ROCUs.
Notable operations
On 22 May 2014 at around 22:50, NCA officers were involved in a shootout in Tottenham. Several shots were fired, including from NCA officers. Two men were arrested at the scene by the NCA for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life. The Metropolitan Police arrived and arrested a third man for possession of a firearm. This is believed to be the first incident in which NCA officers fired shots.
On 25 May 2014 at 00:00 hrs, a second NCA operation was carried out in Tottenham, along with officers from the Metropolitan Police, after the NCA received intelligence about the earlier shoot out. Two more men were arrested, one for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life and the other for assisting an offender, after their car was stopped by armed officers. One shot was fired by a Metropolitan Police officer during the operation.
In May 2014, the NCA conducted a major operation that resulted in the seizing of more than 100 kg of cocaine from a Greek bulk freighter in Scotland. The ship had been returning from Colombia; the operation resulted in the arrest of three men.
In July 2014, the NCA with partners jointly disrupted the "Shylock" banking trojan believed to have infected at least 30,000 computers.
Also in July 2014, the NCA co-ordinated the arrest of 660 suspected paedophiles. 39 of those arrested were registered sex offenders, but the majority had not previously come to the attention of law enforcement. 400 children are believed to have been protected by this operation, which included apprehending several individuals who had unsupervised access to children such as doctors, teachers and care workers.
In November 2016, the NCA began a campaign, including releasing a video, to educate the public on sextortion, providing advice on protecting oneself from being subject to sextortion and how to respond to a case of online blackmail.
On 2 July 2020, the NCA reported it had co-ordinated the largest law enforcement operation of its kind in the UK when it announced the results of Operation Venetic. Working with all the police forces of the UK and other law enforcement bodies, officers made 746 arrests and seized £54 million of drug money, 77 firearms, 1,800 rounds of ammunition, 4 hand grenades, 55 high value (possibly stolen) cars and 2 tonnes of illegal drugs. The operation was possible after an international law enforcement team cracked the encryption of a mobile phone instant messaging service from EncroChat. Law enforcement in France and the Netherlands also carried out related operations with the assistance of Europol. Home Secretary Priti Patel said: "This operation demonstrates that criminals will not get away with using encrypted devices to plot vile crimes under the radar. The NCA's relentless targeting of these gangs has helped to keep us all safe. I congratulate them and law enforcement partners on this significant achievement".
On 20 February 2024 the NCA, in collaboration with Europol and other law enforcement agencies, announced that it had seized websites and infrastructure belonging to the ransomware group Lockbit. Over 1,000 decryption keys were obtained, with the victims of the attacks to be contacted about the decryption of their data.
See also
British intelligence agencies
Joint Operations Cell
References
^ "Annual Plan 2023-2024". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
^ "2011 UK censuses". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^ a b Johnston, Philip (7 October 2013). "The National Crime Agency: Does Britain need an FBI?". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ "Crime and Courts Act 2013". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "How we are run". NCA. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "National Crime Agency". GOV.UK. 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
^ "Police reform proposals outlined". BBC News. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ a b "Vaz asks whether the NCA's budget will be big enough". ITV News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Graeme Biggar appointed NCA Director General". www.gov.uk. 12 August 2022.
^ Theresa May, Home Secretary (26 July 2010). "Hansard". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 723–724.
^ "National Crime Agency details outlined by Theresa May". BBC News. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ Home Affairs Committee (23 September 2011). New Landscape of Policing: Volume 1 (PDF) (Report). London: The Stationery Office. p. 43. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Although London is a prime target for terrorist attacks, the terrorist threat is a national problem and there would be advantages in placing responsibility for counter-terrorism in the National Crime Agency
^ "Met Police counter-terrorism role should end, MPs say". BBC News. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ "News". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
^ "Strip Met Police of counter-terror duties, say MPs". BBC News. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Weaver, Matthew (9 May 2014). "Police chiefs condemn call to strip Met of counter-terrorism powers". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Ready or Not? The NCA and Counter-Terrorism". Future Foreign Policy. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Theresa May revives attempt to abolish SFO". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Theresa May postpones terrorism policing review". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "UK National Crime Agency head to be Keith Bristow". BBC News. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
^ "Crime and Courts Bill receives Royal Assent". Home Office. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ "Q&A: National Crime Agency". BBC News. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "National Crime Agency block burdens PSNI says David Ford". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ a b "NCA Governance and Transparency". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ "Courts and Crime Act 2013". 26 February 2021.
^ "NCA Investigator". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ "Benefits and support". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ Panlogic. "Governance and transparency". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ a b "Revised Framework document for the National Crime Agency" (PDF). nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ "National Crime Agency – NCA fully operational in Northern Ireland". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ Statutory Instrument 2015 No. 798 The Crime and Courts Act 2013 (National Crime Agency and Proceeds of Crime) (Northern Ireland) Order 2015 (Coming into force 20 March 2015)
^ "Oversight arrangements for NCA in Northern Ireland" (PDF). nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ Bailiwick Law Enforcement. "Media Statement". Media statement. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ Jersey, States of. "Government of Jersey". gov.je. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "National Crime Agency helping Guernsey police investigate death of Mikus Alps". ITV News. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ Grierson, Jamie (10 August 2017). "Tens of thousands of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says". The Guardian.
^ "RUSI – Disrupting Organised Crime: Finding the Money". 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Alan Travis. "National Crime Agency must claw back more criminal assets, MPs say". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "UK's National Crime Agency slammed by judge for using unlawful search warrants to plant surveillance device". Belfast Telegraph. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "National Crime Agency - Our leadership". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ "Secrets of the crime analysts". BBC News. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "NCA – Working in Partnership". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ "About Us – Eastern Region Special Operations Unit". Ersou Rocu. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ a b "Eastern Region Special Operations Unit". ERSOU. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ "Serious Organised Crime – East Midlands Police Collaboration". Empcp.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "NERSOU". NERSOU. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "South East Regional Organised Crime Unit SEROCU". Serocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "Home". Tarian ROCU. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "TITAN – North West Regional Organised Crime Unit". Titanrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "West Midlands ROCU". Wmrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "ZEPHYR". Zephyrswrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "The official UK Government global security event takes place 6–8 March 2018". Security and Policing 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
^ "National Crime Agency inspection An inspection of the National Crime Agency's criminal intelligence function" (PDF). Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ "NCA statement". Nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Appeal after shots are fired at National Crime Agency officers – Metropolitan Police Service". Content.met.police.uk. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Investigation launched after shootout between NCA and civilians". Londonlive.co.uk. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Police in second armed operation after Tottenham gunfight – three charged with attempted murder". Tottenhamjournal.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Cocaine found on cape | TradeWinds". TradeWinds | Latest shipping and maritime news. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
^ "Law enforcement and industry collaborate to combat Shylock malware". National Crime Agency. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
^ "UK-wide operation snares 660 suspected paedophiles". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
^ "Paedophile arrests unprecedented, says Internet Watch Foundation". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Child abuse image investigation leads to 660 arrests". BBC News. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "'Sextortion': NCA releases awareness video". BBC News. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ "Sextortion (webcam blackmail)". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ "NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation – National Crime Agency". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
^ "Notorious cyber crime gang Lockbit disrupted by NCA, FBI and international coalition". Sky News. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
^ Hern, Alex (20 February 2024). "Seized ransomware network LockBit rewired to expose hackers to world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Crime Agency.
Official website
"Policing in the 21st century: reconnecting police and the people" – Home Office consultation paper
"The National Crime Agency: A plan for the creation of a national crime-fighting ability"
vteDepartments of the Government of the United KingdomMinisterial
Advocate General for Scotland
Attorney General's Office
Business and Trade
Cabinet Office
Defence
Culture, Media and Sport
Education
Energy Security and Net Zero
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development
Health and Social Care
Home
Justice
Leader of the House of Commons
Leader of the House of Lords
Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
Northern Ireland
Scotland Office
Science, Innovation and Technology
Transport
Treasury
UK Export Finance
Wales Office
Work and Pensions
Non-ministerial
Charity Commission for England and Wales
Competition and Markets Authority
Crown Prosecution Service
Food Standards Agency
Forestry Commission
Government Actuary's Department
Government Legal Department
Land Registry
Revenue and Customs
National Crime Agency
National Savings and Investments
Ofsted
Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
Ofqual
Office of Rail and Road
Serious Fraud Office
Supreme Court
National Archives
UK Statistics Authority
Ofwat
Category
Commons
vtePolice forces of the United KingdomTerritorialEngland
Avon and Somerset
Bedfordshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
City of London
Cleveland
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devon & Cornwall
Dorset
Durham
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater Manchester
Hampshire and Isle of Wight
Hertfordshire
Humberside
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Merseyside
Metropolitan
Norfolk
North Yorkshire
Northamptonshire
Northumbria
Nottinghamshire
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Thames Valley
Warwickshire
West Mercia
West Midlands
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Wales
Dyfed–Powys
Gwent
North Wales
South Wales
Scotland
Police Scotland
Northern Ireland
Police Service of Northern Ireland
National
British Transport Police
Civil Nuclear Constabulary
Ministry of Defence Police
National Crime Agency
vteUnited Kingdom intelligence agenciesDomesticintelligence
Security Service (MI5)
National Protective Security Authority
National Crime Agency (NCA)
National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NBIS)
National Fraud Intelligence Bureau
Metropolitan Police Specialist Operations
Counter Terrorism Command
National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit
National Counter Terrorism Policing Network
Foreignintelligence
Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
Militaryintelligence
Defence Intelligence (DI)
Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre
Joint Intelligence Training Group
Intelligence Corps
Joint Support Group
1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade
RAF Intelligence
30 Commando Information Exploitation Group
Signalsintelligence
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
National Cyber Security Centre
Intelligenceassessment
Joint Intelligence Organisation (JIO)
Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC)
Policy andCoordination
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
National Security Council
National Security Adviser
Cabinet Office
Home Office
Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Ministry of Defence
Chiefs of Staff Committee
Strategic Command
Single Intelligence Account
National Security Strategy
Review andOversight
Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation
Investigatory Powers Tribunal
Investigatory Powers Commissioner
Historicalagencies
Directorate of Military Intelligence
MI1
MI2
MI3
MI4
MI7
MI8
MI9
MI10
MI11
MI12
MI14
MI15
MI16
MI17
MI19
Naval Intelligence Department
Naval Intelligence Division
Room 40
No. 30 Commando
Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Diplomatic Wireless Service
Far East Combined Bureau
Force Research Unit
Special Reconnaissance Unit
Military Reaction Force
vteNational intelligence agenciesForeignintelligenceA
Afghanistan: GDI
Albania: SHISH
Algeria: DRS
Angola: SIE
Argentina: AFI
Armenia: NSS
Austria: DSN
Australia: ASIS
Azerbaijan: XKX
B
Bahrain: NSA
Bangladesh: NSI
Belarus: KGB RB
Belgium: ADIV/SGRS
Bosnia and Herzegovina: OSA-OBA
Botswana: DIS
Brazil: ABIN
Brunei: BRD
Bulgaria: DAR
C
Cameroon: BMM
Canada: CSIS
Chad: ANS
Chile: ANI
China: MSS
Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR
Croatia: SOA
Cuba: DI
Czech Republic: ÚZSI
D
Denmark: FE
Djibouti: BSRG
E
Ecuador: SENAIN
Egypt: Mukhabarat
Estonia: EFIS
Ethiopia: NISS
F
France: DGSE
G
Gambia: SIS
Georgia: GIS
Germany: BND
Ghana: BNI, BGU, RDU
Greece: EYP
H
Hungary: IH
I
India: RAW
Indonesia: BIN
Iran: VAJA
Iraq: INIS
Ireland: G2
Israel: Mossad
Italy: AISE
Ivory Coast: NSC
J
Japan: CIRO
Jordan: GID
K
Kazakhstan: Syrbar
Kenya: NIS
Kyrgyzstan: UKMK
Kuwait: KSS
L
Latvia: SAB
Liberia: NSA
Lithuania: VSD
Lebanon: GDGS
Libya: MJ
M
Malaysia: MEIO
Mexico: CISEN
Moldova: SIS
Mongolia: GIA
Montenegro: ANB
Morocco: DGST
Mozambique: SISE
Republic of North Macedonia: UBK
N
Netherlands: AIVD
New Zealand: NZSIS
Nigeria: NIA
North Korea: RGB
Norway: E-tjenesten
O
Oman: Palace Office
P
Pakistan: ISI
Papua New Guinea: NIO
Philippines: NICA
Poland: AW
Portugal: SIED
Q
Qatar: QSS
R
Romania: SIE
Russia: SVR
S
Saudi Arabia: GIP
Serbia: BIA
Sierra Leone: CISU
Singapore: SID
Slovakia: SIS
Slovenia: SOVA
Somalia: NISA
South Africa: SSA
South Korea: NIS
Spain: CNI
Sri Lanka: SIS
Sudan: GIS
Sweden: KSI
Switzerland: NDB
Syria: GSD
T
Taiwan: NSB
Tajikistan: GKNB
Tanzania: TISS
Thailand: NIA
Togo: NIA
Tunisia: TIA
Turkey: MİT
Turkmenistan: MNS
U
Uganda: ESO
Ukraine: SZRU
United Arab Emirates: SIA
United Kingdom: SIS (MI6)
United States: CIA
Uzbekistan: SSS
V
Vietnam: TC2
DomesticintelligenceA
Algeria: CSS
Angola: SINSE
Argentina: AFI
Australia: ASIO
Austria: DSN
Azerbaijan: DTX
B
Bangladesh: SB
Belarus: KGB RB
Belgium: VS/SE
Bosnia and Herzegovina: SIPA
Botswana: DIS
Brazil: PF
Brunei: IRD
Bulgaria: DANS
Burundi: SNR
C
Canada: CSIS
Chile: ANI
China: MSS
Colombia: DNI
Congo (Democratic Republic of): ANR
Croatia: SOA
Czech Republic: BIS
D
Denmark: PET
E
Egypt: EHS
Estonia: KAPO
F
Finland: SUPO
France: DGSI
G
Georgia: SSSG
Germany: BfV, LfV
Ghana: GPS, CID
Greece: EYP
H
Hong Kong: NSD, CPGNSO
Hungary: AH
I
India: IB
Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri (id), BIN
Iran: VAJA, IRGC, PAVA
Ireland: CSB, SDU, NSU
Israel: Shin Bet
Italy: AISI
J
Japan: NPA, TMPD PSB, PSIA
K
Kazakhstan: NSC
Kenya: NIS
Kosovo: AKI
L
Latvia: VDD
Lithuania: STT
Lebanon: ISF, LSS
Luxembourg: SREL
M
Macau: DS
Malaysia: SB
Moldova: SIS
Republic of North Macedonia: IA
N
Netherlands: NCTV
New Zealand: NZSIS
Nigeria: SSS
North Korea: SSD
Norway: PST
O
Oman: ISS
P
Pakistan: IB, FIA
Palestine: PSS
Paraguay: SNI
Peru: DINI
Philippines: NBI, NICA
Poland: ABW, SOP, SM
Portugal: SIS
R
Romania: SRI
Russia: FSB
S
Saudi Arabia: Mabahith
Serbia: BIA
Singapore: ISD
Somalia: NISA
South Africa: SSA
South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, KNPA
Spain: CITCO
Sri Lanka: SIS
Sweden: SÄPO
Switzerland: NDB
Syria: GSD
T
Taiwan: MJIB
Thailand: ISOC, SB
Turkey: MİT, İB
U
Uganda: ISO
Ukraine: SBU
United Kingdom: Security Service (MI5), NDEDIU, NCA, NBIS
United States: I&A, FBI
Uzbekistan: SNB
V
Venezuela: SEBIN
Vietnam: TC5 (vi)
Z
Zimbabwe: CIO
MilitaryintelligenceA
Algeria: DCSA
Angola: SIM
Australia: DIO
Austria: HNaA
B
Bangladesh: DGFI
Belarus: GRU MO RB
Belgium: ADIV/SGRS
Brazil: DIE
C
Canada: CFINTCOM
China: CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau
Congo (Democratic Republic of): DEMIAP
Croatia: VSOA
Cuba: DCIM
Czech Republic: VZ
D
Denmark: FE
E
Egypt: DMISR
F
Finland: PE TIEDOS
France: DRM, DGSE
G
Germany: MAD
Ghana: MIU
H
Hungary: KNBSZ
I
Iran: General Staff, SAHEFAJA, SAHEFASA, SAHEFAVEDJA
India: DMI, DIA
Indonesia: BAIS TNI, Pusintelad
Ireland: G2
Israel: Aman
Italy: CII
J
Japan: DIH
K
Kazakhstan: NSC
L
Lithuania: AOTD
M
Republic of North Macedonia: MSSI
Malaysia: DISD
Maldives: MNDF
Morocco: DGED
Myanmar: Sa Ya Pa
N
Netherlands: MIVD
New Zealand: DDIS
Nigeria: DIA
North Korea: RGB
Norway: E-tjenesten
P
Pakistan: MI, NI, AI
Philippines: ISAFP
Poland: SKW, SWW
Portugal: CISMIL
R
Romania: DGIA
Russia: GRU
S
Saudi Arabia: AFISC
Serbia: VBA, VOA
Singapore: MIO
Slovakia: VS
Slovenia: OVS
South Africa: SANDF-ID
South Korea: DIA, DCC
Spain: CIFAS
Sri Lanka: DMI
Sweden: MUST
Switzerland: MND, LWND
Syria: MI, AFID
T
Taiwan: MIB
Thailand: AFSC
Turkey: GENKUR İ.D.B.
U
Ukraine: HUR MO
United Kingdom: DI
United States: DIA
ONI
MIC
USAFI
V
Venezuela: DGCIM
Vietnam: TC2
SignalsintelligenceA
Australia: ASD
B
Bangladesh: NTMC
Brazil: 2ª Sch/EMD
C
Canada: CSE
China: SIGINT
Croatia: OTC
E
Ethiopia: INSA
F
Finland: PVTIEDL
France: DGSE, DRSD
G
Germany: BND
Ghana: RDU
I
India: JCB,NTRO
Indonesia: BSSN (id)
Ireland: CIS
Israel: 8200
J
Japan: DIH
K
Kazakhstan: NSC
N
Netherlands: NSO, JSCU
New Zealand: GCSB
North Korea: RGB
Norway: NSM
P
Pakistan: JSIB
Poland: AW, ABW, SKW, SWW, NCBC, gOR 3.FO, CRiWWRE, 2.ORel, 6.ORel, JW NIL
R
Romania: STS
Russia: Spetssvyaz
S
Saudi Arabia: PSS
South Africa: SSA
Spain: CCN
Sweden: FRA
Switzerland: NDB
Syria: MI
T
Turkey: MİT-SİB
U
UAE: SIA
Ukraine: Derzhspetszviazok
United Kingdom: GCHQ
United States: NSA
Imageryintelligence
Australia: AGO
Finland: PVTIEDL
India: DAI
Indonesia: BIG
Israel: Air Intelligence Group
Malaysia: MaCGDI
New Zealand: GEOINT NZ
Poland: AW, SWW, ORO, 12.BBSP, JW NIL
Pakistan: Air Intelligence
Philippines: NMARSC
Portugal: CIGeoE
Russia: TsVTI GRU
United Kingdom: DGIFC
United States: NGA
Financialintelligence
Argentina: UIF
Australia: AUSTRAC
Azerbaijan: MMX
Bangladesh: FIU
Brazil: COAF
Canada: FINTRAC
Fiji: FIU
France: Tracfin, DNRED
Iceland: SR
India: CEIB
Indonesia: PPATK
Ireland: GNECB
Italy: UIF
Lithuania (FNTT)
Malta: FIAU
Mexico: UIF
Netherlands: FIOD
Poland: GIIF, SCS, CBA
Qatar: FIU
Russia: Rosfinmonitoring
Saudi Arabia: GDOFI
Spain: SVA, SEPBLAC
Turkey: MASAK
United Kingdom: NCA
United States: TFI, FinCEN
Vatican: ASIF
Criminalintelligence
Argentina: DNIC
Australia: ACIC
Bangladesh: CID
Canada: CISC
Finland: NBI
India: CBI
Indonesia: Baintelkam Polri (id)
Italy: DIA, DIGOS
Philippines: NBI, PNP-IG
Poland: BWiIK KGP, CBŚP, ZOŚ KGSG, ZK KGŻW
Romania: DGPI
South Africa: Crime Intelligence Division
Spain: CGI, SIGC, CGPJ, UCO
United Kingdom: NCA
Intelligencealliances
Club de Berne
Five Eyes
Maximator
Egmont Group
Relatedtopics
Espionage (List of intelligence agencies)
Leaks
Diplomatic cable leaks
NSA leaks
CIA leaks
Great Firewall of China
Mass surveillance in China
Law enforcement
Interpol
Security agency
Surveillance
Big Brother
Call detail record
Carnivore
Dishfire
ECHELON
PRISM
Stone Ghost
Turbulence (NSA programme)
National security
Surveillance issues in smart cities
Border guard
Coast guard
Customs
Law enforcement agency
Types
Intelligence agency
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Crime Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Authority"},{"link_name":"national law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency#natlea"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"organised crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trafficking"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"cybercrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"NCA Director General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General_of_the_National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph10361009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"non-ministerial government department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ministerial_government_department"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Serious Organised Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Centre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Policing Improvement Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Policing_Improvement_Agency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itv.com-8"},{"link_name":"UK Border Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Border_Agency"},{"link_name":"Immigration Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"Border Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Force"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph10361009-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This article is about the United Kingdom law enforcement agency. For the former Australian agency, see National Crime Authority.Law enforcement agencyThe National Crime Agency (NCA) is a national law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's lead agency against organised crime; human, weapon and drug trafficking; cybercrime; and economic crime that goes across regional and international borders, but it can be tasked to investigate any crime. The NCA has a strategic role as part of which it looks at serious crime in aggregate across the UK, especially analysing how organised criminals are operating and how they can be disrupted. To do this, it works closely with regional organised crime units (ROCUs), local police forces, and other government departments and agencies.It is the UK's point of contact for foreign agencies such as Interpol, Europol and other international law enforcement agencies. On a day-to-day basis, the NCA assists police forces and other law enforcement agencies (and vice versa) under voluntary assistance arrangements. In extremis, the NCA Director General has the power to direct a chief officer of a police force to give directed assistance with NCA tasks where necessary (but only with consent of the relevant Secretary of State).[3] The NCA itself can also be directed by the Secretary of State to give directed assistance to a police force or other law enforcement agency.[4]It was established in 2013 as a non-ministerial government department,[5] replacing the Serious Organised Crime Agency and absorbed the previously separate Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) as one of its commands.[6] It also assumed a number of responsibilities from other law enforcement agencies.The NCA has also assumed a range of functions from the National Policing Improvement Agency, which has been scrapped as part of the government's changes to policing.[7] These include a specialist database relating to injuries and unusual weapons, expert research on potential serial killers, and the National Missing Persons Bureau. The agencies going into the NCA had a combined budget of £812m, yet the new agency only had £464m in its first year—a decrease of 43%.[8] Some of the responsibilities of the former UK Border Agency (now Immigration Enforcement and Border Force) relating to border policing also became part of the NCA. Like its predecessor SOCA, the NCA has been dubbed the \"British FBI\" by the media.[3]The NCA's leadership team sets the Agency's strategic direction and provides senior operational oversight. Executive and non-executive directors bring a wealth of experience and expertise from across policing, government and the private sector.As of October 2021, the Director General is Graeme Biggar.[9]","title":"National Crime Agency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Cyber Crime Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cyber_Crime_Unit"},{"link_name":"chief constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_constable"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"SOCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Counter Terrorism Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Crime Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Crime_Unit"},{"link_name":"National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit"},{"link_name":"National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vehicle_Crime_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"Serious Fraud Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_Police"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crime and Courts Act 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Courts_Act_2013"},{"link_name":"Royal Assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The proposed agency was first publicly announced in a statement to the House of Commons by Theresa May, the then Home Secretary, on 26 July 2010.[10] On 8 June 2011, she declared that the NCA would comprise a number of distinct operational commands: Organised Crime, Border Policing, Economic Crime and the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, and that it would house the National Cyber Crime Unit. She added that capabilities, expertise, assets and intelligence would be shared across the new agency; that each command would operate as part of one single organisation; and that the NCA would be a powerful body of operational crime fighters, led by a senior chief constable and accountable to the Home Secretary. In her statement to the House of Commons, May stated that the new agency would have the authority to \"undertake tasking and coordination, ensuring appropriate action is taken to put a stop to the activities of organised crime groups\".[11]In June 2011, the coalition government announced that SOCA's operations (serious drug trafficking investigative and intelligence sections) would be merged into a larger National Crime Agency to launch in 2013.On 23 September 2011, the Home Affairs Select Committee called for the Metropolitan Police's counterterrorism role to be given to the NCA when it became operational, saying that the terrorist threat was a \"national problem\" and that there would be \"advantages\" in transferring responsibility.[12][13] The Metropolitan Police raised concerns around the cost of such a move.[14]The Home Affairs Select Committee met again on 9 May 2014 to discuss counterterrorism.[15] As a part of the report, the committee reconsidered the question of moving counterterrorism responsibilities to the NCA. The committee came to the conclusion that:\"The Metropolitan Police have a wide remit which has many complexities and the current difficulties faced by the organisation lead us to believe that the responsibility for counter-terrorism ought to be moved to the NCA in order to allow the Met to focus on the basics of policing London. The work to transfer the command ought to begin immediately with a view to a full transfer of responsibility for counter-terrorism operations taking place, for example within five years after the NCA became operational, in 2018. When this takes place, it should finally complete the jigsaw of the new landscape of policing.\"[16][17]However, the report acknowledged that the NCA was still a new agency and that at the time it was not fully operational in Northern Ireland. Questions have been raised as to how effective this model would be[18] and, with a limited budget, whether other responsibilities would suffer and not be resourced as properly as they should be.[19] If the whole of Counter Terrorism Command were to transfer from the Metropolitan police to the NCA, the NCA would receive a further 1,500 officers or more if other counterterrorism units transferred in as well. It raised the question of what other national police units could be absorbed into the NCA, such as the National Wildlife Crime Unit, National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit, National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service and other units with a national remit from ACPO, the Metropolitan Police and other forces. Plans are being discussed for the second time of moving the Serious Fraud Office into the NCA.[20]The process of looking at moving counterterrorism into the NCA was put on hold on 9 October 2014 by Home Secretary Theresa May due to an increase in the terror threat level.[21]In October 2011, it was announced that Keith Bristow, the then Chief Constable of Warwickshire Police, would head the organisation.[22]The NCA came into existence under provisions granted by the Crime and Courts Act 2013, which received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013.[23]Until 20 May 2015, the agency was only able to carry out border and customs functions in Northern Ireland. This was due to the fact that under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that led to a political settlement and power-sharing in Northern Ireland, policing was subjected to a far higher degree of community oversight and monitoring than in other parts of the UK. The chief constable and officers are responsible to the Policing Board.[24][25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Crime_Agency.JPG"},{"link_name":"Old Queen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Queen_Street"}],"text":"The NCA's former headquarters on Old Queen Street in London","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAGovernance-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAGovernance-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAInvestigators-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Powers","text":"The NCA operates across the UK, respecting the devolution of policing in Scotland and Northern Ireland.[26]A large number of NCA officers, including Investigators, can be designated with the powers and privileges of a police constable, immigration officer, or customs officer and general customs officer (or any combination of the three sets of powers) under the Courts and Crime Act 2013.[26][27] When NCA officers are designated with all three sets of powers it is known as being triple warranted, or \"tri-warranted\".[28]Although NCA officers can be designated with the above powers, they do not hold the office of constable and are civil servants.[29] This is a different legal position to police officers who serve in the various police forces of the UK. The NCA is not a police force but an operationally independent non-ministerial government department.[30]","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serious Organised Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"Lord Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Advocate"},{"link_name":"Police Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAframework2015-31"},{"link_name":"Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Crime_and_Drug_Enforcement_Agency"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"In Scotland, the NCA's operations and powers are limited to those inherited from its predecessor, the Serious Organised Crime Agency, and the powers to operate in Scotland are conditional on authorisation from the Lord Advocate and through co-operation with Police Scotland.[31]: 5 Previously co-operation was with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (a police force which was responsible for similar matters in Scotland).","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Crime and Courts Act 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_and_Courts_Act_2013"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-operationalNI-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015orderNI-33"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generalauthorisationNI-34"},{"link_name":"Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"covert techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAframework2015-31"}],"sub_title":"Northern Ireland","text":"In Northern Ireland, the NCA is \"fully operational\", through the passage of The Crime and Courts Act 2013 (National Crime Agency and Proceeds of Crime) (Northern Ireland) Order 2015 which extended provisions of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 to Northern Ireland.[32][33] A general authorisation was signed by Minister of Justice for Northern Ireland and the Director General granted trained and qualified NCA officers the powers of a constable in Northern Ireland.[34] However, the NCA requires authorisation from the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland for the use of covert techniques.[31]: 5","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Crown Dependencies","text":"The NCA also has a role in assisting the Crown Dependencies, having assisted Guernsey and Jersey police on matters of serious crime.[35][36][37]","title":"Jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itv.com-8"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mr Justice Hickinbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Hickinbottom"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The NCA faces several challenges. The first of these is the scale of the growing problem facing them. At the end of 2014 UK law enforcement estimated there were 5,800 organised crime groups – comprising some 40,600 individuals. This is an increase of three hundred organised crime groups and 3,500 people on the year before. The National Crime Agency (NCA) estimates that there are as many as 50,000 people in the UK involved in the downloading and viewing of indecent images online. The Director General of the NCA has suggested that the British public cannot expect every person viewing indecent images to enter the criminal justice system – not least because of the sheer scale of the problem. The NCA received 12,505 referrals from the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children in its first 12 months, compared to 9,855 in 2012, an increase of almost 27 per cent. Tackling modern slavery is another area that the Home Secretary has identified as requiring more effort. The Home Office's Chief Scientific Adviser estimates that there may have been as many as 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK in 2013. This figure was increased in August 2017 to \"tens of thousands of victims\".[38] Most will rely on the services of organised criminal groups at some point in their journey to the UK.[39]In addition to this the NCA has been tasked with the Rotherham investigation into child sex exploitation. According to the NCA there are 3,300 lines of enquiry, around 1,400 victims and 300 suspects.The second challenge, of funding and resources, links with the first challenge. Although the NCA budget is half a billion pounds, in proportion to the scale of the problem it is small. The combined budget of previous agencies and units that make up the NCA was almost a billion pounds, so the agency has had an almost 50% cut before its creation.[8] The NCA has 5000 staff only around 1250 of which are investigators, again small when faced with the problem. For the Rotherham investigation the NCA has had to bring in agency staff who are ex-police to assist with the scale of the investigation.Thirdly there is the challenge of the \"failure\" of its predecessor agencies, SOCA and the National Crime squad and the fact that its success needs to be judged over years and not months due to the nature of the threat. SOCA was criticised for poor management and that some staff had poor investigation skills due to not working in law enforcement before. It is suggested that around 300 police detectives left SOCA due to this. With the NCA having the same staff this could be an issue. The NCA has already been criticised for not seizing enough assets (even though they seized more than SOCA in their last year of operation[40] as well as using a search warrant that was judged to be illegal after staff at the agency were \"deliberately trying to stretch the boundaries imposed upon such investigation agencies by the statutory scheme under which they operate\". The judge Mr Justice Hickinbottom stated though \"This case smacks of incompetence, not bad faith.\"[41]","title":"Challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organisation_chart_for_the_NCA_2022.png"},{"link_name":"Director General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General_of_the_National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CEOP Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Exploitation_and_Online_Protection_Command"},{"link_name":"New Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"serial killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"serial rapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_rapist"},{"link_name":"sexual assaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assaults"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"INTERPOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERPOL"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"Schengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"}],"text":"Chart showing the senior management structure of the National Crime AgencyThe NCA is organised into eight operational branches, overseen by seven directors, who are in turn overseen by a Director General, assisted by a Deputy Director General.[42] The commands are as follows:[citation needed]Border Policing Command\nCEOP Command\nEconomic Crime Command\nOrganised Crime Command\nIntelligence\nOperations\nSpecialist Capabilities\nProceeds of Crime CentreThe Assets Recovery Agency became part of the Serious Organised Crime Agency from April 2008. This then became the Proceeds of Crime Centre in the NCA. The power to launch civil recovery proceedings has also been extended to the three main prosecutors in England and Wales: the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office (RCPO) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). It will also be extended to the Public Prosecution Service in Northern Ireland and the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service in Scotland.Missing Persons BureauThe Missing Persons Bureau (MPB) transferred to SOCA in April 2012 along with SCAS. It had previously been based at New Scotland Yard until April 2008 when it was moved to the NPIA and based in Bramshill.The bureau acts as the centre for the exchange of information connected with the search for missing persons nationally and internationally. It is responsible for cross-matching missing persons with unidentified persons or bodies, as well as maintaining an index of dental records of missing persons and unidentified bodies.The MPB also manages a missing persons and Child Rescue Alert website, and analyses data to identify trends and patterns in disappearances.UK Human Trafficking Centre\nNational Injuries DatabaseThe National Injuries Database also transferred from the NPIA. It provides additional support to police forces by providing analysis of weapons and wounds, and seeking to identify similarities to aid investigators in determining which weapon may have been used. The database holds over 4,000 cases of suspicious deaths, murders and clinical cases, and contains over 20,000 images.Central Bureau\nChemical Suspicious Activity Reports\nUK Financial Intelligence UnitSOCA via the UK Financial Intelligence Unit took over responsibility for dealing with suspicious activity reports (SARs), previously made to the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) under the money laundering legislation. This function is now part of NCA.NCIS received just under 200,000 SARs in 2005 and throughout its life was heavily critical of the banking and financial services sector, and the Financial Services Authority, for not being more transparent or forthcoming in reporting their customers' suspicious activity.Despite criticism from professional representative bodies that the disclosure rules are too broad, SOCA said that up to one in three SARs lead to or add substantially to terrorism investigations; that HMRC estimates that around one in five SARs identifies new subjects of interest, and one in four SARs lead to direct tax enquiries; and many arrests and confiscations of criminal assets.Serious Crime Analysis SectionThe Serious Crime Analysis Section moved to SOCA from the National Policing Improvement Agency on 1 April 2012 in advance of the planned establishment of the National Crime Agency in 2013. SCAS is based at Foxley Hall in the grounds of the Police Staff College, Bramshill in Hampshire.[43] It was originally formed by the Home Office in 1998 to identify the potential emergence of serial killers and serial rapists at the earliest stage of their offending. This scope has since broadened to include the analysis by specialist staff of rapes, serious sexual assaults and motiveless or sexually motivated murders.Criminal case files are received by SCAS from all police forces in the UK at an early stage in the investigations. The information is coded and placed on a single database, ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System). The system was developed in Canada by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.The investigating officer receives a report from a crime analyst with a number of key elements designed to assist the investigation. It will identify if there are grounds to believe that the offender has previously been identified. It will also provide a breakdown of the behaviour exhibited in the offence, often with a statistical description of some of the elements involved. This can alert an investigator to the importance of some aspects of the offence not immediately apparent. SCAS are also responsible for identifying good practice, or \"what works\", so the analyst's report may contain \"investigative suggestions\" that might guide the officer to a specific line of enquiry not yet considered. The report may also suggest possible suspects that the unit has identified from a number of databases. When a prime suspect has been identified and charged with an offence, senior analysts are able to provide specialist evidence in court, to assist with the prosecution of offenders.National Cyber Crime Unit\nInternational Partnership[44]\nUK National Central Bureau for INTERPOL\nUK Europol National Unit\nUK SIRENE BureauThe NCA is the UK single point of contact for Interpol, Europol and the Schengen Information System, and also the point of contact for international enquiries from all UK police and law enforcement agencies. It has 24/7 capacity for Interpol and Europol with direct connections to their databases, provides international Liaison Officers, and co-ordinates all inbound and outbound Cross Border Surveillance requests with Schengen partners. It also has a dedicated Fugitives Unit that acts as the UK Central Authority for all extraditions.","title":"Organisational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Bristow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Bristow"},{"link_name":"Lynne Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Owens"}],"sub_title":"List of Directors General","text":"Keith Bristow (2011–2016)\nLynne Owens (2016–2021)\nGraeme Biggar (2021–present)","title":"Organisational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ersourocu.org.uk-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ersourocu.org.uk-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Regional organised crime units","text":"In 2010, nine regional organised crime units (ROCUs) were created across England and Wales outside of London to investigate organised crime in their region and to support the NCA. Each ROCU is supported by a regional intelligence unit which is staffed by police officers and staff from each ROCU's constituent forces.[45]The Police Service of Northern Ireland, Police Scotland, the City of London Police, and the Metropolitan Police Service each have individual organised crime units which also support the NCA.The nine ROCUs are:ERSOU[46] – Eastern England\nEMSOU[47] – East Midlands\nNERSOU[48] – North East\nODYSSEY[46] – Yorkshire and Humber\nSEROCU[49] – South East\nTARIAN[50] – Southern Wales\nTITAN[51] – North West\nVIPER[52] – West Midlands\nZEPHYR[53] – South WestRegional organised crime units bring together a number of specialised teams and functions under the one structure:[54]Regional Investigation Unit\nRegional Asset Recovery Unit\nRegional Intelligence Unit\nRegional Protected Persons Unit\nRegional Technical Surveillance Unit\nRegional cyber capability\nRegional Fraud Unit\nRegional Prison Intelligence\nRegional covert capability","title":"Organisational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMICFRS_2020_report-55"}],"sub_title":"Regional organised crime units - Multi-Agency Groups","text":"There are special multi-agency teams, an example is the National County Lines Coordination Centre (NCLCC), a multi-agency team drawn from the NCA, police forces and ROCUs. The team develops a national intelligence picture of the threat from county lines crime to improve understanding and scale of child sexual abuse crimes. The NCLCC is responsible for coordinating the response to county lines and managing the flow of intelligence to the police forces and ROCUs.[55]","title":"Organisational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"attempted murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_murder"},{"link_name":"possession of a firearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_of_a_firearm"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"bulk freighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulker"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"registered sex offenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_sex_offenders"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcnews2-65"},{"link_name":"sextortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextortion"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nca1-66"},{"link_name":"instant messaging service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging"},{"link_name":"EncroChat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EncroChat"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Priti Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"ransomware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware"},{"link_name":"Lockbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockbit"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"On 22 May 2014 at around 22:50, NCA officers were involved in a shootout in Tottenham.[56] Several shots were fired, including from NCA officers. Two men were arrested at the scene by the NCA for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life. The Metropolitan Police arrived and arrested a third man for possession of a firearm.[57][58] This is believed to be the first incident in which NCA officers fired shots.On 25 May 2014 at 00:00 hrs, a second NCA operation was carried out in Tottenham, along with officers from the Metropolitan Police, after the NCA received intelligence about the earlier shoot out. Two more men were arrested, one for attempted murder and possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life and the other for assisting an offender, after their car was stopped by armed officers. One shot was fired by a Metropolitan Police officer during the operation.[59]In May 2014, the NCA conducted a major operation that resulted in the seizing of more than 100 kg of cocaine from a Greek bulk freighter in Scotland. The ship had been returning from Colombia; the operation resulted in the arrest of three men.[60]In July 2014, the NCA with partners jointly disrupted the \"Shylock\" banking trojan believed to have infected at least 30,000 computers.[61]Also in July 2014, the NCA co-ordinated the arrest of 660 suspected paedophiles. 39 of those arrested were registered sex offenders, but the majority had not previously come to the attention of law enforcement. 400 children are believed to have been protected by this operation, which included apprehending several individuals who had unsupervised access to children such as doctors, teachers and care workers.[62][63][64]In November 2016, the NCA began a campaign, including releasing a video,[65] to educate the public on sextortion, providing advice on protecting oneself from being subject to sextortion and how to respond to a case of online blackmail.[66]On 2 July 2020, the NCA reported it had co-ordinated the largest law enforcement operation of its kind in the UK when it announced the results of Operation Venetic. Working with all the police forces of the UK and other law enforcement bodies, officers made 746 arrests and seized £54 million of drug money, 77 firearms, 1,800 rounds of ammunition, 4 hand grenades, 55 high value (possibly stolen) cars and 2 tonnes of illegal drugs. The operation was possible after an international law enforcement team cracked the encryption of a mobile phone instant messaging service from EncroChat. Law enforcement in France and the Netherlands also carried out related operations with the assistance of Europol. Home Secretary Priti Patel said: \"This operation demonstrates that criminals will not get away with using encrypted devices to plot vile crimes under the radar. The NCA's relentless targeting of these gangs has helped to keep us all safe. I congratulate them and law enforcement partners on this significant achievement\".[67]On 20 February 2024 the NCA, in collaboration with Europol and other law enforcement agencies, announced that it had seized websites and infrastructure belonging to the ransomware group Lockbit.[68] Over 1,000 decryption keys were obtained, with the victims of the attacks to be contacted about the decryption of their data.[69]","title":"Notable operations"}] | [{"image_text":"The NCA's former headquarters on Old Queen Street in London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/National_Crime_Agency.JPG/220px-National_Crime_Agency.JPG"},{"image_text":"Chart showing the senior management structure of the National Crime Agency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Organisation_chart_for_the_NCA_2022.png/220px-Organisation_chart_for_the_NCA_2022.png"}] | [{"title":"British intelligence agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies"},{"title":"Joint Operations Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Operations_Cell"}] | [{"reference":"\"Annual Plan 2023-2024\". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 18 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/publications/670-nca-annual-plan-2023-24/file#:~:text=NCA%20resource%20and%20budget,-The%20Agency%20started&text=For%202023%2D2024%2C%20the%20Agency's,small%20boats%20and%20economic%20crime.","url_text":"\"Annual Plan 2023-2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 UK censuses\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html","url_text":"\"2011 UK censuses\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Philip (7 October 2013). \"The National Crime Agency: Does Britain need an FBI?\". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html","url_text":"\"The National Crime Agency: Does Britain need an FBI?\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crime and Courts Act 2013\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/22/schedule/3/enacted","url_text":"\"Crime and Courts Act 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"How we are run\". NCA. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175909/http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/how-we-are-run","url_text":"\"How we are run\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/how-we-are-run","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency\". GOV.UK. 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-crime-agency","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police reform proposals outlined\". BBC News. 26 July 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-10768583","url_text":"\"Police reform proposals outlined\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Vaz asks whether the NCA's budget will be big enough\". ITV News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-10-07/keith-vaz-questions-if-ncas-budget-will-be-big-enough/","url_text":"\"Vaz asks whether the NCA's budget will be big enough\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graeme Biggar appointed NCA Director General\". www.gov.uk. 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/graeme-biggar-appointed-nca-director-general","url_text":"\"Graeme Biggar appointed NCA Director General\""}]},{"reference":"Theresa May, Home Secretary (26 July 2010). \"Hansard\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 723–724.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100726/debtext/100726-0001.htm#10072611000753","url_text":"\"Hansard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency details outlined by Theresa May\". BBC News. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13678653","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency details outlined by Theresa May\""}]},{"reference":"Home Affairs Committee (23 September 2011). New Landscape of Policing: Volume 1 (PDF) (Report). London: The Stationery Office. p. 43. Retrieved 12 August 2013. Although London is a prime target for terrorist attacks, the terrorist threat is a national problem and there would be advantages in placing responsibility for counter-terrorism in the National Crime Agency","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee","url_text":"Home Affairs Committee"},{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/939/939.pdf","url_text":"New Landscape of Policing: Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stationery_Office","url_text":"The Stationery Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Met Police counter-terrorism role should end, MPs say\". BBC News. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15029166","url_text":"\"Met Police counter-terrorism role should end, MPs say\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084335/http://www.counterterrorbusiness.com/news/61-uk-news/816-national-crime-agency-could-prove-to-be-expensive-says-hogan-howe","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"http://www.counterterrorbusiness.com/news/61-uk-news/816-national-crime-agency-could-prove-to-be-expensive-says-hogan-howe","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strip Met Police of counter-terror duties, say MPs\". BBC News. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27334811","url_text":"\"Strip Met Police of counter-terror duties, say MPs\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/231/23107.htm#a25","url_text":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/231/23102.htm","url_text":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\""}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Matthew (9 May 2014). \"Police chiefs condemn call to strip Met of counter-terrorism powers\". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/09/police-chiefs-met-counter-terrorism-powers","url_text":"\"Police chiefs condemn call to strip Met of counter-terrorism powers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ready or Not? The NCA and Counter-Terrorism\". Future Foreign Policy. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.futureforeignpolicy.com/ready-or-not-the-nca-and-counter-terrorism/","url_text":"\"Ready or Not? The NCA and Counter-Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theresa May revives attempt to abolish SFO\". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141007050138/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e15dc7c0-4ae9-11e4-b1be-00144feab7de.html","url_text":"\"Theresa May revives attempt to abolish SFO\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e15dc7c0-4ae9-11e4-b1be-00144feab7de.html#axzz3HT3NP9en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Theresa May postpones terrorism policing review\". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29547445","url_text":"\"Theresa May postpones terrorism policing review\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK National Crime Agency head to be Keith Bristow\". BBC News. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15241052","url_text":"\"UK National Crime Agency head to be Keith Bristow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crime and Courts Bill receives Royal Assent\". Home Office. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/crime-and-courts-bill-receives-royal-assent","url_text":"\"Crime and Courts Bill receives Royal Assent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A: National Crime Agency\". BBC News. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24384152","url_text":"\"Q&A: National Crime Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency block burdens PSNI says David Ford\". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24419507","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency block burdens PSNI says David Ford\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCA Governance and Transparency\". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/governance-and-transparency","url_text":"\"NCA Governance and Transparency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Courts and Crime Act 2013\". 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/22/section/10","url_text":"\"Courts and Crime Act 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCA Investigator\". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/careers/ncaroles/nca-investigator","url_text":"\"NCA Investigator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benefits and support\". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/careers/benefits-and-support","url_text":"\"Benefits and support\""}]},{"reference":"Panlogic. \"Governance and transparency\". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/governance-and-transparency","url_text":"\"Governance and transparency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revised Framework document for the National Crime Agency\" (PDF). nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/557-nca-framework-document/file","url_text":"\"Revised Framework document for the National Crime Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency – NCA fully operational in Northern Ireland\". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/620-nca-fully-operational-in-northern-ireland","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency – NCA fully operational in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oversight arrangements for NCA in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. National Crime Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/555-oversight-arrangements-for-nca-in-northern-ireland-1/file","url_text":"\"Oversight arrangements for NCA in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Bailiwick Law Enforcement. \"Media Statement\". Media statement. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://guernsey.police.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=119645&p=0","url_text":"\"Media Statement\""}]},{"reference":"Jersey, States of. \"Government of Jersey\". gov.je. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=893","url_text":"\"Government of Jersey\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency helping Guernsey police investigate death of Mikus Alps\". ITV News. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2019-06-12/national-crime-agency-helping-guernsey-police-with-death-of-a-latvian-national","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency helping Guernsey police investigate death of Mikus Alps\""}]},{"reference":"Grierson, Jamie (10 August 2017). \"Tens of thousands of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/10/modern-slavery-uk-nca-human-trafficking-prostitution","url_text":"\"Tens of thousands of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says\""}]},{"reference":"\"RUSI – Disrupting Organised Crime: Finding the Money\". 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705203837/https://www.rusi.org/analysis/commentary/ref%3AC551404452168B/","url_text":"\"RUSI – Disrupting Organised Crime: Finding the Money\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Travis. \"National Crime Agency must claw back more criminal assets, MPs say\". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/feb/17/national-crime-agency-criminal-assets-commons-home-affairs-select-committee-nca","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency must claw back more criminal assets, MPs say\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK's National Crime Agency slammed by judge for using unlawful search warrants to plant surveillance device\". Belfast Telegraph. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/uks-national-crime-agency-slammed-by-judge-for-using-unlawful-search-warrants-to-plant-surveillance-device-31220201.html","url_text":"\"UK's National Crime Agency slammed by judge for using unlawful search warrants to plant surveillance device\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency - Our leadership\". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/our-leadership","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency - Our leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets of the crime analysts\". BBC News. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13127143","url_text":"\"Secrets of the crime analysts\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCA – Working in Partnership\". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/working-in-partnership","url_text":"\"NCA – Working in Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us – Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\". Ersou Rocu. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ersourocu.org.uk/about.aspx","url_text":"\"About Us – Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\". ERSOU. Retrieved 1 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ersou.police.uk/","url_text":"\"Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serious Organised Crime – East Midlands Police Collaboration\". Empcp.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.empcp.org.uk/crime/serious-crime/","url_text":"\"Serious Organised Crime – East Midlands Police Collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"\"NERSOU\". NERSOU. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nersou.org.uk/","url_text":"\"NERSOU\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Regional Organised Crime Unit SEROCU\". Serocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serocu.org.uk/default.aspx","url_text":"\"South East Regional Organised Crime Unit SEROCU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Tarian ROCU. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tarianrocu.org.uk/index.php?id=1","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"TITAN – North West Regional Organised Crime Unit\". Titanrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.titanrocu.org.uk/","url_text":"\"TITAN – North West Regional Organised Crime Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Midlands ROCU\". Wmrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wmrocu.org.uk/","url_text":"\"West Midlands ROCU\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZEPHYR\". Zephyrswrocu.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zephyrswrocu.org.uk/","url_text":"\"ZEPHYR\""}]},{"reference":"\"The official UK Government global security event takes place 6–8 March 2018\". Security and Policing 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704003838/http://www.securityandpolicing.co.uk/regional-organised-crime-units-rocus/","url_text":"\"The official UK Government global security event takes place 6–8 March 2018\""},{"url":"http://www.securityandpolicing.co.uk/regional-organised-crime-units-rocus/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency inspection An inspection of the National Crime Agency's criminal intelligence function\" (PDF). Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets-hmicfrs.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/uploads/an-inspection-of-the-national-crime-agency-criminal-intelligence-function.pdf","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency inspection An inspection of the National Crime Agency's criminal intelligence function\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCA statement\". Nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/384-nca-statement","url_text":"\"NCA statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appeal after shots are fired at National Crime Agency officers – Metropolitan Police Service\". Content.met.police.uk. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.met.police.uk/Appeal/Appeal-after-shots-are-fired-at-National-Crime-Agency-officers/1400024218633/1257246745782","url_text":"\"Appeal after shots are fired at National Crime Agency officers – Metropolitan Police Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation launched after shootout between NCA and civilians\". Londonlive.co.uk. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonlive.co.uk/news/investigation-launched-after-shoot-out-between-nca-and-civilians","url_text":"\"Investigation launched after shootout between NCA and civilians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police in second armed operation after Tottenham gunfight – three charged with attempted murder\". Tottenhamjournal.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tottenhamjournal.co.uk/news/crime-court/updated_police_in_second_armed_operation_after_tottenham_gunfight_three_charged_with_attempted_murder_1_3616977","url_text":"\"Police in second armed operation after Tottenham gunfight – three charged with attempted murder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cocaine found on cape | TradeWinds\". TradeWinds | Latest shipping and maritime news. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140519035915/http://www.tradewindsnews.com/drycargo/337742/cocaine-found-on-cape","url_text":"\"Cocaine found on cape | TradeWinds\""},{"url":"https://www.tradewindsnews.com/dry-cargo/cocaine-found-on-cape/1-1-337742","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Law enforcement and industry collaborate to combat Shylock malware\". National Crime Agency. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/408-law-enforcement-industry-collaborate-to-combat-shylock-malware","url_text":"\"Law enforcement and industry collaborate to combat Shylock malware\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK-wide operation snares 660 suspected paedophiles\". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/411-uk-wide-operation-snares-660-paedophiles","url_text":"\"UK-wide operation snares 660 suspected paedophiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paedophile arrests unprecedented, says Internet Watch Foundation\". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28323929","url_text":"\"Paedophile arrests unprecedented, says Internet Watch Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child abuse image investigation leads to 660 arrests\". BBC News. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28326128","url_text":"\"Child abuse image investigation leads to 660 arrests\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sextortion': NCA releases awareness video\". BBC News. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38156203","url_text":"\"'Sextortion': NCA releases awareness video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sextortion (webcam blackmail)\". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190109072152/http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion","url_text":"\"Sextortion (webcam blackmail)\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation – National Crime Agency\". www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/operation-venetic","url_text":"\"NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation – National Crime Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notorious cyber crime gang Lockbit disrupted by NCA, FBI and international coalition\". Sky News. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/notorious-cybercrime-gang-lockbit-disrupted-by-nca-fbi-and-international-coalition-13075933","url_text":"\"Notorious cyber crime gang Lockbit disrupted by NCA, FBI and international coalition\""}]},{"reference":"Hern, Alex (20 February 2024). \"Seized ransomware network LockBit rewired to expose hackers to world\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/20/uk-and-fbi-lock-cybercrime-group-out-of-lockbit-website","url_text":"\"Seized ransomware network LockBit rewired to expose hackers to world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://nca.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"nca.gov.uk"},{"Link":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/publications/670-nca-annual-plan-2023-24/file#:~:text=NCA%20resource%20and%20budget,-The%20Agency%20started&text=For%202023%2D2024%2C%20the%20Agency's,small%20boats%20and%20economic%20crime.","external_links_name":"\"Annual Plan 2023-2024\""},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html","external_links_name":"\"2011 UK censuses\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html","external_links_name":"\"The National Crime Agency: Does Britain need an FBI?\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10361009/The-National-Crime-Agency-Does-Britain-need-an-FBI.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/22/schedule/3/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Crime and Courts Act 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175909/http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/how-we-are-run","external_links_name":"\"How we are run\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/how-we-are-run","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-crime-agency","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-10768583","external_links_name":"\"Police reform proposals outlined\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-10-07/keith-vaz-questions-if-ncas-budget-will-be-big-enough/","external_links_name":"\"Vaz asks whether the NCA's budget will be big enough\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/graeme-biggar-appointed-nca-director-general","external_links_name":"\"Graeme Biggar appointed NCA Director General\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100726/debtext/100726-0001.htm#10072611000753","external_links_name":"\"Hansard\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13678653","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency details outlined by Theresa May\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/939/939.pdf","external_links_name":"New Landscape of Policing: Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15029166","external_links_name":"\"Met Police counter-terrorism role should end, MPs say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084335/http://www.counterterrorbusiness.com/news/61-uk-news/816-national-crime-agency-could-prove-to-be-expensive-says-hogan-howe","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"http://www.counterterrorbusiness.com/news/61-uk-news/816-national-crime-agency-could-prove-to-be-expensive-says-hogan-howe","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27334811","external_links_name":"\"Strip Met Police of counter-terror duties, say MPs\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/231/23107.htm#a25","external_links_name":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/231/23102.htm","external_links_name":"\"House of Commons – Counter-terrorism – Home Affairs Committee\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/09/police-chiefs-met-counter-terrorism-powers","external_links_name":"\"Police chiefs condemn call to strip Met of counter-terrorism powers\""},{"Link":"http://www.futureforeignpolicy.com/ready-or-not-the-nca-and-counter-terrorism/","external_links_name":"\"Ready or Not? The NCA and Counter-Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141007050138/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e15dc7c0-4ae9-11e4-b1be-00144feab7de.html","external_links_name":"\"Theresa May revives attempt to abolish SFO\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e15dc7c0-4ae9-11e4-b1be-00144feab7de.html#axzz3HT3NP9en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29547445","external_links_name":"\"Theresa May postpones terrorism policing review\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15241052","external_links_name":"\"UK National Crime Agency head to be Keith Bristow\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/crime-and-courts-bill-receives-royal-assent","external_links_name":"\"Crime and Courts Bill receives Royal Assent\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24384152","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: National Crime Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24419507","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency block burdens PSNI says David Ford\""},{"Link":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/governance-and-transparency","external_links_name":"\"NCA Governance and Transparency\""},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/22/section/10","external_links_name":"\"Courts and Crime Act 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/careers/ncaroles/nca-investigator","external_links_name":"\"NCA Investigator\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/careers/benefits-and-support","external_links_name":"\"Benefits and support\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/governance-and-transparency","external_links_name":"\"Governance and transparency\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/557-nca-framework-document/file","external_links_name":"\"Revised Framework document for the National Crime Agency\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/620-nca-fully-operational-in-northern-ireland","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency – NCA fully operational in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/798","external_links_name":"Statutory Instrument 2015 No. 798"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/555-oversight-arrangements-for-nca-in-northern-ireland-1/file","external_links_name":"\"Oversight arrangements for NCA in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://guernsey.police.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=119645&p=0","external_links_name":"\"Media Statement\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.je/Government/FreedomOfInformation/pages/foi.aspx?ReportID=893","external_links_name":"\"Government of Jersey\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/channel/2019-06-12/national-crime-agency-helping-guernsey-police-with-death-of-a-latvian-national","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency helping Guernsey police investigate death of Mikus Alps\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/10/modern-slavery-uk-nca-human-trafficking-prostitution","external_links_name":"\"Tens of thousands of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705203837/https://www.rusi.org/analysis/commentary/ref%3AC551404452168B/","external_links_name":"\"RUSI – Disrupting Organised Crime: Finding the Money\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/feb/17/national-crime-agency-criminal-assets-commons-home-affairs-select-committee-nca","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency must claw back more criminal assets, MPs say\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/uks-national-crime-agency-slammed-by-judge-for-using-unlawful-search-warrants-to-plant-surveillance-device-31220201.html","external_links_name":"\"UK's National Crime Agency slammed by judge for using unlawful search warrants to plant surveillance device\""},{"Link":"https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/our-leadership","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency - Our leadership\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13127143","external_links_name":"\"Secrets of the crime analysts\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/working-in-partnership","external_links_name":"\"NCA – Working in Partnership\""},{"Link":"http://www.ersourocu.org.uk/about.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Us – Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.ersou.police.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Region Special Operations Unit\""},{"Link":"http://www.empcp.org.uk/crime/serious-crime/","external_links_name":"\"Serious Organised Crime – East Midlands Police Collaboration\""},{"Link":"http://www.nersou.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"NERSOU\""},{"Link":"http://www.serocu.org.uk/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"South East Regional Organised Crime Unit SEROCU\""},{"Link":"http://www.tarianrocu.org.uk/index.php?id=1","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.titanrocu.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"TITAN – North West Regional Organised Crime Unit\""},{"Link":"http://www.wmrocu.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"West Midlands ROCU\""},{"Link":"http://www.zephyrswrocu.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"ZEPHYR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704003838/http://www.securityandpolicing.co.uk/regional-organised-crime-units-rocus/","external_links_name":"\"The official UK Government global security event takes place 6–8 March 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.securityandpolicing.co.uk/regional-organised-crime-units-rocus/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://assets-hmicfrs.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/uploads/an-inspection-of-the-national-crime-agency-criminal-intelligence-function.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency inspection An inspection of the National Crime Agency's criminal intelligence function\""},{"Link":"http://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/384-nca-statement","external_links_name":"\"NCA statement\""},{"Link":"http://content.met.police.uk/Appeal/Appeal-after-shots-are-fired-at-National-Crime-Agency-officers/1400024218633/1257246745782","external_links_name":"\"Appeal after shots are fired at National Crime Agency officers – Metropolitan Police Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.londonlive.co.uk/news/investigation-launched-after-shoot-out-between-nca-and-civilians","external_links_name":"\"Investigation launched after shootout between NCA and civilians\""},{"Link":"http://www.tottenhamjournal.co.uk/news/crime-court/updated_police_in_second_armed_operation_after_tottenham_gunfight_three_charged_with_attempted_murder_1_3616977","external_links_name":"\"Police in second armed operation after Tottenham gunfight – three charged with attempted murder\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140519035915/http://www.tradewindsnews.com/drycargo/337742/cocaine-found-on-cape","external_links_name":"\"Cocaine found on cape | TradeWinds\""},{"Link":"https://www.tradewindsnews.com/dry-cargo/cocaine-found-on-cape/1-1-337742","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/408-law-enforcement-industry-collaborate-to-combat-shylock-malware","external_links_name":"\"Law enforcement and industry collaborate to combat Shylock malware\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/news-listings/411-uk-wide-operation-snares-660-paedophiles","external_links_name":"\"UK-wide operation snares 660 suspected paedophiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28323929","external_links_name":"\"Paedophile arrests unprecedented, says Internet Watch Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28326128","external_links_name":"\"Child abuse image investigation leads to 660 arrests\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38156203","external_links_name":"\"'Sextortion': NCA releases awareness video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190109072152/http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion","external_links_name":"\"Sextortion (webcam blackmail)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/crime-threats/kidnap-and-extortion/sextortion","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/operation-venetic","external_links_name":"\"NCA and police smash thousands of criminal conspiracies after infiltration of encrypted communication platform in UK's biggest ever law enforcement operation – National Crime Agency\""},{"Link":"https://news.sky.com/story/notorious-cybercrime-gang-lockbit-disrupted-by-nca-fbi-and-international-coalition-13075933","external_links_name":"\"Notorious cyber crime gang Lockbit disrupted by NCA, FBI and international coalition\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/20/uk-and-fbi-lock-cybercrime-group-out-of-lockbit-website","external_links_name":"\"Seized ransomware network LockBit rewired to expose hackers to world\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://nca.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/consultations/policing-21st-century/","external_links_name":"\"Policing in the 21st century: reconnecting police and the people\""},{"Link":"http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/nca-creation-plan","external_links_name":"\"The National Crime Agency: A plan for the creation of a national crime-fighting ability\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403888738","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sprints | Eastern Sprints | ["1 Participants","2 Location","3 Team cups","4 Course records","5 EARC Varsity Heavyweight 8 Winners","5.1 Overall ranking","5.2 Winners by year","6 EARC Varsity Lightweight 8 Winners","6.1 Overall ranking","6.2 Medals by Year","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | For the women's regatta, see Women's Eastern Sprints.
A race of the 2016 regatta
The Eastern Sprints is the annual rowing championship for the men's Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) in Northeast USA.
Participants
The teams include all of the Ivy League schools as well as others such as Georgetown University, Syracuse University, U.S. Naval Academy, BU, Northeastern, and Wisconsin. In the fall of 2006, The George Washington University and The College of the Holy Cross were given a two-year provisional bid to join the league; both schools became full members of the league. Several members have since left the league, including Rutgers University, George Washington University, and MIT.
Full Members of the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges
Institution
Location
Type
Endowment (millions)
Nickname
Colors
Blade
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts
Private
$3.2 billion (2023)
Terriers
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
Private
$6.6 billion (2023)
Bears
Columbia University
New York, New York
Private
$13.6 billion (2023)
Lions
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Private
$10.0 billion (2023)
Big Red
Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire
Private
$8.5 billion (2021)
Big Green
Georgetown University
Washington, D.C.
Private
$3.3 billion (2023)
Hoyas
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Private
$50.7 billion (2023)
Crimson
College of the Holy Cross
Worcester, Massachusetts
Private
$1.27 billion (2022)
Crusaders
United States Naval Academy
Annapolis, Maryland
Public
N/A
Midshipmen
Northeastern University
Boston, Massachusetts
Private
$1.3 billion (2022)
Huskies
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Private
$21.O billion (2023)
Quakers
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
Private
$35.8 billion (2022)
Tigers
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York
Private
$1.9 billion (2023)
Orange
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
Public
$4.0 billion (2022)
Badgers
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
Private
$54.7 billion (2023)
Bulldogs
Former Members
Institution
Location
Type
Endowment (millions)
Nickname
Colors
George Washington University
Washington, D.C.
Private
$2.6 billion (2023)
Revolutionaries
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Private
$2.6 billion (2023)
Engineers
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Public
$1.98 billion (2022)
Scarlet Knights
Location
The race is held at Regatta Point on Lake Quinsigamond in Worcester, MA in mid to late May. In general, crews compete in a trial heat in the morning, followed by a final (grand, petite, or 3rd level) in the afternoon. Each race is a 2000m race including up to six crews.
Team cups
Since 1946, the Rowe Cup has been awarded to the college whose heavyweight men's crews score the highest combined total number of points in the varsity, junior varsity, and freshman races. Harvard has won the cup the most number of times (27). Princeton has the 2nd most Rowe Cup victories with 9 (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2015, 2016).
Since 1961, the Jope Cup has been awarded to the college whose lightweight men's crews score the highest combined total number of points in the varsity, junior varsity, and freshman races. Harvard has won the cup 22 times. Princeton has won 15 times. The current holder is the University of Pennsylvania, coached by Colin Farrell.
Since 2009, the Joke Cup has been awarded to the college whose fourth varsity lightweight men's crew won its race at Eastern Sprints. The Joke Cup is a reward for the fourth varsity non-Jope Cup qualifying crew that performs the best at the Sprints. It is awarded in secret, given from crew to crew at an undisclosed location. Harvard won the Joke Cup in its inaugural year, 2009. Yale won the cup in 2011, Cornell in 2010, 2012, and 2015. Navy in 2013, and Columbia in 2014. After the third varsity eight became a Jope Cup event for the Kilpatrick Trophy in 2015, the Joke Cup is now passed between fourth varsity eights.
Course records
Boat
Time
School
Year
Event
Heavyweight Varsity 8+
5:23.619
Yale
2023
Grand Final
Lightweight Varsity 8+
5:34.170
Penn
2024
Heat 2
Second Varsity Heavyweight 8+
5:33.357
Harvard
2024
Heat 2
Second Varsity Lightweight 8+
5:40.765
Harvard
2023
Heat 2
Third Varsity Heavyweight 8+
5:37.222
Yale
2023
Grand Final
Third Varsity Lightweight 8+
5:46.708
Cornell
2023
Heat 1
Freshman Heavyweight 8+
5:35.980
Harvard
2001
Grand Final
Freshman Lightweight 8+
5:43.727
Penn
2014
Final
Fourth Varsity Heavyweight 8+
5:38.913
Harvard
2023
Grand Final
Fourth Varsity Lightweight 8+
5:53.769
Cornell
2023
Grand Final
Fifth Varsity Heavyweight 8+
5:40.079
Dartmouth
2023
Grand Final
Fifth Varsity Lightweight 8+
5:50.360
Navy
2023
Grand Final
EARC Varsity Heavyweight 8 Winners
Overall ranking
Rank
University
Times Won
1.
Harvard
29
2.
Yale
13.5
3.
Brown
8
4.
Penn
5.5
5.
Navy
5
5.
Princeton
5
7.
Cornell
4
8.
Wisconsin
3
9.
Northeastern
2
10.
Dartmouth
1
10.
MIT
1
Winners by year
Year
Winner
1946
Wisconsin
1947
Harvard
1948
Harvard
1949
Harvard
1950
MIT
1951
Yale
1952
Navy
1953
Navy
1954
Navy
1955
Penn
1956
Cornell
1957
Cornell
1958
Yale
1959
Harvard
1960
Cornell
1961
Navy
1962
Penn/Yale
1963
Cornell
1964
Harvard
1965
Harvard
1966
Harvard
1967
Harvard
1968
Harvard
1969
Harvard
1970
Harvard
1971
Navy
1972
Northeastern
1973
Northeastern
1974
Harvard
1975
Harvard
1976
Harvard
1977
Harvard
1978
Yale
1979
Yale
1980
Harvard
1981
Yale
1982
Yale
1983
Harvard
1984
Brown
1985
Harvard
1986
Penn
1987
Brown
1988
Harvard
1989
Harvard
1990
Harvard
1991
Penn
1992
Dartmouth
1993
Brown
1994
Brown
1995
Princeton
1996
Penn
1997
Princeton
1998
Penn
1999
Princeton
2000
Brown
2001
Princeton
2002
Wisconsin
2003
Harvard
2004
Harvard
2005
Harvard
2006
Princeton
2007
Harvard
2008
Wisconsin
2009
Brown
2010
Harvard
2011
Harvard
2012
Brown
2013
Harvard
2014
Harvard
2015
Yale
2016
Yale
2017
Yale
2018
Yale
2019
Yale
2020
No Race
2021
No Race
2022
Yale
2023
Yale
2024
Brown
EARC Varsity Lightweight 8 Winners
Overall ranking
Rank
University
Times Won
1.
Harvard
28
2.
Princeton
16
3.
Cornell
11.3
4.
Yale
9
5.
Penn
5
6.
Dartmouth
3
7.
Columbia
2
9.
Navy
1.3
9.
MIT
1.3
Medals by Year
1946-1994
Gold
1946
Harvard
1947
Harvard
1948
Princeton
1949
Cornell
1950
Yale
1951
Penn
1952
Penn
1953
Princeton
1954
MIT
1955
Penn
1956
Princeton
1957
Princeton
1958
Harvard
1959
Harvard
1960
Harvard
1961
Harvard
1962
Cornell-MIT-Navy
1963
Cornell
1964
Cornell
1965
Cornell
1966
Harvard
1967
Cornell
1968
Harvard
1969
Harvard
1970
Harvard
1971
Harvard
1972
Harvard
1973
Princeton
1974
Harvard
1975
Harvard
1976
Penn
1977
Harvard
1978
Harvard
1979
Yale
1980
Harvard
1981
Princeton
1982
Harvard
1983
Princeton
1984
Yale
1985
Princeton
1986
Princeton
1987
Yale
1988
Harvard
1989
Harvard
1990
Yale
1991
Harvard
1992
Cornell
1993
Dartmouth
1994
Dartmouth
1995-2024
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1995
Harvard
Yale
Princeton
1996
Princeton
Harvard
Yale
1997
Harvard
Yale
Princeton
1998
Princeton
Harvard
Yale
1999
Princeton
Columbia
Harvard
2000
Columbia
Yale
Harvard
2001
Yale
Dartmouth
Harvard
2002
Yale
Princeton
Cornell
2003
Princeton
Columbia
Yale
2004
Navy
Harvard
Georgetown
2005
Harvard
Yale
Cornell
2006
Cornell
Navy
Yale
2007
Dartmouth
Cornell
Princeton
2008
Cornell
Princeton
Yale
2009
Princeton
Harvard
Georgetown
2010
Princeton
Harvard
Yale
2011
Harvard
Dartmouth
Yale
2012
Harvard
Dartmouth
Princeton
2013
Harvard
Yale
Dartmouth
2014
Cornell
Yale
Princeton
2015
Cornell
Columbia
Princeton
2016
Yale
Columbia
Princeton
2017
Cornell
Harvard
Pennsylvania
2018
Columbia
Princeton
Pennsylvania
2019
Pennsylvania
Yale
Navy
2020
No Race
No Race
No Race
2021
No Race
No Race
No Race
2022
Yale
Navy
Georgetown
2023
Princeton
Harvard
Navy
2024
Harvard
Pennsylvania
Princeton
See also
National Collegiate Rowing Championship
References
^ "ACRA Enters a New Era, Part 1: The Formation of ACRA". row2k.com. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
^ Goff, Steven (2020-08-01). "George Washington University will drop seven sports amid economic fallout". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
^ "ivyleaguesports" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2004. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ "Harvard Lightweight Crew". Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ "Harvard Lightweight Crew". Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ "Eastern Sprints Regatta Results". earc.qra.org. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
External links
Unofficial historical results from Quinsigamond Rowing Association
Pictures from Eastern Sprints by year
vteRowingAustralian rowing
Rowing Australia
Rowing Championships
Head of the River
Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)
King's Cup
Head of the River (New South Wales)
Head of the River (Victoria)
Head of the River (Western Australia)
Canadian rowing
Canadian Henley
Rowing Canada Aviron
Secondary School Rowing Association
University Rowing Association
Head of the Trent
New Zealand rowing
List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics
Maadi Cup
Rowing New Zealand
The Great Race
UK rowing
Boston Marathon
British Rowing
British Rowing Championships
Head of the River Race
Henley Boat Races
Henley Women's Regatta
National Schools' Regatta
Schools' Head of the River Race
Scottish Boat Race
Scottish Rowing
The Boat Race
University rowing
Welsh Rowing
Wingfield Sculls
Women's Boat Race
Women's Eights Head of the River Race
Henley Royal Regatta
Grand Challenge Cup
Stewards' Challenge Cup
Queen Mother Challenge Cup
Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup
Double Sculls Challenge Cup
Diamond Challenge Sculls
Ladies' Challenge Plate
Visitors' Challenge Cup
Prince of Wales Challenge Cup
Thames Challenge Cup
Wyfold Challenge Cup
Britannia Challenge Cup
Temple Challenge Cup
Prince Albert Challenge Cup
Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup
Fawley Challenge Cup
Remenham Challenge Cup
Princess Grace Challenge Cup
Princess Royal Challenge Cup
US rowing
College rowing
CRASH-B Sprints
Dad Vail Regatta
Eastern Sprints
Harvard–Yale Regatta
Head of the Charles Regatta
Head of the Fish
Head of the Hooch
Head of the Ohio
Head of the Schuylkill Regatta
Poughkeepsie Regatta
Scholastic Rowing Association of America
Stotesbury Cup
NCAA Division I Rowing Championship
Intercollegiate Rowing Association
American Collegiate Rowing Association
World Rowing Federation events
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games
World Rowing Championships
World Rowing Cup
World Rowing Junior Championships
World Rowing U23 Championships
European Rowing Championships
Asian Rowing Championships
Universiade
Pan American Games
African Games
Commonwealth Games
Types of rowing
Bumps race
Coastal
Indoor rower
Lightweight
Para
Racing shell
Sculling
Stern sculling
Sweep
Rowing tank
Women's
Lists
Glossary of rowing terms
Club oars
National oars
Rowing boat manufacturers
Rowing venues
School and university oars
World best times
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Eastern Sprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Eastern_Sprints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Eastern_Sprints.jpg"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges"}],"text":"For the women's regatta, see Women's Eastern Sprints.A race of the 2016 regattaThe Eastern Sprints is the annual rowing championship for the men's Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) in Northeast USA.","title":"Eastern Sprints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orange"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen"},{"link_name":"BU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Northeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"The George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"The teams include all of the Ivy League schools as well as others such as Georgetown University, Syracuse University, U.S. Naval Academy, BU, Northeastern, and Wisconsin. In the fall of 2006, The George Washington University and The College of the Holy Cross were given a two-year provisional bid to join the league; both schools became full members of the league. Several members have since left the league, including Rutgers University,[1] George Washington University,[2] and MIT.Full Members of the Eastern Association of Rowing CollegesFormer Members","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Quinsigamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Quinsigamond"},{"link_name":"Worcester, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_MA"}],"text":"The race is held at Regatta Point on Lake Quinsigamond in Worcester, MA in mid to late May. In general, crews compete in a trial heat in the morning, followed by a final (grand, petite, or 3rd level) in the afternoon. Each race is a 2000m race including up to six crews.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jope Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jope_Cup"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Colin Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Farrell_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Joke Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joke_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Since 1946, the Rowe Cup has been awarded to the college whose heavyweight men's crews score the highest combined total number of points in the varsity, junior varsity, and freshman races. Harvard has won the cup the most number of times (27). Princeton has the 2nd most Rowe Cup victories with 9 (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2015, 2016).Since 1961, the Jope Cup has been awarded to the college whose lightweight men's crews score the highest combined total number of points in the varsity, junior varsity, and freshman races. Harvard has won the cup 22 times. Princeton has won 15 times. The current holder is the University of Pennsylvania, coached by Colin Farrell.Since 2009, the Joke Cup has been awarded to the college whose fourth varsity lightweight men's crew won its race at Eastern Sprints. The Joke Cup is a reward for the fourth varsity non-Jope Cup qualifying crew that performs the best at the Sprints. It is awarded in secret, given from crew to crew at an undisclosed location. Harvard won the Joke Cup in its inaugural year, 2009. Yale won the cup in 2011, Cornell in 2010, 2012, and 2015. Navy in 2013, and Columbia in 2014. After the third varsity eight became a Jope Cup event for the Kilpatrick Trophy in 2015, the Joke Cup is now passed between fourth varsity eights.","title":"Team cups"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Course records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EARC Varsity Heavyweight 8 Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overall ranking","title":"EARC Varsity Heavyweight 8 Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Winners by year","text":"[3]","title":"EARC Varsity Heavyweight 8 Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EARC Varsity Lightweight 8 Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overall ranking","title":"EARC Varsity Lightweight 8 Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Medals by Year","text":"[4][5][6]","title":"EARC Varsity Lightweight 8 Winners"}] | [{"image_text":"A race of the 2016 regatta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2016_Eastern_Sprints.jpg/330px-2016_Eastern_Sprints.jpg"}] | [{"title":"National Collegiate Rowing Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Rowing_Championship"}] | [{"reference":"\"ACRA Enters a New Era, Part 1: The Formation of ACRA\". row2k.com. Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.row2k.com/features/6116/acra-enters-a-new-era-part-1-the-formation-of-acra/","url_text":"\"ACRA Enters a New Era, Part 1: The Formation of ACRA\""}]},{"reference":"Goff, Steven (2020-08-01). \"George Washington University will drop seven sports amid economic fallout\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/31/george-washington-university-will-drop-seven-sports-amid-economic-fallout/","url_text":"\"George Washington University will drop seven sports amid economic fallout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"ivyleaguesports\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2004. Retrieved 2007-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041031092619/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/rb-0304-rowing.pdf","url_text":"\"ivyleaguesports\""},{"url":"http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/rb-0304-rowing.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206163831/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","url_text":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\""},{"url":"http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2007-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206163831/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","url_text":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\""},{"url":"http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Sprints Regatta Results\". earc.qra.org. Retrieved 2024-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://earc.qra.org/","url_text":"\"Eastern Sprints Regatta Results\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.row2k.com/features/6116/acra-enters-a-new-era-part-1-the-formation-of-acra/","external_links_name":"\"ACRA Enters a New Era, Part 1: The Formation of ACRA\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/31/george-washington-university-will-drop-seven-sports-amid-economic-fallout/","external_links_name":"\"George Washington University will drop seven sports amid economic fallout\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041031092619/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/rb-0304-rowing.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ivyleaguesports\""},{"Link":"http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/rb-0304-rowing.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206163831/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\""},{"Link":"http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070206163831/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","external_links_name":"\"Harvard Lightweight Crew\""},{"Link":"http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hltcrew/hvlrecord.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://earc.qra.org/","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Sprints Regatta Results\""},{"Link":"https://earc.qra.org/","external_links_name":"Unofficial historical results"},{"Link":"http://www.sportgraphics.com/","external_links_name":"Pictures from Eastern Sprints by year"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Pfeiffer | Eckhard Pfeiffer | ["1 Personal life","2 Compaq","2.1 Ascension to CEO","2.2 Market dominance","2.3 Management shuffle","2.4 Acquisitions","2.5 Ouster","2.6 Aftermath","3 Post-Compaq activities","4 References","5 External links"] | German businessman
Eckhard Pfeiffer (born August 20, 1941, in Lauban, Germany ) is a businessman of German ancestry, who served as president and CEO of Compaq from 1991 to 1999. He was named as one of Time's "Cyber Elite Top 50" for 1998.
Personal life
Pfeiffer's father was a prisoner of war during World War II, while Pfeiffer and his mother fled the advancing Soviet troops.
He graduated from Kaufmännische Berufsschule in 1963, and later received his MBA from Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
He is a fan of fast cars and has owned a Porsche 911 Turbo and a 1962 roadster version of the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.
Compaq
Pfeiffer joined Texas Instruments as a financial controller in Munich after graduation, and later became head of the company's European marketing division.
Pfeiffer joined Compaq from Texas Instruments, and established operations from scratch in both Europe and Asia. Pfeiffer was given US$20,000 to start up Compaq Europe. He opened up Compaq's first overseas office in Munich in 1984. By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues.
When Michael S. Swavely retired as president of Compaq's North American division on July 12, 1991, Pfeiffer was named to succeed him. Pfeiffer also received the title of Chief Operating Officer.
Ascension to CEO
Pfeiffer became president and CEO of Compaq in 1991, as a result of a boardroom coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen that forced co-founder Rod Canion to resign as president and CEO. Canion had allowed competitors such as Dell Computer, AST Research, and Gateway 2000 to undercut Compaq with cheaper offerings, that led to a $71 million loss for that quarter, Compaq's first loss as a company. An analyst stated that "Compaq has made a lot of tactical errors in the last year and a half. They were trend-setters; now they are lagging".
Rosen and Canion had disagreed about how to counter the cheaper Asian PC imports, as Canion wanted Compaq to build lower cost PCs in-house, while Rosen believed that Compaq needed to buy standard components from suppliers and reach the market faster. While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative. In addition, it was believed that Canion's consensus-style management slowed the company's ability to react in the market, whereas Pfeiffer's autocratic style would be suited to price and product competition. Rosen initiated a 14-hour board meeting, and the directors also interviewed Pfeiffer for several hours without Canion's knowledge. At the conclusion, the board was unanimous in picking Pfeiffer over Canion.
Canion declined an offer to remain on Compaq's board and was bitter about his ouster as he didn't speak to Rosen for years, although their relationship became cordial again. In 1999, Canion admitted that his ouster was justified, saying "I was burned out. I needed to leave. He felt I didn't have a strong sense of urgency". Two weeks after Canion's ouster, five other senior executives resigned, including remaining company founder James C. Harris as SVP of engineering. These departures were motivated by an enhanced severance or early retirement, as well as an imminent demotion as their functions were to be shifted to vice presidents.
Market dominance
Under Pfeiffer's tenure as chief executive, Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Presario which made them one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The two price wars resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors from the market, such as Packard Bell, and by 1994 Compaq had overtaken Apple Computer and even surpassed I.B.M. as the top PC manufacturer. Compaq's inventory and gross margins were better than that of its rivals which enabled it wage the price wars.
Management shuffle
In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. Pfeiffer's vision was to move Compaq beyond its main business of manufacturing retail PCs and into the more lucrative business services and solutions that IBM did well at. Earl Mason, hired from Inland Steel effective in May 1996, immediately made an impact as the new CFO. Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from $700 million to nearly $5 billion in one year. Also Compaq's return on invested capital (after-tax operating profit divided by operating assets) has doubled to 50 percent from 25 percent in that period.
Acquisitions
Pfeiffer also made several major acquisitions. In 1997, Compaq bought Tandem Computers, known for their NonStop server line. This acquisition instantly gave Compaq a presence in the higher end business computing market. In 1998, Compaq acquired Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading company in the previous generation of computing during the 1970s and early 1980s. This acquisition made Compaq, at the time, the world's second largest computer maker in the world in terms of revenue behind I.B.M.
However, Pfeiffer had little vision for what the combined companies should do, or indeed how the three dramatically different cultures could work as a single entity, and Compaq struggled as a result of a strategy that had the company caught in between the low end and high end of the market. Mark Anderson, president of Strategic News Service, a research firm based in Friday Harbor, Wash. was quoted as saying "The kind of goals he had sounded good to shareholders -- like being a $50 billion company by the year 2000, or to beat I.B.M. -- but they didn't have anything to do with customers. The new C.E.O. should look at everything Eckhard acquired and ask: did the customer benefit from that. If the answer isn't yes, they should get rid of it." On one hand, Compaq struggled to compete in the PC market with the Dell Computer Corporation, which sold directly to buyers, avoiding the dealer channel and its markup, and built each machine to order to keep inventories and costs at a minimum. At the same time, Compaq, though its acquisitions of the Digital Equipment Corporation last year and Tandem Computer in 1997, has tried to become a major systems company, like I.B.M. and Hewlett-Packard.
Ouster
By summer 1998, Compaq was suffering from product-quality problems. Pfeiffer also refused to develop a potential successor, rebuffing Rosen's suggestion to recruit a few executives to create the position of Compaq president. The board complained that Pfeiffer was too removed from management and the troops, as he surrounded himself with a "clique" of Chief Financial Officer Earl Mason, Senior Vice-president John Rose, and Human Resources Chief Hans Gutsch.
On April 17, 1999, just nine days after Compaq reported first-quarter profit being at half of what analysts had expected, the latest in a string of earnings disappointments, Pfeiffer was forced to resign as CEO in a coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen. Reportedly, at the special board meeting held on April 15, the directors were unanimous in dismissing Pfeiffer. During three out of the last six quarters of Pfeiffer's tenure, the company's revenues or earnings had missed expectations. While rival Dell Computer had 55% growth in U.S. PC sales in the first quarter of 1999, Compaq could only manage 10%. Rosen suggested that the accelerating change brought about by the Internet had overtaken Compaq's management team, saying "As a company engaged in transforming its industry for the Internet era, we must have the organizational flexibility necessary to move at Internet speed." In a statement, Pfeiffer said "Compaq has come a long way since I joined the company in 1983" and "under Ben's guidance, I know this company will realize its potential." Rosen's priority was to have Compaq catchup as an E-commerce competitor, and he also moved to streamline operations and reduce the indecision that plagued the company.
Pfeiffer received $6 million in severance pay, and received $70 million worth of stock options that vested immediately as a result of his forced resignation. At the time of his departure, Pfeiffer held 9.5 million exercisable options valued at nearly $340 million which vested but Pfeiffer had not yet cashed the options.
Aftermath
Rosen assumed the capacity of interim CEO and began "cleaning house", as shortly afterward many of Pfeiffer's top executives resigned or were pushed out, including John Rando, Earl Mason, and John Rose. Rando, senior vice president and general manager of Compaq Services, had been said to be the heir-apparent to Pfeiffer. His division had performed strongly as it had sales of $1.6 billion for the first quarter compared to $113 million in 1998, which met expectations and was anticipated to post accelerated and profitable growth going forward. CFO Mason, who had previously been offered the job of chief executive of a company outside the personal computer industry, informed Compaq's board that he accepted the offer. Rose, head of Compaq's Enterprise Computing group, was reportedly upset that he was not considered for the CEO vacancy; his division reportedly accounted for one third of Compaq's revenues and likely the largest part of its profits.
Pfeiffer's permanent replacement was Michael Capellas, who had been serving as Compaq's CIO. Immediately after Pfeiffer's ouster, Capellas was elevated to interim chief operating officer by Rosen, and after several months Capellas was made president and CEO, also assuming the title of chairman on September 28, 2000, when Rosen retired from the board of directors. Capellas was able to restore some of the luster lost in the latter part of the Pfeiffer era and he repaired the relationship with Microsoft which had deteriorated under his predecessor's tenure, but the company still struggled against lower-cost competitors such as Dell who took over the top spot of PC manufacturer from Compaq in 2001.
Post-Compaq activities
Pfeiffer was one of the founders of Accoona, an Internet search engine provider, and has been its chairman since December 2004.
Pfeiffer serves on the boards of several major corporations including Ericsson, and DirecTV.
References
^ "Ex-Compaq Chief Takes a New Job". The New York Times. October 1, 1999.
^ Lewis, Peter H. (October 25, 1992). "Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'". The New York Times.
^ a b "Pfeiffer, Eckhard | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
^ "Ceo Driving Compaq to Top".
^ Lewis, Peter H. (October 25, 1992). "Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'". The New York Times.
^ a b c Hayes, Thomas C. (October 26, 1991). "No Headline". The New York Times.
^ Hayes, Thomas C. "A Retirement at Compaq". The New York Times.
^ "Company News; Compaq Payment To Former Chief". The New York Times. April 2, 1992.
^ a b c d Zuckerman, Laurence (June 16, 1997). "Compaq Computer Looks Back and Sees the Competition Gaining". The New York Times.
^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (November 6, 1991). "Compaq Computer Outlines New Lower-Cost Approach". The New York Times.
^ "Joseph R. 'Rod' Canion". Entrepreneur. (October 10, 2008). Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ a b c d Ben Rosen: The Lion in Winter Archived September 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. BusinessWeek (July 26, 1999). Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (August 16, 1994). "Company News; Wide Range Of Price Cuts By Compaq". The New York Times.
^ Zuckerman, Laurence (October 25, 1996). "Compaq Shakes Up Its Top Management". The New York Times.
^ a b "Merging information technology and cultures at Compaq-Digital : Case study". 2001.
^ a b Hansell, Saul (April 25, 1999). "Business; Compaq at a Crossroad: The Challenges for the Next Chief". The New York Times.
^ a b Fisher, Lawrence M. (April 20, 1999). "Reinventing Compaq: Tasks for Next Chief". The New York Times.
^ Hansell, Saul. "Articles About Eckhard Pfeiffer". The New York Times.
^ "Compaq Computer Ousts Chief Executive". The New York Times. April 19, 1999.
^ "Pfeiffer to get at least $6 million severance".
^ Compaq management exodus cranking up - CNET News. News.cnet.com. Retrieved on July 17, 2013.
^ Compaq exec steps down - CNET News. News.cnet.com. Retrieved on July 17, 2013.
^ a b "Another Top Exec Hits the Road at Compaq". Computergram International. 1999.
^ News, Technology News, Videos, Podcasts | HP Newsroom. H41131.www4.hp.com. Retrieved on July 17, 2013.
^ Gaither, Chris (April 24, 2001). "Technology; Compaq's Results Fall Short of Estimates". The New York Times.
External links
Accoona press release on naming Pfeiffer as chairman, December 3, 2004
Compaq profile, 1998
"Cyber Elite: Eckhard Pfeiffer". Time. 1998.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
vteCompaq
Acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2002; existing product lines and intellectual property split between HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise in 2015
CorporateaspectsFounders
Rod Canion
Jim Harris
Bill Murto
Directors
Ben Rosen
Michael Capellas
Executiveofficers
Rod Canion
Eckhard Pfeiffer
Ben Rosen
Michael Capellas
Acquisitions
Microcom (1997)
Tandem Computers (1997)
DEC (1998)
Zip2 (1999)
HardwarePre-acquisition(1982–2002)Servers
SystemPro XL
ProLiant
NonStop
AlphaServer
Workstations
SystemPro
ProSignia
Professional Workstation
AlphaStation
DesktopsBusiness
ProLinea
Deskpro
386
Evo
Consumer
Presario
LaptopsClassic
Portable
1st generation
Plus
286
II
III
386
486
SLT
LTE
1st generation
Lite
Elite
5000 series
Contura
Business
ProSignia
Armada
Evo
Consumer
Presario
1200
Internet appliances
MSN Companion
iPAQ desktop
Handheldsand sub-notebooks
Concerto
Contura Aero
Aero
C series
tc1000
iPAQ handheld
Post-acquisition(2002–2013)Servers
HP ProLiant
HP NonStop
Laptopsand desktopsHigh-end
HP Compaq (2003–2007)
HP Compaq Elite (2007–2012)
Low-end
Compaq Presario (2003–2013)
R3000
HP Compaq Pro (2007–2013)
Handhelds
HP iPAQ
HP Compaq TC
Instruction setarchitectures
DEC Alpha
Software
AltaVista
OpenVMS
TACL
Tru64 UNIX
DEC hardware
video terminals
DEC operating systems
HP | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Lubań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Compaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"}],"text":"Eckhard Pfeiffer (born August 20, 1941, in Lauban, Germany [now Lubań, Poland]) is a businessman of German ancestry, who served as president and CEO of Compaq from 1991 to 1999.[1] He was named as one of Time's \"Cyber Elite Top 50\" for 1998.","title":"Eckhard Pfeiffer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"fled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"Porsche 911 Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911_Turbo"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 300 SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pfeiffer's father was a prisoner of war during World War II, while Pfeiffer and his mother fled the advancing Soviet troops.[2]He graduated from Kaufmännische Berufsschule in 1963, and later received his MBA from Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.[3]He is a fan of fast cars and has owned a Porsche 911 Turbo and a 1962 roadster version of the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"Compaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayes1991-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pfeiffer joined Texas Instruments as a financial controller in Munich after graduation, and later became head of the company's European marketing division.[3]Pfeiffer joined Compaq from Texas Instruments, and established operations from scratch in both Europe and Asia. Pfeiffer was given US$20,000 to start up Compaq Europe. He opened up Compaq's first overseas office in Munich in 1984. By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues.[5][6]When Michael S. Swavely retired as president of Compaq's North American division on July 12, 1991, Pfeiffer was named to succeed him. Pfeiffer also received the title of Chief Operating Officer.[7]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_M._Rosen"},{"link_name":"Rod Canion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Canion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dell Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Computer"},{"link_name":"AST Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST_Research"},{"link_name":"Gateway 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_2000"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerman1997-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayes1991-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hayes1991-6"},{"link_name":"James C. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harris_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek1999-12"}],"sub_title":"Ascension to CEO","text":"Pfeiffer became president and CEO of Compaq in 1991, as a result of a boardroom coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen that forced co-founder Rod Canion to resign as president and CEO.[8] Canion had allowed competitors such as Dell Computer, AST Research, and Gateway 2000 to undercut Compaq with cheaper offerings, that led to a $71 million loss for that quarter, Compaq's first loss as a company.[9] An analyst stated that \"Compaq has made a lot of tactical errors in the last year and a half. They were trend-setters; now they are lagging\".[10]Rosen and Canion had disagreed about how to counter the cheaper Asian PC imports, as Canion wanted Compaq to build lower cost PCs in-house, while Rosen believed that Compaq needed to buy standard components from suppliers and reach the market faster. While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative.[11] In addition, it was believed that Canion's consensus-style management slowed the company's ability to react in the market, whereas Pfeiffer's autocratic style would be suited to price and product competition. Rosen initiated a 14-hour board meeting, and the directors also interviewed Pfeiffer for several hours without Canion's knowledge. At the conclusion, the board was unanimous in picking Pfeiffer over Canion.[6]Canion declined an offer to remain on Compaq's board[6] and was bitter about his ouster as he didn't speak to Rosen for years, although their relationship became cordial again. In 1999, Canion admitted that his ouster was justified, saying \"I was burned out. I needed to leave. He [Rosen] felt I didn't have a strong sense of urgency\". Two weeks after Canion's ouster, five other senior executives resigned, including remaining company founder James C. Harris as SVP of engineering. These departures were motivated by an enhanced severance or early retirement, as well as an imminent demotion as their functions were to be shifted to vice presidents.[12]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presario"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"Cyrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrix"},{"link_name":"Packard Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Bell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerman1997-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Market dominance","text":"Under Pfeiffer's tenure as chief executive, Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Presario which made them one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The two price wars resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors from the market, such as Packard Bell, and by 1994 Compaq had overtaken Apple Computer and even surpassed I.B.M. as the top PC manufacturer. Compaq's inventory and gross margins were better than that of its rivals which enabled it wage the price wars.[9][13]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerman1997-9"}],"sub_title":"Management shuffle","text":"In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks.[14] Pfeiffer's vision was to move Compaq beyond its main business of manufacturing retail PCs and into the more lucrative business services and solutions that IBM did well at. Earl Mason, hired from Inland Steel effective in May 1996, immediately made an impact as the new CFO. Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from $700 million to nearly $5 billion in one year. Also Compaq's return on invested capital (after-tax operating profit divided by operating assets) has doubled to 50 percent from 25 percent in that period.[9]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tandem Computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_Computers"},{"link_name":"NonStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"I.B.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B.M."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zuckerman1997-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"Dell Computer Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Computer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansell1999-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher1999-17"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"Pfeiffer also made several major acquisitions. In 1997, Compaq bought Tandem Computers, known for their NonStop server line. This acquisition instantly gave Compaq a presence in the higher end business computing market. In 1998, Compaq acquired Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading company in the previous generation of computing during the 1970s and early 1980s.[15] This acquisition made Compaq, at the time, the world's second largest computer maker in the world in terms of revenue behind I.B.M.[9]However, Pfeiffer had little vision for what the combined companies should do, or indeed how the three dramatically different cultures could work as a single entity, and Compaq struggled as a result of a strategy that had the company caught in between the low end and high end of the market.[15] Mark Anderson, president of Strategic News Service, a research firm based in Friday Harbor, Wash. was quoted as saying \"The kind of goals he had sounded good to shareholders -- like being a $50 billion company by the year 2000, or to beat I.B.M. -- but they didn't have anything to do with customers. The new C.E.O. should look at everything Eckhard acquired and ask: did the customer benefit from that. If the answer isn't yes, they should get rid of it.\" On one hand, Compaq struggled to compete in the PC market with the Dell Computer Corporation, which sold directly to buyers, avoiding the dealer channel and its markup, and built each machine to order to keep inventories and costs at a minimum. At the same time, Compaq, though its acquisitions of the Digital Equipment Corporation last year and Tandem Computer in 1997, has tried to become a major systems company, like I.B.M. and Hewlett-Packard.[16][17]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek1999-12"},{"link_name":"Ben Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_M._Rosen"},{"link_name":"Dell Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Computer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek1999-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansell1999-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher1999-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessweek1999-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ouster","text":"By summer 1998, Compaq was suffering from product-quality problems. Pfeiffer also refused to develop a potential successor, rebuffing Rosen's suggestion to recruit a few executives to create the position of Compaq president. The board complained that Pfeiffer was too removed from management and the troops, as he surrounded himself with a \"clique\" of Chief Financial Officer Earl Mason, Senior Vice-president John Rose, and Human Resources Chief Hans Gutsch.\n[12]On April 17, 1999, just nine days after Compaq reported first-quarter profit being at half of what analysts had expected, the latest in a string of earnings disappointments, Pfeiffer was forced to resign as CEO in a coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen. Reportedly, at the special board meeting held on April 15, the directors were unanimous in dismissing Pfeiffer. During three out of the last six quarters of Pfeiffer's tenure, the company's revenues or earnings had missed expectations. While rival Dell Computer had 55% growth in U.S. PC sales in the first quarter of 1999, Compaq could only manage 10%.[12][16][17][18] Rosen suggested that the accelerating change brought about by the Internet had overtaken Compaq's management team, saying \"As a company engaged in transforming its industry for the Internet era, we must have the organizational flexibility necessary to move at Internet speed.\" In a statement, Pfeiffer said \"Compaq has come a long way since I joined the company in 1983\" and \"under Ben's guidance, I know this company will realize its potential.\"[19] Rosen's priority was to have Compaq catchup as an E-commerce competitor, and he also moved to streamline operations and reduce the indecision that plagued the company.[12]Pfeiffer received $6 million in severance pay, and received $70 million worth of stock options that vested immediately as a result of his forced resignation. At the time of his departure, Pfeiffer held 9.5 million exercisable options valued at nearly $340 million which vested but Pfeiffer had not yet cashed the options.[20]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findarticles1999-23"},{"link_name":"Michael Capellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Capellas"},{"link_name":"CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findarticles1999-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Rosen assumed the capacity of interim CEO and began \"cleaning house\", as shortly afterward many of Pfeiffer's top executives resigned or were pushed out, including John Rando, Earl Mason, and John Rose. Rando, senior vice president and general manager of Compaq Services, had been said to be the heir-apparent to Pfeiffer. His division had performed strongly as it had sales of $1.6 billion for the first quarter compared to $113 million in 1998, which met expectations and was anticipated to post accelerated and profitable growth going forward. CFO Mason, who had previously been offered the job of chief executive of a company outside the personal computer industry, informed Compaq's board that he accepted the offer.[21][22] Rose, head of Compaq's Enterprise Computing group, was reportedly upset that he was not considered for the CEO vacancy; his division reportedly accounted for one third of Compaq's revenues and likely the largest part of its profits.[23]Pfeiffer's permanent replacement was Michael Capellas, who had been serving as Compaq's CIO. Immediately after Pfeiffer's ouster, Capellas was elevated to interim chief operating officer by Rosen,[23] and after several months Capellas was made president and CEO, also assuming the title of chairman on September 28, 2000, when Rosen retired from the board of directors.[24] Capellas was able to restore some of the luster lost in the latter part of the Pfeiffer era and he repaired the relationship with Microsoft which had deteriorated under his predecessor's tenure, but the company still struggled against lower-cost competitors such as Dell who took over the top spot of PC manufacturer from Compaq in 2001.[25]","title":"Compaq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accoona"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"}],"text":"Pfeiffer was one of the founders of Accoona, an Internet search engine provider, and has been its chairman since December 2004.Pfeiffer serves on the boards of several major corporations including Ericsson, and DirecTV.","title":"Post-Compaq activities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ex-Compaq Chief Takes a New Job\". The New York Times. October 1, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Peter H. (October 25, 1992). \"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/business/sound-bytes-he-who-fielded-compaq-s-swat-team.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","url_text":"\"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pfeiffer, Eckhard | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/economics-magazines/pfeiffer-eckhard","url_text":"\"Pfeiffer, Eckhard | Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceo Driving Compaq to Top\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1998-01-11-9801090380-story.html","url_text":"\"Ceo Driving Compaq to Top\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Peter H. (October 25, 1992). \"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/business/sound-bytes-he-who-fielded-compaq-s-swat-team.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Thomas C. (October 26, 1991). \"No Headline\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/26/business/no-headline-626391.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","url_text":"\"No Headline\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Thomas C. \"A Retirement at Compaq\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/p/eckhard_pfeiffer/index.html?offset=10&s=newest","url_text":"\"A Retirement at Compaq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company News; Compaq Payment To Former Chief\". The New York Times. April 2, 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/02/business/company-news-compaq-payment-to-former-chief.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Company News; Compaq Payment To Former Chief\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerman, Laurence (June 16, 1997). \"Compaq Computer Looks Back and Sees the Competition Gaining\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/16/business/compaq-computer-looks-back-and-sees-the-competition-gaining.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm","url_text":"\"Compaq Computer Looks Back and Sees the Competition Gaining\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Lawrence M. (November 6, 1991). \"Compaq Computer Outlines New Lower-Cost Approach\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/06/business/compaq-computer-outlines-new-lower-cost-approach.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Compaq Computer Outlines New Lower-Cost Approach\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Lawrence M. (August 16, 1994). \"Company News; Wide Range Of Price Cuts By Compaq\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/16/business/company-news-wide-range-of-price-cuts-by-compaq.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Company News; Wide Range Of Price Cuts By Compaq\""}]},{"reference":"Zuckerman, Laurence (October 25, 1996). \"Compaq Shakes Up Its Top Management\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/business/compaq-shakes-up-its-top-management.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Compaq Shakes Up Its Top Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merging information technology and cultures at Compaq-Digital : Case study\". 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/merginginformati00ross/merginginformati00ross_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Merging information technology and cultures at Compaq-Digital : Case study\""}]},{"reference":"Hansell, Saul (April 25, 1999). \"Business; Compaq at a Crossroad: The Challenges for the Next Chief\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/25/business/business-compaq-at-a-crossroad-the-challenges-for-the-next-chief.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","url_text":"\"Business; Compaq at a Crossroad: The Challenges for the Next Chief\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Lawrence M. (April 20, 1999). \"Reinventing Compaq: Tasks for Next Chief\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/20/business/reinventing-compaq-tasks-for-next-chief.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","url_text":"\"Reinventing Compaq: Tasks for Next Chief\""}]},{"reference":"Hansell, Saul. \"Articles About Eckhard Pfeiffer\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/p/eckhard_pfeiffer/index.html","url_text":"\"Articles About Eckhard Pfeiffer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compaq Computer Ousts Chief Executive\". The New York Times. April 19, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/19/us/compaq-computer-ousts-chief-executive.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm","url_text":"\"Compaq Computer Ousts Chief Executive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pfeiffer to get at least $6 million severance\".","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/Pfeiffer-to-get-at-least-6-million-severance/2100-1001_3-224708.html","url_text":"\"Pfeiffer to get at least $6 million severance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another Top Exec Hits the Road at Compaq\". Computergram International. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_3676/ai_54809066/","url_text":"\"Another Top Exec Hits the Road at Compaq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computergram_International","url_text":"Computergram International"}]},{"reference":"Gaither, Chris (April 24, 2001). \"Technology; Compaq's Results Fall Short of Estimates\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/business/technology-compaq-s-results-fall-short-of-estimates.html?src=pm","url_text":"\"Technology; Compaq's Results Fall Short of Estimates\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/business/sound-bytes-he-who-fielded-compaq-s-swat-team.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","external_links_name":"\"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/economics-magazines/pfeiffer-eckhard","external_links_name":"\"Pfeiffer, Eckhard | Encyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1998-01-11-9801090380-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Ceo Driving Compaq to Top\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/business/sound-bytes-he-who-fielded-compaq-s-swat-team.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Sound Bytes; He Who Fielded Compaq's 'SWAT Team'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/26/business/no-headline-626391.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","external_links_name":"\"No Headline\""},{"Link":"http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/p/eckhard_pfeiffer/index.html?offset=10&s=newest","external_links_name":"\"A Retirement at Compaq\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/02/business/company-news-compaq-payment-to-former-chief.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Company News; Compaq Payment To Former Chief\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/16/business/compaq-computer-looks-back-and-sees-the-competition-gaining.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Compaq Computer Looks Back and Sees the Competition Gaining\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/06/business/compaq-computer-outlines-new-lower-cost-approach.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Compaq Computer Outlines New Lower-Cost Approach\""},{"Link":"http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/197620","external_links_name":"\"Joseph R. 'Rod' Canion\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_30/b3639001.htm","external_links_name":"Ben Rosen: The Lion in Winter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110909135243/http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_30/b3639001.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/16/business/company-news-wide-range-of-price-cuts-by-compaq.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Company News; Wide Range Of Price Cuts By Compaq\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/business/compaq-shakes-up-its-top-management.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Compaq Shakes Up Its Top Management\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/merginginformati00ross/merginginformati00ross_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Merging information technology and cultures at Compaq-Digital : Case study\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/25/business/business-compaq-at-a-crossroad-the-challenges-for-the-next-chief.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","external_links_name":"\"Business; Compaq at a Crossroad: The Challenges for the Next Chief\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/20/business/reinventing-compaq-tasks-for-next-chief.html?ref=eckhardpfeiffer","external_links_name":"\"Reinventing Compaq: Tasks for Next Chief\""},{"Link":"http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/p/eckhard_pfeiffer/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Articles About Eckhard Pfeiffer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/19/us/compaq-computer-ousts-chief-executive.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Compaq Computer Ousts Chief Executive\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/Pfeiffer-to-get-at-least-6-million-severance/2100-1001_3-224708.html","external_links_name":"\"Pfeiffer to get at least $6 million severance\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/Compaq-management-exodus-cranking-up/2100-1001_3-225696.html","external_links_name":"Compaq management exodus cranking up - CNET News"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/Compaq-exec-steps-down/2100-1001_3-225660.html","external_links_name":"Compaq exec steps down - CNET News"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_3676/ai_54809066/","external_links_name":"\"Another Top Exec Hits the Road at Compaq\""},{"Link":"http://h41131.www4.hp.com/za/en/press/Compaq_Names_Michael_Capellas_Chairman.html","external_links_name":"News, Technology News, Videos, Podcasts | HP Newsroom"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/24/business/technology-compaq-s-results-fall-short-of-estimates.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Technology; Compaq's Results Fall Short of Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061212041952/http://www.accoona.com/about/press/press_release_2004_12_03_001.jsp","external_links_name":"Accoona press release on naming Pfeiffer as chairman, December 3, 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.surferess.com/CEO/html/eckhard_pfeiffer.html","external_links_name":"Compaq profile, 1998"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000819144351/http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/21.html","external_links_name":"\"Cyber Elite: Eckhard Pfeiffer\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7310151247960644270009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycHTbqx6BCmmfW6fRYfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146144725","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_model | Econometric model | ["1 Formal definition","2 Basic models","3 Use in policy-making","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Econometric models are statistical models used in econometrics. An econometric model specifies the statistical relationship that is believed to hold between the various economic quantities pertaining to a particular economic phenomenon. An econometric model can be derived from a deterministic economic model by allowing for uncertainty, or from an economic model which itself is stochastic. However, it is also possible to use econometric models that are not tied to any specific economic theory.
A simple example of an econometric model is one that assumes that monthly spending by consumers is linearly dependent on consumers' income in the previous month. Then the model will consist of the equation
C
t
=
a
+
b
Y
t
−
1
+
e
t
,
{\displaystyle C_{t}=a+bY_{t-1}+e_{t},}
where Ct is consumer spending in month t, Yt-1 is income during the previous month, and et is an error term measuring the extent to which the model cannot fully explain consumption. Then one objective of the econometrician is to obtain estimates of the parameters a and b; these estimated parameter values, when used in the model's equation, enable predictions for future values of consumption to be made contingent on the prior month's income.
Formal definition
In econometrics, as in statistics in general, it is presupposed that the quantities being analyzed can be treated as random variables. An econometric model then is a set of joint probability distributions to which the true joint probability distribution of the variables under study is supposed to belong. In the case in which the elements of this set can be indexed by a finite number of real-valued parameters, the model is called a parametric model; otherwise it is a nonparametric or semiparametric model. A large part of econometrics is the study of methods for selecting models, estimating them, and carrying out inference on them.
The most common econometric models are structural, in that they convey causal and counterfactual information, and are used for policy evaluation. For example, an equation modeling consumption spending based on income could be used to see what consumption would be contingent on any of various hypothetical levels of income, only one of which (depending on the choice of a fiscal policy) will end up actually occurring.
Basic models
Some of the common econometric models are:
Linear regression
Generalized linear models
Probit
Logit
Tobit
ARIMA
Vector Autoregression
Cointegration
Hazard
Use in policy-making
Comprehensive models of macroeconomic relationships are used by central banks and governments to evaluate and guide economic policy. One famous econometric model of this nature is the Federal Reserve Bank econometric model.
See also
Benefit financing model
References
^ Sims, Christopher A. (1980). "Macroeconomics and Reality". Econometrica. 48 (1): 1–48. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.5425. doi:10.2307/1912017. JSTOR 1912017.
^ Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521773628.
Further reading
Asteriou, Dimitros; Hall, Stephen G. (2011). "The Classical Linear Regression Model". Applied Econometrics (Second ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 29–91. ISBN 978-0-230-27182-1.
Davidson, Russell; James G. MacKinnon (1993). Estimation and Inference in Econometrics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506011-3.
Granger, Clive (1991). Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828736-4.
Pagan, Adrian; Aman Ullah (1999). Nonparametric Econometrics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58611-9.
Pedace, Roberto (2013). "Building the Classical Linear Regression Model". Econometrics for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 59–134. ISBN 978-1-118-53384-0.
vteQuantitative forecasting methodsHistorical data forecasts
Moving average
Exponential smoothing
Trend analysis
Decomposition of time series
Naïve approachAssociative (causal) forecasts
Moving average
Simple linear regression
Regression analysis
Econometric model
External links
Manuscript of Bruce Hansen's book on Econometrics
Econometrics lecture (introduction to regression models) on YouTube by Mark Thoma
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spending by consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)"},{"link_name":"dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables"},{"link_name":"consumer spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_spending"},{"link_name":"error term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics"},{"link_name":"econometrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrician"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter"}],"text":"A simple example of an econometric model is one that assumes that monthly spending by consumers is linearly dependent on consumers' income in the previous month. Then the model will consist of the equationC\n \n t\n \n \n =\n a\n +\n b\n \n Y\n \n t\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{t}=a+bY_{t-1}+e_{t},}where Ct is consumer spending in month t, Yt-1 is income during the previous month, and et is an error term measuring the extent to which the model cannot fully explain consumption. Then one objective of the econometrician is to obtain estimates of the parameters a and b; these estimated parameter values, when used in the model's equation, enable predictions for future values of consumption to be made contingent on the prior month's income.","title":"Econometric model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"joint probability distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"indexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_set"},{"link_name":"parametric model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_model"},{"link_name":"nonparametric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-parametric_statistics"},{"link_name":"semiparametric model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_model"},{"link_name":"selecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_selection"},{"link_name":"estimating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory"},{"link_name":"inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_equation_models"},{"link_name":"counterfactual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearl-causality-2"},{"link_name":"fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"}],"text":"In econometrics, as in statistics in general, it is presupposed that the quantities being analyzed can be treated as random variables. An econometric model then is a set of joint probability distributions to which the true joint probability distribution of the variables under study is supposed to belong. In the case in which the elements of this set can be indexed by a finite number of real-valued parameters, the model is called a parametric model; otherwise it is a nonparametric or semiparametric model. A large part of econometrics is the study of methods for selecting models, estimating them, and carrying out inference on them.The most common econometric models are structural, in that they convey causal and counterfactual information,[2] and are used for policy evaluation. For example, an equation modeling consumption spending based on income could be used to see what consumption would be contingent on any of various hypothetical levels of income, only one of which (depending on the choice of a fiscal policy) will end up actually occurring.","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression"},{"link_name":"Generalized linear models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_linear_model"},{"link_name":"Probit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit"},{"link_name":"Logit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logit"},{"link_name":"Tobit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobit_model"},{"link_name":"ARIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIMA"},{"link_name":"Vector Autoregression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_Autoregression"},{"link_name":"Cointegration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cointegration"},{"link_name":"Hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard"}],"text":"Some of the common econometric models are:Linear regression\nGeneralized linear models\nProbit\nLogit\nTobit\nARIMA\nVector Autoregression\nCointegration\nHazard","title":"Basic models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"macroeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"central banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank"}],"text":"Comprehensive models of macroeconomic relationships are used by central banks and governments to evaluate and guide economic policy. One famous econometric model of this nature is the Federal Reserve Bank econometric model.","title":"Use in policy-making"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-230-27182-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27182-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-506011-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506011-3"},{"link_name":"Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modellingeconomi0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-828736-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828736-4"},{"link_name":"Nonparametric Econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nonparametriceco00paga"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-58611-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58611-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-118-53384-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-53384-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Quantitative_forecasting_methods"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Quantitative_forecasting_methods"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantitative_forecasting_methods"},{"link_name":"forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecasting"},{"link_name":"Moving average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average"},{"link_name":"Exponential smoothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_smoothing"},{"link_name":"Trend analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_analysis"},{"link_name":"Decomposition of time series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_of_time_series"},{"link_name":"Naïve approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecasting#Na.C3.AFve_approach"},{"link_name":"Moving average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average"},{"link_name":"Simple linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_linear_regression"},{"link_name":"Regression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"Econometric model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Asteriou, Dimitros; Hall, Stephen G. (2011). \"The Classical Linear Regression Model\". Applied Econometrics (Second ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 29–91. ISBN 978-0-230-27182-1.\nDavidson, Russell; James G. MacKinnon (1993). Estimation and Inference in Econometrics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506011-3.\nGranger, Clive (1991). Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828736-4.\nPagan, Adrian; Aman Ullah (1999). Nonparametric Econometrics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58611-9.\nPedace, Roberto (2013). \"Building the Classical Linear Regression Model\". Econometrics for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 59–134. ISBN 978-1-118-53384-0.vteQuantitative forecasting methodsHistorical data forecasts\nMoving average\nExponential smoothing\nTrend analysis\nDecomposition of time series\nNaïve approachAssociative (causal) forecasts\nMoving average\nSimple linear regression\nRegression analysis\nEconometric model","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Benefit financing model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_financing_model"}] | [{"reference":"Sims, Christopher A. (1980). \"Macroeconomics and Reality\". Econometrica. 48 (1): 1–48. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.163.5425. doi:10.2307/1912017. JSTOR 1912017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrica","url_text":"Econometrica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.5425","url_text":"10.1.1.163.5425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912017","url_text":"10.2307/1912017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912017","url_text":"1912017"}]},{"reference":"Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521773628.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/causalitymodelsr0000pear","url_text":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521773628","url_text":"0521773628"}]},{"reference":"Asteriou, Dimitros; Hall, Stephen G. (2011). \"The Classical Linear Regression Model\". Applied Econometrics (Second ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 29–91. ISBN 978-0-230-27182-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27182-1","url_text":"978-0-230-27182-1"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Russell; James G. MacKinnon (1993). Estimation and Inference in Econometrics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506011-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506011-3","url_text":"0-19-506011-3"}]},{"reference":"Granger, Clive (1991). Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828736-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modellingeconomi0000unse","url_text":"Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828736-4","url_text":"0-19-828736-4"}]},{"reference":"Pagan, Adrian; Aman Ullah (1999). Nonparametric Econometrics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58611-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nonparametriceco00paga","url_text":"Nonparametric Econometrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58611-9","url_text":"0-521-58611-9"}]},{"reference":"Pedace, Roberto (2013). \"Building the Classical Linear Regression Model\". Econometrics for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 59–134. ISBN 978-1-118-53384-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-53384-0","url_text":"978-1-118-53384-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.5425","external_links_name":"10.1.1.163.5425"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912017","external_links_name":"10.2307/1912017"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912017","external_links_name":"1912017"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/causalitymodelsr0000pear","external_links_name":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/modellingeconomi0000unse","external_links_name":"Modelling Economic Series: Readings in Econometric Methodology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nonparametriceco00paga","external_links_name":"Nonparametric Econometrics"},{"Link":"http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~bhansen/econometrics/","external_links_name":"Manuscript of Bruce Hansen's book on Econometrics"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK03XgoVsPM&list=PLD15D38DC7AA3B737&index=1#t=14m52s","external_links_name":"Econometrics lecture (introduction to regression models)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/901567/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX538259","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941881z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941881z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043212-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040762","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119821&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_complexity_index | Economic Complexity Index | ["1 Background","2 Formulation","3 Utility","4 Country rankings 2021","5 See also","6 References"] | Holistic measure of the productive capabilities of large economic systems
This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rank in the Economic Complexity Index (2015)
The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a holistic measure of the productive capabilities of large economic systems, usually cities, regions, or countries. In particular, the ECI looks to explain the knowledge accumulated in a population and that is expressed in the economic activities present in a city, country, or region. To achieve this goal, the ECI defines the knowledge available in a location, as the average knowledge of the activities present in it, and the knowledge of an activity as the average knowledge of the places where that economic activity is conducted. The product equivalent of the Economic Complexity Index is the Product Complexity Index or PCI.
Higher economic complexity as compared to country's income level drives economic development.
Background
The ECI was developed by Cesar A. Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.
Formulation
In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvalue of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's exports and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are less common and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Botswana, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.
Utility
Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011), the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.
Economic development requires the accumulation of productive knowledge and its use in both more and more complex industries. According to this metric, many low-income countries, including Bangladesh, Venezuela, and Angola have failed to diversify their knowhow and face low growth prospects while those like India, Turkey, and the Philippines have added productive capabilities to enter new sectors and are expected by some drive growth over the coming years.
Country rankings 2021
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)
Country Complexity Rankings
Rank
Country
Index(2021)
5-yearchange
10-yearchange
1
Japan
2.06
2
Switzerland
1.94
1
3
Taiwan
1.93
4
9
4
South Korea
1.82
2
2
5
Germany
1.81
1
6
Singapore
1.74
2
1
7
Czechia
1.56
1
2
8
Sweden
1.54
3
9
Austria
1.50
5
10
United States
1.46
3
3
11
United Kingdom
1.43
1
1
12
Slovenia
1.42
2
1
13
Finland
1.42
2
5
14
Hungary
1.36
2
3
15
France
1.35
1
16
Slovakia
1.31
2
1
17
Ireland
1.29
7
18
Belgium
1.28
6
19
Italy
1.27
20
Israel
1.21
6
3
21
Hong Kong
1.16
1
1
22
Netherlands
1.09
2
9
23
Mexico
1.09
2
24
Malaysia
1.09
3
6
25
China
1.07
5
26
Romania
1.07
3
1
27
Denmark
1.02
5
28
Poland
1.01
2
4
29
Thailand
0.97
7
1
30
Lithuania
0.91
1
1
31
Saudi Arabia
0.90
5
10
32
Canada
0.90
4
7
33
Belarus
0.84
1
1
34
Croatia
0.81
3
6
35
Spain
0.78
3
10
36
Serbia
0.74
33
71
37
Philippines
0.72
4
1
38
Norway
0.69
1
2
39
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.65
2
40
Bulgaria
0.63
2
2
41
India
0.61
1
5
42
Turkey
0.61
10
8
43
Portugal
0.56
8
8
44
Ukraine
0.49
1
45
Russia
0.46
2
46
New Zealand
0.46
2
8
47
Lebanon
0.35
4
10
48
Kuwait
0.34
10
37
49
Brazil
0.33
2
1
50
Greece
0.32
4
24
51
Panama
0.31
1
2
52
Costa Rica
0.24
11
11
53
Tunisia
0.22
2
7
54
North Macedonia
0.20
5
3
55
United Arab Emirates
0.16
2
3
56
Colombia
0.14
4
3
57
Uruguay
0.10
11
8
58
Vietnam
0.10
24
23
59
South Africa
0.10
11
8
60
Argentina
0.07
6
5
61
Indonesia
0.04
1
1
62
Jordan
0.03
18
6
63
Dominican Republic
−0.00
7
7
64
Georgia
−0.01
1
3
65
Moldova
−0.02
1
21
66
El Salvador
−0.04
1
4
67
Iran
−0.09
6
34
68
Egypt
−0.10
25
28
69
Kyrgyzstan
−0.12
3
3
70
Qatar
−0.17
4
6
71
Armenia
−0.19
18
13
72
Albania
−0.19
1
73
Oman
−0.20
14
14
74
Chile
−0.22
42
37
75
Jamaica
−0.23
14
36
76
Guatemala
−0.24
7
77
Kazakhstan
−0.28
2
1
78
Morocco
−0.28
1
9
79
Uzbekistan
−0.38
8
32
80
Paraguay
−0.38
18
9
81
Sri Lanka
−0.39
3
15
82
Australia
−0.41
9
11
83
Kenya
−0.46
14
17
84
Honduras
−0.50
11
9
85
Azerbaijan
−0.52
33
8
86
Turkmenistan
−0.55
2
5
87
Pakistan
−0.55
3
5
88
Senegal
−0.59
12
28
89
Benin
−0.61
2
1
90
Niger
−0.62
1
12
91
Peru
−0.63
6
4
92
Cambodia
−0.64
11
18
93
Botswana
−0.67
16
1
94
Tajikistan
−0.69
15
12
95
Laos
−0.70
7
2
96
Zambia
−0.74
12
5
97
Namibia
−0.77
19
7
98
Zimbabwe
−0.78
4
1
99
Ethiopia
−0.80
3
20
100
Togo
−0.81
19
33
101
Bangladesh
−0.85
31
21
102
Burma
−0.85
16
12
103
Algeria
−0.88
4
2
104
Ecuador
−0.89
12
20
105
Uganda
−0.92
3
7
106
Bolivia
−0.97
11
2
107
Republic of the Congo
−1.02
13
11
108
Nicaragua
−1.03
2
14
109
Madagascar
−1.07
2
26
110
Venezuela
−1.08
1
5
111
Tanzania
−1.09
4
6
112
Iraq
−1.12
7
13
113
Yemen
−1.15
12
18
114
Libya
−1.18
18
13
115
Cote d'Ivoire
−1.19
1
12
116
Afghanistan
−1.20
4
3
117
Mongolia
−1.23
41
37
118
Ghana
−1.27
15
6
119
Mauritania
−1.32
2
1
120
Sudan
−1.33
16
10
121
Cameroon
−1.36
8
7
122
Mozambique
−1.36
7
2
123
Gabon
−1.41
1
4
124
Angola
−1.37
1
3
125
Mali
−1.43
3
3
126
Nigeria
−1.53
4
127
Burkina Faso
−1.79
4
2
128
Democratic Republic of the Congo
−1.81
5
1
129
Papua New Guinea
−1.84
19
20
130
Guinea
−1.84
3
3
131
Chad
−1.93
7
See also
Complex system
Econophysics
List of countries by economic complexity
References
^ Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann (2009). "The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (26). PNAS: 10570–10575. arXiv:0909.3890. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610570H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900943106. PMC 2705545. PMID 19549871.
^ Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo; et al. "The Atlas of Economic Complexity". Puritan Press, Cambridge MA. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo (2018), "Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality", World Development, 93: 75–93, arXiv:1505.07907, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020, S2CID 45386522{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "India tops list of fastest growing economies for coming decade: Harvard study". The Economic Times. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
^ "Complexity rankings The Observatory of Economic Complexity". OEC. Retrieved 2023-05-02. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_in_the_Economic_Complexity_Index,_OWID.svg"},{"link_name":"holistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic"}],"text":"Rank in the Economic Complexity Index (2015)The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a holistic measure of the productive capabilities of large economic systems, usually cities, regions, or countries. In particular, the ECI looks to explain the knowledge accumulated in a population and that is expressed in the economic activities present in a city, country, or region. To achieve this goal, the ECI defines the knowledge available in a location, as the average knowledge of the activities present in it, and the knowledge of an activity as the average knowledge of the places where that economic activity is conducted. The product equivalent of the Economic Complexity Index is the Product Complexity Index or PCI.Higher economic complexity as compared to country's income level drives economic development.","title":"Economic Complexity Index"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cesar A. Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_A._Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Hausmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann"},{"link_name":"The Observatory of Economic Complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The ECI was developed by Cesar A. Hidalgo, from the MIT Media Lab and Ricardo Hausmann, from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. ECI data is available in The Observatory of Economic Complexity. The original formulation of the Economic Complexity Index was published in PNAS in 2009.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eigenvalue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"}],"text":"In its strict mathematical definition, the ECI is defined in terms of an eigenvalue of a matrix connecting countries to countries, which is a projection of the matrix connecting countries to the products they export. Since the ECI considers information on the diversity of countries and the ubiquity of products, it is able to produce a measure of economic complexity containing information about both the diversity of a country's exports and their sophistication. For example, Japan or Germany, with high ECIs, export many goods that are less common and that are produced by highly diversified countries, indicating that these are diverse and sophisticated economies. Countries with low ECI, like Angola or Botswana, export only a few products, which are of relatively high ubiquity and which are exported by countries that are not necessarily very diversified, indicating that these are countries that have little diversity and that the products that they export are not very sophisticated.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"income inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality"},{"link_name":"Atlas of Economic Complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Economic_Complexity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kuznets Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznets_Curve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-4"}],"text":"Hidalgo and Hausmann propose the concept of ECI not only as a descriptive measure, but also as a predictive tool for economic growth and income inequality. According to the statistics models presented in their Atlas of Economic Complexity (2011),[2] the ECI is a more accurate predictor of GDP per capita growth than traditional measures of governance, competitiveness (World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index) and human capital (as measured in terms of educational attainment). ECI also shows a strong negative correlation with income inequality, suggesting that more knowledge intense productive structures are more inclusive in terms of income distribution, and providing a statistically more powerful explanation of cross-national variations in income inequality than Kuznets Curve.[3]Economic development requires the accumulation of productive knowledge and its use in both more and more complex industries. According to this metric, many low-income countries, including Bangladesh, Venezuela, and Angola have failed to diversify their knowhow and face low growth prospects while those like India, Turkey, and the Philippines have added productive capabilities to enter new sectors and are expected by some drive growth over the coming years.[4]","title":"Utility"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Country rankings 2021"}] | [{"image_text":"Rank in the Economic Complexity Index (2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rank_in_the_Economic_Complexity_Index%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Rank_in_the_Economic_Complexity_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Complex system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system"},{"title":"Econophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics"},{"title":"List of countries by economic complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity"}] | [{"reference":"Cesar A. Hidalgo, Ricardo Hausmann (2009). \"The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (26). PNAS: 10570–10575. arXiv:0909.3890. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610570H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900943106. PMC 2705545. PMID 19549871.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705545","url_text":"\"The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.3890","url_text":"0909.3890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10610570H","url_text":"2009PNAS..10610570H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0900943106","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0900943106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705545","url_text":"2705545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19549871","url_text":"19549871"}]},{"reference":"Ricardo Hausmann, Cesar Hidalgo; et al. \"The Atlas of Economic Complexity\". Puritan Press, Cambridge MA. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/","url_text":"\"The Atlas of Economic Complexity\""},{"url":"http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dominik Hartmann, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristaran, Cesar Hidalgo (2018), \"Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality\", World Development, 93: 75–93, arXiv:1505.07907, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020, S2CID 45386522","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876","url_text":"\"Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07907","url_text":"1505.07907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2016.12.020","url_text":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45386522","url_text":"45386522"}]},{"reference":"\"India tops list of fastest growing economies for coming decade: Harvard study\". The Economic Times. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2020-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-tops-list-of-fastest-growing-economies-for-coming-decade-harvard-study/articleshow/64027625.cms","url_text":"\"India tops list of fastest growing economies for coming decade: Harvard study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complexity rankings The Observatory of Economic Complexity\". OEC. Retrieved 2023-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://oec.world/en/rankings/eci/hs6/hs96","url_text":"\"Complexity rankings The Observatory of Economic Complexity\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705545","external_links_name":"\"The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.3890","external_links_name":"0909.3890"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10610570H","external_links_name":"2009PNAS..10610570H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0900943106","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0900943106"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705545","external_links_name":"2705545"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19549871","external_links_name":"19549871"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518210853/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/","external_links_name":"\"The Atlas of Economic Complexity\""},{"Link":"http://atlas.media.mit.edu/book/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15309876","external_links_name":"\"Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07907","external_links_name":"1505.07907"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2016.12.020","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45386522","external_links_name":"45386522"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-tops-list-of-fastest-growing-economies-for-coming-decade-harvard-study/articleshow/64027625.cms","external_links_name":"\"India tops list of fastest growing economies for coming decade: Harvard study\""},{"Link":"https://oec.world/en/rankings/eci/hs6/hs96","external_links_name":"\"Complexity rankings The Observatory of Economic Complexity\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration | ["1 History","2 Regulatory performance","3 International counterparts and the grey market","4 Cost and cost-benefit","5 Fuel economy","5.1 CAFE regulations","6 NCAP","7 Administration","8 Past administrators","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | American agency of the Executive Branch of the Department of Transportation
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)Agency overviewFormedDecember 31, 1970; 53 years ago (1970-12-31)Preceding agencyNational Highway Safety BureauJurisdictionU.S. motor vehiclesHeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.Motto"People saving people"Employees626 (FY 2017)Annual budget$1.6 billion (FY 2024)Agency executivesSophie Shulman, Acting AdministratorSophie Shulman, Deputy AdministratorParent departmentDepartment of TransportationWebsitenhtsa.govFootnotesLeadership
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA /ˈnɪtsə/ NITS-ə) is an agency of the U.S. federal government, part of the Department of Transportation, focused on transportation safety in the United States.
NHTSA is charged with writing and enforcing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as well as regulations for motor vehicle theft resistance and fuel economy, as part of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) system. FMVSS 209 was the first standard to become effective on March 1, 1967. NHTSA licenses vehicle manufacturers and importers, allows or blocks the import of vehicles and safety-regulated vehicle parts, administers the vehicle identification number (VIN) system, develops the anthropomorphic dummies used in U.S. safety testing as well as the test protocols themselves, and provides vehicle insurance cost information. The agency has asserted preemptive regulatory authority over greenhouse gas emissions, but this has been disputed by such state regulatory agencies as the California Air Resources Board.
The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are contained in the United States 49 CFR 571. Additional federal vehicle standards are contained elsewhere in the CFR. Another of NHTSA's activities is the collection of data about motor vehicle crashes, available in various data files maintained by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, in particular the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS, where technicians investigate a random sample of police crash reports), and others.
History
In 1964 and 1966, public pressure grew in the United States to increase the safety of cars, culminating with the publishing of Unsafe at Any Speed, by Ralph Nader, an activist lawyer, and the report prepared by the National Academy of Sciences entitled Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society.
In 1966, Congress held a series of publicized hearings regarding highway safety, passed legislation to make the installation of seat belts mandatory, and created the U.S. Department of Transportation on October 15, 1966 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–670). Legislation signed by President Lyndon Johnson earlier on September 9, 1966, included the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–563) and Highway Safety Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–564) that created the National Traffic Safety Agency, the National Highway Safety Agency, and the National Highway Safety Bureau, predecessor agencies to what would eventually become NHTSA. Once the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) came into effect, vehicles not certified by the maker or importer as compliant with US safety standards were no longer legal to import into the United States.
Congress established NHTSA in 1970 with the Highway Safety Act of 1970 (Title II of Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 91–605, 84 Stat. 1713, enacted December 31, 1970, at 84 Stat. 1739). In 1972, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, enacted October 20, 1972) expanded NHTSA's scope to include consumer information programs. Despite improvements in vehicle design and public awareness of issues like drunk driving, traffic fatalities have remained stubbornly high. In the early 2020s, more than 40,000 U.S. residents died in automotive collisions every year.
NHTSA has conducted numerous high-profile investigations of automotive safety issues, including the Audi 5000/60 Minutes affair, the Ford Explorer rollover problem, and the Toyota sticky accelerator pedal problem. The agency has introduced a proposal to mandate Electronic Stability Control on all passenger vehicles by the 2012 model year. This technology was first brought to public attention in 1997, with the Swedish moose test. Other than that, NHTSA has issued only a few regulations in the past 25 years. Most of the reduction in vehicle fatality rates during the last third of the 20th century were gained from the initial NHTSA safety standards during 1968–1984 and subsequent voluntary changes in vehicle crashworthiness by vehicle manufacturers.
Regulatory performance
Annual US traffic fatalities per billion vehicle miles traveled (red), miles traveled (blue), per one million people (orange), total annual deaths (light blue), VMT in tens of billions (dark blue), and population in millions (teal), from 1921 to 2017
Audits by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of the Inspector General in 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2021 have concluded that NHTSA is ineffectual; the 2021 audit found NHTSA failing to issue or update Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards effectively or to act within timeframes on petitions and investigations; having no process in place for critical agency responsibilities like evaluating petitions, and having failed to implement consensus recommendations derived from the Inspector General's audit a decade before, in 2011. The 2018 audit found NHTSA incapable of conducting adequate, timely safety recalls. The 2015 audit found NHTSA's collection and analysis of safety-related data to be inadequate, and the agency to be lackadaisical and careless in examining safety defects.
Government data (from FARS for the U.S.) in a 2004 book by former General Motors safety researcher Leonard Evans shows other countries achieving greater traffic safety improvements over time than those achieved in the United States:
Country
1979 fatalities
2002 fatalities
Percent change
United States
51,093
42,815
−16.2%
Great Britain
6,352
3,431
−46.0%
Canada
5,863
2,936
−49.9%
Australia
3,508
1,715
−51.1%
Research suggests one reason the U.S. continues to lag in traffic safety is the relatively high prevalence in the U.S. of pickup trucks and SUVs, which a 2003 study by the U.S. Transportation Research Board found are significantly less safe than passenger cars. Comparisons of past data with the present in the U.S. can result in distortions, due to a significant population increase and since the level of large commercial truck traffic has substantially increased from the 1960s, but highway capacity has not kept up. However, other factors exert significant influence; Canada has lower roadway death and injury rates despite a vehicle mix and regulations similar to those of the U.S. Nevertheless, the widespread use of truck-based vehicles as passenger carriers is correlated with roadway deaths and injuries not only directly by dint of vehicular safety performance per se, but also indirectly through the relatively low fuel costs that facilitate the use of such vehicles in North America. Motor vehicle fatalities decline as gasoline prices increase.
International counterparts and the grey market
In 1958, under the auspices of the United Nations, a consortium called the Economic Commission for Europe had been established to normalize vehicle regulations across Europe to standardize best practices in vehicle design and equipment and minimize technical barriers to pan-European vehicle trade and traffic. This eventually became the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, which began to promulgate what would eventually become the UN Regulations on the design, construction, and safety and emissions performance of vehicles and their components. Many of the world's countries accept or require vehicles and equipment built to the UN Regulations, but the U.S does not recognize the UN Regulations and blocks the importation of vehicles and components not manufacturer-certified as complying with the U.S. regulations.
Because of the unavailability in America of certain vehicle models, a grey market arose in the late 1970s. This provided a method to acquire vehicles not officially offered in the United States, but enough vehicles imported this way were faulty, shoddy, and unsafe that Mercedes-Benz of North America helped launch a successful congressional lobbying effort to close down the grey market in 1988. As a result, it was no longer possible to import foreign vehicles into the United States as a personal import, with few exceptions—primarily vehicles meeting Canadian regulations substantially similar to those of the United States, and vehicles imported temporarily for display or research purposes. In practice, the gray market involved a few thousand cars annually, before its virtual elimination in 1988.
In 1998, NHTSA exempted vehicles older than 25 years from the rules it administers, since these are presumed to be collector vehicles. In 1999, certain very low production volume specialist vehicles were also exempt for "Show and Display" purposes.
In the mid-1960s, when the framework was established for US vehicle safety regulations, the US auto market was an oligopoly, with three companies (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) controlling 85% of the market. The ongoing ban on newer vehicles considered safe in countries with lower vehicle-related death rates has created a perception that an effect of NHTSA's regulatory activity is to protect the U.S. market for a modified oligopoly consisting of the three U.S.-based automakers and the American operations of foreign-brand producers. It has been suggested that the impetus for NHTSA's seeming preoccupation with market control rather than vehicular safety performance is a result of overt market protections such as tariffs and local-content laws having become politically unpopular due to the increasing popularity of free trade, thus driving the industry to adopt less visible forms of trade restrictions in the form of technical regulations different from those outside the United States.
An example of the market-control effects of NHTSA's regulatory protocol is found in the agency's 1974 banning of the Citroën SM automobile, which contemporary journalists described as one of the safest vehicles available at the time. NHTSA disapproved the SM's designs featuring steerable headlamps that were not of the sealed beam design that was then mandatory in the U.S. as well as its height adjustable suspension, which made compliance with the 1973 bumper requirements cost-prohibitive. The initial bumper regulations were intended to prevent functional damage to a vehicle's safety-related components such as lights and fuel system components when subjected to barrier crash tests at 5 miles per hour (8 km/h) at the front and 2.5 mph (4 km/h) at the rear. However, these regulations at low-speed collisions did not enhance occupant safety.
Vehicle manufacturers have acknowledged the functional equivalence of the UN and U.S. regulations, encouraged developing countries to recognize and accept both, and advocated for equal recognition of both systems in developed countries. However, some structural features of the U.S. legal system are incompatible with some aspects of the UN regulatory system. Studies have concluded that commonizing regulations between the US and the rest of the world (which uses U.N. Regulations) would save significant money, likely without affecting safety.
Cost and cost-benefit
NHTSA uses cost–benefit analysis for every safety device, system, or design feature mandated for installation on vehicles. No device, system, or design feature may be mandated unless it costs no more than a specified amount of money per life saved, or will save more money (in property damage, health care, etc.) than it costs. Requirements are balanced through estimated costs and estimated benefits. For example, FMVSS #208 effectively mandates the installation of frontal airbags in all new vehicles in the United States, for it is written such that no other technology can meet the stipulated requirements. It has been argued that even using conservative cost figures and optimistic benefit figures, airbags' cost–benefit ratio so extreme that it may fall outside of the cost–benefit requirements for mandatory safety devices. Cost–benefit requirements have been used as the basis for lighting-related regulation in the U.S; for example, while many countries in the world since at least the early 1970s have required rear turn signals to emit amber light so they might be distinguished from adjacent red brake lamps, U.S. regulations permit rear turn signals to emit either amber or red light. This has historically been justified on grounds of lower manufacturing cost and greater automaker styling freedom in the context of no demonstrated safety benefit to amber over red. More recent NHTSA-sponsored research has demonstrated that amber rear turn signals provide significantly better crash avoidance than red ones, and NHTSA has found there is no significant cost penalty to amber signals versus red ones, yet the agency has not moved to require amber—instead proposing in 2015 to award extra NCAP points to passenger vehicles with amber rear turn signals. As of September 2022, however, the agency has not put this proposal into effect.
Fuel economy
CAFE regulations
NHTSA administers the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), which is intended to incentivize the production of fuel-efficient vehicles by dint of fuel economy requirements measured against the sales-weighted harmonic average of each manufacturer's range of vehicles. Many governments outside North America promote fuel economy by heavily taxing motor fuel and/or by including a vehicle's weight, engine size, or fuel economy in calculating vehicle registration taxes (road tax).
NCAP
Consumer information label for a vehicle with NCAP rating
NHTSA front and side-impact tests of the 2006 Honda Ridgeline at 35 mph (56 km/h) and 38.5 mph (62 km/h), respectively
United States has been the first country/region to have a NCAP program before being copied by other regional, European, American, Asiatic, Oceanic or global NCAP programs. This makes the New Car Assessment Program colloquial and design either US NCAP or generic NCAP.
In 1979, NHTSA created the/a New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) in response to Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, to encourage manufacturers to build safer vehicles and consumers to buy them. Since that time, the agency has improved the program by adding rating programs, facilitating access to test results, and revising the format of the information to make it easier for consumers to understand. NHTSA asserts the program has influenced manufacturers to build vehicles that consistently achieve high ratings.
The first standardized 35 mph (56 km/h) front crash test was on May 21, 1979, and the first results were released on October 15 that year.
The agency established a frontal impact test protocol based on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 ("Occupant Crash Protection"), except that the frontal 4 NCAP test is conducted at 35 mph (56 km/h), rather than 30 mph (48 km/h) as required by FMVSS No. 208.
To improve the dissemination of NCAP ratings, and as a result of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA–LU), the agency has issued a Final Rule requiring manufacturers to place NCAP star ratings on the Monroney sticker (automobile price sticker). The rule had a September 1, 2007 compliance date.
Since 2020, it is mandatory to show a safety label with all display vehicles in Malaysia. The printed information does not show the presence of crash eCall, presence eCall, drunk driving warning, anti-theft and lack of keyless technology as features. It does not seem that NCAPs less strict than the local one or which do not penalize flammability, fire toxicity, lifecycle toxicity, true climate impact, water impact, worker and population impact, biodiversity impact, weak cybersecurity, or heavy or pedestrian-unfriendly vehicles are banned.
Administration
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The agency has an annual budget of $1.09 billion (FY2020). The agency classifies most of its spending under the driver safety heading, with a minority spent on vehicle safety, and a smaller amount on energy security matters of which it is in charge, i.e., vehicular fuel economy.
Past administrators
Administrator
Term started
Term ended
Steven Cliff
2022
2022
Mark Rosekind
2014
2017
David Strickland
2010
2014
Nicole Nason
2006
2008
Jeffrey W. Runge
2001
2005
Sue Bailey
2000
2001
Ricardo Martinez
1994
1999
Marion Blakey
1992
1993
Jerry Ralph Curry
1989
1992
Diane K. Steed
1983
1989
Raymond A. Peck, Jr.
1981
1981
Joan Claybrook
1977
1981
John W. Snow
1976
1977
James Gregory
1973
1976
Douglas W. Toms
1970
1973
See also
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute (ITS)
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
References
^ "Who We Are and What We Do". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration". International Trade Data System. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ "THIS IS NHTSA" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ "Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2018" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
^ "Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ "Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2025" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ "NHTSA Leadership". NHTSA. August 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Calmes, Jackie (April 5, 2014). "Minding the Minders of G.M." New York Times.
^ "Crash Investigation Sampling System". www.nhtsa.gov. NHTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Robertson, Leon S. (2007). Injury Epidemiology (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 186–194. ISBN 978-0-19-506956-3.
^ Stern, Daniel (November 16, 2021). "Systemic Dysfunction at NHTSA: Audit". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Weaknesses in NHTSA's Training and Guidance Limit Its Ability To Set and Enforce Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
^ NHTSA's Management of Light Passenger Vehicle Recalls Lacks Adequate Processes and Oversight
^ Inadequate Data and Analysis Undermine NHTSA's Efforts To Identify and Investigate Vehicle Safety Concerns
^ Ballaban, Michael (June 22, 2015). "Scathing Audit Reveals NHTSA Is A Five-Star Government Clusterfuck". Jalopnic. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ a b Evans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 978-0-9754871-0-5.
^ Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc (January 15, 2003). "Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model" (PDF). Transportation Research Board 82nd Annual Meeting. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ Federal Highway Administration (2006). "Chapter 14 Freight Transportation". 2006 Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance. United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ Robertson, Leon S. (2006). "Motor Vehicle Deaths: Failed Policy Analysis and Neglected Policy". Journal of Public Health Policy. 27 (2): 182–189. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074. PMID 16961196. S2CID 19954345.
^ Grabowski, David C.; Morrissey, Michael A. (2004). "Gasoline Prices and Motor Vehicle Fatalities". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 23 (3): 575–593. doi:10.1002/pam.20028.
^ a b "Automotive Regulations and Certification Processes: Global Manufacturers' Perspective". U.S. Automotive Industry Coalition Meeting - Andean/Mexico Delegation. December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ a b "What you need to know to avoid seeing your grey market car get crushed". Digital Trends. August 30, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Ramos, George (May 23, 1985). "U.S. Accuses 'Gray Market' Car Importer". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ "Deception on Engines Charged: 'Gray Market' Mercedes Dealer Held". Los Angeles Times. April 26, 1986. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ Dean, Paul (July 11, 1986). "Wheeling-Dealing Gray Market Hits the Skids: Bad Publicity, Corporate Action, Legislation Put Brakes on Car Conversions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ "How To: Win the Car-Importing Game". Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ "Car Show Classic: 1985 Citroen CX 25 GTi Series 2 – Blue Is A Warmer Color Than Grey". Curbside Classic. January 10, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ "Carpe Diem". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Wenners, M.E.; Frusti, J.M.; Ninomiya, J.S. (September 29, 1998). "Global Regulatory Harmonization—One American Manufacturer's Perspective". SAE Technical Paper Series. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). doi:10.4271/982266. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ Stern, Daniel (June 24, 2013). "Crouching Tariff, Hidden Trade Barrier?". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ La Heist, Warren G.; Ephraim, Frank G. "An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072". Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ "Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future video - CNET". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
^ Stern, Daniel (May 20, 2013). "Ford Push for Global Regs...Meaning What?". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Stern, Daniel (October 28, 2013). "Legal Hurdles to Regulatory Harmony". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Beene, Ryan (July 25, 2015). "Wiping out U.S.-EU rules disparities would yield big savings". Automotive News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ Viscusi, Kip Regulatory Economics in the Courts: an Analysis of Judge Scalia's NHTSA Bumper Decision Law and Contemporary Problems volume 50 issue 4 1988 Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "John Graham Releases Results of Cost–Benefit Analysis of Air Bag Safety". Riskworld.com. March 25, 1997. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Thompson, Kimberly M.; Segui-Gomez, Maria; Graham, John D. (October 3, 2002). "Validating Benefit and Cost Estimates: The Case of Airbag Regulation". Risk Analysis. 22 (4): 803–811. Bibcode:2002RiskA..22..803T. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00070. PMID 12224752. S2CID 27273577.
^ a b c "Regulations.gov". www.regulations.gov.
^ Automotive Lighting in North America, Driving Vision News, 2011
^
Hitzemeyer, Erwin G.; Wilde, Helmut; Ellenberger, Donald (1977), "What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?", SAE Technical Paper Series, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers, doi:10.4271/770812, retrieved March 31, 2022
^ Dorleans, Guy (1997), "World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products", SAE Technical Paper Series, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers, doi:10.4271/970913, retrieved March 31, 2022
^ "The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2011. (527 KB)
^ Allen, Kirk (2009). "The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts, DOT HS 811 115" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
^ a b "The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. January 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
^ "safercar.gov | NHTSA" (PDF). www.nhtsa.gov. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007.
^ "ASEAN NCAP and KPDNHEP mandatory safety rating labels begin appearing on new cars in showrooms - paultan.org". May 18, 2020.
^ "Past NHTSA Administrators". nhtsa.gov.
Further reading
McDonald, Kevin M. "Shifting Out of Park: Moving Auto Safety from Recalls to Reason" (Lawyers & Judges Publishing, 2006). ISBN 978-1933264165.
Evans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 978-0-9754871-0-5.
The Century Council's Report on Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities in the United States (2006)
Peltzman, Sam. "The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation." The Journal of Political Economy 83, no. 4 (August 1975): 677–725. JSTOR 1830396
"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards". Reuters. November 16, 2007.
External links
Official website
49 CFR Chapter V (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the Federal Register
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration at the Wayback Machine (archived January 16, 2000)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration at the Wayback Machine (archived November 12, 1996)
National Archives entry
Washington Post article (2002)
DOT's list of operating administrators of the NHTSA
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Transportation.
vteUnited States Department of TransportationHeadquarters: 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE (Transportation Department Building)
Pete Buttigieg, Secretary of Transportation
Polly Trottenberg, Deputy Secretary of TransportationDeputy Secretary of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Transit Administration
Maritime Administration
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Office of Inspector General
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy
Office of the Chief Economist
Office of Policy Development, Strategic Planning and Performance
Office of Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs
Office of International Transportation and Trade
Office of International Aviation
Office of Aviation Analysis
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center
Transportation Safety Institute
National Surface Transportation and Innovative Finance Bureau
Build America Bureau
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs and Chief Financial Officer
vte Automotive industry in the United States
Automotive industry
Economy of the United States
Transportation in the United States
Vehiclemanufacturersand brandsCurrent (list)
AGCO
Challenger Tractor
Massey Ferguson
AM General
Amp Electric Vehicles
Arcimoto
Armour Group
ATK motorcycles
Autocar
Blue Bird
Callaway Cars
Caterpillar
Czinger
Chenowth Racing Products
Environmental Performance Vehicles
Equus Automotive
Forest River
Champion Bus
Collins
ElDorado National
Glaval Bus
Starcraft Bus
Ford
Lincoln
SVT
General Dynamics Land Systems
General Motors
Buick
Cadillac
Cadillac V series
Chevrolet
Chevrolet Performance
GMC
Gillig
Growler Manufacturing and Engineering
Harley-Davidson
Ingersoll Rand
Club Car
HDT Global
HME
John Deere
Karma Automotive
Laffite
Lenco Industries
Lockheed Martin
Lucid Motors
Mack Trucks
Millennium Luxury Coaches
Morgan Olson
Motor Coach Industries
Navistar International
IC Bus
International
Oshkosh
Pierce
Paccar
Kenworth
Peterbilt
Panoz
Polaris Industries
Global Electric Motorcars
Indian
Victory
REV Group
Fleetwood
Holiday Rambler
Laymor
Wheeled Coach
Rezvani Motors
Rivian
Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus
SSC North America
Superformance
Tesla
Textron
Arctic Cat
E-Z-Go
Cushman
Trans Tech
Ultimaster
VIA Motors
VLF Automotive
Zero Motorcycles
Foreign subsidiaries
BMW
Daimler Truck
Honda
Acura
Hyundai
Kia
Mercedes-Benz
Mitsubishi
Nissan
Infiniti
Stellantis1
Chrysler
Dodge
Jeep
Ram
Subaru
Toyota
Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing
Volkswagen
Defunct / former 2
Allis-Chalmers
American Austin
American Electric
American LaFrance
American Motors
Hudson
Essex
Terraplane
Nash
Rambler
Armor
Armored
Auburn
Aurica
Autoette
Avanti
Avery
BMC
Boulder Electric Vehicle
Carbon Motors Corporation
Checker Motors Corporation
Clydesdale Motor Truck Company
Coda2
Commonwealth
Cord
Case
CNH Global
Cycle-Scoot
DeLorean
Diamond-Star
Duesenberg
Durant
Flint
Locomobile
Mason
Rugby
Star
Eagle Bus
Excalibur
FCA US
Eagle
Plymouth
Fiberfab
Fitch Four Drive
Fisker Automotive
Fisker Coachbuild
Force Protection
Ford
Continental
Edsel
Mercury
FMC2
General Motors
Cartercar
Elmore
GM Diesel
Geo
LaSalle
Marquette
McLaughlin
Oakland
Oldsmobile
Pontiac
Saturn
Scripps-Booth
Sheridan
Viking
Yellow Coach
Goshen Coach
Green
GreenTech
Grumman
Henney
International Harvester
Jeffery
Kaiser-Frazer
Allstate
Frazer
Henry J
Kaiser
Willys
Local
Marathon
Marmon
Roosevelt
Marvel
Matbro
Mercer
Monaco Coach
Mosler
MotoCzysz
Muntz
New United
North American Bus Industries
Oliver Farm Equipment
Packard
Peerless
Pierce-Arrow
Sebring Vanguard
Sterling
Studebaker
Erskine
Rockne
Stutz
Scion
Twentieth Century
United Defense
VPG
Visionary
VL
White
Wildfire
ZAP
Zimmer
Concept and pre-production
Aptera Motors
Bollinger Motors
Canoo
Commuter Cars
Elio Motors
Faraday Future
Fisker Inc
Lordstown Motors
Myers Motors
Nikola
Trion Supercars
FactoriesActive
BMW Spartanburg
Chrysler (list)
Ford (list)
General Motors (list)
Honda (list)
Hyundai (Alabama)
Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia
Mercedes-Benz (Alabama)
Subaru (Indiana)
Tesla (list)
Volkswagen (Chattanooga)
Defunct
Chrysler (list)
Ford (list)
General Motors (list)
Packard
Volkswagen (Westmoreland)
Auto component makers and performance car modders
Allison
American Expedition Vehicles
Aptiv
BFGoodrich
BorgWarner
Callaway Cars
Caterpillar
Cummins
Brammo
Detroit Diesel
Eaton
Firestone
General Tire
Goodyear
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
Hennessey
Ingersoll Rand
Legacy
Lingenfelter
Nexteer
Phoenix Motorcars
Proterra (bus manufacturer)
Remy International
Saleen
Shelby American
SRT
Timken
Torrington
Visteon
Design studios
Calty Design Research
Designworks
Rezvani Automotive Designs
Wheego Electric Cars
By state
Massachusetts
Related topics
AAA
Chicago Auto Show
Interstate Highway System
List of automobiles manufactured in the United States
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
New York International Auto Show
North American International Auto Show
SAE International
1 Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S.
2 Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
Category
Portal
vteNew Car Assessment Programs
ANCAP (Australia and New Zealand)
ARCAP (Russia)
ASEAN NCAP (Southeast Asia)
Bharat NCAP (India)
Global NCAP (India and Africa)
C-NCAP (China)
Euro NCAP (Europe)
Green NCAP (Europe)
IIHS (United States)
NHTSA (United States)
JNCAP (Japan)
KNCAP (South Korea)
Latin NCAP (Latin America)
TNCAP (TAIWAN)
vteRichard Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961)
U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953)
U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950)
Pre-presidency
Checkers speech
Vice presidency
1958 motorcade attack
Kitchen Debate
Operation 40
Presidency(timeline)
Transition
First inauguration
Second inauguration
"Bring Us Together"
Silent majority
1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
State of the Union Address
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
Wilson desk
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamations
Foreign policy
International trips
Nixon Doctrine
Vietnam War
Cambodian bombing
Paris Peace Accords
"Peace with Honor"
Vietnamization
Cold War period
Linkage policy
Tar Baby Option
1972 visit to China
Shanghai Communiqué
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Détente
1972 Moscow Summit
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
SALT I Treaty
Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Operation CHAOS
Space exploration
Domestic policy
Family Assistance Plan
Revised Philadelphia Plan
Minority Business Development Agency
Native American policy
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
Education Amendments of 1972
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
Title IX
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
National Cancer Act of 1971
End Stage Renal Disease Program
Supplemental Security Income
Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
Shafer Commission
War on Drugs
Drug Enforcement Administration
Cannabis policy
Federal Contested Elections Act
Federal Election Campaign Act
1970 VRA Amendments
District of Columbia Home Rule Act
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
Congressional Research Service
Economic policy
Bank Secrecy Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
Nixon shock
Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
Smithsonian Agreement
Occupational Safety and Health Act
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Permissible exposure limit
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Consumer Product Safety Act
Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
Securities Investor Protection Act
Securities Investor Protection Corporation
Tax Reform Act of 1969
Alternative minimum tax
Revenue Act of 1971
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
Agricultural Act of 1970
Farm Credit Act of 1971
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
Federal Energy Administration
Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
Environmentalpolicy
Council on Environmental Quality
Environmental Quality Improvement Act
National Environmental Policy Act
Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Clean Water Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Source Performance Standards
Noise Control Act
Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Coastal Zone Management Act
Coastal Zone Management Program
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Endangered Species Act of 1969
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Oil Pollution Act of 1973
Water Resources Development Act of 1974
Watergate
Timeline
Operation Sandwedge
Operation Gemstone
Saturday Night Massacre
CRP
White House Plumbers
Watergate Seven
Enemies List
list of opponents
White House tapes
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Senate Watergate Committee
impeachment process
"I am not a crook"
Resignation
Pardon
Life andpolitics
Richard Nixon Foundation
Presidential Library and Museum
Birthplace and boyhood home
"Last press conference"
Florida White House
"La Casa Pacifica"
Nixon Center
Nixon v. General Services Administration (1977)
Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982)
Death and state funeral
Books
Six Crises (1962)
Bibliography
ElectionsU.S. House
1946
1948
U.S. Senate
1950
Vice Presidential
1952 campaign
selection
convention
election
transition
1956 campaign
convention
election
Presidential
1960 campaign
primaries
running mate selection
convention
debates
election
Kennedy transition
1968 campaign
primaries
running mate selection
convention
election
1972 campaign
primaries
convention
election
Gubernatorial
1962
Popularculture
"Nixon goes to China"
Millhouse (1971 film)
An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play)
Richard (1972 film)
Another Nice Mess (1972 film)
Four More Years (1972 film)
Impeach the President (1973 song)
The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film)
White House Madness (1975 film)
All the President's Men (1976 film)
The Public Burning (1977 novel)
Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries)
Secret Honor (1984 film)
Nixon in China (1987 opera)
The Final Days (1989 film)
Nixon (1995 film)
Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film)
Futurama (1999 TV series)
Dick (1999 film)
Nixon's China Game (2000 film)
Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)
The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film)
Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film)
Black Dynamite (2009 film)
"The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode)
Our Nixon (2013 film)
X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film)
Crooked (2015 novel)
Elvis & Nixon (2016 film)
The Post (2017 film)
Watergate (2019 board game)
U.S. postage stamp
Related
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act
Presidential Townhouse
Richard Nixon mask
Staff
Jack Brennan (aide de camp)
Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager)
Manolo Sanchez (valet)
Rose Mary Woods (secretary)
Family
Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife)
Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter)
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter)
Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson)
Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter)
Francis A. Nixon (father)
Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother)
Donald Nixon (brother)
Edward Nixon (brother)
← Lyndon B. Johnson
Gerald Ford →
← Alben W. Barkley
Lyndon B. Johnson →
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
2
VIAF
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
Portugal
2
Academics
CiNii
Artists
ULAN
People
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈnɪtsə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"NITS-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"transportation safety in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards"},{"link_name":"fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"Corporate Average Fuel Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy"},{"link_name":"vehicle manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"vehicle identification number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic"},{"link_name":"dummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_test_dummy"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"California Air Resources Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"49 CFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_49_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations"},{"link_name":"571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/part-571"},{"link_name":"Fatality Analysis Reporting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_Analysis_Reporting_System"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"American agency of the Executive Branch of the Department of TransportationThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA /ˈnɪtsə/ NITS-ə)[8] is an agency of the U.S. federal government, part of the Department of Transportation, focused on transportation safety in the United States.NHTSA is charged with writing and enforcing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as well as regulations for motor vehicle theft resistance and fuel economy, as part of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) system. FMVSS 209 was the first standard to become effective on March 1, 1967. NHTSA licenses vehicle manufacturers and importers, allows or blocks the import of vehicles and safety-regulated vehicle parts, administers the vehicle identification number (VIN) system, develops the anthropomorphic dummies used in U.S. safety testing as well as the test protocols themselves, and provides vehicle insurance cost information. The agency has asserted preemptive regulatory authority over greenhouse gas emissions, but this has been disputed by such state regulatory agencies as the California Air Resources Board.[citation needed]The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are contained in the United States 49 CFR 571. Additional federal vehicle standards are contained elsewhere in the CFR. Another of NHTSA's activities is the collection of data about motor vehicle crashes, available in various data files maintained by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, in particular the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS, where technicians investigate a random sample of police crash reports), and others.[9]","title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the safety of cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_safety"},{"link_name":"Unsafe at Any Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsafe_at_Any_Speed"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_Death_and_Disability:_The_Neglected_Disease_of_Modern_Society"},{"link_name":"seat belts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belts"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"89–670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/670"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Traffic_and_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Act"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"89–563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/563"},{"link_name":"Highway Safety Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Safety_Act"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"89–564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/564"},{"link_name":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"91–605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/91/605"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-84-1713"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"1739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-84-1739"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"92–513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/92/513"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-86-947"},{"link_name":"40,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/traffic-crash-death-estimates-2022"},{"link_name":"Audi 5000/60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_100#Reported_sudden_unintended_acceleration"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"rollover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_rollover"},{"link_name":"Toyota sticky accelerator pedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Toyota_vehicle_recalls"},{"link_name":"Electronic Stability Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Stability_Control"},{"link_name":"moose test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_test"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"crashworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashworthiness"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1964 and 1966, public pressure grew in the United States to increase the safety of cars, culminating with the publishing of Unsafe at Any Speed, by Ralph Nader, an activist lawyer, and the report prepared by the National Academy of Sciences entitled Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society.In 1966, Congress held a series of publicized hearings regarding highway safety, passed legislation to make the installation of seat belts mandatory, and created the U.S. Department of Transportation on October 15, 1966 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–670). Legislation signed by President Lyndon Johnson earlier on September 9, 1966, included the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–563) and Highway Safety Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 89–564) that created the National Traffic Safety Agency, the National Highway Safety Agency, and the National Highway Safety Bureau, predecessor agencies to what would eventually become NHTSA. Once the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) came into effect, vehicles not certified by the maker or importer as compliant with US safety standards were no longer legal to import into the United States.Congress established NHTSA in 1970 with the Highway Safety Act of 1970 (Title II of Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 91–605, 84 Stat. 1713, enacted December 31, 1970, at 84 Stat. 1739). In 1972, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, enacted October 20, 1972) expanded NHTSA's scope to include consumer information programs. Despite improvements in vehicle design and public awareness of issues like drunk driving, traffic fatalities have remained stubbornly high. In the early 2020s, more than 40,000 U.S. residents died in automotive collisions every year.NHTSA has conducted numerous high-profile investigations of automotive safety issues, including the Audi 5000/60 Minutes affair, the Ford Explorer rollover problem, and the Toyota sticky accelerator pedal problem. The agency has introduced a proposal to mandate Electronic Stability Control on all passenger vehicles by the 2012 model year. This technology was first brought to public attention in 1997, with the Swedish moose test. Other than that, NHTSA has issued only a few regulations in the past 25 years[when?].[original research?] Most of the reduction in vehicle fatality rates during the last third of the 20th century were gained from the initial NHTSA safety standards during 1968–1984 and subsequent voluntary changes in vehicle crashworthiness by vehicle manufacturers.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_traffic_deaths_per_VMT,_VMT,_per_capita,_and_total_annual_deaths.png"},{"link_name":"vehicle miles traveled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"FARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatality_Analysis_Reporting_System"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Transportation Research Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"significant population increase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Annual US traffic fatalities per billion vehicle miles traveled (red), miles traveled (blue), per one million people (orange), total annual deaths (light blue), VMT in tens of billions (dark blue), and population in millions (teal), from 1921 to 2017Audits by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of the Inspector General in 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2021 have concluded that NHTSA is ineffectual[further explanation needed]; the 2021 audit found NHTSA failing to issue or update Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards effectively or to act within timeframes on petitions and investigations; having no process in place for critical agency responsibilities like evaluating petitions, and having failed to implement consensus recommendations derived from the Inspector General's audit a decade before, in 2011.[11][12] The 2018 audit found NHTSA incapable of conducting adequate, timely safety recalls.[13] The 2015 audit found NHTSA's collection and analysis of safety-related data to be inadequate,[14] and the agency to be lackadaisical and careless in examining safety defects.[15]Government data (from FARS for the U.S.) in a 2004 book by former General Motors safety researcher Leonard Evans[16] shows other countries achieving greater traffic safety improvements over time than those achieved in the United States:[needs update]Research suggests one reason the U.S. continues to lag in traffic safety is the relatively high prevalence in the U.S. of pickup trucks and SUVs, which a 2003 study by the U.S. Transportation Research Board found are significantly less safe than passenger cars.[17] Comparisons of past data with the present in the U.S. can result in distortions, due to a significant population increase and since the level of large commercial truck traffic has substantially increased from the 1960s, but highway capacity has not kept up.[18][19] However, other factors exert significant influence; Canada has lower roadway death and injury rates despite a vehicle mix and regulations similar to those of the U.S.[16] Nevertheless, the widespread use of truck-based vehicles as passenger carriers is correlated with roadway deaths and injuries not only directly by dint of vehicular safety performance per se, but also indirectly through the relatively low fuel costs that facilitate the use of such vehicles in North America. Motor vehicle fatalities decline as gasoline prices increase.[20]","title":"Regulatory performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"vehicle regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_regulation"},{"link_name":"World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Forum_for_Harmonization_of_Vehicle_Regulations"},{"link_name":"emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_emissions_control"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANSI-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitaltrends.com-22"},{"link_name":"grey market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_import_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"congressional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitaltrends.com-22"},{"link_name":"Show and Display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_and_Display"},{"link_name":"oligopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly"},{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_tariff"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"trade restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Citroën SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM#US_exports"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"headlamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamp#Directional_headlamps"},{"link_name":"sealed beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_beam"},{"link_name":"height adjustable suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension"},{"link_name":"bumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(car)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Vehicle manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANSI-21"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"U.N. Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECE_Regulations"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In 1958, under the auspices of the United Nations, a consortium called the Economic Commission for Europe had been established to normalize vehicle regulations across Europe to standardize best practices in vehicle design and equipment and minimize technical barriers to pan-European vehicle trade and traffic. This eventually became the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, which began to promulgate what would eventually become the UN Regulations on the design, construction, and safety and emissions performance of vehicles and their components. Many of the world's countries accept or require vehicles and equipment built to the UN Regulations,[21] but the U.S does not recognize the UN Regulations and blocks the importation of vehicles and components not manufacturer-certified as complying with the U.S. regulations.[22]Because of the unavailability in America of certain vehicle models, a grey market arose in the late 1970s. This provided a method to acquire vehicles not officially offered in the United States, but enough vehicles imported this way were faulty, shoddy, and unsafe[23][24][25] that Mercedes-Benz of North America helped launch a successful congressional lobbying effort to close down the grey market in 1988.[26] As a result, it was no longer possible to import foreign vehicles into the United States as a personal import, with few exceptions—primarily vehicles meeting Canadian regulations substantially similar to those of the United States, and vehicles imported temporarily for display or research purposes. In practice, the gray market involved a few thousand cars annually, before its virtual elimination in 1988.[27]In 1998, NHTSA exempted vehicles older than 25 years from the rules it administers, since these are presumed to be collector vehicles.[22] In 1999, certain very low production volume specialist vehicles were also exempt for \"Show and Display\" purposes.In the mid-1960s, when the framework was established for US vehicle safety regulations, the US auto market was an oligopoly, with three companies (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) controlling 85% of the market.[28][better source needed] The ongoing ban on newer vehicles considered safe in countries with lower vehicle-related death rates has created a perception that an effect of NHTSA's regulatory activity is to protect the U.S. market for a modified oligopoly consisting of the three U.S.-based automakers and the American operations of foreign-brand producers. It has been suggested[29] that the impetus for NHTSA's seeming preoccupation with market control rather than vehicular safety performance is a result of overt market protections such as tariffs and local-content laws having become politically unpopular due to the increasing popularity of free trade, thus driving the industry to adopt less visible forms of trade restrictions in the form of technical regulations different from those outside the United States.[30]An example of the market-control effects of NHTSA's regulatory protocol is found in the agency's 1974 banning of the Citroën SM automobile, which contemporary journalists[who?] described as one of the safest vehicles available at the time.[citation needed] NHTSA disapproved the SM's designs featuring steerable headlamps that were not of the sealed beam design that was then mandatory in the U.S. as well as its height adjustable suspension, which made compliance with the 1973 bumper requirements cost-prohibitive. The initial bumper regulations were intended to prevent functional damage to a vehicle's safety-related components such as lights and fuel system components when subjected to barrier crash tests at 5 miles per hour (8 km/h) at the front and 2.5 mph (4 km/h) at the rear.[31] However, these regulations at low-speed collisions did not enhance occupant safety.[32]Vehicle manufacturers have acknowledged the functional equivalence of the UN and U.S. regulations, encouraged developing countries to recognize and accept both,[21] and advocated for equal recognition of both systems in developed countries.[33] However, some structural features of the U.S. legal system are incompatible with some aspects of the UN regulatory system.[34] Studies have concluded that commonizing regulations between the US and the rest of the world (which uses U.N. Regulations) would save significant money, likely without affecting safety.[35]","title":"International counterparts and the grey market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cost–benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"lighting-related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting"},{"link_name":"turn signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_signal"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-0119-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-0119-39"},{"link_name":"NCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAP"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-0119-39"}],"text":"NHTSA uses cost–benefit analysis for every safety device, system, or design feature mandated for installation on vehicles.[36] No device, system, or design feature may be mandated unless it costs no more than a specified amount of money per life saved, or will save more money (in property damage, health care, etc.) than it costs. Requirements are balanced through estimated costs and estimated benefits. For example, FMVSS #208 effectively mandates the installation of frontal airbags in all new vehicles in the United States, for it is written such that no other technology can meet the stipulated requirements.[citation needed] It has been argued that even using conservative cost figures and optimistic benefit figures, airbags' cost–benefit ratio so extreme that it may fall outside of the cost–benefit requirements for mandatory safety devices.[37][38] Cost–benefit requirements have been used as the basis for lighting-related regulation in the U.S; for example, while many countries in the world since at least the early 1970s have required rear turn signals to emit amber light so they might be distinguished from adjacent red brake lamps, U.S. regulations permit rear turn signals to emit either amber or red light. This has historically been justified on grounds of lower manufacturing cost[39] and greater automaker styling freedom in the context of no demonstrated safety benefit to amber over red.[40][41][42] More recent[when?] NHTSA-sponsored research has demonstrated that amber rear turn signals provide significantly better crash avoidance than red ones,[43][44] and NHTSA has found there is no significant cost penalty to amber signals versus red ones,[39] yet the agency has not moved to require amber—instead proposing in 2015 to award extra NCAP points to passenger vehicles with amber rear turn signals.[39] As of September 2022, however, the agency has not put this proposal into effect.","title":"Cost and cost-benefit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fuel economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporate Average Fuel Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy"},{"link_name":"road tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_tax"}],"sub_title":"CAFE regulations","text":"NHTSA administers the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), which is intended to incentivize the production of fuel-efficient vehicles by dint of fuel economy requirements measured against the sales-weighted harmonic average of each manufacturer's range of vehicles. Many governments outside North America promote fuel economy by heavily taxing motor fuel and/or by including a vehicle's weight, engine size, or fuel economy in calculating vehicle registration taxes (road tax).","title":"Fuel economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NCAPLabel.jpg"},{"link_name":"2006 Honda Ridgeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Ridgeline_(2006%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"New Car Assessment Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Car_Assessment_Program"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAP-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAP-45"},{"link_name":"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Vehicle_Safety_Standard_208"},{"link_name":"Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users"},{"link_name":"Monroney sticker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroney_sticker"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Consumer information label for a vehicle with NCAP ratingNHTSA front and side-impact tests of the 2006 Honda Ridgeline at 35 mph (56 km/h) and 38.5 mph (62 km/h), respectivelyUnited States has been the first country/region to have a NCAP program before being copied by other regional, European, American, Asiatic, Oceanic or global NCAP programs. This makes the New Car Assessment Program colloquial and design either US NCAP or generic NCAP.In 1979, NHTSA created the/a New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) in response to Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, to encourage manufacturers to build safer vehicles and consumers to buy them. Since that time, the agency has improved the program by adding rating programs, facilitating access to test results, and revising the format of the information to make it easier for consumers to understand.[45] NHTSA asserts the program has influenced manufacturers to build vehicles that consistently achieve high ratings.[45]The first standardized 35 mph (56 km/h) front crash test was on May 21, 1979, and the first results were released on October 15 that year.The agency established a frontal impact test protocol based on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 (\"Occupant Crash Protection\"), except that the frontal 4 NCAP test is conducted at 35 mph (56 km/h), rather than 30 mph (48 km/h) as required by FMVSS No. 208.To improve the dissemination of NCAP ratings, and as a result of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA–LU), the agency has issued a Final Rule requiring manufacturers to place NCAP star ratings on the Monroney sticker (automobile price sticker). The rule had a September 1, 2007 compliance date.[46]Since 2020, it is mandatory to show a safety label with all display vehicles in Malaysia. The printed information does not show the presence of crash eCall, presence eCall, drunk driving warning, anti-theft and lack of keyless technology as features. It does not seem that NCAPs less strict than the local one or which do not penalize flammability, fire toxicity, lifecycle toxicity, true climate impact, water impact, worker and population impact, biodiversity impact, weak cybersecurity, or heavy or pedestrian-unfriendly vehicles are banned.[47]","title":"NCAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"The agency has[when?] an annual budget of $1.09 billion (FY2020). The agency classifies most of its spending under the driver safety heading, with a minority spent on vehicle safety, and a smaller amount on energy security matters of which it is in charge, i.e., vehicular fuel economy.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"[48]","title":"Past administrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1933264165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933264165"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9754871-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9754871-0-5"},{"link_name":"The Century Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_Council"},{"link_name":"Report on Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities in the United States (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110817033028/http://www.centurycouncil.org/files/TCC-ARTF_2006_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1830396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1830396"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/autos-fuel-court/update-2-us-appeals-court-orders-new-fuel-economy-standards-idUKN1532769520071116?edition-redirect=in"}],"text":"McDonald, Kevin M. \"Shifting Out of Park: Moving Auto Safety from Recalls to Reason\" (Lawyers & Judges Publishing, 2006). ISBN 978-1933264165.\nEvans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 978-0-9754871-0-5.\nThe Century Council's Report on Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities in the United States (2006)\nPeltzman, Sam. \"The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation.\" The Journal of Political Economy 83, no. 4 (August 1975): 677–725. JSTOR 1830396\n\"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards\". Reuters. November 16, 2007.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Annual US traffic fatalities per billion vehicle miles traveled (red), miles traveled (blue), per one million people (orange), total annual deaths (light blue), VMT in tens of billions (dark blue), and population in millions (teal), from 1921 to 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_traffic_deaths_per_VMT%2C_VMT%2C_per_capita%2C_and_total_annual_deaths.png/300px-US_traffic_deaths_per_VMT%2C_VMT%2C_per_capita%2C_and_total_annual_deaths.png"},{"image_text":"Consumer information label for a vehicle with NCAP rating","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NCAPLabel.jpg/220px-NCAPLabel.jpg"},{"image_text":"NHTSA front and side-impact tests of the 2006 Honda Ridgeline at 35 mph (56 km/h) and 38.5 mph (62 km/h), respectively"}] | [{"title":"Insurance Institute for Highway Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety"},{"title":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Institute"},{"title":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"title":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe"}] | [{"reference":"\"Who We Are and What We Do\". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018102517/http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Who+We+Are+and+What+We+Do","url_text":"\"Who We Are and What We Do\""},{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Who+We+Are+and+What+We+Do","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\". International Trade Data System. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191043/http://www.itds.gov/xp/itds/toolbox/organization/pgas/dept_of_trans_pgas/natl_highlway_traffic_safety.html","url_text":"\"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\""},{"url":"http://www.itds.gov/xp/itds/toolbox/organization/pgas/dept_of_trans_pgas/natl_highlway_traffic_safety.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THIS IS NHTSA\" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185301/http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/reports/810552.pdf","url_text":"\"THIS IS NHTSA\""},{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/reports/810552.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2018\" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/mission/budget/281176/nhtsa-fy-2018-cj-budget.pdf","url_text":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221095751/http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/administration/pdf/Budgets/FY2016-NHTSA_CBJ_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\""},{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/administration/pdf/Budgets/FY2016-NHTSA_CBJ_Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2025\" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2024-03/NHTSA_FY_2025_Budget_Request-Congressional_Submission508.pdf","url_text":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHTSA Leadership\". NHTSA. August 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/nhtsa-leadership","url_text":"\"NHTSA Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"Calmes, Jackie (April 5, 2014). \"Minding the Minders of G.M.\" New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/business/minding-the-minders-of-gm.html","url_text":"\"Minding the Minders of G.M.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crash Investigation Sampling System\". www.nhtsa.gov. NHTSA. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/crash-data-systems/crash-investigation-sampling-system","url_text":"\"Crash Investigation Sampling System\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Leon S. (2007). Injury Epidemiology (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 186–194. ISBN 978-0-19-506956-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/injuryepidemiolo00robe_0/page/186","url_text":"Injury Epidemiology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/injuryepidemiolo00robe_0/page/186","url_text":"186–194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506956-3","url_text":"978-0-19-506956-3"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Daniel (November 16, 2021). \"Systemic Dysfunction at NHTSA: Audit\". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2021/11/16/systemic-dysfunction-at-nhtsa-audit/","url_text":"\"Systemic Dysfunction at NHTSA: Audit\""}]},{"reference":"Ballaban, Michael (June 22, 2015). \"Scathing Audit Reveals NHTSA Is A Five-Star Government Clusterfuck\". Jalopnic. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jalopnik.com/scathing-audit-reveals-nhtsa-is-a-five-star-government-1713128651?rev=1435001957366","url_text":"\"Scathing Audit Reveals NHTSA Is A Five-Star Government Clusterfuck\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 978-0-9754871-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9754871-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9754871-0-5"}]},{"reference":"Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc (January 15, 2003). \"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model\" (PDF). Transportation Research Board 82nd Annual Meeting. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130503020729/http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/trb_safety_1%2D03.pdf","url_text":"\"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model\""},{"url":"http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/trb_safety_1-03.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Highway Administration (2006). \"Chapter 14 Freight Transportation\". 2006 Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance. United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823204506/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/chap14.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 14 Freight Transportation\""},{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/chap14.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Leon S. (2006). \"Motor Vehicle Deaths: Failed Policy Analysis and Neglected Policy\". Journal of Public Health Policy. 27 (2): 182–189. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074. PMID 16961196. S2CID 19954345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jphp.3200074","url_text":"10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16961196","url_text":"16961196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19954345","url_text":"19954345"}]},{"reference":"Grabowski, David C.; Morrissey, Michael A. (2004). \"Gasoline Prices and Motor Vehicle Fatalities\". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 23 (3): 575–593. doi:10.1002/pam.20028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpam.20028","url_text":"10.1002/pam.20028"}]},{"reference":"\"Automotive Regulations and Certification Processes: Global Manufacturers' Perspective\". U.S. Automotive Industry Coalition Meeting - Andean/Mexico Delegation. December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://share.ansi.org/Shared%20Documents/Standards%20Activities/International%20Standardization/Standards%20Alliance/ANDEAN_Mexican%20Delegation%20Visit/Powerpoints/Day%203/Presentation_Automotive_Regulations_and-Certification_Processes.pptx","url_text":"\"Automotive Regulations and Certification Processes: Global Manufacturers' Perspective\""}]},{"reference":"\"What you need to know to avoid seeing your grey market car get crushed\". Digital Trends. August 30, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/grey-market-cars-everything-you-need-to-know/","url_text":"\"What you need to know to avoid seeing your grey market car get crushed\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, George (May 23, 1985). \"U.S. Accuses 'Gray Market' Car Importer\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-23-fi-8240-story.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Accuses 'Gray Market' Car Importer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deception on Engines Charged: 'Gray Market' Mercedes Dealer Held\". Los Angeles Times. April 26, 1986. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-26-me-2291-story.html","url_text":"\"Deception on Engines Charged: 'Gray Market' Mercedes Dealer Held\""}]},{"reference":"Dean, Paul (July 11, 1986). \"Wheeling-Dealing Gray Market Hits the Skids: Bad Publicity, Corporate Action, Legislation Put Brakes on Car Conversions\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-11-vw-19912-story.html","url_text":"\"Wheeling-Dealing Gray Market Hits the Skids: Bad Publicity, Corporate Action, Legislation Put Brakes on Car Conversions\""}]},{"reference":"\"How To: Win the Car-Importing Game\". Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203062314/http://blog.caranddriver.com/how-to-win-the-car-importing-game/","url_text":"\"How To: Win the Car-Importing Game\""},{"url":"http://blog.caranddriver.com/how-to-win-the-car-importing-game/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Show Classic: 1985 Citroen CX 25 GTi Series 2 – Blue Is A Warmer Color Than Grey\". Curbside Classic. January 10, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-european/car-show-classic-1985-citroen-cx-25-gti-automatic-series-2-a-retrospective/","url_text":"\"Car Show Classic: 1985 Citroen CX 25 GTi Series 2 – Blue Is A Warmer Color Than Grey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carpe Diem\". Retrieved May 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/01/big-threes-dramatic-u-turn.html","url_text":"\"Carpe Diem\""}]},{"reference":"Wenners, M.E.; Frusti, J.M.; Ninomiya, J.S. (September 29, 1998). \"Global Regulatory Harmonization—One American Manufacturer's Perspective\". SAE Technical Paper Series. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). doi:10.4271/982266. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/982266","url_text":"\"Global Regulatory Harmonization—One American Manufacturer's Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F982266","url_text":"10.4271/982266"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Daniel (June 24, 2013). \"Crouching Tariff, Hidden Trade Barrier?\". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/06/24/crouching-tariff-hidden-trade-barrier/","url_text":"\"Crouching Tariff, Hidden Trade Barrier?\""}]},{"reference":"La Heist, Warren G.; Ephraim, Frank G. \"An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304122233/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/807072.html","url_text":"\"An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072\""},{"url":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/807072.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future video - CNET\". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/videos/top-5-citroen-sm-innovations-that-saw-the-future/","url_text":"\"Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future video - CNET\""}]},{"reference":"Stern, Daniel (May 20, 2013). \"Ford Push for Global Regs...Meaning What?\". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/05/20/ford-push-for-global-regsmeaning-what/","url_text":"\"Ford Push for Global Regs...Meaning What?\""}]},{"reference":"Stern, Daniel (October 28, 2013). \"Legal Hurdles to Regulatory Harmony\". Driving Vision News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/10/28/legal-hurdles-to-regulatory-harmony/","url_text":"\"Legal Hurdles to Regulatory Harmony\""}]},{"reference":"Beene, Ryan (July 25, 2015). \"Wiping out U.S.-EU rules disparities would yield big savings\". Automotive News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://txtify.it/https://www.autonews.com/article/20150725/OEM/307279968/wiping-out-u-s-eu-rules-disparities-would-yield-big-savings","url_text":"\"Wiping out U.S.-EU rules disparities would yield big savings\""},{"url":"http://www.autonews.com/article/20150725/OEM/307279968/wiping-out-u.s.-eu-rules-disparities-would-yield-big-savings","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Graham Releases Results of Cost–Benefit Analysis of Air Bag Safety\". Riskworld.com. March 25, 1997. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928020856/http://www.riskworld.com/NEWS/97q1/nw7aa028.htm","url_text":"\"John Graham Releases Results of Cost–Benefit Analysis of Air Bag Safety\""},{"url":"http://www.riskworld.com/NEWS/97q1/nw7aa028.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Kimberly M.; Segui-Gomez, Maria; Graham, John D. (October 3, 2002). \"Validating Benefit and Cost Estimates: The Case of Airbag Regulation\". Risk Analysis. 22 (4): 803–811. Bibcode:2002RiskA..22..803T. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00070. PMID 12224752. S2CID 27273577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RiskA..22..803T","url_text":"2002RiskA..22..803T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0272-4332.00070","url_text":"10.1111/0272-4332.00070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12224752","url_text":"12224752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27273577","url_text":"27273577"}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations.gov\". www.regulations.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regulations.gov/document/NHTSA-2015-0119-0001","url_text":"\"Regulations.gov\""}]},{"reference":"Hitzemeyer, Erwin G.; Wilde, Helmut; Ellenberger, Donald (1977), \"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?\", SAE Technical Paper Series, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers, doi:10.4271/770812, retrieved March 31, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/770812/","url_text":"\"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F770812","url_text":"10.4271/770812"}]},{"reference":"Dorleans, Guy (1997), \"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products\", SAE Technical Paper Series, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers, doi:10.4271/970913, retrieved March 31, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/970913/","url_text":"\"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F970913","url_text":"10.4271/970913"}]},{"reference":"\"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511053347/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/811050.pdf","url_text":"\"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk\""},{"url":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/811050.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Kirk (2009). \"The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts, DOT HS 811 115\" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811115.PDF","url_text":"\"The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts, DOT HS 811 115\""}]},{"reference":"\"The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements\" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. January 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/DOT/safercar/pdf/810698.pdf","url_text":"\"The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements\""}]},{"reference":"\"safercar.gov | NHTSA\" (PDF). www.nhtsa.gov. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184625/http://www.safercar.gov/NewCarAssessmentEnhancements-2007.pdf","url_text":"\"safercar.gov | NHTSA\""},{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/safercargov","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ASEAN NCAP and KPDNHEP mandatory safety rating labels begin appearing on new cars in showrooms - paultan.org\". May 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://paultan.org/2020/05/18/asean-ncap-and-kpdnhep-mandatory-safety-rating-labels-begin-appearing-on-new-cars-in-showrooms/","url_text":"\"ASEAN NCAP and KPDNHEP mandatory safety rating labels begin appearing on new cars in showrooms - paultan.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past NHTSA Administrators\". nhtsa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/past-nhtsa-administrators","url_text":"\"Past NHTSA Administrators\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 978-0-9754871-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9754871-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9754871-0-5"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards\". Reuters. November 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/autos-fuel-court/update-2-us-appeals-court-orders-new-fuel-economy-standards-idUKN1532769520071116?edition-redirect=in","url_text":"\"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nhtsa.gov/","external_links_name":"nhtsa.gov"},{"Link":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/part-571","external_links_name":"571"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/670","external_links_name":"89–670"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/563","external_links_name":"89–563"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/564","external_links_name":"89–564"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/91/605","external_links_name":"91–605"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-84-1713","external_links_name":"1713"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-84-1739","external_links_name":"1739"},{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/92/513","external_links_name":"92–513"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-86-947","external_links_name":"947"},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/traffic-crash-death-estimates-2022","external_links_name":"40,000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018102517/http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Who+We+Are+and+What+We+Do","external_links_name":"\"Who We Are and What We Do\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Who+We+Are+and+What+We+Do","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191043/http://www.itds.gov/xp/itds/toolbox/organization/pgas/dept_of_trans_pgas/natl_highlway_traffic_safety.html","external_links_name":"\"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\""},{"Link":"http://www.itds.gov/xp/itds/toolbox/organization/pgas/dept_of_trans_pgas/natl_highlway_traffic_safety.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185301/http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/reports/810552.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THIS IS NHTSA\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/reports/810552.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/mission/budget/281176/nhtsa-fy-2018-cj-budget.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221095751/http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/administration/pdf/Budgets/FY2016-NHTSA_CBJ_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/administration/pdf/Budgets/FY2016-NHTSA_CBJ_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2024-03/NHTSA_FY_2025_Budget_Request-Congressional_Submission508.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2025\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/nhtsa-leadership","external_links_name":"\"NHTSA Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/business/minding-the-minders-of-gm.html","external_links_name":"\"Minding the Minders of G.M.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/crash-data-systems/crash-investigation-sampling-system","external_links_name":"\"Crash Investigation Sampling System\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/injuryepidemiolo00robe_0/page/186","external_links_name":"Injury Epidemiology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/injuryepidemiolo00robe_0/page/186","external_links_name":"186–194"},{"Link":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2021/11/16/systemic-dysfunction-at-nhtsa-audit/","external_links_name":"\"Systemic Dysfunction at NHTSA: Audit\""},{"Link":"http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/NHTSA%20FMVSS%20Final%20Report_11-9-21.pdf","external_links_name":"Weaknesses in NHTSA's Training and Guidance Limit Its Ability To Set and Enforce Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards"},{"Link":"https://www.oig.dot.gov/library-item/36626","external_links_name":"NHTSA's Management of Light Passenger Vehicle Recalls Lacks Adequate Processes and Oversight"},{"Link":"https://www.oig.dot.gov/library-item/32523","external_links_name":"Inadequate Data and Analysis Undermine NHTSA's Efforts To Identify and Investigate Vehicle Safety Concerns"},{"Link":"https://jalopnik.com/scathing-audit-reveals-nhtsa-is-a-five-star-government-1713128651?rev=1435001957366","external_links_name":"\"Scathing Audit Reveals NHTSA Is A Five-Star Government Clusterfuck\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130503020729/http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/trb_safety_1%2D03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model\""},{"Link":"http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/trb_safety_1-03.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823204506/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/chap14.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 14 Freight Transportation\""},{"Link":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/chap14.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jphp.3200074","external_links_name":"10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16961196","external_links_name":"16961196"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19954345","external_links_name":"19954345"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpam.20028","external_links_name":"10.1002/pam.20028"},{"Link":"https://share.ansi.org/Shared%20Documents/Standards%20Activities/International%20Standardization/Standards%20Alliance/ANDEAN_Mexican%20Delegation%20Visit/Powerpoints/Day%203/Presentation_Automotive_Regulations_and-Certification_Processes.pptx","external_links_name":"\"Automotive Regulations and Certification Processes: Global Manufacturers' Perspective\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/grey-market-cars-everything-you-need-to-know/","external_links_name":"\"What you need to know to avoid seeing your grey market car get crushed\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-23-fi-8240-story.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Accuses 'Gray Market' Car Importer\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-26-me-2291-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Deception on Engines Charged: 'Gray Market' Mercedes Dealer Held\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-11-vw-19912-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Wheeling-Dealing Gray Market Hits the Skids: Bad Publicity, Corporate Action, Legislation Put Brakes on Car Conversions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203062314/http://blog.caranddriver.com/how-to-win-the-car-importing-game/","external_links_name":"\"How To: Win the Car-Importing Game\""},{"Link":"http://blog.caranddriver.com/how-to-win-the-car-importing-game/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.curbsideclassic.com/curbside-classics-european/car-show-classic-1985-citroen-cx-25-gti-automatic-series-2-a-retrospective/","external_links_name":"\"Car Show Classic: 1985 Citroen CX 25 GTi Series 2 – Blue Is A Warmer Color Than Grey\""},{"Link":"http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/01/big-threes-dramatic-u-turn.html","external_links_name":"\"Carpe Diem\""},{"Link":"http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/982266","external_links_name":"\"Global Regulatory Harmonization—One American Manufacturer's Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F982266","external_links_name":"10.4271/982266"},{"Link":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/06/24/crouching-tariff-hidden-trade-barrier/","external_links_name":"\"Crouching Tariff, Hidden Trade Barrier?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304122233/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/807072.html","external_links_name":"\"An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/807072.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/videos/top-5-citroen-sm-innovations-that-saw-the-future/","external_links_name":"\"Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future video - CNET\""},{"Link":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/05/20/ford-push-for-global-regsmeaning-what/","external_links_name":"\"Ford Push for Global Regs...Meaning What?\""},{"Link":"https://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/2013/10/28/legal-hurdles-to-regulatory-harmony/","external_links_name":"\"Legal Hurdles to Regulatory Harmony\""},{"Link":"https://txtify.it/https://www.autonews.com/article/20150725/OEM/307279968/wiping-out-u-s-eu-rules-disparities-would-yield-big-savings","external_links_name":"\"Wiping out U.S.-EU rules disparities would yield big savings\""},{"Link":"http://www.autonews.com/article/20150725/OEM/307279968/wiping-out-u.s.-eu-rules-disparities-would-yield-big-savings","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3919&context=lcp","external_links_name":"Regulatory Economics in the Courts: an Analysis of Judge Scalia's NHTSA Bumper Decision"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928020856/http://www.riskworld.com/NEWS/97q1/nw7aa028.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Graham Releases Results of Cost–Benefit Analysis of Air Bag Safety\""},{"Link":"http://www.riskworld.com/NEWS/97q1/nw7aa028.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RiskA..22..803T","external_links_name":"2002RiskA..22..803T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0272-4332.00070","external_links_name":"10.1111/0272-4332.00070"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12224752","external_links_name":"12224752"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27273577","external_links_name":"27273577"},{"Link":"https://www.regulations.gov/document/NHTSA-2015-0119-0001","external_links_name":"\"Regulations.gov\""},{"Link":"http://www.drivingvisionnews.com/download.php?fileid=20110830","external_links_name":"Automotive Lighting in North America"},{"Link":"https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/770812/","external_links_name":"\"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F770812","external_links_name":"10.4271/770812"},{"Link":"https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/970913/","external_links_name":"\"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F970913","external_links_name":"10.4271/970913"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511053347/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/811050.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crash%20Avoidance/2008/811050.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811115.PDF","external_links_name":"\"The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts, DOT HS 811 115\""},{"Link":"https://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/DOT/safercar/pdf/810698.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184625/http://www.safercar.gov/NewCarAssessmentEnhancements-2007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"safercar.gov | NHTSA\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/safercargov","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://paultan.org/2020/05/18/asean-ncap-and-kpdnhep-mandatory-safety-rating-labels-begin-appearing-on-new-cars-in-showrooms/","external_links_name":"\"ASEAN NCAP and KPDNHEP mandatory safety rating labels begin appearing on new cars in showrooms - paultan.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/about-nhtsa/past-nhtsa-administrators","external_links_name":"\"Past NHTSA Administrators\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817033028/http://www.centurycouncil.org/files/TCC-ARTF_2006_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Report on Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities in the United States (2006)"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830396","external_links_name":"1830396"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/autos-fuel-court/update-2-us-appeals-court-orders-new-fuel-economy-standards-idUKN1532769520071116?edition-redirect=in","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhtsa.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/chapter-V","external_links_name":"49 CFR Chapter V"},{"Link":"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-highway-traffic-safety-administration","external_links_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000116103100/http://www.nhtsa.gov/","external_links_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961112103647/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/","external_links_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/416.html","external_links_name":"National Archives entry"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/includes/nhtsa_primer.htm","external_links_name":"Washington Post article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101029072838/http://dotlibrary.dot.gov/Historian/service.htm","external_links_name":"DOT's list of operating administrators of the NHTSA"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123428278","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404066939","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150010490","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5051509","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008230v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008230v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121081-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302888805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041815","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35569673","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/269723","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/319328","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05537612?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500278397","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/999384","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/088484076","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Noh_Theatre | National Noh Theatre | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°40′49″N 139°42′29.3″E / 35.68028°N 139.708139°E / 35.68028; 139.708139National Noh Theatre国立能楽堂National Noh TheatreAddress4-18-1 Sendagaya, Shibuya-kuTokyoJapanCoordinates35°40′49″N 139°42′29.3″E / 35.68028°N 139.708139°E / 35.68028; 139.708139Capacity591ConstructionOpened1983ArchitectHiroshi ŌeWebsitehttp://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/nou.html
Auditorium; the stage is of hinoki, the backdrop decorated with a pine; the principal actors enter and exit along the passageway to the side, while the chorus and musicians enter from a low door in the righthand corner to the rear
The National Noh Theatre (国立能楽堂, Kokuritsu Nōgaku Dō) opened in Sendagaya, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan in September 1983. The auditorium seats 591 for performances of Noh and Kyōgen, and there is also a rehearsal stage, exhibition area, lecture room, and reference library. In 2007, the National Noh Theatre began to annually present regular programs by female performers.
See also
Noh
References
^ "History". Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^ "Facilities". Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^ "TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?". www.the-noh.com.
External links
(in Japanese) National Noh Theatre - homepage
(in English) National Noh Theatre - English language site
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noh-stage.jpg"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh#Stage"},{"link_name":"hinoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinoki"},{"link_name":"Sendagaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendagaya"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"},{"link_name":"Kyōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"}],"text":"Auditorium; the stage is of hinoki, the backdrop decorated with a pine; the principal actors enter and exit along the passageway to the side, while the chorus and musicians enter from a low door in the righthand corner to the rearThe National Noh Theatre (国立能楽堂, Kokuritsu Nōgaku Dō) opened in Sendagaya, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan in September 1983.[1] The auditorium seats 591 for performances of Noh and Kyōgen, and there is also a rehearsal stage, exhibition area, lecture room, and reference library.[2] In 2007, the National Noh Theatre began to annually present regular programs by female performers.[3]","title":"National Noh Theatre"}] | [{"image_text":"Auditorium; the stage is of hinoki, the backdrop decorated with a pine; the principal actors enter and exit along the passageway to the side, while the chorus and musicians enter from a low door in the righthand corner to the rear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Noh-stage.jpg/280px-Noh-stage.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"}] | [{"reference":"\"History\". Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 25 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/outline/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facilities\". Japan Arts Council. Retrieved 25 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/access/facilities_03.html","url_text":"\"Facilities\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?\". www.the-noh.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-noh.com/","url_text":"\"TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Noh_Theatre¶ms=35_40_49_N_139_42_29.3_E_region:JP_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"35°40′49″N 139°42′29.3″E / 35.68028°N 139.708139°E / 35.68028; 139.708139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Noh_Theatre¶ms=35_40_49_N_139_42_29.3_E_region:JP_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"35°40′49″N 139°42′29.3″E / 35.68028°N 139.708139°E / 35.68028; 139.708139"},{"Link":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/nou.html","external_links_name":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/nou.html"},{"Link":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/outline/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/access/facilities_03.html","external_links_name":"\"Facilities\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-noh.com/","external_links_name":"\"TRIVIA of Noh : Q25 : Can a woman become a Noh performer?\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/nou.html","external_links_name":"National Noh Theatre - homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.ntj.jac.go.jp/english/schedule/national-noh-theatre.html","external_links_name":"National Noh Theatre - English language site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138131785","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007430411005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85367114","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council | National Pan-Hellenic Council | ["1 History","2 Affiliate organizations","3 Traditional Greek housing","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | African American fraternity & sorority organization
Not to be confused with National Panhellenic Conference.
National Pan-Hellenic CouncilNicknameDivine NineFoundedMay 10, 1930; 94 years ago (1930-05-10)Founded atHoward UniversityTypeTrade associationMembers 9WebsiteNPHC National website
Part of a series onAfrican Americans
History
Periods
Timeline
Atlantic slave trade
Abolitionism in the United States
Slavery in the colonial history of the US
Revolutionary War
Antebellum period
Slavery and military history during the Civil War
Reconstruction era
Politicians
Juneteenth
Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
Black power movement
Post–civil rights era
Aspects
Agriculture history
Black Belt in the American South
Business history
Military history
Treatment of the enslaved
Migrations
Great Migration
Second Great Migration
New Great Migration
Culture
Lifeways
Dance
Family structure
Film
Folktales
Music
Musical theater
Names
Neighborhoods
Newspapers
Soul food
Schools
Education during the slave period in the US
Education of freed people during the Civil War
History of African-American education, after the Civil War
Historically black colleges and universities
Fraternities
Academic study
Studies
Art
Literature
Celebrations
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Black History Month
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
Economic class
African-American businesses
Middle class
Upper class
Billionaires
Symbols and ideas
African-American beauty
Black is beautiful
Black pride
African-American hair
Good hair
Stepping
"Lift Every Voice and Sing"
Self-determination
Religion
Institutions
Black church
Theologies
Black theology
Womanist theology
Non-Christian groups
Hoodoo
Black Hebrew Israelites
African-American Jews
African-American Muslims
Nation of Islam
Louisiana Voodoo
African Diaspora Religions
Politics
Organizations
Congressional Black Caucus
Joint Center
National Black Caucus of State Legislators
National Conference of Black Mayors
Ideologies
Afrocentrism
Anarchism
Back-to-Africa movement
Black power
Capitalism
Conservatism
Garveyism
Leftism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Pan-Africanism
Patriotism
Populism
Socialism
Civic/economic groups
Organizations
Association for the Study of AfricanAmerican Life and History
Black conductors
NAACP
National Black Chamber of Commerce
National Council of Negro Women
National Pan-Hellenic Council
National Urban League
TransAfrica
UNCF
Sports
Negro league baseball
Athletic associations and conferences
Central (CIAA)
Gulf Coast (GCAC)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southern (SIAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Sub-communities
Multiethnic
African-American Jews
Afro-Puerto Ricans
Alabama Creole people
Black Indians
Black Seminoles
Mascogos
Blaxicans
Brass Ankles
Creoles of color
Dominickers
Freedmen
Great Dismal Swamp maroons
Melungeon
Carmel Indians
Redbone
Specific ancestries
Americo-Liberians
Creek Freedmen
Gullah
Merikins
Nova Scotians
Samaná Americans
Sierra Leone Creole
Sexual orientation
LGBT community
Dialects and languages
English dialects
African-American English
African-American Vernacular English
Liberian English
Samaná English
Tutnese
Languages and other dialects
Gullah
Afro-Seminole Creole
Negro Dutch
Black American Sign Language
Population
US states
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Nebraska
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
US cities
Black mecca
List of neighborhoods
Atlanta
Baltimore
Boston
Chicago
Dallas-Fort Worth
Davenport
Detroit
Houston
Jacksonville
Kentucky
Lexington
Los Angeles
New York City
Omaha
Philadelphia
San Antonio
San Francisco
Historic places
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
Missouri
Omaha, Nebraska
North Carolina
South Carolina
Texas
West Virginia
Population count
US states and territories
US metropolitan areas
US cities
US communities
Places by plurality of population
Diaspora
Africa
Canada
France
Ghana
Israel
Liberia
Nova Scotia
Sierra Leone
Prejudice
Racism
Black genocide
Race and ethnicity in the US census
Racism against Black Americans
Reparations for slavery
School segregation in the US
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
Stereotypes and media depictions
Blackface
Criminal stereotypes
Hollywood
Magical Negro
Minstrel show
United States portal
Category
Indexvte
The National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) is a collaborative umbrella council composed of historically African American fraternities and sororities, commonly called the Divine Nine, and also referred to as Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs). The NPHC was formed as a permanent organization on May 10, 1930, on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C., with Matthew W. Bullock as the active Chairman and B. Beatrix Scott as Vice-Chairman. NPHC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois in 1937.
The council promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other media for the exchange of information and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.
Each constituent member organization determines its own strategic direction and program agenda. Today, the primary purpose and focus of member organizations remains camaraderie and academic excellence for its members and service to the communities they serve. Each promotes community awareness and action through educational, economic, and cultural service activities.
History
The National Pan-Hellenic Council was established during the Jim Crow era when Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by white Americans did not want to be affiliated with Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by African Americans.
The organization's stated purpose and mission in 1930:
Marcia Fudge speaking at the 2017 National Pan-Hellenic Council Forum.
Unanimity of thought and action as far as possible in the conduct of Greek letter collegiate fraternities and sororities, and to consider problems of mutual interest to its member organizations.
The founding members of the NPHC were Alpha Kappa Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, Omega Psi Phi, Delta Sigma Theta, and Zeta Phi Beta. The council's membership expanded as Alpha Phi Alpha (1931), Phi Beta Sigma (1931), Sigma Gamma Rho (1937), and Iota Phi Theta (1996) later joined. In his book on BGLOs, The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America (2001), Lawrence Ross coined the phrase "The Divine Nine" when referring to the coalition.
As required by various campus recognition policies, neither the NPHC, nor its member national or chapter organizations discriminate on the basis of race or religion.
In 1992, the first permanent national office for NPHC was established in Bloomington, Indiana on the campus of Indiana University through the joint cooperation of Indiana University and the National Board of Directors of NPHC. Prior to its establishment, for over a 62-year period, the national office would sojourn from one officer to the next.
Affiliate organizations
The members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council are shown below in order of founding:
Name
Greek letters
Type
Founding date
Founding university
Headquarters
Chapters
Total initiates
Joined
Notes
Alpha Phi Alpha
ΑΦΑ
Fraternity
(1906-12-04)December 4, 1906
Cornell University
Baltimore, Maryland
706
200,000
1931
First intercollegiate African American fraternity. Only NPHC organization to be founded at an Ivy League university.
Alpha Kappa Alpha
ΑΚΑ
Sorority
(1908-01-15)January 15, 1908
Howard University
Chicago, Illinois
1,074
360,000
1930
First intercollegiate African American sorority.First NPHC sorority to be nationally incorporated.
Kappa Alpha Psi
ΚΑΨ
Fraternity
(1911-01-05)January 5, 1911
Indiana University Bloomington
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
649 (active undergraduate & alumni chapters)
250,000+
1930
Founded as Kappa Alpha Nu.First NPHC organization to be nationally incorporated.
Omega Psi Phi
ΩΨΦ
Fraternity
(1911-11-17)November 17, 1911
Howard University
Decatur, Georgia
750
1930
First fraternity to be founded at a historically black university.
Delta Sigma Theta
ΔΣΘ
Sorority
(1913-01-13)January 13, 1913
Howard University
Washington, D.C.
1,060
350,000
1930
Phi Beta Sigma
ΦΒΣ
Fraternity
(1914-01-09)January 9, 1914
Howard University
Washington, D.C.
599 (active chapters)
225,000
1931
Constitutionally bound with Zeta Phi Beta.
Zeta Phi Beta
ΖΦΒ
Sorority
(1920-01-16)January 16, 1920
Howard University
Washington, D.C.
875+
125,000
1930
Constitutionally bound with Phi Beta Sigma.
Sigma Gamma Rho
ΣΓΡ
Sorority
(1922-11-12)November 12, 1922
Butler University
Cary, North Carolina
500
85,000+
1937
Only NPHC sorority founded at a predominately white institution.
Iota Phi Theta
ΙΦΘ
Fraternity
(1963-09-19)September 19, 1963
Morgan State University
Baltimore, Maryland
300+
75,000
1996
Only NPHC organization founded in the second half of the 20th century.
Traditional Greek housing
See also: North American fraternity and sorority housing
Traditional Greek housing amongst NPHC organizations is rare. Unlike most National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) and North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC) organizations that have many traditional Greek houses primarily for undergraduate members on or near their college campuses, NPHC organizations have only a few. Most of the few existing NPHC organization houses are untraditional and unaffiliated with a college. In recent years, a growing number of undergraduate chapters of NPHC organizations have advocated for convenient traditional Greek housing for recruitment, meetings, stroll/step practices, socializing, and storing chapter paraphernalia but the lack of proper funding and coordination amongst members continues to be a major issue. In substitute of it, some undergraduate chapters have settled for small outdoor Greek plots to help substantiate their presence on campus.
See also
Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida
Cultural interest fraternities and sororities
Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee
List of African-American fraternities
List of social fraternities and sororities
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
National Multicultural Greek Council
Racism in Greek life
References
^ "Mission – National Pan-Hellenic Council, Incorporated". February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
^ Gillon, Kathleen E.; Beatty, Cameron C.; Salinas, Cristobal (2019). "Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview". New Directions for Student Services. 2019 (165): 9–16. doi:10.1002/ss.20289.
^ a b c "About the National Pan-Hellenic Council". nphchq.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
^ *Ross, Jr, Lawrence (2001). The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America. New York: Kensington. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-7582-0325-X.
^ a b "Home". Alpha Phi Alpha. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
^ a b "Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc". aka1908.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ a b "Home". Kappa Alpha Psi. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ a b "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc". deltasigmatheta.org. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ a b "Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc". Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ a b "Home". Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ "Sigma Gamma Rho Home". Sigma Gamma Rho. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ "Home". Iota Phi Theta® Fraternity Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
^ Richmond, Mckenzie (October 11, 2018). "NPHC Greek houses absent on Fraternity and Sorority Row". The Daily Mississippian. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.
^ Blake, Suzanne (August 21, 2018). "Black fraternities and sororities get new home in Ram Village". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
^ Mauldin, Amelia (October 11, 2018). "MGC and NPHC houses still not on campus maps". The DePauw. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.
^ Smith, Maya (August 16, 2019). "U of M Students Look to Raise Funds for African-American Greek Organizations". Memphis Flyer. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
^ "Membership". Charlotte Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.
^ White vs Black Greek Life: "There's a Greek letter … for everyone"
^ "EDITORIAL: Greek life has lost its identity at IU". January 13, 2019.
^ "Greek plots return to Morgan's campus | the Spokesman". October 11, 2018.
^ "Exploring Black Greek Life". March 15, 2017.
Further reading
Brown, Tamara L., Gregory S. Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips (2005). African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2344-8.
Parks, Gregory Scott (2008). Black Greek-Letter Organizations in the 21st Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2491-9.
Skocpol, Theda, Ariane Liazos, and Marshall Ganz (2006). What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12299-1.
External links
Official website
vteNational Pan-Hellenic Council (in order by founding date)
Alpha Phi Alpha 1906
Alpha Kappa Alpha 1908
Kappa Alpha Psi 1911
Omega Psi Phi 1911
Delta Sigma Theta 1913
Phi Beta Sigma 1914
Zeta Phi Beta 1920
Sigma Gamma Rho 1922
Iota Phi Theta 1963
vteGreek umbrella organizations
Association of College Honor Societies
Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida
National APIDA Panhellenic Association
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
National Multicultural Greek Council
National Panhellenic Conference
National Pan-Hellenic Council
North American Interfraternity Conference
Professional Fraternity Association
Defunct Greek Umbrella Organizations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Panhellenic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference"},{"link_name":"collaborative umbrella council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"fraternities and sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"State of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with National Panhellenic Conference.The National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) is a collaborative umbrella council composed of historically African American fraternities and sororities, commonly called the Divine Nine, and also referred to as Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs). The NPHC was formed as a permanent organization on May 10, 1930, on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C., with Matthew W. Bullock as the active Chairman and B. Beatrix Scott as Vice-Chairman. NPHC was incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois in 1937.[1]The council promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other media for the exchange of information and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.[citation needed]Each constituent member organization determines its own strategic direction and program agenda. Today, the primary purpose and focus of member organizations remains camaraderie and academic excellence for its members and service to the communities they serve. Each promotes community awareness and action through educational, economic, and cultural service activities.[citation needed]","title":"National Pan-Hellenic Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Crow era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_era"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcia_Fudge_speaking_at_the_2017_National_Pan-Hellenic_Council_Forum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marcia Fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Fudge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nphcabout-3"},{"link_name":"Alpha Kappa Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi"},{"link_name":"Omega Psi Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi"},{"link_name":"Delta Sigma Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta"},{"link_name":"Zeta Phi Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma"},{"link_name":"Sigma Gamma Rho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho"},{"link_name":"Iota Phi Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ross"},{"link_name":"coined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d9-4"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nphcabout-3"}],"text":"The National Pan-Hellenic Council was established during the Jim Crow era when Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by white Americans did not want to be affiliated with Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by African Americans.[2]The organization's stated purpose and mission in 1930:Marcia Fudge speaking at the 2017 National Pan-Hellenic Council Forum.Unanimity of thought and action as far as possible in the conduct of Greek letter collegiate fraternities and sororities, and to consider problems of mutual interest to its member organizations.[3]The founding members of the NPHC were Alpha Kappa Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, Omega Psi Phi, Delta Sigma Theta, and Zeta Phi Beta. The council's membership expanded as Alpha Phi Alpha (1931), Phi Beta Sigma (1931), Sigma Gamma Rho (1937), and Iota Phi Theta (1996) later joined. In his book on BGLOs, The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America (2001), Lawrence Ross coined the phrase \"The Divine Nine\" when referring to the coalition.[4]\nAs required by various campus recognition policies, neither the NPHC, nor its member national or chapter organizations discriminate on the basis of race or religion.In 1992, the first permanent national office for NPHC was established in Bloomington, Indiana on the campus of Indiana University through the joint cooperation of Indiana University and the National Board of Directors of NPHC. Prior to its establishment, for over a 62-year period, the national office would sojourn from one officer to the next.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nphcabout-3"}],"text":"The members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council are shown below in order of founding:[3]","title":"Affiliate organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American fraternity and sorority housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing"},{"link_name":"National Panhellenic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference"},{"link_name":"North American Interfraternity Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Interfraternity_Conference"},{"link_name":"stroll/step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: North American fraternity and sorority housingTraditional Greek housing amongst NPHC organizations is rare. Unlike most National Panhellenic Conference (NPC) and North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC) organizations that have many traditional Greek houses primarily for undergraduate members on or near their college campuses, NPHC organizations have only a few. Most of the few existing NPHC organization houses are untraditional and unaffiliated with a college. In recent years, a growing number of undergraduate chapters of NPHC organizations have advocated for convenient traditional Greek housing for recruitment, meetings, stroll/step practices, socializing, and storing chapter paraphernalia but the lack of proper funding and coordination amongst members continues to be a major issue. In substitute of it, some undergraduate chapters have settled for small outdoor Greek plots to help substantiate their presence on campus.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]","title":"Traditional Greek housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8131-2344-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2344-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8131-2491-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2491-9"},{"link_name":"Skocpol, Theda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Skocpol"},{"link_name":"Marshall Ganz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Ganz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-12299-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12299-1"}],"text":"Brown, Tamara L., Gregory S. Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips (2005). African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2344-8.\nParks, Gregory Scott (2008). Black Greek-Letter Organizations in the 21st Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2491-9.\nSkocpol, Theda, Ariane Liazos, and Marshall Ganz (2006). What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12299-1.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Marcia Fudge speaking at the 2017 National Pan-Hellenic Council Forum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marcia_Fudge_speaking_at_the_2017_National_Pan-Hellenic_Council_Forum.jpg/220px-Marcia_Fudge_speaking_at_the_2017_National_Pan-Hellenic_Council_Forum.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_Interfraternitario_Puertorrique%C3%B1o_de_la_Florida"},{"title":"Cultural interest fraternities and sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_interest_fraternities_and_sororities"},{"title":"Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity_and_Sorority_Political_Action_Committee"},{"title":"List of African-American fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities"},{"title":"List of social fraternities and sororities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities"},{"title":"National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations"},{"title":"National Multicultural Greek Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Multicultural_Greek_Council"},{"title":"Racism in Greek life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Greek_life"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mission – National Pan-Hellenic Council, Incorporated\". February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216124904/http://www.nphchq.org/mission/","url_text":"\"Mission – National Pan-Hellenic Council, Incorporated\""},{"url":"http://www.nphchq.org/mission/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gillon, Kathleen E.; Beatty, Cameron C.; Salinas, Cristobal (2019). \"Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview\". New Directions for Student Services. 2019 (165): 9–16. doi:10.1002/ss.20289.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.20289","url_text":"\"Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.20289","url_text":"10.1002/ss.20289"}]},{"reference":"\"About the National Pan-Hellenic Council\". nphchq.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222135422/http://www.nphchq.org/about.htm","url_text":"\"About the National Pan-Hellenic Council\""},{"url":"http://www.nphchq.org/about.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Jr, Lawrence (2001). The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America. New York: Kensington. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-7582-0325-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ross","url_text":"Ross, Jr, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7582-0325-X","url_text":"0-7582-0325-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Alpha Phi Alpha. Retrieved September 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa1906.net/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc\". aka1908.com. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://aka1908.com/membership","url_text":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Kappa Alpha Psi. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kappaalphapsi1911.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc\". deltasigmatheta.org. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deltasigmatheta.org/","url_text":"\"Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc\". Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://phibetasigma1914.org/","url_text":"\"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://phibetasigma1914.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sigma Gamma Rho Home\". Sigma Gamma Rho. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sgrho1922.org/","url_text":"\"Sigma Gamma Rho Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Iota Phi Theta® Fraternity Inc. Retrieved June 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iotaphitheta.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Mckenzie (October 11, 2018). \"NPHC Greek houses absent on Fraternity and Sorority Row\". The Daily Mississippian. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedmonline.com/black-fraternity-houses/","url_text":"\"NPHC Greek houses absent on Fraternity and Sorority Row\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025249/https://thedmonline.com/black-fraternity-houses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Suzanne (August 21, 2018). \"Black fraternities and sororities get new home in Ram Village\". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved July 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2018/08/black-greek-life-0822","url_text":"\"Black fraternities and sororities get new home in Ram Village\""}]},{"reference":"Mauldin, Amelia (October 11, 2018). \"MGC and NPHC houses still not on campus maps\". The DePauw. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedepauw.com/mgc-and-nphc-houses-still-not-on-campus-maps/","url_text":"\"MGC and NPHC houses still not on campus maps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025259/https://thedepauw.com/mgc-and-nphc-houses-still-not-on-campus-maps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Maya (August 16, 2019). \"U of M Students Look to Raise Funds for African-American Greek Organizations\". Memphis Flyer. Retrieved July 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memphisflyer.com/u-of-m-students-look-to-raise-funds-for-african-american-greek-organizations","url_text":"\"U of M Students Look to Raise Funds for African-American Greek Organizations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Flyer","url_text":"Memphis Flyer"}]},{"reference":"\"Membership\". Charlotte Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101107/http://www.charlottedst.org/aboutus/membership.html","url_text":"\"Membership\""},{"url":"http://www.charlottedst.org/aboutus/membership.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EDITORIAL: Greek life has lost its identity at IU\". January 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idsnews.com/article/2019/01/greek-life-has-lost-its-identity-at-iu","url_text":"\"EDITORIAL: Greek life has lost its identity at IU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greek plots return to Morgan's campus | the Spokesman\". October 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://themsuspokesman.com/8240/campus-news/greek-plots-return-to-morgans-campus/","url_text":"\"Greek plots return to Morgan's campus | the Spokesman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exploring Black Greek Life\". March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.34st.com/article/2017/03/black-greek-life-at-penn","url_text":"\"Exploring Black Greek Life\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nphchq.com/","external_links_name":"NPHC National website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216124904/http://www.nphchq.org/mission/","external_links_name":"\"Mission – National Pan-Hellenic Council, Incorporated\""},{"Link":"http://www.nphchq.org/mission/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.20289","external_links_name":"\"Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.20289","external_links_name":"10.1002/ss.20289"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222135422/http://www.nphchq.org/about.htm","external_links_name":"\"About the National Pan-Hellenic Council\""},{"Link":"http://www.nphchq.org/about.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.apa1906.net/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://aka1908.com/membership","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.kappaalphapsi1911.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.deltasigmatheta.org/","external_links_name":"\"Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://phibetasigma1914.org/","external_links_name":"\"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc\""},{"Link":"https://phibetasigma1914.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://sgrho1922.org/","external_links_name":"\"Sigma Gamma Rho Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.iotaphitheta.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://thedmonline.com/black-fraternity-houses/","external_links_name":"\"NPHC Greek houses absent on Fraternity and Sorority Row\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025249/https://thedmonline.com/black-fraternity-houses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2018/08/black-greek-life-0822","external_links_name":"\"Black fraternities and sororities get new home in Ram Village\""},{"Link":"https://thedepauw.com/mgc-and-nphc-houses-still-not-on-campus-maps/","external_links_name":"\"MGC and NPHC houses still not on campus maps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025259/https://thedepauw.com/mgc-and-nphc-houses-still-not-on-campus-maps/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.memphisflyer.com/u-of-m-students-look-to-raise-funds-for-african-american-greek-organizations","external_links_name":"\"U of M Students Look to Raise Funds for African-American Greek Organizations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101107/http://www.charlottedst.org/aboutus/membership.html","external_links_name":"\"Membership\""},{"Link":"http://www.charlottedst.org/aboutus/membership.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.studentprintz.com/white-vs-black-greek-life-theres-a-greek-letter-for-everyone/","external_links_name":"White vs Black Greek Life: \"There's a Greek letter … for everyone\""},{"Link":"https://www.idsnews.com/article/2019/01/greek-life-has-lost-its-identity-at-iu","external_links_name":"\"EDITORIAL: Greek life has lost its identity at IU\""},{"Link":"https://themsuspokesman.com/8240/campus-news/greek-plots-return-to-morgans-campus/","external_links_name":"\"Greek plots return to Morgan's campus | the Spokesman\""},{"Link":"https://www.34st.com/article/2017/03/black-greek-life-at-penn","external_links_name":"\"Exploring Black Greek Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.nphchq.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carolina_Panthers_seasons | List of Carolina Panthers seasons | ["1 Seasons","2 Notes","3 References"] | Bank of America Stadium (formerly Ericsson Stadium) has served as the home stadium of the Carolina Panthers in all but the team's inaugural season.
The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football club based in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The Panthers were founded in 1993, when they joined the NFL as an expansion team. The team home field and headquarters is Bank of America Stadium in Uptown Charlotte. The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996, they played they home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina during its first season in 1995. In the 29 seasons the team has played, it has a record of 223–260–1 (a winning percentage of .474), with two Super Bowl appearances, six division titles, and eight playoff appearances.
The Carolina Panthers inaugural season was in 1995, where team played as members of the NFC West division. Dom Capers was the franchise's first head coach. In their first season, they recorded a record of 7–9, the best record for an expansion team in NFL history. In their second season, they won the NFC West and reached the NFC Championship game, where they lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers; Capers won the Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award. The Panthers would fail to reach the playoffs in 1997, and in 1998, Capers was fired after a 4–12 finish. George Seifert was hired to replace him as head coach, but failed to reach the playoffs in any of his three seasons. His final season as head coach was in 2001, when the Panthers finished with a league-worst 1–15 record. John Fox was hired as head coach in 2002. In his nine seasons as head coach, the Panthers made the playoffs three times and won two NFC South division titles (in 2003 and 2008). They reached Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2003, the NFC Championship game in 2005, and the Divisional round in 2008.
Fox was not retained as head coach following a 2–14 finish in 2010, and was succeeded by Ron Rivera. Rivera's tenure as head coach was the most successful in team history. The Panthers reached the playoffs four times under Rivera, and won three straight division titles from 2013 to 2015. In 2015, the Panthers recorded their most successful regular season, finishing with a league-best 15–1 record; quarterback Cam Newton received MVP and Offensive Player of the Year honors. However, the team lost Super Bowl 50 24-10 to the Denver Broncos. The team last recorded a playoff appearance in 2017, when they recorded an 11–5 record but lost to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round. Since then, the team has failed to record a winning season and has fired three head coaches (Rivera in 2019, Matt Rhule in 2022, and Frank Reich in 2023). In their most recent season, the team finished with a league-worst 2–15 record.
Seasons
Key
Conference champions #
Division champions †
Wild Card berth ^
Carolina Panthers records by season
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason results
Awards
Head coach
Refs.
Finish
W
L
T
1995
1995
NFL
NFC
West
4th
7
9
0
Dom Capers
1996
1996
NFL
NFC
West †
1st †
12
4
0
Won Divisional playoffs (Cowboys) 26–17Lost NFC Championship (at Packers) 13–30
Dom Capers (COTYTooltip NFL Coach of the Year Award)
1997
1997
NFL
NFC
West
2nd
7
9
0
1998
1998
NFL
NFC
West
4th
4
12
0
1999
1999
NFL
NFC
West
2nd
8
8
0
George Seifert
2000
2000
NFL
NFC
West
3rd
7
9
0
2001
2001
NFL
NFC
West
5th
1
15
0
2002
2002
NFL
NFC
South
4th
7
9
0
Julius Peppers (DROTYTooltip National Football League Rookie of the Year Award)
John Fox
2003
2003
NFL
NFC #
South †
1st †
11
5
0
Won Wild Card playoffs (Cowboys) 29–10Won Divisional playoffs (at Rams) 29–23 (2OT)Won NFC Championship (at Eagles) 14–3Lost Super Bowl XXXVIII (vs. Patriots) 29–32
2004
2004
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
7
9
0
2005
2005
NFL
NFC
South
2nd ^
11
5
0
Won Wild Card playoffs (at Giants) 23–0 Won Divisional playoffs (at Bears) 29–21Lost NFC Championship (at Seahawks) 14–34
Steve Smith (CPTOYTooltip National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award)
2006
2006
NFL
NFC
South
2nd
8
8
0
2007
2007
NFL
NFC
South
2nd
7
9
0
2008
2008
NFL
NFC
South †
1st †
12
4
0
Lost Divisional playoffs (Cardinals) 13–33
2009
2009
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
8
8
0
2010
2010
NFL
NFC
South
4th
2
14
0
2011
2011
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
6
10
0
Cam Newton (OROTYTooltip National Football League Rookie of the Year Award)
Ron Rivera
2012
2012
NFL
NFC
South
2nd
7
9
0
Luke Kuechly (DROTYTooltip National Football League Rookie of the Year Award)
2013
2013
NFL
NFC
South †
1st †
12
4
0
Lost Divisional playoffs (49ers) 10–23
Luke Kuechly (DPOTYTooltip AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award)Ron Rivera (COTYTooltip National Football League Coach of the Year Award)
2014
2014
NFL
NFC
South †
1st †
7
8
1
Won Wild Card playoffs (Cardinals) 27–16Lost Divisional playoffs (at Seahawks) 17–31
Thomas Davis (WPMOTYTooltip Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award)
2015
2015
NFL
NFC #
South †
1st †
15
1
0
Won Divisional playoffs (Seahawks) 31–24Won NFC Championship (Cardinals) 49–15Lost Super Bowl 50 (vs. Broncos) 10–24
Cam Newton (MVPTooltip National Football League Most Valuable Player Award, OPOTYTooltip AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award)Ron Rivera (COTY)
2016
2016
NFL
NFC
South
4th
6
10
0
2017
2017
NFL
NFC
South
2nd ^
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card playoffs (at Saints) 26–31
2018
2018
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
7
9
0
2019
2019
NFL
NFC
South
4th
5
11
0
Ron Rivera (5–7)Perry Fewell (0–4)
2020
2020
NFL
NFC
South
3rd
5
11
0
Matt Rhule
2021
2021
NFL
NFC
South
4th
5
12
0
2022
2022
NFL
NFC
South
2nd
7
10
0
Matt Rhule (1–4)Steve Wilks (6–6)
2023
2023
NFL
NFC
South
4th
2
15
0
Frank Reich (1–10)Chris Tabor (1–5)
Totals
214
252
1
All-time regular season record (1995–2023)
9
8
—
All-time postseason record (1995–2023)
223
260
1
All-time regular & postseason record (1995–2023)
Notes
^ Following the 2002 NFL realignment, the Panthers were moved to the NFC South division.
^ Ron Rivera was fired as head coach midseason, and Perry Fewell was named interim coach for the remainder of the season.
^ a b c d e f Indicates the coach's record (Wins–Losses).
^ The NFL increased the length of a season from 16 to 17 games.
^ Matt Rhule was fired as head coach midseason, and Steve Wilks was named interim coach for the remainder of the season.
^ Frank Reich was fired as head coach midseason, and Chris Tabor was named interim head coach for the remainder of the season.
References
^ Breech, John (January 24, 2016). "LOOK: Panthers' #OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ "Team Chronology" (PDF). 2023 Carolina Panthers Media Guide (PDF). NFL Enterprises, LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Carolina Panthers Team Records, Leaders, and League Ranks". Pro-Football -Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ Swan, Gary (September 19, 1996). "Carolina's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice". San Francisco Chronicle. OCLC 137344428. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
^ "Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4–12 season". Sports Illustrated. December 28, 1998. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ "Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1–15 season". Sports Illustrated. January 2, 2002. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
^ Odum, Charles (January 3, 2011). "Falcons beat Panthers 31–10, win home-field edge". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
^ Zietlow, Alex (January 9, 2024). "Ron Rivera, best coach in Carolina Panthers history, fired from Washington Commanders". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "Cam Newton Named NFL MVP". Carolina Panthers. February 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
^ Jones, Jonathan (February 7, 2016). "Panthers quarterback Cam Newton is Named NFL MVP; he thanks the doubters". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
^ Felt, Hunter (February 8, 2016). "Super Bowl 50 was billed as Newton v Manning – but the defenses tore up the script". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
^ Renck, Troy E. (February 7, 2016). "Von Miller, defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl victory". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
^ Walsh, Erin (January 9, 2024). "NFL Rumors: Execs Urge Panthers' David Tepper to Make Hires 'and Get out of the Way'". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "1996 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b c "AP Coach of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "New alignment takes effect in 2002". ESPN. Associated Press. May 22, 2001. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^ a b "AP Defensive Rookie of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "2003 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "2005 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "AP Comeback Player of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "2008 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "AP Offensive Rookie of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "'NFL Honors' complete list of winners". NFL.com. February 1, 2014. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
^ "2013 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "AP Defensive Player of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "2014 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "Walter Payton Man of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
^ "2015 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "AP Offensive Player of the Year Winners". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "2017 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b "2019 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b "2022 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b "2023 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
vteCarolina Panthers
Founded in 1995
Based and headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina
Franchise
Franchise
Team history
Seasons
Coaches
Players
Expansion draft
First-round draft picks
Starting quarterbacks
Records and statistics
Broadcasters
Stadiums
Memorial Stadium
Bank of America Stadium
Culture and lore
David Tepper
Jerry Richardson
Sir Purr
Carolina Topcats
Cardiac Cats
Justine Lindsay
"Sweet Caroline"
Rivalries
Atlanta Falcons
New Orleans Saints
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Hall of Honor
Jake Delhomme
Jordan Gross
Mike McCormack
Sam Mills
Muhsin Muhammad
Julius Peppers
PSL Owners
Steve Smith Sr.
Wesley Walls
Wild card berths (2)
2005
2017
Division championships (6)
1996
2003
2008
2013
2014
2015
Conference championships (2)
2003
2015
Retired numbers
51
Media
Broadcasters
Anish Shroff
Mick Mixon
Eugene Robinson
Bill Rosinski
TV: WCCB
Radio Network: WBT
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: South Division
vteCarolina Panthers seasons
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance
vteNFL team season listsAFCAFC EastAFC NorthAFC SouthAFC West
Buffalo Bills
Miami Dolphins
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Baltimore Ravens
Cincinnati Bengals
Cleveland Browns
Pittsburgh Steelers
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Jacksonville Jaguars
Tennessee Titans
Denver Broncos
Kansas City Chiefs
Las Vegas Raiders
Los Angeles Chargers
NFCNFC EastNFC NorthNFC SouthNFC West
Dallas Cowboys
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Commanders
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers
Minnesota Vikings
Atlanta Falcons
Carolina Panthers
New Orleans Saints
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Arizona Cardinals
Los Angeles Rams
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_America_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bank of America Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"South division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_South"},{"link_name":"expansion team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"Bank of America Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Uptown Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Clemson)"},{"link_name":"Clemson, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chronology-2"},{"link_name":"winning percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_percentage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolina_Panthers_Team_Records,_Leaders,_and_League_Ranks-3"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"NFC West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_West"},{"link_name":"Dom Capers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Capers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolina's_Davis_Has_His_Hands_Full_Again-4"},{"link_name":"NFC Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_Championship"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_NFL_Coach_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panthers_let_Capers_go_after_dismal_4-12_season-5"},{"link_name":"George Seifert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seifert"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panthers_fire_head_coach_Seifert_after_1-15_season-6"},{"link_name":"John Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fox_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"NFC South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_South"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXXVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolina_Panthers_Team_Records,_Leaders,_and_League_Ranks-3"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falcons_beat_Panthers_31-10,_win_home-field_edge-7"},{"link_name":"Ron Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ron_Rivera,_best_coach_in_Carolina_Panthers_history,_fired_from_Washington_Commanders-8"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"Cam Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Newton"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Offensive Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_NFL_Offensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_50"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Denver_Broncos_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Matt Rhule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rhule"},{"link_name":"Frank Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reich"},{"link_name":"most recent season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Carolina_Panthers_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFL_Rumors:_Execs_Urge_Panthers'_David_Tepper_to_Make_Hires_'and_Get_out_of_the_Way'-13"}],"text":"Bank of America Stadium (formerly Ericsson Stadium) has served as the home stadium of the Carolina Panthers in all but the team's inaugural season.The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football club based in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The Panthers were founded in 1993, when they joined the NFL as an expansion team. The team home field and headquarters is Bank of America Stadium in Uptown Charlotte. The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas;[1] although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996, they played they home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina during its first season in 1995.[2] In the 29 seasons the team has played, it has a record of 223–260–1 (a winning percentage of .474), with two Super Bowl appearances, six division titles, and eight playoff appearances.[3]The Carolina Panthers inaugural season was in 1995, where team played as members of the NFC West division. Dom Capers was the franchise's first head coach. In their first season, they recorded a record of 7–9, the best record for an expansion team in NFL history.[4] In their second season, they won the NFC West and reached the NFC Championship game, where they lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers; Capers won the Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year Award. The Panthers would fail to reach the playoffs in 1997, and in 1998, Capers was fired after a 4–12 finish.[5] George Seifert was hired to replace him as head coach, but failed to reach the playoffs in any of his three seasons. His final season as head coach was in 2001, when the Panthers finished with a league-worst 1–15 record.[6] John Fox was hired as head coach in 2002. In his nine seasons as head coach, the Panthers made the playoffs three times and won two NFC South division titles (in 2003 and 2008). They reached Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2003, the NFC Championship game in 2005, and the Divisional round in 2008.[3]Fox was not retained as head coach following a 2–14 finish in 2010,[7] and was succeeded by Ron Rivera. Rivera's tenure as head coach was the most successful in team history.[8] The Panthers reached the playoffs four times under Rivera, and won three straight division titles from 2013 to 2015. In 2015, the Panthers recorded their most successful regular season, finishing with a league-best 15–1 record; quarterback Cam Newton received MVP and Offensive Player of the Year honors.[9][10] However, the team lost Super Bowl 50 24-10 to the Denver Broncos.[11][12] The team last recorded a playoff appearance in 2017, when they recorded an 11–5 record but lost to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round. Since then, the team has failed to record a winning season and has fired three head coaches (Rivera in 2019, Matt Rhule in 2022, and Frank Reich in 2023). In their most recent season, the team finished with a league-worst 2–15 record.[13]","title":"List of Carolina Panthers seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"NFC South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_South"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newalignment-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Ron Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Perry Fewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Fewell"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Carolina_Panthers_Rosters,_Stats,_Schedule,_Team_Draftees,_Injury_Reports-33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_35-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carolina_Panthers_Team_Records,_Leaders,_and_League_Ranks-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Matt Rhule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rhule"},{"link_name":"Steve Wilks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wilks"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_Carolina_Panthers_Rosters,_Stats,_Schedule,_Team_Draftees,_Injury_Reports-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Frank Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reich"},{"link_name":"Chris Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tabor"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023_Carolina_Panthers_Rosters,_Stats,_Schedule,_Team_Draftees,_Injury_Reports-39"}],"text":"^ Following the 2002 NFL realignment, the Panthers were moved to the NFC South division.[16]\n\n^ Ron Rivera was fired as head coach midseason, and Perry Fewell was named interim coach for the remainder of the season.[32]\n\n^ a b c d e f Indicates the coach's record (Wins–Losses).\n\n^ The NFL increased the length of a season from 16 to 17 games.[3]\n\n^ Matt Rhule was fired as head coach midseason, and Steve Wilks was named interim coach for the remainder of the season.[33]\n\n^ Frank Reich was fired as head coach midseason, and Chris Tabor was named interim head coach for the remainder of the season.[34]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Bank of America Stadium (formerly Ericsson Stadium) has served as the home stadium of the Carolina Panthers in all but the team's inaugural season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bank_of_America_Stadium.jpg/250px-Bank_of_America_Stadium.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Breech, John (January 24, 2016). \"LOOK: Panthers' #OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media\". CBS Sports. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/look-panthers-onecarolina-hashtag-has-taken-over-social-media/","url_text":"\"LOOK: Panthers' #OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013082016/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/look-panthers-onecarolina-hashtag-has-taken-over-social-media/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Chronology\" (PDF). 2023 Carolina Panthers Media Guide (PDF). NFL Enterprises, LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf#page=463","url_text":"\"Team Chronology\""},{"url":"https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf","url_text":"2023 Carolina Panthers Media Guide"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231119194110/https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Carolina Panthers Team Records, Leaders, and League Ranks\". Pro-Football -Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/index.htm","url_text":"\"Carolina Panthers Team Records, Leaders, and League Ranks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220420070304/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/index.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Swan, Gary (September 19, 1996). \"Carolina's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice\". San Francisco Chronicle. OCLC 137344428. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Carolina-s-Davis-Has-His-Hands-Full-Again-2965647.php","url_text":"\"Carolina's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137344428","url_text":"137344428"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140111061229/http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Carolina-s-Davis-Has-His-Hands-Full-Again-2965647.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4–12 season\". Sports Illustrated. December 28, 1998. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/1998/12/28/capers_fired/","url_text":"\"Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4–12 season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210505/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/1998/12/28/capers_fired/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1–15 season\". Sports Illustrated. January 2, 2002. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2002/01/07/seifert_ap/","url_text":"\"Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1–15 season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203022729/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2002/01/07/seifert_ap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Odum, Charles (January 3, 2011). \"Falcons beat Panthers 31–10, win home-field edge\". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/recap?gid=20110102001","url_text":"\"Falcons beat Panthers 31–10, win home-field edge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports","url_text":"Yahoo! Sports"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204055854/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/recap?gid=20110102001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zietlow, Alex (January 9, 2024). \"Ron Rivera, best coach in Carolina Panthers history, fired from Washington Commanders\". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article283959333.html","url_text":"\"Ron Rivera, best coach in Carolina Panthers history, fired from Washington Commanders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"Charlotte Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Cam Newton Named NFL MVP\". Carolina Panthers. February 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.panthers.com/news/cam-newton-named-nfl-mvp-16796069","url_text":"\"Cam Newton Named NFL MVP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221029225626/https://www.panthers.com/news/cam-newton-named-nfl-mvp-16796069","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Jonathan (February 7, 2016). \"Panthers quarterback Cam Newton is Named NFL MVP; he thanks the doubters\". The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article58938873.html","url_text":"\"Panthers quarterback Cam Newton is Named NFL MVP; he thanks the doubters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer","url_text":"The Charlotte Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118231047/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article58938873.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Felt, Hunter (February 8, 2016). \"Super Bowl 50 was billed as Newton v Manning – but the defenses tore up the script\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/08/broncos-defense-panthers-cam-newton-peyton-manning","url_text":"\"Super Bowl 50 was billed as Newton v Manning – but the defenses tore up the script\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210064804/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/08/broncos-defense-panthers-cam-newton-peyton-manning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Renck, Troy E. (February 7, 2016). \"Von Miller, defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl victory\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/07/von-miller-defense-carry-broncos-to-super-bowl-50-victory/","url_text":"\"Von Miller, defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175409/https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/07/von-miller-defense-carry-broncos-to-super-bowl-50-victory/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Erin (January 9, 2024). \"NFL Rumors: Execs Urge Panthers' David Tepper to Make Hires 'and Get out of the Way'\". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10104273-nfl-rumors-execs-urge-panthers-david-tepper-to-make-hires-and-get-out-of-the-way","url_text":"\"NFL Rumors: Execs Urge Panthers' David Tepper to Make Hires 'and Get out of the Way'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report","url_text":"Bleacher Report"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240110021909/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10104273-nfl-rumors-execs-urge-panthers-david-tepper-to-make-hires-and-get-out-of-the-way","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/1996.htm","url_text":"\"1996 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021084929/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/1996.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Coach of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-coach-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"\"AP Coach of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220103180612/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-coach-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New alignment takes effect in 2002\". ESPN. Associated Press. May 22, 2001. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2001/0522/1202816.html","url_text":"\"New alignment takes effect in 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200203214053/http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2001/0522/1202816.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Defensive Rookie of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","url_text":"\"AP Defensive Rookie of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170707074339/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2003.htm","url_text":"\"2003 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223034508/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2003.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2005.htm","url_text":"\"2005 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231029170848/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2005.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Comeback Player of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-comeback-player-award.htm","url_text":"\"AP Comeback Player of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232745/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-comeback-player-award.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2008.htm","url_text":"\"2008 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201648/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2008.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Offensive Rookie of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","url_text":"\"AP Offensive Rookie of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116080408/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'NFL Honors' complete list of winners\". NFL.com. February 1, 2014. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219053714/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000321591/article/nfl-honors-complete-list-of-winners?fb_comment_id=fbc_708399529193071_7001364_708409202525437","url_text":"\"'NFL Honors' complete list of winners\""},{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000321591/article/nfl-honors-complete-list-of-winners?fb_comment_id=fbc_708399529193071_7001364_708409202525437","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2013.htm","url_text":"\"2013 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180114023344/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2013.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Defensive Player of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-player-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"\"AP Defensive Player of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180713200031/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-player-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2014.htm","url_text":"\"2014 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503012930/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2014.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Payton Man of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/walter-payton-man-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"\"Walter Payton Man of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150228/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/walter-payton-man-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2015.htm","url_text":"\"2015 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416175309/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2015.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-nfl-mvp-award.htm","url_text":"\"AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215307/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-nfl-mvp-award.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AP Offensive Player of the Year Winners\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-player-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"\"AP Offensive Player of the Year Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201008192000/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-player-of-the-year.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2017.htm","url_text":"\"2017 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231204210752/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2017.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2019.htm","url_text":"\"2019 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160433/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2019.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2022.htm","url_text":"\"2022 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240106223957/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2022.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2023.htm","url_text":"\"2023 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240109085816/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2023.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/look-panthers-onecarolina-hashtag-has-taken-over-social-media/","external_links_name":"\"LOOK: Panthers' #OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013082016/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/look-panthers-onecarolina-hashtag-has-taken-over-social-media/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf#page=463","external_links_name":"\"Team Chronology\""},{"Link":"https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf","external_links_name":"2023 Carolina Panthers Media Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231119194110/https://static.www.nfl.com/league/apps/league-site/media-guides/2023/CAR.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Carolina Panthers Team Records, Leaders, and League Ranks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220420070304/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Carolina-s-Davis-Has-His-Hands-Full-Again-2965647.php","external_links_name":"\"Carolina's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137344428","external_links_name":"137344428"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140111061229/http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Carolina-s-Davis-Has-His-Hands-Full-Again-2965647.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/1998/12/28/capers_fired/","external_links_name":"\"Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4–12 season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210505/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/news/1998/12/28/capers_fired/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2002/01/07/seifert_ap/","external_links_name":"\"Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1–15 season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203022729/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2002/01/07/seifert_ap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/recap?gid=20110102001","external_links_name":"\"Falcons beat Panthers 31–10, win home-field edge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204055854/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/recap?gid=20110102001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article283959333.html","external_links_name":"\"Ron Rivera, best coach in Carolina Panthers history, fired from Washington Commanders\""},{"Link":"https://www.panthers.com/news/cam-newton-named-nfl-mvp-16796069","external_links_name":"\"Cam Newton Named NFL MVP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221029225626/https://www.panthers.com/news/cam-newton-named-nfl-mvp-16796069","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article58938873.html","external_links_name":"\"Panthers quarterback Cam Newton is Named NFL MVP; he thanks the doubters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118231047/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nfl/carolina-panthers/article58938873.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/08/broncos-defense-panthers-cam-newton-peyton-manning","external_links_name":"\"Super Bowl 50 was billed as Newton v Manning – but the defenses tore up the script\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181210064804/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/08/broncos-defense-panthers-cam-newton-peyton-manning","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/07/von-miller-defense-carry-broncos-to-super-bowl-50-victory/","external_links_name":"\"Von Miller, defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl victory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175409/https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/07/von-miller-defense-carry-broncos-to-super-bowl-50-victory/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10104273-nfl-rumors-execs-urge-panthers-david-tepper-to-make-hires-and-get-out-of-the-way","external_links_name":"\"NFL Rumors: Execs Urge Panthers' David Tepper to Make Hires 'and Get out of the Way'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240110021909/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10104273-nfl-rumors-execs-urge-panthers-david-tepper-to-make-hires-and-get-out-of-the-way","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/1996.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021084929/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/1996.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-coach-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Coach of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220103180612/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-coach-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2001/0522/1202816.html","external_links_name":"\"New alignment takes effect in 2002\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200203214053/http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2001/0522/1202816.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Defensive Rookie of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170707074339/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2003.htm","external_links_name":"\"2003 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081223034508/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2003.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2005.htm","external_links_name":"\"2005 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231029170848/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2005.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-comeback-player-award.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Comeback Player of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232745/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-comeback-player-award.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2008.htm","external_links_name":"\"2008 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201648/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2008.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Offensive Rookie of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116080408/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-rookie-of-the-year-award.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219053714/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000321591/article/nfl-honors-complete-list-of-winners?fb_comment_id=fbc_708399529193071_7001364_708409202525437","external_links_name":"\"'NFL Honors' complete list of winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000321591/article/nfl-honors-complete-list-of-winners?fb_comment_id=fbc_708399529193071_7001364_708409202525437","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2013.htm","external_links_name":"\"2013 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180114023344/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2013.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-player-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Defensive Player of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180713200031/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-defensive-player-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2014.htm","external_links_name":"\"2014 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503012930/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2014.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/walter-payton-man-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"\"Walter Payton Man of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308150228/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/walter-payton-man-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2015.htm","external_links_name":"\"2015 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416175309/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2015.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-nfl-mvp-award.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215307/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-nfl-mvp-award.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-player-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"\"AP Offensive Player of the Year Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201008192000/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/awards/ap-offensive-player-of-the-year.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2017.htm","external_links_name":"\"2017 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231204210752/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2017.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2019.htm","external_links_name":"\"2019 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160433/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2019.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2022.htm","external_links_name":"\"2022 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240106223957/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2022.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2023.htm","external_links_name":"\"2023 Carolina Panthers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees, Injury Reports\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240109085816/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/car/2023.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Spherical_Torus_Experiment | National Spherical Torus Experiment | ["1 History","1.1 1999–2012","1.2 Upgrade 2012–2015","1.3 Poloidal coil problem 2016 and Recovery 2016–present","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"] | NSTXNational Spherical Torus ExperimentNSTX in 2009Device typeSpherical tokamakLocationPrinceton, New Jersey, USAffiliationPrinceton Plasma Physics LaboratoryTechnical specificationsMajor radius0.85 m (2 ft 9 in)Minor radius0.68 m (2 ft 3 in)Magnetic field0.3 T (3,000 G)Heating power11 MWPlasma current1.4 MAHistoryYear(s) of operation1999–presentPreceded byTokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR)LinksWebsiteNSTX-U official website
CAD drawing of NSTX
The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a magnetic fusion device based on the spherical tokamak concept. It was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. It entered service in 1999. In 2012 it was shut down as part of an upgrade program and became NSTX-U, for Upgrade.
Like other magnetic confinement fusion experiments, NSTX studies the physics principles of thermonuclear plasmas—ionized gases with sufficiently high temperatures and densities for nuclear fusion to occur—which are confined in a magnetic field.
The spherical tokamak design implemented by NSTX is an offshoot of the conventional tokamak. Proponents claim that spherical tokamaks have dramatic practical advantages over conventional tokamaks. For this reason the spherical tokamak has seen considerable interest since it was proposed in the late 1980s. However, development remains effectively one generation behind mainline tokamak efforts such as JET. Other major spherical tokamak experiments include the START and MAST at Culham in the UK.
History
1999–2012
First plasma was obtained on NSTX on Friday, February 12, 1999 at 7:06 p.m.
Magnetic fusion experiments use plasmas composed of one or more hydrogen isotopes. For example, in 1994, PPPL's Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) produced a world-record 10.7 megawatts of fusion power from a plasma composed of equal parts of deuterium and tritium, a fuel mix likely to be used in commercial fusion power reactors. NSTX was a "proof of principle" experiment and therefore employed deuterium plasmas only. If successful it was to be followed by similar devices, eventually including a demonstration power reactor (e.g. ITER), burning deuterium-tritium fuel.
NSTX produced a spherical plasma with a hole through its center (a "cored apple" profile; see MAST), different from the doughnut-shaped (toroidal) plasmas of conventional tokamaks. The low aspect ratio A (that is, an R/a of 1.31, with the major radius R of 0.85 m and the minor radius a of 0.65 m) experimental NSTX device had several advantages including plasma stability through improved confinement. Design challenges include the toroidal and poloidal field coils, vacuum vessels and plasma-facing components. This plasma configuration can confine a higher pressure plasma than a doughnut tokamak of high aspect ratio for a given, confinement magnetic field strength. Since the amount of fusion power produced is proportional to the square of the plasma pressure, the use of spherically shaped plasmas could allow the development of smaller, more economical and more stable fusion reactors. NSTX's attractiveness may be further enhanced by its ability to trap a high "bootstrap" electric current. This self-driven internal plasma current would reduce the power requirements of externally driven plasma currents required to heat and confine the plasma.
Upgrade 2012–2015
Vacuum vessel during the upgrade
The $94 million NSTX-U (Upgrade) was completed in 2015. It doubles the toroidal field (to 1 Tesla), plasma current (to 2 MA) and heating power. It increases the pulse duration by a factor of five. To achieve this the central stack (CS) solenoid was widened, and an OH coil, inner poloidal coils, and a 2nd neutral-ion beam line were added. This upgrade consisted of a copper coil installation, not a superconducting coil.
Poloidal coil problem 2016 and Recovery 2016–present
The NSTX-U (Upgrade) was stopped in late 2016 just after its update, due to a failure of one its poloidal coils. The NSTX had been shut down since 2012 and only returned for 10 weeks at the end of 2016 just after it was updated. The origin of this failure is partly attributed to a non-compliance of the chilled copper winding, the manufacture of which had been sub-contracted. After a diagnostic phase requiring the complete dismantling of the device and coils, evaluation of the design, and a redesign of major components including the six inner poloidal coils, a restarting plan was adopted in March 2018, with reactivation scheduled for the end of 2020, though this was later pushed back to 2022. As of 2022, the restart was still delayed due to an insulation problem between the central solenoid and the coils around it.
References
^ "NSTX-U Press Kit". Princeton Plasma Physics Lab.
^ "Diagram of NSTX-U changes". Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
^ The Role of the Spherical Tokamak in the U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program Menard, 2012
^ "PPPL to launch major upgrade of key fusion energy test facility". Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. Jan 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
^ a b c "Overview of the NSTX-U Recovery Project Physics and Engineering Design" (PDF). S. P. Gerhardt, et al. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-21. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
^ "NSTX-U recovery plan: Environmental Evaluation Notification Form" (PDF). NSTX-U recovery project. August 2017. $65,000,000 ... * Redesign and Replace the Inner Poloidal Field (PF) Coils : The six PF- I magnet coils would be replaced with new coils or improved design: they would be mandrel-less, have no joggles, and no braze joints. * Redesign and Replace Polar Regions of NSTX-U : The top and bottom of the NSTX-U device would be redesigned with numerous design improvements. All single 0-ring seals would be replaced by double 0-rings or a metallic structure, the PF-1c vacuum interface would be made more robust, one of either the upper or lower ceramic insulators would be eliminated, and the PF-lb coil supports would be thermally isolated from the vessel. * Redesign and Replace Plasma Facing Components.
^ " Review of NSTX-U Recovery plans notes progress and outlines challenges" (PDF). Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. 12 Feb 2018.
^ Cho, Adrian (2020-02-06). "After decades of decline, the U.S. national fusion lab seeks a rebirth". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
^ Gerhardt, Stefan (2022-03-16). "Team Meeting 3/16/2022" (PDF). NSTX-U Team Meeting. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
Sources
"National Spherical Torus Experiment". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-02. – Original source for this article was an earlier version of this page.
"Schematic diagram of NSTX". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Schematic diagram of NSTX-U Facility Upgraded Components
External links
Overview of The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade from PPPL
vteFusion power, processes and devicesCore topicsNuclear fusion
Burning plasma
Timeline
List of experiments
List of technologies
Commercial
Aneutronic
Nuclear power
Nuclear reactor
Atomic nucleus
Fusion energy gain factor
Lawson criterion
Magnetohydrodynamics
Neutron
PlasmaProcesses,methodsConfinementtypeGravitational
Alpha process
Triple-alpha process
CNO cycle
Fusor
Helium flash
Nova
remnants
Proton–proton chain
Carbon-burning
Lithium burning
Neon-burning
Oxygen-burning
Silicon-burning
R-process
S-process
Magnetic
Field-reversed configuration
Levitated dipole
Magnetic mirror
Bumpy torus
Pinch
Dense plasma focus
Reversed field
Theta
Zeta
Stellarator
Tokamak
Spherical
Spheromak
Dynomak
Toroidal solenoid
Magneto-inertial
Magnetized liner
Magnetized target
Inertial
Bubble (acoustic)
Laser-driven
Ion-driven
Electrostatic
Fusor
Polywell
Other forms
Colliding beam
Migma
Metal lattice
Muon-catalyzed
Pyroelectric
Devices,experimentsMagneticconfinementTokamakInternational
ITER
DEMO
PROTO
Americas
STOR-M
Alcator C-Mod
ARC
SPARC
DIII-D
Electric Tokamak
LTX
NSTX
PLT
TFTR
Pegasus
Riggatron
SSPX
ETE
TCABR
Novillo
Asia,Oceania
CFETR
EAST
HT-7
HL-2A
HL-2M
SUNIST
ADITYA
SST-1
JT-60
QUEST
GLAST
KSTAR
TT-1
Europe
JET
COMPASS
GOLEM
TFR
WEST
ASDEX Upgrade
TEXTOR
DTT
FTU
IGNITOR
ISTTOK
T-15
TCV
MAST-U
START
STEP
StellaratorAmericas
CNT
CTH
HIDRA
HSX
Model C
NCSX
SCR-1
Asia,Oceania
H-1NF
Heliotron J
LHD
Europe
WEGA
Wendelstein 7-AS
Wendelstein 7-X
TJ-II
Uragan-2M
Uragan-3M
Pinch
Perhapsatron
Sceptre
ZETA
RFP
RFX
MST
Mirror
GDT
Astron
Lockheed Martin CFR
MFTF
TMX
Other
LDX
PFRC
Trisops
Magneto-inertial
SPECTOR
Linus
FRX-L – FRCHX
Fusion Engine
InertialconfinementLaserAmericas
Argus
Cyclops
Janus
LIFE
Long path
NIF
Nike
Nova
OMEGA
Shiva
Asia
GEKKO XII
Europe
HiPER
Asterix IV (PALS)
LMJ
LULI2000
ISKRA
Vulcan
Non-laser
PACER
Z machine
Applications
Fusion Pilot Plant
Thermonuclear weapon
Pure fusion weapon
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSTX_CAD_FInal_(18842020631).jpg"},{"link_name":"magnetic fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fusion_energy"},{"link_name":"spherical tokamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_tokamak"},{"link_name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"magnetic confinement fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion"},{"link_name":"nuclear fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion"},{"link_name":"tokamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak"},{"link_name":"JET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Torus"},{"link_name":"START","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Tight_Aspect_Ratio_Tokamak"},{"link_name":"MAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ampere_Spherical_Tokamak"},{"link_name":"Culham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culham"}],"text":"CAD drawing of NSTXThe National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a magnetic fusion device based on the spherical tokamak concept. It was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. It entered service in 1999. In 2012 it was shut down as part of an upgrade program and became NSTX-U, for Upgrade.Like other magnetic confinement fusion experiments, NSTX studies the physics principles of thermonuclear plasmas—ionized gases with sufficiently high temperatures and densities for nuclear fusion to occur—which are confined in a magnetic field.The spherical tokamak design implemented by NSTX is an offshoot of the conventional tokamak. Proponents claim that spherical tokamaks have dramatic practical advantages over conventional tokamaks. For this reason the spherical tokamak has seen considerable interest since it was proposed in the late 1980s. However, development remains effectively one generation behind mainline tokamak efforts such as JET. Other major spherical tokamak experiments include the START and MAST at Culham in the UK.","title":"National Spherical Torus Experiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"},{"link_name":"TFTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFTR"},{"link_name":"deuterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium"},{"link_name":"tritium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium"},{"link_name":"ITER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER"},{"link_name":"MAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ampere_Spherical_Tokamak"},{"link_name":"tokamaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak"},{"link_name":"plasma-facing components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-facing_components"}],"sub_title":"1999–2012","text":"First plasma was obtained on NSTX on Friday, February 12, 1999 at 7:06 p.m.Magnetic fusion experiments use plasmas composed of one or more hydrogen isotopes. For example, in 1994, PPPL's Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) produced a world-record 10.7 megawatts of fusion power from a plasma composed of equal parts of deuterium and tritium, a fuel mix likely to be used in commercial fusion power reactors. NSTX was a \"proof of principle\" experiment and therefore employed deuterium plasmas only. If successful it was to be followed by similar devices, eventually including a demonstration power reactor (e.g. ITER), burning deuterium-tritium fuel.NSTX produced a spherical plasma with a hole through its center (a \"cored apple\" profile; see MAST), different from the doughnut-shaped (toroidal) plasmas of conventional tokamaks. The low aspect ratio A (that is, an R/a of 1.31, with the major radius R of 0.85 m and the minor radius a of 0.65 m) experimental NSTX device had several advantages including plasma stability through improved confinement. Design challenges include the toroidal and poloidal field coils, vacuum vessels and plasma-facing components. This plasma configuration can confine a higher pressure plasma than a doughnut tokamak of high aspect ratio for a given, confinement magnetic field strength. Since the amount of fusion power produced is proportional to the square of the plasma pressure, the use of spherically shaped plasmas could allow the development of smaller, more economical and more stable fusion reactors. NSTX's attractiveness may be further enhanced by its ability to trap a high \"bootstrap\" electric current. This self-driven internal plasma current would reduce the power requirements of externally driven plasma currents required to heat and confine the plasma.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Technicians_inside_NSTXU_vacuum_vessel._(15645933543).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSTX-U-PK-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menard-3"},{"link_name":"solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSTX-U-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerhardt-Design-Overview-5"}],"sub_title":"Upgrade 2012–2015","text":"Vacuum vessel during the upgradeThe $94 million[1] NSTX-U (Upgrade)[2] was completed in 2015. It doubles the toroidal field (to 1 Tesla), plasma current (to 2 MA) and heating power. It increases the pulse duration by a factor of five.[3] To achieve this the central stack (CS) solenoid was widened,[4] and an OH coil, inner poloidal coils, and a 2nd neutral-ion beam line were added.[5] This upgrade consisted of a copper coil installation, not a superconducting coil.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerhardt-Design-Overview-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerhardt-Design-Overview-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Environment_Evaluation_Notification_Form-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review_of_NSTX-U_Recovery_plans_notes_progress_and_outlines_challenges-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Poloidal coil problem 2016 and Recovery 2016–present","text":"The NSTX-U (Upgrade) was stopped in late 2016 just after its update, due to a failure of one its poloidal coils.[5] The NSTX had been shut down since 2012 and only returned for 10 weeks at the end of 2016 just after it was updated. The origin of this failure is partly attributed to a non-compliance of the chilled copper winding, the manufacture of which had been sub-contracted. After a diagnostic phase requiring the complete dismantling of the device and coils, evaluation of the design, and a redesign of major components including the six inner poloidal coils,[5][6] a restarting plan was adopted in March 2018, with reactivation scheduled for the end of 2020,[7] though this was later pushed back to 2022.[8] As of 2022, the restart was still delayed due to an insulation problem between the central solenoid and the coils around it.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"National Spherical Torus Experiment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210320075421/https://www.pppl.gov/nstx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pppl.gov/nstx"},{"link_name":"\"Schematic diagram of NSTX\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nstx.pppl.gov/construction_update_3-00/NSTX%20Torus%20Assembly/NSTX%20groundbreaking/pictures/nstxschem.gif"},{"link_name":"Schematic diagram of NSTX-U Facility Upgraded Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d1a095e8-a-44384764-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/pppl.gov/nstx-u/nstx-upgrade/NSTXU_overview_images.png"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"\"National Spherical Torus Experiment\". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-02. – Original source for this article was an earlier version of this page.\n\"Schematic diagram of NSTX\". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-08-07.\nSchematic diagram of NSTX-U Facility Upgraded Components[permanent dead link]","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"CAD drawing of NSTX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NSTX_CAD_FInal_%2818842020631%29.jpg/220px-NSTX_CAD_FInal_%2818842020631%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vacuum vessel during the upgrade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Technicians_inside_NSTXU_vacuum_vessel._%2815645933543%29.jpg/220px-Technicians_inside_NSTXU_vacuum_vessel._%2815645933543%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"NSTX-U Press Kit\". Princeton Plasma Physics Lab.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pppl.gov/nstx-u","url_text":"\"NSTX-U Press Kit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diagram of NSTX-U changes\". Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2020-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210323063728/https://www.pppl.gov/sites/pppl/files/basic-pages/associated-images/NSTXU_overview_images.png","url_text":"\"Diagram of NSTX-U changes\""},{"url":"https://www.pppl.gov/sites/pppl/files/basic-pages/associated-images/NSTXU_overview_images.png","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PPPL to launch major upgrade of key fusion energy test facility\". Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. Jan 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2015-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201220102338/https://www.pppl.gov/news/press-releases/2012/01/pppl-launch-major-upgrade-key-fusion-energy-test-facility","url_text":"\"PPPL to launch major upgrade of key fusion energy test facility\""},{"url":"http://www.pppl.gov/news/press-releases/2012/01/pppl-launch-major-upgrade-key-fusion-energy-test-facility","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of the NSTX-U Recovery Project Physics and Engineering Design\" (PDF). S. P. Gerhardt, et al. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-21. Retrieved 2019-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221221075925/https://conferences.iaea.org/indico/event/151/papers/6178/files/4374-Gerhardt_IAEA_FEC_v1.1.pdf","url_text":"\"Overview of the NSTX-U Recovery Project Physics and Engineering Design\""},{"url":"https://conferences.iaea.org/indico/event/151/papers/6178/files/4374-Gerhardt_IAEA_FEC_v1.1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NSTX-U recovery plan: Environmental Evaluation Notification Form\" (PDF). NSTX-U recovery project. August 2017. $65,000,000 ... * Redesign and Replace the Inner Poloidal Field (PF) Coils : The six PF- I magnet coils would be replaced with new coils or improved design: they would be mandrel-less, have no joggles, and no braze joints. * Redesign and Replace Polar Regions of NSTX-U : The top and bottom of the NSTX-U device would be redesigned with numerous design improvements. All single 0-ring seals would be replaced by double 0-rings or a metallic structure, the PF-1c vacuum interface would be made more robust, one of either the upper or lower ceramic insulators would be eliminated, and the PF-lb coil supports would be thermally isolated from the vessel. * Redesign and Replace Plasma Facing Components.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/01/f47/CX-017002.pdf","url_text":"\"NSTX-U recovery plan: Environmental Evaluation Notification Form\""}]},{"reference":"\"[1st] Review of NSTX-U Recovery plans notes progress and outlines challenges\" (PDF). Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. 12 Feb 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://w3.pppl.gov/communications/weekly/WEEKLY.02.12.18.pdf","url_text":"\"[1st] Review of NSTX-U Recovery plans notes progress and outlines challenges\""}]},{"reference":"Cho, Adrian (2020-02-06). \"After decades of decline, the U.S. national fusion lab seeks a rebirth\". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2020-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/after-decades-decline-us-national-fusion-lab-seeks-rebirth","url_text":"\"After decades of decline, the U.S. national fusion lab seeks a rebirth\""}]},{"reference":"Gerhardt, Stefan (2022-03-16). \"Team Meeting 3/16/2022\" (PDF). NSTX-U Team Meeting. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://nstx.pppl.gov/DragNDrop/NSTX_Meetings/Team_Meetings/2022/2022_03_16/TeamMeeting_3-16-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Team Meeting 3/16/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Spherical Torus Experiment\". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210320075421/https://www.pppl.gov/nstx","url_text":"\"National Spherical Torus Experiment\""},{"url":"http://www.pppl.gov/nstx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schematic diagram of NSTX\". Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://nstx.pppl.gov/construction_update_3-00/NSTX%20Torus%20Assembly/NSTX%20groundbreaking/pictures/nstxschem.gif","url_text":"\"Schematic diagram of NSTX\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://nstx-u.pppl.gov/","external_links_name":"NSTX-U official website"},{"Link":"http://www.pppl.gov/nstx-u","external_links_name":"\"NSTX-U Press Kit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210323063728/https://www.pppl.gov/sites/pppl/files/basic-pages/associated-images/NSTXU_overview_images.png","external_links_name":"\"Diagram of NSTX-U changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.pppl.gov/sites/pppl/files/basic-pages/associated-images/NSTXU_overview_images.png","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_ST_Menard.pdf","external_links_name":"The Role of the Spherical Tokamak in the U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201220102338/https://www.pppl.gov/news/press-releases/2012/01/pppl-launch-major-upgrade-key-fusion-energy-test-facility","external_links_name":"\"PPPL to launch major upgrade of key fusion energy test facility\""},{"Link":"http://www.pppl.gov/news/press-releases/2012/01/pppl-launch-major-upgrade-key-fusion-energy-test-facility","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221221075925/https://conferences.iaea.org/indico/event/151/papers/6178/files/4374-Gerhardt_IAEA_FEC_v1.1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Overview of the NSTX-U Recovery Project Physics and Engineering Design\""},{"Link":"https://conferences.iaea.org/indico/event/151/papers/6178/files/4374-Gerhardt_IAEA_FEC_v1.1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/01/f47/CX-017002.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NSTX-U recovery plan: Environmental Evaluation Notification Form\""},{"Link":"https://w3.pppl.gov/communications/weekly/WEEKLY.02.12.18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"[1st] Review of NSTX-U Recovery plans notes progress and outlines challenges\""},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/after-decades-decline-us-national-fusion-lab-seeks-rebirth","external_links_name":"\"After decades of decline, the U.S. national fusion lab seeks a rebirth\""},{"Link":"https://nstx.pppl.gov/DragNDrop/NSTX_Meetings/Team_Meetings/2022/2022_03_16/TeamMeeting_3-16-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Team Meeting 3/16/2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210320075421/https://www.pppl.gov/nstx","external_links_name":"\"National Spherical Torus Experiment\""},{"Link":"http://www.pppl.gov/nstx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nstx.pppl.gov/construction_update_3-00/NSTX%20Torus%20Assembly/NSTX%20groundbreaking/pictures/nstxschem.gif","external_links_name":"\"Schematic diagram of NSTX\""},{"Link":"https://d1a095e8-a-44384764-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/pppl.gov/nstx-u/nstx-upgrade/NSTXU_overview_images.png","external_links_name":"Schematic diagram of NSTX-U Facility Upgraded Components"},{"Link":"http://www.pppl.gov/nstx-u","external_links_name":"Overview of The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML | Office Open XML | ["1 Background","2 Standardization process","3 Licensing","4 Versions","4.1 ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)","4.2 ISO/IEC 29500:2008","4.3 Compatibility between versions","5 Application support","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Family of document file formats
"docx" redirects here. For other uses, see docx (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with OpenDocument, Open Office XML, or Microsoft Office XML formats.
Office Open XML
Office Open XML file formats
Open Packaging Conventions
Open Specification Promise
Office Open XML software
Comparison of Office Open XML software
vte
Office Open XML DocumentThe OOXML Document icon, as appears on the Microsoft OneDrive web serviceFilename extension
.docx, .docmInternet media type
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.documentDeveloped byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07)Latest release4th edition26 October 2016; 7 years ago (2016-10-26) Type of formatDocument file formatExtended fromXML, DOC, WordProcessingMLStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?YesWebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500-1:2012
Office Open XML PresentationFilename extension
.pptx, .pptmInternet media type
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentationDeveloped byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07)Latest release3rd edition29 June 2011; 12 years ago (2011-06-29) Type of formatPresentationExtended fromXML, PPTStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?YesWebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML WorkbookFilename extension
.xlsx, .xlsmInternet media type
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheetDeveloped byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07) (as Microsoft Open XML)Latest release3rd edition29 June 2011; 12 years ago (2011-06-29) Type of formatSpreadsheetExtended fromXML, XLS, SpreadsheetMLStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?YesWebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML) is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500.
Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376, full support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict, but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns.
Background
In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed. The Excel and Word formats—known as the Microsoft Office XML formats—were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.
Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would co-sponsor standardization of the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International as "Office Open XML". The presentation was made to Ecma by Microsoft's Jean Paoli and Isabelle Valet-Harper.
Standardization process
Main article: Standardization of Office Open XML
Microsoft submitted initial material to Ecma International Technical Committee TC45, where it was standardized to become ECMA-376, approved in December 2006.
This standard was then fast-tracked in the Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO and IEC. After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast-tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008. The resulting four-part International Standard (designated ISO/IEC 29500:2008) was published in November 2008 and can be downloaded from the ITTF. A technically equivalent set of texts is published by Ecma as ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats—2nd edition (December 2008); they can be downloaded from their website.
The ISO/IEC standardization of Office Open XML was controversial and embittered, with much discussion both about the specification and about the standardization process. According to InfoWorld, "OOXML was opposed by many on grounds it was unneeded, as software makers could use OpenDocument Format (ODF), a less complicated office software format that was already an international standard." The same InfoWorld article reported that IBM (which supports the ODF format) threatened to leave standards bodies that it said allow dominant corporations like Microsoft to wield undue influence. The article further says that Microsoft was accused of co-opting the standardization process by leaning on countries to ensure that it got enough votes at the ISO/IEC for Office Open XML to pass, although it does not specify exactly who accused Microsoft.
Licensing
Under the Ecma International code of conduct in patent matters, participating and approving member organizations of ECMA are required to make their patent rights available on a reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) basis.
Holders of patents which concern ISO/IEC International Standards may agree to a standardized license governing the terms under which such patents may be licensed, in accord with the ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy.
Microsoft, the main contributor to the standard, provided a covenant not to sue for its patent licensing. The covenant received a mixed reception, with some like the Groklaw blog criticizing it, and others such as Lawrence Rosen, (an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School), endorsing it.
Microsoft has added the format to their Open Specification Promise in which
Microsoft irrevocably promises not to assert any Microsoft Necessary Claims against you for making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing or distributing any implementation to the extent it conforms to a Covered Specification
This is limited to applications which do not deviate from the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 or Ecma-376 standard and to parties that do not "file, maintain or voluntarily participate in a patent infringement lawsuit against a Microsoft implementation of such Covered Specification".
The Open Specification Promise was included in documents submitted to ISO/IEC in support of the ECMA-376 fast-track submission.
Ecma International asserted that, "The OSP enables both open source and commercial software to implement ".
Versions
The Office Open XML specification exists in several versions.
ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.
Part 1. Fundamentals
Vocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations
Summary of primary and supporting markup languages
Conformance conditions and interoperability guidelines
Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document type
Part 2. Open Packaging Conventions
The Open Packaging Conventions (OPC), for the package model and physical package, is defined and used by various document types in various applications from multiple vendors.
It defines core properties, thumbnails, digital signatures, and authorizations & encryption capabilities for parts or all of the contents in the package.
XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
Part 3. Primer
Informative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and diagrams
Describes the custom XML data-storing facility within a package to support integration with business data
Part 4. Markup Language Reference
Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)
XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG
Defines the custom XML data-storing facility
Part 5. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility
Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements & attributes through which applications can operate across different extensions.
Later versions of the ECMA-376 standard are aligned and technically equivalent to the corresponding ISO standard.
ISO/IEC 29500:2008
The ISO/IEC standard is structured into four parts: Parts 1, 2 and 3 are independent standards; for example, Part 2, specifying Open Packaging Conventions, is used by other file formats including XPS and Design Web Format. Part 4 is to be read as a modification to Part 1, which it requires.
A technically equivalent set of texts is also published by Ecma as ECMA-376 2nd edition (2008).
Part 1. Fundamentals & Markup Language Reference
Consisting of 5560 pages, this part contains:
Conformance definitions
Reference material for the XML document markup languages defined by the Standard
XML schemas for the document markup languages declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NG
Defines the foreign markup facilities
Part 2. Open Packaging Conventions
Consisting of 129 pages, this part contains:
A description of the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)
Core properties, thumbnails and digital signatures
XML schemas for the OPC are declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NG
Part 3. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility
Consisting of 40 pages, this part contains:
A description of extensions: elements & attributes which define mechanisms allowing applications to specify alternative means of negotiating content
Extensibility rules are expressed using NVDL
Part 4. Transitional Migration Features
Consisting of 1464 pages, this part contains:
Legacy material such as compatibility settings and the graphics markup language VML
A list of syntactic differences between this text and ECMA-376 1st Edition
The standard specifies two levels of document & application conformance, strict and transitional, for each of WordprocessingML, PresentationML and SpreadsheetML, and also specifies applications' descriptions of base and full.
Compatibility between versions
The intent of the changes from ECMA-376 1st Edition to ISO/IEC 29500:2008 was that a valid ECMA-376 document would also be a valid ISO 29500 Transitional document; however, at least one change introduced at the BRM—refusing to allow further values for xsd:boolean—had the effect of breaking backwards-compatibility for most documents. A fix for this had been suggested to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34/WG 4, and was approved in June 2009 as a recommendation for the first revision to Office Open XML.
Applications capable of reading documents compliant to ECMA-376 Edition 1 would regard ISO/IEC 29500-4 Transitional documents containing ISO 8601 dates as corrupt.
Application support
Main article: List of software that supports Office Open XML
Some older versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office are able to read and write .docx files after installation of the free compatibility pack provided by Microsoft, although some items, such as equations, are converted into images that cannot be edited.
Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats have become the default file format of Microsoft Office. However, due to the changes introduced in the Office Open XML standard, Office 2007 is not wholly in compliance with ISO/IEC 29500:2008.
Office 2010 includes support for opening documents of the ISO/IEC 29500:2008-compliant version of Office Open XML, but it can only save documents conforming to the transitional, not the strict, schemas of the specification. Note that the intent of the ISO/IEC is to allow the removal of the transitional variant from the ISO/IEC 29500 standard. Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict, but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns.
The ability to read and write Office Open XML format is, however, not limited to Microsoft Office; other office products are also able to read & write this format:
Collabora Online for Online, Mobile and Desktop apps are able to open and save Office Open XML files.
SoftMaker Office 2010 is able to read and write DOCX and XLSX files in its word processor & spreadsheet applications.
LibreOffice is able to open and save Office Open XML files.
Apache OpenOffice from version 3.0 can import Office Open XML files but not save them. Version 3.2 improved this feature with read support even for password-protected Office Open XML files.
The Go-oo fork of OpenOffice could also write OOXML files.
KOffice from version 2.2 and later was able to import OOXML files.
Calligra Suite is able to import Office Open XML files.
NeoOffice, an OpenOffice.org fork for OS X can import, supported saving to OOXML in 2017, NeoOffice was discontinued in 2024.
OnlyOffice, Online and Desktop editors compatible with OOXML and OpenDocument files
Other office products that offer import support for the Office Open XML formats include:
TextEdit (included with macOS)
iWork
IBM Lotus Notes
Abiword
Gnumeric
WordPerfect
WPS Office
Google Docs
SoftMaker FreeOffice
See also
Comparison of document markup languages
List of document markup languages
Microsoft Office password protection
Standardization of Office Open XML
References
^ a b c "Register file extensions on third party servers". docs.microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
^ Klaus-Peter Eckert; Jan Henrik Ziesing; Ucheoma Ishionwu. "Document Interoperability: Open Document Format and Office Open XML" (PDF). Fraunhofer Verlag. p. 90.
^ "The Document Foundation, LibreOffice and OOXML". The Document Foundation. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
^ "Overview of the XML file formats in Office 2010". Office 2010 Resource Kit. Microsoft. 5 August 2011.
^ a b "XML file name extension reference for Office 2013". Office 2013 Resource Kit. Microsoft. 26 December 2016.
^ a b "XLSX Strict (Office Open XML), ISO 29500-1:2008-2016". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
^ Brian Jones (2007-01-25). "History of office XML formats (1998–2006)". MSDN blogs. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ "Microsoft Co-Sponsors Submission of Office Open XML Document Formats to Ecma International for Standardization". Microsoft. 2005-11-21.
^ Casson and Ryan, Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft’s Market Dominance
^ Microsoft hands over Office XML specs to Ecma
^ "Slides presented by the TC45 committee to Ecma International". Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
^ "Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard". Ecma International. 2006-12-07.
^ "ISO/IEC DIS 29500 receives necessary votes for approval as an International Standard". ISO. 2008-04-02.
^ ISO/IEC (2008-11-18). "Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology—Office Open XML formats". ISO. Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
^ "Freely Available Standards". ITTF (ISO/IEC). 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
^ a b "Standard ECMA-376". Ecma-international.org. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ a b c Kirk, Jeremy (19 November 2008). "ISO publishes Office Open XML specification". InfoWorld. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "Norwegian standards body implodes over OOXML controversy". Ars Technica. 3 October 2008.
^ "Code of Conduct in Patent Matters". Ecma International.
^ "ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy".
^ "Microsoft's Open Specification Promise Eases Web Services Patent Concerns". September 12, 2006. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
^ "2 Escape Hatches in MS's Covenant Not to Sue". Groklaw. December 4, 2005.
^ Berlind, David (November 28, 2005). "Top open source lawyer blesses new terms on Microsoft's XML file format". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
^ "Microsoft Open Specification Promise". Microsoft. 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
^ "Ecma formal publications". Ecma International. Ecma Standards and Technical Reports are made available to all interested persons or organizations, free of charge and licensing restrictions
^ "Microsoft Open Specification Promise". Microsoft.com.
^ "Licensing conditions that Microsoft offers for Office Open XML". Jtc1sc34.org. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ "Microsoft Word — Responses to Comments and Perceived Contradictions.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-16.
^ "ISO search for "29500"". International Organization for Standardization. 2009-06-05.
^ "Re-introducing on/off-values to ST-OnOff in OOXML Part 4". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
^ "OOXML and Office 2007 Conformance: a Smoke Test". Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
^ "Minutes of the Copenhagen Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG4" (PDF). 2009-06-22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2009-09-29. page 15
^ "ISO/IEC 29500-4:2008/Draft Amd2:2011 - Draft - Information technology — Document description and processing languages — Office Open XML File Formats — Part 4: Transitional Migration Features - AMENDMENT 2". 2011-03-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
^ "Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats (Version 3)". Microsoft. 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
^ Open a Word 2007 document in an earlier version of Word - Word - Office.com. Office.microsoft.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
^ "Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office". Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
^ "Microsoft's future lies somewhere beyond the Vista by Evansville Courier & Press". Courierpress.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ "Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? - Knowledge@Wharton". Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ Andy Updegrove (21 May 2008). "Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF — and not OOXML". ConsortiumInfo.org. Archived from the original on 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ "ISO OOXML convener: Microsoft's format "heading for failure"". Ars Technica. 2 April 2010.
^ a b Brown, Alex (31 March 2010). "Microsoft Fails the Standards Test". Where is an end of it?. Alex Brown's weblog. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ "Collabora Online 6.4.0-released". 2 November 2020.
^ "LibreOffice OOXML". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ "OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features". 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ "OpenOffice.org 3.2 New Features". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ Scott Gilbertson (13 February 2010). "OpenOffice 3.2 - now with less Microsoft envy". The Register. Retrieved 18 Feb 2013. the ability to open password-protected Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files
^ "3.2.0 (build OOO320_m12) - Release Notes". Retrieved 18 Feb 2013. Import of password protected Microsoft Office XML files
Further reading
"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)". ECMA Standards. Ecma International. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages". ISO Standards. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500". ISO News and Media. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Brown, Alex (31 March 2010). "Microsoft Fails the Standards Test". Where is an end of it?. Alex Brown's weblog. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
Lenz, Evan; McRae, Mary; St.Laurent, Simon (May 2004). "Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary" (PDF). Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00538-2.
"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?". OpenOffice.org Wiki. Oracle. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"Reference and sample documents". OpenOffice.org Ninja. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Shah, Rajiv C.; Kesan, Jay P. (September 2008). "Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples". Social Science Research Network. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. SSRN 1201708.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to OOXML.
ISO/IEC 29500 standards
vteISO standards by standard numberList of ISO standards – ISO romanizations – IEC standards1–9999
1
2
3
4
6
7
9
16
17
31
-0
-1
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
68-1
128
216
217
226
228
233
259
261
262
302
306
361
500
518
519
639
-1
-2
-3
-5
-6
646
657
668
690
704
732
764
838
843
860
898
965
999
1000
1004
1007
1073-1
1073-2
1155
1413
1538
1629
1745
1989
2014
2015
2022
2033
2047
2108
2145
2146
2240
2281
2533
2709
2711
2720
2788
2848
2852
2921
3029
3103
3166
-1
-2
-3
3297
3307
3601
3602
3864
3901
3950
3977
4031
4157
4165
4217
4909
5218
5426
5427
5428
5725
5775
5776
5800
5807
5964
6166
6344
6346
6373
6385
6425
6429
6438
6523
6709
6943
7001
7002
7010
7027
7064
7098
7185
7200
7498
-1
7637
7736
7810
7811
7812
7813
7816
7942
8000
8093
8178
8217
8373
8501-1
8571
8583
8601
8613
8632
8651
8652
8691
8805/8806
8807
8820-5
8859
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-8-I
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
8879
9000/9001
9036
9075
9126
9141
9227
9241
9293
9314
9362
9407
9496
9506
9529
9564
9592/9593
9594
9660
9797-1
9897
9899
9945
9984
9985
9995
10000–19999
10006
10007
10116
10118-3
10160
10161
10165
10179
10206
10218
10279
10303
-11
-21
-22
-28
-238
10383
10585
10589
10628
10646
10664
10746
10861
10957
10962
10967
11073
11170
11172
11179
11404
11544
11783
11784
11785
11801
11889
11898
11940 (-2)
11941
11941 (TR)
11992
12006
12052
12182
12207
12234-2
12620
13211
-1
-2
13216
13250
13399
13406-2
13450
13485
13490
13567
13568
13584
13616
13816
13818
14000
14031
14224
14289
14396
14443
14496
-2
-3
-6
-10
-11
-12
-14
-17
-20
14617
14644
14649
14651
14698
14764
14882
14971
15022
15189
15288
15291
15292
15398
15408
15444
-3
-9
15445
15438
15504
15511
15686
15693
15706
-2
15707
15897
15919
15924
15926
15926 WIP
15930
15938
16023
16262
16355-1
16485
16612-2
16750
16949 (TS)
17024
17025
17100
17203
17369
17442
17506
17799
18004
18014
18181
18245
18629
18916
19005
19011
19092
-1
-2
19114
19115
19125
19136
19407
19439
19500
19501
19502
19503
19505
19506
19507
19508
19509
19510
19600
19752
19757
19770
19775-1
19794-5
19831
20000–29999
20000
20022
20121
20400
20802
20830
21000
21001
21047
21122
21500
21827
22000
22275
22300
22301
22395
22537
23000
23003
23008
23009
23090-3
23092
23094-1
23094-2
23270
23271
23360
23941
24517
24613
24617
24707
24728
25178
25964
26000
26262
26300
26324
27000 series
27000
27001
27002
27005
27006
27729
28000
29110
29148
29199-2
29500
30000+
30170
31000
32000
37001
38500
39075
40500
42010
45001
50001
55000
56000
80000
Category
vteStandards of Ecma InternationalApplication interfaces
ANSI escape code
APIW
Common Language Infrastructure
Office Open XML
OpenXPS
File systems (tape)
Advanced Intelligent Tape
DDS
DLT
Super DLT
Linear Tape-Open (Ultrium-1)
VXA
File systems (disk)
CD-ROM
CD File System (CDFS)
FAT
FAT12
FAT16
FAT16B
FD
UDF
Ultra Density Optical
Universal Media Disc
Holographic Versatile Disc
Graphics
Universal 3D
Programming languages
C++/CLI
C#
Eiffel
JavaScript (E4X, ECMAScript)
Dart
Minimal BASIC
Full BASIC
Radio link interfaces
NFC
UWB
Other
ECMA-35
JSON
List of Ecma standards (1961 – present)
vteMicrosoft 365
History
A product of Microsoft
Microsoft OfficeWindows
1.x
3.0
4.x
95
97
2000
XP
2003
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2021
2024
Mac
3.0
4.2
98
2001
X
2004
2008
2011
2016
2019
2021
Applications(List)Desktop
Access
Excel
OneNote
Outlook
PowerPoint
Project
Publisher
Teams
Word
Server
Skype for Business Server
SharePoint
Excel Services
Project Server
Search Server
Mobile
Excel
Lens
OneDrive
OneNote
Outlook
PowerPoint
Remote
Sway
Teams
Word
Web
Bookings
Delve
Excel
Forms
Loop
OneDrive
OneNote
Outlook on the web
Outlook.com
Planner
PowerPoint
Project
SharePoint
Stream
Sway
Teams
To Do
Video
Viva (Viva Engage)
Word
Discontinued
Discontinued shared tools
Accounting
Docs.com
Entourage
FrontPage
InfoPath
InterConnect
Kaizala
Liquid Motion
Lync
Live Meeting
Mail
Classroom
Office Assistant
Office Live
OneDrive Groups
PerformancePoint Server
Picture Manager
PhotoDraw
Photo Editor
Project Portfolio Server
Ribbon Hero
Schedule+
SharePoint Designer
SharePoint Workspace
Shared tools
Snapshot Viewer for Access
Skype for Business
Visio
Vizact
Word Viewer
Technologies
Information Bridge Framework
Object Linking and Embedding
Office Open XML
Office XML formats
Power Pivot
Smart tags
Visual Basic for Applications
Other topics
Microsoft Product Activation
Office Genuine Advantage
Office filename extensions
Microsoft Office password protection
Copilot
Category
vteMulti-purpose office document file formatsEditable document formats
Compound Document Format
Microsoft Office XML formats
MO:DCA
Office Open XML
Open Document Architecture
OpenDoc
OpenDocument
OpenOffice.org XML
Revisable-Form Text
Rich Text Format
Uniform Office Format
Word document
Fixed document formats
DjVu
Envoy
Open XML Paper Specification
Portable Document Format
Related topics
Character encoding
ASCII
Unicode
TeX
vteDocument markup languagesOffice suite
Compound Document Format
OOXML
SpreadsheetML
PresentationML
WordprocessingML
ODF
UOF
Well-known
HTML
XHTML
MathML
RTF
TeX
LaTeX
Markdown
Lesser-known
AmigaGuide
AsciiDoc
BBCode
CML
C-HTML
ConTeXt
CrossMark
DITA
Djot
DocBook
EAD
Enriched text
FHTML
GML
GuideML
HDML
HyTime
IPF
LilyPond
LinuxDoc
Lout
MIF
MAML
MEI
MusicXML
OMDoc
OpenMath
Org-mode
POD
ReStructuredText
RTML
RFT
S1000D
Setext
TEI
Texinfo
troff
Wikitext
WML
WapTV
XAML
List of document markup languages
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"docx (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docx_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"OpenDocument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"Open Office XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Office_XML"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office XML formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats"},{"link_name":"Office Open XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Office Open XML file formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML_file_formats"},{"link_name":"Open Packaging Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions"},{"link_name":"Open Specification Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise"},{"link_name":"Office Open XML software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML_software"},{"link_name":"Comparison of Office Open XML software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Office_Open_XML_software"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Office_Open_XML"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Office_Open_XML"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Office_Open_XML"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:.docx_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Microsoft OneDrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_OneDrive"},{"link_name":"Filename extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"Internet media type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mimetype-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Ecma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Latest release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"Document file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_file_format"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOC_(computing)"},{"link_name":"WordProcessingML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard"},{"link_name":"Open format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file_format"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ExckertEtZiesing2009-2"},{"link_name":"ECMA-376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 29500-1:2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/standard/61750.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:.pptx_icon_(2019).svg"},{"link_name":"Filename extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"Internet media type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mimetype-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Ecma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Latest release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"Presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"PPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard"},{"link_name":"Open format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file_format"},{"link_name":"ECMA-376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 29500:2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/standard/51463.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:.xlsx_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Filename extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"Internet media type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mimetype-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Ecma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Latest release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"Spreadsheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"XLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"SpreadsheetML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard"},{"link_name":"Open format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file_format"},{"link_name":"ECMA-376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 29500:2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/standard/51463.html"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"zipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"spreadsheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet"},{"link_name":"charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart"},{"link_name":"presentations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation"},{"link_name":"word processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processing"},{"link_name":"Ecma International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2010"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2013"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office_2013_File_Formats-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office_2016_file_formats-6"}],"text":"\"docx\" redirects here. For other uses, see docx (disambiguation).Not to be confused with OpenDocument, Open Office XML, or Microsoft Office XML formats.Office Open XML\nOffice Open XML file formats\nOpen Packaging Conventions\nOpen Specification Promise\nOffice Open XML software\nComparison of Office Open XML software\nvte\nOffice Open XML DocumentThe OOXML Document icon, as appears on the Microsoft OneDrive web serviceFilename extension\n.docx, .docmInternet media type\napplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document[1]Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07)Latest release4th edition26 October 2016; 7 years ago (2016-10-26) Type of formatDocument file formatExtended fromXML, DOC, WordProcessingMLStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?Yes[2]WebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500-1:2012\nOffice Open XML PresentationFilename extension\n.pptx, .pptmInternet media type\napplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation[1]Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07)Latest release3rd edition29 June 2011; 12 years ago (2011-06-29) Type of formatPresentationExtended fromXML, PPTStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?YesWebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008\nOffice Open XML WorkbookFilename extension\n.xlsx, .xlsmInternet media type\napplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet[1]Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO, IECInitial release7 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-07) (as Microsoft Open XML)Latest release3rd edition29 June 2011; 12 years ago (2011-06-29) Type of formatSpreadsheetExtended fromXML, XLS, SpreadsheetMLStandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500Open format?YesWebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML)[3] is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500.Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376, full support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict.[4] Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict,[5] but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns.[6]","title":"Office Open XML"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ooxmlhistory-7"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office XML formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats"},{"link_name":"Ecma International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jean Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paoli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed.[7] The Excel and Word formats—known as the Microsoft Office XML formats—were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would co-sponsor standardization of the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International as \"Office Open XML\".[8][9] The presentation was made to Ecma by Microsoft's Jean Paoli and Isabelle Valet-Harper.[10][11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecma International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Joint Technical Committee 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTC_1"},{"link_name":"failing to pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML_Intermediate_5_Month_Ballot_Results"},{"link_name":"JTC 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISOIECapproval-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ITTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StandardECMA376-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infoworld-embittered-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"InfoWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld"},{"link_name":"OpenDocument Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infoworld-embittered-17"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"ODF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODF"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infoworld-embittered-17"}],"text":"Microsoft submitted initial material to Ecma International Technical Committee TC45, where it was standardized to become ECMA-376, approved in December 2006.[12]This standard was then fast-tracked in the Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO and IEC. After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast-tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008.[13] The resulting four-part International Standard (designated ISO/IEC 29500:2008) was published in November 2008[14] and can be downloaded from the ITTF.[15] A technically equivalent set of texts is published by Ecma as ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats—2nd edition (December 2008); they can be downloaded from their website.[16]The ISO/IEC standardization of Office Open XML was controversial and embittered,[17] with much discussion both about the specification and about the standardization process.[18] According to InfoWorld, \"OOXML was opposed by many on grounds it was unneeded, as software makers could use OpenDocument Format (ODF), a less complicated office software format that was already an international standard.\"[17] The same InfoWorld article reported that IBM (which supports the ODF format) threatened to leave standards bodies that it said allow dominant corporations like Microsoft to wield undue influence. The article further says that Microsoft was accused of co-opting the standardization process by leaning on countries to ensure that it got enough votes at the ISO/IEC for Office Open XML to pass, although it does not specify exactly who accused Microsoft.[17]","title":"Standardization process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"reasonable and non-discriminatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_and_non-discriminatory_licensing"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"ITU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Groklaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groklaw"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Stanford Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Open Specification Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSP-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTC_licensing-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecma-responses-pdf-28"}],"text":"Under the Ecma International code of conduct in patent matters,[19] participating and approving member organizations of ECMA are required to make their patent rights available on a reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) basis.Holders of patents which concern ISO/IEC International Standards may agree to a standardized license governing the terms under which such patents may be licensed, in accord with the ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy.[20]Microsoft, the main contributor to the standard, provided a covenant not to sue[21] for its patent licensing. The covenant received a mixed reception, with some like the Groklaw blog criticizing it,[22] and others such as Lawrence Rosen, (an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School), endorsing it.[23]Microsoft has added the format to their Open Specification Promise[24] in whichMicrosoft irrevocably promises not to assert any Microsoft Necessary Claims against you for making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing or distributing any implementation to the extent it conforms to a Covered Specification [...]This is limited to applications which do not deviate from the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 or Ecma-376 standard and to parties that do not \"file, maintain or voluntarily participate in a patent infringement lawsuit against a Microsoft implementation of such Covered Specification\".[25][26]\nThe Open Specification Promise was included in documents submitted to ISO/IEC in support of the ECMA-376 fast-track submission.[27]\nEcma International asserted that, \"The OSP enables both open source and commercial software to implement [the specification]\".[28]","title":"Licensing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Office Open XML specification exists in several versions.","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StandardECMA376-16"},{"link_name":"Open Packaging Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions"},{"link_name":"RELAX NG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELAX_NG"},{"link_name":"VML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language"}],"sub_title":"ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)","text":"The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.[16]Part 1. Fundamentals\n\nVocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations\nSummary of primary and supporting markup languages\nConformance conditions and interoperability guidelines\nConstraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document typePart 2. Open Packaging Conventions\n\nThe Open Packaging Conventions (OPC), for the package model and physical package, is defined and used by various document types in various applications from multiple vendors.\nIt defines core properties, thumbnails, digital signatures, and authorizations & encryption capabilities for parts or all of the contents in the package.\nXML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)Part 3. Primer\n\nInformative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and diagrams\nDescribes the custom XML data-storing facility within a package to support integration with business dataPart 4. Markup Language Reference\n\nContains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)\nXML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG\nDefines the custom XML data-storing facilityPart 5. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility\n\nDescribes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements & attributes through which applications can operate across different extensions.Later versions of the ECMA-376 standard are aligned and technically equivalent to the corresponding ISO standard.","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StandardIS29500-29"},{"link_name":"Open Packaging Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions"},{"link_name":"XPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification"},{"link_name":"Design Web Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Web_Format"},{"link_name":"XSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)"},{"link_name":"RELAX NG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELAX_NG"},{"link_name":"thumbnails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbnail"},{"link_name":"digital signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature"},{"link_name":"XSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)"},{"link_name":"RELAX NG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELAX_NG"},{"link_name":"NVDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace-based_Validation_Dispatching_Language"},{"link_name":"VML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language"}],"sub_title":"ISO/IEC 29500:2008","text":"The ISO/IEC standard is structured into four parts:[29] Parts 1, 2 and 3 are independent standards; for example, Part 2, specifying Open Packaging Conventions, is used by other file formats including XPS and Design Web Format. Part 4 is to be read as a modification to Part 1, which it requires.A technically equivalent set of texts is also published by Ecma as ECMA-376 2nd edition (2008).Part 1. Fundamentals & Markup Language Reference\nConsisting of 5560 pages, this part contains:\nConformance definitions\nReference material for the XML document markup languages defined by the Standard\nXML schemas for the document markup languages declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NG\nDefines the foreign markup facilitiesPart 2. Open Packaging Conventions\nConsisting of 129 pages, this part contains:\nA description of the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)\nCore properties, thumbnails and digital signatures\nXML schemas for the OPC are declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NGPart 3. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility\nConsisting of 40 pages, this part contains:\nA description of extensions: elements & attributes which define mechanisms allowing applications to specify alternative means of negotiating content\nExtensibility rules are expressed using NVDLPart 4. Transitional Migration Features\nConsisting of 1464 pages, this part contains:\nLegacy material such as compatibility settings and the graphics markup language VML\nA list of syntactic differences between this text and ECMA-376 1st EditionThe standard specifies two levels of document & application conformance, strict and transitional, for each of WordprocessingML, PresentationML and SpreadsheetML, and also specifies applications' descriptions of base and full.","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"ISO 8601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Compatibility between versions","text":"The intent of the changes from ECMA-376 1st Edition to ISO/IEC 29500:2008 was that a valid ECMA-376 document would also be a valid ISO 29500 Transitional document;[30] however, at least one change introduced at the BRM—refusing to allow further values for xsd:boolean—had the effect of breaking backwards-compatibility for most documents.[31] A fix for this had been suggested to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34/WG 4, and was approved in June 2009 as a recommendation for the first revision to Office Open XML.[32]Applications capable of reading documents compliant to ECMA-376 Edition 1 would regard ISO/IEC 29500-4 Transitional documents containing ISO 8601 dates as corrupt.[33]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omso-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microsoft.com-36"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courierpress.com-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notOOXML-39"},{"link_name":"Office 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2010"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docx23-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docx22-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-docx22-41"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2013"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office_2013_File_Formats-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office_2016_file_formats-6"},{"link_name":"Collabora Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collabora_Online"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"SoftMaker Office 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMaker_Office"},{"link_name":"LibreOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-43"},{"link_name":"Apache OpenOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Go-oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-oo"},{"link_name":"KOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOffice"},{"link_name":"Calligra Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligra_Suite"},{"link_name":"NeoOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeoOffice"},{"link_name":"OnlyOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnlyOffice"},{"link_name":"OpenDocument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"TextEdit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TextEdit"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"iWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWork"},{"link_name":"IBM Lotus Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Notes"},{"link_name":"Abiword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiword"},{"link_name":"Gnumeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnumeric"},{"link_name":"WordPerfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPerfect"},{"link_name":"WPS Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPS_Office"},{"link_name":"Google Docs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs"},{"link_name":"SoftMaker FreeOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMaker_FreeOffice"}],"text":"Some older versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office are able to read and write .docx files after installation of the free compatibility pack provided by Microsoft,[34] although some items, such as equations, are converted into images that cannot be edited.[35]Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats have become the default file format[36] of Microsoft Office.[37][38] However, due to the changes introduced in the Office Open XML standard, Office 2007 is not wholly in compliance with ISO/IEC 29500:2008.[39]\nOffice 2010 includes support for opening documents of the ISO/IEC 29500:2008-compliant version of Office Open XML, but it can only save documents conforming to the transitional, not the strict, schemas of the specification.[40][41] Note that the intent of the ISO/IEC is to allow the removal of the transitional variant from the ISO/IEC 29500 standard.[41] Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict,[5] but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns.[6]The ability to read and write Office Open XML format is, however, not limited to Microsoft Office; other office products are also able to read & write this format:Collabora Online for Online, Mobile and Desktop apps are able to open and save Office Open XML files.[42]\nSoftMaker Office 2010 is able to read and write DOCX and XLSX files in its word processor & spreadsheet applications.\nLibreOffice is able to open and save Office Open XML files.[43]\nApache OpenOffice from version 3.0 can import Office Open XML files but not save them.[44] Version 3.2 improved this feature with read support even for password-protected Office Open XML files.[45][46][47]\nThe Go-oo fork of OpenOffice could also write OOXML files.\nKOffice from version 2.2 and later was able to import OOXML files.\nCalligra Suite is able to import Office Open XML files.\nNeoOffice, an OpenOffice.org fork for OS X can import, supported saving to OOXML in 2017, NeoOffice was discontinued in 2024.\nOnlyOffice, Online and Desktop editors compatible with OOXML and OpenDocument filesOther office products that offer import support for the Office Open XML formats include:TextEdit (included with macOS)\niWork\nIBM Lotus Notes\nAbiword\nGnumeric\nWordPerfect\nWPS Office\nGoogle Docs\nSoftMaker FreeOffice","title":"Application support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/"},{"link_name":"Ecma International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"\"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/committee/45374/x/catalogue/"},{"link_name":"ISO Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_Standards"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"\"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/iso/faqs_isoiec29500"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"\"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adjb.net/post/Microsoft-Fails-the-Standards-Test"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oreilly.com/catalog/officexml/chapter/ch02.pdf"},{"link_name":"Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/office2003xml00simo"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-596-00538-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00538-2"},{"link_name":"\"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wiki.openoffice.org/w/index.php?title=Documentation/FAQ/General/How_do_I_open_Microsoft_Office_2007_files%3F"},{"link_name":"\"Reference and sample documents\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101024174349/http://katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents"},{"link_name":"\"Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708"},{"link_name":"Social Science Research Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1201708","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708"}],"text":"\"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)\". ECMA Standards. Ecma International. Retrieved 21 October 2010.\n\"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages\". ISO Standards. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.\n\"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500\". ISO News and Media. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.\nBrown, Alex (31 March 2010). \"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\". Where is an end of it?. Alex Brown's weblog. Retrieved 23 June 2018.\nLenz, Evan; McRae, Mary; St.Laurent, Simon (May 2004). \"Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary\" (PDF). Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00538-2.\n\"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?\". OpenOffice.org Wiki. Oracle. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2010.\n\"Reference and sample documents\". OpenOffice.org Ninja. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.\nShah, Rajiv C.; Kesan, Jay P. (September 2008). \"Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples\". Social Science Research Network. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. SSRN 1201708.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Comparison of document markup languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages"},{"title":"List of document markup languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages"},{"title":"Microsoft Office password protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection"},{"title":"Standardization of Office Open XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML"}] | [{"reference":"\"Register file extensions on third party servers\". docs.microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//cc179224(v=technet.10","url_text":"\"Register file extensions on third party servers\""}]},{"reference":"Klaus-Peter Eckert; Jan Henrik Ziesing; Ucheoma Ishionwu. \"Document Interoperability: Open Document Format and Office Open XML\" (PDF). Fraunhofer Verlag. p. 90.","urls":[{"url":"http://regmedia.co.uk/2009/08/20/fokus_odf_ooxml_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Document Interoperability: Open Document Format and Office Open XML\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Document Foundation, LibreOffice and OOXML\". The Document Foundation. Retrieved 2016-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/LibreOffice_OOXML","url_text":"\"The Document Foundation, LibreOffice and OOXML\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Document_Foundation","url_text":"The Document Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of the XML file formats in Office 2010\". Office 2010 Resource Kit. Microsoft. 5 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2010/cc179190(v=office.14)","url_text":"\"Overview of the XML file formats in Office 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"XML file name extension reference for Office 2013\". Office 2013 Resource Kit. Microsoft. 26 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2013-resource-kit/cc179191(v=office.15)","url_text":"\"XML file name extension reference for Office 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"XLSX Strict (Office Open XML), ISO 29500-1:2008-2016\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000401.shtml","url_text":"\"XLSX Strict (Office Open XML), ISO 29500-1:2008-2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Brian Jones (2007-01-25). \"History of office XML formats (1998–2006)\". MSDN blogs. Retrieved 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/brian_jones/history-of-office-xml-formats-1998-2006","url_text":"\"History of office XML formats (1998–2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Co-Sponsors Submission of Office Open XML Document Formats to Ecma International for Standardization\". Microsoft. 2005-11-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.microsoft.com/2005/11/21/qa-microsoft-co-sponsors-submission-of-office-open-xml-document-formats-to-ecma-international-for-standardization/","url_text":"\"Microsoft Co-Sponsors Submission of Office Open XML Document Formats to Ecma International for Standardization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slides presented by the TC45 committee to Ecma International\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2011-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021022009/http://www.ecma-international.org/activities/Office%20Open%20XML%20Formats/TC45_GA_Dez05.pdf/","url_text":"\"Slides presented by the TC45 committee to Ecma International\""},{"url":"http://www.ecma-international.org/activities/Office%20Open%20XML%20Formats/TC45_GA_Dez05.pdf/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard\". Ecma International. 2006-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecma-international.org/news/PressReleases/PR_TC45_Dec2006.htm","url_text":"\"Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC DIS 29500 receives necessary votes for approval as an International Standard\". ISO. 2008-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/news/2008/04/Ref1123.html","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC DIS 29500 receives necessary votes for approval as an International Standard\""}]},{"reference":"ISO/IEC (2008-11-18). \"Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology—Office Open XML formats\". ISO. Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2008-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706154539/http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1181","url_text":"\"Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology—Office Open XML formats\""},{"url":"http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1181","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Freely Available Standards\". ITTF (ISO/IEC). 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2023-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html","url_text":"\"Freely Available Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard ECMA-376\". Ecma-international.org. Retrieved 2009-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/","url_text":"\"Standard ECMA-376\""}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Jeremy (19 November 2008). \"ISO publishes Office Open XML specification\". InfoWorld. Retrieved 12 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/2654142/iso-publishes-office-open-xml-specification.html","url_text":"\"ISO publishes Office Open XML specification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorld","url_text":"InfoWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian standards body implodes over OOXML controversy\". Ars Technica. 3 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/10/norwegian-standards-body-implodes-over-ooxml-controversy/","url_text":"\"Norwegian standards body implodes over OOXML controversy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code of Conduct in Patent Matters\". Ecma International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecma-international.org/policies/by-ipr/code-of-conduct-in-patent-matters/","url_text":"\"Code of Conduct in Patent Matters\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/6344764","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft's Open Specification Promise Eases Web Services Patent Concerns\". September 12, 2006. Retrieved 2015-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://xml.coverpages.org/ni2006-09-12-a.html","url_text":"\"Microsoft's Open Specification Promise Eases Web Services Patent Concerns\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Escape Hatches in MS's Covenant Not to Sue\". Groklaw. December 4, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20051202135844482","url_text":"\"2 Escape Hatches in MS's Covenant Not to Sue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groklaw","url_text":"Groklaw"}]},{"reference":"Berlind, David (November 28, 2005). \"Top open source lawyer blesses new terms on Microsoft's XML file format\". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/top-open-source-lawyer-blesses-new-terms-on-microsofts-xml-file-format/","url_text":"\"Top open source lawyer blesses new terms on Microsoft's XML file format\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\". Microsoft. 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2015-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/dev_center/ms-devcentlp/1c24c7c8-28b0-4ce1-a47d-95fe1ff504bc","url_text":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecma formal publications\". Ecma International. Ecma Standards and Technical Reports are made available to all interested persons or organizations, free of charge and licensing restrictions","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/","url_text":"\"Ecma formal publications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\". Microsoft.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/Interop/osp/default.mspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Licensing conditions that Microsoft offers for Office Open XML\". Jtc1sc34.org. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2009-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0810c.htm","url_text":"\"Licensing conditions that Microsoft offers for Office Open XML\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Word — Responses to Comments and Perceived Contradictions.doc\" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecma-international.org/news/TC45_current_work/Ecma%20responses.pdf","url_text":"\"Microsoft Word — Responses to Comments and Perceived Contradictions.doc\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO search for \"29500\"\". International Organization for Standardization. 2009-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/search.html?q=29500&hPP=10&idx=all_en&p=0&hFR%5Bcategory%5D%5B0%5D=standard","url_text":"\"ISO search for \"29500\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization","url_text":"International Organization for Standardization"}]},{"reference":"\"Re-introducing on/off-values to ST-OnOff in OOXML Part 4\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090626065627/http://idippedut.dk/post/2009/06/23/Re-introducing-onoff-values-to-ST-OnOff-in-OOXML-Part-4.aspx","url_text":"\"Re-introducing on/off-values to ST-OnOff in OOXML Part 4\""},{"url":"http://idippedut.dk/post/2009/06/23/Re-introducing-onoff-values-to-ST-OnOff-in-OOXML-Part-4.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OOXML and Office 2007 Conformance: a Smoke Test\". Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2009-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091855/http://www.adjb.net/post/OOXML-and-Office-2007-Conformance-a-Smoke-Test.aspx","url_text":"\"OOXML and Office 2007 Conformance: a Smoke Test\""},{"url":"http://www.adjb.net/post/OOXML-and-Office-2007-Conformance-a-Smoke-Test.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Copenhagen Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG4\" (PDF). 2009-06-22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2009-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224125/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/open/1239.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Copenhagen Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG4\""},{"url":"http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/open/1239.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 29500-4:2008/Draft Amd2:2011 - Draft - Information technology — Document description and processing languages — Office Open XML File Formats — Part 4: Transitional Migration Features - AMENDMENT 2\". 2011-03-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2011-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232105/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/wg4/archive/sc34-wg4-2011-0173.zip","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 29500-4:2008/Draft Amd2:2011 - Draft - Information technology — Document description and processing languages — Office Open XML File Formats — Part 4: Transitional Migration Features - AMENDMENT 2\""},{"url":"http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/wg4/archive/sc34-wg4-2011-0173.zip","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats (Version 3)\". Microsoft. 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=32858","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats (Version 3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office\". Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2008/may08/05-21ExpandedFormatsPR.mspx?rss_fdn=Press%20Releases","url_text":"\"Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft's future lies somewhere beyond the Vista by Evansville Courier & Press\". Courierpress.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710192710/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/oct/24/microsofts-future-lies-somewhere-beyond-the/","url_text":"\"Microsoft's future lies somewhere beyond the Vista by Evansville Courier & Press\""},{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/oct/24/microsofts-future-lies-somewhere-beyond-the/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? - Knowledge@Wharton\". Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2009-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1795","url_text":"\"Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? - Knowledge@Wharton\""}]},{"reference":"Andy Updegrove (21 May 2008). \"Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF — and not OOXML\". ConsortiumInfo.org. Archived from the original on 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2009-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080523233233/http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20080521092930864","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF — and not OOXML\""},{"url":"http://consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20080521092930864","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISO OOXML convener: Microsoft's format \"heading for failure\"\". Ars Technica. 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/04/iso-ooxml-convener-microsofts-format-heading-for-failure.ars","url_text":"\"ISO OOXML convener: Microsoft's format \"heading for failure\"\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Alex (31 March 2010). \"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\". Where is an end of it?. Alex Brown's weblog. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adjb.net/post/Microsoft-Fails-the-Standards-Test","url_text":"\"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collabora Online 6.4.0-released\". 2 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collaboraoffice.com/press-releases/collabora-online-6-4-0-released/","url_text":"\"Collabora Online 6.4.0-released\""}]},{"reference":"\"LibreOffice OOXML\". Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/LibreOffice_OOXML","url_text":"\"LibreOffice OOXML\""}]},{"reference":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features\". 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.openoffice.org/dev_docs/features/3.0/#Microsoft_Office_2007_Import_Filters","url_text":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features\""}]},{"reference":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.2 New Features\". 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.openoffice.org/dev_docs/features/3.2/","url_text":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.2 New Features\""}]},{"reference":"Scott Gilbertson (13 February 2010). \"OpenOffice 3.2 - now with less Microsoft envy\". The Register. Retrieved 18 Feb 2013. the ability to open password-protected Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/13/openoffice_review","url_text":"\"OpenOffice 3.2 - now with less Microsoft envy\""}]},{"reference":"\"3.2.0 (build OOO320_m12) - Release Notes\". Retrieved 18 Feb 2013. Import of password protected Microsoft Office XML files","urls":[{"url":"http://www.openoffice.org/development/releases/3.2.0.html","url_text":"\"3.2.0 (build OOO320_m12) - Release Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)\". ECMA Standards. Ecma International. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/","url_text":"\"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International","url_text":"Ecma International"}]},{"reference":"\"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages\". ISO Standards. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/committee/45374/x/catalogue/","url_text":"\"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_Standards","url_text":"ISO Standards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization","url_text":"International Organization for Standardization"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500\". ISO News and Media. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/iso/faqs_isoiec29500","url_text":"\"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization","url_text":"International Organization for Standardization"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Alex (31 March 2010). \"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\". Where is an end of it?. Alex Brown's weblog. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adjb.net/post/Microsoft-Fails-the-Standards-Test","url_text":"\"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\""}]},{"reference":"Lenz, Evan; McRae, Mary; St.Laurent, Simon (May 2004). \"Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary\" (PDF). Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00538-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oreilly.com/catalog/officexml/chapter/ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/office2003xml00simo","url_text":"Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00538-2","url_text":"978-0-596-00538-2"}]},{"reference":"\"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?\". OpenOffice.org Wiki. Oracle. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.openoffice.org/w/index.php?title=Documentation/FAQ/General/How_do_I_open_Microsoft_Office_2007_files%3F","url_text":"\"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reference and sample documents\". OpenOffice.org Ninja. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024174349/http://katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents","url_text":"\"Reference and sample documents\""},{"url":"http://katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rajiv C.; Kesan, Jay P. (September 2008). \"Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples\". Social Science Research Network. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. SSRN 1201708.","urls":[{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708","url_text":"\"Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network","url_text":"Social Science Research Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708","url_text":"1201708"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376","external_links_name":"ECMA-376"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/standard/61750.html","external_links_name":"ISO/IEC 29500-1:2012"},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376","external_links_name":"ECMA-376"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/standard/51463.html","external_links_name":"ISO/IEC 29500:2008"},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376","external_links_name":"ECMA-376"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/standard/51463.html","external_links_name":"ISO/IEC 29500:2008"},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//cc179224(v=technet.10","external_links_name":"\"Register file extensions on third party servers\""},{"Link":"http://regmedia.co.uk/2009/08/20/fokus_odf_ooxml_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Document Interoperability: Open Document Format and Office Open XML\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/LibreOffice_OOXML","external_links_name":"\"The Document Foundation, LibreOffice and OOXML\""},{"Link":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2010/cc179190(v=office.14)","external_links_name":"\"Overview of the XML file formats in Office 2010\""},{"Link":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2013-resource-kit/cc179191(v=office.15)","external_links_name":"\"XML file name extension reference for Office 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000401.shtml","external_links_name":"\"XLSX Strict (Office Open XML), ISO 29500-1:2008-2016\""},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/brian_jones/history-of-office-xml-formats-1998-2006","external_links_name":"\"History of office XML formats (1998–2006)\""},{"Link":"https://news.microsoft.com/2005/11/21/qa-microsoft-co-sponsors-submission-of-office-open-xml-document-formats-to-ecma-international-for-standardization/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Co-Sponsors Submission of Office Open XML Document Formats to Ecma International for Standardization\""},{"Link":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=1656616","external_links_name":"Casson and Ryan, Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft’s Market Dominance"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-hands-over-office-xml-specs-to-ecma/","external_links_name":"Microsoft hands over Office XML specs to Ecma"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021022009/http://www.ecma-international.org/activities/Office%20Open%20XML%20Formats/TC45_GA_Dez05.pdf/","external_links_name":"\"Slides presented by the TC45 committee to Ecma International\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecma-international.org/activities/Office%20Open%20XML%20Formats/TC45_GA_Dez05.pdf/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ecma-international.org/news/PressReleases/PR_TC45_Dec2006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/news/2008/04/Ref1123.html","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC DIS 29500 receives necessary votes for approval as an International Standard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706154539/http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1181","external_links_name":"\"Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology—Office Open XML formats\""},{"Link":"http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1181","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Freely Available Standards\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/","external_links_name":"\"Standard ECMA-376\""},{"Link":"https://www.infoworld.com/article/2654142/iso-publishes-office-open-xml-specification.html","external_links_name":"\"ISO publishes Office Open XML specification\""},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/10/norwegian-standards-body-implodes-over-ooxml-controversy/","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian standards body implodes over OOXML controversy\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/policies/by-ipr/code-of-conduct-in-patent-matters/","external_links_name":"\"Code of Conduct in Patent Matters\""},{"Link":"https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/6344764","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC/ITU common patent policy\""},{"Link":"https://xml.coverpages.org/ni2006-09-12-a.html","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft's Open Specification Promise Eases Web Services Patent Concerns\""},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20051202135844482","external_links_name":"\"2 Escape Hatches in MS's Covenant Not to Sue\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/article/top-open-source-lawyer-blesses-new-terms-on-microsofts-xml-file-format/","external_links_name":"\"Top open source lawyer blesses new terms on Microsoft's XML file format\""},{"Link":"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/dev_center/ms-devcentlp/1c24c7c8-28b0-4ce1-a47d-95fe1ff504bc","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/","external_links_name":"\"Ecma formal publications\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/Interop/osp/default.mspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Open Specification Promise\""},{"Link":"https://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0810c.htm","external_links_name":"\"Licensing conditions that Microsoft offers for Office Open XML\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecma-international.org/news/TC45_current_work/Ecma%20responses.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Word — Responses to Comments and Perceived Contradictions.doc\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/search.html?q=29500&hPP=10&idx=all_en&p=0&hFR%5Bcategory%5D%5B0%5D=standard","external_links_name":"\"ISO search for \"29500\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090626065627/http://idippedut.dk/post/2009/06/23/Re-introducing-onoff-values-to-ST-OnOff-in-OOXML-Part-4.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Re-introducing on/off-values to ST-OnOff in OOXML Part 4\""},{"Link":"http://idippedut.dk/post/2009/06/23/Re-introducing-onoff-values-to-ST-OnOff-in-OOXML-Part-4.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091855/http://www.adjb.net/post/OOXML-and-Office-2007-Conformance-a-Smoke-Test.aspx","external_links_name":"\"OOXML and Office 2007 Conformance: a Smoke Test\""},{"Link":"http://www.adjb.net/post/OOXML-and-Office-2007-Conformance-a-Smoke-Test.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224125/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/open/1239.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Copenhagen Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG4\""},{"Link":"http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/open/1239.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232105/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/wg4/archive/sc34-wg4-2011-0173.zip","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC 29500-4:2008/Draft Amd2:2011 - Draft - Information technology — Document description and processing languages — Office Open XML File Formats — Part 4: Transitional Migration Features - AMENDMENT 2\""},{"Link":"http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc34/wg4/archive/sc34-wg4-2011-0173.zip","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=32858","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 File Formats (Version 3)\""},{"Link":"http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/open-a-word-2007-document-in-an-earlier-version-of-word-HA010044473.aspx","external_links_name":"Open a Word 2007 document in an earlier version of Word - Word - Office.com"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2008/may08/05-21ExpandedFormatsPR.mspx?rss_fdn=Press%20Releases","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710192710/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/oct/24/microsofts-future-lies-somewhere-beyond-the/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft's future lies somewhere beyond the Vista by Evansville Courier & Press\""},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/oct/24/microsofts-future-lies-somewhere-beyond-the/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1795","external_links_name":"\"Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? - Knowledge@Wharton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080523233233/http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20080521092930864","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF — and not OOXML\""},{"Link":"http://consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20080521092930864","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/04/iso-ooxml-convener-microsofts-format-heading-for-failure.ars","external_links_name":"\"ISO OOXML convener: Microsoft's format \"heading for failure\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.adjb.net/post/Microsoft-Fails-the-Standards-Test","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\""},{"Link":"https://www.collaboraoffice.com/press-releases/collabora-online-6-4-0-released/","external_links_name":"\"Collabora Online 6.4.0-released\""},{"Link":"http://wiki.documentfoundation.org/LibreOffice_OOXML","external_links_name":"\"LibreOffice OOXML\""},{"Link":"http://www.openoffice.org/dev_docs/features/3.0/#Microsoft_Office_2007_Import_Filters","external_links_name":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features\""},{"Link":"http://www.openoffice.org/dev_docs/features/3.2/","external_links_name":"\"OpenOffice.org 3.2 New Features\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/13/openoffice_review","external_links_name":"\"OpenOffice 3.2 - now with less Microsoft envy\""},{"Link":"http://www.openoffice.org/development/releases/3.2.0.html","external_links_name":"\"3.2.0 (build OOO320_m12) - Release Notes\""},{"Link":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-376/","external_links_name":"\"Standard ECMA-376: Office Open XML File Formats; 1st edition (December 2006) and 2nd edition (December 2008)\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/committee/45374/x/catalogue/","external_links_name":"\"JTC 1/SC 34 - Document description and processing languages\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/iso/faqs_isoiec29500","external_links_name":"\"FAQs on ISO/IEC 29500\""},{"Link":"http://www.adjb.net/post/Microsoft-Fails-the-Standards-Test","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Fails the Standards Test\""},{"Link":"http://oreilly.com/catalog/officexml/chapter/ch02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 2: The WordprocessingML Vocabulary\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/office2003xml00simo","external_links_name":"Office 2003 XML: Integrating Office with the Rest of the World"},{"Link":"https://wiki.openoffice.org/w/index.php?title=Documentation/FAQ/General/How_do_I_open_Microsoft_Office_2007_files%3F","external_links_name":"\"How do I open Microsoft Office 2007 files?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024174349/http://katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents","external_links_name":"\"Reference and sample documents\""},{"Link":"http://katana.oooninja.com/w/reference_sample_documents","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708","external_links_name":"\"Lost in Translation: Interoperability Issues for Open Standards - ODF and OOXML as Examples\""},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1201708","external_links_name":"1201708"},{"Link":"https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index.html","external_links_name":"ISO/IEC 29500 standards"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7691037-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave | Evanescent field | ["1 Use of the term","2 Evanescent wave applications","3 Total internal reflection of light","4 Evanescent-wave coupling","4.1 Applications","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Type of field where the net flow of electromagnetic energy is zero
"Evanesce" redirects here. For the album by Anatomy of a Ghost, see Evanesce (album).
Schematic representation of a surface wave (surface plasmon polariton) propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. The fields away from the surface die off exponentially (right hand graph) and those fields are thus described as evanescent in the z direction
In electromagnetics, an evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents). Even when there is a propagating electromagnetic wave produced (e.g., by a transmitting antenna), one can still identify as an evanescent field the component of the electric or magnetic field that cannot be attributed to the propagating wave observed at a distance of many wavelengths (such as the far field of a transmitting antenna).
A hallmark of an evanescent field is that there is no net energy flow in that region. Since the net flow of electromagnetic energy is given by the average Poynting vector, this means that the Poynting vector in these regions, as averaged over a complete oscillation cycle, is zero.
Use of the term
In many cases one cannot simply say that a field is or is not "evanescent" – having the Poynting vector average to zero in some direction (or all directions).
In most cases where they exist, evanescent fields are simply thought of and referred to the same as all other electric or magnetic fields involved, without any special recognition of those fields' evanescence. The term's use is mostly limited to distinguishing a part of a field or solution in those cases where one might only expect the fields of a propagating wave.
For instance, in the illustration at the top of the article, energy is indeed carried in the horizontal direction. However, in the vertical direction, the field strength drops off exponentially with increasing distance above the surface. This leaves most of the field concentrated in a thin boundary layer very close to the interface; for that reason, it is referred to as a surface wave. However, despite energy flowing horizontally, along the vertical there is no net propagation of energy away from (or toward) the surface, so that one could properly describe the field as being "evanescent in the vertical direction". This is one example of the context dependence of the term.
Everyday electronic devices and electrical appliances are surrounded by large fields which are evanescent; their operation involves alternating voltages (producing an electric field between them) and alternating currents (producing a magnetic field around them) which are expected to only carry power along internal wires, but not to the outsides of the devices. Even though the term "evanescent" is not mentioned in this ordinary context, the appliances' designers still may be concerned with maintaining evanescence, in order to prevent or limit production of a propagating electromagnetic wave, which would lead to radiation loss, since a propagating wave "steals" its power from the circuitry or donates unwanted interference.
The term "evanescent field" does arise in various contexts where a propagating electromagnetic wave is involved (even if confined). The term then differentiates electromagnetic field components that accompany the propagating wave, but which do not themselves propagate. In other, similar cases, where a propagating electromagnetic wave would normally be expected (such as light refracted at the interface between glass and air), the term is invoked to describe that part of the field where the wave is suppressed (such as light traveling through glass, impinging on a glass-to-air interface but beyond the critical angle).
Although all electromagnetic fields are classically governed according to Maxwell's equations, different technologies or problems have certain types of expected solutions, and when the primary solutions involve wave propagation the term evanescent is frequently applied to field components or solutions which do not share that property.
For instance, the propagation constant of a hollow metal waveguide is a strong function of frequency (a dispersion relation). Below a certain frequency (the cut-off frequency) the propagation constant becomes an imaginary number. A solution to the wave equation having an imaginary wavenumber does not propagate as a wave but falls off exponentially, so the field excited at that lower frequency is considered evanescent. It can also be simply said that propagation is "disallowed" for that frequency.
The formal solution to the wave equation can describe modes having an identical form, but the change of the propagation constant from real to imaginary as the frequency drops below the cut-off frequency totally changes the physical nature of the result. The solution may be described as a "cut-off mode" or an "evanescent mode";: 360 while a different author will just state that no such mode exists. Since the evanescent field corresponding to the mode was computed as a solution to the wave equation, it is often discussed as being an "evanescent wave" even though its properties (such as carrying no energy) are inconsistent with the definition of wave.
Although this article concentrates on electromagnetics, the term evanescent is used similarly in fields such as acoustics and quantum mechanics, where the wave equation arises from the physics involved. In these cases, solutions to the wave equation resulting in imaginary propagation constants are likewise called "evanescent", and have the essential property that no net energy is transferred, even though there is a non-zero field.
Evanescent wave applications
In optics and acoustics, evanescent waves are formed when waves traveling in a medium undergo total internal reflection at its boundary because they strike it at an angle greater than the critical angle. The physical explanation for the existence of the evanescent wave is that the electric and magnetic fields (or pressure gradients, in the case of acoustical waves) cannot be discontinuous at a boundary, as would be the case if there was no evanescent wave field. In quantum mechanics, the physical explanation is exactly analogous—the Schrödinger wave-function representing particle motion normal to the boundary cannot be discontinuous at the boundary.
Electromagnetic evanescent waves have been used to exert optical radiation pressure on small particles to trap them for experimentation, or to cool them to very low temperatures, and to illuminate very small objects such as biological cells or single protein and DNA molecules for microscopy (as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope). The evanescent wave from an optical fiber can be used in a gas sensor, and evanescent waves figure in the infrared spectroscopy technique known as attenuated total reflectance.
In electrical engineering, evanescent waves are found in the near-field region within one third of a wavelength of any radio antenna. During normal operation, an antenna emits electromagnetic fields into the surrounding nearfield region, and a portion of the field energy is reabsorbed, while the remainder is radiated as EM waves.
Recently, a graphene-based Bragg grating (one-dimensional photonic crystal) has been fabricated and demonstrated its competence for excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in the periodic structure using a prism coupling technique.
In quantum mechanics, the evanescent-wave solutions of the Schrödinger equation give rise to the phenomenon of wave-mechanical tunneling.
In microscopy, systems that capture the information contained in evanescent waves can be used to create super-resolution images. Matter radiates both propagating and evanescent electromagnetic waves. Conventional optical systems capture only the information in the propagating waves and hence are subject to the diffraction limit. Systems that capture the information contained in evanescent waves, such as the superlens and near field scanning optical microscopy, can overcome the diffraction limit; however these systems are then limited by the system's ability to accurately capture the evanescent waves. The limitation on their resolution is given by
k
∝
1
d
ln
1
δ
,
{\displaystyle k\propto {\frac {1}{d}}\ln {\frac {1}{\delta }},}
where
k
{\displaystyle k}
is the maximal wave vector that can be resolved,
d
{\displaystyle d}
is the distance between the object and the sensor, and
δ
{\displaystyle \delta }
is a measure of the quality of the sensor.
More generally, practical applications of evanescent waves can be classified as (1) those in which the energy associated with the wave is used to excite some other phenomenon within the region of space where the original traveling wave becomes evanescent (for example, as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope) or (2) those in which the evanescent wave couples two media in which traveling waves are allowed, and hence permits the transfer of energy or a particle between the media (depending on the wave equation in use), even though no traveling-wave solutions are allowed in the region of space between the two media. An example of this is wave-mechanical tunnelling, and is known generally as evanescent wave coupling.
Total internal reflection of light
Further information: Total internal reflection § Evanescent wave
Total internal reflection
Representation of a (top) refracted incident wave and (bottom) evanescent wave at an interface in red (reflected waves omitted).
For example, consider total internal reflection in two dimensions, with the interface between the media lying on the x axis, the normal along y, and the polarization along z. One might expect that for angles leading to total internal reflection, the solution would consist of an incident wave and a reflected wave, with no transmitted wave at all, but there is no such solution that obeys Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations in a dielectric medium impose a boundary condition of continuity for the components of the fields E||, H||, Dy, and By. For the polarization considered in this example, the conditions on E|| and By are satisfied if the reflected wave has the same amplitude as the incident one, because these components of the incident and reflected waves superimpose destructively. Their Hx components, however, superimpose constructively, so there can be no solution without a non-vanishing transmitted wave. The transmitted wave cannot, however, be a sinusoidal wave, since it would then transport energy away from the boundary, but since the incident and reflected waves have equal energy, this would violate conservation of energy. We therefore conclude that the transmitted wave must be a non-vanishing solution to Maxwell's equations that is not a traveling wave, and the only such solutions in a dielectric are those that decay exponentially: evanescent waves.
Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components has an imaginary value. Because the vector has imaginary components, it may have a magnitude that is less than its real components.
For the plane of incidence as the
x
y
{\displaystyle xy}
plane at
z
=
0
{\displaystyle z=0}
and the interface of the two mediums as the
x
z
{\displaystyle xz}
plane at
y
=
0
{\displaystyle y=0}
, the wave vector of the transmitted wave has the form
k
t
=
k
y
y
^
+
k
x
x
^
{\displaystyle \mathbf {k_{t}} \ =\ k_{y}{\hat {\mathbf {y} }}+k_{x}{\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}
with
k
x
=
k
t
sin
θ
t
{\displaystyle k_{x}=k_{t}\sin \theta _{t}}
and
k
y
=
k
t
cos
θ
t
{\displaystyle k_{y}=k_{t}\cos \theta _{t}}
, where
k
t
{\displaystyle k_{t}}
is the magnitude of the wave vector of the transmitted wave (so the wavenumber),
θ
t
{\displaystyle \theta _{t}}
is the angle of refraction, and
x
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}
and
y
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {y} }}}
are the unit vectors along the
x
{\displaystyle x}
axis direction and the
y
{\displaystyle y}
axis direction respectively.
By using the Snell's law
n
i
sin
θ
i
=
n
t
sin
θ
t
{\displaystyle n_{i}\sin \theta _{i}=n_{t}\sin \theta _{t}}
where
n
i
{\displaystyle n_{i}}
,
n
t
{\displaystyle n_{t}}
, and
θ
i
{\displaystyle \theta _{i}}
are the refractive index of the medium where the incident wave and the reflected wave exist, the refractive index of the medium where the transmitted wave exists, and the angle of incidence respectively,
k
y
=
k
t
cos
θ
t
=
±
k
t
(
1
−
sin
2
θ
i
n
t
i
2
)
1
/
2
{\displaystyle k_{y}=k_{t}\cos \theta _{t}=\pm k_{t}\left(1-{\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}\right)^{1/2}}
.
with
n
t
i
=
n
t
n
i
{\textstyle n_{ti}={\frac {n_{t}}{n_{i}}}}
.
If a part of the condition of the total internal reflection as
sin
θ
i
>
sin
θ
c
=
n
t
i
{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{i}>\sin \theta _{c}=n_{ti}}
, is satisfied, then
k
y
=
±
i
k
t
(
sin
2
θ
i
n
t
i
2
−
1
)
1
/
2
=
±
i
α
{\displaystyle k_{y}=\pm ik_{t}\left({\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}-1\right)^{1/2}=\pm i\alpha }
.
If the polarization is perpendicular to the plane of incidence (along the
z
{\displaystyle z}
direction), then the electric field of any of the waves (incident, reflected, or transmitted) can be expressed as
E
(
r
,
t
)
=
Re
{
E
(
r
)
e
i
ω
t
}
z
^
{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\operatorname {Re} \left\{E(\mathbf {r} )e^{i\omega t}\right\}\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
where
z
^
{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {z}} }
is the unit vector in the
z
{\displaystyle z}
axis direction.
By assuming plane waves as
E
(
r
)
=
E
0
e
−
i
k
⋅
r
{\displaystyle E(\mathbf {r} )=E_{0}e^{-i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }}
, and substituting the transmitted wave vector
k
t
{\displaystyle \mathbf {k_{t}} }
into
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {k} }
, we find for the transmitted wave:
E
(
r
)
=
E
o
e
−
i
(
−
i
α
y
+
β
x
)
=
E
o
e
−
α
y
−
i
β
x
{\displaystyle E(\mathbf {r} )=E_{o}e^{-i(-i\alpha y+\beta x)}=E_{o}e^{-\alpha y-i\beta x}}
where
α
=
k
t
(
sin
2
θ
i
n
t
i
2
−
1
)
1
/
2
{\textstyle \alpha =k_{t}\left({\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}-1\right)^{1/2}}
is the attenuation constant, and
β
=
k
x
{\displaystyle \beta =k_{x}}
is the phase constant.
+
i
α
{\displaystyle +i\alpha }
is ignored since it does not physically make sense (the wave amplification along y the direction in this case).
Evanescent-wave coupling
Plot of 1/e-penetration depth of the evanescent wave against angle of incidence in units of wavelength for different refraction indices.
Especially in optics, evanescent-wave coupling refers to the coupling between two waves due to physical overlap of what would otherwise be described as the evanescent fields corresponding to the propagating waves.
One classical example is frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) in which the evanescent field very close (see graph) to the surface of a dense medium at which a wave normally undergoes total internal reflection overlaps another dense medium in the vicinity. This disrupts the totality of the reflection, diverting some power into the second medium.
Coupling between two optical waveguides may be effected by placing the fiber cores close together so that the evanescent field generated by one element excites a wave in the other fiber. This is used to produce fiber-optic splitters and in fiber tapping. At radio (and even optical) frequencies, such a device is called a directional coupler. The device is usually called a power divider in the case of microwave transmission and modulation.
Evanescent-wave coupling is synonymous with near field interaction in electromagnetic field theory. Depending on the nature of the source element, the evanescent field involved is either predominantly electric (capacitive) or magnetic (inductive), unlike (propagating) waves in the far field where these components are connected (identical phase, in the ratio of the impedance of free space). The evanescent wave coupling takes place in the non-radiative field near each medium and as such is always associated with matter; i.e., with the induced currents and charges within a partially reflecting surface. In quantum mechanics the wave function interaction may be discussed in terms of particles and described as quantum tunneling.
Applications
Evanescent wave coupling is commonly used in photonic and nanophotonic devices as waveguide sensors or couplers (see e.g., prism coupler).
Evanescent wave coupling is used to excite, for example, dielectric microsphere resonators.
Evanescent coupling, as near field interaction, is one of the concerns in electromagnetic compatibility.
Coupling of optical fibers without loss for fiber tapping.
Evanescent wave coupling plays a major role in the theoretical explanation of extraordinary optical transmission.
Evanescent wave coupling is used in powering devices wirelessly.
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope uses the evanescent wave produced by total internal reflection to excite fluorophores close to a surface. This is useful when surface properties of biological samples need to be studied.
See also
Coupling (electronics)
Electromagnetic wave
Plasmonic lens
Plasmonic metamaterials
Quantum tunneling
Resonant energy transfer
Snell's law
Superlens
Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope
Waveguide
Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory
Notes
^ Or, expressing the fields E and H as phasors, the complex Poynting vector
S
=
E
×
H
∗
{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} ^{*}}
has a zero real part.
References
^ Takayama, O.; Bogdanov, A.A.; Lavrinenko, A.V. (2017). "Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 29 (46): 463001. Bibcode:2017JPCM...29T3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd. PMID 29053474. S2CID 1528860.
^ IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms. New York, NY: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1992. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-55937-240-4. IEEE STD 100-1992.
^ Jackson, John David (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). John-Wiley. ISBN 047130932X.
^ Tineke Thio (2006). "A Bright Future for Subwavelength Light Sources". American Scientist. 94 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1511/2006.1.40.
^ Marston, Philip L.; Matula, T.J. (May 2002). "Scattering of acoustic evanescent waves". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 111 (5): 2378. Bibcode:2002ASAJ..111.2378M. doi:10.1121/1.4778056.
^ Sreekanth, Kandammathe Valiyaveedu; Zeng, Shuwen; Shang, Jingzhi; Yong, Ken-Tye; Yu, Ting (2012). "Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating". Scientific Reports. 2: 737. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.737S. doi:10.1038/srep00737. PMC 3471096. PMID 23071901.
^ Neice, A., "Methods and Limitations of Subwavelength Imaging", Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Vol. 163, July 2010.
^ Hecht, Eugene (2017). Optics (5th Global ed.). Pearson. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-1-292-09693-3.
^ Zeng, Shuwen; Yu, Xia; Law, Wing-Cheung; Zhang, Yating; Hu, Rui; Dinh, Xuan-Quyen; Ho, Ho-Pui; Yong, Ken-Tye (2013). "Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 176: 1128–1133. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073.
^ Lova, Paola; Manfredi, Giovanni; Comoretto, Davide (2018). "Advances in Functional Solution Processed Planar 1D Photonic Crystals". Advanced Optical Materials. 6 (24): 1800730. doi:10.1002/adom.201800730. hdl:11567/928329. ISSN 2195-1071.
^ Fan, Zhiyuan; Zhan, Li; Hu, Xiao; Xia, Yuxing (2008). "Critical process of extraordinary optical transmission through periodic subwavelength hole array: Hole-assisted evanescent-field coupling". Optics Communications. 281 (21): 5467. Bibcode:2008OptCo.281.5467F. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2008.07.077.
^ Karalis, Aristeidis; J.D. Joannopoulos; Marin Soljačić (February 2007). "Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer". Annals of Physics. 323 (1): 34. arXiv:physics/0611063. Bibcode:2008AnPhy.323...34K. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017. S2CID 1887505.
^ "'Evanescent coupling' could power gadgets wirelessly", Celeste Biever, NewScientist.com, 15 November 2006
^ Wireless energy could power consumer, industrial electronics – MIT press release
^ Axelrod, D. (1 April 1981). "Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 89 (1): 141–145. doi:10.1083/jcb.89.1.141. PMC 2111781. PMID 7014571.
External links
Evanescent wave s
Evanescent and propagating waves animation on Youtube.com | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evanesce (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanesce_(album)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_density_wave_-_plasmon_excitations.png"},{"link_name":"surface wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave"},{"link_name":"surface plasmon polariton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polariton"},{"link_name":"electromagnetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetics"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"far field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_field"},{"link_name":"Poynting vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting_vector"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Evanesce\" redirects here. For the album by Anatomy of a Ghost, see Evanesce (album).Schematic representation of a surface wave (surface plasmon polariton) propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. The fields away from the surface die off exponentially (right hand graph) and those fields are thus described as evanescent in the z directionIn electromagnetics, an evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents). Even when there is a propagating electromagnetic wave produced (e.g., by a transmitting antenna), one can still identify as an evanescent field the component of the electric or magnetic field that cannot be attributed to the propagating wave observed at a distance of many wavelengths (such as the far field of a transmitting antenna).A hallmark of an evanescent field is that there is no net energy flow in that region. Since the net flow of electromagnetic energy is given by the average Poynting vector, this means that the Poynting vector in these regions, as averaged over a complete oscillation cycle, is zero.[a]","title":"Evanescent field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"radiation loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current#Techniques_for_reducing_radiation_loss"},{"link_name":"interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_interference"},{"link_name":"refracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracted"},{"link_name":"critical angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_angle_(optics)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell's equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"},{"link_name":"propagation constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_constant"},{"link_name":"waveguide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide"},{"link_name":"dispersion relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_relation"},{"link_name":"cut-off frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequency"},{"link_name":"wave equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEEDict_1992-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_3rd-4"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"wave equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation"}],"text":"In many cases one cannot simply say that a field is or is not \"evanescent\" – having the Poynting vector average to zero in some direction (or all directions).\nIn most cases where they exist, evanescent fields are simply thought of and referred to the same as all other electric or magnetic fields involved, without any special recognition of those fields' evanescence. The term's use is mostly limited to distinguishing a part of a field or solution in those cases where one might only expect the fields of a propagating wave.For instance, in the illustration at the top of the article, energy is indeed carried in the horizontal direction. However, in the vertical direction, the field strength drops off exponentially with increasing distance above the surface. This leaves most of the field concentrated in a thin boundary layer very close to the interface; for that reason, it is referred to as a surface wave.[1] However, despite energy flowing horizontally, along the vertical there is no net propagation of energy away from (or toward) the surface, so that one could properly describe the field as being \"evanescent in the vertical direction\". This is one example of the context dependence of the term.Everyday electronic devices and electrical appliances are surrounded by large fields which are evanescent; their operation involves alternating voltages (producing an electric field between them) and alternating currents (producing a magnetic field around them) which are expected to only carry power along internal wires, but not to the outsides of the devices. Even though the term \"evanescent\" is not mentioned in this ordinary context, the appliances' designers still may be concerned with maintaining evanescence, in order to prevent or limit production of a propagating electromagnetic wave, which would lead to radiation loss, since a propagating wave \"steals\" its power from the circuitry or donates unwanted interference.The term \"evanescent field\" does arise in various contexts where a propagating electromagnetic wave is involved (even if confined). The term then differentiates electromagnetic field components that accompany the propagating wave, but which do not themselves propagate. In other, similar cases, where a propagating electromagnetic wave would normally be expected (such as light refracted at the interface between glass and air), the term is invoked to describe that part of the field where the wave is suppressed (such as light traveling through glass, impinging on a glass-to-air interface but beyond the critical angle).Although all electromagnetic fields are classically governed according to Maxwell's equations, different technologies or problems have certain types of expected solutions, and when the primary solutions involve wave propagation the term evanescent is frequently applied to field components or solutions which do not share that property.For instance, the propagation constant of a hollow metal waveguide is a strong function of frequency (a dispersion relation). Below a certain frequency (the cut-off frequency) the propagation constant becomes an imaginary number. A solution to the wave equation having an imaginary wavenumber does not propagate as a wave but falls off exponentially, so the field excited at that lower frequency is considered evanescent. It can also be simply said that propagation is \"disallowed\" for that frequency.The formal solution to the wave equation can describe modes having an identical form, but the change of the propagation constant from real to imaginary as the frequency drops below the cut-off frequency totally changes the physical nature of the result. The solution may be described as a \"cut-off mode\" or an \"evanescent mode\";[2][3]: 360 while a different author will just state that no such mode exists. Since the evanescent field corresponding to the mode was computed as a solution to the wave equation, it is often discussed as being an \"evanescent wave\" even though its properties (such as carrying no energy) are inconsistent with the definition of wave.Although this article concentrates on electromagnetics, the term evanescent is used similarly in fields such as acoustics and quantum mechanics, where the wave equation arises from the physics involved. In these cases, solutions to the wave equation resulting in imaginary propagation constants are likewise called \"evanescent\", and have the essential property that no net energy is transferred, even though there is a non-zero field.","title":"Use of the term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"critical angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_angle_(optics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tineke-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marstin-acoustic-6"},{"link_name":"pressure gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_gradients"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger wave-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function"},{"link_name":"radiation pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure"},{"link_name":"cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"biological cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_cell"},{"link_name":"single protein and DNA molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-molecule_experiment"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection fluorescence microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"attenuated total reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_total_reflectance"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"near-field region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation#Near_and_far_fields"},{"link_name":"photonic crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal"},{"link_name":"prism coupling technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_coupler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation"},{"link_name":"wave-mechanical tunneling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"super-resolution images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy"},{"link_name":"diffraction limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system"},{"link_name":"superlens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlens"},{"link_name":"near field scanning optical microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_scanning_optical_microscopy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wave vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_vector"},{"link_name":"quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_factor"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection fluorescence microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope"},{"link_name":"wave-mechanical tunnelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling"},{"link_name":"evanescent wave coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_wave_coupling"}],"text":"In optics and acoustics, evanescent waves are formed when waves traveling in a medium undergo total internal reflection at its boundary because they strike it at an angle greater than the critical angle.[4][5] The physical explanation for the existence of the evanescent wave is that the electric and magnetic fields (or pressure gradients, in the case of acoustical waves) cannot be discontinuous at a boundary, as would be the case if there was no evanescent wave field. In quantum mechanics, the physical explanation is exactly analogous—the Schrödinger wave-function representing particle motion normal to the boundary cannot be discontinuous at the boundary.Electromagnetic evanescent waves have been used to exert optical radiation pressure on small particles to trap them for experimentation, or to cool them to very low temperatures, and to illuminate very small objects such as biological cells or single protein and DNA molecules for microscopy (as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope). The evanescent wave from an optical fiber can be used in a gas sensor, and evanescent waves figure in the infrared spectroscopy technique known as attenuated total reflectance.In electrical engineering, evanescent waves are found in the near-field region within one third of a wavelength of any radio antenna. During normal operation, an antenna emits electromagnetic fields into the surrounding nearfield region, and a portion of the field energy is reabsorbed, while the remainder is radiated as EM waves.Recently, a graphene-based Bragg grating (one-dimensional photonic crystal) has been fabricated and demonstrated its competence for excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in the periodic structure using a prism coupling technique.[6]In quantum mechanics, the evanescent-wave solutions of the Schrödinger equation give rise to the phenomenon of wave-mechanical tunneling.In microscopy, systems that capture the information contained in evanescent waves can be used to create super-resolution images. Matter radiates both propagating and evanescent electromagnetic waves. Conventional optical systems capture only the information in the propagating waves and hence are subject to the diffraction limit. Systems that capture the information contained in evanescent waves, such as the superlens and near field scanning optical microscopy, can overcome the diffraction limit; however these systems are then limited by the system's ability to accurately capture the evanescent waves.[7] The limitation on their resolution is given byk\n ∝\n \n \n 1\n d\n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n 1\n δ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\propto {\\frac {1}{d}}\\ln {\\frac {1}{\\delta }},}where \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is the maximal wave vector that can be resolved, \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n is the distance between the object and the sensor, and \n \n \n \n δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta }\n \n is a measure of the quality of the sensor.More generally, practical applications of evanescent waves can be classified as (1) those in which the energy associated with the wave is used to excite some other phenomenon within the region of space where the original traveling wave becomes evanescent (for example, as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope) or (2) those in which the evanescent wave couples two media in which traveling waves are allowed, and hence permits the transfer of energy or a particle between the media (depending on the wave equation in use), even though no traveling-wave solutions are allowed in the region of space between the two media. An example of this is wave-mechanical tunnelling, and is known generally as evanescent wave coupling.","title":"Evanescent wave applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Total internal reflection § Evanescent wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection#Evanescent_wave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Total_internal_reflection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evanescent_wave.jpg"},{"link_name":"refracted incident wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_normal"},{"link_name":"polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell's equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations"},{"link_name":"conservation of energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy"},{"link_name":"wave vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_vector"},{"link_name":"imaginary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"wavenumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavenumber"},{"link_name":"Snell's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_law"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"unit vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector"},{"link_name":"attenuation constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_constant#Attenuation_constant"},{"link_name":"phase constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_constant"}],"text":"Further information: Total internal reflection § Evanescent waveTotal internal reflectionRepresentation of a (top) refracted incident wave and (bottom) evanescent wave at an interface in red (reflected waves omitted).For example, consider total internal reflection in two dimensions, with the interface between the media lying on the x axis, the normal along y, and the polarization along z. One might expect that for angles leading to total internal reflection, the solution would consist of an incident wave and a reflected wave, with no transmitted wave at all, but there is no such solution that obeys Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations in a dielectric medium impose a boundary condition of continuity for the components of the fields E||, H||, Dy, and By. For the polarization considered in this example, the conditions on E|| and By are satisfied if the reflected wave has the same amplitude as the incident one, because these components of the incident and reflected waves superimpose destructively. Their Hx components, however, superimpose constructively, so there can be no solution without a non-vanishing transmitted wave. The transmitted wave cannot, however, be a sinusoidal wave, since it would then transport energy away from the boundary, but since the incident and reflected waves have equal energy, this would violate conservation of energy. We therefore conclude that the transmitted wave must be a non-vanishing solution to Maxwell's equations that is not a traveling wave, and the only such solutions in a dielectric are those that decay exponentially: evanescent waves.Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components has an imaginary value. Because the vector has imaginary components, it may have a magnitude that is less than its real components.For the plane of incidence as the \n \n \n \n x\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy}\n \n plane at \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=0}\n \n and the interface of the two mediums as the \n \n \n \n x\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xz}\n \n plane at \n \n \n \n y\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y=0}\n \n, the wave vector of the transmitted wave has the form[8]k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n k\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n ^\n \n \n \n +\n \n k\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {k_{t}} \\ =\\ k_{y}{\\hat {\\mathbf {y} }}+k_{x}{\\hat {\\mathbf {x} }}}with \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n sin\n \n \n θ\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{x}=k_{t}\\sin \\theta _{t}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n y\n \n \n =\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n cos\n \n \n θ\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{y}=k_{t}\\cos \\theta _{t}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{t}}\n \n is the magnitude of the wave vector of the transmitted wave (so the wavenumber), \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{t}}\n \n is the angle of refraction, and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathbf {x} }}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathbf {y} }}}\n \n are the unit vectors along the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n axis direction and the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n axis direction respectively.By using the Snell's law \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n sin\n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n n\n \n t\n \n \n sin\n \n \n θ\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}\\sin \\theta _{i}=n_{t}\\sin \\theta _{t}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{t}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta _{i}}\n \n are the refractive index of the medium where the incident wave and the reflected wave exist, the refractive index of the medium where the transmitted wave exists, and the angle of incidence respectively,k\n \n y\n \n \n =\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n cos\n \n \n θ\n \n t\n \n \n =\n ±\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{y}=k_{t}\\cos \\theta _{t}=\\pm k_{t}\\left(1-{\\frac {\\sin ^{2}\\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}\\right)^{1/2}}\n \n.with \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle n_{ti}={\\frac {n_{t}}{n_{i}}}}\n \n.If a part of the condition of the total internal reflection as \n \n \n \n sin\n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n >\n sin\n \n \n θ\n \n c\n \n \n =\n \n n\n \n t\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sin \\theta _{i}>\\sin \\theta _{c}=n_{ti}}\n \n, is satisfied, thenk\n \n y\n \n \n =\n ±\n i\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ±\n i\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{y}=\\pm ik_{t}\\left({\\frac {\\sin ^{2}\\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}-1\\right)^{1/2}=\\pm i\\alpha }\n \n.If the polarization is perpendicular to the plane of incidence (along the \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n direction), then the electric field of any of the waves (incident, reflected, or transmitted) can be expressed asE\n \n (\n \n r\n \n ,\n t\n )\n =\n Re\n \n \n {\n \n E\n (\n \n r\n \n )\n \n e\n \n i\n ω\n t\n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n z\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {E} (\\mathbf {r} ,t)=\\operatorname {Re} \\left\\{E(\\mathbf {r} )e^{i\\omega t}\\right\\}\\mathbf {\\hat {z}} }where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {\\hat {z}} }\n \n is the unit vector in the \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n axis direction.By assuming plane waves as \n \n \n \n E\n (\n \n r\n \n )\n =\n \n E\n \n 0\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n k\n \n ⋅\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(\\mathbf {r} )=E_{0}e^{-i\\mathbf {k} \\cdot \\mathbf {r} }}\n \n, and substituting the transmitted wave vector \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {k_{t}} }\n \n into \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {k} }\n \n, we find for the transmitted wave:E\n (\n \n r\n \n )\n =\n \n E\n \n o\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n (\n −\n i\n α\n y\n +\n β\n x\n )\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n o\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n α\n y\n −\n i\n β\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(\\mathbf {r} )=E_{o}e^{-i(-i\\alpha y+\\beta x)}=E_{o}e^{-\\alpha y-i\\beta x}}where \n \n \n \n α\n =\n \n k\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n t\n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\alpha =k_{t}\\left({\\frac {\\sin ^{2}\\theta _{i}}{n_{ti}^{2}}}-1\\right)^{1/2}}\n \n is the attenuation constant, and \n \n \n \n β\n =\n \n k\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta =k_{x}}\n \n is the phase constant. \n \n \n \n +\n i\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle +i\\alpha }\n \n is ignored since it does not physically make sense (the wave amplification along y the direction in this case).","title":"Total internal reflection of light"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FITR_penetration_depth.svg"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection#FTIR_(Frustrated_Total_Internal_Reflection)"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"optical waveguides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_waveguide"},{"link_name":"fiber-optic splitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_splitter"},{"link_name":"fiber tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_tapping"},{"link_name":"directional coupler.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers#Directional_couplers"},{"link_name":"near field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_and_far_field"},{"link_name":"impedance of free space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_of_free_space"},{"link_name":"quantum tunneling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunneling"}],"text":"Plot of 1/e-penetration depth of the evanescent wave against angle of incidence in units of wavelength for different refraction indices.Especially in optics, evanescent-wave coupling refers to the coupling between two waves due to physical overlap of what would otherwise be described as the evanescent fields corresponding to the propagating waves.[9]One classical example is frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) in which the evanescent field very close (see graph) to the surface of a dense medium at which a wave normally undergoes total internal reflection overlaps another dense medium in the vicinity. This disrupts the totality of the reflection, diverting some power into the second medium.Coupling between two optical waveguides may be effected by placing the fiber cores close together so that the evanescent field generated by one element excites a wave in the other fiber. This is used to produce fiber-optic splitters and in fiber tapping. At radio (and even optical) frequencies, such a device is called a directional coupler. The device is usually called a power divider in the case of microwave transmission and modulation.Evanescent-wave coupling is synonymous with near field interaction in electromagnetic field theory. Depending on the nature of the source element, the evanescent field involved is either predominantly electric (capacitive) or magnetic (inductive), unlike (propagating) waves in the far field where these components are connected (identical phase, in the ratio of the impedance of free space). The evanescent wave coupling takes place in the non-radiative field near each medium and as such is always associated with matter; i.e., with the induced currents and charges within a partially reflecting surface. In quantum mechanics the wave function interaction may be discussed in terms of particles and described as quantum tunneling.","title":"Evanescent-wave coupling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prism coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_coupler"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility"},{"link_name":"fiber tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_tapping"},{"link_name":"extraordinary optical transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_optical_transmission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection fluorescence microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope"},{"link_name":"total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Applications","text":"Evanescent wave coupling is commonly used in photonic and nanophotonic devices as waveguide sensors or couplers (see e.g., prism coupler).[10]Evanescent wave coupling is used to excite, for example, dielectric microsphere resonators.Evanescent coupling, as near field interaction, is one of the concerns in electromagnetic compatibility.Coupling of optical fibers without loss for fiber tapping.Evanescent wave coupling plays a major role in the theoretical explanation of extraordinary optical transmission.[11]Evanescent wave coupling is used in powering devices wirelessly.[12][13][14]A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope uses the evanescent wave produced by total internal reflection to excite fluorophores close to a surface. This is useful when surface properties of biological samples need to be studied.[15]","title":"Evanescent-wave coupling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"phasors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor"}],"text":"^ Or, expressing the fields E and H as phasors, the complex Poynting vector \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n =\n \n E\n \n ×\n \n \n H\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {S} =\\mathbf {E} \\times \\mathbf {H} ^{*}}\n \n has a zero real part.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Schematic representation of a surface wave (surface plasmon polariton) propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. The fields away from the surface die off exponentially (right hand graph) and those fields are thus described as evanescent in the z direction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Electron_density_wave_-_plasmon_excitations.png/325px-Electron_density_wave_-_plasmon_excitations.png"},{"image_text":"Total internal reflection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_internal_reflection.jpg/200px-Total_internal_reflection.jpg"},{"image_text":"Representation of a (top) refracted incident wave and (bottom) evanescent wave at an interface in red (reflected waves omitted).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evanescent_wave.jpg/200px-Evanescent_wave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plot of 1/e-penetration depth of the evanescent wave against angle of incidence in units of wavelength for different refraction indices.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/FITR_penetration_depth.svg/220px-FITR_penetration_depth.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Coupling (electronics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(electronics)"},{"title":"Electromagnetic wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave"},{"title":"Plasmonic lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_lens"},{"title":"Plasmonic metamaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_metamaterials"},{"title":"Quantum tunneling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunneling"},{"title":"Resonant energy transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer"},{"title":"Snell's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_law"},{"title":"Superlens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlens"},{"title":"Total internal reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection"},{"title":"Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope"},{"title":"Waveguide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide"},{"title":"Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory"}] | [{"reference":"Takayama, O.; Bogdanov, A.A.; Lavrinenko, A.V. (2017). \"Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces\". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 29 (46): 463001. Bibcode:2017JPCM...29T3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd. PMID 29053474. S2CID 1528860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPCM...29T3001T","url_text":"2017JPCM...29T3001T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1361-648X%2Faa8bdd","url_text":"10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29053474","url_text":"29053474"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1528860","url_text":"1528860"}]},{"reference":"IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms. New York, NY: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1992. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-55937-240-4. IEEE STD 100-1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers","url_text":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55937-240-4","url_text":"978-1-55937-240-4"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, John David (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). John-Wiley. ISBN 047130932X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/047130932X","url_text":"047130932X"}]},{"reference":"Tineke Thio (2006). \"A Bright Future for Subwavelength Light Sources\". American Scientist. 94 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1511/2006.1.40.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2006.1.40","url_text":"10.1511/2006.1.40"}]},{"reference":"Marston, Philip L.; Matula, T.J. (May 2002). \"Scattering of acoustic evanescent waves\". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 111 (5): 2378. Bibcode:2002ASAJ..111.2378M. doi:10.1121/1.4778056.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America","url_text":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2378M","url_text":"2002ASAJ..111.2378M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4778056","url_text":"10.1121/1.4778056"}]},{"reference":"Sreekanth, Kandammathe Valiyaveedu; Zeng, Shuwen; Shang, Jingzhi; Yong, Ken-Tye; Yu, Ting (2012). \"Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating\". Scientific Reports. 2: 737. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.737S. doi:10.1038/srep00737. PMC 3471096. PMID 23071901.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471096","url_text":"\"Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatSR...2E.737S","url_text":"2012NatSR...2E.737S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00737","url_text":"10.1038/srep00737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471096","url_text":"3471096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23071901","url_text":"23071901"}]},{"reference":"Hecht, Eugene (2017). Optics (5th Global ed.). Pearson. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-1-292-09693-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-09693-3","url_text":"978-1-292-09693-3"}]},{"reference":"Zeng, Shuwen; Yu, Xia; Law, Wing-Cheung; Zhang, Yating; Hu, Rui; Dinh, Xuan-Quyen; Ho, Ho-Pui; Yong, Ken-Tye (2013). \"Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement\". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 176: 1128–1133. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268225952","url_text":"\"Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.snb.2012.09.073","url_text":"10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073"}]},{"reference":"Lova, Paola; Manfredi, Giovanni; Comoretto, Davide (2018). \"Advances in Functional Solution Processed Planar 1D Photonic Crystals\". Advanced Optical Materials. 6 (24): 1800730. doi:10.1002/adom.201800730. hdl:11567/928329. ISSN 2195-1071.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadom.201800730","url_text":"\"Advances in Functional Solution Processed Planar 1D Photonic Crystals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadom.201800730","url_text":"10.1002/adom.201800730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567%2F928329","url_text":"11567/928329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1071","url_text":"2195-1071"}]},{"reference":"Fan, Zhiyuan; Zhan, Li; Hu, Xiao; Xia, Yuxing (2008). \"Critical process of extraordinary optical transmission through periodic subwavelength hole array: Hole-assisted evanescent-field coupling\". Optics Communications. 281 (21): 5467. Bibcode:2008OptCo.281.5467F. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2008.07.077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OptCo.281.5467F","url_text":"2008OptCo.281.5467F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optcom.2008.07.077","url_text":"10.1016/j.optcom.2008.07.077"}]},{"reference":"Karalis, Aristeidis; J.D. Joannopoulos; Marin Soljačić (February 2007). \"Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer\". Annals of Physics. 323 (1): 34. arXiv:physics/0611063. Bibcode:2008AnPhy.323...34K. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017. S2CID 1887505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611063","url_text":"physics/0611063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AnPhy.323...34K","url_text":"2008AnPhy.323...34K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aop.2007.04.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1887505","url_text":"1887505"}]},{"reference":"Axelrod, D. (1 April 1981). \"Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 89 (1): 141–145. doi:10.1083/jcb.89.1.141. PMC 2111781. PMID 7014571.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111781","url_text":"\"Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.89.1.141","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.89.1.141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111781","url_text":"2111781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7014571","url_text":"7014571"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPCM...29T3001T","external_links_name":"2017JPCM...29T3001T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1361-648X%2Faa8bdd","external_links_name":"10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29053474","external_links_name":"29053474"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1528860","external_links_name":"1528860"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2006.1.40","external_links_name":"10.1511/2006.1.40"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASAJ..111.2378M","external_links_name":"2002ASAJ..111.2378M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4778056","external_links_name":"10.1121/1.4778056"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471096","external_links_name":"\"Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatSR...2E.737S","external_links_name":"2012NatSR...2E.737S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00737","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep00737"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471096","external_links_name":"3471096"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23071901","external_links_name":"23071901"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268225952","external_links_name":"\"Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.snb.2012.09.073","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadom.201800730","external_links_name":"\"Advances in Functional Solution Processed Planar 1D Photonic Crystals\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadom.201800730","external_links_name":"10.1002/adom.201800730"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567%2F928329","external_links_name":"11567/928329"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1071","external_links_name":"2195-1071"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OptCo.281.5467F","external_links_name":"2008OptCo.281.5467F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optcom.2008.07.077","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.optcom.2008.07.077"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0611063","external_links_name":"physics/0611063"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AnPhy.323...34K","external_links_name":"2008AnPhy.323...34K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aop.2007.04.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1887505","external_links_name":"1887505"},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10575-evanescent-coupling-could-power-gadgets-wirelessly.html","external_links_name":"\"'Evanescent coupling' could power gadgets wirelessly\", Celeste Biever, NewScientist.com, 15 November 2006"},{"Link":"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/wireless.html","external_links_name":"Wireless energy could power consumer, industrial electronics"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111781","external_links_name":"\"Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.89.1.141","external_links_name":"10.1083/jcb.89.1.141"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111781","external_links_name":"2111781"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7014571","external_links_name":"7014571"},{"Link":"http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/dcprieve/Evanescent%20waves.htm","external_links_name":"Evanescent wave"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhtczKSO-Us","external_links_name":"Evanescent and propagating waves animation on Youtube.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands | List of DOS commands | ["1 Command processing","2 DOS commands","2.1 APPEND","2.2 ASSIGN","2.3 ATMDM","2.4 ATTRIB","2.5 BACKUP and RESTORE","2.6 BASIC and BASICA","2.7 BREAK","2.8 CALL","2.9 CD and CHDIR","2.10 CHCP","2.11 CHKDSK","2.12 CHOICE","2.13 CLS","2.14 COMMAND","2.15 COMP","2.16 COPY","2.17 CTTY","2.18 DATE","2.19 DBLBOOT","2.20 DBLSPACE","2.21 DEBUG","2.22 DEFRAG","2.23 DEL and ERASE","2.24 DELTREE","2.25 DIR","2.26 DISKCOMP","2.27 DISKCOPY","2.28 DOSKEY","2.29 DOSSIZE","2.30 DRVSPACE","2.31 ECHO","2.32 EDIT","2.33 EDLIN","2.34 EMM386","2.35 ERASE","2.36 EXE2BIN","2.37 EXIT","2.38 EXPAND","2.39 FAKEMOUS","2.40 FASTHELP","2.41 FASTOPEN","2.42 FC","2.43 FDISK","2.44 FIND","2.45 FINDSTR","2.46 FOR","2.47 FORMAT","2.48 GOTO","2.49 GRAFTABL","2.50 GRAPHICS","2.51 HELP","2.52 IF","2.53 INTERSVR and INTERLNK","2.54 JOIN","2.55 KEYB","2.56 LABEL","2.57 LINK4","2.58 LOADFIX","2.59 LOADHIGH and LH","2.60 MD or MKDIR","2.61 MEM","2.62 MEMMAKER","2.63 MIRROR","2.64 MODE","2.65 MORE","2.66 MOVE","2.67 MSAV","2.68 MSBACKUP","2.69 MSCDEX","2.70 MSD","2.71 MSHERC","2.72 NLSFUNC","2.73 PATH","2.74 PAUSE","2.75 PING","2.76 POWER","2.77 PRINT","2.78 PRINTFIX","2.79 PROMPT","2.80 PS","2.81 QBASIC","2.82 RD or RMDIR","2.83 RECOVER","2.84 REM","2.85 REN","2.86 REPLACE","2.87 RESTORE","2.88 SCANDISK","2.89 SELECT","2.90 SET","2.91 SETUP","2.92 SETVER","2.93 SHARE","2.94 SHIFT","2.95 SIZER","2.96 SMARTDRV","2.97 SORT","2.98 SUBST","2.99 SYS","2.100 TELNET","2.101 TIME","2.102 TITLE","2.103 TREE","2.104 TRUENAME","2.105 TYPE","2.106 UNDELETE","2.107 UNFORMAT","2.108 VER","2.109 VERIFY","2.110 VOL","2.111 VSAFE","2.112 XCOPY","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | This article presents a list of commands used by MS-DOS compatible operating systems, especially as used on IBM PC compatibles. Many unrelated disk operating systems use the DOS acronym and are not part of the scope of this list.
In MS-DOS, many standard system commands are provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands are built into the command interpreter; others exist as external commands on disk. Over multiple generations, commands were added for additional functions. In Microsoft Windows, a command prompt window that uses many of the same commands, cmd.exe, can still be used.
Command processing
The command interpreter for DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the transient portion of the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, DOS will reload it from disk. Some commands are internal—built into COMMAND.COM; others are external commands stored on disk. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed, and the command prompt is refreshed.
External commands were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter.
In the list below, commands that can accept more than one file name, or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), are said to accept a filespec (file specification) parameter. Commands that can accept only a single file name are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces and symbols such as a "/" or a "-" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into filenames, file specifications, and other options.
The command interpreter preserves the case of whatever parameters are passed to commands, but the command names themselves and file names are case-insensitive.
Many commands are the same across many DOS systems, but some differ in command syntax or name.
DOS commands
A partial list of the most common commands for MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS follows below.
APPEND
Sets the path to be searched for data files or displays the current search path.
The APPEND command is similar to the PATH command that tells DOS where to search for program files (files with a .COM, . EXE, or .BAT file name extension).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
ASSIGN
Further information: Drive letter assignment
The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. It can also display drive assignments or reset all drive letters to their original assignments.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 2 through 5.
ATMDM
Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
ATTRIB
Main article: ATTRIB
Attrib changes or views the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to display the attributes of all files in the current directory. The file attributes available include read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes. The command has the capability to process whole folders and subfolders of files and also process all files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.
BACKUP and RESTORE
These are commands to backup and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2, and continued to PC DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC DOS 7 had a deversioned check). In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which allowed files to be restored to different locations.
BASIC and BASICA
Main article: IBM BASIC
An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs. Implementing BASIC in this way was very common in operating systems on 8- and 16-bit machines made in the 1980s.
IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared in IBM PC DOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROM-BASIC moved into the program code.
Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-BASIC.EXE.
BASIC was dropped after MS-DOS 4, and PC DOS 5.02. OS/2 (which uses PC DOS 5), has it, while MS-DOS 5 does not.
BREAK
This command is used to instruct DOS to check whether the Ctrl and Break keys have been pressed before carrying out a program request.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
CALL
See also: start (command)
Starts a batch file from within another batch file and returns when that one ends.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
CD and CHDIR
Main article: cd (command)
The CHDIR (or the alternative name CD) command either displays or changes the current working directory.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
CHCP
The command either displays or changes the active code page used to display character glyphs in a console window. Similar functionality can be achieved with MODE CON: CP SELECT=yyy.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
CHKDSK
Main article: CHKDSK
CHKDSK verifies a storage volume (for example, a hard disk, disk partition or floppy disk) for file system integrity. The command has the ability to fix errors on a volume and recover information from defective disk sectors of a volume.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
CHOICE
Main article: choice (command)
The CHOICE command is used in batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices. Choice was introduced as an external command with MS-DOS 6.0; Novell DOS 7 and PC DOS 7.0. Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this function with the built-in switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark. This command was formerly called ync (yes-no-cancel).
CLS
Main article: CLS (command)
The CLS or CLRSCR command clears the terminal screen.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
COMMAND
Main article: COMMAND.COM
Start a new instance of the command interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
COMP
Main article: comp (command)
Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 1 through 5.
COPY
Main article: copy (command)
Makes copies of existing files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
CTTY
Defines the terminal device (for example, COM1) to use for input and output.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
DATE
Displays the system date and prompts the user to enter a new date. Complements the TIME command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
DBLBOOT
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
(Not a command: This is a batch file added to DOS 6.X Supplemental Disks to help create DoubleSpace boot floppies.)
DBLSPACE
Main article: DriveSpace
A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.0 (released in 1993) and version 6.2.
DEBUG
Main article: debug (command)
A very primitive assembler and disassembler.
DEFRAG
Main article: Microsoft Drive Optimizer
The command has the ability to analyze the file fragmentation on a disk drive or to defragment a drive. This command is called DEFRAG in MS-DOS/PC DOS and diskopt in DR-DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
DEL and ERASE
Main article: del (command)
DEL (or the alternative form ERASE) is used to delete one or more files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
DELTREE
Main article: DELTREE
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of the potentially dangerous action. Since the RD (RMDIR) command can not delete a directory if the directory is not empty (except in Windows NT & 10), the DELTREE command can be used to delete the whole directory.
The deltree command is included in certain versions of Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS operating systems. It is specifically available only in versions of MS-DOS 6.0 and higher, and in Microsoft Windows 9x. In Windows NT, the functionality provided exists but is handled by the command rd or rmdir which has slightly different syntax. This command is not present in Windows 7 and 8. In Windows 10, the command switch is RD /S or RMDIR /S.
DIR
Main article: dir (command)
The DIR command displays the contents of a directory. The contents comprise the disk's volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS. The command can display files in subdirectories. The resulting directory listing can be sorted by various criteria and filenames can be displayed in a chosen format.
DISKCOMP
Main article: diskcomp
A command for comparing the complete contents of a floppy disk to another one.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.
DISKCOPY
Main article: diskcopy
A command for copying the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
DOSKEY
Main article: DOSKEY
A command that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
DOSSIZE
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
Displays how much memory various DOS components occupy.
DRVSPACE
Main article: DriveSpace
A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.22.
ECHO
Main article: echo (command)
The ECHO command prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. (Hence the name, ECHO) Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected, like any other command, to files or devices. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file, thus resulting in a "tidier" output (the @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo.)
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
EDIT
Main article: MS-DOS Editor
EDIT is a full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS versions 5 and 6, OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0 The corresponding program in Windows 95 and later, and Windows 2000 and later is Edit v2.0. PC DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor and DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.
EDLIN
Main article: Edlin
DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use even today. The absence of a console editor in MS-DOS/PC DOS 1–4 created an after-market for third-party editors.
In DOS 5, an extra command "?" was added to give the user much-needed help.
DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN; for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks, while PC DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.
EMM386
Main article: EMM386
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The EMM386 command enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
ERASE
See: DEL and ERASE
EXE2BIN
Main article: exe2bin
Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program.
The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64 KB. The file must also have no stack segment.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 through 5. It is available separately for version 6 on the Supplemental Disk.
EXIT
Main article: exit (command)
Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
EXPAND
The Microsoft File Expansion Utility is used to uncompress one or more compressed cabinet files (.CAB). The command dates back to 1990 and was supplied on floppy disc for MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
FAKEMOUS
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
FAKEMOUS is an IBM PS/2 mouse utility used with AccessDOS. It is included on the MS-DOS 6 Supplemental Disk.
AccessDOS assists persons with disabilities.
FASTHELP
See also: help (command)
Provides information for MS-DOS commands.
FASTOPEN
Main article: FASTOPEN
A command that provides accelerated access to frequently-used files and directories.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
FC
Main article: File Compare
Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later – primarily non-IBM releases.
FDISK
Main article: fdisk
The FDISK command manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. FDISK has the ability to display information about, create, and delete DOS partitions or logical DOS drive. It can also install a standard master boot record on the hard drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS 2.0 releases and later.
FIND
Main article: Find (Windows)
The FIND command is a filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream. It may also be used as a pipe.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
FINDSTR
The FINDSTR command is a GREP-oriented FIND-like utility. Among its uses is the logical-OR lacking in FIND.
FINDSTR "YES NO MAYBE" *.txt
would find all TXT files with one or more of the above-listed words YES, NO, MAYBE.
FOR
Main article: For loop
Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.
The FOR loop can be used to parse a file or the output of a command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
FORMAT
Main article: format (command)
Deletes the FAT entries and the root directory of the drive/partition, and reformats it for MS-DOS. In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
GOTO
Main article: Goto
The Goto command transfers execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (:likethis).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
Used in Batch files.
GRAFTABL
Main article: GRAFTABL
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The GRAFTABL command enables the display of an extended character set in graphics mode.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5.
GRAPHICS
A TSR program to enable the sending of graphical screen dump to printer by pressing <Print Screen>.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.
HELP
Main article: help (command)
Gives help about DOS commands.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 thru Windows XP. Full-screen command help is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later. Beginning with Windows XP, the command processor "DOS" offers builtin-help for commands by using /? (e.g. COPY /?)
IF
Main article: Control flow
IF is a conditional statement, that allows branching of the program execution. It evaluates the specified condition, and only if it is true, then it executes the remainder of the command line. Otherwise, it skips the remainder of the line and continues with next command line.
Used in Batch files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
INTERSVR and INTERLNK
In MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS.
Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a terminate-and-stay-resident program) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server.
New in PC DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0.
JOIN
The JOIN command attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive. The opposite can be achieved via the SUBST command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on the Supplemental Disk.
KEYB
The KEYB command is used to select a keyboard layout.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
From DOS 3.0 through 3.21, there are instead per-country commands, namely KEYBFR, KEYBGR, KEYBIT, KEYBSP and KEYBUK.
LABEL
Main article: label (command)
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 3 and later.
LINK4
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
Microsoft 8086 Object Linker
LOADFIX
Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later. It is included only in MS-DOS/PC DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.
LOADHIGH and LH
Main article: LOADHIGH
A command that loads a program into the upper memory area.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
It is called hiload in DR-DOS.
MD or MKDIR
Main article: mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
MEM
Displays memory usage. It is capable of displaying program size and status, memory in use, and internal drivers. It is an external command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 4 and later and DR DOS releases 5.0 and later.
On earlier DOS versions the memory usage could be shown by running CHKDSK. In DR DOS the parameter /A could be used to only show the memory usage.
MEMMAKER
Starting with version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by moving TSR programs and device drivers to the upper memory. The whole process required two system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether to enable EMS Memory, since use of expanded memory required a reserved 64KiB region in upper memory. The first restart inserted the SIZER.EXE program which gauged the memory needed by each TSR or Driver. MemMaker would then calculate the optimal Driver and TSR placement in upper memory and modify the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS accordingly, and reboot the second time.
MEMMAKER.EXE and SIZER.EXE were developed for Microsoft by Helix Software Company and were eliminated starting in MS-DOS 7 (Windows 95); however, they could be obtained from Microsoft's FTP server as part of the OLDDOS.EXE package, alongside other tools.
PC DOS uses another program called RamBoost to optimize memory, working either with PC DOS's HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager. RamBoost was licensed to IBM by Central Point Software.
MIRROR
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
The MIRROR command saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.
The command is available in MS-DOS version 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on Supplemental Disk.
MODE
Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.
MORE
Main article: more (command)
The MORE command paginates text, so that one can view files containing more than one screen of text. More may also be used as a filter. While viewing MORE text, the return key displays the next line, the space bar displays the next page.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
MOVE
Main article: move (command)
Moves files or renames directories.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.
MSAV
Main article: MSAV
A command that scans the computer for known viruses.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSBACKUP
The MSBACKUP command is used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.
The New York Times said that MSBACKUP "is much better and faster than the old BACKUP command used in earlier versions of DOS, but it does lack some of the advanced features found in backup software packages that are sold separately. There is another offering, named MWBACKUP, that is GUI-oriented. It was introduced for Windows for Workgroups (3.11).
The MSBACKUP command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSCDEX
Main article: MSCDEX
MSCDEX is a driver executable which allows DOS programs to recognize, read, and control CD-ROMs.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
MSD
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
The MSD command provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. MSD was new in MS-DOS 6; the PC DOS version of this command is QCONFIG. The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10.
MSHERC
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
The MSHERC.COM (also QBHERC.COM) was a TSR graphics driver supplied with Microsoft QuickC, QuickBASIC, and the C Compiler, to allow use of the Hercules adapter high-resolution graphics capability (720 x 348, 2 colors).
NLSFUNC
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
Loads extended Nationalization and Localization Support from COUNTRY.SYS, and changed the codepage of drivers and system modules resident in RAM.
In later versions of DR-DOS 6, NLSFUNC relocated itself into the HiMem area, thereby freeing a portion of the nearly invaluable lower 640KiB that constituted the ”conventional” memory available to software.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.
PATH
See also: PATH (variable)
Displays or sets a search path for executable files.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
PAUSE
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message Press any key to continue. . ., if not given other text to display.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
PING
Main article: ping (networking utility)
Allows the user to test the availability of a network connection to a specified host. Hostnames are usually resolved to IP addresses.
It is not included in many DOS versions; typically ones with network stacks will have it as a diagnostic tool.
POWER
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
The POWER command is used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation. It is an external command implemented as POWER.EXE.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
PRINT
Main article: PRINT (command)
The PRINT command adds or removes files in the print queue. This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2. Before that there was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.
PRINTFIX
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
PROMPT
See also: Prompt (computing)
The PROMPT command allows the user to change the prompt in the command screen. The default prompt is $p (i.e. PROMPT $p), which displays the drive and current path as the prompt, but can be changed to anything. PROMPT $d, displays the current system date as the prompt. Type PROMPT /? in the cmd screen for help on this function.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2.1 and later.
PS
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
A utility inspired by the UNIX/XENIX ps command. It also provides a full-screen mode, similar to the top utility on UNIX systems.
QBASIC
Main article: QBasic
An integrated development environment and BASIC interpreter.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
RD or RMDIR
Main article: rmdir
Remove a directory (delete a directory); by default the directories must be empty of files for the command to succeed.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
The deltree command in some versions of MS-DOS and all versions of Windows 9x removes non-empty directories.
RECOVER
Main article: recover (command)
A primitive filesystem error recovery utility included in MS-DOS / IBM PC DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 through 5.
REM
Remark (comment) command, normally used within a batch file, and for DR-DOS, PC/MS-DOS 6 and above, in CONFIG.SYS. This command is processed by the command processor. Thus, its output can be redirected to create a zero-byte file. REM is useful in logged sessions or screen-captures. One might add comments by way of labels, usually starting with double-colon (::). These are not processed by the command processor.
REN
Main article: ren (command)
The REN command renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of the wildcards characters asterisk (*) and question mark (?).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
REPLACE
Main article: replace (command)
A command that is used to replace one or more existing computer files or add new files to a target directory.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
RESTORE
See: BACKUP and RESTORE
SCANDISK
Main article: Microsoft ScanDisk
Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with MS-DOS version 6.2 and later. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement command-line batch run.
chkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT-based operating systems.
SELECT
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The SELECT command formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes.
It was initially only available with IBM PC DOS. The version included with PC DOS 3.0 and 3.1 is hard-coded to transfer the operating system from A: to B:, while from PC DOS 3.2 onward you can specify the source and destination, and can be used to install DOS to the harddisk.
The version included with MS-DOS 4 and PC DOS 4 is no longer a simple command-line utility, but a full-fledged installer.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and 4 and IBM PC DOS releases 3 through 4.
This command is no longer included in DOS Version 5 and later, where it has been replaced by SETUP.
SET
Sets environment variables.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
cmd.exe in Windows NT 2000, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and a number of third-party solutions allow direct entry of environment variables from the command prompt. From at least Windows 2000, the set command allows for the evaluation of strings into variables, thus providing inter alia a means of performing integer arithmetic.
SETUP
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019)
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
This command does a computer setup. With all computers running DOS versions 5 and
later, it runs the computer setup, such as Windows 95 setup and Windows 98 setup.
SETVER
See also: ver (command)
SetVer is a TSR program designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
SHARE
Main article: share (command)
Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.
SHIFT
The SHIFT command increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
This is done by changing the position of replaceable parameters. It replaces each of the replacement parameters with the subsequent one (e.g. %0 with %1, %1 with %2, etc.).
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
SIZER
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019)
The external command SIZER.EXE is not intended to be started directly from the command prompt. Is used by MemMaker during the memory-optimization process.
SMARTDRV
Main article: SmartDrive
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
SORT
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
SUBST
Main article: SUBST
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter. The opposite can be achieved via the JOIN command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later.
SYS
Main article: SYS (command)
A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector of the partition that SYS is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for IO.SYS. SYS also copies the core DOS system files, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM, to the volume. SYS does not rewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely held belief.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
TELNET
The Telnet Client is a tool for developers and administrators to help manage and test network connectivity.
TIME
Main article: TIME (command)
Display the system time and waits for the user to enter a new time. Complements the DATE command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
TITLE
Main article: title (command)
Enables a user to change the title of their MS-DOS window.
TREE
Main article: tree (command)
It is an external command, graphically displays the path of each directory and sub-directories on the specified drive.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.
TRUENAME
Internal command that expands the name of a file, directory, or drive, and display its absolute pathname as the result. It will expand relative pathnames, SUBST drives, and JOIN directories, to find the actual directory.
For example, in DOS 7.1, if the current directory is C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM, then
C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM>TRUENAME ..\WIN.INI
C:\WINDOWS\WIN.INI
The argument does not need to refer to an existing file or directory: TRUENAME will output the absolute pathname as if it did. Also TRUENAME does not search in the PATH.
For example, in DOS 5, if the current directory is C:\TEMP, then TRUENAME command.com will display C:\TEMP\COMMAND.COM (which does not exist), not C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM (which does and is in the PATH).
This command displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives. This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a "Reserved command name". It is available in MS-DOS version 5.00 and later, including the DOS 7 and 8 in Windows 95/98/ME. The C library function realpath performs this function. The Microsoft Windows NT command processors do not support this command, including the versions of command.com for NT.
TYPE
Main article: TYPE (DOS command)
Displays a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more. TYPE can be used to concatenate files (type file1 file2 > file3); however this won't work for large files—use copy command instead.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.
UNDELETE
Main article: Undeletion
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored; options are used to change this behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
UNFORMAT
See also: format (command)
MS-DOS version 5 introduced the quick format option (Format /Q) which removes the disk's file table without deleting any of the data. The same version also introduced the UNFORMAT command to undo the effects of a quick format, restoring the file table and making all the files accessible again. It is important to note that UNFORMAT only works if invoked before any further changes have overwritten the drive's contents.
VER
Main article: ver (command)
An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VERIFY
Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk (You can enable the verify command by typing "verify on" on Command Prompt and pressing enter. To display the current VERIFY setting, type VERIFY without a parameter. To turn off the feature, type "verify off"). If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VOL
Main article: vol (command)
An internal command that displays the disk volume label and serial number.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.
VSAFE
Main article: MSAV
A TSR program that continuously monitors the computer for viruses.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.
XCOPY
Main article: XCOPY
Copy entire directory trees. Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to another.
XCOPY usage and attributes can be obtained by typing XCOPY /? in the DOS Command line.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.
See also
Category:Windows commands
COMMAND.COM
cmd.exe – command-line interpreter in various Windows and OS/2 systems
Command-line interface
List of CONFIG.SYS directives
Timeline of DOS operating systems
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.
^ "MS-DOS choice command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ a b "Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Does not automatically appear in Help
^ "Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk".
^ a b Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0, Goupil OEM
^ "expand - Windows CMD". SS64.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
^ "Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)".
^ "Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain".
^ graftabl | Microsoft Docs
^ a b c EasyDOS Command Index
^ MS-DOS Version 4.10 Fujitsu ICL OEM
^ DR DOS 6.0 User Guide. Digital Research. 1991.
^ Cooper, Jim (May 2001). Using MS-DOS 6.22. Que Publishing. p. 455. ISBN 0789725738.
^ "MS-DOS mode command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ "More".
^ MS-DOS and Windows command line msav command
^ Peter H. Lewis (1994-01-04). "It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?". The New York Times.
^ Source: Zeos International: "What is MWBACKUP.EXE?". 2019-02-25.
^ "MS-DOS msd command help". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Brooks, Vernon. "List of DOS commands". PC DOS Retro. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
^ https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/kb/Q44273/
^ "MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command".
^ MS-DOS and Windows command line power command
^ "Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article". 2009-09-11.
^ Karp, David Aaron; Tim O'Reilly; Troy Mott (2005). Windows XP in a nutshell. Nutshell handbook (2 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-596-00900-7. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
^ "Microsoft on "sort"". 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
^ Client must be activated from Admin
^ "DOS Command: VERIFY". Retrieved 2014-09-10.
Further reading
Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.
Wolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1556152894.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands
Command-Line Reference : Microsoft TechNet Database "Command-Line Reference"
The MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference on TechNet contains the official Microsoft MS-DOS 6 command reference documentation.
DR-DOS 7.03 online manual Archived 2018-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
MDGx MS-DOS Undocumented + Hidden Secrets
MS-DOS v1.25 and v2.0 source code
There are several guides to DOS commands available that are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License:
The FreeDOS Spec at SourceForge is a plaintext specification, written in 1999, for how DOS commands should work in FreeDOS
MS-DOS commands
Reference for windows commands with examples
A Collection of Undocumented and Obscure Features in Various MS-DOS Versions
vteDisk operating systems (DOS)MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,compatible systems
API
Timeline
Comparison
Commands
Games
MS-DOS
Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
MS-DOS 7
IBM PC DOS
DOS/V
DR-DOS
H-DOS
Novell DOS
ROM-DOS
SISNE plus
PTS-DOS
FreeDOSOther x86
4680 OS
4690 OS
86-DOS
ADOS
Concurrent CP/M-86
Concurrent DOS
CP/M-86
CP/K
Datapac System Manager
DOS Plus
K8918-OS
FlexOS
MP/M-86
Multiuser DOS
NetWare PalmDOS
Novell DOS
OpenDOS
PC-MOS/386
REAL/32
SB-86
SCP1700
Towns OS
TurboDOS
Other platforms
AmigaDOS
AMSDOS
ANDOS
Apple DOS
Apple ProDOS
Apple SOS
Atari DOS
Atari TOS
BW-DOS
Commodore DOS
Concurrent DOS 68K
Concurrent DOS V60
CP/M
Cromemco DOS
CSI-DOS
DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
DIP DOS
DOS/360
DOS XL
Edos
EOS
FLEX
GEMDOS
IDEDOS
IMDOS
iS-DOS
ISIS
MDOS
MicroDOS
MP/M
MSX-DOS
MyDOS
NewDos/80
OS/M
PTDOS
RealDOS
SB-80
SCP
Sinclair QDOS
RDOS
SmartDOS
SpartaDOS
SpartaDOS X
Technical Support SuperDOS
Top-DOS
TR-DOS
TRSDOS
TurboDOS
UDOS
Z-DOS
Z80-RIO
Category
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_command"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"}],"text":"In MS-DOS, many standard system commands are provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands are built into the command interpreter; others exist as external commands on disk. Over multiple generations, commands were added for additional functions. In Microsoft Windows, a command prompt window that uses many of the same commands, cmd.exe, can still be used.","title":"List of DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"batch file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable)"},{"link_name":"filespec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filespec"}],"text":"The command interpreter for DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the transient portion of the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, DOS will reload it from disk. Some commands are internal—built into COMMAND.COM; others are external commands stored on disk. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed, and the command prompt is refreshed.External commands were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter.In the list below, commands that can accept more than one file name, or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), are said to accept a filespec (file specification) parameter. Commands that can accept only a single file name are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces and symbols such as a \"/\" or a \"-\" may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into filenames, file specifications, and other options.The command interpreter preserves the case of whatever parameters are passed to commands, but the command names themselves and file names are case-insensitive.Many commands are the same across many DOS systems, but some differ in command syntax or name.","title":"Command processing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"IBM PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"}],"text":"A partial list of the most common commands for MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS follows below.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"APPEND","text":"Sets the path to be searched for data files or displays the current search path. \nThe APPEND command is similar to the PATH command that tells DOS where to search for program files (files with a .COM, . EXE, or .BAT file name extension).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drive letter assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_letter_assignment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ASSIGN","text":"Further information: Drive letter assignmentThe command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. It can also display drive assignments or reset all drive letters to their original assignments.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 2 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode"}],"sub_title":"ATMDM","text":"Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ATTRIB","text":"Attrib changes or views the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to display the attributes of all files in the current directory. The file attributes available include read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes. The command has the capability to process whole folders and subfolders of files and also process all files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup"},{"link_name":"PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"BACKUP and RESTORE","text":"These are commands to backup and restore files from an external disk. These appeared in version 2, and continued to PC DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC DOS 7 had a deversioned check). In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which allowed files to be restored to different locations.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"IBM PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"},{"link_name":"OS/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2"},{"link_name":"GW-BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW-BASIC"}],"sub_title":"BASIC and BASICA","text":"An implementation of the BASIC programming language for PCs. Implementing BASIC in this way was very common in operating systems on 8- and 16-bit machines made in the 1980s.IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the code area. BASICA last appeared in IBM PC DOS 5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version had ROM-BASIC moved into the program code.Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-BASIC.EXE.BASIC was dropped after MS-DOS 4, and PC DOS 5.02. OS/2 (which uses PC DOS 5), has it, while MS-DOS 5 does not.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"BREAK","text":"This command is used to instruct DOS to check whether the Ctrl and Break keys have been pressed before carrying out a program request.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"start (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CALL","text":"See also: start (command)Starts a batch file from within another batch file and returns when that one ends.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CD and CHDIR","text":"The CHDIR (or the alternative name CD) command either displays or changes the current working directory.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"code page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_code_page"},{"link_name":"character glyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph"},{"link_name":"console window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_console"},{"link_name":"MODE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MODE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CHCP","text":"The command either displays or changes the active code page used to display character glyphs in a console window. Similar functionality can be achieved with MODE CON: CP SELECT=yyy.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(computing)"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"disk partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"disk sectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CHKDSK","text":"CHKDSK verifies a storage volume (for example, a hard disk, disk partition or floppy disk) for file system integrity. The command has the ability to fix errors on a volume and recover information from defective disk sectors of a volume.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Novell DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell_DOS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdos7ch7-3"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdos7ch7-3"}],"sub_title":"CHOICE","text":"The CHOICE command is used in batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices. Choice was introduced as an external command with MS-DOS 6.0;[1][2] Novell DOS 7[3] and PC DOS 7.0. Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this function with the built-in switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark.[3] This command was formerly called ync (yes-no-cancel).","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminal screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CLS","text":"The CLS or CLRSCR command clears the terminal screen.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COMMAND","text":"Start a new instance of the command interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COMP","text":"Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 1 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"COPY","text":"Makes copies of existing files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"CTTY","text":"Defines the terminal device (for example, COM1) to use for input and output.[4]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_date"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TIME"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DATE","text":"Displays the system date and prompts the user to enter a new date. Complements the TIME command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"DBLBOOT","text":"(Not a command: This is a batch file added to DOS 6.X Supplemental Disks to help create DoubleSpace boot floppies.[5])","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_compression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DBLSPACE","text":"A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.0 (released in 1993) and version 6.2.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DEBUG","text":"A very primitive assembler and disassembler.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DEFRAG","text":"The command has the ability to analyze the file fragmentation on a disk drive or to defragment a drive. This command is called DEFRAG in MS-DOS/PC DOS and diskopt in DR-DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DEL and ERASE","text":"DEL (or the alternative form ERASE) is used to delete one or more files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows 9x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x"}],"sub_title":"DELTREE","text":"Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of the potentially dangerous action. Since the RD (RMDIR) command can not delete a directory if the directory is not empty (except in Windows NT & 10), the DELTREE command can be used to delete the whole directory.The deltree command is included in certain versions of Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS operating systems. It is specifically available only in versions of MS-DOS 6.0 and higher,[1] and in Microsoft Windows 9x. In Windows NT, the functionality provided exists but is handled by the command rd or rmdir which has slightly different syntax. This command is not present in Windows 7 and 8. In Windows 10, the command switch is RD /S or RMDIR /S.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DIR","text":"The DIR command displays the contents of a directory. The contents comprise the disk's volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS.[1] The command can display files in subdirectories. The resulting directory listing can be sorted by various criteria and filenames can be displayed in a chosen format.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DISKCOMP","text":"A command for comparing the complete contents of a floppy disk to another one.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DISKCOPY","text":"A command for copying the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"command history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_history"},{"link_name":"macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DOSKEY","text":"A command that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goupil-6"}],"sub_title":"DOSSIZE","text":"Displays how much memory various DOS components occupy.[6]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_compression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"DRVSPACE","text":"A disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS version 6.22.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard output stream.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams"},{"link_name":"batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"ECHO","text":"The ECHO command prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. (Hence the name, ECHO) Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected, like any other command, to files or devices. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file, thus resulting in a \"tidier\" output (the @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo.)The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"DOS E Editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(PC_DOS)"}],"sub_title":"EDIT","text":"EDIT is a full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS versions 5 and 6,[1] OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0 The corresponding program in Windows 95 and later, and Windows 2000 and later is Edit v2.0. PC DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor and DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EDLIN","text":"DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file, like debug, this makes it of some use even today. The absence of a console editor in MS-DOS/PC DOS 1–4 created an after-market for third-party editors.In DOS 5, an extra command \"?\" was added to give the user much-needed help.DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN; for MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks,[1] while PC DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"80386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80386"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EMM386","text":"The EMM386 command enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DEL and ERASE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DEL_and_ERASE"}],"sub_title":"ERASE","text":"See: DEL and ERASE","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable"},{"link_name":".exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.exe"},{"link_name":"binary file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_file"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":".com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COM_file"},{"link_name":"code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_segment"},{"link_name":"data sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_segment"},{"link_name":"stack segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_stack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXE2BIN","text":"Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program.The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64 KB. The file must also have no stack segment.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 through 5. It is available separately for version 6 on the Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXIT","text":"Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabinet files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"EXPAND","text":"The Microsoft File Expansion Utility is used to uncompress one or more compressed cabinet files (.CAB). The command dates back to 1990 and was supplied on floppy disc for MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[7][1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AccessDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AccessDOS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"FAKEMOUS","text":"FAKEMOUS is an IBM PS/2 mouse utility used with AccessDOS. It is included on the MS-DOS 6 Supplemental Disk.[8][9]\nAccessDOS assists persons with disabilities.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"help (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_(command)"}],"sub_title":"FASTHELP","text":"See also: help (command)Provides information for MS-DOS commands.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"files and directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FASTOPEN","text":"A command that provides accelerated access to frequently-used files and directories.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FC","text":"Show differences between any two files, or any two sets of files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later – primarily non-IBM releases.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partition tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_table"},{"link_name":"logical DOS drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"master boot record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FDISK","text":"The FDISK command manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. FDISK has the ability to display information about, create, and delete DOS partitions or logical DOS drive. It can also install a standard master boot record on the hard drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS 2.0 releases and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"data stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_stream"},{"link_name":"string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FIND","text":"The FIND command is a filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream. It may also be used as a pipe.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file"}],"sub_title":"FINDSTR","text":"The FINDSTR command is a GREP-oriented FIND-like utility. Among its uses is the logical-OR lacking in FIND.FINDSTR \"YES NO MAYBE\" *.txtwould find all TXT files with one or more of the above-listed words YES, NO, MAYBE.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FOR","text":"Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.\nThe FOR loop can be used to parse a file or the output of a command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table"},{"link_name":"root directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory"},{"link_name":"removable media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"FORMAT","text":"Deletes the FAT entries and the root directory of the drive/partition, and reformats it for MS-DOS. In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"}],"sub_title":"GOTO","text":"The Goto command transfers execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (:likethis).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]Used in Batch files.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"GRAFTABL","text":"The GRAFTABL command enables the display of an extended character set in graphics mode.[10]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"GRAPHICS","text":"A TSR program to enable the sending of graphical screen dump to printer by pressing <Print Screen>.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"HELP","text":"Gives help about DOS commands.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 thru Windows XP. Full-screen command help is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1] Beginning with Windows XP, the command processor \"DOS\" offers builtin-help for commands by using /? (e.g. COPY /?)","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"IF","text":"IF is a conditional statement, that allows branching of the program execution. It evaluates the specified condition, and only if it is true, then it executes the remainder of the command line. Otherwise, it skips the remainder of the line and continues with next command line.Used in Batch files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"null modem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_modem"},{"link_name":"LapLink cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LapLink_cable"},{"link_name":"terminate-and-stay-resident program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminate-and-stay-resident_program"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"INTERSVR and INTERLNK","text":"In MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS.Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a terminate-and-stay-resident program) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server.New in PC DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0.[11][1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"SUBST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SUBST"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"JOIN","text":"The JOIN command attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive.[11] The opposite can be achieved via the SUBST command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 through 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on the Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"KEYB","text":"The KEYB command is used to select a keyboard layout.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]From DOS 3.0 through 3.21, there are instead per-country commands, namely KEYBFR, KEYBGR, KEYBIT, KEYBSP and KEYBUK.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"LABEL","text":"Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"LINK4","text":"Microsoft 8086 Object Linker[12]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"LOADFIX","text":"Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1] It is included only in MS-DOS/PC DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.[13]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"LOADHIGH and LH","text":"A command that loads a program into the upper memory area.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]It is called hiload in DR-DOS.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MD or MKDIR","text":"Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MEM","text":"Displays memory usage. It is capable of displaying program size and status, memory in use, and internal drivers. It is an external command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 4 and later and DR DOS releases 5.0 and later.[1]On earlier DOS versions the memory usage could be shown by running CHKDSK. In DR DOS the parameter /A could be used to only show the memory usage.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"Conventional memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_memory"},{"link_name":"AUTOEXEC.BAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT"},{"link_name":"CONFIG.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"upper memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_memory_area"},{"link_name":"EMS Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_memory"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Helix Software Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_Software_Company"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_7"},{"link_name":"Windows 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"},{"link_name":"HIMEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIMEM"},{"link_name":"EMM386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMM386"},{"link_name":"Central Point Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Point_Software"}],"sub_title":"MEMMAKER","text":"Starting with version 6,[1] MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by moving TSR programs and device drivers to the upper memory. The whole process required two system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether to enable EMS Memory, since use of expanded memory required a reserved 64KiB region in upper memory. The first restart inserted the SIZER.EXE program which gauged the memory needed by each TSR or Driver. MemMaker would then calculate the optimal Driver and TSR placement in upper memory and modify the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS accordingly, and reboot the second time.[14]MEMMAKER.EXE and SIZER.EXE were developed for Microsoft by Helix Software Company and were eliminated starting in MS-DOS 7 (Windows 95); however, they could be obtained from Microsoft's FTP server as part of the OLDDOS.EXE package, alongside other tools.PC DOS uses another program called RamBoost to optimize memory, working either with PC DOS's HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager. RamBoost was licensed to IBM by Central Point Software.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MIRROR","text":"The MIRROR command saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.The command is available in MS-DOS version 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on Supplemental Disk.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"code pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MODE","text":"Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.[15]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paginates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagination"},{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MORE","text":"The MORE command paginates text, so that one can view files containing more than one screen of text. More may also be used as a filter. While viewing MORE text, the return key displays the next line, the space bar displays the next page.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MOVE","text":"Moves files or renames directories.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSAV","text":"A command that scans the computer for known viruses.[16][17]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSBACKUP","text":"The MSBACKUP command is used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.The New York Times said that MSBACKUP \"is much better and faster than the old BACKUP command used in earlier versions of DOS, but it does lack some of the advanced features found in backup software packages that are sold separately.[18] There is another offering, named MWBACKUP, that is GUI-oriented. It was introduced for Windows for Workgroups (3.11).[19]The MSBACKUP command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"CD-ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"MSCDEX","text":"MSCDEX is a driver executable which allows DOS programs to recognize, read, and control CD-ROMs.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcdosretro-commands-21"}],"sub_title":"MSD","text":"The MSD command provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. MSD was new in MS-DOS 6;[1][20] the PC DOS version of this command is QCONFIG.[21] The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"MSHERC","text":"The MSHERC.COM (also QBHERC.COM) was a TSR graphics driver supplied with Microsoft QuickC, QuickBASIC, and the C Compiler, to allow use of the Hercules adapter high-resolution graphics capability (720 x 348, 2 colors).[22]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"NLSFUNC","text":"Loads extended Nationalization and Localization Support from COUNTRY.SYS, and changed the codepage of drivers and system modules resident in RAM.[citation needed]In later versions of DR-DOS 6, NLSFUNC relocated itself into the HiMem area, thereby freeing a portion of the nearly invaluable lower 640KiB that constituted the ”conventional” memory available to software.[citation needed]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PATH (variable)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable)"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PATH","text":"See also: PATH (variable)Displays or sets a search path for executable files.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Press any key to continue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_any_key_to_continue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PAUSE","text":"Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message Press any key to continue. . ., if not given other text to display.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"PING","text":"Allows the user to test the availability of a network connection to a specified host. Hostnames are usually resolved to IP addresses.[23]It is not included in many DOS versions; typically ones with network stacks will have it as a diagnostic tool.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"POWER","text":"The POWER command is used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation. It is an external command implemented as POWER.EXE.[24]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"print queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_queue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PRINT","text":"The PRINT command adds or removes files in the print queue. This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2.[1] Before that there was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PRINTFIX","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prompt (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"PROMPT","text":"See also: Prompt (computing)The PROMPT command allows the user to change the prompt in the command screen. The default prompt is $p (i.e. PROMPT $p), which displays the drive and current path as the prompt, but can be changed to anything. PROMPT $d, displays the current system date as the prompt. Type PROMPT /? in the cmd screen for help on this function.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2.1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(software)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goupil-6"}],"sub_title":"PS","text":"A utility inspired by the UNIX/XENIX ps command. It also provides a full-screen mode, similar to the top utility on UNIX systems.[6]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated development environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"QBASIC","text":"An integrated development environment and BASIC interpreter.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"deltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DELTREE"},{"link_name":"Windows 9x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x"}],"sub_title":"RD or RMDIR","text":"Remove a directory (delete a directory); by default the directories must be empty of files for the command to succeed.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]The deltree command in some versions of MS-DOS and all versions of Windows 9x removes non-empty directories.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filesystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"RECOVER","text":"A primitive filesystem error recovery utility included in MS-DOS / IBM PC DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 through 5.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"batch file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"}],"sub_title":"REM","text":"Remark (comment) command, normally used within a batch file, and for DR-DOS, PC/MS-DOS 6 and above, in CONFIG.SYS. This command is processed by the command processor. Thus, its output can be redirected to create a zero-byte file. REM is useful in logged sessions or screen-captures. One might add comments by way of labels, usually starting with double-colon (::). These are not processed by the command processor.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"REN","text":"The REN command renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of the wildcards characters asterisk (*) and question mark (?).[25]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"},{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"REPLACE","text":"A command that is used to replace one or more existing computer files or add new files to a target directory.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BACKUP and RESTORE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#BACKUP_and_RESTORE"}],"sub_title":"RESTORE","text":"See: BACKUP and RESTORE","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"TUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interface"}],"sub_title":"SCANDISK","text":"Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with MS-DOS version 6.2 and later.[1] Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI, allowing for interactive session to complement command-line batch run.\nchkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT-based operating systems.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SELECT","text":"The SELECT command formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes.\nIt was initially only available with IBM PC DOS. The version included with PC DOS 3.0 and 3.1 is hard-coded to transfer the operating system from A: to B:, while from PC DOS 3.2 onward you can specify the source and destination, and can be used to install DOS to the harddisk.The version included with MS-DOS 4 and PC DOS 4 is no longer a simple command-line utility, but a full-fledged installer.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.3 and 4 and IBM PC DOS releases 3 through 4.[1]This command is no longer included in DOS Version 5 and later, where it has been replaced by SETUP.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environment variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"},{"link_name":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"SET","text":"Sets environment variables.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]cmd.exe in Windows NT 2000, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and a number of third-party solutions allow direct entry of environment variables from the command prompt. From at least Windows 2000, the set command allows for the evaluation of strings into variables, thus providing inter alia a means of performing integer arithmetic.[26]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SETUP","text":"The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]\nThis command does a computer setup. With all computers running DOS versions 5 and\nlater, it runs the computer setup, such as Windows 95 setup and Windows 98 setup.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ver (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SETVER","text":"See also: ver (command)SetVer is a TSR program designed to return a different value to the version of DOS that is running. This allows programs that look for a specific version of DOS to run under a different DOS.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SHARE","text":"Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"replaceable parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replaceable_parameter"},{"link_name":"batch files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SHIFT","text":"The SHIFT command increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.\nThis is done by changing the position of replaceable parameters. It replaces each of the replacement parameters with the subsequent one (e.g. %0 with %1, %1 with %2, etc.).The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MemMaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MemMaker"}],"sub_title":"SIZER","text":"The external command SIZER.EXE is not intended to be started directly from the command prompt. Is used by MemMaker during the memory-optimization process.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SMARTDRV","text":"The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(software)"},{"link_name":"sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SORT","text":"A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive.[27]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdock-11"},{"link_name":"JOIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#JOIN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SUBST","text":"A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.[11] The opposite can be achieved via the JOIN command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IO.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO.SYS"},{"link_name":"MSDOS.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSDOS.SYS"},{"link_name":"COMMAND.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"SYS","text":"A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector of the partition that SYS is acting on) so that the code, when executed, will look for IO.SYS. SYS also copies the core DOS system files, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM, to the volume. SYS does not rewrite the Master Boot Record, contrary to widely held belief.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"TELNET","text":"The Telnet Client is a tool for developers and administrators to help manage and test network connectivity.[28]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_time"},{"link_name":"DATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#DATE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TIME","text":"Display the system time and waits for the user to enter a new time. Complements the DATE command.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TITLE","text":"Enables a user to change the title of their MS-DOS window.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TREE","text":"It is an external command, graphically displays the path of each directory and sub-directories on the specified drive.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNC pathnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_path"}],"sub_title":"TRUENAME","text":"Internal command that expands the name of a file, directory, or drive, and display its absolute pathname as the result. It will expand relative pathnames, SUBST drives, and JOIN directories, to find the actual directory.For example, in DOS 7.1, if the current directory is C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM, thenC:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM>TRUENAME ..\\WIN.INI\nC:\\WINDOWS\\WIN.INIThe argument does not need to refer to an existing file or directory: TRUENAME will output the absolute pathname as if it did. Also TRUENAME does not search in the PATH.\nFor example, in DOS 5, if the current directory is C:\\TEMP, then TRUENAME command.com will display C:\\TEMP\\COMMAND.COM (which does not exist), not C:\\DOS\\COMMAND.COM (which does and is in the PATH).This command displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives. This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch \"/?\" defines it as a \"Reserved command name\". It is available in MS-DOS version 5.00 and later, including the DOS 7 and 8 in Windows 95/98/ME. The C library function realpath performs this function. The Microsoft Windows NT command processors do not support this command, including the versions of command.com for NT.","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MORE"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_DOS_commands#Dubious"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"TYPE","text":"Displays a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more. TYPE can be used to concatenate files (type file1 file2 > file3); however this won't work for large files[dubious – discuss][citation needed]—use copy command instead.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 1 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"UNDELETE","text":"Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored; options are used to change this behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"format (command)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_(command)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"UNFORMAT","text":"See also: format (command)MS-DOS version 5 introduced the quick format option (Format /Q) which removes the disk's file table without deleting any of the data. The same version also introduced the UNFORMAT command to undo the effects of a quick format, restoring the file table and making all the files accessible again. It is important to note that UNFORMAT only works if invoked before any further changes have overwritten the drive's contents.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VER","text":"An internal DOS command, that reports the DOS version presently running, and since MS-DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VERIFY","text":"Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk (You can enable the verify command by typing \"verify on\" on Command Prompt and pressing enter. To display the current VERIFY setting, type VERIFY without a parameter. To turn off the feature, type \"verify off\"). If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.[29]The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VOL","text":"An internal command that displays the disk volume label and serial number.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"VSAFE","text":"A TSR program that continuously monitors the computer for viruses.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 6 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-1"}],"sub_title":"XCOPY","text":"Copy entire directory trees. Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to another.XCOPY usage and attributes can be obtained by typing XCOPY /? in the DOS Command line.The command is available in MS-DOS versions 3.2 and later.[1]","title":"DOS commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Que Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0789725738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789725738"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1556152894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556152894"}],"text":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.\nWolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1556152894.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Category:Windows commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Windows_commands"},{"title":"COMMAND.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM"},{"title":"cmd.exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmd.exe"},{"title":"Command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"title":"List of CONFIG.SYS directives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CONFIG.SYS_directives"},{"title":"Timeline of DOS operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems"}] | [{"reference":"Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press","url_text":"Microsoft Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7356-1812-7","url_text":"0-7356-1812-7"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS choice command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/choicehl.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS choice command help\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220343/http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","url_text":"\"Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/100/Q100021/","url_text":"\"Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk\""}]},{"reference":"\"expand - Windows CMD\". SS64.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://ss64.com/nt/expand.html","url_text":"\"expand - Windows CMD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/097/Q97835/","url_text":"\"Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain\".","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/117/Q117600/","url_text":"\"Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain\""}]},{"reference":"DR DOS 6.0 User Guide. Digital Research. 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jim (May 2001). Using MS-DOS 6.22. Que Publishing. p. 455. ISBN 0789725738.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u7oN-5y7nGsC&q=configuring+memory+with+memmaker+cooper&pg=PA455","url_text":"Using MS-DOS 6.22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing","url_text":"Que Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789725738","url_text":"0789725738"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS mode command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/modehlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS mode command help\""}]},{"reference":"\"More\".","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/tn-archive/cc722867(v%3dtechnet.10)","url_text":"\"More\""}]},{"reference":"Peter H. Lewis (1994-01-04). \"It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/04/science/personal-computers-it-s-1994-so-where-are-your-data.html","url_text":"\"It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is MWBACKUP.EXE?\". 2019-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://windowsbulletin.com/files/exe/zeos-international-ltd/windows-for-workgroups-3-11-ms-dos-6-22-backup-installation-disc/mwbackup-exe","url_text":"\"What is MWBACKUP.EXE?\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS msd command help\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhope.com/msdhlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS msd command help\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Vernon. \"List of DOS commands\". PC DOS Retro. Archived from the original on 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm#QCONFIG","url_text":"\"List of DOS commands\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240109102327/https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm%23QCONFIG","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhope.com/pinghlp.htm","url_text":"\"MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article\". 2009-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490987.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article\""}]},{"reference":"Karp, David Aaron; Tim O'Reilly; Troy Mott (2005). Windows XP in a nutshell. Nutshell handbook (2 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-596-00900-7. Retrieved 2010-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly","url_text":"Tim O'Reilly"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp","url_text":"Windows XP in a nutshell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media","url_text":"O'Reilly Media, Inc."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp/page/422","url_text":"422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00900-7","url_text":"978-0-596-00900-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft on \"sort\"\". 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc722869.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft on \"sort\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOS Command: VERIFY\". Retrieved 2014-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/verify.html","url_text":"\"DOS Command: VERIFY\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing","url_text":"Que Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789725738","url_text":"978-0789725738"}]},{"reference":"Wolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1556152894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press","url_text":"Microsoft Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556152894","url_text":"978-1556152894"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_DOS_commands&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.computerhope.com/choicehl.htm","external_links_name":"\"MS-DOS choice command help\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220343/http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","external_links_name":"\"Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 User Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/usergeng/07ugch7.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/100/Q100021/","external_links_name":"\"Q100021: Unable to Access Compressed Drives Using DBLBOOT.BAT Disk\""},{"Link":"http://www.os2museum.com/wp/multitasking-ms-dos-4-0-goupil-oem/","external_links_name":"Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0, Goupil OEM"},{"Link":"https://ss64.com/nt/expand.html","external_links_name":"\"expand - Windows CMD\""},{"Link":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/097/Q97835/","external_links_name":"\"Q97835: COMMANDS.TXT: Supplemental Disk Commands (Part 2 of 2)\""},{"Link":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/117/Q117600/","external_links_name":"\"Q117600: MS-DOS 6.22 Supplemental Disk: Description & How to Obtain\""},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/graftabl","external_links_name":"graftabl | Microsoft Docs"},{"Link":"http://www.easydos.com/dosindex.html","external_links_name":"EasyDOS Command Index"},{"Link":"http://16bitos.com/410ms.htm","external_links_name":"MS-DOS Version 4.10 Fujitsu ICL OEM"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u7oN-5y7nGsC&q=configuring+memory+with+memmaker+cooper&pg=PA455","external_links_name":"Using MS-DOS 6.22"},{"Link":"http://www.computerhope.com/modehlp.htm","external_links_name":"\"MS-DOS mode command help\""},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/tn-archive/cc722867(v%3dtechnet.10)","external_links_name":"\"More\""},{"Link":"https://www.computerhope.com/msavhlp.htm","external_links_name":"MS-DOS and Windows command line msav command"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/04/science/personal-computers-it-s-1994-so-where-are-your-data.html","external_links_name":"\"It's 1994. So Where Are Your Data?\""},{"Link":"http://windowsbulletin.com/files/exe/zeos-international-ltd/windows-for-workgroups-3-11-ms-dos-6-22-backup-installation-disc/mwbackup-exe","external_links_name":"\"What is MWBACKUP.EXE?\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerhope.com/msdhlp.htm","external_links_name":"\"MS-DOS msd command help\""},{"Link":"https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm#QCONFIG","external_links_name":"\"List of DOS commands\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240109102327/https://pcdosretro.github.io/commands.htm%23QCONFIG","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/kb/Q44273/","external_links_name":"https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/kb/Q44273/"},{"Link":"https://www.computerhope.com/pinghlp.htm","external_links_name":"\"MS-DOS and Windows command line ping command\""},{"Link":"https://www.computerhope.com/powerhlp.htm","external_links_name":"MS-DOS and Windows command line power command"},{"Link":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490987.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft TechNet Rename (ren) article\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp","external_links_name":"Windows XP in a nutshell"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/windowsxpinnutsh00karp/page/422","external_links_name":"422"},{"Link":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc722869.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft on \"sort\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/verify.html","external_links_name":"\"DOS Command: VERIFY\""},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands","external_links_name":"Command-Line Reference"},{"Link":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc749839.aspx","external_links_name":"The MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference on TechNet"},{"Link":"http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/","external_links_name":"DR-DOS 7.03 online manual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031854/http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mdgx.com/secrets.htm","external_links_name":"MDGx MS-DOS Undocumented + Hidden Secrets"},{"Link":"https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS","external_links_name":"MS-DOS v1.25 and v2.0 source code"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130612114615/http://fd-doc.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php","external_links_name":"The FreeDOS Spec"},{"Link":"http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm","external_links_name":"MS-DOS commands"},{"Link":"http://www.windows-commandline.com/windows-cmd-commands-reference/","external_links_name":"Reference for windows commands with examples"},{"Link":"http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/MICROSOFT/dosundoc.txt","external_links_name":"A Collection of Undocumented and Obscure Features in Various MS-DOS Versions"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Acts_1911_to_1989 | Official Secrets Act | ["1 Countries and legislation","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 Hong Kong","1.4 India","1.5 Ireland","1.6 Jersey","1.7 Malaysia","1.8 New Zealand","1.9 Pakistan","1.10 Singapore","1.11 United Kingdom","1.12 United States","2 See also","3 Notes and references","4 External links"] | UK legislation
Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 warning sign in Foulness, Essex.
An Official Secrets Act (OSA) is legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security but in unrevised form (based on the UK Official Secrets Act 1911) can include all information held by government bodies.
OSAs are currently in-force in over 40 countries (mostly former British colonies) including Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Myanmar, Uganda, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom, and have previously existed in Canada and New Zealand.
There were earlier English and British precedents, long before the acts enumerated here. As early as the 16th Century, following Francis Drake's circumnavigation, Queen Elizabeth I declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the "Queen's secrets of the Realm". In addition, Drake and the other participants of his voyages were sworn to their secrecy on the pain of death; the Queen intended to keep Drake's activities away from the eyes of rival Spain.
Countries and legislation
Australia
Australia previously had Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth), entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings, since repealed and replaced with Part 5.6 – Secrecy of Information of the Criminal Code Act (1995).
Canada
The British Official Secrets Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 52) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890. Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920. Amendments were made in 1950, 1967, 1970 and 1973. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981 was the final version of that law adopted by the House of Commons.
In 2001, the Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act, created in the wake of September 11, 2001 attacks to replace the vaguely-worded Official Secrets Act.
Twenty-two prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada, over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair. In 1989, Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under the Act, of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland.
Hong Kong
Hong Kong has the Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 (Cap. 521), in which it is largely based on the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989.
India
Main article: Official Secrets Act (India)
Ireland
Ireland has the Official Secrets Act 1963, that repealed the previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920. The Official Secrets Act, as amended, applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within the state. A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland, additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public.
Jersey
Jersey has the Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952.
Malaysia
Malaysia has the Official Secrets Act 1972, prohibiting the collection, possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret – an action which can be made by any public officer. The certification of a document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review, and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years' imprisonment. The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the Official Secrets Act 1951 was repealed by the Official Information Act 1982.
Pakistan
Main article: Official Secrets Act (Pakistan)
Singapore
In Singapore, the Official Secrets Act (Cap. 213, 2012 Rev. Ed.) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information.
The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance. Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government.
United Kingdom
Official Secrets Acts of the UK include:
Official Secrets Act 1889
Official Secrets Act 1911
Official Secrets Act 1920
Official Secrets Act 1939
Official Secrets Act 1989
People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act. This is popularly referred to as "signing the Official Secrets Act". Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal, as the act is a law, not a contract, and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have "signed" the act. Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations.
In addition to the Official Secrets Acts, the repealed Naval Discipline Act 1957 made it an offence to spy on-board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases. It was punishable by life imprisonment and was a capital offence until 1981.
United States
See also: Classified information in the United States
The United States does not have a broad-reaching Official Secrets Act, although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components. Much of the Espionage Act remains in force, although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment (see United States v. The Progressive, Brandenburg v. Ohio, New York Times Co. v. United States). 18 U.S.C. § 798, enacted in 1951, makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography, espionage, and surveillance illegal for all people, and is thus an "official secrets act" limited to those subjects.
See also
DSMA-Notice, or D-Notice
List of short titles
Notes and references
^ )
^ corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra. "Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 1 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter". Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.
^ Cap. 521
^ "Official Secrets Act, 1963". electronic Irish Statute Book. Government of Ireland. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
^ Pauline Puah, "OSA stays, says Nazri" Archived 29 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Malaysia Today, 19 September 2006.
^ This Act was repealed by section 51 of the Official Information Act 1982 with effect from 1 July 1983 (s.1(2))
^ "Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)". Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
^ Tan, Kevin Y.L. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041136282.
^ "Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond". ResearchGate.
^ "Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak". The New York Times.
^ "HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter".
^ "Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts". www.todayonline.com. 14 November 2017. OSA "covers more than just information that is secret", media law experts pointed out. "As long as the information in the latter category has one of the connecting factors mentioned, such as if it has been obtained by someone due to his position holding office under the Government, then it will be protected by the Act even if it is not secret,"
^ Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c. 53), Part III Provisions relating to civilians and civil authorities, Section 93. Accessed 15 January 2008.
^ "18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
External links
Troubled history of Official Secrets Act, BBC News Online
Canada's Security of Information Act Archived 30 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
Christopher Moran, Classified: Secrecy and the State in Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Secrets_Act_warning_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulness"},{"link_name":"state secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_secrets"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1911"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake's circumnavigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 warning sign in Foulness, Essex.An Official Secrets Act (OSA) is legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security but in unrevised form (based on the UK Official Secrets Act 1911) can include all information held by government bodies.OSAs are currently in-force in over 40 countries (mostly former British colonies) including Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Myanmar, Uganda, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom, and have previously existed in Canada and New Zealand.There were earlier English and British precedents, long before the acts enumerated here. As early as the 16th Century, following Francis Drake's circumnavigation, Queen Elizabeth I declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the \"Queen's secrets of the Realm\".[citation needed] In addition, Drake and the other participants of his voyages were sworn to their secrecy on the pain of death; the Queen intended to keep Drake's activities away from the eyes of rival Spain.","title":"Official Secrets Act"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Crimes Act 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_Act_1914"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Australia previously had Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth), entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings, since repealed and replaced with Part 5.6 – Secrecy of Information of the Criminal Code Act (1995).[1][2]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1889"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Criminal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Secrets_Act_(Canada)_1939&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Secrets_Act_(Canada)_1981&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Security of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_Information_Act"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gouzenko Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair"},{"link_name":"Stephen Joseph Ratkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Joseph_Ratkai"},{"link_name":"SOSUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOSUS"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Argentia"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The British Official Secrets Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 52) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890. Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920. Amendments were made in 1950, 1967, 1970 and 1973. The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981 was the final version of that law adopted by the House of Commons.In 2001, the Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act, created in the wake of September 11, 2001 attacks to replace the vaguely-worded Official Secrets Act.[3]Twenty-two prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada, over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair. In 1989, Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under the Act, of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland.","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Ordinance 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Secrets_Ordinance_1997&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Hong Kong has the Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 (Cap. 521), in which it is largely based on the British Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989.[4]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"India","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Secrets_Act_1963&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osa1963-5"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"in camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_camera"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Ireland has the Official Secrets Act 1963,[5] that repealed the previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920. The Official Secrets Act, as amended, applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within the state. A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland, additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public.[citation needed]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Secrets_(Jersey)_Law_1952&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Jersey","text":"Jersey has the Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952.","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"judicial review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Malaysia","text":"Malaysia has the Official Secrets Act 1972, prohibiting the collection, possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret – an action which can be made by any public officer. The certification of a document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review, and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years' imprisonment. The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities.[6]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1951"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Official Information Act 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Information_Act_1982"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"In New Zealand, the Official Secrets Act 1951[7] was repealed by the Official Information Act 1982.","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pakistan","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Singapore","text":"In Singapore, the Official Secrets Act (Cap. 213, 2012 Rev. Ed.) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information.[8][9]The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance.[10] Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government.[11][12][13]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1889"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1911"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1920"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1939"},{"link_name":"Official Secrets Act 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1989"},{"link_name":"sensitive information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_sensitivity"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"Naval Discipline Act 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Discipline_Act_1957"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Official Secrets Acts of the UK include:Official Secrets Act 1889\nOfficial Secrets Act 1911\nOfficial Secrets Act 1920\nOfficial Secrets Act 1939\nOfficial Secrets Act 1989People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act. This is popularly referred to as \"signing the Official Secrets Act\". Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal, as the act is a law, not a contract, and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have \"signed\" the act. Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations.In addition to the Official Secrets Acts, the repealed Naval Discipline Act 1957 made it an offence to spy on-board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases. It was punishable by life imprisonment and was a capital offence until 1981.[14]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classified information in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Espionage Act of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"United States v. The Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._The_Progressive"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg v. Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio"},{"link_name":"New York Times Co. v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States"},{"link_name":"18 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/798"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"See also: Classified information in the United StatesThe United States does not have a broad-reaching Official Secrets Act, although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components. Much of the Espionage Act remains in force, although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment (see United States v. The Progressive, Brandenburg v. Ohio, New York Times Co. v. United States). 18 U.S.C. § 798, enacted in 1951, makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography, espionage, and surveillance illegal for all people, and is thus an \"official secrets act\" limited to those subjects.[15]","title":"Countries and legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020C00245"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0102/02bd117"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070308224817/http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Cap. 521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/521/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-osa1963_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Official Secrets Act, 1963\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1963/act/1/enacted/en/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"OSA stays, says Nazri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-n/2006/09/osa-stays-says-nazri.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061129174112/http://www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-n/2006/09/osa-stays-says-nazri.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"section 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1982/0156/latest/DLM65916.html"},{"link_name":"Official Information Act 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Information_Act_1982"},{"link_name":"s.1(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1982/0156/latest/DLM64789.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171113113134/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789041136282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041136282"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/228223944"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1993/10/22/news/22iht-sing_0.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.todayonline.com/singapore/hdb-officer-who-gave-confidential-info-st-reporter-be-charged-breaching-official-secrets"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.todayonline.com/singapore/official-secrets-act-covers-more-just-secret-information-experts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c. 53), Part III Provisions relating to civilians and civil authorities, Section 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1957&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1292014&ActiveTextDocId=1292225&filesize=2764"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/798"}],"text":"^ [1])\n\n^ corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra. \"Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002\". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 1 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter\". Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.\n\n^ Cap. 521\n\n^ \"Official Secrets Act, 1963\". electronic Irish Statute Book. Government of Ireland. Retrieved 4 May 2017.\n\n^ Pauline Puah, \"OSA stays, says Nazri\" Archived 29 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Malaysia Today, 19 September 2006.\n\n^ This Act was repealed by section 51 of the Official Information Act 1982 with effect from 1 July 1983 (s.1(2))\n\n^ \"Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)\". Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.\n\n^ Tan, Kevin Y.L. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041136282.\n\n^ \"Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond\". ResearchGate.\n\n^ \"Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak\". The New York Times.\n\n^ \"HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter\".\n\n^ \"Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts\". www.todayonline.com. 14 November 2017. OSA \"covers more than just information that is secret\", media law experts pointed out. \"As long as the information in the latter category has one of the connecting factors mentioned, such as if it has been obtained by someone due to his position holding office under the Government, then it will be protected by the Act even if it is not secret,\"\n\n^ Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c. 53), Part III Provisions relating to civilians and civil authorities, Section 93. Accessed 15 January 2008.\n\n^ \"18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 warning sign in Foulness, Essex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Official_Secrets_Act_warning_sign.jpg/220px-Official_Secrets_Act_warning_sign.jpg"}] | [{"title":"DSMA-Notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSMA-Notice"},{"title":"List of short titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_short_titles"}] | [{"reference":"corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra. \"Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002\". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0102/02bd117","url_text":"\"Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter\". Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070308224817/http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585","url_text":"\"Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Secrets Act, 1963\". electronic Irish Statute Book. Government of Ireland. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1963/act/1/enacted/en/index.html","url_text":"\"Official Secrets Act, 1963\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)\". Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113134/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0","url_text":"\"Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)\""},{"url":"http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Kevin Y.L. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041136282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041136282","url_text":"9789041136282"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond\". ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228223944","url_text":"\"Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/22/news/22iht-sing_0.html","url_text":"\"Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/hdb-officer-who-gave-confidential-info-st-reporter-be-charged-breaching-official-secrets","url_text":"\"HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts\". www.todayonline.com. 14 November 2017. OSA \"covers more than just information that is secret\", media law experts pointed out. \"As long as the information in the latter category has one of the connecting factors mentioned, such as if it has been obtained by someone due to his position holding office under the Government, then it will be protected by the Act even if it is not secret,\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/official-secrets-act-covers-more-just-secret-information-experts","url_text":"\"Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts\""}]},{"reference":"\"18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/798","url_text":"\"18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/798","external_links_name":"§ 798"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2020C00245","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0102/02bd117","external_links_name":"\"Criminal Code Amendment (Espionage and Related Offences) Bill 2002\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070308224817/http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585","external_links_name":"\"Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter\""},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=2504f6b0-4ba0-4441-82bb-56dd1c784bd8&k=48585","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hklii.hk/en/legis/ord/521/","external_links_name":"Cap. 521"},{"Link":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1963/act/1/enacted/en/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Secrets Act, 1963\""},{"Link":"http://www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-n/2006/09/osa-stays-says-nazri.htm","external_links_name":"\"OSA stays, says Nazri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061129174112/http://www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-n/2006/09/osa-stays-says-nazri.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1982/0156/latest/DLM65916.html","external_links_name":"section 51"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1982/0156/latest/DLM64789.html","external_links_name":"s.1(2)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113134/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0","external_links_name":"\"Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)\""},{"Link":"http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b9adf7f9-8f02-40de-91df-2b06d75b5d6d;page=0;query=DocId%3A3bc8b443-65c7-4c42-a4c3-49b650267c16%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20TransactionTime%3A13%2F11%2F2017%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228223944","external_links_name":"\"Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/22/news/22iht-sing_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/hdb-officer-who-gave-confidential-info-st-reporter-be-charged-breaching-official-secrets","external_links_name":"\"HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/official-secrets-act-covers-more-just-secret-information-experts","external_links_name":"\"Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts\""},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1957&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1292014&ActiveTextDocId=1292225&filesize=2764","external_links_name":"Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c. 53), Part III Provisions relating to civilians and civil authorities, Section 93"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/798","external_links_name":"\"18 U.S. Code § 798 - Disclosure of classified information\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/216868.stm","external_links_name":"Troubled history of Official Secrets Act"},{"Link":"https://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/O-5/101934.html","external_links_name":"Canada's Security of Information Act"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051130222729/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/O-5/101934.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_country_codes | List of FIPS country codes | ["1 A","2 B","3 C","4 D","5 E","6 F","7 G","8 H","9 I","10 J","11 K","12 L","13 M","14 N","15 O","16 P","17 Q","18 R","19 S","20 T","21 U","22 V","23 W","24 Y","25 Z","26 Resources","27 See also","28 References","29 External links"] | Withdrawn Federal Information Processing Standard
This is a list of FIPS 10-4 country codes for Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions.
The two-letter country codes were used by the US government for geographical data processing in many publications, such as the CIA World Factbook. The standard is also known as DAFIF 0413 ed 7 Amdt. No. 3 (Nov 2003) and as DIA 65-18 (Defense Intelligence Agency, 1994, "Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features").
The FIPS standard includes both the codes for independent countries (similar but often incompatible with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard) and the codes for top-level subdivision of the countries (similar to but usually incompatible with the ISO 3166-2 standard). The ISO 3166 codes are used by the United Nations and for Internet top-level country code domains.
Non-sovereign entities are in italics.
On September 2, 2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard. It was replaced in the U.S. Government by the Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes (GENC), which is based on ISO 3166.
A
Code
Short-form name
AA
Aruba
AC
Antigua and Barbuda
AE
United Arab Emirates
AF
Afghanistan
AG
Algeria
AJ
Azerbaijan
AL
Albania
AM
Armenia
AN
Andorra
AO
Angola
AQ
American Samoa
AR
Argentina
AS
Australia
AT
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
AU
Austria
AV
Anguilla
AX
Akrotiri
AY
Antarctica
B
Code
Short-form name
BA
Bahrain
BB
Barbados
BC
Botswana
BD
Bermuda
BE
Belgium
BF
Bahamas, The
BG
Bangladesh
BH
Belize
BK
Bosnia and Herzegovina
BL
Bolivia
BM
Burma
BN
Benin
BO
Belarus
BP
Solomon Islands
BQ
Navassa Island
BR
Brazil
BS
Bassas da India
BT
Bhutan
BU
Bulgaria
BV
Bouvet Island
BX
Brunei
BY
Burundi
C
Code
Short-form name
CA
Canada
CB
Cambodia
CD
Chad
CE
Sri Lanka
CF
Congo (Brazzaville)
CG
Congo (Kinshasa)
CH
China
CI
Chile
CJ
Cayman Islands
CK
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
CM
Cameroon
CN
Comoros
CO
Colombia
CQ
Northern Mariana Islands
CR
Coral Sea Islands
CS
Costa Rica
CT
Central African Republic
CU
Cuba
CV
Cape Verde
CW
Cook Islands
CY
Cyprus
D
Code
Short-form name
DA
Denmark
DJ
Djibouti
DO
Dominica
DQ
Jarvis Island
DR
Dominican Republic
DX
Dhekelia
E
Code
Short-form name
EC
Ecuador
EG
Egypt
EI
Ireland
EK
Equatorial Guinea
EN
Estonia
ER
Eritrea
ES
El Salvador
ET
Ethiopia
EU
Europa Island
EZ
Czechia
F
Code
Short-form name
FG
French Guiana
FI
Finland
FJ
Fiji
FK
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
FM
Micronesia, Federated States of
FO
Faroe Islands
FP
French Polynesia
FQ
Baker Island
FR
France
FS
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
G
Code
Short-form name
GA
Gambia, The
GB
Gabon
GG
Georgia
GH
Ghana
GI
Gibraltar
GJ
Grenada
GK
Guernsey
GL
Greenland
GM
Germany
GO
Glorioso Islands
GP
Guadeloupe
GQ
Guam
GR
Greece
GT
Guatemala
GV
Guinea
GY
Guyana
GZ
Gaza Strip
H
Code
Short-form name
HA
Haiti
HK
Hong Kong
HM
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
HO
Honduras
HQ
Howland Island
HR
Croatia
HU
Hungary
I
Code
Short-form name
IC
Iceland
ID
Indonesia
IM
Isle of Man
IN
India
IO
British Indian Ocean Territory
IP
Clipperton Island
IR
Iran
IS
Israel
IT
Italy
IV
Côte d'Ivoire
IZ
Iraq
J
Code
Short-form name
JA
Japan
JE
Jersey
JM
Jamaica
JN
Jan Mayen
JO
Jordan
JQ
Johnston Atoll
JU
Juan de Nova Island
K
Code
Short-form name
KE
Kenya
KG
Kyrgyzstan
KN
Korea, North
KQ
Kingman Reef
KR
Kiribati
KS
Korea, South
KT
Christmas Island
KU
Kuwait
KV
Kosovo
KZ
Kazakhstan
L
Code
Short-form name
LA
Laos
LE
Lebanon
LG
Latvia
LH
Lithuania
LI
Liberia
LO
Slovakia
LQ
Palmyra Atoll
LS
Liechtenstein
LT
Lesotho
LU
Luxembourg
LY
Libya
M
Code
Short-form name
MA
Madagascar
MB
Martinique
MC
Macau
MD
Moldova
MF
Mayotte
MG
Mongolia
MH
Montserrat
MI
Malawi
MJ
Montenegro
MK
North Macedonia
ML
Mali
MN
Monaco
MO
Morocco
MP
Mauritius
MQ
Midway Islands
MR
Mauritania
MT
Malta
MU
Oman
MV
Maldives
MX
Mexico
MY
Malaysia
MZ
Mozambique
N
Code
Short-form name
NC
New Caledonia
NE
Niue
NF
Norfolk Island
NG
Niger
NH
Vanuatu
NI
Nigeria
NL
Netherlands
NN
Sint Maarten
NO
Norway
NP
Nepal
NR
Nauru
NS
Suriname
NT
Netherlands Antilles
NU
Nicaragua
NZ
New Zealand
O
Code
Short-form name
OD
South Sudan
P
Code
Short-form name
PA
Paraguay
PC
Pitcairn Islands
PE
Peru
PF
Paracel Islands
PG
Spratly Islands
PJ
Etorofu, Habomai, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands
PK
Pakistan
PL
Poland
PM
Panama
PO
Portugal
PP
Papua New Guinea
PS
Palau
PU
Guinea-Bissau
Q
Code
Short-form name
QA
Qatar
R
Code
Short-form name
RE
Réunion
RI
Serbia
RM
Marshall Islands
RN
Saint Martin
RO
Romania
RP
Philippines
RQ
Puerto Rico
RS
Russia
RW
Rwanda
S
Code
Short-form name
SA
Saudi Arabia
SB
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
SC
Saint Kitts and Nevis
SE
Seychelles
SF
South Africa
SG
Senegal
SH
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
SI
Slovenia
SL
Sierra Leone
SM
San Marino
SN
Singapore
SO
Somalia
SP
Spain
ST
Saint Lucia
SU
Sudan
SV
Svalbard
SW
Sweden
SX
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
SY
Syria
SZ
Switzerland
T
Code
Short-form name
TB
Saint Barthelemy
TD
Trinidad and Tobago
TE
Tromelin Island
TH
Thailand
TI
Tajikistan
TK
Turks and Caicos Islands
TL
Tokelau
TN
Tonga
TO
Togo
TP
Sao Tome and Principe
TS
Tunisia
TT
Timor-Leste
TU
Türkiye
TV
Tuvalu
TW
Taiwan
TX
Turkmenistan
TZ
Tanzania
U
Code
Short-form name
UC
Curaçao
UG
Uganda
UK
United Kingdom
UP
Ukraine
US
United States
UV
Burkina Faso
UY
Uruguay
UZ
Uzbekistan
V
Code
Short-form name
VC
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
VE
Venezuela
VI
British Virgin Islands
VM
Vietnam
VQ
United States Virgin Islands
VT
Vatican City
W
Code
Short-form name
WA
Namibia
WE
West Bank
WF
Wallis and Futuna
WI
Western Sahara
WQ
Wake Island
WS
Samoa
WZ
Eswatini
Y
Code
Short-form name
YM
Yemen
Z
Code
Short-form name
ZA
Zambia
ZI
Zimbabwe
Resources
This article incorporates public domain material from Independent States (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
This article incorporates public domain material from Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
The complete standard can be found at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm
Updates to previous version of the standard (before FIPS-10 was withdrawn in September 2008) are at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm.
Updates to the standard since September 2008 are at:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html.
FIPS PUB 10-4: Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, April 1995
DAFIF 0413, Edition 7, Amendment No. 3, November 2003
DIA 65-18: Defense Intelligence Agency, Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, 1994
See also
List of FIPS region codes
References
^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (September 2, 2008). "Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Ten Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)" (PDF). 73 FR 51276. Federal Register. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ National Institute of Standards and Technology. "Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
^ "Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes". NSG Standards Registry. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
^ Previously the FIPS code for Montenegro was MW as shown in the table of the evolution of the FIPS codes over time and the current one is MJ as shown on U.S. State Department's website
External links
UK MOD Ontology Demonstrator – integrates NATO STANAG 1059 codes with ISO3166 and FIPS10-4 codes
vteGeocode systemsAdministrative codes
FIPS country code (FIPS 10-4)
FIPS place code (FIPS 55)
FIPS county code (FIPS 6-4)
FIPS state code (FIPS 5-2)
NUTS (EU)
GSS codes (United Kingdom)
MARC country codes
SGC codes (Canada)
UN M.49 (UN)
Airport codes
IATA airport code
ICAO airport code
Country codes
IANA country code
ISO 3166-1
alpha-2
alpha-3
numeric
Aircraft prefixes
IOC country code
FIFA country code
Geodesicplace codesGlobal
C-squares
Geohash
Geohash-36
GEOREF
International Map of the World indexing system
Mapcode
Marsden square
Military Grid Reference System
Natural Area Code
Open Location Code
QDGC
UN/LOCODE
UTM
what3words
WMO squares
Regional
ICES Statistical Rectangles (north-east Atlantic region)
Irish grid reference system
National Topographic System (Canada)
Ordnance Survey National Grid (UK)
Postal codes
Australian post codes
CEP (Brazil)
Eircodes (Republic of Ireland)
New Zealand post codes
Postal Index Number (India)
United Kingdom post codes
ZIP Code (United States)
Telephony
ITU-R country codes
ITU-T country calling codes
ITU-T mobile calling codes
Amateur radio
Maidenhead Locator System
Historical : QRA locator | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards"},{"link_name":"country codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes"},{"link_name":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook"},{"link_name":"DAFIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAFIF"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Federal Information Processing Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-withdraw-2"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This is a list of FIPS 10-4 country codes for Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions.The two-letter country codes were used by the US government for geographical data processing in many publications, such as the CIA World Factbook. The standard is also known as DAFIF 0413 ed 7 Amdt. No. 3 (Nov 2003) and as DIA 65-18 (Defense Intelligence Agency, 1994, \"Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features\").The FIPS standard includes both the codes for independent countries (similar but often incompatible with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard) and the codes for top-level subdivision of the countries (similar to but usually incompatible with the ISO 3166-2 standard). The ISO 3166 codes are used by the United Nations and for Internet top-level country code domains.Non-sovereign entities are in italics.On September 2, 2008, FIPS 10-4 was one of ten standards withdrawn by NIST as a Federal Information Processing Standard.[1][2] It was replaced in the U.S. Government by the Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes (GENC), which is based on ISO 3166.[3]","title":"List of FIPS country codes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111211105041/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110812230415/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html"},{"link_name":"Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101121211606/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/FIPS10-4_match.pdf"}],"text":"This article incorporates public domain material from Independent States (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-09-10.\n This article incorporates public domain material from Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-08.The complete standard can be found at:https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htmUpdates to previous version of the standard (before FIPS-10 was withdrawn in September 2008) are at:https://web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm.Updates to the standard since September 2008 are at:https://web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html.\nFIPS PUB 10-4: Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, April 1995\nDAFIF 0413, Edition 7, Amendment No. 3, November 2003\nDIA 65-18: Defense Intelligence Agency, Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, 1994","title":"Resources"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of FIPS region codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes"}] | [{"reference":"Independent States (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf","url_text":"Independent States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211105041/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf","url_text":"Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230415/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (September 2, 2008). \"Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Ten Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)\" (PDF). 73 FR 51276. Federal Register. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?position=all&page=51276&dbname=2008_register","url_text":"\"Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Ten Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_document_format","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register","url_text":"Federal Register"}]},{"reference":"National Institute of Standards and Technology. \"Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100801020458/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/withdraw.htm","url_text":"\"Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/withdraw.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes\". NSG Standards Registry. Retrieved 2013-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://nsgreg.nga.mil/geopoliticalCode.jsp","url_text":"\"Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Independent States"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211105041/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRIND31AUG2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf","external_links_name":"Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230415/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/QRDEP30NOV.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201000438/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip10-4.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070106052615/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/fips_files.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903191340/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/gazetteers2.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121211606/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/FIPS10-4_match.pdf","external_links_name":"Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions"},{"Link":"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?position=all&page=51276&dbname=2008_register","external_links_name":"\"Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Ten Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100801020458/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/withdraw.htm","external_links_name":"\"Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number\""},{"Link":"http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/withdraw.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nsgreg.nga.mil/geopoliticalCode.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes\""},{"Link":"http://efele.net/maps/fips-10/data/fips-tabular.txt","external_links_name":"the table of the evolution of the FIPS codes over time"},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm","external_links_name":"U.S. State Department"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525211714/http://www.modaf.com/News/69/mod-ontology-demonstrator-released","external_links_name":"UK MOD Ontology Demonstrator"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_SAE_winners | List of Formula SAE winners | ["1 United States","1.1 Formula SAE","1.2 Formula SAE Lincoln","2 United Kingdom","2.1 Formula Student","3 Italy","3.1 Formula SAE Italy[3]","4 Japan","4.1 Formula SAE Japan","5 Canada","5.1 Formula North","6 Austria","6.1 Formula Student Austria","7 Czech","7.1 Formula Student Czech","8 Croatia","8.1 Formula Student Alpe Adria","9 Germany[5]","10 Others","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"] | This is the list of the Formula SAE winners by Formula:
United States
Formula SAE
1981 Stevens Institute of Technology
1982 University of Texas at Austin
1983 University of Texas at Arlington
1984 University of Houston
1985 University of Texas at Arlington
1986 University of Texas at Arlington
1987 University of Maryland - College Park
1988 Cornell University
1989 University of Texas at Arlington
1990 University of Texas at Arlington
1991 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
1992 Cornell University
1993 Cornell University
1994 University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
1995 University of Texas at Arlington
1996 University of Texas at Arlington
1997 Cornell University
1998 Cornell University
1999 University of Akron
2000 Texas A&M University
2001 Cornell University
2002 Cornell University
2003 University of Wollongong
2004 Cornell University
2005 Cornell University
2006 RMIT University
2007 University of Wisconsin–Madison
2008 University of Western Australia
2009 Graz University of Technology
2010 / Global Formula Racing
2011 / Global Formula Racing
2012 / Global Formula Racing
2013 University of Stuttgart
2014 / Global Formula Racing
2015 / Global Formula Racing
2016 University of Stuttgart
2017 University of Stuttgart
2018 University of Stuttgart
2019 University of Stuttgart
2021 University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
2022 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Combustion / Polytechnique Montreal Electric
2023 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Combustion / École de technologie supérieure Electric
Formula SAE Lincoln
Year
Date
Ed.
Place
Winner
2005
1a
Texas A&M University
2007
2a
Texas A&M University
2008
3a
University of Maryland
2009
4a
Rochester Institute of Technology
2010
5a
Rochester Institute of Technology
2011
6a
École de technologie supérieure
2012
7a
University of Kansas
Combustion
Electric
2013
8a
University of Washington
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
2014
9a
University of Kansas
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
2015
10a
San Jose State University
University of Pennsylvania
2016
11a
Auburn University
Czech Technical University
2017
12a
Texas A&M University
University of Pennsylvania
2018
13a
Texas A&M University
Carnegie Mellon University
2019
14a
Polytechnique Montréal
McGill University
United Kingdom
Formula Student
See also: Formula Student § Winners
Italy
Formula SAE Italy
Year
Date
Edition
Venue
Formula SAE Italy
Formula Electric Italy
Formula Driverless
2005
1a
Graz University of Technology
-
-
2006
2a
FH Joanneum
-
-
2007
3a
University of Stuttgart
-
-
2008
4a
University of Stuttgart
-
-
2009
5a
University of Stuttgart
-
-
2010
6a
/ Global Formula Racing
-
-
2011
7a
University of Stuttgart
-
-
2012
8a
West Saxon University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau
University of Stuttgart
-
2013
9a
University of Stuttgart
University of Stuttgart
-
2014
10a
Graz University of Technology
Università tecnica di Tallinn
-
2015
11a
FH Joanneum
UAS Zwickau
-
2016
12a
UAS Coburg
Università tecnica di Dresda
-
2017
19-23 july
13a
Autodromo Riccardo Paletti
Politecnico di Breslavia
DHBW Stuttgart
-
2018
11-15 july
14a
Autodromo Riccardo Paletti
Graz University of Technology
Università tecnica di Tallinn
ETH Zurich
2019
24-28 july
15a
Autodromo Riccardo Paletti
Politecnico di Milano
Politecnico di Torino
Sapienza University of Rome
Japan
Formula SAE Japan
Year
Date
Ed.
Place
Winner
2003
9/10~12
1st
Fuji Speed Way
Sophia University
2004
8/30~9/2
2nd
Twin Ring MOTEGI
University of Texas at Arlington
2005
9/6~9
3rd
Fuji Speed Way
Kanazawa University
2006
9/13~16
4th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Sophia University
2007
9/12~15
5th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Sophia University
2008
9/10~13
6th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Sophia University
2009
9/9~12
7th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
The University of Tokyo
2010
9/7~11
8th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Osaka University
2011
9/5~9
9th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Sophia University
Overall
Combustion
Electric
2012
9/3~7
10th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Daido University
2013
9/3~7
11th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Kyoto University
Kyoto University
Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology
2014
9/2~6
12th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Nagoya University
Nagoya University
National Institute Technology, Ichinoseki College/Iwate University/Iwate Prefectural University joint team
2015
9/1~5
13th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Graz University of Technology
Graz University of Technology
Nagoya University
2016
9/6~10
14th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Kyoto Institute of Technology
National Institute Technology, Ichinoseki College/Iwate University/Iwate Prefectural University joint team
2017
9/5~9
15th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Nagoya University
2018
9/4~8
16th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Osaka University
Osaka University
Nagoya University
2019
8/27~31
17th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Nagoya Institute of Technology
Nagoya Institute of Technology
Nagoya University
2020
Cancelled
18th
2021
9/7~11
19th
(only Static Events)
Kobe University
Kobe University
Nagoya University
2022
9/3~7
20th
Ogasayama Sports Park ECOPA
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology
Canada
Formula North
Year
Date
Ed.
Place
Winner
2015
1a
École de technologie supérieure
2016
2a
Missouri S&T
Combustion
Electric
2017
3a
University of Michigan
University of Pennsylvania
2018
4a
École de technologie supérieure
Carnegie Mellon
2019
5a
École de technologie supérieure
Carnegie Mellon
Austria
Formula Student Austria
Year
Ed.
Winner
2010
1st
Global Formula Racing
2011
2nd
Global Formula Racing
2012
3rd
Global Formula Racing
2013
4th
ETH Zürich
Combustion
Electric
2014
5th
Global Formula Racing
ETH Zürich
2015
6th
Global Formula Racing
ETH Zürich
2016
7th
University of Stuttgart
ETH Zürich
2017
8th
University of Stuttgart
ETH Zürich
2018
9th
Graz University of Technology
Hamburg University of Technology
2019
10th
Fachhochschule Joanneum Graz
Technical University of Munich
2020
not held
2021
11th
Hochschule Esslingen
RWTH Aachen
2022
12th
Universität Stuttgart
Universität Stuttgart
2023
13th
Czech Technical University in Prague
Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau
Czech
Formula Student Czech
Year
Date
Ed.
Place
Winner
2015
1a
HAW Hamburg
2016
2a
University of Bath
2017
3a
Brno University of Technology
2018
4a
2021
6a
Prom Racing NTUA FSAE Team
Croatia
Formula Student Alpe Adria
Year
Date
Ed.
Place
Winner
2017
1a
Rijeka
Riteh Racing Team
2019
2a
Rijeka
Superior Engineering
Combustion
Electric
2021
3a
Novi Marof
UPBracing Team
Greenteam Uni Stuttgart
2022
4a
Novi Marof
Rennstall Esslingen
Joanneum Racing Graz
2023
5a
Micevec
Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
Rennstall Esslingen
Germany
Year
Winner
2006
TU Graz
2007
University of Stuttgart
2008
Delft University of Technology
2009
University of Stuttgart
Combustion
Electric
2010
Delft University of Technology
University of Stuttgart
2011
Global Formula Racing (c)
Delft University of Technology (e)
2012
University of Stuttgart
Delft University of Technology
2013
Global Formula Racing (c)
Delft University of Technology
2014
Global Formula Racing (c)
ETH Zürich
2015
Global Formula Racing (c)
Delft University of Technology
2016
TU Munich
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Combustion
Electric
Driverless
2017
Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
University of Stuttgart
ETH Zürich
2018
University of Stuttgart
ETH Zürich
ETH Zürich
2019
Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
TU Munich
ETH Zürich
2020
Cancelled due to COVID-19 Pandemic
2021
Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
University of Stuttgart
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
2022
Karlsruhe UAS
University of Stuttgart
Augsburg UAS
2023
Karlsruhe UAS
RWTH Aachen
Chalmers UT
Electric
Driverless
2024
TBD
TBD
Others
Year
Formula Student Spain
Formula Student Hungary (Formula Student East)
Formula SAE Australasia
Formula SAE Virginia
2019
2018
Combustion:
University of Stuttgart
Electric: University of Stuttgart
2017
Combustion:
TU Graz
Electric:
ETH Zürich
University of Stuttgart
Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba (c)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (e)
Monash University (c) (e)
(event not held)
2016
Combustion:
University of Stuttgart
Electric:
Delft University of Technology
University of São Paulo - EESC-USP, São Carlos (c)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (e)
University of Wollongong
(event not held)
2015
ETH Zurich
University of Stuttgart (c)
ETH Zürich (e)
University of São Paulo - EESC-USP, São Carlos (c)
Centro Universitário da FEI (e)
Monash University
(event not held)
2014
Global Formula Racing (c)
ETH Zürich (e)
University of Bologna (c)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (e)
Monash University
(event not held)
2013
Esslingen University of Applied Sciences (c)
Munich University of Applied Science (e)
Centro Universitario da FEI (c)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (e)
Monash University
(event not held)
2012
Hybrid:
Brigham Young University Université de Sherbrooke (tie)
Electric: University of Kansas
Esslingen University of Applied Sciences (c)
ETH Zürich (e)
Centro Universitário da FEI (c)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (e)
Monash University
(event not held)
2011
Texas A&M University
DHBW Stuttgart (c)
ETH Zürich (e)
Centro Universitário da FEI
Monash University
Missouri S&T
2010
Politecnico Di Torino
University of Hannover
Centro Universitário da FEI
Monash University
University of Wisconsin
2009
Texas A&M University
Centro Universitário da FEI
Monash University
2008
Sophia University
Centro Universitário da FEI
University of Stuttgart
2007
Faculdade de Engenharia de Sorocaba
University of Western Australia
2006
Centro Universitário da FEI
University of Western Australia
2005
University of São Paulo - São Carlos
RMIT University
2004
University of São Paulo - São Carlos
University of Wollongong
2003
Georgia Tech
2002
University of Wollongong
2001
Rochester Institute of Technology
2000
University of New South Wales
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
(c) - combustion
(e) - electric
(h) - hybrid
Notes
From 2006 to 2011 Formula SAE West was held at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, CA.
References
^ "Formula Student Combustion - World Ranking List". mazur-events.de. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
^ "Formula Student Electric - World Ranking List". mazur-events.de. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
^ "Formula SAE Italy – Formula ATA".
^ "NTUA Prom racing team Wins the Competition Formula Student Czech Republic 2021". www.ece.ntua.gr. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
^ "FSG: Results FSG 2022". www.formulastudent.de. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "FSAE History". www.fsaeonline.com. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
External links
Formula Student World Rankings | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Formula SAE winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland - College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_-_College_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_at_Ann_Arbor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Akron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Wollongong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wollongong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"RMIT University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMIT_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Graz University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Global Formula Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Formula_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Global Formula Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Formula_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Global Formula Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Formula_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Global Formula Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Formula_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Global Formula Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Formula_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"University of Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_at_Ann_Arbor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Polytechnique Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnique_Montreal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"École de technologie supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure"}],"sub_title":"Formula SAE","text":"1981\t Stevens Institute of Technology\n1982\t University of Texas at Austin\n1983\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1984\t University of Houston\n1985\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1986\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1987\t University of Maryland - College Park\n1988\t Cornell University\n1989\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1990\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1991\t Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University\n1992\t Cornell University\n1993\t Cornell University\n1994\t University of Michigan at Ann Arbor\n1995\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1996\t University of Texas at Arlington\n1997\t Cornell University\n1998\t Cornell University\n1999\t University of Akron\n2000\t Texas A&M University\n2001\t Cornell University\n2002\t Cornell University\n2003\t University of Wollongong\n2004\t Cornell University\n2005\t Cornell University\n2006\t RMIT University\n2007\t University of Wisconsin–Madison\n2008\t University of Western Australia\n2009\t Graz University of Technology\n2010\t/ Global Formula Racing\n2011\t/ Global Formula Racing\n2012\t/ Global Formula Racing\n2013\t University of Stuttgart\n2014\t/ Global Formula Racing\n2015\t/ Global Formula Racing\n2016\t University of Stuttgart\n2017\t University of Stuttgart\n2018\t University of Stuttgart\n2019\t University of Stuttgart\n2021\t University of Michigan at Ann Arbor\n2022\t University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Combustion / Polytechnique Montreal Electric\n2023 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Combustion / École de technologie supérieure Electric","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula SAE Lincoln","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula Student § Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Student#Winners"}],"sub_title":"Formula Student","text":"See also: Formula Student § Winners","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula SAE Italy[3]","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula SAE Japan","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula North","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Austria"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula Student Austria","title":"Austria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Czech"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula Student Czech","title":"Czech"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formula Student Alpe Adria","title":"Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(c) - combustion(e) - electric(h) - hybrid","title":"Others"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auto Club Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Club_Speedway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"From 2006 to 2011 Formula SAE West was held at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, CA.[6]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Formula Student Combustion - World Ranking List\". mazur-events.de. Retrieved 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://mazur-events.de/fs-world/C/","url_text":"\"Formula Student Combustion - World Ranking List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula Student Electric - World Ranking List\". mazur-events.de. Retrieved 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://mazur-events.de/fs-world/E/","url_text":"\"Formula Student Electric - World Ranking List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula SAE Italy – Formula ATA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula-ata.it/formula-sae-italy/","url_text":"\"Formula SAE Italy – Formula ATA\""}]},{"reference":"\"NTUA Prom racing team Wins the Competition Formula Student Czech Republic 2021\". www.ece.ntua.gr. Retrieved 2022-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ece.ntua.gr/en/article/466","url_text":"\"NTUA Prom racing team Wins the Competition Formula Student Czech Republic 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"FSG: Results FSG 2022\". www.formulastudent.de. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/","url_text":"\"FSG: Results FSG 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"FSAE History\". www.fsaeonline.com. Retrieved 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fsaeonline.com/page.aspx?pageid=c4c5195a-60c0-46aa-acbf-2958ef545b72","url_text":"\"FSAE History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://mazur-events.de/fs-world/C/","external_links_name":"\"Formula Student Combustion - World Ranking List\""},{"Link":"https://mazur-events.de/fs-world/E/","external_links_name":"\"Formula Student Electric - World Ranking List\""},{"Link":"https://www.formula-ata.it/formula-sae-italy/","external_links_name":"\"Formula SAE Italy – Formula ATA\""},{"Link":"https://www.ece.ntua.gr/en/article/466","external_links_name":"\"NTUA Prom racing team Wins the Competition Formula Student Czech Republic 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/","external_links_name":"\"FSG: Results FSG 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.fsaeonline.com/page.aspx?pageid=c4c5195a-60c0-46aa-acbf-2958ef545b72","external_links_name":"\"FSAE History\""},{"Link":"https://mazur-events.de/fs-world/C/","external_links_name":"Formula Student World Rankings"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm | Ohm | ["1 Definition","2 Relation to conductance","3 Power as a function of resistance","4 History","4.1 Historical units of resistance","5 Realization of standards","6 Symbol","7 See also","8 Notes and references","9 External links"] | SI derived unit of electrical resistance
This article is about the SI derived unit. For other uses, see Ohm (disambiguation).
ohmA laboratory one-ohm standard resistor, c. 1917General informationUnit systemSIUnit ofelectrical resistanceSymbolΩNamed afterGeorg OhmConversions
1 Ω in ...... is equal to ...
SI base units kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−2
The ohm (symbol: Ω, the uppercase Greek letter omega) is the unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after German physicist Georg Ohm. Various empirically derived standard units for electrical resistance were developed in connection with early telegraphy practice, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science proposed a unit derived from existing units of mass, length and time, and of a convenient scale for practical work as early as 1861.
Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, in which the ampere and the kilogram were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined as an exact value in terms of these constants.
Definition
One of the functions of many types of multimeters is the measurement of resistance in ohms.
The ohm is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of one volt (V), applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere (A), the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force.
Ω
=
V
A
=
1
S
=
W
A
2
=
V
2
W
=
s
F
=
H
s
=
Wb
C
=
J
⋅
s
C
2
=
kg
⋅
m
2
s
⋅
C
2
=
J
s
⋅
A
2
=
kg
⋅
m
2
s
3
⋅
A
2
{\displaystyle \Omega ={\dfrac {\text{V}}{\text{A}}}={\dfrac {1}{\text{S}}}={\dfrac {\text{W}}{{\text{A}}^{2}}}={\dfrac {{\text{V}}^{2}}{\text{W}}}={\dfrac {\text{s}}{\text{F}}}={\dfrac {\text{H}}{\text{s}}}={\dfrac {\text{Wb}}{\text{C}}}={\dfrac {{\text{J}}{\cdot }{\text{s}}}{{\text{C}}^{2}}}={\dfrac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}}{{\text{s}}{\cdot }{\text{C}}^{2}}}={\dfrac {\text{J}}{{\text{s}}{\cdot }{\text{A}}^{2}}}={\dfrac {{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}^{2}}{{\text{s}}^{3}{\cdot }{\text{A}}^{2}}}}
in which the following additional units appear: siemens (S), watt (W), second (s), farad (F), henry (H), weber (Wb), joule (J), coulomb (C), kilogram (kg), and meter (m).
In many cases the resistance of a conductor is approximately constant within a certain range of voltages, temperatures, and other parameters. These are called linear resistors. In other cases resistance varies, such as in the case of the thermistor, which exhibits a strong dependence of its resistance with temperature.
In the US, a double vowel in the prefixed units "kiloohm" and "megaohm" is commonly simplified, producing "kilohm" and "megohm".
In alternating current circuits, electrical impedance is also measured in ohms.
Relation to conductance
The siemens (S) is the SI derived unit of electric conductance and admittance, historically known as the "mho" (ohm spelled backwards, symbol is ℧); it is the reciprocal of the ohm: 1 S = 1 Ω−1.
Power as a function of resistance
The power dissipated by a resistor may be calculated from its resistance, and the voltage or current involved. The formula is a combination of Ohm's law and Joule's law:
P
=
V
I
=
V
2
R
=
I
2
R
,
{\displaystyle P=VI={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}=I^{2}R,}
where P is the power, R is the resistance, V is the voltage across the resistor, and I is the current through the resistor.
A linear resistor has a constant resistance value over all applied voltages or currents; many practical resistors are linear over a useful range of currents. Non-linear resistors have a value that may vary depending on the applied voltage (or current). Where alternating current is applied to the circuit (or where the resistance value is a function of time), the relation above is true at any instant, but calculation of average power over an interval of time requires integration of "instantaneous" power over that interval.
Since the ohm belongs to a coherent system of units, when each of these quantities has its corresponding SI unit (watt for P, ohm for R, volt for V and ampere for I, which are related as in § Definition) this formula remains valid numerically when these units are used (and thought of as being cancelled or omitted).
History
The rapid rise of electrotechnology in the last half of the 19th century created a demand for a rational, coherent, consistent, and international system of units for electrical quantities. Telegraphers and other early users of electricity in the 19th century needed a practical standard unit of measurement for resistance. Resistance was often expressed as a multiple of the resistance of a standard length of telegraph wires; different agencies used different bases for a standard, so units were not readily interchangeable. Electrical units so defined were not a coherent system with the units for energy, mass, length, and time, requiring conversion factors to be used in calculations relating energy or power to resistance.
Two different methods of establishing a system of electrical units can be chosen. Various artifacts, such as a length of wire or a standard electrochemical cell, could be specified as producing defined quantities for resistance, voltage, and so on. Alternatively, the electrical units can be related to the mechanical units by defining, for example, a unit of current that gives a specified force between two wires, or a unit of charge that gives a unit of force between two unit charges. This latter method ensures coherence with the units of energy. Defining a unit for resistance that is coherent with units of energy and time in effect also requires defining units for potential and current. It is desirable that one unit of electrical potential will force one unit of electric current through one unit of electrical resistance, doing one unit of work in one unit of time, otherwise, all electrical calculations will require conversion factors.
Since so-called "absolute" units of charge and current are expressed as combinations of units of mass, length, and time, dimensional analysis of the relations between potential, current, and resistance show that resistance is expressed in units of length per time – a velocity. Some early definitions of a unit of resistance, for example, defined a unit resistance as one quadrant of the Earth per second.
The absolute-unit system related magnetic and electrostatic quantities to metric base units of mass, time, and length. These units had the great advantage of simplifying the equations used in the solution of electromagnetic problems, and eliminated conversion factors in calculations about electrical quantities. However, the centimeter–gram–second, CGS, units turned out to have impractical sizes for practical measurements.
Various artifact standards were proposed as the definition of the unit of resistance. In 1860 Werner Siemens (1816–1892) published a suggestion for a reproducible resistance standard in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie. He proposed a column of pure mercury, of one square millimeter cross section, one meter long: Siemens mercury unit. However, this unit was not coherent with other units. One proposal was to devise a unit based on a mercury column that would be coherent – in effect, adjusting the length to make the resistance one ohm. Not all users of units had the resources to carry out metrology experiments to the required precision, so working standards notionally based on the physical definition were required.
In 1861, Latimer Clark (1822–1898) and Sir Charles Bright (1832–1888) presented a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting suggesting that standards for electrical units be established and suggesting names for these units derived from eminent philosophers, 'Ohma', 'Farad' and 'Volt'. The BAAS in 1861 appointed a committee including Maxwell and Thomson to report upon standards of electrical resistance. Their objectives were to devise a unit that was of convenient size, part of a complete system for electrical measurements, coherent with the units for energy, stable, reproducible and based on the French metrical system. In the third report of the committee, 1864, the resistance unit is referred to as "B.A. unit, or Ohmad". By 1867 the unit is referred to as simply ohm.
The B.A. ohm was intended to be 109 CGS units but owing to an error in calculations the definition was 1.3% too small. The error was significant for preparation of working standards.
On 21 September 1881 the International Electrical Congress defined a practical unit of ohm for the resistance, based on CGS units, using a mercury column 1 mm2 in cross-section, approximately 104.9 cm in length at 0 °C, similar to the apparatus suggested by Siemens.
A legal ohm, a reproducible standard, was defined by the international conference of electricians at Paris in 1884 as the resistance of a mercury column of specified weight and 106 cm long; this was a compromise value between the B. A. unit (equivalent to 104.7 cm), the Siemens unit (100 cm by definition), and the CGS unit. Although called "legal", this standard was not adopted by any national legislation. The "international" ohm was recommended by unanimous resolution at the International Electrical Congress 1893 in Chicago. The unit was based upon the ohm equal to 109 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electromagnetic units. The international ohm is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current in a mercury column of constant cross-sectional area 106.3 cm long of mass 14.4521 grams and 0 °C. This definition became the basis for the legal definition of the ohm in several countries. In 1908, this definition was adopted by scientific representatives from several countries at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London. The mercury column standard was maintained until the 1948 General Conference on Weights and Measures, at which the ohm was redefined in absolute terms instead of as an artifact standard.
By the end of the 19th century, units were well understood and consistent. Definitions would change with little effect on commercial uses of the units. Advances in metrology allowed definitions to be formulated with a high degree of precision and repeatability.
Historical units of resistance
Unit
Definition
Value in B.A. ohms
Remarks
Absolute foot/second × 107
using imperial units
0.3048
considered obsolete even in 1884
Thomson's unit
using imperial units
0.3202
100 million ft/s (30,480 km/s), considered obsolete even in 1884
Jacobi copper unit
A specified copper wire 25 ft (7.620 m) long weighing 345 gr (22.36 g)
0.6367
Used in 1850s
Weber's absolute unit × 107
Based on the meter and the second
0.9191
Siemens mercury unit
1860. A column of pure mercury
0.9537
100 cm and 1 mm2 cross section at 0 °C
British Association (B.A.) "ohm"
1863
1.000
Standard coils deposited at Kew Observatory in 1863
Digney, Breguet, Swiss
9.266–10.420
Iron wire 1 km long and 4 mm2 cross section
Matthiessen
13.59
1 mi (1.609 km) of 1⁄16-inch-diameter (1.588 mm) pure annealed copper wire at 15.5 °C
Varley
25.61
One mile of special 1⁄16-inch-diameter copper wire
German mile
57.44
A German mile (8,238 yd or 7,533 m) of iron wire 1⁄6 in (4.233 mm) diameter
Abohm
10−9
Electromagnetic absolute unit in centimeter–gram–second units
Statohm
8.987551787×1011
Electrostatic absolute unit in centimeter–gram–second units
Realization of standards
The mercury column method of realizing a physical standard ohm turned out to be difficult to reproduce, owing to the effects of non-constant cross section of the glass tubing. Various resistance coils were constructed by the British Association and others, to serve as physical artifact standards for the unit of resistance. The long-term stability and reproducibility of these artifacts was an ongoing field of research, as the effects of temperature, air pressure, humidity, and time on the standards were detected and analyzed.
Artifact standards are still used, but metrology experiments relating accurately dimensioned inductors and capacitors provided a more fundamental basis for the definition of the ohm. Since 1990 the quantum Hall effect has been used to define the ohm with high precision and repeatability. The quantum Hall experiments are used to check the stability of working standards that have convenient values for comparison.
Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, in which the ampere and the kilogram were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined in terms of these constants.
Symbol
The symbol Ω was suggested, because of the similar sound of ohm and omega, by William Henry Preece in 1867. In documents printed before Second World War the unit symbol often consisted of the raised lowercase omega (ω), such that 56 Ω was written as 56ω.
Historically, some document editing software applications have used the Symbol typeface to render the character Ω. Where the font is not supported, the same document may be displayed with a "W" ("10 W" instead of "10 Ω", for instance). As W represents the watt, the SI unit of power, this can lead to confusion, making the use of the correct Unicode code point preferable.
Where the character set is limited to ASCII, the IEEE 260.1 standard recommends using the unit name "ohm" as a symbol instead of Ω.
In the electronics industry it is common to use the character R instead of the Ω symbol, thus, a 10 Ω resistor may be represented as 10R. This is part of the RKM code. It is used in many instances where the value has a decimal place. For example, 5.6 Ω is listed as 5R6, or 2200 Ω is listed as 2K2. This method avoids overlooking the decimal point, which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents.
Unicode encodes the symbol as U+2126 Ω OHM SIGN, distinct from Greek omega among letterlike symbols, but it is only included for backward compatibility and the Greek uppercase omega character U+03A9 Ω GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA (Ω, Ω) is preferred. In MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, the alt code ALT 234 may produce the Ω symbol. In Mac OS, ⌥ Opt+Z does the same.
See also
Electronic color code, used for indicating the value of resistors
History of measurement
International Committee for Weights and Measures
Orders of magnitude (resistance)
Resistivity
Notes and references
^ BIPM SI Brochure: Appendix 1, p.46 (pdf)
^ SASB/SCC14 – SCC14 – Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols (2002-12-30). IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (November 2008) . "Chapter 9.3 Spelling unit names with prefixes". Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (2nd corrected printing, 2008 ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. CODEN NSPUE3. NIST Special Publication 811. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31. p. 31: Reference points out that there are three cases in which the final vowel of an SI prefix is commonly omitted: megohm (not megaohm), kilohm (not kiloohm), and hectare (not hectoare). In all other cases in which the unit name begins with a vowel, both the final vowel of the prefix and the vowel of the unit name are retained and both are pronounced. (85 pages)
^ "NIST Guide to the SI". Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Physical Measurement Laboratory. 2016-08-25 . Chapter 9: Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, 9.3: Spelling unit names with prefixes. Special Publication 811. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
^ Aubrecht II, Gordon J.; French, Anthony P.; Iona, Mario (2012-01-20). "About the International System of Units (SI) Part IV. Writing, Spelling, and Mathematics". The Physics Teacher. 50 (2): 77–79. Bibcode:2012PhTea..50...77A. doi:10.1119/1.3677278.
^ Hunt, Bruce J. (1994). "The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards" (PDF). Osiris. 2. 9: 48–63. doi:10.1086/368729. S2CID 145557228. Archived from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
^ Siemens, Werner (1860). "Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 186 (5): 1–20. Bibcode:1860AnP...186....1S. doi:10.1002/andp.18601860502.
^ Clark, Latimer; Bright, Sir Charles (1861-11-09). "Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance". The Electrician. 1 (1): 3–4. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
^ Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861. September 1861. pp. xxxix–xl.
^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming (September 1862). Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. pp. 125–163. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Joule, James Prescott; Varley, C. F. (September 1864). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. Foldout facing page 349. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Varley, C. F.; Foster, G. C.; Clark, Latimer; Forbes, D.; Hockin, Charles; Joule, James Prescott (September 1867). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. 488. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
^ "The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884". Nature. 30 (758): 26–27. May 1884. doi:10.1038/030026a0. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
^ a b Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). "Units, Physical" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–745, see page 742. An Electrical Congress was held in Chicago, U.S.A. in August 1893, to consider......and at the last one held in London in October 1908 were finally adopted
^ Gordon Wigan (trans. and ed.), Electrician's Pocket Book, Cassel and Company, London, 1884
^ Historical Studies in International Corporate Business. Teich p34
^ R. Dzuiba and others, Stability of Double-Walled Maganin Resistors in NIST Special Publication Proceedings of SPIE, The Institute, 1988 pp. 63–64
^ Preece, William Henry (1867), "The B.A. unit for electrical measurements", Philosophical Magazine, vol. 33, p. 397, retrieved 2017-02-26
^ E.g. recommended in HTML 4.01: "HTML 4.01 Specification". W3C. 1998. Section 24.1 "Introduction to character entity references". Retrieved 2018-11-22.
^ Excerpts from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, accessed 11 October 2006
External links
Scanned books of Georg Simon Ohm at the library of the University of Applied Sciences Nuernberg
Official SI brochure
NIST Special Publication 811
History of the ohm at sizes.com
History of the electrical units.
vteSI unitsBase units
ampere
candela
kelvin
kilogram
metre
mole
second
Derived units with special names
becquerel
coulomb
degree Celsius
farad
gray
henry
hertz
joule
katal
lumen
lux
newton
ohm
pascal
radian
siemens
sievert
steradian
tesla
volt
watt
weber
Other accepted units
astronomical unit
dalton
day
decibel
degree of arc
electronvolt
hectare
hour
litre
minute
minute and second of arc
neper
tonne
See also
Conversion of units
Metric prefixes
Historical definitions of the SI base units
2019 redefinition
System of units of measurement
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohm (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega"},{"link_name":"electrical resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"},{"link_name":"International System of Units (SI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"Georg Ohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ohm"},{"link_name":"telegraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"2019 redefinition of the SI base units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"}],"text":"SI derived unit of electrical resistanceThis article is about the SI derived unit. For other uses, see Ohm (disambiguation).The ohm (symbol: Ω, the uppercase Greek letter omega) is the unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after German physicist Georg Ohm. Various empirically derived standard units for electrical resistance were developed in connection with early telegraphy practice, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science proposed a unit derived from existing units of mass, length and time, and of a convenient scale for practical work as early as 1861.Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, in which the ampere and the kilogram were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined as an exact value in terms of these constants.","title":"Ohm"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electronic_multi_meter.jpg"},{"link_name":"multimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimeter"},{"link_name":"volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"electromotive force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIPM_SI9-1"},{"link_name":"siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"farad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad"},{"link_name":"henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)"},{"link_name":"weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(unit)"},{"link_name":"joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"link_name":"coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear"},{"link_name":"resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"thermistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI10-2002-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-Taylor_2008-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aubrecht-French-Iona_2012-5"},{"link_name":"electrical impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"}],"text":"One of the functions of many types of multimeters is the measurement of resistance in ohms.The ohm is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of one volt (V), applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere (A), the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force.[1]Ω\n =\n \n \n \n V\n A\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n S\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n W\n \n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n 2\n \n \n W\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n s\n F\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n H\n s\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Wb\n C\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n kg\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n C\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n J\n \n \n s\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n kg\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega ={\\dfrac {\\text{V}}{\\text{A}}}={\\dfrac {1}{\\text{S}}}={\\dfrac {\\text{W}}{{\\text{A}}^{2}}}={\\dfrac {{\\text{V}}^{2}}{\\text{W}}}={\\dfrac {\\text{s}}{\\text{F}}}={\\dfrac {\\text{H}}{\\text{s}}}={\\dfrac {\\text{Wb}}{\\text{C}}}={\\dfrac {{\\text{J}}{\\cdot }{\\text{s}}}{{\\text{C}}^{2}}}={\\dfrac {{\\text{kg}}{\\cdot }{\\text{m}}^{2}}{{\\text{s}}{\\cdot }{\\text{C}}^{2}}}={\\dfrac {\\text{J}}{{\\text{s}}{\\cdot }{\\text{A}}^{2}}}={\\dfrac {{\\text{kg}}{\\cdot }{\\text{m}}^{2}}{{\\text{s}}^{3}{\\cdot }{\\text{A}}^{2}}}}in which the following additional units appear: siemens (S), watt (W), second (s), farad (F), henry (H), weber (Wb), joule (J), coulomb (C), kilogram (kg), and meter (m).In many cases the resistance of a conductor is approximately constant within a certain range of voltages, temperatures, and other parameters. These are called linear resistors. In other cases resistance varies, such as in the case of the thermistor, which exhibits a strong dependence of its resistance with temperature.In the US, a double vowel in the prefixed units \"kiloohm\" and \"megaohm\" is commonly simplified, producing \"kilohm\" and \"megohm\".[2][3][4][5]In alternating current circuits, electrical impedance is also measured in ohms.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)"},{"link_name":"SI derived unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit"},{"link_name":"electric conductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_conductance"},{"link_name":"admittance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance"},{"link_name":"reciprocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse"}],"text":"The siemens (S) is the SI derived unit of electric conductance and admittance, historically known as the \"mho\" (ohm spelled backwards, symbol is ℧); it is the reciprocal of the ohm: 1 S = 1 Ω−1.","title":"Relation to conductance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"Ohm's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Joule's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%27s_first_law"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral"},{"link_name":"coherent system of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(units_of_measurement)"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"§ Definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Definition"}],"text":"The power dissipated by a resistor may be calculated from its resistance, and the voltage or current involved. The formula is a combination of Ohm's law and Joule's law:P\n =\n V\n I\n =\n \n \n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n R\n \n \n =\n \n I\n \n 2\n \n \n R\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=VI={\\frac {V^{2}}{R}}=I^{2}R,}where P is the power, R is the resistance, V is the voltage across the resistor, and I is the current through the resistor.A linear resistor has a constant resistance value over all applied voltages or currents; many practical resistors are linear over a useful range of currents. Non-linear resistors have a value that may vary depending on the applied voltage (or current). Where alternating current is applied to the circuit (or where the resistance value is a function of time), the relation above is true at any instant, but calculation of average power over an interval of time requires integration of \"instantaneous\" power over that interval.Since the ohm belongs to a coherent system of units, when each of these quantities has its corresponding SI unit (watt for P, ohm for R, volt for V and ampere for I, which are related as in § Definition) this formula remains valid numerically when these units are used (and thought of as being cancelled or omitted).","title":"Power as a function of resistance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_1994-6"},{"link_name":"electrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical"},{"link_name":"dimensional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Werner Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Siemens"},{"link_name":"Poggendorff's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Poggendorff"},{"link_name":"Annalen der Physik und Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siemens_1860-7"},{"link_name":"Siemens mercury unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_mercury_unit"},{"link_name":"metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology"},{"link_name":"Latimer Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"International Electrical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress"},{"link_name":"CGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb11-p742-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb11-p742-14"},{"link_name":"General Conference on Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"}],"text":"The rapid rise of electrotechnology in the last half of the 19th century created a demand for a rational, coherent, consistent, and international system of units for electrical quantities. Telegraphers and other early users of electricity in the 19th century needed a practical standard unit of measurement for resistance. Resistance was often expressed as a multiple of the resistance of a standard length of telegraph wires; different agencies used different bases for a standard, so units were not readily interchangeable. Electrical units so defined were not a coherent system with the units for energy, mass, length, and time, requiring conversion factors to be used in calculations relating energy or power to resistance.[6]Two different methods of establishing a system of electrical units can be chosen. Various artifacts, such as a length of wire or a standard electrochemical cell, could be specified as producing defined quantities for resistance, voltage, and so on. Alternatively, the electrical units can be related to the mechanical units by defining, for example, a unit of current that gives a specified force between two wires, or a unit of charge that gives a unit of force between two unit charges. This latter method ensures coherence with the units of energy. Defining a unit for resistance that is coherent with units of energy and time in effect also requires defining units for potential and current. It is desirable that one unit of electrical potential will force one unit of electric current through one unit of electrical resistance, doing one unit of work in one unit of time, otherwise, all electrical calculations will require conversion factors.Since so-called \"absolute\" units of charge and current are expressed as combinations of units of mass, length, and time, dimensional analysis of the relations between potential, current, and resistance show that resistance is expressed in units of length per time – a velocity. Some early definitions of a unit of resistance, for example, defined a unit resistance as one quadrant of the Earth per second.The absolute-unit system related magnetic and electrostatic quantities to metric base units of mass, time, and length. These units had the great advantage of simplifying the equations used in the solution of electromagnetic problems, and eliminated conversion factors in calculations about electrical quantities. However, the centimeter–gram–second, CGS, units turned out to have impractical sizes for practical measurements.Various artifact standards were proposed as the definition of the unit of resistance. In 1860 Werner Siemens (1816–1892) published a suggestion for a reproducible resistance standard in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie.[7] He proposed a column of pure mercury, of one square millimeter cross section, one meter long: Siemens mercury unit. However, this unit was not coherent with other units. One proposal was to devise a unit based on a mercury column that would be coherent – in effect, adjusting the length to make the resistance one ohm. Not all users of units had the resources to carry out metrology experiments to the required precision, so working standards notionally based on the physical definition were required.In 1861, Latimer Clark (1822–1898) and Sir Charles Bright (1832–1888) presented a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting [8] suggesting that standards for electrical units be established and suggesting names for these units derived from eminent philosophers, 'Ohma', 'Farad' and 'Volt'. The BAAS in 1861 appointed a committee including Maxwell and Thomson to report upon standards of electrical resistance.[9] Their objectives were to devise a unit that was of convenient size, part of a complete system for electrical measurements, coherent with the units for energy, stable, reproducible and based on the French metrical system.[10] In the third report of the committee, 1864, the resistance unit is referred to as \"B.A. unit, or Ohmad\".[11] By 1867 the unit is referred to as simply ohm.[12]The B.A. ohm was intended to be 109 CGS units but owing to an error in calculations the definition was 1.3% too small. The error was significant for preparation of working standards.On 21 September 1881 the International Electrical Congress defined a practical unit of ohm for the resistance, based on CGS units, using a mercury column 1 mm2 in cross-section, approximately 104.9 cm in length at 0 °C, similar to the apparatus suggested by Siemens.A legal ohm, a reproducible standard, was defined by the international conference of electricians at Paris in 1884 as the resistance of a mercury column of specified weight and 106 cm long; this was a compromise value between the B. A. unit (equivalent to 104.7 cm), the Siemens unit (100 cm by definition), and the CGS unit.[13] Although called \"legal\", this standard was not adopted by any national legislation. The \"international\" ohm was recommended by unanimous resolution at the International Electrical Congress 1893 in Chicago.[14] The unit was based upon the ohm equal to 109 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electromagnetic units. The international ohm is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current in a mercury column of constant cross-sectional area 106.3 cm long of mass 14.4521 grams and 0 °C. This definition became the basis for the legal definition of the ohm in several countries. In 1908, this definition was adopted by scientific representatives from several countries at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London.[14] The mercury column standard was maintained until the 1948 General Conference on Weights and Measures, at which the ohm was redefined in absolute terms instead of as an artifact standard.By the end of the 19th century, units were well understood and consistent. Definitions would change with little effect on commercial uses of the units. Advances in metrology allowed definitions to be formulated with a high degree of precision and repeatability.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historical units of resistance","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology"},{"link_name":"quantum Hall effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2019 redefinition of the SI base units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units"},{"link_name":"ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"fundamental constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant"}],"text":"The mercury column method of realizing a physical standard ohm turned out to be difficult to reproduce, owing to the effects of non-constant cross section of the glass tubing. Various resistance coils were constructed by the British Association and others, to serve as physical artifact standards for the unit of resistance. The long-term stability and reproducibility of these artifacts was an ongoing field of research, as the effects of temperature, air pressure, humidity, and time on the standards were detected and analyzed.Artifact standards are still used, but metrology experiments relating accurately dimensioned inductors and capacitors provided a more fundamental basis for the definition of the ohm. Since 1990 the quantum Hall effect has been used to define the ohm with high precision and repeatability. The quantum Hall experiments are used to check the stability of working standards that have convenient values for comparison.[17]Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, in which the ampere and the kilogram were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined in terms of these constants.","title":"Realization of standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Henry Preece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Preece"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Symbol typeface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"IEEE 260.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Std_260.1-2004"},{"link_name":"RKM code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKM_code"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"letterlike symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterlike_symbols"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"alt code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_code"}],"text":"The symbol Ω was suggested, because of the similar sound of ohm and omega, by William Henry Preece in 1867.[18] In documents printed before Second World War the unit symbol often consisted of the raised lowercase omega (ω), such that 56 Ω was written as 56ω.Historically, some document editing software applications have used the Symbol typeface to render the character Ω.[19] Where the font is not supported, the same document may be displayed with a \"W\" (\"10 W\" instead of \"10 Ω\", for instance). As W represents the watt, the SI unit of power, this can lead to confusion, making the use of the correct Unicode code point preferable.Where the character set is limited to ASCII, the IEEE 260.1 standard recommends using the unit name \"ohm\" as a symbol instead of Ω.In the electronics industry it is common to use the character R instead of the Ω symbol, thus, a 10 Ω resistor may be represented as 10R. This is part of the RKM code. It is used in many instances where the value has a decimal place. For example, 5.6 Ω is listed as 5R6, or 2200 Ω is listed as 2K2. This method avoids overlooking the decimal point, which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents.Unicode encodes the symbol as U+2126 Ω OHM SIGN, distinct from Greek omega among letterlike symbols, but it is only included for backward compatibility and the Greek uppercase omega character U+03A9 Ω GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA (Ω, Ω) is preferred.[20] In MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, the alt code ALT 234 may produce the Ω symbol. In Mac OS, ⌥ Opt+Z does the same.","title":"Symbol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BIPM_SI9_1-0"},{"link_name":"BIPM SI Brochure: Appendix 1, p.46 (pdf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SI10-2002_2-0"},{"link_name":"IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//standards.ieee.org/standard/SI10-2002.html"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thompson-Taylor_2008_3-0"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"CODEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"NSPUE3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=NSPUE3"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210131024615/https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SI10-2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NIST_2016_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"NIST Guide to the SI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210131024623/https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec09.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aubrecht-French-Iona_2012_5-0"},{"link_name":"The Physics Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012PhTea..50...77A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhTea..50...77A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1119/1.3677278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1119%2F1.3677278"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hunt_1994_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140308030456/https://webspace.utexas.edu/huntbj/1994-Ohm-Osiris.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/368729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F368729"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145557228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557228"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//liberalarts.utexas.edu/hps/publications/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Siemens_1860_7-0"},{"link_name":"Siemens, Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Siemens"},{"link_name":"\"Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1423670"},{"link_name":"Annalen der Physik und Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1860AnP...186....1S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1860AnP...186....1S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/andp.18601860502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18601860502"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Clark, Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark"},{"link_name":"Bright, Sir Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright"},{"link_name":"\"Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7BdbAAAAYAAJ&q=ohma&pg=PA3"},{"link_name":"The Electrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electrician"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052#page/44/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Williamson, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Wheatstone, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone"},{"link_name":"Thomson, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"Miller, W. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller"},{"link_name":"Matthiessen, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen"},{"link_name":"Jenkin, Fleeming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin"},{"link_name":"Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29361871#page/192/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Williamson, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Wheatstone, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone"},{"link_name":"Thomson, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"Miller, W. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller"},{"link_name":"Matthiessen, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen"},{"link_name":"Jenkin, Fleeming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin"},{"link_name":"Bright, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright"},{"link_name":"Maxwell, James Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Siemens, Carl Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens"},{"link_name":"Stewart, Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Joule, James Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule"},{"link_name":"Varley, C. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Varley"},{"link_name":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93072#page/434/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Williamson, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Wheatstone, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone"},{"link_name":"Thomson, W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"Miller, W. H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller"},{"link_name":"Matthiessen, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen"},{"link_name":"Jenkin, Fleeming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin"},{"link_name":"Bright, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright"},{"link_name":"Maxwell, James Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Siemens, Carl Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens"},{"link_name":"Stewart, Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Varley, C. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Varley"},{"link_name":"Clark, Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark"},{"link_name":"Joule, James Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule"},{"link_name":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93115#page/578/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nature.com/articles/030026a0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/030026a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F030026a0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eb11-p742_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eb11-p742_14-1"},{"link_name":"Fleming, John Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming"},{"link_name":"\"Units, Physical\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Units,_Physical"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Historical Studies in International Corporate Business. Teich p34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OkxGT9mfNGkC&dq=%22Siemens+mercury+unit%22&pg=PA32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The B.A. unit for electrical measurements\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6Yg7AQAAMAAJ&q=ohm+preece+symbol&pg=PA397"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"HTML 4.01 Specification\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.w3.org/TR/html401/sgml/entities.html#h-24.1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch07.pdf#search=%22character%20U%2B2126%20maps%20OR%20map%20OR%20mapping%22"}],"text":"^ BIPM SI Brochure: Appendix 1, p.46 (pdf)\n\n^ SASB/SCC14 – SCC14 – Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols (2002-12-30). IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (November 2008) [March 2008]. \"Chapter 9.3 Spelling unit names with prefixes\". Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (2nd corrected printing, 2008 ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. CODEN NSPUE3. NIST Special Publication 811. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31. p. 31: Reference [6] points out that there are three cases in which the final vowel of an SI prefix is commonly omitted: megohm (not megaohm), kilohm (not kiloohm), and hectare (not hectoare). In all other cases in which the unit name begins with a vowel, both the final vowel of the prefix and the vowel of the unit name are retained and both are pronounced. (85 pages)\n\n^ \"NIST Guide to the SI\". Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Physical Measurement Laboratory. 2016-08-25 [2016-01-28]. Chapter 9: Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, 9.3: Spelling unit names with prefixes. Special Publication 811. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31. [1]\n\n^ Aubrecht II, Gordon J.; French, Anthony P.; Iona, Mario (2012-01-20). \"About the International System of Units (SI) Part IV. Writing, Spelling, and Mathematics\". The Physics Teacher. 50 (2): 77–79. Bibcode:2012PhTea..50...77A. doi:10.1119/1.3677278.\n\n^ Hunt, Bruce J. (1994). \"The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards\" (PDF). Osiris. 2. 9: 48–63. doi:10.1086/368729. S2CID 145557228. Archived from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-02-27.\n\n^ Siemens, Werner (1860). \"Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes\". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 186 (5): 1–20. Bibcode:1860AnP...186....1S. doi:10.1002/andp.18601860502.\n\n^ Clark, Latimer; Bright, Sir Charles (1861-11-09). \"Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance\". The Electrician. 1 (1): 3–4. Retrieved 2014-02-27.\n\n^ Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861. September 1861. pp. xxxix–xl.\n\n^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming (September 1862). Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. pp. 125–163. Retrieved 2014-02-27.\n\n^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Joule, James Prescott; Varley, C. F. (September 1864). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. Foldout facing page 349. Retrieved 2014-02-27.\n\n^ Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Varley, C. F.; Foster, G. C.; Clark, Latimer; Forbes, D.; Hockin, Charles; Joule, James Prescott (September 1867). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. 488. Retrieved 2014-02-27.\n\n^ \"The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884\". Nature. 30 (758): 26–27. May 1884. doi:10.1038/030026a0. Retrieved 2023-12-23.\n\n^ a b Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). \"Units, Physical\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–745, see page 742. An Electrical Congress was held in Chicago, U.S.A. in August 1893, to consider......and at the last one held in London in October 1908 were finally adopted\n\n^ Gordon Wigan (trans. and ed.), Electrician's Pocket Book, Cassel and Company, London, 1884\n\n^ Historical Studies in International Corporate Business. Teich p34\n\n^ R. Dzuiba and others, Stability of Double-Walled Maganin Resistors in NIST Special Publication Proceedings of SPIE, The Institute, 1988 pp. 63–64\n\n^ Preece, William Henry (1867), \"The B.A. unit for electrical measurements\", Philosophical Magazine, vol. 33, p. 397, retrieved 2017-02-26\n\n^ E.g. recommended in HTML 4.01: \"HTML 4.01 Specification\". W3C. 1998. Section 24.1 \"Introduction to character entity references\". Retrieved 2018-11-22.\n\n^ Excerpts from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, accessed 11 October 2006","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"One of the functions of many types of multimeters is the measurement of resistance in ohms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electronic_multi_meter.jpg/220px-Electronic_multi_meter.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Electronic color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_color_code"},{"title":"History of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_measurement"},{"title":"International Committee for Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures"},{"title":"Orders of magnitude (resistance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(resistance)"},{"title":"Resistivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivity"}] | [{"reference":"SASB/SCC14 – SCC14 – Quantities, Units, and Letter Symbols (2002-12-30). IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.","urls":[{"url":"https://standards.ieee.org/standard/SI10-2002.html","url_text":"IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (November 2008) [March 2008]. \"Chapter 9.3 Spelling unit names with prefixes\". Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (2nd corrected printing, 2008 ed.). Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. CODEN NSPUE3. NIST Special Publication 811. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31. p. 31: Reference [6] points out that there are three cases in which the final vowel of an SI prefix is commonly omitted: megohm (not megaohm), kilohm (not kiloohm), and hectare (not hectoare). In all other cases in which the unit name begins with a vowel, both the final vowel of the prefix and the vowel of the unit name are retained and both are pronounced.","urls":[{"url":"https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf","url_text":"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)","url_text":"CODEN"},{"url":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=NSPUE3","url_text":"NSPUE3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131024615/https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SI10-2002","url_text":"[6]"}]},{"reference":"\"NIST Guide to the SI\". Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Physical Measurement Laboratory. 2016-08-25 [2016-01-28]. Chapter 9: Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, 9.3: Spelling unit names with prefixes. Special Publication 811. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names","url_text":"\"NIST Guide to the SI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131024623/https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aubrecht II, Gordon J.; French, Anthony P.; Iona, Mario (2012-01-20). \"About the International System of Units (SI) Part IV. Writing, Spelling, and Mathematics\". The Physics Teacher. 50 (2): 77–79. Bibcode:2012PhTea..50...77A. doi:10.1119/1.3677278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher","url_text":"The Physics Teacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhTea..50...77A","url_text":"2012PhTea..50...77A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.3677278","url_text":"10.1119/1.3677278"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Bruce J. (1994). \"The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards\" (PDF). Osiris. 2. 9: 48–63. doi:10.1086/368729. S2CID 145557228. Archived from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140308030456/https://webspace.utexas.edu/huntbj/1994-Ohm-Osiris.pdf","url_text":"\"The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368729","url_text":"10.1086/368729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557228","url_text":"145557228"},{"url":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hps/publications/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siemens, Werner (1860). \"Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes\". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 186 (5): 1–20. Bibcode:1860AnP...186....1S. doi:10.1002/andp.18601860502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Siemens","url_text":"Siemens, Werner"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1423670","url_text":"\"Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie","url_text":"Annalen der Physik und Chemie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1860AnP...186....1S","url_text":"1860AnP...186....1S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18601860502","url_text":"10.1002/andp.18601860502"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Latimer; Bright, Sir Charles (1861-11-09). \"Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance\". The Electrician. 1 (1): 3–4. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark","url_text":"Clark, Latimer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright","url_text":"Bright, Sir Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7BdbAAAAYAAJ&q=ohma&pg=PA3","url_text":"\"Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electrician","url_text":"The Electrician"}]},{"reference":"Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861. September 1861. pp. xxxix–xl.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052#page/44/mode/2up","url_text":"Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming (September 1862). Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. pp. 125–163. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson","url_text":"Williamson, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone","url_text":"Wheatstone, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin","url_text":"Thomson, W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller","url_text":"Miller, W. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen","url_text":"Matthiessen, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin","url_text":"Jenkin, Fleeming"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29361871#page/192/mode/2up","url_text":"Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Joule, James Prescott; Varley, C. F. (September 1864). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. Foldout facing page 349. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson","url_text":"Williamson, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone","url_text":"Wheatstone, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin","url_text":"Thomson, W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller","url_text":"Miller, W. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen","url_text":"Matthiessen, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin","url_text":"Jenkin, Fleeming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright","url_text":"Bright, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell","url_text":"Maxwell, James Clerk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens","url_text":"Siemens, Carl Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart","url_text":"Stewart, Balfour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule","url_text":"Joule, James Prescott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Varley","url_text":"Varley, C. F."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93072#page/434/mode/1up","url_text":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance"}]},{"reference":"Williamson, A.; Wheatstone, C.; Thomson, W.; Miller, W. H.; Matthiessen, A.; Jenkin, Fleeming; Bright, Charles; Maxwell, James Clerk; Siemens, Carl Wilhelm; Stewart, Balfour; Varley, C. F.; Foster, G. C.; Clark, Latimer; Forbes, D.; Hockin, Charles; Joule, James Prescott (September 1867). Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance. Thirty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray. p. 488. Retrieved 2014-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson","url_text":"Williamson, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone","url_text":"Wheatstone, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin","url_text":"Thomson, W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller","url_text":"Miller, W. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen","url_text":"Matthiessen, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin","url_text":"Jenkin, Fleeming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright","url_text":"Bright, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell","url_text":"Maxwell, James Clerk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemens","url_text":"Siemens, Carl Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart","url_text":"Stewart, Balfour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Varley","url_text":"Varley, C. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Latimer_Clark","url_text":"Clark, Latimer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule","url_text":"Joule, James Prescott"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93115#page/578/mode/1up","url_text":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance"}]},{"reference":"\"The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884\". Nature. 30 (758): 26–27. May 1884. doi:10.1038/030026a0. Retrieved 2023-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/030026a0","url_text":"\"The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F030026a0","url_text":"10.1038/030026a0"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). \"Units, Physical\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–745, see page 742. An Electrical Congress was held in Chicago, U.S.A. in August 1893, to consider......and at the last one held in London in October 1908 were finally adopted","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming","url_text":"Fleming, John Ambrose"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Units,_Physical","url_text":"\"Units, Physical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Preece, William Henry (1867), \"The B.A. unit for electrical measurements\", Philosophical Magazine, vol. 33, p. 397, retrieved 2017-02-26","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yg7AQAAMAAJ&q=ohm+preece+symbol&pg=PA397","url_text":"\"The B.A. unit for electrical measurements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine","url_text":"Philosophical Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"HTML 4.01 Specification\". W3C. 1998. Section 24.1 \"Introduction to character entity references\". Retrieved 2018-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/sgml/entities.html#h-24.1","url_text":"\"HTML 4.01 Specification\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf","external_links_name":"BIPM SI Brochure: Appendix 1, p.46 (pdf)"},{"Link":"https://standards.ieee.org/standard/SI10-2002.html","external_links_name":"IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002: IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System"},{"Link":"https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf","external_links_name":"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"},{"Link":"https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=NSPUE3","external_links_name":"NSPUE3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131024615/https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names","external_links_name":"\"NIST Guide to the SI\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131024623/https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-9-rules-and-style-conventions-spelling-unit-names","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec09.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhTea..50...77A","external_links_name":"2012PhTea..50...77A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.3677278","external_links_name":"10.1119/1.3677278"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140308030456/https://webspace.utexas.edu/huntbj/1994-Ohm-Osiris.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Ohm Is Where the Art Is: British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368729","external_links_name":"10.1086/368729"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557228","external_links_name":"145557228"},{"Link":"https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hps/publications/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1423670","external_links_name":"\"Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1860AnP...186....1S","external_links_name":"1860AnP...186....1S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18601860502","external_links_name":"10.1002/andp.18601860502"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7BdbAAAAYAAJ&q=ohma&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"\"Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93052#page/44/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Report of the Thirty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Manchester in September 1861"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29361871#page/192/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93072#page/434/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93115#page/578/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/030026a0","external_links_name":"\"The Electrical Congress Of Paris, 1884\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F030026a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/030026a0"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Units,_Physical","external_links_name":"\"Units, Physical\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OkxGT9mfNGkC&dq=%22Siemens+mercury+unit%22&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Historical Studies in International Corporate Business. Teich p34"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yg7AQAAMAAJ&q=ohm+preece+symbol&pg=PA397","external_links_name":"\"The B.A. unit for electrical measurements\""},{"Link":"http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/sgml/entities.html#h-24.1","external_links_name":"\"HTML 4.01 Specification\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch07.pdf#search=%22character%20U%2B2126%20maps%20OR%20map%20OR%20mapping%22","external_links_name":"The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.fh-nuernberg.de/institutionen/bibliothek/bibsuche/texte_online_aufrufen/historische_buecher_der_gso_fh/werke_von_georg_simon_ohm/","external_links_name":"Scanned books of Georg Simon Ohm at the library of the University of Applied Sciences Nuernberg"},{"Link":"http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/","external_links_name":"Official SI brochure"},{"Link":"http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/contents.html","external_links_name":"NIST Special Publication 811"},{"Link":"http://www.sizes.com/units/ohm.htm","external_links_name":"History of the ohm at sizes.com"},{"Link":"http://seaus.free.fr/spip.php?article964","external_links_name":"History of the electrical units."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GameCube_games | List of GameCube games | [] | The GameCube and controller (Indigo color)
The GameCube is Nintendo's fourth home video game console, released during the sixth generation of video games. It is the successor to the Nintendo 64, and was first launched in Japan on September 14, 2001, followed by a launch in North America on November 18, 2001, and a launch in the PAL regions in May 2002. The successor to the GameCube is the Wii, which was first released in North America on November 19, 2006, and is backward compatible with GameCube games, memory cards, and controllers. Later models RVL-101 and RVL-201 would not feature backwards compatibility. The last game officially released for the system was the North American exclusive Madden NFL 08 on August 2007. There are 651 games on this list. It is organized alphabetically by the games' localized English titles, or by rōmaji transliterations when exclusive to Japan. For a list of games that were announced or in development for the GameCube but never released, see the list of cancelled GameCube games.
Games
Region code guide
Region
Description
Europe / PAL
PAL formatted release. Territories includes much of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Asia.
Japan
Japanese (NTSC-J) formatted release.
North America
North America and other NTSC territories, besides Japan.
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
List of GameCube games
Title
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
First released
Release date
Europe / PAL
Japan
North America
4x4 Evo 2
Terminal Reality
Universal Interactive
2002-09-24NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 24, 2002
18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker
Acclaim Studios Cheltenham
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-02-20NA
May 31, 2002
September 12, 2002
February 20, 2002
1080° Avalanche
Nintendo Software Technology
Nintendo
2003-11-28PAL
November 28, 2003
January 22, 2004
December 1, 2003
2002 FIFA World Cup
EA CanadaCreationsIntelligent GamesTose
EA SportsWWElectronic Arts SquareJP
2002-04-30NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
May 2, 2002
April 30, 2002
2006 FIFA World CupFIFA World Cup: Germany 2006PAL
EA Canada
EA Sports
2006-04-24NA
April 28, 2006
Unreleased
April 24, 2006
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius: Attack of the Twonkies
THQ Studio Australia
THQ
2004-09-13NA
November 9, 2004AUS February 11, 2005EU
Unreleased
September 13, 2004
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius: Jet Fusion
Krome Studios
THQ
2003-09-16NA
November 21, 2003EU December 26, 2003AUS
Unreleased
September 16, 2003
Aggressive Inline
Z-Axis
AKA Acclaim
2002-08-01NA
September 6, 2002
Unreleased
August 1, 2002
Alien Hominid
The Behemoth
O~3 Entertainment
2004-11-23NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 23, 2004
All-Star Baseball 2002
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Sports
2001-11-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
All-Star Baseball 2003
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Sports
2002-03-07NA
Unreleased
August 8, 2002
March 7, 2002
All-Star Baseball 2004
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Sports
2003-02-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
February 28, 2003
Amazing Island
AncientHitmaker
Sega
2004-01-15JP
Unreleased
January 15, 2004
August 24, 2004
American Chopper 2: Full Throttle
Creat Studios
Activision
2005-11-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 22, 2005
Animal CrossingDōbutsu no Mori+JP
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2001-12-14JP
September 15, 2003AUS September 24, 2004EU
December 14, 2001
September 16, 2002
Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt
Warthog Games
Ignition Entertainment
2005-05-27PAL
May 27, 2005
Unreleased
September 14, 2005
The Ant Bully
Artificial Mind and Movement
Midway
2006-07-24NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 24, 2006
Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis
Lucky Chicken Games
TDK Mediactive
2003-07-30NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 30, 2003
Army Men: Air Combat - The Elite Missions
Wide Games
The 3DO Company
2003-03-25NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 25, 2003
Army Men: RTS
Coyote Developments
Global Star Software
2004-11-02NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 2, 2004
Army Men: Sarge's War
Tactical Development
Global Star Software
2004-08-21NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 21, 2004
Asterix & Obelix XXL
Étranges Libellules
Atari Europe
2004-06-18EU
June 18, 2004
Unreleased
Unreleased
ATV: Quad Power Racing 2
Climax Brighton
AKA Acclaim
2003-01-22NA
February 28, 2003
Unreleased
January 22, 2003
Auto Modellista
Capcom Production Studio 1
Capcom
2003-07-03JP
Unreleased
July 3, 2003
September 30, 2003
Avatar: The Last AirbenderAvatar: The Legend of AangPAL
THQ Studio Australia
THQ
2006-10-10NA
February 9, 2007
Unreleased
October 10, 2006
Backyard Baseball
Humongous Entertainment
Infogrames
2003-03-31NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 31, 2003
Backyard Football
Left Field Productions
Infogrames
2002-10-10NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 10, 2002
Backyard Sports: Baseball 2007
GameBrains
Atari
2006-04-03NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
April 3, 2006
Bad Boys: Miami TakedownBad Boys IIPAL
Blitz Games
Crave EntertainmentNAEmpire InteractiveEU
2004-09-21NA
October 15, 2004
Unreleased
September 21, 2004
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance
High Voltage Software
Interplay Entertainment
2002-11-20NA
April 25, 2003
Unreleased
November 20, 2002
Barnyard
Blue Tongue Entertainment
THQ
2006-08-01NA
October 13, 2006
Unreleased
August 1, 2006
The Baseball 2003: Battle Ballpark Sengen Perfect Play Pro Yakyū
Konami
Konami
2003-03-20JP
Unreleased
March 20, 2003
Unreleased
Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean
Monolith Softtri-Crescendo
Namco
2003-12-05JP
April 1, 2005
December 5, 2003
November 16, 2004
Baten Kaitos Origins
Monolith Softtri-Crescendo
Nintendo
2006-02-23JP
Unreleased
February 23, 2006
September 25, 2006
Batman Begins
Eurocom
EA GamesWarner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
2005-06-15NA
June 17, 2005EU June 27, 2005AUS
Unreleased
June 15, 2005
Batman: Dark Tomorrow
Kemco
Kemco
2003-03-18NA
April 11, 2003
March 21, 2003
March 18, 2003
Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2003-11-11NA
December 5, 2003
Unreleased
November 11, 2003
Batman: Vengeance
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
Battalion Wars
Kuju London
Nintendo
2005-09-19NA
December 9, 2005EU February 16, 2006AUS
October 27, 2005
September 19, 2005
Battle Stadium D.O.N
EightingQ Entertainment
Namco Bandai Games
2006-07-20JP
Unreleased
July 20, 2006
Unreleased
Beach Spikers: Virtua Beach Volleyball
Sega AM2
Sega
2002-07-19JP
September 27, 2002EU October 4, 2002AUS
July 19, 2002
August 14, 2002
Beyblade VForce: Super Tournament Battle
A.I
TakaraJPAtariWW
2002-12-19JP
November 28, 2003
December 19, 2002
September 23, 2003
Beyond Good & Evil
Ubisoft PicturesUbisoft Milan
Ubisoft
2003-12-10NA
February 27, 2004
Unreleased
December 10, 2003
Big Air Freestyle
Paradigm Entertainment
Infogrames
2002-09-13NA
November 8, 2002EU November 15, 2002AUS
Unreleased
September 13, 2002
Big Mutha Truckers
Eutechnyx
Empire InteractivePALTHQNA
2003-06-27PAL
June 27, 2003
Unreleased
August 14, 2003
Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg
Sonic Team
Sega
2003-09-23NA
October 31, 2003
October 9, 2003
September 23, 2003
Bionicle
Argonaut GamesArgonaut Sheffield
Electronic ArtsLego Interactive
2003-10-20NA
October 31, 2003
Unreleased
October 20, 2003
Bionicle Heroes
Traveller's Tales
Eidos InteractiveTT Games Publishing
2006-11-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 14, 2006
Black & Bruised
Digital Fiction
Majesco SalesNAVivendi Universal GamesPAL
2003-01-29NA
June 27, 2003
Unreleased
January 29, 2003
Bleach GC: Tasogare ni Mamieru Shinigami
Polygon Magic
Sega
2005-12-08JP
Unreleased
December 8, 2005
Unreleased
Blood Omen 2
Nixxes Software
Eidos Interactive
2002-12-04NA
January 24, 2003
Unreleased
December 4, 2002
BloodRayne
Terminal Reality
Majesco SalesNAVivendi Universal GamesPAL
2002-10-31NA
May 23, 2003
Unreleased
October 31, 2002
Bloody Roar: Primal Fury
Eighting
ActivisionWWHudson SoftJP
2002-03-19NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
April 25, 2002
March 19, 2002
BlowOut
Terminal Reality
Majesco Sales
2003-11-26NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 26, 2003
BMX XXX
Z-Axis
AKA Acclaim
2002-11-25NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
November 25, 2002
Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo Dassutsu! Hajike Royale
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
2005-03-17JP
Unreleased
March 17, 2005
Unreleased
Bokujou Monogatari: Shiawase no Uta
Marvelous Interactive
Marvelous Interactive
2005-05-03JP
Unreleased
May 3, 2005
Unreleased
Bomberman Land 2
Racjin
Hudson Soft
2003-07-31JP
Unreleased
July 31, 2003
Unreleased
Bomberman Generation
Game Arts
Majesco SalesNAHudson SoftJPVivendi Universal GamesPAL
2002-06-04NA
December 6, 2002
June 27, 2002
June 4, 2002
Bomberman Jetters
Hudson Soft
Hudson SoftJPMajesco SalesNA
2002-12-19JP
Unreleased
December 19, 2002
March 9, 2004
Bratz: Forever Diamondz
Blitz Games
THQ
2006-09-18NA
November 3, 2006
Unreleased
September 18, 2006
Bratz: Rock Angelz
Blitz Games
THQ
2005-10-04NA
October 14, 2005
Unreleased
October 4, 2005
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds
Eurocom
Vivendi Universal Games
2003-09-08NA
October 24, 2003
Unreleased
September 8, 2003
Burnout
Criterion Games
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-04-30NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
April 30, 2002
Burnout 2: Point of Impact
Criterion Games
Acclaim Entertainment
2003-04-08NA
May 9, 2003
Unreleased
April 8, 2003
Bust-a-Move 3000Super Bust-a-Move All-StarsPAL
Taito
TaitoJPUbi SoftWW
2003-02-12NA
September 5, 2003
February 27, 2003
February 12, 2003
Butt-Ugly Martians: Zoom or Doom
Runecraft
Vivendi Universal Games
2003-05-10PAL
May 10, 2003
Unreleased
Unreleased
Cabela's Big Game Hunter 2005 Adventures
Magic Wand Productions
Activision
2004-12-09NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 9, 2004
Cabela's Dangerous Hunts 2
Magic Wand Productions
Activision
2005-11-15NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 15, 2005
Cabela's Outdoor Adventures
Magic Wand Productions
Activision
2005-09-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 14, 2005
Call of Duty 2: Big Red One
High Voltage Software
Activision
2005-11-01NA
November 18, 2005
Unreleased
November 1, 2005
Call of Duty: Finest Hour
Exakt Entertainment
Activision
2004-11-16NA
November 25, 2004AUS December 3, 2004EU
Unreleased
November 16, 2004
Capcom vs. SNK 2 EO
Capcom
Capcom
2002-07-04JP
March 7, 2003
July 4, 2002
September 24, 2002
Captain Tsubasa: Ōgon Sedai no Chōsen
Konami
Konami
2002-09-12JP
Unreleased
September 12, 2002
Unreleased
Carmen Sandiego: The Secret of the Stolen Drums
Artificial Mind and Movement
BAM! Entertainment
2004-03-05PAL
March 5, 2004
Unreleased
September 13, 2004
Cars
Rainbow Studios
THQ
2006-06-06NA
June 8, 2006AUS July 14, 2006EU
July 6, 2006
June 6, 2006
Casper: Spirit Dimensions
Lucky Chicken Games
TDK Mediactive
2002-10-14NA
February 14, 2003
Unreleased
October 14, 2002
CastleweenSpirits & SpellsNA
Wanadoo Edition
Wanadoo EditionPALMTOJPDreamCatcher InteractiveNA
2003-05-30PAL
May 30, 2003
June 19, 2003
September 29, 2003
Catwoman
Argonaut GamesEA UK
EA Games
2004-07-23NA
July 30, 2004AUS August 6, 2004EU
Unreleased
July 23, 2004
Cel Damage
Pseudo Interactive
EA Games
2002-01-07NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
January 7, 2002
Chaos Field
MileStone
SegaJPO~3 EntertainmentNA
2005-02-24JP
Unreleased
February 24, 2005
December 20, 2005
Charinko Hero
tri-Ace
Banpresto
2003-07-17JP
Unreleased
July 17, 2003
Unreleased
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
High Voltage Software
Global Star Software
2005-07-22WW
July 22, 2005
Unreleased
July 22, 2005
Charlie's Angels
Neko Entertainment
Ubi Soft
2003-07-08NA
July 25, 2003
Unreleased
July 8, 2003
Chibi-Robo!
Skip Ltd.
Nintendo
2005-06-23JP
May 26, 2006
June 23, 2005
February 8, 2006
Chicken Little
Avalanche Software
Buena Vista GamesWWD3 PublisherJP
2005-10-18NA
January 6, 2006
December 15, 2005
October 18, 2005
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Traveller's Tales
Buena Vista Games
2005-11-14NA
March 31, 2006
Unreleased
November 14, 2005
City Racer
Ubi Soft Bucharest
Ubi Soft
2003-04-29NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
April 29, 2003
Cocoto Funfair
Neko Entertainment
BigBen Interactive
2006-04-07PAL
April 7, 2006
Unreleased
Unreleased
Cocoto Kart Racer
Neko Entertainment
BigBen Interactive
2005-04-22PAL
April 22, 2005
Unreleased
Unreleased
Cocoto Platform Jumper
Neko Entertainment
BigBen Interactive
2004-12-10PAL
December 10, 2004
Unreleased
Unreleased
Codename: Kids Next Door – Operation: V.I.D.E.O.G.A.M.E.
High Voltage Software
Global Star Software
2005-10-11NA
December 2, 2005
Unreleased
October 11, 2005
Conan
Cauldron
TDK Mediactive Europe
2005-04-30PAL
April 30, 2005
Unreleased
Unreleased
Conflict: Desert Storm
Pivotal Games
SCi GamesPALGotham GamesNA
2003-04-18PAL
April 18, 2003
Unreleased
April 23, 2003
Conflict: Desert Storm II - Back to Baghdad
Pivotal Games
Gotham GamesNASCi GamesPAL
2004-01-06NA
February 6, 2004
Unreleased
January 6, 2004
Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex
Eurocom
Universal InteractiveWWKonamiJP
2002-09-17NA
November 1, 2002
December 4, 2003
September 17, 2002
Crash Nitro Kart
Vicarious Visions
Universal InteractiveWWKonamiJP
2003-11-11NA
November 28, 2003EU December 3, 2003AUS
July 8, 2004
November 11, 2003
Crash Tag Team Racing
Radical Entertainment
Vivendi Universal Games
2005-10-21NA
November 3, 2005AUS November 4, 2005EU
December 1, 2005
October 21, 2005
Crazy Taxi
Acclaim Studios Cheltenham
Acclaim EntertainmentWWSegaJP
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
May 30, 2002
November 18, 2001
Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest
Saru BruneiIntelligent Systems
NintendoJPAtlusNA
2002-02-21JP
Unreleased
February 21, 2002
November 5, 2002
Cubix Robots for Everyone: Showdown
Blitz Games
The 3DO Company
2003-06-02NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
June 2, 2003
Curious George
Monkey Bar Games
Namco
2006-02-01NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
February 1, 2006
Custom Robo
Noise
Nintendo
2004-03-04JP
Unreleased
March 4, 2004
May 10, 2004
Dakar 2: The World's Ultimate Rally
Acclaim Studios Cheltenham
Acclaim Entertainment
2003-03-28PAL
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
March 31, 2003
Dance Dance Revolution: Mario MixDancing Stage Mario MixPAL
Konami
Nintendo
2005-07-14JP
October 28, 2005EU November 24, 2005AUS
July 14, 2005
October 24, 2005
Darkened Skye
Boston Animation
Simon & Schuster InteractiveNATDK Mediactive EuropePAL
2002-11-12NA
May 30, 2003
Unreleased
November 12, 2002
Dark Summit
Radical Entertainment
THQ
2002-02-05NA
May 17, 2002AUS May 24, 2002EU
Unreleased
February 5, 2002
Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2
Z-Axis
Acclaim Max Sports
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
Dead to Rights
Namco Hometek
Namco
2002-11-25NA
August 22, 2003
Unreleased
November 25, 2002
Def Jam: Fight for NY
AKI CorporationEA Canada
EA Games
2004-09-21NA
October 1, 2004
Unreleased
September 21, 2004
Def Jam Vendetta
AKI CorporationEA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2003-04-01NA
May 23, 2003EU June 16, 2003AUS
Unreleased
April 1, 2003
DefenderDefender: For All MankindPAL
Inevitable Entertainment
Midway
2002-11-04NA
March 24, 2003
Unreleased
November 4, 2002
Densetsu no Quiz Ou Ketteisen
Hudson Soft
Nintendo
2005-12-08JP
Unreleased
December 8, 2005
Unreleased
Derby Tsuku 3: Derby Uma o Tsukurou!
SmilebitLand Ho!
Sega
2003-12-11JP
Unreleased
December 11, 2003
Unreleased
Die Hard: Vendetta
Bits Studios
Sierra EntertainmentNAVivendi Universal Games InternationalPAL
2002-11-15NA
November 19, 2002
Unreleased
November 15, 2002
Digimon Rumble Arena 2
BandaiBlack Ship Games
Bandai
2004-09-06NA
October 15, 2004EU November 19, 2004AUS
July 29, 2004
September 6, 2004
Digimon World 4
BEC
Bandai
2005-01-06JP
Unreleased
January 6, 2005
June 2, 2005
Dinotopia: The Sunstone Odyssey
Vicious Cycle Software
TDK Mediactive
2003-07-31NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 31, 2003
Disney Sports Basketball
Konami Computer Entertainment OsakaPolygon Magic
Konami
2002-12-19JP
April 4, 2003AUS June 6, 2003EU
December 19, 2002
January 14, 2003
Disney Sports FootballDisney Sports: American FootballJP
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2002-12-12JP
Unreleased
December 12, 2002
December 17, 2002
Disney Sports Skateboarding
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2002-09-19JP
March 7, 2003EU March 21, 2003AUS
September 19, 2002
November 12, 2002
Disney Sports SoccerDisney Sports: FootballPAL
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2002-07-18JP
February 7, 2003EU February 21, 2003AUS
July 18, 2002
November 12, 2002
Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure
Toys for Bob
Activision
2003-09-03NA
September 5, 2003
Unreleased
September 3, 2003
Disney's Hide & Sneak
Capcom
Capcom
2003-11-18NA
March 19, 2004
December 4, 2003
November 18, 2003
Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse
CapcomPolygon Magic
Nintendo
2002-08-09JP
September 13, 2002EU September 19, 2002AUS
August 9, 2002
August 13, 2002
Disney's Party
Neverland
Hudson SoftJPElectronic ArtsWW
2002-08-01JP
October 17, 2003
August 1, 2002
September 16, 2003
Dōbutsu no Mori e+
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2003-06-27JP
Unreleased
June 27, 2003
Unreleased
Dokapon DX: Wataru Sekai wa Oni Darake
Asmik Ace Entertainment
Asmik Ace Entertainment
2003-04-10JP
Unreleased
April 10, 2003
Unreleased
Donald Duck: Goin' QuackersDonald Duck: Quack AttackPAL
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2002-03-26NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
March 26, 2002
Donkey Kong Jungle Beat
Nintendo EAD Tokyo
Nintendo
2004-12-16JP
February 4, 2005
December 16, 2004
March 14, 2005
Donkey Konga
Namco
Nintendo
2003-12-12JP
October 15, 2004EU October 28, 2004AUS
December 12, 2003
September 27, 2004
Donkey Konga 2
Namco
Nintendo
2004-07-01JP
June 3, 2005
July 1, 2004
May 9, 2005
Donkey Konga 3
Namco
Nintendo
2005-03-17JP
Unreleased
March 17, 2005
Unreleased
Doraemon: Minna de Asobō! Minidorando
Shogakukan
Shogakukan
2003-07-18JP
Unreleased
July 18, 2003
Unreleased
Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet
Monkey Bar Games
Global Star Software
2005-10-13NA
December 16, 2005
Unreleased
October 13, 2005
DreamMix TV World Fighters
Bitstep
Hudson Soft
2003-12-18JP
Unreleased
December 18, 2003
Unreleased
Doshin the Giant
Param
Nintendo
2002-03-14JP
September 20, 2002
March 14, 2002
Unreleased
Dr. Muto
Midway Games West
Midway
2002-12-17NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 17, 2002
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai
Pyramid, Inc.
AtariNABandaiPAL/JP
2003-10-28NA
November 14, 2003
November 28, 2003
October 28, 2003
Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2
Pyramid, Inc.
AtariNA/AUSBandaiEU/JP
2004-12-15NA
March 18, 2005EU April 8, 2005AUS
Unreleased
December 15, 2004
Dragon Ball Z: Sagas
Avalanche Software
Atari
2005-03-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 22, 2005
Dragon Drive: D-Masters Shot
Treasure
Bandai
2003-08-08JP
Unreleased
August 8, 2003
Unreleased
Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the LairDragon's Lair 3D: Special EditionPAL
Dragonstone Software
Encore SoftwareNATHQPAL
2003-01-06NA
March 26, 2004
Unreleased
January 6, 2003
Driven
Crawfish Interactive
BAM! Entertainment
2002-03-26NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
March 26, 2002
Drome Racers
Attention to Detail
Electronic ArtsLego Interactive
2003-09-16NA
September 19, 2003
Unreleased
September 16, 2003
Duel Masters: Nettō! Battle Arena
AI
Takara
2003-12-18JP
Unreleased
December 18, 2003
Unreleased
Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures
Artificial Mind and Movement
Midway
2005-10-31NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 31, 2005
Egg Mania: Eggstreme MadnessEggo ManiaPAL
HotGen
KemcoWWKotobuki SystemsJP
2002-09-11NA
October 25, 2002
September 27, 2002
September 11, 2002
Eisei Meijin VI
Konami
Konami
2002-09-26JP
Unreleased
September 26, 2002
Unreleased
Enter the Matrix
Shiny Entertainment
InfogramesWWBandaiJP
2003-05-15WW
May 15, 2003
May 15, 2003
May 15, 2003
ESPN International Winter Sports 2002International Winter SportsPAL
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2002-01-29NA
May 3, 2002
January 31, 2002
January 29, 2002
ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002
Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii
Konami
2002-04-02NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
April 2, 2002
Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem
Silicon Knights
Nintendo
2002-06-24NA
November 1, 2002EU November 7, 2002AUS
October 25, 2002
June 24, 2002
Evolution Skateboarding
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2002-11-17NA
February 21, 2003
December 12, 2002
November 17, 2002
Evolution Snowboarding
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2003-02-25NA
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
February 25, 2003
Evolution Worlds
Sting Entertainment
Entertainment Software PublishingJPUbi SoftWW
2002-07-26JP
March 7, 2003
July 26, 2002
December 2, 2002
Extreme-G 3
Acclaim Studios Cheltenham
Acclaim Entertainment
2001-11-27NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
March 15, 2002
November 27, 2001
F-Zero GX
Amusement Vision
Nintendo
2003-07-25JP
October 24, 2003AUS October 31, 2003EU
July 25, 2003
August 25, 2003
F1 2002
Visual Science
EA Sports
2002-06-24NA
July 19, 2002
Unreleased
June 24, 2002
F1 Career Challenge
Visual Science
EA Sports
2003-06-23AUS
June 23, 2003AUS June 27, 2003EU
Unreleased
Unreleased
The Fairly OddParents: Breakin' Da Rules
Blitz Games
THQ
2003-11-10NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 10, 2003
The Fairly OddParents: Shadow Showdown
Blitz Games
THQ
2004-09-08NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 8, 2004
Family Stadium 2003
Namco
Namco
2003-05-30JP
Unreleased
May 30, 2003
Unreleased
Fantastic Four
7 Studios
Activision
2005-06-27NA
July 15, 2005
Unreleased
June 27, 2005
FIFA 06FIFA Soccer 06NA
EA Canada
EA Sports
2005-09-30PAL
September 30, 2005
Unreleased
October 4, 2005
FIFA 07FIFA Soccer 07NA
EA Canada
EA Sports
2006-09-25NA
October 6, 2006AUS October 13, 2006EU
Unreleased
September 25, 2006
FIFA Football 2003FIFA Soccer 2003NA
EA Canada
EA SportsWWElectronic Arts SquareJP
2002-11-01PAL
November 1, 2002
December 6, 2002
November 14, 2002
FIFA Football 2004FIFA Soccer 2004NA
EA Canada
EA Sports
2003-10-24PAL
October 24, 2003
Unreleased
November 4, 2003
FIFA Football 2005FIFA Soccer 2005NA
EA Canada
EA Sports
2004-10-08PAL
October 8, 2004
Unreleased
October 12, 2004
FIFA Soccer 2002: Major League Soccer
EA Canada
Electronic Arts SquareJPEA SportsNA
2001-11-15JP
Unreleased
November 15, 2001
November 21, 2001
FIFA Street
EA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2005-02-22NA
March 11, 2005
Unreleased
February 22, 2005
FIFA Street 2
EA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2006-02-28WW
February 28, 2006
Unreleased
February 28, 2006
Fight Night Round 2
EA Chicago
EA Sports
2005-03-01NA
March 18, 2005EU March 22, 2005AUS
September 1, 2005
March 1, 2005
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles
The Game Designers Studio
Nintendo
2003-08-08JP
March 12, 2004EU March 19, 2004AUS
August 8, 2003
February 9, 2004
Finding Nemo
Traveller's Tales
THQWWYuke'sJP
2003-05-09NA
September 3, 2003AUS September 26, 2003EU
December 6, 2003
May 9, 2003
Fire Blade
Kuju Entertainment
Midway
2002-12-29NA
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
December 29, 2002
Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance
Intelligent SystemsNintendo SPD
Nintendo
2005-04-20JP
November 4, 2005EU December 1, 2005AUS
April 20, 2005
October 17, 2005
Flushed Away
Monkey Bar Games
D3 Publisher
2006-10-24NA
December 1, 2006
Unreleased
October 24, 2006
Franklin: A Birthday Surprise
Neko Entertainment
The Game Factory
2006-06-16EU
June 16, 2006
Unreleased
Unreleased
Freaky Flyers
Point of View
Midway
2003-08-04NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 4, 2003
Freedom Fighters
IO Interactive
EA Games
2003-09-26PAL
September 26, 2003
Unreleased
October 1, 2003
Freekstyle
Hypnos Entertainment
EA Sports BIG
2002-09-04NA
September 20, 2002
Unreleased
September 4, 2002
Freestyle MetalX
Deibus Studios
Midway Sports Asylum
2003-10-03NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 3, 2003
Freestyle Street SoccerUrban Freestyle SoccerPAL
Gusto Games
Acclaim Entertainment
2004-02-12NA
March 5, 2004
Unreleased
February 12, 2004
Frogger: Ancient Shadow
Hudson Soft
Konami
2005-09-27NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 27, 2005
Frogger Beyond
Konami Computer Entertainment HawaiiKonami Software Shanghai
Konami
2002-12-06NA
June 27, 2003
June 5, 2003
December 6, 2002
Frogger's Adventures: The Rescue
Hudson Soft
Konami
2003-10-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 28, 2003
From TV Animation – One Piece: Treasure Battle!
BEC
Bandai
2002-11-01JP
Unreleased
November 1, 2002
Unreleased
Future Tactics: The Uprising
Zed Two
Crave EntertainmentNAJoWooD ProductionsPAL
2004-05-07NA
October 22, 2004
Unreleased
May 7, 2004
Gakuen Toshi Vara Noir
Idea Factory
Idea Factory
2004-01-23JP
Unreleased
January 23, 2004
Unreleased
Gauntlet Dark Legacy
Midway Games West
Midway
2002-03-05NA
July 19, 2002
Unreleased
March 5, 2002
Geist
n-Space
Nintendo
2005-08-15NA
October 7, 2005EU November 3, 2005AUS
Unreleased
August 15, 2005
Gekitō Pro Yakyū
Wow Entertainment
Sega
2003-09-11JP
Unreleased
September 11, 2003
Unreleased
Generation of Chaos Exceed: Yami no Miko Rose
Idea Factory
Idea Factory
2003-02-06JP
Unreleased
February 6, 2003
Unreleased
Giftpia
Skip Ltd.
Nintendo
2003-04-25JP
Unreleased
April 25, 2003
Unreleased
Gladius
LucasArts
LucasArtsNAActivisionPAL
2003-11-03NA
November 28, 2003
Unreleased
November 3, 2003
Go! Go! Hypergrind
Poponchi
Atlus
2003-11-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 18, 2003
Goblin Commander: Unleash the Horde
Jaleco Entertainment
Jaleco Entertainment
2003-12-16NA
July 16, 2004
Unreleased
December 16, 2003
Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee
Pipeworks Software
Infogrames
2002-10-08NA
October 25, 2002
December 12, 2002
October 8, 2002
GoldenEye: Rogue Agent
EA Los Angeles
EA Games
2004-11-22NA
November 30, 2004AUS December 3, 2004EU
January 13, 2005
November 22, 2004
Gotcha Force
Capcom
Capcom
2003-11-27JP
February 20, 2004
November 27, 2003
December 5, 2003
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy
High Voltage Software
Midway
2006-09-25NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 25, 2006
Grooverider: Slot Car Thunder
King of the Jungle
Encore Software
2003-09-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 28, 2003
GT Cube
MTO
MTO
2003-06-20JP
Unreleased
June 20, 2003
Unreleased
Gun
Neversoft
Activision
2005-11-08NA
November 9, 2005AUS November 25, 2005EU
Unreleased
November 8, 2005
Gurando Batoru! 3
Ganbarion
Bandai
2003-12-11JP
Unreleased
December 11, 2003
Unreleased
Happy Feet
Artificial Mind and Movement
Midway
2006-11-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 14, 2006
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Eurocom
EA GamesWWElectronic Arts SquareJP
2002-11-15WW
November 15, 2002
November 23, 2002
November 15, 2002
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
EA UK
Electronic Arts
2005-11-08NA
November 11, 2005
November 26, 2005
November 8, 2005
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's StoneHarry Potter and the Sorcerer's StoneNA
Warthog Games
EA Games
2003-12-11JP
December 12, 2003
December 11, 2003
December 12, 2003
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
EA UK
EA Games
2004-05-29NA
June 2, 2004
June 26, 2004
May 29, 2004
Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup
EA UK
EA Games
2003-10-28NA
November 7, 2003
November 13, 2003
October 28, 2003
Harvest Moon: Another Wonderful Life
Marvelous Interactive
Marvelous InteractiveJPNatsume Inc.NA
2004-07-08JP
Unreleased
July 8, 2004
July 26, 2005
Harvest Moon: Magical Melody
Marvelous Interactive
Marvelous InteractiveJPNatsume Inc.NA
2005-11-10JP
Unreleased
November 10, 2005
March 28, 2006
Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life
Marvelous Interactive
Marvelous InteractiveJPNatsume Inc.WW
2003-09-12JP
March 26, 2004
September 12, 2003
March 16, 2004
The Haunted Mansion
High Voltage Software
TDK Mediactive
2003-10-16NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 16, 2003
Hello Kitty: Roller Rescue
XPEC Entertainment
NamcoNAEmpire InteractivePAL
2005-08-16NA
September 9, 2005
Unreleased
August 16, 2005
Hikaru no Go 3
Konami
Konami
2003-03-20JP
Unreleased
March 20, 2003
Unreleased
Hitman 2: Silent Assassin
IO Interactive
Eidos Interactive
2003-06-17NA
June 27, 2003
Unreleased
June 17, 2003
The Hobbit
Inevitable Entertainment
Vivendi Universal Games
2003-11-11NA
November 28, 2003
Unreleased
November 11, 2003
Homeland
Chunsoft
Chunsoft
2005-04-29JP
Unreleased
April 29, 2005
Unreleased
Home Run King
Wow Entertainment
Sega
2002-03-19NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 19, 2002
Hot Wheels: Velocity X
Beyond Games
THQ
2002-11-14NA
December 13, 2002
Unreleased
November 14, 2002
Hot Wheels: World Race
Climax Brighton
THQ
2003-11-05NA
November 28, 2003
Unreleased
November 5, 2003
Hudson Selection Vol. 1: Lode Runner
Red Entertainment
Hudson Soft
2003-07-10JP
Unreleased
July 10, 2003
Unreleased
Hudson Selection Vol. 2: Star Soldier
Red Entertainment
Hudson Soft
2003-07-10JP
Unreleased
July 10, 2003
Unreleased
Hudson Selection Vol. 3: PC Genjin
Red Entertainment
Hudson Soft
2003-12-04JP
Unreleased
December 4, 2003
Unreleased
Hudson Selection Vol. 4: Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima
Red Entertainment
Hudson Soft
2003-12-18JP
Unreleased
December 18, 2003
Unreleased
Hulk
Radical Entertainment
Universal Interactive
2003-05-28NA
June 13, 2003EU June 26, 2003AUS
Unreleased
May 28, 2003
Hunter: The Reckoning
High Voltage Software
Interplay Entertainment
2002-11-19NA
July 25, 2003
Unreleased
November 19, 2002
I-Ninja
Argonaut Games
Namco
2003-12-04NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 4, 2003
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown
Eurocom
Vivendi Universal Games
2006-03-14NA
March 31, 2006
Unreleased
March 14, 2006
Ikaruga
TreasureG.rev
Infogrames
2003-01-16JP
May 9, 2003
January 16, 2003
April 15, 2003
The Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction
Radical Entertainment
Vivendi Universal Games
2005-08-23NA
September 9, 2005
Unreleased
August 23, 2005
The Incredibles
Heavy Iron Studios
THQWWD3 PublisherJP
2004-11-01NA
November 5, 2004EU November 16, 2004AUS
December 2, 2004
November 1, 2004
The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer
Heavy Iron Studios
THQWWSegaJP
2005-11-01NA
November 25, 2005
February 9, 2006
November 1, 2005
Intellivision Lives!
Realtime Associates
Crave Entertainment
2004-11-04NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 4, 2004
International Superstar Soccer 2Jikkyō World Soccer 2002JP
Konami
Konami
2002-03-14JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
March 14, 2002
Unreleased
International Superstar Soccer 3
Konami Computer Entertainment Osaka
Konami
2003-03-14JP
May 30, 2003
Unreleased
Unreleased
The Italian Job
Climax Brighton
Eidos Interactive
2003-07-15NA
September 12, 2003EU September 19, 2003AUS
Unreleased
July 15, 2003
James Bond 007: Agent Under Fire
EA Redwood ShoresEA Canada
EA Games
2002-03-12NA
June 14, 2002
Unreleased
March 12, 2002
James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing
EA Redwood ShoresEA Canada
EA Games
2004-02-11JP
February 27, 2004
February 11, 2004
February 17, 2004
James Bond 007: From Russia with Love
EA Redwood Shores
Electronic Arts
2005-11-15NA
November 18, 2005EU November 21, 2005AUS
Unreleased
November 15, 2005
James Bond 007: Nightfire
Eurocom
EA Games
2002-11-18NA
November 29, 2002
Unreleased
November 18, 2002
Jeremy McGrath Supercross World
Acclaim Studios Salt Lake City
Acclaim Max Sports
2002-02-26NA
June 7, 2002
Unreleased
February 26, 2002
Jikkyō Powerful Major League
Konami
Konami
2006-05-11JP
Unreleased
May 11, 2006
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 9
Konami
Konami
2002-07-18JP
Unreleased
July 18, 2002
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 9 Ketteiban
Konami
Konami
2002-12-19JP
Unreleased
December 19, 2002
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 10
Konami
Konami
2003-07-17JP
Unreleased
July 17, 2003
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 10 Chou Ketteiban
Konami
Konami
2003-12-18JP
Unreleased
December 18, 2003
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 11
Konami
Konami
2004-07-15JP
Unreleased
July 15, 2004
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 11 Chou Ketteiban
Konami
Konami
2004-12-16JP
Unreleased
December 16, 2004
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 12
Konami
Konami
2005-07-14JP
Unreleased
July 14, 2005
Unreleased
Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 12 Ketteiban
Konami
Konami
2005-12-15JP
Unreleased
December 15, 2005
Unreleased
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
Big Sky Interactive
THQ
2002-12-16NA
March 7, 2003
Unreleased
December 16, 2002
Judge Dredd: Dredd vs. Death
Rebellion Developments
Vivendi Universal Games InternationalPALEvolved GamesNA
2003-12-12PAL
December 12, 2003
Unreleased
March 1, 2005
Kao the Kangaroo: Round 2
Tate Interactive
JoWooD ProductionsPALAtariNA
2005-04-15PAL
April 15, 2005
Unreleased
March 21, 2006
Karaoke Revolution Party
Harmonix
Konami
2005-11-08NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 8, 2005
Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer
Treyarch
Activision O2
2002-09-17NA
October 14, 2002AUS October 18, 2002EU
Unreleased
September 17, 2002
Kidō Senshi Gundam: Gundam vs. Z Gundam
Capcom
Bandai
2004-12-09JP
Unreleased
December 9, 2004
Unreleased
Kidō Senshi Gundam: Senshitachi no Kiseki
Bandai
Bandai
2004-03-18JP
Unreleased
March 18, 2004
Unreleased
Killer7
Grasshopper ManufactureCapcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2005-06-09JP
July 15, 2005
June 9, 2005
July 5, 2005
King Arthur
Krome Studios
Konami
2004-11-18NA
February 11, 2005
Unreleased
November 18, 2004
Kirby Air Ride
HAL Laboratory
Nintendo
2003-07-11JP
February 27, 2004EU March 30, 2004AUS
July 11, 2003
October 13, 2003
Kiwame Mahjong DX2
Athena
Athena
2002-08-09JP
Unreleased
August 9, 2002
Unreleased
Knights of the Temple: Infernal Crusade
Starbreeze Studios
TDK Mediactive Europe
2004-03-19PAL
March 19, 2004
Unreleased
Unreleased
Knockout Kings 2003
GameFlow EntertainmentEA Redwood Studios
EA Sports
2002-10-09NA
December 20, 2002
Unreleased
October 9, 2002
Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Yūjō no Tag Battle Full Power
Bandai
Bandai
2004-08-05JP
Unreleased
August 5, 2004
Unreleased
Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Go! Go! Mamono Fight!!
Eighting
Bandai
2005-12-15JP
Unreleased
December 15, 2005
Unreleased
Korokke! Ban-Ō no Kiki o Sukue
Konami
Konami
2004-07-08JP
Unreleased
July 8, 2004
Unreleased
Kururin Squash!
Eighting
Nintendo
2004-10-14JP
Unreleased
October 14, 2004
Unreleased
Largo Winch: Empire Under Threat
Dupuis
Ubi Soft
2002-10-01PAL
October 1, 2002
Unreleased
Unreleased
Legend of Golfer
SETA Corporation
Nintendo
2004-06-17JP
Unreleased
June 17, 2004
Unreleased
The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning
Krome Studios
Vivendi Universal Games
2006-10-10NA
October 27, 2006
Unreleased
October 10, 2006
The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2003-11-07JP
November 14, 2003EU March 19, 2004AUS
November 7, 2003
November 17, 2003
The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2004-03-18JP
January 7, 2005EU April 7, 2005AUS
March 18, 2004
June 7, 2004
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time / Master Quest
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2002-11-28JP
May 3, 2003
November 28, 2002
February 18, 2003
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2006-12-02JP
December 15, 2006EU December 19, 2006AUS
December 2, 2006
December 11, 2006
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2002-12-13JP
May 2, 2003EU May 7, 2003AUS
December 13, 2002
March 24, 2003
Legends of Wrestling
Acclaim Studios Salt Lake City
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-05-28NA
June 7, 2002
Unreleased
May 28, 2002
Legends of Wrestling II
Acclaim Studios Salt Lake City
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-11-26NA
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
November 26, 2002
Lego Star Wars: The Video Game
Traveller's Tales
Eidos InteractiveGiant Interactive Entertainment
2005-10-26NA
November 4, 2005
Unreleased
October 26, 2005
Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy
Traveller's Tales
LucasArts
2006-09-11UK
September 11, 2006UK September 13, 2006EU September 15, 2006AUS
Unreleased
September 12, 2006
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
Adrenium Games
Activision
2004-11-09NA
November 25, 2004
Unreleased
November 9, 2004
Looney Tunes: Back in Action
Warthog Games
Electronic ArtsWarner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
2003-11-24NA
January 30, 2004
Unreleased
November 24, 2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Hypnos Entertainment
EA Games
2003-11-06NA
November 14, 2003
January 8, 2004
November 6, 2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age
EA Redwood Shores
EA Games
2004-10-29AUS
October 29, 2004AUS November 12, 2004EU
December 22, 2004
November 2, 2004
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Hypnos Entertainment
EA GamesWWElectronic Arts SquareJP
2002-12-30NA
March 14, 2003
February 14, 2003
December 30, 2002
Lost Kingdoms
FromSoftware
FromSoftwareJPActivisionWW
2002-04-25JP
August 9, 2002
April 25, 2002
May 29, 2002
Lost Kingdoms II
FromSoftware
ActivisionFromSoftwareJP
2003-05-22NA
June 6, 2003
May 23, 2003
May 22, 2003
Lotus Challenge
Kuju Entertainment
Ignition Entertainment
2004-07-29NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 29, 2004
Luigi's Mansion
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2001-09-14JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
September 14, 2001
November 18, 2001
Madagascar
Toys for Bob
ActivisionWWBandaiJP
2005-05-24NA
June 30, 2005
August 11, 2005
May 24, 2005
Madden NFL 06
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2005-08-09NA
September 16, 2005
Unreleased
August 9, 2005
Madden NFL 07
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2006-08-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 22, 2006
Madden NFL 08
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2007-08-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 14, 2007
Madden NFL 2002
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2001-11-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
Madden NFL 2003
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2002-08-12NA
October 11, 2002
Unreleased
August 12, 2002
Madden NFL 2004
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2003-08-11NA
September 5, 2003AUS September 12, 2003EU
Unreleased
August 11, 2003
Madden NFL 2005
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2004-08-10NA
September 10, 2004AUS September 17, 2004EU
Unreleased
August 10, 2004
Major League Baseball 2K6
Kush Games
2K Sports
2006-06-12NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
June 12, 2006
Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour
Camelot Software Planning
Nintendo
2003-07-28NA
February 11, 2004AUS June 18, 2004EU
September 5, 2003
July 28, 2003
Mario Kart: Double Dash
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2003-11-07JP
November 14, 2003
November 7, 2003
November 17, 2003
Mario Party 4
Hudson Soft
Nintendo
2002-10-21NA
November 29, 2002
November 8, 2002
October 21, 2002
Mario Party 5
Hudson Soft
Nintendo
2003-11-11NA
December 5, 2003
November 28, 2003
November 11, 2003
Mario Party 6
Hudson Soft
Nintendo
2004-11-18JP
March 18, 2005EU September 15, 2005AUS
November 18, 2004
December 6, 2004
Mario Party 7
Hudson Soft
Nintendo
2005-11-07NA
January 27, 2006UK February 10, 2006EU June 8, 2006AUS
November 10, 2005
November 7, 2005
Mario Power Tennis
Camelot Software Planning
Nintendo
2004-10-28JP
February 25, 2005
October 28, 2004
November 8, 2004
Mario Superstar Baseball
NamcoNow ProductionNintendo SPD
Nintendo
2005-07-21JP
November 3, 2005AUS November 11, 2005EU
July 21, 2005
August 29, 2005
Mark Davis Pro Bass Challenge
SIMS
Natsume Inc.
2005-09-20NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 20, 2005
Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects
Nihilistic Software
Electronic Arts
2005-09-20NA
October 14, 2005
Unreleased
September 20, 2005
Mary-Kate and Ashley: Sweet 16 – Licensed to Drive
n-Space
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-10WW
October 2002
Unreleased
October 2002
Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX 2
Gratuitous Games
Activision O2
2002-10-08NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
October 8, 2002
MC Groovz Dance Craze
Mad Catz
Mad Catz
2004-11-22NA
June 23, 2005
Unreleased
November 22, 2004
Medabots Infinity
Natsume Co., Ltd.
Natsume Co., Ltd.JPNatsume Inc.WW
2003-11-28JP
September 24, 2004
November 28, 2003
December 14, 2003
Medal of Honor: European Assault
EA Los Angeles
EA Games
2005-06-07NA
June 17, 2005
August 11, 2005
June 7, 2005
Medal of Honor: Frontline
EA Los Angeles
EA Games
2002-11-07NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
November 7, 2002
Medal of Honor: Rising Sun
EA Los Angeles
EA Games
2003-11-11NA
November 28, 2003
December 4, 2004
November 11, 2003
Meet the Robinsons
Avalanche Software
Disney Interactive Studios
2007-03-27NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 27, 2007
Mega Man Anniversary Collection
Atomic Planet Entertainment
Capcom
2004-06-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
June 22, 2004
Mega Man Network Transmission
Arika
Capcom
2003-03-06JP
June 27, 2003
March 6, 2003
June 17, 2003
Mega Man X Collection
Capcom
Capcom
2006-01-10NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
January 10, 2006
Mega Man X: Command Mission
Capcom Production Studio 3
Capcom
2004-07-29JP
November 19, 2004
July 29, 2004
September 21, 2004
Men in Black II: Alien Escape
Tantalus Interactive
Infogrames
2003-02-07PAL
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
April 8, 2003
Metal Arms: Glitch in the System
Swingin' Ape Studios
Vivendi Universal Games
2003-11-18NA
December 5, 2003
Unreleased
November 18, 2003
Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes
Konami Computer Entertainment JapanSilicon Knights
Konami
2004-03-09NA
March 26, 2004
March 11, 2004
March 9, 2004
Metroid Prime
Retro Studios
Nintendo
2002-11-18NA
March 21, 2003EU April 3, 2003AUS
February 28, 2003
November 18, 2002
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
Retro Studios
Nintendo
2004-11-15NA
November 26, 2004EU December 2, 2004AUS
May 26, 2005
November 15, 2004
Micro Machines
Infogrames Sheffield House
Infogrames
2003-01-17PAL
January 17, 2003
Unreleased
Unreleased
Midway Arcade Treasures
Digital Eclipse
Midway
2003-12-17NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 17, 2003
Midway Arcade Treasures 2
Backbone Entertainment
Midway
2004-10-11NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 11, 2004
Midway Arcade Treasures 3
Backbone EntertainmentGamestarMidway Studios San Diego
Midway
2005-10-24NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 24, 2005
Minority Report: Everybody Runs
Treyarch
Activision
2002-11-19NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
November 19, 2002
Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma
Paradigm Entertainment
Atari
2004-03-23NA
April 2, 2004
March 25, 2004
March 23, 2004
Mr. Driller Drill Land
Namco
Namco
2002-12-20JP
Unreleased
December 20, 2002
Unreleased
MLB Slugfest 2003
Gratuitous Games
Midway Sports
2002-09-04NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 4, 2002
MLB Slugfest 2004
Gratuitous Games
Midway Sports
2003-03-17NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 17, 2003
Momotarō Dentetsu 11: Black Bombee Shutsugen! No Maki
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
2002-12-05JP
Unreleased
December 5, 2002
Unreleased
Momotarō Dentetsu 12: Nishinihon Hen mo ari Masse!
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
2003-12-11JP
Unreleased
December 11, 2003
Unreleased
Monopoly Party
Runecraft
InfogramesWWTomyJP
2002-11-20NA
February 27, 2003
July 31, 2003
November 20, 2002
Monster 4x4: Masters of Metal
Ubi Soft BarcelonaInland Productions
Ubi Soft
2003-12-10NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 10, 2003
Monster House
Artificial Mind and Movement
THQ
2006-07-18NA
August 4, 2006EU September 7, 2006AUS
Unreleased
July 18, 2006
Monsters, Inc. Scream Arena
Radical Entertainment
THQ
2002-09-18NA
April 11, 2003
Unreleased
September 18, 2002
Monster Jam: Maximum Destruction
Inland Productions
Ubi Soft
2002-11-19NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
November 19, 2002
Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance
Midway Games
Midway
2002-11-22NA
February 14, 2003
Unreleased
November 22, 2002
Mortal Kombat: Deception
Midway Games
Midway
2005-02-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
February 28, 2005
Muppets Party Cruise
Mass Media
TDK Mediactive
2003-11-11NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 11, 2003
Muscle Champion: Kinnikutō Kessen
Konami
Konami
2002-11-21JP
Unreleased
November 21, 2002
Unreleased
Mutsu to Nohohon
Takara Tomy
Takara Tomy
2002-07-19JP
Unreleased
July 19, 2002
Unreleased
MVP Baseball 2004
EA Canada
EA Sports
2004-03-09NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 9, 2004
MVP Baseball 2005
EA Canada
EA Sports
2005-02-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
February 22, 2005
MX Superfly
Pacific Coast Power & Light
THQ
2002-06-27NA
October 4, 2002
Unreleased
June 27, 2002
Mystic Heroes
Koei
Koei
2002-03-29JP
December 13, 2002
March 29, 2002
September 30, 2002
Namco Museum
Mass Media
Namco
2002-10-09NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 9, 2002
Namco Museum 50th Anniversary
Backbone Entertainment
NamcoNAElectronic ArtsPAL
2005-08-30NA
June 9, 2006
Unreleased
August 30, 2005
Naruto: Clash of Ninja
Eighting
Tomy
2003-04-11JP
Unreleased
April 11, 2003
March 7, 2006
Naruto: Clash of Ninja 2Naruto: Clash of Ninja European VersionPAL
Eighting
TomyJP/NANintendoPAL
2003-12-04JP
November 24, 2006
December 4, 2003
September 26, 2006
Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 3
Eighting
Tomy
2004-11-20JP
Unreleased
November 20, 2004
Unreleased
Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 4
Eighting
Tomy
2005-11-21JP
Unreleased
November 21, 2005
Unreleased
NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2004-08-31NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 31, 2004
NASCAR: Dirt to Daytona
Monster Games
Infogrames
2002-11-12NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 12, 2002
NASCAR Thunder 2003
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2002-09-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 18, 2002
NBA 2K2
Visual Concepts
Sega
2002-03-19NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 19, 2002
NBA 2K3
Visual Concepts
Sega
2002-10-07NA
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
October 7, 2002
NBA Courtside 2002
Left Field Productions
Nintendo
2002-01-14NA
May 24, 2002
March 29, 2002
January 14, 2002
NBA Live 06
EA Canada
EA Sports
2005-09-26NA
October 7, 2005
Unreleased
September 26, 2005
NBA Live 2003
EA Canada
EA Sports
2002-10-08NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
October 8, 2002
NBA Live 2004
EA Canada
EA Sports
2003-10-14NA
November 7, 2003
Unreleased
October 14, 2003
NBA Live 2005
EA Canada
EA Sports
2004-09-28NA
October 29, 2004
Unreleased
September 28, 2004
NBA Street
NuFXEA Canada
EA Sports BIGNAElectronic Arts SquareJP
2002-02-05NA
Unreleased
March 22, 2002
February 5, 2002
NBA Street Vol. 2
NuFXEA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2003-04-29NA
May 2, 2003
Unreleased
April 29, 2003
NBA Street V3
EA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2005-02-08NA
February 18, 2005
May 26, 2005
February 8, 2005
NCAA College Basketball 2K3
Kush GamesVisual Concepts
Sega
2002-12-10NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 10, 2002
NCAA College Football 2K3
Visual ConceptsAvalanche Software
Sega
2002-09-03NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 3, 2002
NCAA Football 2003
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2002-07-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 22, 2002
NCAA Football 2004
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2003-07-16NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 16, 2003
NCAA Football 2005
EA Tiburon
EA Sports
2004-07-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
July 14, 2004
Need for Speed: Carbon
EA Canada
Electronic Arts
2006-10-31NA
November 3, 2006EU November 9, 2006AUS
Unreleased
October 31, 2006
Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2
EA Seattle
EA Games
2002-10-01NA
October 25, 2002
Unreleased
October 1, 2002
Need for Speed: Most Wanted
EA CanadaEA Black Box
Electronic Arts
2005-11-15NA
November 25, 2005EU November 28, 2005AUS
December 22, 2005
November 15, 2005
Need for Speed: Underground
EA Black Box
EA Games
2003-11-17NA
November 21, 2003
December 25, 2003
November 17, 2003
Need for Speed: Underground 2
EA Black Box
EA Games
2004-11-15NA
November 16, 2004AUS November 19, 2004EU
December 22, 2004
November 15, 2004
Neighbours from Hell
JoWooD Vienna
JoWooD Productions
2005-03-04PAL
March 4, 2005
Unreleased
Unreleased
NFL 2K3
Visual Concepts
Sega
2002-08-20NA
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
August 20, 2002
NFL Blitz 2002
Point of View
Midway
2002-03-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 18, 2002
NFL Blitz 2003
Point of View
Midway Sports
2002-08-12NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 12, 2002
NFL Blitz Pro
Midway Games
Midway Sports
2003-12-02NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 2, 2003
NFL QB Club 2002
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Sports
2001-12-20NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 20, 2001
NFL Street
EA Tiburon
EA Sports BIG
2004-01-13NA
January 30, 2004
Unreleased
January 13, 2004
NFL Street 2
EA Tiburon
EA Sports BIG
2004-12-22NA
January 28, 2005
Unreleased
December 26, 2004
NHL 06
EA Canada
EA Sports
2005-09-06NA
September 23, 2005
Unreleased
September 6, 2005
NHL 2003
EA Canada
EA Sports
2002-10-03NA
October 25, 2002
Unreleased
October 3, 2002
NHL 2004
EA Black Box
EA Sports
2003-09-23NA
October 3, 2003
Unreleased
September 23, 2003
NHL 2005
EA Black Box
EA Sports
2004-09-17AUS
September 17, 2004AUS October 8, 2004EU
Unreleased
September 22, 2004
NHL 2K3
Treyarch
Sega
2002-12-10NA
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
December 10, 2002
NHL Hitz 2002
Black Box Games
Midway
2001-11-18NA
May 10, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
NHL Hitz 2003
Black Box Games
Midway Sports
2002-09-16NA
November 1, 2002
Unreleased
September 16, 2002
NHL Hitz Pro
Next Level Games
Midway Sports
2003-09-25NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 25, 2003
Nickelodeon Party Blast
Data Design Interactive
Infogrames
2002-11-20NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
November 20, 2002
Nicktoons: Battle for Volcano Island
Blue Tongue Entertainment
THQ
2006-10-24NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 24, 2006
Nicktoons Unite!SpongeBob SquarePants & Friends: Unite!PAL
Blue Tongue Entertainment
THQ
2005-10-26NA
March 3, 2006
Unreleased
October 26, 2005
Nintendo Puzzle Collection
Nintendo Software TechnologyIntelligent Systems
Nintendo
2003-02-07JP
Unreleased
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
Odama
Vivarium
Nintendo
2006-03-31PAL
March 31, 2006
April 13, 2006
April 10, 2006
Ohenro-San
Panasonic Corporation
Panasonic Corporation
2003-04-24JP
Unreleased
April 24, 2003
Unreleased
One Piece: Grand Adventure
Ganbarion
Namco Bandai Games
2006-08-29NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 29, 2006
One Piece: Grand Battle!One Piece: Grand Battle! RushJP
Ganbarion
Bandai
2005-03-17JP
Unreleased
March 17, 2005
September 7, 2005
One Piece: Pirates' Carnival
h.a.n.d.
BandaiJPNamco Bandai GamesNA
2005-11-23JP
Unreleased
November 23, 2005
September 12, 2006
Open Season
Ubisoft MontrealUbisoft Quebec
Ubisoft
2006-09-18NA
October 6, 2006EU November 30, 2006AUS
Unreleased
September 18, 2006
Outlaw Golf
Hypnotix
Simon & Schuster InteractiveNATDK Mediactive EuropePAL
2002-10-30NA
June 24, 2003
Unreleased
October 30, 2002
Over the Hedge
Edge of Reality
Activision
2006-05-09NA
June 8, 2006EU June 14, 2006AUS
Unreleased
May 9, 2006
P.N.03
Capcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2003-03-27JP
August 29, 2003EU September 5, 2003AUS
March 27, 2003
September 9, 2003
Pac-Man Fever
Mass Media
Namco
2002-09-03NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 3, 2002
Pac-Man Vs.
Nintendo EAD
Namco
2003-11-27JP
April 2, 2004
November 27, 2003
December 2, 2003
Pac-Man World 2
Namco
Namco
2002-03-12NA
May 3, 2002
Unreleased
March 12, 2002
Pac-Man World 3
Blitz Games
Namco
2005-11-15NA
June 23, 2006
Unreleased
November 15, 2005
Pac-Man World Rally
Smart Bomb Interactive
Namco Bandai Games
2006-08-22NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
August 22, 2006
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
Intelligent Systems
Nintendo
2004-07-22JP
November 12, 2004EU November 18, 2004AUS
July 22, 2004
October 11, 2004
Peter Jackson's King Kong
Ubisoft Montpellier
Ubisoft
2005-11-17PAL
November 17, 2005
Unreleased
November 22, 2005
Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II
Sonic Team
Sega
2002-09-12JP
March 7, 2003
September 12, 2002
October 30, 2002
Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II Plus
Sonic Team
Sega
2003-11-27JP
Unreleased
November 27, 2003
September 15, 2004
Phantasy Star Online Episode III: C.A.R.D. Revolution
Sonic Team
Sega
2003-11-27JP
June 11, 2004
November 27, 2003
March 2, 2004
Piglet's Big Game
Doki Denki Studio
Gotham Games
2003-03-21NA
July 2, 2003
Unreleased
March 21, 2003
Pikmin
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2001-10-26JP
June 14, 2002
October 26, 2001
December 3, 2001
Pikmin 2
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2004-04-29JP
October 8, 2004EU November 4, 2004AUS
April 29, 2004
August 30, 2004
PK: Out of the ShadowsDonald Duck: PKPAL
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2002-11-29PAL
November 29, 2002
December 5, 2002
December 3, 2002
Pinball Hall of Fame: The Gottlieb Collection
FarSight Studios
Crave Entertainment
2005-03-20NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 20, 2005
Pitfall: The Lost Expedition
Edge of Reality
Activision
2004-02-19NA
February 20, 2004EU February 23, 2004AUS
Unreleased
February 19, 2004
Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire
Nintendo EADGame Freak
The Pokémon CompanyJPNintendoWW
2003-05-30JP
May 14, 2004EU July 16, 2004AUS
May 30, 2003
July 11, 2004
Pokémon Channel
Ambrella
The Pokémon CompanyJPNintendoWW
2003-07-18JP
April 2, 2004
July 18, 2003
December 1, 2003
Pokémon Colosseum
Genius Sonority
The Pokémon CompanyJPNintendoWW
2003-11-21JP
May 14, 2004
November 21, 2003
March 22, 2004
Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness
Genius Sonority
The Pokémon CompanyJPNintendoWW
2005-08-04JP
November 10, 2005AUS November 18, 2005EU
August 4, 2005
October 3, 2005
The Polar Express
Blue Tongue Entertainment
THQ
2004-11-02NA
November 26, 2004AUS December 16, 2004EU
Unreleased
November 2, 2004
Pool Edge
NDcube
Media Kite
2002-10-25JP
Unreleased
October 25, 2002
Unreleased
Pool Paradise
Awesome Studios
Ignition Entertainment
2004-05-07PAL
May 7, 2004
Unreleased
June 28, 2004
Power Rangers Dino Thunder
Pacific Coast Power & Light
THQ
2004-09-22NA
November 26, 2004EU January 14, 2005AUS
Unreleased
September 22, 2004
The Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage - Pickled Edition
VIS Entertainment
BAM! Entertainment
2002-12-15NA
February 6, 2004
Unreleased
December 15, 2002
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2003-11-18NA
February 20, 2004
Unreleased
November 18, 2003
Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones
Ubisoft MontrealUbisoft Casablanca
Ubisoft
2005-12-01NA
December 9, 2005
Unreleased
December 1, 2005
Prince of Persia: Warrior Within
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2004-11-30NA
December 3, 2004
Unreleased
November 30, 2004
Pro Rally
Ubi Soft Barcelona
Ubi Soft
2002-10-04PAL
October 4, 2002
Unreleased
November 11, 2002
Puyo Pop Fever
Sonic Team
Sega
2004-02-27PAL
February 27, 2004
March 24, 2004
July 20, 2004
R: Racing EvolutionR: RacingPAL
Namco
Namco
2003-11-27JP
March 26, 2004
November 27, 2003
December 9, 2003
Radirgy GeneriC
Milestone
Milestone
2006-05-25JP
Unreleased
May 25, 2006
Unreleased
Rally Championship
Warthog Games
SCi GamesPALConspiracy EntertainmentNA
2003-02-07PAL
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
July 30, 2003
Rampage: Total Destruction
Pipeworks Software
Midway
2006-04-24NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
April 24, 2006
Ratatouille
Asobo Studio
THQ
2007-06-26NA
September 28, 2007
Unreleased
June 26, 2007
Rave Master
Konami
Konami
2002-03-20JP
Unreleased
March 20, 2002
March 8, 2005
Rayman 3: Hoodlum Havoc
Ubi Pictures
Ubi Soft
2003-02-21PAL
February 21, 2003
October 22, 2004
March 4, 2003
Rayman Arena
Ubi PicturesUbi Soft Milan
Ubi Soft
2002-10-01NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 1, 2002
Red Faction II
Cranky Pants Games
THQ
2003-04-01NA
June 6, 2003EU June 13, 2003AUS
Unreleased
April 1, 2003
RedCard 2003RedCardPAL
Point of View
Midway Sports
2002-06-25NA
July 5, 2002
Unreleased
June 25, 2002
Rei Fighter Gekitsui Senki
Global A Entertainment
Global A Entertainment
2003-03-06JP
Unreleased
March 6, 2003
Unreleased
Reign of Fire
Kuju London
BAM! Entertainment
2002-11-26NA
November 29, 2002
Unreleased
November 26, 2002
Resident Evil
Capcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2002-03-22JP
September 13, 2002EU September 20, 2002AUS
March 22, 2002
April 30, 2002
Resident Evil 2
Capcom
Capcom
2003-01-14NA
May 30, 2003
January 23, 2003
January 14, 2003
Resident Evil 3: Nemesis
Capcom
Capcom
2003-01-15NA
May 30, 2003
January 23, 2003
January 15, 2003
Resident Evil 4
Capcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2005-01-11NA
March 18, 2005
January 27, 2005
January 11, 2005
Resident Evil – Code: Veronica X
Capcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2003-08-07JP
March 12, 2004
August 7, 2003
December 3, 2003
Resident Evil Zero
Capcom Production Studio 3Tose
Capcom
2002-11-12NA
February 28, 2003AUS March 7, 2003EU
November 21, 2002
November 12, 2002
Ribbit King
InfinityJamsworks
Bandai
2003-07-11JP
September 3, 2004
July 11, 2003
June 8, 2004
Road Trip: The Arcade EditionGadget RacersPALChoro Q!JP
Hudson Soft
TakaraJPZoo Digital PublishingPALConspiracy EntertainmentNA
2002-12-19JP
December 5, 2003
December 19, 2002
March 16, 2004
RoadKill
Terminal Reality
Midway
2003-10-30NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 30, 2003
RoboCop: Aratanaru Kiki
Titus Interactive Studio
Titus Japan K.K.
2004-03-04JP
Unreleased
March 4, 2004
Unreleased
Robotech: Battlecry
Vicious Cycle Software
TDK Mediactive
2002-10-11NA
March 21, 2003
Unreleased
October 11, 2002
Robots
Eurocom
Vivendi Universal Games
2005-02-22NA
March 11, 2005
July 28, 2005
February 22, 2005
Rocket Power: Beach Bandits
Evolution Games
THQ
2002-09-24NA
October 25, 2002
Unreleased
September 24, 2002
Rocky
Steel Monkeys
Ubi SoftNARage SoftwarePAL
2002-11-14NA
November 22, 2002
Unreleased
November 14, 2002
Rogue Ops
Bits Studios
Kemco
2003-10-28NA
February 6, 2004
February 26, 2004
October 28, 2003
Rugrats: Royal Ransom
Avalanche Software
THQ
2002-11-26NA
April 11, 2003
Unreleased
November 26, 2002
Rupan Sansei: Umi ni Kieta Hihou
Asmik Ace Entertainment
Asmik Ace Entertainment
2003-07-31JP
Unreleased
July 31, 2003
Unreleased
Samurai Jack: The Shadow of Aku
Adrenium Games
Sega
2004-03-23NA
June 25, 2004
Unreleased
March 23, 2004
Scaler
Artificial Mind and Movement
Global Star Software
2004-11-17NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 17, 2004
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Mayhem
Artificial Mind and Movement
THQ
2004-03-02NA
March 26, 2004
Unreleased
March 2, 2004
Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights
Heavy Iron Studios
THQ
2002-09-12NA
November 22, 2002
Unreleased
September 12, 2002
Scooby-Doo! Unmasked
Artificial Mind and Movement
THQ
2005-09-12NA
September 23, 2005
Unreleased
September 12, 2005
The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian
Point of View
Universal Interactive
2002-09-10NA
December 5, 2002
Unreleased
September 10, 2002
SD Gundam Gashapon Wars
Bandai Entertainment
Bandai
2005-12-01JP
Unreleased
December 1, 2005
Unreleased
Second Sight
Free Radical Design
Codemasters
2004-09-03PAL
September 3, 2004
Unreleased
September 21, 2004
Sega Soccer Slam
Black Box Games
Sega
2002-03-19NA
October 18, 2002
September 26, 2002
March 19, 2002
Serious Sam: Next Encounter
Climax Solent
Global Star Software
2004-04-14NA
April 30, 2004
Unreleased
April 14, 2004
Shadow the Hedgehog
Sega Studios USA
Sega
2005-11-15NA
November 18, 2005
December 15, 2005
November 15, 2005
Shaman King: Soul Fight
Tuning Electronic
Bandai
2003-03-28JP
Unreleased
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
Shamu's Deep Sea Adventures
Fun Labs
Activision
2005-11-01NA
March 16, 2006
Unreleased
November 1, 2005
Shark Tale
Edge of Reality
ActivisionWWTaitoJP
2004-09-21AUS
September 21, 2004AUS October 1, 2004EU
March 3, 2005
September 29, 2004
Shikigami no Shiro II
Alfa System
Kids Station
2003-10-24JP
Unreleased
October 24, 2003
Unreleased
Shinseiki GPX Cyber Formula: Road to the Evolution
Atelier-Sai
Sunrise Interactive
2004-07-29JP
Unreleased
July 29, 2004
Unreleased
Shrek 2
Luxoflux
Activision
2004-04-28NA
June 18, 2004
Unreleased
April 28, 2004
Shrek: Extra Large
Digital Illusions Canada
TDK Mediactive
2002-10-30NA
October 24, 2003
Unreleased
October 30, 2002
Shrek Smash n' Crash Racing
Torus Games
Activision
2006-11-21NA
March 16, 2007
Unreleased
November 21, 2006
Shrek Super Party
Mass Media
TDK Mediactive
2003-05-30PAL
May 30, 2003
Unreleased
June 5, 2003
Shrek SuperSlam
Shaba Games
Activision
2005-10-25NA
November 18, 2005
Unreleased
October 25, 2005
The Simpsons: Hit & Run
Radical Entertainment
Vivendi Universal Games
2003-09-16NA
October 31, 2003
Unreleased
September 16, 2003
The Simpsons: Road Rage
Radical Entertainment
Electronic Arts
2001-12-19NA
May 17, 2002
Unreleased
December 19, 2001
The Sims
Edge of Reality
EA Games
2003-03-25NA
April 4, 2003
January 22, 2004
March 25, 2003
The Sims 2
Maxis
Electronic Arts
2005-10-25NA
November 4, 2005
Unreleased
October 25, 2005
The Sims 2: Pets
Maxis
Electronic Arts
2006-10-17NA
October 20, 2006EU October 26, 2006AUS
Unreleased
October 17, 2006
The Sims Bustin' Out
Maxis
EA Games
2003-12-16NA
December 19, 2003EU January 27, 2004AUS
Unreleased
December 16, 2003
Skies of Arcadia Legends
Overworks
Sega
2002-12-26JP
May 23, 2003
December 26, 2002
January 28, 2003
Smashing Drive
Point of View
Namco
2002-02-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
February 18, 2002
Smuggler's Run: Warzones
Angel Studios
Rockstar Games
2002-08-07NA
October 18, 2002
Unreleased
August 7, 2002
Sonic Adventure 2: Battle
Sonic Team USA
Sega
2001-12-20JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
December 20, 2001
February 12, 2002
Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut
Sonic Team
Sega
2003-06-17NA
June 20, 2003AUS June 27, 2003EU
June 19, 2003
June 17, 2003
Sonic Gems Collection
Sonic Team
Sega
2005-08-11JP
September 30, 2005EU October 7, 2005AUS
August 11, 2005
August 16, 2005
Sonic Heroes
Sonic Team USA
Sega
2003-12-30JP
February 2, 2004
December 30, 2003
January 6, 2004
Sonic Mega Collection
Sonic Team
Sega
2002-11-12NA
March 7, 2003
December 19, 2002
November 12, 2002
Sonic Riders
Sonic TeamNow Production
Sega
2006-02-21NA
March 17, 2006EU March 23, 2006AUS
February 23, 2006
February 21, 2006
Soulcalibur II
Project Soul
Namco
2003-03-27JP
September 26, 2003
March 27, 2003
August 26, 2003
Space Raiders
Taito
TaitoJPMastiffNA
2003-01-09JP
Unreleased
January 9, 2003
April 19, 2004
Spartan: Total Warrior
Creative Assembly
Sega
2005-10-07PAL
October 7, 2005
Unreleased
October 25, 2005
Spawn: Armageddon
Point of View
NamcoNAElectronic ArtsPAL
2003-11-21NA
March 12, 2004
Unreleased
November 21, 2003
Special Jinsei Game
Takara
Takara
2003-05-01JP
Unreleased
May 1, 2003
Unreleased
Speed Challenge: Jacques Villeneuve's Racing Vision
Ubi Soft
Ubi Soft
2002-10-18PAL
October 18, 2002
Unreleased
Unreleased
Speed Kings
Climax London
Acclaim Entertainment
2003-05-28NA
July 4, 2003
Unreleased
May 28, 2003
Sphinx and the Cursed Mummy
Eurocom
THQ
2003-11-10NA
February 20, 2004
Unreleased
November 10, 2003
Spider-Man
Treyarch
ActivisionWWCapcomJP
2002-04-16NA
June 7, 2002
February 13, 2003
April 16, 2002
Spider-Man 2
Treyarch
Activision
2004-06-29NA
July 2, 2004AUS July 9, 2004EU
Unreleased
June 29, 2004
SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom
Heavy Iron Studios
THQ
2003-10-29NA
November 28, 2003
Unreleased
October 29, 2003
SpongeBob SquarePants: Creature from the Krusty Krab
Blitz Games
THQ
2006-10-16NA
November 2, 2006AUS November 10, 2006EU
Unreleased
October 16, 2006
SpongeBob SquarePants: Lights, Camera, Pants!
THQ Studio Australia
THQ
2005-10-19NA
November 18, 2005
Unreleased
October 19, 2005
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
Heavy Iron Studios
THQ
2004-10-27NA
November 26, 2004AUS February 18, 2005EU
Unreleased
October 27, 2004
SpongeBob SquarePants: Revenge of the Flying Dutchman
Big Sky Interactive
THQ
2002-12-17NA
March 28, 2003
Unreleased
December 17, 2002
SpyHunter
Point of View
Midway
2002-03-12NA
June 28, 2002
Unreleased
March 12, 2002
Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly
Equinoxe Digital EntertainmentCheck Six Studios
Universal Interactive
2002-11-19NA
November 29, 2002
Unreleased
November 19, 2002
Spyro: A Hero's Tail
Eurocom
Vivendi Universal Games
2004-11-02NA
November 26, 2004
Unreleased
November 2, 2004
SSX 3
EA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2003-10-21NA
October 31, 2003
December 18, 2003
October 21, 2003
SSX on Tour
EA Canada
EA Sports BIG
2005-10-11NA
October 21, 2005
November 24, 2005
October 11, 2005
SSX Tricky
EA Canada
EA Sports BIGWWElectronic Arts SquareJP
2001-11-27NA
July 12, 2002
December 27, 2001
November 27, 2001
Star Fox Adventures
Rare
Nintendo
2002-09-23NA
November 15, 2002AUS November 22, 2002EU
September 27, 2002
September 23, 2002
Star Fox: Assault
Namco
Nintendo
2005-02-15NA
April 29, 2005EU June 16, 2005AUS
February 24, 2005
February 15, 2005
Starsky & Hutch
Supersonic Software
Empire Interactive
2003-09-26PAL
September 26, 2003
Unreleased
August 31, 2004
Star Wars: Bounty Hunter
LucasArts
LucasArts
2002-12-07NA
February 7, 2003
Unreleased
December 7, 2002
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Pandemic Studios
LucasArts
2002-10-29NA
November 15, 2002
March 20, 2003
October 29, 2002
Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast
Vicarious Visions
LucasArtsNAActivisionPAL
2002-11-19NA
November 22, 2002
Unreleased
November 19, 2002
Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader
Factor 5LucasArts
LucasArts
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
March 22, 2002
November 18, 2001
Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike
Factor 5
LucasArts
2003-10-21NA
November 7, 2003
November 21, 2003
October 21, 2003
Street Hoops
Black Ops Entertainment
Activision
2002-11-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 28, 2002
Street Racing Syndicate
Eutechnyx
Namco
2004-08-31NA
March 4, 2005
Unreleased
August 31, 2004
Strike Force Bowling
LAB Rats Games
Crave Entertainment
2005-05-06NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
May 6, 2005
The Sum of All Fears
Red Storm Entertainment
Ubi Soft
2002-12-17NA
March 21, 2003
Unreleased
December 17, 2002
Summoner: A Goddess Reborn
Volition
THQ
2003-02-04NA
April 11, 2003
Unreleased
February 4, 2003
Super Bubble Pop
Runecraft
Jaleco
2003-01-03NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
January 3, 2003
Super Mario StrikersMario Smash FootballPAL
Next Level Games
Nintendo
2005-11-18EU
November 18, 2005EU April 6, 2006AUS
January 11, 2006
December 5, 2005
Super Mario Sunshine
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2002-07-19JP
October 4, 2002EU October 11, 2002AUS
July 19, 2002
August 26, 2002
Super Monkey Ball
Amusement Vision
Sega
2001-09-14JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
September 14, 2001
November 18, 2001
Super Monkey Ball 2
Amusement Vision
Sega
2002-08-26NA
March 10, 2003
November 21, 2002
August 26, 2002
Super Monkey Ball Adventure
Traveller's Tales
Sega
2006-07-14EU
July 14, 2006EU August 15, 2006AUS
Unreleased
August 1, 2006
Super Robot Taisen GC
Banpresto
Banpresto
2004-12-16JP
Unreleased
December 16, 2004
Unreleased
Super Smash Bros. Melee
HAL Laboratory
Nintendo
2001-11-21JP
May 24, 2002EU May 31, 2002AUS
November 21, 2001
December 3, 2001
Superman: Shadow of Apokolips
Infogrames Sheffield House
Infogrames
2003-03-25NA
May 20, 2003
Unreleased
March 25, 2003
Surf's Up
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2007-05-29NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
May 29, 2007
Swingerz GolfAce GolfPAL
Telenet Japan
Eidos Interactive
2002-10-23NA
December 6, 2002
November 28, 2002
October 23, 2002
SX Superstar
Climax Solent
AKA Acclaim
2003-06-30NA
July 4, 2003
Unreleased
June 30, 2003
Tak and the Power of Juju
Avalanche Software
THQ
2003-10-15NA
March 12, 2004
Unreleased
October 15, 2003
Tak: The Great Juju Challenge
Avalanche Software
THQ
2005-09-19WW
September 19, 2005
Unreleased
September 19, 2005
Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams
Avalanche Software
THQ
2004-10-11NA
March 11, 2005AUS March 24, 2005EU
Unreleased
October 11, 2004
Tales of Symphonia
Namco Tales Studio
Namco
2003-08-29JP
November 19, 2004
August 29, 2003
July 13, 2004
Tarzan: UntamedTarzan: FreeridePAL
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
Unreleased
November 18, 2001
Taxi 3
Ubi Soft Montreal
Ubi Soft
2003-08-28PAL
August 28, 2003
Unreleased
Unreleased
Taz: Wanted
Blitz Games
Infogrames
2002-10-04PAL
October 4, 2002
Unreleased
October 8, 2002
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Konami Computer Entertainment Studios
Konami
2003-10-21NA
April 30, 2004
Unreleased
October 21, 2003
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus
Konami Computer Entertainment Studios
Konami
2004-10-19NA
March 11, 2005
Unreleased
October 19, 2004
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3: Mutant Nightmare
Konami Computer Entertainment Studios
Konami
2005-11-01NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 1, 2005
Tengai Makyō II: Manji Maru
Hudson Soft
Hudson Soft
2005-09-25JP
Unreleased
September 25, 2005
Unreleased
Teen Titans
Artificial Mind and Movement
THQMajesco Entertainment
2006-05-24NA
October 11, 2006
Unreleased
May 24, 2006
Tensai Bit-Kun: Gramon Battle
Taito
Taito
2003-10-03JP
Unreleased
October 3, 2003
Unreleased
Terminator 3: The Redemption
Paradigm Entertainment
Atari
2004-09-09NA
September 17, 2004AUS September 24, 2004EU
January 20, 2005
September 9, 2004
Tetris Worlds
Radical Entertainment
THQWWSuccessJP
2002-06-26NA
September 27, 2002
December 20, 2002
June 26, 2002
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06
EA Redwood ShoresHypnos Entertainment
EA Sports
2005-09-20NA
October 7, 2005
Unreleased
September 20, 2005
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003
EA Redwood Shores
EA Sports
2002-10-29NA
December 6, 2002
Unreleased
October 29, 2002
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004
EA Redwood Shores
EA Sports
2003-09-22NA
September 26, 2003
Unreleased
September 22, 2003
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005
EA Redwood Shores
EA Sports
2004-09-17AUS
September 17, 2004AUS September 24, 2004EU
Unreleased
September 21, 2004
TimeSplitters 2
Free Radical Design
Eidos Interactive
2002-10-15NA
November 1, 2002
Unreleased
October 15, 2002
TimeSplitters: Future Perfect
Free Radical Design
EA Games
2005-03-21NA
March 24, 2005
Unreleased
March 22, 2005
TMNT
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2007-03-20NA
March 23, 2007
Unreleased
March 20, 2007
TMNT: Mutant Melee
Konami Computer Entertainment Hawaii
Konami
2005-03-15NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 15, 2005
Tom and Jerry: War of the Whiskers
VIS Entertainment
NewKidCo
2003-01-04NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
January 4, 2003
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
Red Storm Entertainment
Ubi Soft
2003-02-11NA
March 20, 2003
Unreleased
February 11, 2003
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon 2
Red Storm Entertainment
Ubisoft
2005-03-15NA
March 24, 2005
Unreleased
March 15, 2005
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3
Ubisoft Shanghai
Ubisoft
2004-06-15NA
June 25, 2004
Unreleased
June 15, 2004
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Lockdown
Red Storm Entertainment
Ubisoft
2005-09-27NA
September 30, 2005
Unreleased
September 27, 2005
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
Ubi Soft Shanghai
Ubi Soft
2003-04-08NA
June 6, 2003
Unreleased
April 8, 2003
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory
Ubisoft MontrealUbisoft Milan
Ubisoft
2005-03-30NA
April 1, 2005
Unreleased
March 30, 2005
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2006-10-24NA
October 26, 2006AUS October 27, 2006EU
Unreleased
October 24, 2006
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow
Ubisoft MilanUbisoft Shanghai
Ubisoft
2004-07-15NA
July 30, 2004
Unreleased
July 15, 2004
Tomb Raider: Legend
Nixxes Software
Eidos Interactive
2006-11-14NA
December 1, 2006
Unreleased
November 14, 2006
Tonka: Rescue Patrol
Lucky Chicken Games
TDK Mediactive
2003-11-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 18, 2003
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
Neversoft
Activision
2005-10-18NA
October 28, 2005
Unreleased
October 18, 2005
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3
Neversoft
Activision O2WWSuccessJP
2001-11-18NA
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
June 27, 2003
November 18, 2001
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
Neversoft
Activision O2
2002-10-23NA
November 15, 2002
Unreleased
October 23, 2002
Tony Hawk's Underground
Neversoft
Activision
2003-10-27NA
November 21, 2003
Unreleased
October 27, 2003
Tony Hawk's Underground 2
Neversoft
Activision
2004-10-04NA
October 8, 2004
Unreleased
October 4, 2004
Top Angler: Real Bass Fishing
SIMS
Xicat Interactive
2003-01-01NA
July 18, 2003
Unreleased
January 1, 2003
Top Gun: Combat Zones
Digital Integration
Titus Interactive
2002-10-28NA
November 8, 2002
December 26, 2002
October 28, 2002
The Tower of Druaga
Namco
Namco
2003-12-05JP
Unreleased
December 5, 2003
Unreleased
TransWorld Surf: Next Wave
Angel Studios
Infogrames
2003-03-18NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
March 18, 2003
Trigger Man
Point of View
Crave Entertainment
2004-09-28NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 28, 2004
True Crime: New York City
Exakt Entertainment
Activision
2005-11-16NA
November 25, 2005
Unreleased
November 16, 2005
True Crime: Streets of LA
Exakt Entertainment
Activision
2003-11-04NA
November 21, 2003
Unreleased
November 4, 2003
Tube Slider
NDcube
Interchannel
2003-04-15NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
April 15, 2003
Turok: Evolution
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-09-01NA
September 27, 2002
Unreleased
September 1, 2002
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger
Krome Studios
EA Games
2002-09-10NA
November 22, 2002
Unreleased
September 10, 2002
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue
Krome Studios
EA Games
2004-10-12NA
October 29, 2004AUS November 5, 2004EU
Unreleased
October 12, 2004
Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 3: Night of the Quinkan
Krome Studios
Activision
2005-10-12NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
October 12, 2005
UEFA Champions League 2004-2005
EA Sports
EA Sports
2005-02-04PAL
February 4, 2005
Unreleased
Unreleased
UFC: Throwdown
Opus
Crave EntertainmentNACapcomJPUbi SoftPAL
2002-07-30NA
September 20, 2002
September 5, 2002
July 30, 2002
Ultimate Muscle: Legends vs. New Generation
AKI Corporation
Bandai
2002-11-22JP
Unreleased
November 22, 2002
June 5, 2003
Ultimate Spider-Man
Treyarch
ActivisionWWTaitoJP
2005-09-22NA
October 14, 2005
June 29, 2006
September 22, 2005
Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure
Nai'a Digital Works
Kemco
2001-12-07JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
December 7, 2001
December 18, 2001
The Urbz: Sims in the City
Maxis
EA Games
2004-11-09NA
November 12, 2004
January 13, 2005
November 9, 2004
V-Rally 3
Eden Studios
Infogrames
2003-06-27PAL
June 27, 2003
July 10, 2003
Unreleased
Vexx
Acclaim Studios Austin
Acclaim Entertainment
2003-02-11NA
April 4, 2003
Unreleased
February 11, 2003
Viewtiful Joe
Capcom Production Studio 4
Capcom
2003-06-26JP
October 24, 2003EU October 2003AUS
June 26, 2003
October 7, 2003
Viewtiful Joe 2
Clover Studio
Capcom
2004-11-18NA
April 1, 2005EU April 15, 2005AUS
December 16, 2004
November 18, 2004
Viewtiful Joe: Red Hot Rumble
Clover Studio
Capcom
2005-09-29JP
February 24, 2006EU March 10, 2006AUS
September 29, 2005
November 8, 2005
Virtua Quest
Sega AM2Tose
Sega
2004-08-26JP
Unreleased
August 26, 2004
January 18, 2005
Virtua Striker 2002Virtua Striker 3 ver. 2002JP/PAL
Amusement Vision
Sega
2002-02-14JP
May 24, 2002
February 14, 2002
May 20, 2002
Wallace & Gromit in Project Zoo
Frontier Developments
BAM! Entertainment
2003-10-03PAL
October 3, 2003
Unreleased
October 16, 2003
Wario World
Treasure
Nintendo
2003-06-20EU
June 20, 2003EU July 10, 2003AUS
May 27, 2004
June 23, 2003
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games!
Intelligent SystemsNintendo R&D1
Nintendo
2003-10-17JP
September 3, 2004
October 17, 2003
April 5, 2004
Warrior Blade: Rastan vs. Barbarian
Saffire
Taito
2003-03-27JP
Unreleased
March 27, 2003
Unreleased
Wave Race: Blue Storm
Nintendo Software Technology
Nintendo
2001-09-14JP
May 3, 2002EU May 17, 2002AUS
September 14, 2001
November 18, 2001
Whirl Tour
Papaya Studio
Crave EntertainmentVivendi Universal Games
2002-11-05NA
March 21, 2003
Unreleased
November 5, 2002
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure
Phoenix Studio
Ubisoft
2005-02-15NA
March 10, 2005
Unreleased
February 15, 2005
World Racing
Synetic
TDK Mediactive Europe
2004-04-08PAL
April 8, 2004
Unreleased
Unreleased
World Series of Poker
Left Field Productions
Activision
2005-09-14NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
September 14, 2005
World Soccer Winning Eleven 6 Final Evolution
Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo
Konami
2003-01-30JP
Unreleased
January 30, 2003
Unreleased
Worms 3D
Team17
SegaPALAcclaim EntertainmentNA
2003-10-31PAL
October 31, 2003
Unreleased
March 11, 2004
Worms Blast
Team17
Ubi Soft
2002-09-13PAL
September 13, 2002
Unreleased
October 24, 2002
Wreckless: The Yakuza Missions
Broadsword Interactive Limited
Activision
2002-11-20NA
November 22, 2002
Unreleased
November 20, 2002
WTA Tour TennisPro Tennis WTA TourPAL
Konami
Konami
2002-08-29JP
September 13, 2002
August 29, 2002
September 24, 2002
WWE Crush Hour
Pacific Data Power & Light
THQ
2003-03-18NA
May 15, 2003
Unreleased
March 18, 2003
WWE Day of Reckoning
Yuke's
THQWWYuke'sJP
2004-08-30NA
September 17, 2004EU September 24, 2004AUS
January 13, 2005
August 30, 2004
WWE Day of Reckoning 2
Yuke's
THQ
2005-08-29NA
September 23, 2005
Unreleased
August 29, 2005
WWE WrestleMania X8
Yuke's
THQWWYuke'sJP
2002-06-10NA
September 27, 2002EU October 9, 2002AUS
September 6, 2002
June 10, 2002
WWE WrestleMania XIX
Yuke's
THQWWYuke'sJP
2003-09-08NA
September 19, 2003
November 7, 2003
September 8, 2003
X-Men Legends
Raven Software
Activision
2004-09-21NA
October 22, 2004
Unreleased
September 21, 2004
X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse
Raven Software
Activision
2005-09-20NA
October 14, 2005
Unreleased
September 20, 2005
X-Men: Next Dimension
Exakt Entertainment
Activision
2002-10-22NA
November 29, 2002
Unreleased
October 22, 2002
X-Men: The Official Game
Hypnos Entertainment
Activision
2006-05-16NA
May 19, 2006
Unreleased
May 16, 2006
X2: Wolverine's RevengeX-Men 2: Wolverine's RevengePAL
GenePool Software
Activision
2003-04-15NA
April 17, 2003
Unreleased
April 15, 2003
XGRA: Extreme-G Racing Association
Acclaim Studios Cheltenham
Acclaim Entertainment
2003-11-24NA
March 5, 2004
Unreleased
November 24, 2003
XIII
Ubisoft Paris
Ubisoft
2003-11-25NA
November 28, 2003
Unreleased
November 25, 2003
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Falsebound Kingdom
Konami Computer Entertainment Japan
Konami
2002-12-05JP
November 19, 2004EU December 2, 2004AUS
December 5, 2002
November 4, 2003
Zapper: One Wicked Cricket
Blitz Games
Infogrames
2002-11-06NA
March 14, 2003
Unreleased
November 6, 2002
Zatch Bell! Mamodo Battles
Eighting
Bandai
2005-03-24JP
Unreleased
March 24, 2005
October 19, 2005
Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury
Mechanic Arms
Namco Bandai Games
2006-12-12NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
December 12, 2006
Zoids Vs.
Tomy
Tomy
2002-09-06JP
Unreleased
September 6, 2002
Unreleased
Zoids Vs. III
Tomy
Tomy
2004-09-30JP
Unreleased
September 30, 2004
Unreleased
Zoids: Battle LegendsZoids Vs. IIJP
Tomy
TomyJPAtariNA
2003-09-05JP
Unreleased
September 5, 2003
September 4, 2004
Zoids: Full Metal Crash
Tomy
Tomy
2005-10-27JP
Unreleased
October 27, 2005
Unreleased
ZooCube
PuzzleKings
Acclaim Entertainment
2002-05-30NA
August 30, 2002
October 25, 2002
May 30, 2002
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Bonus discs and demo discs
Title
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
First released
Release date
Europe / PAL
Japan
North America
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! Bonus Disc
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2003-11-17NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 17, 2003
Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes Special Disc
Konami Computer Entertainment JapanSilicon Knights
Konami
2004-03-11JP
Unreleased
March 11, 2004
Unreleased
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes Bonus Disc
Retro Studios
Nintendo
2004-11-15NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
November 15, 2004
Nintendo GameCube Preview Disc
Nintendo
Nintendo
2003-05-30NA
Unreleased
Unreleased
May 30, 2003
Pokémon Colosseum Bonus Disc
Genius Sonority
The Pokémon CompanyJPNintendoWW
2003-11-21JP
Unreleased
November 21, 2003
March 22, 2004
Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike Preview Disc
Factor 5
LucasArts
2003-10-28NA
October 28, 2003
Unreleased
October 28, 2003
See also
List of best-selling GameCube video games
List of Player's Choice titles for GameCube
List of PlayStation 2 games
List of Xbox games
List of Dreamcast games
Notes
^ This number is always up to date by this script.
References
^ Mitchell, Richard (October 11, 2011). "New Wii bundle includes New Super Mario Bros, loses Gamecube support". Joystiq. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "GameCube Software". Nintendo Co., Ltd. p. 1 of 8. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
^ Wii Magazin (March–April 2008). "GCN-Index". Live Emotion. pp. 115–119.
^ "Premium Snake: Details on the Japanese MGS bundle". IGN. March 3, 2004. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
vteGameCubeHardware
Technical specifications
Online functionality
Gekko
Accessories
Controller
WaveBird
Game Boy Player
Game Boy Advance link cable
Smash Box controller
Games
Best-selling games
Cancelled games
Related
Dolphin
Capcom Five
NGC Magazine
Predecessor: Nintendo 64
Category
Successor: Wii
vteVideo game lists by platformAmstrad
Amstrad CPC
Amstrad PCW
Apple
Apple II
Apple IIGS
Mac
iPod
iOS
Atari
Arcade
2600
5200
7800
ST
XEGS
Lynx
Jaguar
CD
VCS (2021)
Bandai
Bandai LCD Solarpower
Pippin
WonderSwan
WonderSwan Color
Coleco
ColecoVision
Adam
Commodore
PET
VIC-20
Commodore 16
Commodore 64
Amiga
Amiga CD32
Google
Android
Stadia
Microsoft
MS-DOS
MSX
Windows 3.x
Windows
Windows Mobile Professional
Xbox
Network
System Link
Xbox 360
Backward compatible
System Link
Games for Windows
Games on Demand
Live
Windows Phone
Xbox Live on Windows 8
Xbox One
Backward compatible
Xbox One X enhanced
Xbox Live on Windows 10
Xbox Series X/S
Backward compatible
NEC
PC-88
PC-98
TurboGrafx-16
PC-FX
Nintendo
Arcade
Game & Watch
Mini Classics
NES
Disk System
Game Boy
Super NES
Satellaview
Super Game Boy
Virtual Boy
Nintendo 64
64DD
Game Boy Color
Game Boy Advance
Nintendo e-Reader
GameCube
iQue Player
DS
DSiWare
Wii
Wii Virtual Console
WiiWare
3DS
3D Classics
Nintendo Network
3DS Virtual Console
Wii U
MotionPlus
Nintendo Network
Wii U Virtual Console
Wii games for Wii U
Switch
Oculus
Oculus Rift
Oculus Quest
Sega
Arcade
SG-1000
Master System
Genesis
Sega CD
32X
Game Gear
Pico
Saturn
Dreamcast
VMU
SNK
Neo Geo
Neo Geo Pocket
Color
Hyper Neo Geo 64
Sony
PlayStation
PS1 Classics
Net Yaroze
PocketStation
PS2
EyeToy
Online
PSP
PlayStation minis
PSN
PS3
Classics HD
PS2 Classics
Vita
Classics HD
PS4
Classics HD
Free-to-play
PS2 Classics
PSVR
PS5
Other consoles
3DO
Gizmondo
GP32
Intellivision
Odyssey²
N-Gage
Ouya
Philips CD-i
Vectrex
Zeebo
Other computers
Acorn Electron
FM Towns
Kaypro
PC
Booter
Linux
OS/2
TRS-80
X68000
ZX Spectrum
Other platforms
Arcade
Browser
HTC Vive
Cancelled games
3DO
Atari
Lynx
Jaguar
Commodore
NEC
Microsoft
Xbox console
Xbox 360
Nintendo
NES
Game Boy
SNES
Virtual Boy
N64
Game Boy Color
Game Boy Advance
GameCube
DS
Wii
3DS
Wii U
Switch
Sega
Genesis
Sega CD
32X
Game Gear
Saturn
Dreamcast
Sharp
X68000
SNK
Sony
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Vita
PlayStation 4 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GameCube-Set.jpg"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube_controller"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"sixth generation of video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(sixth_generation)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"PAL regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_regions"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"backward compatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube_controller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Madden NFL 08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_NFL_08"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rōmaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji"},{"link_name":"list of cancelled GameCube games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cancelled_GameCube_games"}],"text":"The GameCube and controller (Indigo color)The GameCube is Nintendo's fourth home video game console, released during the sixth generation of video games. It is the successor to the Nintendo 64, and was first launched in Japan on September 14, 2001, followed by a launch in North America on November 18, 2001, and a launch in the PAL regions in May 2002. The successor to the GameCube is the Wii, which was first released in North America on November 19, 2006, and is backward compatible with GameCube games, memory cards, and controllers. Later models RVL-101 and RVL-201 would not feature backwards compatibility.[1] The last game officially released for the system was the North American exclusive Madden NFL 08 on August 2007. There are 651[a] games on this list. It is organized alphabetically by the games' localized English titles, or by rōmaji transliterations when exclusive to Japan. For a list of games that were announced or in development for the GameCube but never released, see the list of cancelled GameCube games.","title":"List of GameCube games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Top\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bonus discs and demo discs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Table_row_counter"}],"text":"^ This number is always up to date by this script.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The GameCube and controller (Indigo color)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GameCube-Set.jpg/220px-GameCube-Set.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of best-selling GameCube video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_GameCube_video_games"},{"title":"List of Player's Choice titles for GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Selects#GameCube"},{"title":"List of PlayStation 2 games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_2_games"},{"title":"List of Xbox games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Xbox_games"},{"title":"List of Dreamcast games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dreamcast_games"}] | [{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard (October 11, 2011). \"New Wii bundle includes New Super Mario Bros, loses Gamecube support\". Joystiq. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2011/10/11/new-wii-bundle-includes-new-super-mario-bros-loses-gamecube-sup/","url_text":"\"New Wii bundle includes New Super Mario Bros, loses Gamecube support\""}]},{"reference":"\"GameCube Software\". Nintendo Co., Ltd. p. 1 of 8. Retrieved June 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ngc/index.html","url_text":"\"GameCube Software\""}]},{"reference":"Wii Magazin (March–April 2008). \"GCN-Index\". Live Emotion. pp. 115–119.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Premium Snake: Details on the Japanese MGS bundle\". IGN. March 3, 2004. Retrieved August 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cube.ign.com/articles/496/496354p1.html","url_text":"\"Premium Snake: Details on the Japanese MGS bundle\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.joystiq.com/2011/10/11/new-wii-bundle-includes-new-super-mario-bros-loses-gamecube-sup/","external_links_name":"\"New Wii bundle includes New Super Mario Bros, loses Gamecube support\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ngc/index.html","external_links_name":"\"GameCube Software\""},{"Link":"http://cube.ign.com/articles/496/496354p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Premium Snake: Details on the Japanese MGS bundle\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Rush | Oil Rush | ["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Development","4 Release","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"] | Not to be confused with Oil boom.
2012 video gameOil RushDeveloper(s)UNIGINE Holding S.à r.l.Publisher(s)UNIGINE Holding S.à r.l.Iceberg InteractiveDesigner(s)Vitaliy Sidorov, Stanislav ZagniyEngineUniginePlatform(s)Microsoft Windows, Linux, OS X, Android, iOSReleaseJanuary 25, 2012Genre(s)Real-time strategy, tower defenseMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Oil Rush is a tower defense real-time strategy game developed by UNIGINE Holding S.à r.l. using their Unigine engine technology. Set in a flooded, post-apocalyptic world, the game consists of players fighting over control of the world's last remaining oil reserves. The game was released as a digital download for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and OS X.
This theme has been viewed as controversial by some, especially as Oil Rush was originally intended to be released only a little more than a year after the much publicized Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The game itself actually delivers an environmental warning message, with Unigine's CEO Denis Shergin commenting that "Fuel devouring armies that fight over the last drops of oil and pollute already trashed world is nothing but doublethink. That is a warning environmental message we'd like to deliver in a single-player campaign."
Plot
In Oil Rush, the player is shown the viewpoint and story of Kevin, a recent graduate and serviceman, following in his father's footsteps who has recently died. He is almost immediately tasked by The Commander to suppress a rebel faction, The Raiders, who are trying to take control of the oil rigs in the army's possession. Now in control of a fleet of combat units, an in-game guidance PDA issues the player basic instructions to help learn how to complete the set of objectives they are assigned, such as deploying only 25 percent of the combat units, production of armed defense units on oil rigs in your control, and dividing forces into groups to attack opposing rigs simultaneously.
Gameplay
The game combines elements of strategy and tower defense as players must defend and attack oil rigs through the use of armed platforms against hordes of enemy watercraft and other attack units. The campaign's story puts the player in the shoes of Kevin, a graduate of the military academy and disciple of The Commander in a story-driven succession, while multiplayer allows players to go head-to-head against friends or online opponents in a strategic manner. Players are forced to maintain, upgrade, defend, and attack oil rigs put in various locations on each map.
Development
Although originally planned to be released in the fourth quarter of 2010, the game was later delayed until March 2011 due to more development time being needed as well as more time to negotiate with potential publishers. It was then further delayed until June 2011 to allow more time to work on the single-player campaign. The ability to pre-order the game has been available since March 2, 2011.
Unigine worked on development throughout 2011, providing incremental updates to the beta builds for those who pre-ordered the game. Over time, noteworthy fixes and updates came through in the form of improved gamma control on Windows and Linux platforms, fixing anti-aliasing issues, debugging, performance optimizations, usability fixes, subtitles, voice-overs, and 3D capability for users with certain high-end graphics cards, amongst much more. Each update was rolled out in around two weeks of the last, continuing improvement on the game. In the last update before release, version 0.98, Unigine's changelog noted that it had included splashes during the introduction of its partners, including NVIDIA and RakNet.
Though originally uninterested in an OS X release of the game, Unigine later announced that they intended to launch a native OS X version of the game.
Release
The game was released internationally on January 25, 2012 through digital portals including Desura, Ubuntu Software Center, and finally launching on Steam later the same day. Independent European publisher Iceberg Interactive signed with Unigine to secure retail distribution of Oil Rush in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, set to be released on February 24, 2012 throughout Europe, with a fully localized version for the German market to follow on March 23, 2012.
Android version was released on March 18, 2013. iOS version was released on October 24, 2013.
Reception
Since its announcement, the game has garnered much attention from Linux-oriented tech sites and blogs, the most notable of which would be Phoronix and received much praise for its graphics and gameplay even during its beta testing stages. Phoronix featured many articles about it for over a year and a half, before releasing their release date announcement and unofficial review of the game, going on to say, "Even if you're not the biggest Linux gamer or a real-time strategy fan, I still would recommend picking up this $20 USD Linux-native title on the basis of supporting Unigine Corp as one of the leading Linux-friendly commercial game studios".
On the review aggregator website Metacritic, Destructoid's Maurice Tan reviewed the game and gave it a rating of 8.0 out of 10. He noted, "What could have been a messy title merely created to showcase the Unigine Engine has turned out to be a surprisingly polished and deep strategy game. Oil Rush isn't just a joy to behold in action, but manages to make an old genre feel fresh while looking the part." Later in the review, he said of the game that it was "one of the first strategy surprises of the year" and that the "simple design of hop-skip-jump platform fights hides layers of depths that make it an easy-to-learn, hard-to-master arcade naval warfare experience."
User reviews of the game on the digital content distribution platform Desura have also been positive, receiving an average rating of 9.5 out of 10, 73% of reviewers having given the game a 10/10 score. Reviews ranged from praising the graphics, the performance of the game, particularly on Linux systems, and the mix of the game's strategy and tower defense gameplay. On the Ubuntu Software Center, the game currently has 4 out of 5 stars, based on 42 user reviews.
References
^ Michael Larabel (March 31, 2011). "Unigine Build Now Does Multi-Player, More Destruction". Phoronix. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
^ Michael Larabel (September 1, 2010). "Unigine Announces Its OilRush Game For Linux". Phoronix. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ Alice O'Connor (September 2, 2010). "Naval RTS-Tower Defense Hybrid 'OilRush' Announced". Shacknews. Archived from the original on April 13, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
^ "Oil Rush Release Date and Special Offers for Indie Developers". November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Andrew Webster (September 17, 2010). "Drilling for controversy: indie games tackle offshore oil drilling". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ John Callaham (October 17, 2010). "Interview: Unigine co-founder chats about OilRush". Big Download. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
^ "Game info | Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and PlayStation 3". Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
^ John Callaham (September 2, 2010). "OilRush announced". BIG Download. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ Jim Rossignol (September 2, 2010). "Graphically Slick: OilRush". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ Michael Larabel (December 7, 2010). "Unigine OilRush Linux Game Delayed To March 2011". Phoronix. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
^ Michael Larabel (March 2, 2011). "Unigine OilRush Pre-Order For Linux Now Open". Phoronix. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ "News - Oil Rush | Desura". Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
^ Michael Larabel (September 4, 2010). "More Details On Unigine's OilRush Game". Phoronix. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
^ Michael Larabel (March 9, 2011). "Unigine OilRush Barely Does 800 Sales To Date". Phoronix. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
^ "Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android and iOS". Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
^ "Iceberg Interactive's main menu". Iceberg Interactive. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ Michael Larabel (January 25, 2012). "Unigine OilRush Officially Ships Today For Linux". Phoronix. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ "Oil Rush". Metacritic. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ Maurice Tan (January 25, 2012). "Review: Oil Rush". Destructoid. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ "Oil Rush". Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
^ "Oil Rush". Ubuntu. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
External links
Official website
Video games portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oil boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_boom"},{"link_name":"tower defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_defense"},{"link_name":"real-time strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_strategy"},{"link_name":"UNIGINE Holding S.à r.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigine_Corp"},{"link_name":"Unigine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"post-apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-apocalyptic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oil_Rush_Release_Date-4"},{"link_name":"Deepwater Horizon oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigdownloadinterview-6"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Oil boom.2012 video gameOil Rush is a tower defense real-time strategy game developed by UNIGINE Holding S.à r.l. using their Unigine engine technology.[2] Set in a flooded, post-apocalyptic world, the game consists of players fighting over control of the world's last remaining oil reserves.[3] The game was released as a digital download for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and OS X.[4]This theme has been viewed as controversial by some, especially as Oil Rush was originally intended to be released only a little more than a year after the much publicized Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[5] The game itself actually delivers an environmental warning message, with Unigine's CEO Denis Shergin commenting that \"Fuel devouring armies that fight over the last drops of oil and pollute already trashed world is nothing but doublethink. That is a warning environmental message we'd like to deliver in a single-player campaign.\"[6]","title":"Oil Rush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In Oil Rush, the player is shown the viewpoint and story of Kevin, a recent graduate and serviceman, following in his father's footsteps who has recently died. He is almost immediately tasked by The Commander to suppress a rebel faction, The Raiders, who are trying to take control of the oil rigs in the army's possession. Now in control of a fleet of combat units, an in-game guidance PDA issues the player basic instructions to help learn how to complete the set of objectives they are assigned, such as deploying only 25 percent of the combat units, production of armed defense units on oil rigs in your control, and dividing forces into groups to attack opposing rigs simultaneously.[7]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil rigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The game combines elements of strategy and tower defense as players must defend and attack oil rigs through the use of armed platforms against hordes of enemy watercraft and other attack units. The campaign's story puts the player in the shoes of Kevin, a graduate of the military academy and disciple of The Commander in a story-driven succession, while multiplayer allows players to go head-to-head against friends or online opponents in a strategic manner. Players are forced to maintain, upgrade, defend, and attack oil rigs put in various locations on each map.[8][9]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"3D capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision"},{"link_name":"NVIDIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Although originally planned to be released in the fourth quarter of 2010, the game was later delayed until March 2011 due to more development time being needed as well as more time to negotiate with potential publishers.[10] It was then further delayed until June 2011 to allow more time to work on the single-player campaign. The ability to pre-order the game has been available since March 2, 2011.[11]Unigine worked on development throughout 2011, providing incremental updates to the beta builds for those who pre-ordered the game. Over time, noteworthy fixes and updates came through in the form of improved gamma control on Windows and Linux platforms, fixing anti-aliasing issues, debugging, performance optimizations, usability fixes, subtitles, voice-overs, and 3D capability for users with certain high-end graphics cards, amongst much more. Each update was rolled out in around two weeks of the last, continuing improvement on the game. In the last update before release, version 0.98, Unigine's changelog noted that it had included splashes during the introduction of its partners, including NVIDIA and RakNet.[12]Though originally uninterested in an OS X release of the game,[13] Unigine later announced that they intended to launch a native OS X version of the game.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The game was released internationally on January 25, 2012 through digital portals including Desura, Ubuntu Software Center, and finally launching on Steam later the same day.[15] Independent European publisher Iceberg Interactive signed with Unigine to secure retail distribution of Oil Rush in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, set to be released on February 24, 2012 throughout Europe, with a fully localized version for the German market to follow on March 23, 2012.[16]Android version was released on March 18, 2013. iOS version was released on October 24, 2013.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoronix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Desura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desura"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu Software Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Since its announcement, the game has garnered much attention from Linux-oriented tech sites and blogs, the most notable of which would be Phoronix and received much praise for its graphics and gameplay even during its beta testing stages. Phoronix featured many articles about it for over a year and a half, before releasing their release date announcement and unofficial review of the game, going on to say, \"Even if you're not the biggest Linux gamer or a real-time strategy fan, I still would recommend picking up this $20 USD Linux-native title on the basis of supporting Unigine Corp as one of the leading Linux-friendly commercial game studios\".[17]On the review aggregator website Metacritic, Destructoid's Maurice Tan reviewed the game and gave it a rating of 8.0 out of 10. He noted, \"What could have been a messy title merely created to showcase the Unigine Engine has turned out to be a surprisingly polished and deep strategy game. Oil Rush isn't just a joy to behold in action, but manages to make an old genre feel fresh while looking the part.\"[18] Later in the review, he said of the game that it was \"one of the first strategy surprises of the year\" and that the \"simple design of hop-skip-jump platform fights hides layers of depths that make it an easy-to-learn, hard-to-master arcade naval warfare experience.\"[19]User reviews of the game on the digital content distribution platform Desura have also been positive, receiving an average rating of 9.5 out of 10, 73% of reviewers having given the game a 10/10 score. Reviews ranged from praising the graphics, the performance of the game, particularly on Linux systems, and the mix of the game's strategy and tower defense gameplay.[20] On the Ubuntu Software Center, the game currently has 4 out of 5 stars, based on 42 user reviews.[21]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Michael Larabel (March 31, 2011). \"Unigine Build Now Does Multi-Player, More Destruction\". Phoronix. Retrieved April 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTI3Ng","url_text":"\"Unigine Build Now Does Multi-Player, More Destruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix","url_text":"Phoronix"}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (September 1, 2010). \"Unigine Announces Its OilRush Game For Linux\". Phoronix. Retrieved September 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=unigine_oilrush_game&num=1","url_text":"\"Unigine Announces Its OilRush Game For Linux\""}]},{"reference":"Alice O'Connor (September 2, 2010). \"Naval RTS-Tower Defense Hybrid 'OilRush' Announced\". Shacknews. Archived from the original on April 13, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413190937/http://www.shacknews.com/article/65412/naval-rts-tower-defense-hybrid","url_text":"\"Naval RTS-Tower Defense Hybrid 'OilRush' Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"},{"url":"http://www.shacknews.com/laryn.x?story=65412","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oil Rush Release Date and Special Offers for Indie Developers\". November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125180437/http://unigine.com/press-releases/111122-oilrush-release-date/","url_text":"\"Oil Rush Release Date and Special Offers for Indie Developers\""},{"url":"http://unigine.com/press-releases/111122-oilrush-release-date/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Webster (September 17, 2010). \"Drilling for controversy: indie games tackle offshore oil drilling\". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2010/09/offshore-oil-drilling-games.ars","url_text":"\"Drilling for controversy: indie games tackle offshore oil drilling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"}]},{"reference":"John Callaham (October 17, 2010). \"Interview: Unigine co-founder chats about OilRush\". Big Download. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020033737/http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/10/17/interview-unigine-co-founder-chats-about-oilrush/","url_text":"\"Interview: Unigine co-founder chats about OilRush\""},{"url":"http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/10/17/interview-unigine-co-founder-chats-about-oilrush/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Game info | Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and PlayStation 3\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125220233/http://oilrush-game.com/info/","url_text":"\"Game info | Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and PlayStation 3\""},{"url":"http://oilrush-game.com/info/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Callaham (September 2, 2010). \"OilRush announced\". BIG Download. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100904215143/http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/09/02/oilrush-announced","url_text":"\"OilRush announced\""},{"url":"http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/09/02/oilrush-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jim Rossignol (September 2, 2010). \"Graphically Slick: OilRush\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved September 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2010/09/02/graphically-slick-oilrush/","url_text":"\"Graphically Slick: OilRush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (December 7, 2010). \"Unigine OilRush Linux Game Delayed To March 2011\". Phoronix. Retrieved December 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODg4MA","url_text":"\"Unigine OilRush Linux Game Delayed To March 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (March 2, 2011). \"Unigine OilRush Pre-Order For Linux Now Open\". Phoronix. Retrieved March 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTE2MA","url_text":"\"Unigine OilRush Pre-Order For Linux Now Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"News - Oil Rush | Desura\". Archived from the original on 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2012-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221538/http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/news","url_text":"\"News - Oil Rush | Desura\""},{"url":"http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (September 4, 2010). \"More Details On Unigine's OilRush Game\". Phoronix. Retrieved March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODU2OQ","url_text":"\"More Details On Unigine's OilRush Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix","url_text":"Phoronix"}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (March 9, 2011). \"Unigine OilRush Barely Does 800 Sales To Date\". Phoronix. Retrieved March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTE5NQ","url_text":"\"Unigine OilRush Barely Does 800 Sales To Date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android and iOS\". Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2010-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415141214/http://oilrush-game.com/","url_text":"\"Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android and iOS\""},{"url":"http://oilrush-game.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iceberg Interactive's main menu\". Iceberg Interactive. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120810074652/http://www.iceberg-interactive.com/news-mainmenu-33.html","url_text":"\"Iceberg Interactive's main menu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg_Interactive","url_text":"Iceberg Interactive"},{"url":"http://iceberg-interactive.com/news-mainmenu-33.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Larabel (January 25, 2012). \"Unigine OilRush Officially Ships Today For Linux\". Phoronix. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=unigine_oilrush_gold&num=3","url_text":"\"Unigine OilRush Officially Ships Today For Linux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix","url_text":"Phoronix"}]},{"reference":"\"Oil Rush\". Metacritic. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/oilrush/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Maurice Tan (January 25, 2012). \"Review: Oil Rush\". Destructoid. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/review-oil-rush-220282.phtml","url_text":"\"Review: Oil Rush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]},{"reference":"\"Oil Rush\". Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130715194054/http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/reviews","url_text":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"url":"http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/reviews","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oil Rush\". Ubuntu. Retrieved January 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/oneiric/oilrush/","url_text":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)","url_text":"Ubuntu"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTI3Ng","external_links_name":"\"Unigine Build Now Does Multi-Player, More Destruction\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=unigine_oilrush_game&num=1","external_links_name":"\"Unigine Announces Its OilRush Game For Linux\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110413190937/http://www.shacknews.com/article/65412/naval-rts-tower-defense-hybrid","external_links_name":"\"Naval RTS-Tower Defense Hybrid 'OilRush' Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.shacknews.com/laryn.x?story=65412","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125180437/http://unigine.com/press-releases/111122-oilrush-release-date/","external_links_name":"\"Oil Rush Release Date and Special Offers for Indie Developers\""},{"Link":"http://unigine.com/press-releases/111122-oilrush-release-date/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2010/09/offshore-oil-drilling-games.ars","external_links_name":"\"Drilling for controversy: indie games tackle offshore oil drilling\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020033737/http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/10/17/interview-unigine-co-founder-chats-about-oilrush/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Unigine co-founder chats about OilRush\""},{"Link":"http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/10/17/interview-unigine-co-founder-chats-about-oilrush/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125220233/http://oilrush-game.com/info/","external_links_name":"\"Game info | Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and PlayStation 3\""},{"Link":"http://oilrush-game.com/info/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100904215143/http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/09/02/oilrush-announced","external_links_name":"\"OilRush announced\""},{"Link":"http://news.bigdownload.com/2010/09/02/oilrush-announced/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2010/09/02/graphically-slick-oilrush/","external_links_name":"\"Graphically Slick: OilRush\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODg4MA","external_links_name":"\"Unigine OilRush Linux Game Delayed To March 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTE2MA","external_links_name":"\"Unigine OilRush Pre-Order For Linux Now Open\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221538/http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/news","external_links_name":"\"News - Oil Rush | Desura\""},{"Link":"http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODU2OQ","external_links_name":"\"More Details On Unigine's OilRush Game\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTE5NQ","external_links_name":"\"Unigine OilRush Barely Does 800 Sales To Date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415141214/http://oilrush-game.com/","external_links_name":"\"Oil Rush: Naval strategy game for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android and iOS\""},{"Link":"http://oilrush-game.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120810074652/http://www.iceberg-interactive.com/news-mainmenu-33.html","external_links_name":"\"Iceberg Interactive's main menu\""},{"Link":"http://iceberg-interactive.com/news-mainmenu-33.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=unigine_oilrush_gold&num=3","external_links_name":"\"Unigine OilRush Officially Ships Today For Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/oilrush/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"Link":"http://www.destructoid.com/review-oil-rush-220282.phtml","external_links_name":"\"Review: Oil Rush\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130715194054/http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/reviews","external_links_name":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"Link":"http://www.desura.com/games/oil-rush/reviews","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/oneiric/oilrush/","external_links_name":"\"Oil Rush\""},{"Link":"http://oilrush-game.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history | Economic history | ["1 Early history of the discipline","2 Scope and focus of economic history today","3 History of capitalism","4 Academic journals and societies","5 Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians","6 Notable works of economic history","6.1 Foundational works","6.2 General","6.3 Ancient economies","6.4 Economic growth and development","6.5 History of money","6.6 Business history","6.7 Financial history","6.8 Globalization and inequality","7 Notable economic historians","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading"] | This article is about the academic field. For actual economic histories, see Economic history of the world. For the history of intellectual development of economic theory, see History of economic thought.
Part of a series onEconomic history
Particular histories of
Advertising
Business
Capitalism
Labor
Money
Retail
Social democracy
Economics events
Recession
Economic miracle
Financial crisis
Shock
Prominent examples
Economic antisemitism
Economic history of the Arab world
Economy of the Inca Empire
Industrialization in the Soviet Union
vte
World GDP per capita, 1400–2003
Part of a series onEconomics
History
Outline
Index
Branches and classifications
Applied
Econometrics
Heterodox
International
Micro / Macro
Mainstream
Mathematical
Methodology
Political
JEL classification codes
Concepts, theory and techniques
Economic systems
Economic growth
Market
National accounting
Experimental economics
Computational economics
Game theory
Operations research
Middle income trap
Industrial complex
By application
Agricultural
Behavioral
Business
Cultural
Demographic
Development
Digitization
Ecological
Education
Engineering
Environmental
Evolutionary
Expeditionary
Feminist
Financial
Geographical
Happiness
Health
Historical
Humanistic
Industrial organization
Information
Institutional
Knowledge
Labour
Law
Managerial
Monetary
Natural resource
Organizational
Participation
Personnel
Planning
Policy
Public
Public choice / Social choice theory
Regional
Rural
Service
Socio
Sociological
Solidarity
Statistics
Urban
Welfare
Notable economists
de Mandeville
Quesnay
Smith
Malthus
Say
Ricardo
von Thünen
List
Bastiat
Cournot
Mill
Gossen
Marx
Walras
Jevons
George
Menger
Marshall
Edgeworth
Clark
Pareto
von Böhm-Bawerk
von Wieser
Veblen
Fisher
Pigou
Heckscher
von Mises
Schumpeter
Keynes
Knight
Polanyi
Frisch
Sraffa
Myrdal
Hayek
Kalecki
Röpke
Kuznets
Tinbergen
Robinson
von Neumann
Hicks
Lange
Leontief
Galbraith
Koopmans
Schumacher
Friedman
Samuelson
Simon
Buchanan
Arrow
Baumol
Solow
Rothbard
Greenspan
Sowell
Becker
Ostrom
Sen
Lucas
Stiglitz
Thaler
Hoppe
Krugman
Piketty
more
Lists
Glossary
Economists
Publications (journals)
Schools
Business portal
Money portalvte
Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.
Using both quantitative data and qualitative sources, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of production, labor, and capital, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different schools of economic thought, such as mainstream economics, Austrian economics, Marxian economics, the Chicago school of economics, and Keynesian economics.
Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in financial and business history, which overlap with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history. In the sub-discipline of cliometrics, economists use quantitative (econometric) methods. In history of capitalism, historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.
Early history of the discipline
Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)
Arnold Toynbee made the case for combining economics and history in his study of the Industrial Revolution, saying, "I believe economics today is much too dissociated from history. Smith and Malthus had historical minds. However, Ricardo – who set the pattern of modern textbooks – had a mind that was entirely unhistorical." There were several advantages in combining economics and history according to Toynbee. To begin with, it improved economic understanding. "We see abstract propositions in a new light when studying them in relation to historical facts. Propositions become more vivid and truthful." Meanwhile, studying history with economics makes history easier to understand. Economics teaches us to look out for the right facts in reading history and makes matters such as introducing enclosures, machinery, or new currencies more intelligible. Economics also teaches careful deductive reasoning. "The habits of mind it instils are even more valuable than the knowledge of principles it gives. Without these habits, the mass of their materials can overwhelm students of historical facts."
In late-nineteenth-century Germany, scholars at a number of universities, led by Gustav von Schmoller, developed the historical school of economic history. It argued that there were no universal truths in history, emphasizing the importance of historical context without quantitative analysis. This historical approach dominated German and French scholarship for most of the 20th century. The historical school of economics included other economists such as Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter who reasoned that careful analysis of human actions, cultural norms, historical context, and mathematical support was key to historical analysis. The approach was spread to Great Britain by William Ashley (University of Oxford) and dominated British economic history for much of the 20th century. Britain's first professor in the subject was George Unwin at the University of Manchester. Meanwhile, in France, economic history was heavily influenced by the Annales School from the early 20th century to the present. It exerts a worldwide influence through its journal Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales.
Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the London School of Economics and the University of Cambridge had numerous disputes over the separation of economics and economic history in the interwar era. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the Economic History Society had its inauguration at LSE in 1926 and the University of Cambridge eventually established its own economic history programme.
In the United States, the field of economic history was largely subsumed into other fields of economics following the cliometric revolution of the 1960s. To many it became seen as a form of applied economics rather than a stand-alone discipline. Cliometrics, also known as the New Economic History, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and econometric techniques to the study of economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology. One of the most famous cliometric economic historians is Douglass North, who argued that it is the task of economic history to elucidate the historical dimensions of economies through time. Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms.
Early cliometrics was a type of counterfactual history. However, counterfactualism was not its distinctive feature; it combined neoclassical economics with quantitative methods in order to explain human choices based on constraints. Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians. In response to North and Robert Fogel's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1993, Harvard University economist (and future Nobel winner) Claudia Goldin argued that:economic history is not a handmaiden of economics but a distinct field of scholarship. Economic history was a scholarly discipline long before it became cliometrics. Its practitioners were economists and historians studying the histories of economies... The new economic history, or cliometrics, formalized economic history in a manner similar to the injection of mathematical models and statistics into the rest of economics.The relationship between economic history, economics and history has long been the subject of intense discussion, and the debates of recent years echo those of early contributors. There has long been a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger explained this position in his 1990 book Historical Economics: Art or Science?. Economic historian Robert Skidelsky (University of Cambridge) argued that economic theory often employs ahistorical models and methodologies that do not take into account historical context. Yale University economist Irving Fisher already wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his "Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions":
The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other.
Scope and focus of economic history today
The past three decades have witnessed the widespread closure of separate economic history departments and programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments. Only the LSE retains a separate economic history department and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programme in economic history. Cambridge, Glasgow, LSE, Oxford, Queen's, and Warwick together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British higher education system today, but do so as part of economics or history degrees. Meanwhile, there have never been specialist economic history graduate programs at universities anywhere in the US. However, economic history remains a special field component of leading economics PhD programs, including University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, Northwestern University, Princeton University, the University of Chicago and Yale University.
Despite the pessimistic view on the state of the discipline espoused by many of its practitioners, economic history remains an active field of social scientific inquiry. Indeed, it has seen something of a resurgence in interest since 2000, perhaps driven by research conducted at universities in continental Europe rather than the UK and the US. The overall number of economic historians in the world is estimated at 10,400, with Japan and China as well as the U.K and the U.S. ranking highest in numbers. Some less developed countries, however, are not sufficiently integrated in the world economic history community, among others, Senegal, Brazil and Vietnam.
Part of the growth in economic history is driven by the continued interest in big policy-relevant questions on the history of economic growth and development. MIT economist Peter Temin noted that development economics is intricately connected with economic history, as it explores the growth of economies with different technologies, innovations, and institutions. Studying economic growth has been popular for years among economists and historians who have sought to understand why some economies have grown faster than others. Some of the early texts in the field include Walt Whitman Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971) which described how advanced economies grow after overcoming certain hurdles and advancing to the next stage in development. Another economic historian, Alexander Gerschenkron, complicated this theory with works on how economies develop in non-Western countries, as discussed in Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962). A more recent work is Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson's Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012) which pioneered a new field of persistence studies, emphasizing the path-dependent stages of growth. Other notable books on the topic include Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000) and David S. Landes's The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998).
In recent decades, and notably since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, scholars have recently become more interested in a field which may be called new new economic history. Scholars have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, social, and cultural history affecting the evolution of economies. The focus of these studies is frequently on "persistence", as past events are linked to present outcomes. Columbia University economist Charles Calomiris argued that this new field showed 'how historical (path-dependent) processes governed changes in institutions and markets.' However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by Francesco Boldizzoni, as a form of economic imperialism "extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations."
Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write a new kind of economic history which makes use of historical data to understand the present day. A major development in this genre was the publication of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013). The book described the rise in wealth and income inequality since the 18th century, arguing that large concentrations of wealth lead to social and economic instability. Piketty also advocated a system of global progressive wealth taxes to correct rising inequality. The book was selected as a New York Times best seller and received numerous awards. The book was well received by some of the world's major economists, including Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, and Ben Bernanke. Books in response to Piketty's book include After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality, by Heather Boushey, J. Bradford DeLong, and Marshall Steinbaum (eds.) (2017), Pocket Piketty by Jesper Roine (2017), and Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicolas Lecaussin, Emmanuel Martin (2017). One economist argued that Piketty's book was "Nobel-Prize worthy" and noted that it had changed the global discussion on how economic historians study inequality. It has also sparked new conversations in the disciplines of public policy.
In addition to the mainstream in economic history, there is a parallel development in the field influenced by Karl Marx and Marxian economics. Marx used historical analysis to interpret the role of class and class as a central issue in history. He debated with the "classical" economists (a term he coined), including Adam Smith and David Ricardo. In turn, Marx's legacy in economic history has been to critique the findings of neoclassical economists. Marxist analysis also confronts economic determinism, the theory that economic relationships are the foundation of political and societal institutions. Marx abstracted the idea of a "capitalist mode of production" as a way of identifying the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This has influenced some scholars, such as Maurice Dobb, to argue that feudalism declined because of peasants' struggles for freedom and the growing inefficiency of feudalism as a system of production. In turn, in what was later coined the Brenner debate, Paul Sweezy, a Marxian economist, challenged Dobb's definition of feudalism and its focus only on western Europe.
Thomas Piketty, economist and author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century
History of capitalism
Main article: History of capitalism
A new field, called "history of capitalism" by researchers engaged in it, has emerged in US history departments since about the year 2000. It includes many topics traditionally associated with the field of economic history, such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension of business, and the impact of capitalism on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field has particularly focused on the contribution of slavery to the rise of the US economy in the nineteenth century. The field utilizes the existing research of business history, but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises. Historians of capitalism have countered these critiques, citing the issues with economic history. As University of Chicago professor of history Jonathan Levy states, "modern economic history began with industrialization and urbanization, and, even then, environmental considerations were subsidiary, if not nonexistent."
Scholars have critiqued the history of capitalism because it does not focus on systems of production, circulation, and distribution. Some have criticized its lack of social scientific methods and its ideological biases. As a result, a new academic journal, Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics, was founded at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Marc Flandreau (University of Pennsylvania), Julia Ott (The New School, New York) and Francesca Trivellato (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) to widen the scope of the field. The journal's goal is to bring together "historians and social scientists interested in the material and intellectual aspects of modern economic life."
Academic journals and societies
The first journal specializing in the field of economic history was The Economic History Review, founded in 1927, as the main publication of the Economic History Society. The first journal featured a publication by Professor Sir William Ashley, the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world, who described the emerging field of economic history. The discipline existed alongside long-standing fields such as political history, religious history, and military history as one that focused on humans' interactions with 'visible happenings'. He continued, ' primarily and unless expressly extended, the history of actual human practice with respect to the material basis of life. The visible happenings with regard-to use the old formula-to "the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth" form our wide enough field'.
Later, the Economic History Association established another academic journal, The Journal of Economic History, in 1941 as a way of expanding the discipline in the United States. The first president of the Economic History Association, Edwin F. Gay, described the aim of economic history was to provide new perspectives in the economics and history disciplines: 'An adequate equipment with two skills, that of the historian and the economist, is not easily acquired, but experience shows that it is both necessary and possible'. Other related academic journals have broadened the lens with which economic history is studied. These interdisciplinary journals include the Business History Review, European Review of Economic History, Enterprise and Society, and Financial History Review.
The International Economic History Association, an association of close to 50 member organizations, recognizes some of the major academic organizations dedicated to study of economic history: the Business History Conference, Economic History Association, Economic History Society, European Association of Business Historians, and the International Social History Association.
Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians
Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come.
– Paul Samuelson (2009)
Several economists have won Nobel prizes for contributions to economic history or contributions to economics that are commonly applied in economic history.
Simon Kuznets won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ("the Nobel Memorial Prize") in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".
John Hicks, whose early writing was on the field of economic history, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1972 due to his contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1979 for his contributions in the field of economic development through historical context.
Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
Claudia Goldin, who won the Nobel in 2023 for 'having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes', began her career researching the history of the US southern economy and was President of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000.
Notable works of economic history
Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)
Foundational works
Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963)
Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944)
Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time (1944)
David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
General
Robert C. Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction (2011)
Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (2007)
Ronald Findlay and Kevin O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (2007)
Robert Heilbroner, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953)
Eric Roll, A History of Economic Thought (1923)
Ancient economies
Moses Finley, The Ancient Economy (1973)
Walter Scheidel, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (2017)
Peter Temin, The Roman Market Economy (2012)
Economic growth and development
Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012)
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962)
Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (2016)
David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998)
Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World (2016)
Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (1990)
Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000)
Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971)
Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (2005)
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999)
William Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (2006)
History of money
Christine Desan, Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism (2014)
William N. Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible (2016)
David Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011)
Business history
David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life (2006)
Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977)
Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (1990)
Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1998)
William D. Cohan, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World
Naomi Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (1985)
David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (2006)
Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (1999)
Financial history
Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)
Liaquat Ahamed, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (2009)
Mark Blyth, Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea (2013)
Charles W. Calomiris and Stephen H. Haber, Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit (2014)
Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System (2010)
Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996)
Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (2008)
Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods (1996)
Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (2009)
Benn Steil, The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order (2013)
Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (2006)
Globalization and inequality
Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (2014)
William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today (2008)
Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 (2001)
Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974)
Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990)
Harold James, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (2009)
Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-century Atlantic Economy (1999)
Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)
Thomas Piketty, The Economics of Inequality (2015)
Thomas Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020)
Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay (2019)
Gabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens (2015)
Notable economic historians
Notable economic historians: Irving Fisher, Anna Schwartz, Milton Friedman, Stanley Fischer, Carl Menger, Edward C. Prescott, Alfred Marshall and Franco Modigliani
Moses Abramovitz
Jeremy Adelman
Robert Allen
T. S. Ashton
Correlli Barnett
Jörg Baten
Maxine Berg
Jean-François Bergier
Ben Bernanke
Francesco Boldizzoni
Leah Boustan
Fernand Braudel
Rondo Cameron
Sydney Checkland
Carlo M. Cipolla
John Clapham
Gregory Clark
Thomas C. Cochran
Nicholas Crafts
Louis Cullen
Peter Davies (economic historian)
Brad DeLong
Melissa Dell
Barry Eichengreen
Friedrich Engels
Stanley Engerman
Giovanni Federico
Charles Feinstein
Niall Ferguson
Ronald Findlay
Moses Israel Finley
Irving Fisher
Brian Fitzpatrick
Roderick Floud
Robert Fogel
Milton Friedman
Celso Furtado
Alexander Gerschenkron
Claudia Goldin
Jack Goldstone
John Habakkuk
Earl J. Hamilton
Eli Heckscher
Eric Hobsbawm
Susan Howson
Leo Huberman
Jane Humphries
Harold James
Geoffrey Jones
Ibn Khaldun
Charles P. Kindleberger
John Komlos
Nikolai Kondratiev
Simon Kuznets
Kwasi Kwarteng
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
Naomi Lamoreaux
David Landes
Tim Leunig
Friedrich List
Robert Sabatino Lopez
Angus Maddison
Karl Marx
Peter Mathias
Ellen McArthur
Deirdre McCloskey
Jacob (Kobi) Metzer
Joel Mokyr
Douglass North
Nathan Nunn
Avner Offer
Cormac Ó Gráda
Patrick K. O'Brien
Thomas Piketty
Henri Pirenne
Karl Polanyi
Erik S. Reinert
Christina Romer
W. W. Rostow
Murray Rothbard
Tirthankar Roy
Joseph Schumpeter
Anna Jacobson Schwartz
Larry Schweikart
Ram Sharan Sharma
Robert Skidelsky
Adam Smith
Graeme Snooks
Richard H. Steckel
R. H. Tawney
Peter Temin
Adam Tooze
Francesca Trivellato
Eberhard Wächtler
Jeffrey Williamson
Tony Wrigley
Jan Luiten van Zanden
Harold Innis
John Kenneth Galbraith
Donald Creighton
Naomi Klein
Linda McQuaig
Gino Luzzatto
See also
Critical juncture theory
Economic History Association
Economic History Society
History of economic thought
History of capitalism
History of industrialisation
Notes
^ For example: • Gregory Clark (2006), A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World,
Description Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, contents Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 link Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, and Google preview Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. • E. Aerts and H. Van der Wee, 2002. "Economic History", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences pp. 4102–410. Abstract Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.
^ For example: Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff (2009), This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton. Description Archived 2013-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates", pp. 3–20) Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, and chapter-preview links. Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
References
^ See, for example, "Cliometrics" by Robert Whaples in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. (2008). Abstract Archived 2012-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ Rockman, Seth (2014). "What Makes the History of Capitalism Newsworthy?". Journal of the Early Republic. 34 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1353/jer.2014.0043. S2CID 143866857.
^ Arnold Toynbee's The Industrial Revolution: A Translation into Modern English, Kindle edition, 2020, pages1-2. ISBN 9780906321744. First published 1884.
^ Berg, Maxine L. (2004) 'Knowles , Lilian Charlotte Anne (1870–1926)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 6 Feb 2015 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
^ Berg, M. (1992). The first women economic historians. The Economic History Review, 45(2), 308–329.
^ Robert Forster, "Achievements of the Annales school." Journal of Economic History 38.01 (1978): 58–76. in JSTOR Archived 2018-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ Margo, Robert A. (2021-01-01). "The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 3–16. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236731927. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
^ Cioni, Martina; Federico, Giovanni; Vasta, Michelangelo (2021-01-01). "The two revolutions in economic history". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 17–40. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3. hdl:10419/247122. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 226605299. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
^ North, Douglass C. (1978). "Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3): 963–978. JSTOR 2723471.
^ North, Douglass C. (1978). "Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3).
^ Whaples, Robert (2010). "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?". Historically Speaking. 11 (2): 17–20 & 20–27 (responses). doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0109. S2CID 162209922.
^ Goldin, Claudia (1995). "Cliometrics and the Nobel". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (2): 191–208. doi:10.1257/jep.9.2.191. S2CID 155075681. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
^ Charles P. Kindleberger (1990), Historical Economics: Art or Science? Archived 2020-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, University of California Press, Berkeley
^ "Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky". Youtube. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
^ Fisher, Irving (1933). "Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions". Econometrica. 1 (4): 337–38. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327.
^ Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (2018), Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (eds.), "Introduction, or Why We Started This Project", An Economist's Guide to Economic History, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1, ISBN 978-3-319-96568-0
^ Galofré Vilà, Gregori (13 January 2020). "The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history". VoxEU. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "On the Status and Future of Economic History". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27: 93–113. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.
^ Diebolt, Claude; Haupert, Michael. "We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics" (PDF). American Economic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
^ Douglass C. North (1965). "The State of Economic History", American Economic Review, 55(1/2) pp. 86–91 Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.
_____ (1994)."Economic Performance through Time", American Economic Review, 84(3), pp. 359–68 Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Also published as Nobel Prize Lecture. Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Frankema, Ewout (2021-01-01). "Why Africa is not that poor". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 557–584. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236697047. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
^ Voth, Hans-Joachim (2021-01-01). "Persistence – myth and mystery". Archived copy (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 243–267. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 235911335. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-11-23. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Calomiris, Charles W. (2000). "Financial History and the Long Reach of the Second 30 Years War". Political Science. S2CID 154817653.
^ Boldizzoni, Francesco (2011). The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History. Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780691144009. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
^ Irwin, Neil (30 March 2015). "The New York Times". Now That Ben Bernanke Is Blogging, Here's What He Should Write About. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ Atz, Ulrich (22 May 2014). "Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open". LSE Impact Blog. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ Krugman, Paul (8 May 2014). "Why We're in a New Gilded Age". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
^ Heller, Henry (2018). A Marxist History of Capitalism. Routledge.
^ Meek, Ronald L. (1956). Studies in the Labour Theory of Value. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Brewer, Anthony (2002). "The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics" (PDF). History of Political Economy. 34: 361–377. doi:10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361. S2CID 88510540. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
^ Cohen, Jon S. (1978). "The Achievements of Economic History: The Marxist School". The Journal of Economic History. 38 (1): 29–57. doi:10.1017/S002205070008815X. S2CID 153934134.
^ Dobb, Maurice (1946). Studies in the Development of Capitalism. Routledge.
^ Sweezy, Paul (1950). "The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism". Science & Society. 14 (2).
^ See Jennifer Schuessler "In History Departments, It's Up With Capitalism" The New York Times April 6, 2013 Archived August 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
^ Lou Galambos, "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? Essays in Economic & Business History (2014) v. 32 pp. 1–18 online Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ Levy, Jonathan (2017). "Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism". Business History Review. 91 (3): 483–510. doi:10.1017/S0007680517001064.
^ Adelman, Jeremy; Levy, Jonathan (December 2014). "The Fall and Rise of Economic History". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
^ Hilt, Eric (2017). "Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the "New History of Capitalism"". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (2): 511–536. doi:10.1017/S002205071700016X. S2CID 41971400.
^ "Capitalism and History" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
^ Ashley, William (1927). "The Place of Economic History in University Studies". The Economic History Review. 1 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/2590667. JSTOR 2590667.
^ Heaton, Herbert (1941). "The Early History of the Economic History Association". The Journal of Economic History. 1.
^ Gay, Edwin F. (1941). "The Tasks of Economic History". The Journal of Economic History. 1: 9–16. doi:10.1017/S0022050700052128. S2CID 250121256.
^ "Members". International Economic History Association. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
^ Clarke, Conor (June 18, 2009). "An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic history.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Economic history and conditions
Bairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226034631.
Barker, T. C. (1977). "The Beginnings of the Economic History Society". Economic History Review. 30 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/2595495. JSTOR 2595495.
Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "The Global Status of Economic History". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.
Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. An Economist's Guide to Economic History. Palgrave.
Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195127056.
Cipolla, C. M. (1991). Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631166815.
Costa, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). "What is 'Cliometrica'?". Cliometrica. 1 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1. S2CID 154217979.
Crafts, N.F.R. (1987). "Economic history". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 2: 1–11. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.
Kadish, Alon. Historians, Economists, and Economic History (2012) pp. 3–35 excerpt
Deng, Kent (2014). "A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history". Journal of Economic Surveys. 28 (4). Cambridge: 600–616. doi:10.1111/joes.12064. S2CID 153614497.
Field, Alexander J. (2008). "Economic history". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–4. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.
Galambos, Lou (2014). "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?". Essays in Economic & Business History. 32.
Gras, N. S. B. (1927). "The Rise and Development of Economic History". Economic History Review. 1 (1): 12–34. doi:10.2307/2590668. JSTOR 2590668.
Mokyr, Joyr (2003). "Economic Encyclopaedia". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
Temin, Peter (2014). "New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect" (PDF). Economic History and Economic Development (w20107). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002). "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 16 (3). American Economic Association: 109–30. doi:10.1257/089533002760278749. JSTOR 3216953.
O'Rourke, K. (2019). Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 356–382.
Solow, Robert M. "Economic History and Economics." The American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 328–31. www.jstor.org/stable/1805620.
vteFinancial bubbles
Market trend
Credit cycle
Irrational exuberance
Social contagion
Real-estate bubble
Stock market bubble
Commercial revolution(1000–1760)
Tulip mania (1634–1637)
Mississippi bubble (1684–1720)
South Sea bubble (1711–1720)
Bengal Bubble of 1769 (1757–1769)
1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)
Canal Mania (c. 1790–c. 1810)
Carolina gold rush (1802–1825)
1810s Alabama real estate bubble
Georgia Gold Rush (1828–c. 1840)
1830s Chicago real estate bubble
Chilean silver rush (1830–1850)
1840–1870
Railway Mania (c. 1840–c. 1850)
California gold rush (1848–1855)
Queen Charlottes Gold Rush (1851)
Victorian gold rush (1851–c. 1870)
New South Wales gold rush (1851–1880)
Australian gold rushes (1851–1914)
Fraser Canyon Gold Rush (1858)
Pike's Peak gold rush (1858–1861)
Rock Creek Gold Rush (1859)
Pennsylvania oil rush (1859–1891)
Similkameen Gold Rush (1860)
Stikine Gold Rush (1861)
Colorado River mining boom (1861–1864)
Otago Gold Rush (1861–1864)
Cariboo Gold Rush (1861–1867)
First Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1861–1874)
West Coast Gold Rush (1864–1867)
Big Bend Gold Rush (c. 1865)
Vermilion Lake gold rush (1865–1867)
Kildonan Gold Rush (1869)
Omineca Gold Rush (1869)
2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)
1870s Lapland gold rush
Coromandel Gold Rushes (c. 1870–c. 1890)
Cassiar Gold Rush (c. 1870–c. 1890)
Black Hills gold rush (1874–1880)
Colorado Silver Boom (1879–1893)
Western Australian gold rushes (c. 1880–c. 1900)
Indiana gas boom (c. 1880–1903)
Ohio oil rush (c. 1880–c. 1930)
Tierra del Fuego gold rush (1883–1906)
Cayoosh Gold Rush (1884)
Witwatersrand Gold Rush (1886)
Encilhamento (1886–1890)
Cripple Creek Gold Rush (c. 1890–c. 1910)
Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899)
Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1896–1903)
Kobuk River Stampede (1897–1899)
Mount Baker gold rush (1897–c. 1925)
Nome Gold Rush (1899–1909)
Fairbanks Gold Rush (c. 1900–1918)
Texas oil boom (1901–1918)
Cobalt silver rush (1903–1918)
Porcupine Gold Rush (1909–1918)
Interwar period(1918–1939)
1920s Florida land boom (c. 1920–1925)
Fairbanks Gold Rush (1918–c. 1930)
Texas oil boom (1918–1945)
Cobalt silver rush (1918–c. 1930)
Porcupine Gold Rush (1918–1945)
1930s Kakamega gold rush
Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1932–1942)
Post–WWII expansion(1945–1973)
Texas oil boom (1945–c. 1950)
Porcupine Gold Rush (1945–c. 1960)
Poseidon bubble (1969–1970)
The Great Inflation(1973–1982)
1970s commodities boom
Mexican oil boom (1977–1981)
Silver Thursday (1980)
New Zealand property bubble (c. 1980–1982)
Great Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)
1980s oil glut
New Zealand property bubble (1982–)
Spanish property bubble (1985–2008)
Japanese asset price bubble (1986–1990)
Dot-com bubble (1995–2000)
Baltic states housing bubble (2000–2006)
Irish property bubble (c. 2000–2007)
2000s commodities boom (2000–2008)
2000s Danish property bubble (2001–2006)
United States housing bubble (2002–2006)
Romanian property bubble (2002–2007)
Polish property bubble (2002–2008)
Canadian property bubble (2002–)
Chinese property bubble (2005–11)
Lebanese housing bubble (2005–2008)
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
Uranium bubble of 2007
Information Age(2007–present)
2000s commodities boom (2008–2014)
Lebanese housing bubble (2008–)
Corporate debt bubble (2008–)
Australian property bubble (2010–)
Cryptocurrency bubble (2011–)
Everything bubble (2020–21)
Carbon bubble
Green bubble
Social media stock bubble
Unicorn bubble
U.S. higher education bubble
vteFinancial crises
Bank run
Commodity price shocks
Credit crunch
Credit cycle
Currency crisis
Debt crisis
Energy crisis
Financial contagion
Social contagion
Flash crash
Hyperinflation
Liquidity crisis
Accounting
Capital
Funding
Market
Minsky moment
Social crisis
Stock market crash
Pre-1000
Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)
Commercial revolution(1000–1760)
Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)
The Great Debasement (1544–1551)
Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)
Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623)
Tulip mania crash (1637)
South Sea bubble crash (1720)
Mississippi bubble crash (1720)
1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)
Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784)
British credit crisis of 1772–1773
Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)
Copper Panic of 1789
Panic of 1792
Panic of 1796–1797
Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1825
Panic of 1837
1840–1870
European potato failure (1845–1856)
Great Irish Famine
Highland Potato Famine
Panic of 1847
Panic of 1857
Panic of 1866
Black Friday (1869)
2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)
Panic of 1873
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Panic of 1884
Arendal crash (1886)
Baring crisis (1890)
Encilhamento (1890–1893)
Panic of 1893
Australian banking crisis of 1893
Black Monday (1894)
Panic of 1896
Panic of 1901
Panic of 1907
Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)
Panic of 1910–1911
Financial crisis of 1914
Interwar period(1918–1939)
Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)
Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)
Shōwa financial crisis (1927)
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Panic of 1930
Post–WWII expansion(1945–1973)
Kennedy Slide of 1962
1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
Great Inflation(1973–1982)
1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)
1973 oil crisis
1973–1974 stock market crash
Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
Steel crisis (1973–1982)
Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982)
1976 British currency crisis
1979 oil crisis
Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
Great Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)
Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
Chilean crisis of 1982
1983 Israel bank stock crisis
Black Saturday (1983)
Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995)
Cameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)
Black Monday (1987)
1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)
Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)
1991 Indian economic crisis
1990s Swedish financial crisis
1990s Finnish banking crisis
1990s Armenian energy crisis
Cuban Special Period (1991–2000)
Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)
1994 bond market crisis
Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996)
1997 Asian financial crisis
October 1997 mini-crash
1998 Russian financial crisis
1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
1998–2002 Argentine great depression
Samba effect (1999)
Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004)
9/11 stock market crash (2001)
2001 Turkish economic crisis
South American economic crisis of 2002
Stock market downturn of 2002
2002 Uruguay banking crisis
2003 Myanmar banking crisis
2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)
2004 Argentine energy crisis
2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)
Great Recession(2007–2009)
2007–2008 financial crisis
September 2008
October 2008
November 2008
December 2008
2009
Subprime mortgage crisis
2000s U.S. housing market correction
U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
2008 Latvian financial crisis
2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
Blue Monday Crash 2009
European debt crisis
Greek government-debt crisis
Information Age(2009–present)
2009 Dubai debt standstill
Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)
Syrian economic crisis (2011–present)
August 2011 stock markets fall
2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
Venezuela economic crisis (2013–present)
2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)
Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
2015 Nepal blockade
2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
2015–2016 stock market selloff
Brexit stock market crash (2016)
Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022)
2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018)
Turkish economic crisis (2018–present)
Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)
Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)
COVID-19 pandemic
Financial market impact
2020 stock market crash
Recession
Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)
2021–2023 inflation
2022 Russian financial crisis
2022 stock market decline
2023 United States banking crisis
List of banking crises
List of economic crises
List of sovereign debt crises
List of stock market crashes and bear markets
vteEconomic histories by countryAfrica
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Botswana
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Madagascar
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Barbados
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Ecuador
Haiti
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Arab world
Azerbaijan
Cambodia
China
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Japan
Malaysia
North Korea
Mongolia
Palestine
Pakistan
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Solomon Islands
Singapore
South Korea
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Vietnam
Europe
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Scotland
Wales
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Former industrializedeconomies
Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Empire of Brazil
Empire of Japan
Mongolian People's Republic
Serbia and Montenegro
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Historical economies
Ancient Greece
Ashanti Empire
Byzantine Empire
China
Han dynasty
Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Republic of China
Confederate States of America
Dutch Republic
England in the Middle Ages
Ethiopian Empire
Feudal Japan
Habsburg monarchy
Inca Empire
Iroquois
Mongol Empire
Muisca
Ottoman Empire
Roman Empire
Scotland in the Middle Ages
Tamil Country
vteEconomicsTheoretical
Microeconomics
Decision theory
Price theory
Game theory
Contract theory
Mechanism design
Macroeconomics
Mathematical economics
Computational economics
Behavioral economics
Pluralism in economics
Empirical
Econometrics
Economic statistics
Experimental economics
Economic history
Applied
Agricultural
Behavioral
Business
Cultural
Demographic
Development
Digitization
Ecological
Education
Engineering
Environmental
Evolutionary
Expeditionary
Feminist
Financial
Geographical
Happiness
Health
Historical
Humanistic
Industrial organization
Information
Institutional
Knowledge
Labour
Law
Managerial
Monetary
Natural resource
Organizational
Participation
Personnel
Planning
Policy
Public
Public choice / Social choice theory
Regional
Rural
Service
Socio
Sociological
Solidarity
Statistics
Urban
Welfare
Schools(history)
Mainstream
Heterodox
American (National)
Ancient thought
Anarchist
Mutualism
Austrian
Behavioral
Buddhist
Chartalism
Modern monetary theory
Chicago
Classical
Critique of political economy
Democracy
Disequilibrium
Ecological
Evolutionary
Feminist
Georgism
Happiness
Historical
Humanistic
Institutional
Keynesian
Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis)
New
Post-
Circuitism
Malthusianism
Marginalism
Marxian
Neo-
Mercantilism
Mixed
Neoclassical
Lausanne
New classical
Real business-cycle theory
New institutional
Physiocracy
Socialist
Stockholm
Supply-side
Thermo
Economists
de Mandeville
Quesnay
Smith
Malthus
Say
Ricardo
von Thünen
List
Bastiat
Cournot
Mill
Gossen
Marx
Walras
Jevons
George
Menger
Marshall
Edgeworth
Clark
Pareto
von Böhm-Bawerk
von Wieser
Veblen
Fisher
Pigou
Heckscher
von Mises
Schumpeter
Keynes
Knight
Polanyi
Frisch
Sraffa
Myrdal
Hayek
Kalecki
Röpke
Kuznets
Tinbergen
Robinson
von Neumann
Hicks
Lange
Leontief
Galbraith
Koopmans
Schumacher
Friedman
Samuelson
Simon
Buchanan
Arrow
Baumol
Solow
Rothbard
Greenspan
Sowell
Becker
Ostrom
Sen
Lucas
Stiglitz
Thaler
Hoppe
Krugman
Piketty
more
Lists
Glossary
Economists
Publications (journals)
Schools
Category
Index
Lists
Outline
Publications
Business portal
vteHistoriography
Historians
list / by area of study
History
historians
historicity
history
theories of history
Historical sourcesTypes
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Tertiary sources
Sources
Annals
Archives
Artifacts
Archaeological site
Chronicles
Codices
Deeds
Facsimiles
Features
Hieroglyphs
Historical documents
Logbooks
Manuscripts
Illuminated
Oral tradition
Papyri
Religious texts
Scrolls
War diaries
Service records
Fields of studyBy scale
Big History
World history
Human history
Local history
Microhistory
By source
Archival science / Library and information science (template)
Books / Writing systems
Chorography
Chronology
dating
Diplomatics
Encyclopaedistics
Epigraphy
Genealogy
Heraldry
Numismatics (Money)
Onomastics
Oral history
preservation
Phaleristics
Philology
Postage stamps
Prosopography
Sigillography
Toponymy
Vexillology
By topic
Anthropology / Paleoanthropology
Cultural
Ecology / Environment / Geography
Economic
Business
Capitalism
Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
Thought
Intellectual
Geistesgeschichte
Linguistics
Medieval churches
Military
Political
Constitutional
Diplomatic
Social
Feminism
Gender
Indigenous
Labour
LGBT
Rural
Quantitative
Urban
Women
Methodology
Case study
Periodization
Historical eras
Tarikh
Three-age system
Approaches, schools
Annales school
History of mentalities
Nouvelle histoire
Historiometry / Cliometrics
Comparative historical research
Critical
Decoloniality
Feminist
Historical anthropology
Historical determinism
Historism
Historical-critical method
Humanistic
Indiscipline of history
Leninist
Marxist
Historical materialism
Nationalist
Ancestral civilisation
Nationalization of history
People's history
Subaltern Studies
Pop history
Quantitative history
Revisionist
Transnational
Whig
Great Man theory
ConceptsGeneral
Change and continuity
Historic preservation
Historic recurrence
Historical significance
Historicity
Historiology
Theory of history
Philosophy
Specific
Black legend
Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge
Dark Ages
Historical negationism
Historian's fallacy / Presentism
Invented tradition
Modernisation theory
Narratives
Paradigm shift
Pax
list
Thirty-year rule
Transhistoricity
Translatio imperii / Translatio studii
Vaticinium ex eventu
Periodization ofmodern history
Age of Discovery
Age of Enlightenment
European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War
Long 18th / 19th century
Renaissance
Continuity thesis
By country or regionAfrica
Egypt
Pyramid construction techniques
Black Egypt Thesis
Ethiopia
Morocco
Greater Morocco
Rwanda
Double genocide theory
Maafa
Americas
Canada
Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
Residential schools
Staples thesis
Indigenous population history
Latin America
Argentina
May Revolution / Causes
Revisionist
Peru
Iquicha Royalism
Colonial Spanish America
Casta
United States
African-American history
Nadir of American race relations
Neoabolitionism
Reconstruction era
Consensus history
Cyclical theory
Frontier thesis
Political history
Eras
Progressive-era historians
Eurasia
Albania
Dealbanisation
Austria
Habsburg Myth
Balhae
Belarus
Litvinism
Bulgaria
Byzantine Empire
Early
Croatia
Europe
Ancient
Medieval
New Age
Georgia
Aryan Kartli
Greek
Ages of Man
Iran
2,500-year celebration
Italy
Risorgimento
Southern Question
Neo-Bourbonism
Japan
Korea
Nationalist
Goguryeo controversies
North Macedonia
Philippines
Early settlements
Portugal
Lusotropicalism
Romania
Great Union
Serbia
Kosovo Myth
Sweden
Götaland theory
Switzerland
Taiwan
Ukraine
Executed Renaissance
Vietnam
Nam tiến
Trưng sisters
Ancient Rome
Catilinarian conspiracy
Christianization
Constantinian shift
Expansion
Fall of Western Rome
Prosopography
Succession
Byzantine succession
Moscow, third Rome
Ottoman claim
Problem of two emperors
China
Archaeology
Wunu School
Century of humiliation
Conquest dynasty
"Chineseness" debate
New Qing History
Golden ages
Hua–Yi distinction
Four Barbarians
Sinocentrism
Self-Strengthening Movement
Sprouts of capitalism
Tibetan sovereignty debate
France
Cordon sanitaire
Frankish Interregnum
Grand Siècle
Legendary Saracen
Location of Alésia
Lyon
Germany
Alltagsgeschichte
Borussian myth
Historikerstreit
Sonderweg
Strukturgeschichte
Sybel-Ficker controversy
Vergangenheitsbewältigung
India
Greater Magadha
Indocentrism
Indigenous Aryanism
Ireland
Great Famine
"More Irish than the Irish themselves"
Revisionism
Revolutionary period
Poland
Golden Liberty
Sarmatism
Deluge
Partitions
Polish People's Republic
Russia
Anti-Normanism
Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Skeptic School
Soviet Union
October Revolution
Soviet famine of 1930–1933
Causes of the Holodomor
Holodomor genocide question
Holodomor in modern politics
Spain
Black legend / White legend
Hispanism
Carlism in the Francoist era
Convivencia
Inquisition
Limpieza de sangre controversy
Reconquista
Islamic revolution of Spain
Revisionist
Colonies or Provinces
Spanish decline
Ser de España
Turkey
Kemalist
Ottoman Empire
Ghaza thesis
Decline thesis
UnitedKingdom
Poor Laws
Scotland
Kingdom of Alba
Westminster Stone
Storm over the gentry
Suffragette Campaign
Tudor myth
Ricardians
Winter of Discontent
BritishEmpire
Cambridge School
Porter–MacKenzie debate
Second colonial occupation
Oceania
Colonial Australia
By war, conflictvteMilitary historiography
Military history
List of military museums
pre-18th centuryconflicts
Albigensian Crusade
Catharism debate
Crusades
Islamic views
Eighty Years' War
Origins
Fall of Babylon
Gallic Wars
Late Bronze Age collapse
Dorian invasion
Sea Peoples
Peloponnesian War
18th and 19thcentury conflictsCoalition Wars(1792–1815)
French Revolution
Pre-revolution
Causes
New Russian School
War in the Vendée
Napoleonic era
Invasion of Russia
Waterloo
American Civil War
Origins
Turning point
Franco-Prussian War
Causes
Paris Commune
Great Game
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Causes
Paraguayan War
War of 1812
Origins
War of the Pacific
Causes
Myth of English aid World War I
Causes (Color books / Fischer thesis)
Late Ottoman genocides (Causes of the Armenian genocide)
Patriotic consent
Persian famine of 1917–1919
Powder keg of Europe
Schlieffen Plan
Spirit of 1914 / 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty ofVersailles
Reparations
War guilt question
Article 231
Reichstag inquiry
Interwar period
Burning of Smyrna
Polish–Soviet War
Causes
Spanish Civil War
Background
World War II
Causes
"Blitzkrieg" concept
Broad vs. narrow front
German resistance to Nazism
Nazi foreign policy debate
Eastern Front
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Soviet offensive plans
Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
Winter War
Background
Spirit
The Holocaust
Auschwitz bombing debate
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
Functionalism–intentionalism debate
In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba
Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
Pius Wars
"Polish death camp"
Responsibility
Slovakia
Uniqueness
Pacific War
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
"Battle for Australia"
Bengal famine
Second Sino-Japanese War
Nanjing Massacre
Western Front
Battle of France
Guilty Men
Résistancialisme
Vichy France
Cold War
Origins
1948 Palestine war
Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba
Zionism as settler colonialism
New Historians
Malayan Emergency
Causes
Algerian War
Six-Day War
Origins
Iranian Revolution
Causes
Iran–Iraq War
Falklands War
Sovereignty dispute
Sri Lankan Civil War
Origins
Post-Cold War
Russo-Georgian War
Background
Responsibility
Syrian revolution
Causes
Related
Conflict thesis
Gunpowder and gun transmission
Torsion mangonel myth
War and genocide
Category
By personPoliticalleaders
Adolf Hitler
Alexander the Great
Amin al-Husseini
Aurangzeb
Cato the Younger
Che Guevara
Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Kai Shek
Constantine the Great
Gregory Palamas
Horatio Nelson
Hypatia
Jiang Zemin
Joseph Stalin
José de San Martín
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Klemens von Metternich
Leonid Brezhnev
Louis Riel
Mao Zedong
Muammar Gaddafi
Napoleon
Neville Chamberlain
Pedro II of Brazil
Simon Bolivar
Cult of personality
Bolivarianism
Saladin
Sun Yat Tse
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Jefferson
Ulysses S. Grant
Warren G. Harding
Yuan Shikai
Zhou Enlai
Zhuge Liang
Historicalrankings
Australia
Canada
Modern Germany
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
Others
The Beatles
Charles Darwin
Friedrich Nietzsche
H. P. Lovecraft
Jane Austen
Muhammed
Historicity of Muhammad
Judaism's view of Muhammad
Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
Jesus
Historicity of Jesus
Resurrection of Jesus
Religious perspectives on Jesus
Jesus in Christianity
Judaism's view of Jesus
Jesus in Islam
J. R. R. Tolkien
The Lord of the Rings
Madonna
Robert Falcon Scott
Socrates
Søren Kierkegaard
William Shakespeare
Other topics
Bears in antiquity
Crisis of historiography
Feudalism
Library of Alexandria
Nationalism in the Middle Ages
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
Salons
The Simpsons
Western European colonialism and colonization
Desacralization of knowledge
Economics
Industrial Revolution
Great Recession
Great Depression
School of Thoughts
Historical school of economics
English historical school of economics
Religion
Avestan geography
Early Christianity
Background
Historical reliability of the Gospels
Primacy of Peter
Opposition to Papal supremacy
Proto-orthodox Christianity
Early Islam
Criticism of the Quran
Succession to Muhammad
Islamic golden age
Kharijites
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
Second Vatican Council
Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
Hesychast controversy
Protestant Reformation
Proto-Protestantism
Criticism of Protestantism
Protestant work ethic
Jesuit historiography
Modern Jewish history
Wissenschaft des Judentums
Schools of thought
Biblical criticism
Catholic theology
Panbabylonism
Urreligion
Perennial
Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
Roman
Revisionist school of Islamic studies
Science /Technology
Merton thesis
Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
Gunpowder and gun transmission
Torsion mangonel myth
Organizations, publications
Heritage registers
Historical society (list)
History institutes
History journals
template
Related
Commemorative plaque
Documentary film
Hagiography
Historical fiction
Historical realism
Historiographic metafiction
Historical geographic information system
Category
Multimedia
vteSocial sciences
Outline
History
Index
Primary
Anthropology
archaeology
cultural
social
physical
Economics
microeconomics
macroeconomics
econometrics
mathematical
Geography
physical
human
technical
integrated
History
cultural
auxiliary sciences
economic
human
military
political
social
Law
jurisprudence
legal history
legal systems
public law
private law
Linguistics
semiotics
Political science
international relations
comparative
philosophy
public policy
public administration
Psychology
abnormal
cognitive
developmental
personality
social
Sociology
criminology
demography
internet
rural
urban
Interdisciplinary
Administration
business
public
Anthrozoology
Area studies
Business studies
Cognitive science
Communication studies
Community studies
Criminology
Cultural studies
Development studies
Education
Environmental
social science
studies
Food studies
Gender studies
Global studies
Historical sociology
History of technology
Human ecology
Information science
International studies
Linguistics
Management
Media studies
Philosophies
science
economics
history
psychology
social science
Planning
land use
regional
urban
Political ecology
Political economy
Political sociology
Public health
Regional science
Science and technology studies
Science studies
historical
Quantum social science
Social work
Vegan studies
List
List of social science journals
Other categorizations
Behavioral sciences
Geisteswissenschaft
Human science
Humanities
Category
Commons
Society portal
Wikiversity
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic history of the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world"},{"link_name":"History of economic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"historical methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method"},{"link_name":"statistical methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_methods"},{"link_name":"application of economic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics"},{"link_name":"institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution"},{"link_name":"quantitative data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_data"},{"link_name":"qualitative sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_data"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)"},{"link_name":"labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"schools of economic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"mainstream economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_economics"},{"link_name":"Austrian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School"},{"link_name":"Marxian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Chicago school of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Keynesian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_finance"},{"link_name":"business history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_history"},{"link_name":"social history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_demography"},{"link_name":"labor history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)"},{"link_name":"cliometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliometrics"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"econometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"history of capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_capitalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the academic field. For actual economic histories, see Economic history of the world. For the history of intellectual development of economic theory, see History of economic thought.World GDP per capita, 1400–2003Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.Using both quantitative data and qualitative sources, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of production, labor, and capital, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different schools of economic thought, such as mainstream economics, Austrian economics, Marxian economics, the Chicago school of economics, and Keynesian economics.Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in financial and business history, which overlap with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history. In the sub-discipline of cliometrics, economists use quantitative (econometric) methods.[1] In history of capitalism, historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.[2]","title":"Economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economic_History_Department,_1971_(3925741729).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnold Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gustav von Schmoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller"},{"link_name":"historical school of economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"historical school of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter"},{"link_name":"William Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"British economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Unwin"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaxBODNB-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBerg-5"},{"link_name":"Annales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_School"},{"link_name":"Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales._Histoire,_Sciences_Sociales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics#LSE_vs._Cambridge"},{"link_name":"interwar era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_era"},{"link_name":"Economic History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Society"},{"link_name":"LSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"applied economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics"},{"link_name":"Cliometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliometrics"},{"link_name":"econometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"Stanley Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Clio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio"},{"link_name":"muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Douglass North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_North"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"counterfactual history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_history"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Fogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogel"},{"link_name":"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Claudia Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Charles P. Kindleberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Skidelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"economic theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_theory"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Irving Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_deflation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)Arnold Toynbee made the case for combining economics and history in his study of the Industrial Revolution, saying, \"I believe economics today is much too dissociated from history. Smith and Malthus had historical minds. However, Ricardo – who set the pattern of modern textbooks – had a mind that was entirely unhistorical.\" There were several advantages in combining economics and history according to Toynbee. To begin with, it improved economic understanding. \"We see abstract propositions in a new light when studying them in relation to historical facts. Propositions become more vivid and truthful.\" Meanwhile, studying history with economics makes history easier to understand. Economics teaches us to look out for the right facts in reading history and makes matters such as introducing enclosures, machinery, or new currencies more intelligible. Economics also teaches careful deductive reasoning. \"The habits of mind it instils are even more valuable than the knowledge of principles it gives. Without these habits, the mass of their materials can overwhelm students of historical facts.\"[3]In late-nineteenth-century Germany, scholars at a number of universities, led by Gustav von Schmoller, developed the historical school of economic history. It argued that there were no universal truths in history, emphasizing the importance of historical context without quantitative analysis. This historical approach dominated German and French scholarship for most of the 20th century. The historical school of economics included other economists such as Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter who reasoned that careful analysis of human actions, cultural norms, historical context, and mathematical support was key to historical analysis. The approach was spread to Great Britain by William Ashley (University of Oxford) and dominated British economic history for much of the 20th century. Britain's first professor in the subject was George Unwin at the University of Manchester.[4][5] Meanwhile, in France, economic history was heavily influenced by the Annales School from the early 20th century to the present. It exerts a worldwide influence through its journal Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales.[6]Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the London School of Economics and the University of Cambridge had numerous disputes over the separation of economics and economic history in the interwar era. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the Economic History Society had its inauguration at LSE in 1926 and the University of Cambridge eventually established its own economic history programme.In the United States, the field of economic history was largely subsumed into other fields of economics following the cliometric revolution of the 1960s.[7][8] To many it became seen as a form of applied economics rather than a stand-alone discipline. Cliometrics, also known as the New Economic History, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and econometric techniques to the study of economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology. One of the most famous cliometric economic historians is Douglass North, who argued that it is the task of economic history to elucidate the historical dimensions of economies through time.[9] Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms.Early cliometrics was a type of counterfactual history. However, counterfactualism was not its distinctive feature; it combined neoclassical economics with quantitative methods in order to explain human choices based on constraints.[10] Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians.[11] In response to North and Robert Fogel's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1993, Harvard University economist (and future Nobel winner) Claudia Goldin argued that:economic history is not a handmaiden of economics but a distinct field of scholarship. Economic history was a scholarly discipline long before it became cliometrics. Its practitioners were economists and historians studying the histories of economies... The new economic history, or cliometrics, formalized economic history in a manner similar to the injection of mathematical models and statistics into the rest of economics.[12]The relationship between economic history, economics and history has long been the subject of intense discussion, and the debates of recent years echo those of early contributors. There has long been a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger explained this position in his 1990 book Historical Economics: Art or Science?.[13] Economic historian Robert Skidelsky (University of Cambridge) argued that economic theory often employs ahistorical models and methodologies that do not take into account historical context.[14] Yale University economist Irving Fisher already wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his \"Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions\":The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other.[15]","title":"Early history of the discipline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"LSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"LSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Queen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"higher education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"Peter Temin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Temin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman Rostow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow"},{"link_name":"The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gerschenkron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron"},{"link_name":"Daron Acemoglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu"},{"link_name":"James A. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail:_The_Origins_of_Power,_Prosperity,_and_Poverty"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Pomeranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz"},{"link_name":"The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divergence"},{"link_name":"David S. Landes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Landes"},{"link_name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"global financial crisis of 2007–2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"cultural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[a 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"Charles Calomiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Calomiris"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Francesco Boldizzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[a 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Capital in the Twenty-First Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century"},{"link_name":"wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality"},{"link_name":"income inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality"},{"link_name":"progressive wealth taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax"},{"link_name":"New York Times best seller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"Paul Krugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"},{"link_name":"Robert Solow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow"},{"link_name":"Ben Bernanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Marxian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"economic determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_determinism"},{"link_name":"feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Maurice Dobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Dobb"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Brenner debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_debate"},{"link_name":"Paul Sweezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sweezy"},{"link_name":"western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_(37517067951).jpg"},{"link_name":"Capital in the Twenty-First Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century"}],"text":"The past three decades have witnessed the widespread closure of separate economic history departments and programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments.[16] Only the LSE retains a separate economic history department and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programme in economic history. Cambridge, Glasgow, LSE, Oxford, Queen's, and Warwick together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British higher education system today, but do so as part of economics or history degrees. Meanwhile, there have never been specialist economic history graduate programs at universities anywhere in the US. However, economic history remains a special field component of leading economics PhD programs, including University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, Northwestern University, Princeton University, the University of Chicago and Yale University.Despite the pessimistic view on the state of the discipline espoused by many of its practitioners, economic history remains an active field of social scientific inquiry. Indeed, it has seen something of a resurgence in interest since 2000, perhaps driven by research conducted at universities in continental Europe rather than the UK and the US.[17] The overall number of economic historians in the world is estimated at 10,400, with Japan and China as well as the U.K and the U.S. ranking highest in numbers. Some less developed countries, however, are not sufficiently integrated in the world economic history community, among others, Senegal, Brazil and Vietnam.[18]Part of the growth in economic history is driven by the continued interest in big policy-relevant questions on the history of economic growth and development. MIT economist Peter Temin noted that development economics is intricately connected with economic history, as it explores the growth of economies with different technologies, innovations, and institutions.[19] Studying economic growth has been popular for years among economists and historians who have sought to understand why some economies have grown faster than others. Some of the early texts in the field include Walt Whitman Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971) which described how advanced economies grow after overcoming certain hurdles and advancing to the next stage in development. Another economic historian, Alexander Gerschenkron, complicated this theory with works on how economies develop in non-Western countries, as discussed in Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962). A more recent work is Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson's Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012) which pioneered a new field of persistence studies, emphasizing the path-dependent stages of growth. Other notable books on the topic include Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000) and David S. Landes's The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998).In recent decades, and notably since the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, scholars have recently become more interested in a field which may be called new new economic history. Scholars have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, social, and cultural history affecting the evolution of economies.[20][a 1] The focus of these studies is frequently on \"persistence\", as past events are linked to present outcomes.[21][22] Columbia University economist Charles Calomiris argued that this new field showed 'how historical (path-dependent) processes governed changes in institutions and markets.'[23] However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by Francesco Boldizzoni, as a form of economic imperialism \"extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations.\"[24]Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write a new kind of economic history which makes use of historical data to understand the present day.[a 2] A major development in this genre was the publication of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013). The book described the rise in wealth and income inequality since the 18th century, arguing that large concentrations of wealth lead to social and economic instability. Piketty also advocated a system of global progressive wealth taxes to correct rising inequality. The book was selected as a New York Times best seller and received numerous awards. The book was well received by some of the world's major economists, including Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, and Ben Bernanke.[25] Books in response to Piketty's book include After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality, by Heather Boushey, J. Bradford DeLong, and Marshall Steinbaum (eds.) (2017), Pocket Piketty by Jesper Roine (2017), and Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicolas Lecaussin, Emmanuel Martin (2017). One economist argued that Piketty's book was \"Nobel-Prize worthy\" and noted that it had changed the global discussion on how economic historians study inequality.[26] It has also sparked new conversations in the disciplines of public policy.[27]In addition to the mainstream in economic history, there is a parallel development in the field influenced by Karl Marx and Marxian economics.[28][29] Marx used historical analysis to interpret the role of class and class as a central issue in history. He debated with the \"classical\" economists (a term he coined), including Adam Smith and David Ricardo. In turn, Marx's legacy in economic history has been to critique the findings of neoclassical economists.[30] Marxist analysis also confronts economic determinism, the theory that economic relationships are the foundation of political and societal institutions. Marx abstracted the idea of a \"capitalist mode of production\" as a way of identifying the transition from feudalism to capitalism.[31] This has influenced some scholars, such as Maurice Dobb, to argue that feudalism declined because of peasants' struggles for freedom and the growing inefficiency of feudalism as a system of production.[32] In turn, in what was later coined the Brenner debate, Paul Sweezy, a Marxian economist, challenged Dobb's definition of feudalism and its focus only on western Europe.[33]Thomas Piketty, economist and author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century","title":"Scope and focus of economic history today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_history"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism:_A_Journal_of_History_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"The New School, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"A new field, called \"history of capitalism\" by researchers engaged in it, has emerged in US history departments since about the year 2000. It includes many topics traditionally associated with the field of economic history, such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension of business, and the impact of capitalism on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field has particularly focused on the contribution of slavery to the rise of the US economy in the nineteenth century. The field utilizes the existing research of business history, but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises.[34][35] Historians of capitalism have countered these critiques, citing the issues with economic history. As University of Chicago professor of history Jonathan Levy states, \"modern economic history began with industrialization and urbanization, and, even then, environmental considerations were subsidiary, if not nonexistent.\"[36]Scholars have critiqued the history of capitalism because it does not focus on systems of production, circulation, and distribution.[37] Some have criticized its lack of social scientific methods and its ideological biases.[38] As a result, a new academic journal, Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics, was founded at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Marc Flandreau (University of Pennsylvania), Julia Ott (The New School, New York) and Francesca Trivellato (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) to widen the scope of the field. The journal's goal is to bring together \"historians and social scientists interested in the material and intellectual aspects of modern economic life.\"[39]","title":"History of capitalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Economic History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review"},{"link_name":"Economic History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Society"},{"link_name":"William Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)"},{"link_name":"political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"religious history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_history"},{"link_name":"military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Economic History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Association"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Edwin F. Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_F._Gay"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Business History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_History_Review"},{"link_name":"European Review of Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Review_of_Economic_History"},{"link_name":"Enterprise and Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_and_Society"},{"link_name":"Financial History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_History_Review"},{"link_name":"Business History Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_History_Conference"},{"link_name":"Economic History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Association"},{"link_name":"Economic History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Society"},{"link_name":"European Association of Business Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eabh"},{"link_name":"International Social History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Social_History_Association"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The first journal specializing in the field of economic history was The Economic History Review, founded in 1927, as the main publication of the Economic History Society. The first journal featured a publication by Professor Sir William Ashley, the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world, who described the emerging field of economic history. The discipline existed alongside long-standing fields such as political history, religious history, and military history as one that focused on humans' interactions with 'visible happenings'. He continued, '[economic history] primarily and unless expressly extended, the history of actual human practice with respect to the material basis of life. The visible happenings with regard-to use the old formula-to \"the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth\" form our wide enough field'.[40]Later, the Economic History Association established another academic journal, The Journal of Economic History, in 1941 as a way of expanding the discipline in the United States.[41] The first president of the Economic History Association, Edwin F. Gay, described the aim of economic history was to provide new perspectives in the economics and history disciplines: 'An adequate equipment with two skills, that of the historian and the economist, is not easily acquired, but experience shows that it is both necessary and possible'.[42] Other related academic journals have broadened the lens with which economic history is studied. These interdisciplinary journals include the Business History Review, European Review of Economic History, Enterprise and Society, and Financial History Review.The International Economic History Association, an association of close to 50 member organizations, recognizes some of the major academic organizations dedicated to study of economic history: the Business History Conference, Economic History Association, Economic History Society, European Association of Business Historians, and the International Social History Association.[43]","title":"Academic journals and societies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SamuelsonQ-46"},{"link_name":"Simon Kuznets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets"},{"link_name":"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"John Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hicks"},{"link_name":"general equilibrium theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory"},{"link_name":"welfare theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_theory"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Robert Fogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogel"},{"link_name":"Douglass North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_North"},{"link_name":"Claudia Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin"}],"text":"Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come.\n– Paul Samuelson (2009)[44]Several economists have won Nobel prizes for contributions to economic history or contributions to economics that are commonly applied in economic history.Simon Kuznets won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (\"the Nobel Memorial Prize\") in 1971 \"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\".\nJohn Hicks, whose early writing was on the field of economic history, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1972 due to his contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.\nArthur Lewis won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1979 for his contributions in the field of economic development through historical context.\nMilton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for \"his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\".\nRobert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for \"having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\".\nClaudia Goldin, who won the Nobel in 2023 for 'having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes', began her career researching the history of the US southern economy and was President of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000.","title":"Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Capital: A Critique of Political Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital:_A_Critique_of_Political_Economy"}],"text":"Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Anna Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States,_1867%E2%80%931960"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"The Road to Serfdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Capital: A Critique of Political Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital:_A_Critique_of_Political_Economy"},{"link_name":"Karl Polanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Polanyi"},{"link_name":"The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inquiry_into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations"}],"sub_title":"Foundational works","text":"Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963)\nFriedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944)\nKarl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)\nKarl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time (1944)\nDavid Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)\nAdam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert C. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Allen"},{"link_name":"Gregory Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Findlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Findlay"},{"link_name":"Kevin O’Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%E2%80%99Rourke"},{"link_name":"Robert Heilbroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heilbroner"},{"link_name":"Eric Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Roll"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Robert C. Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction (2011)\nGregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (2007)\nRonald Findlay and Kevin O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (2007)\nRobert Heilbroner, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953)\nEric Roll, A History of Economic Thought (1923)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Finley"},{"link_name":"The Ancient Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_Economy"},{"link_name":"Walter Scheidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheidel"},{"link_name":"Peter Temin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Temin"}],"sub_title":"Ancient economies","text":"Moses Finley, The Ancient Economy (1973)\nWalter Scheidel, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (2017)\nPeter Temin, The Roman Market Economy (2012)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daron Acemoglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu"},{"link_name":"James A. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail:_The_Origins_of_Power,_Prosperity,_and_Poverty"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gerschenkron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon"},{"link_name":"David S. Landes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Landes"},{"link_name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_and_Poverty_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Deirdre McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"Joel Mokyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mokyr"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Pomeranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz"},{"link_name":"The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Divergence"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman Rostow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow"},{"link_name":"The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs"},{"link_name":"The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty:_Economic_Possibilities_for_Our_Time"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"Development as Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_as_Freedom"},{"link_name":"William Easterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Easterly"},{"link_name":"The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B000QJLQXU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?%20encoding=UTF8&btkr=1"}],"sub_title":"Economic growth and development","text":"Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012)\nAlexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962)\nRobert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (2016)\nDavid S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998)\nDeirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World (2016)\nJoel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (1990)\nKenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000)\nWalt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971)\nJeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (2005)\nAmartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999)\nWilliam Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (2006)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christine Desan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Desan"},{"link_name":"William N. Goetzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Goetzmann"},{"link_name":"David Graeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graeber"},{"link_name":"Debt: The First 5000 Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt:_The_First_5000_Years"}],"sub_title":"History of money","text":"Christine Desan, Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism (2014)\nWilliam N. Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible (2016)\nDavid Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Cannadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cannadine"},{"link_name":"Mellon: An American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellon:_An_American_Life"},{"link_name":"Alfred D. Chandler Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visible_Hand:_The_Managerial_Revolution_in_American_Business"},{"link_name":"Ron Chernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Chernow"},{"link_name":"The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Morgan:_An_American_Banking_Dynasty_and_the_Rise_of_Modern_Finance"},{"link_name":"Ron Chernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Chernow"},{"link_name":"William D. Cohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Cohan"},{"link_name":"Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_and_Power:_How_Goldman_Sachs_Came_to_Rule_the_World"},{"link_name":"Naomi Lamoreaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Lamoreaux"},{"link_name":"David Nasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nasaw"},{"link_name":"Jean Strouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Strouse"}],"sub_title":"Business history","text":"David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life (2006)\nAlfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977)\nRon Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (1990)\nRon Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1998)\nWilliam D. Cohan, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World\nNaomi Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (1985)\nDavid Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (2006)\nJean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (1999)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_(front_cover).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Capital in the Twenty-First Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ahamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed"},{"link_name":"Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Finance:_The_Bankers_Who_Broke_the_World"},{"link_name":"Mark Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Blyth"},{"link_name":"Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity:_The_History_of_a_Dangerous_Idea"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Calomiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Calomiris"},{"link_name":"Stephen H. Haber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Haber"},{"link_name":"Barry Eichengreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen"},{"link_name":"Barry Eichengreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen"},{"link_name":"Niall Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money:_A_Financial_History_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Harold James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Cooperation_Since_Bretton_Woods"},{"link_name":"Carmen M. Reinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_M._Reinhart"},{"link_name":"Kenneth S. Rogoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Rogoff"},{"link_name":"Benn Steil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benn_Steil"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Bretton_Woods:_John_Maynard_Keynes,_Harry_Dexter_White,_and_the_Making_of_a_New_World_Order"},{"link_name":"Adam Tooze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Tooze"},{"link_name":"The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction:_The_Making_and_Breaking_of_the_Nazi_Economy"}],"sub_title":"Financial history","text":"Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)Liaquat Ahamed, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (2009)\nMark Blyth, Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea (2013)\nCharles W. Calomiris and Stephen H. Haber, Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit (2014)\nBarry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System (2010)\nBarry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996)\nNiall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (2008)\nHarold James, International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods (1996)\nCarmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (2009)\nBenn Steil, The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order (2013)\nAdam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (2006)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sven Beckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Beckert"},{"link_name":"William J. Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bernstein"},{"link_name":"A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Splendid_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Niall Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Robert Fogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogel"},{"link_name":"Stanley L. Engerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_L._Engerman"},{"link_name":"Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_on_the_Cross:_The_Economics_of_American_Negro_Slavery"},{"link_name":"Claudia Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin"},{"link_name":"Harold James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey G. Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_G._Williamson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Capital in the Twenty-First Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Capital and Ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_and_Ideology"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Saez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Wealth_of_Nations:_The_Scourge_of_Tax_Havens"}],"sub_title":"Globalization and inequality","text":"Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (2014)\nWilliam J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today (2008)\nNiall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 (2001)\nRobert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974)\nClaudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990)\nHarold James, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (2009)\nKevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-century Atlantic Economy (1999)\nThomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)\nThomas Piketty, The Economics of Inequality (2015)\nThomas Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020)\nEmmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay (2019)\nGabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens (2015)","title":"Notable works of economic history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macro_history_economists.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irving Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Anna Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"Edward C. Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott"},{"link_name":"Alfred Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Franco Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Moses Abramovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Adelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Adelman"},{"link_name":"Robert Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Allen"},{"link_name":"T. S. Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Ashton"},{"link_name":"Correlli Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlli_Barnett"},{"link_name":"Jörg Baten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten"},{"link_name":"Maxine Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Berg"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Bergier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bergier"},{"link_name":"Ben Bernanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke"},{"link_name":"Francesco Boldizzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni"},{"link_name":"Leah Boustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Boustan"},{"link_name":"Fernand Braudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel"},{"link_name":"Rondo Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Sydney Checkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Checkland"},{"link_name":"Carlo M. Cipolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla"},{"link_name":"John Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clapham_(economic_historian)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Cochran_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts"},{"link_name":"Louis Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Peter Davies (economic historian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davies_(economic_historian)"},{"link_name":"Brad DeLong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_DeLong"},{"link_name":"Melissa Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Dell"},{"link_name":"Barry Eichengreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"Stanley Engerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Engerman"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Federico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nyuad.nyu.edu/en/academics/divisions/social-science/faculty/giovanni-federico.html"},{"link_name":"Charles Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Niall Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Ronald Findlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Findlay"},{"link_name":"Moses Israel Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Israel_Finley"},{"link_name":"Irving Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Brian Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fitzpatrick_(Australian_author)"},{"link_name":"Roderick Floud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Floud"},{"link_name":"Robert Fogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogel"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Celso Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Furtado"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gerschenkron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gerschenkron"},{"link_name":"Claudia Goldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin"},{"link_name":"Jack Goldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldstone"},{"link_name":"John Habakkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Habakkuk"},{"link_name":"Earl J. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_J._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Eli Heckscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Heckscher"},{"link_name":"Eric Hobsbawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm"},{"link_name":"Susan Howson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Howson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Leo Huberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Huberman"},{"link_name":"Jane Humphries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Humphries"},{"link_name":"Harold James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Jones_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Charles P. Kindleberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger"},{"link_name":"John Komlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Komlos"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Kondratiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kondratiev"},{"link_name":"Simon Kuznets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets"},{"link_name":"Kwasi Kwarteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie"},{"link_name":"Naomi Lamoreaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Lamoreaux"},{"link_name":"David Landes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Landes"},{"link_name":"Tim Leunig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Leunig"},{"link_name":"Friedrich List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List"},{"link_name":"Robert Sabatino Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Sabatino_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Angus Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Peter Mathias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mathias"},{"link_name":"Ellen McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_McArthur"},{"link_name":"Deirdre McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"Jacob (Kobi) Metzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Metzer"},{"link_name":"Joel Mokyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mokyr"},{"link_name":"Douglass North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_North"},{"link_name":"Nathan Nunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Nunn"},{"link_name":"Avner Offer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avner_Offer"},{"link_name":"Cormac Ó Gráda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da"},{"link_name":"Patrick K. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_K._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"Henri Pirenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pirenne"},{"link_name":"Karl Polanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Polanyi"},{"link_name":"Erik S. Reinert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_S._Reinert"},{"link_name":"Christina Romer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Romer"},{"link_name":"W. W. Rostow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow"},{"link_name":"Murray Rothbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"},{"link_name":"Tirthankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankar_Roy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter"},{"link_name":"Anna Jacobson Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jacobson_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Larry Schweikart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Schweikart"},{"link_name":"Ram Sharan Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Robert Skidelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky,_Baron_Skidelsky"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Graeme Snooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Snooks"},{"link_name":"Richard H. Steckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Steckel"},{"link_name":"R. H. Tawney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Tawney"},{"link_name":"Peter Temin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Temin"},{"link_name":"Adam Tooze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Tooze"},{"link_name":"Francesca Trivellato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Trivellato"},{"link_name":"Eberhard Wächtler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_W%C3%A4chtler"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Tony Wrigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Wrigley"},{"link_name":"Jan Luiten van Zanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden"},{"link_name":"Harold Innis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Innis"},{"link_name":"John Kenneth Galbraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith"},{"link_name":"Donald Creighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Creighton"},{"link_name":"Naomi Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein"},{"link_name":"Linda McQuaig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McQuaig"},{"link_name":"Gino Luzzatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Luzzatto"}],"text":"Notable economic historians: Irving Fisher, Anna Schwartz, Milton Friedman, Stanley Fischer, Carl Menger, Edward C. Prescott, Alfred Marshall and Franco ModiglianiMoses Abramovitz\nJeremy Adelman\nRobert Allen\nT. S. Ashton\nCorrelli Barnett\nJörg Baten\nMaxine Berg\nJean-François Bergier\nBen Bernanke\nFrancesco Boldizzoni\nLeah Boustan\nFernand Braudel\nRondo Cameron\nSydney Checkland\nCarlo M. Cipolla\nJohn Clapham\nGregory Clark\nThomas C. Cochran\nNicholas Crafts\nLouis Cullen\nPeter Davies (economic historian)\nBrad DeLong\nMelissa Dell\nBarry Eichengreen\nFriedrich Engels\nStanley Engerman\nGiovanni Federico\nCharles Feinstein\nNiall Ferguson\nRonald Findlay\nMoses Israel Finley\nIrving Fisher\nBrian Fitzpatrick\nRoderick Floud\nRobert Fogel\nMilton Friedman\nCelso Furtado\nAlexander Gerschenkron\nClaudia Goldin\nJack Goldstone\nJohn Habakkuk\nEarl J. Hamilton\nEli Heckscher\nEric Hobsbawm\nSusan Howson\nLeo Huberman\nJane Humphries\nHarold James\nGeoffrey Jones\nIbn Khaldun\nCharles P. Kindleberger\nJohn Komlos\nNikolai Kondratiev\nSimon Kuznets\nKwasi Kwarteng\nEmmanuel Le Roy Ladurie\nNaomi Lamoreaux\nDavid Landes\nTim Leunig\nFriedrich List\nRobert Sabatino Lopez\nAngus Maddison\nKarl Marx\nPeter Mathias\nEllen McArthur\nDeirdre McCloskey\nJacob (Kobi) Metzer\nJoel Mokyr\nDouglass North\nNathan Nunn\nAvner Offer\nCormac Ó Gráda\nPatrick K. O'Brien\nThomas Piketty\nHenri Pirenne\nKarl Polanyi\nErik S. Reinert\nChristina Romer\nW. W. Rostow\nMurray Rothbard\nTirthankar Roy\nJoseph Schumpeter\nAnna Jacobson Schwartz\nLarry Schweikart\nRam Sharan Sharma\nRobert Skidelsky\nAdam Smith\nGraeme Snooks\nRichard H. Steckel\nR. H. Tawney\nPeter Temin\nAdam Tooze\nFrancesca Trivellato\nEberhard Wächtler\nJeffrey Williamson\nTony Wrigley\nJan Luiten van Zanden\nHarold Innis\nJohn Kenneth Galbraith\nDonald Creighton\nNaomi Klein\nLinda McQuaig\nGino Luzzatto","title":"Notable economic historians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Gregory Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111018192608/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111230050400/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111230040353/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Google preview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&pg=PT1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&oi=fnd&pg=PT1&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&ots=fF5GxnCIYm&sig=3ZpUcXAStipXCCAcIZvOwFh7aCM"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"H. Van der Wee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee"},{"link_name":"International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111028220210/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Carmen M. Reinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_M._Reinhart"},{"link_name":"Kenneth S. Rogoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Rogoff"},{"link_name":"Description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"3–20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"links.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7gbs_atb"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ For example: • Gregory Clark (2006), A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World,\nDescription Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, contents Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 link Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, and Google preview Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. • E. Aerts and H. Van der Wee, 2002. \"Economic History\", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences pp. 4102–410. Abstract Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ For example: Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff (2009), This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton. Description Archived 2013-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 (\"Varieties of Crises and their Dates\", pp. 3–20) Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, and chapter-preview links. Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history"},{"link_name":"Economic history and conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Economic_history_and_conditions"},{"link_name":"Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0226034631","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226034631"},{"link_name":"Economic History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2595495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2595495"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2595495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2595495"},{"link_name":"Baten, Jörg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/20780389.2012.682390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"155697900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900"},{"link_name":"Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. An Economist's Guide to Economic History. Palgrave.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319965673"},{"link_name":"Cameron, Rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_Cameron"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195127056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195127056"},{"link_name":"Cipolla, C. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0631166815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631166815"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-006-0001-1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154217979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217979"},{"link_name":"Crafts, N.F.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts"},{"link_name":"The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-349-95121-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973"},{"link_name":"\"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/joes.12064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153614497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153614497"},{"link_name":"\"Economic history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000016&q=history&topicid=&result_number=2"},{"link_name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-349-95121-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5"},{"link_name":"Galambos, Lou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Galambos"},{"link_name":"\"Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253"},{"link_name":"Essays in Economic & Business History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Economic_%26_Business_History"},{"link_name":"Economic History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2590668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2590668"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2590668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2590668"},{"link_name":"Mokyr, Joyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mokyr"},{"link_name":"\"Economic Encyclopaedia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110629155234/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070"},{"link_name":"\"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/14297.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"\"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/089533002760278749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3216953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3216953"},{"link_name":"O'Rourke, K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke"},{"link_name":"Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/economic-history-and-contemporary-challenges-to-globalization/616A2B63EDFDE212193C324157498179"},{"link_name":"Solow, Robert M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Financial_bubbles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_bubbles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_bubbles"},{"link_name":"Financial bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_bubble"},{"link_name":"Market trend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_trend"},{"link_name":"Credit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cycle"},{"link_name":"Irrational exuberance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_exuberance"},{"link_name":"Social contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contagion"},{"link_name":"Real-estate bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-estate_bubble"},{"link_name":"Stock market bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_bubble"},{"link_name":"Commercial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Tulip mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"},{"link_name":"Mississippi bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Company"},{"link_name":"South Sea bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"Bengal Bubble of 1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769"},{"link_name":"1st Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Canal Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Mania"},{"link_name":"Carolina gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"1810s Alabama real estate bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1810s"},{"link_name":"Georgia Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"1830s Chicago real estate bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s"},{"link_name":"Chilean silver rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush"},{"link_name":"Railway Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Mania"},{"link_name":"California gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlottes Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Victorian gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"New South Wales gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Australian gold rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"Fraser Canyon Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Pike's Peak gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Rock Creek Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania oil rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush"},{"link_name":"Similkameen Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Stikine Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Colorado River mining boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Otago Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Cariboo Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"First Nova Scotia Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"West Coast Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Big Bend Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Vermilion Lake gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_Lake_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Kildonan Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Omineca Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"2nd Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1870s Lapland gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Coromandel Gold Rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes"},{"link_name":"Cassiar Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiar_Country"},{"link_name":"Black Hills gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Colorado Silver Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom"},{"link_name":"Western Australian gold rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes"},{"link_name":"Indiana gas boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom"},{"link_name":"Ohio oil rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Cayoosh Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Witwatersrand Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Encilhamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encilhamento"},{"link_name":"Cripple Creek Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Kobuk River Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobuk_River_Stampede"},{"link_name":"Mount Baker gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Baker_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Nome Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Texas oil boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_oil_boom"},{"link_name":"Cobalt silver rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"1920s Florida land boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Texas oil boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_oil_boom"},{"link_name":"Cobalt silver rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"1930s Kakamega gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Post–WWII expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Texas oil boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_oil_boom"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"Poseidon bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon_bubble"},{"link_name":"The Great Inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation"},{"link_name":"1970s commodities boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom"},{"link_name":"Mexican oil boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom"},{"link_name":"Silver Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Thursday"},{"link_name":"New Zealand property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Great Moderation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moderation"},{"link_name":"Great Regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Regression"},{"link_name":"1980s oil glut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_glut"},{"link_name":"New Zealand property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Spanish property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Japanese asset price bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"Dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"Baltic states housing bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"Irish property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"2000s commodities boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom"},{"link_name":"2000s Danish property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_property_bubble_of_2000s"},{"link_name":"United States housing bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"Romanian property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Polish property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Canadian property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Chinese property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Lebanese housing bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"Chinese stock bubble of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Uranium bubble of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Information Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age"},{"link_name":"2000s commodities boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom"},{"link_name":"Lebanese housing bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"Corporate debt bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_debt_bubble"},{"link_name":"Australian property bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_property_bubble"},{"link_name":"Cryptocurrency bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble"},{"link_name":"Everything bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_bubble"},{"link_name":"Carbon bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_bubble"},{"link_name":"Green bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bubble"},{"link_name":"Social media stock bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_stock_bubble"},{"link_name":"Unicorn bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_bubble"},{"link_name":"U.S. higher education bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises"},{"link_name":"Financial crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Bank run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_run"},{"link_name":"Commodity price shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks"},{"link_name":"Credit crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_crunch"},{"link_name":"Credit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cycle"},{"link_name":"Currency crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_crisis"},{"link_name":"Debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"Financial contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_contagion"},{"link_name":"Social contagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contagion"},{"link_name":"Flash crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_crash"},{"link_name":"Hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation"},{"link_name":"Liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_crisis"},{"link_name":"Accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_capital"},{"link_name":"Funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidity"},{"link_name":"Minsky moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsky_moment"},{"link_name":"Social crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_crisis"},{"link_name":"Stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Crisis of the Third Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century"},{"link_name":"Commercial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Great Bullion Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine"},{"link_name":"The Great Debasement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Debasement"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic stock market crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kipper und Wipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper"},{"link_name":"Tulip mania crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"},{"link_name":"South Sea bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"Mississippi bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Company"},{"link_name":"1st Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763"},{"link_name":"Bengal bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769"},{"link_name":"British credit crisis of 1772–1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic financial collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Copper Panic of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1792"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1796–1797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797"},{"link_name":"Danish state bankruptcy of 1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813"},{"link_name":"Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1819"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1825"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"European potato failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_potato_failure"},{"link_name":"Great Irish Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Highland Potato Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1847"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Black Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)"},{"link_name":"2nd Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873"},{"link_name":"Paris Bourse crash of 1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1884"},{"link_name":"Arendal crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arendal_crash"},{"link_name":"Baring crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baring_crisis"},{"link_name":"Encilhamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encilhamento"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893"},{"link_name":"Australian banking crisis of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893"},{"link_name":"Black Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1896"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1901"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907"},{"link_name":"Shanghai rubber stock market crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1910–1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%931911"},{"link_name":"Financial crisis of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Early Soviet hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Shōwa financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1930"},{"link_name":"Post–WWII expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Slide of 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962"},{"link_name":"1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great Inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation"},{"link_name":"1970s energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"1973–1974 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975"},{"link_name":"Steel crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_crisis"},{"link_name":"Latin American debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"1976 British currency crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis"},{"link_name":"1979 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"Brazilian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Great Moderation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moderation"},{"link_name":"Great Regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Regression"},{"link_name":"Brazilian hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Chilean crisis of 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_1982"},{"link_name":"1983 Israel bank stock crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis"},{"link_name":"Black Saturday (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)"},{"link_name":"Savings and loan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cameroonian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"Black Monday (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)"},{"link_name":"1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"Japanese asset price bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"1991 Indian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"1990s Swedish financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994"},{"link_name":"1990s Finnish banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"1990s Armenian energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s"},{"link_name":"Cuban Special Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Period"},{"link_name":"Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1994 bond market crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994"},{"link_name":"Mexican peso crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"October 1997 mini-crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash"},{"link_name":"1998 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"1998–2002 Argentine great depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression"},{"link_name":"Samba effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_effect"},{"link_name":"Dot-com bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"9/11 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"2001 Turkish economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"South American economic crisis of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002"},{"link_name":"Stock market downturn of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002"},{"link_name":"2002 Uruguay banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2003 Myanmar banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2000s energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"2004 Argentine energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"2007 Chinese stock bubble crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"September 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008"},{"link_name":"October 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008"},{"link_name":"November 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008"},{"link_name":"December 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009"},{"link_name":"Subprime mortgage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis"},{"link_name":"2000s U.S. housing market correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction"},{"link_name":"U.S. bear market of 2007–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009"},{"link_name":"2008 Latvian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2011 Irish banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Blue Monday Crash 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009"},{"link_name":"European debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Greek government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Information Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age"},{"link_name":"2009 Dubai debt standstill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010"},{"link_name":"2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Energy crisis in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Syrian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"August 2011 stock markets fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall"},{"link_name":"2011 Bangladesh share market scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013"},{"link_name":"Venezuela economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rican government-debt crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis"},{"link_name":"Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"2015 Nepal blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence"},{"link_name":"2015–2016 stock market selloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff"},{"link_name":"Brexit stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis"},{"link_name":"Ghana banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"Turkish economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)"},{"link_name":"Lebanese liquidity crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan economic crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Financial market impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2020 stock market crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash"},{"link_name":"Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_2020s_recession"},{"link_name":"Chinese property sector crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2021–2023 inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"2022 stock market decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline"},{"link_name":"2023 United States banking crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis"},{"link_name":"List of banking crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banking_crises"},{"link_name":"List of economic crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_crises"},{"link_name":"List of sovereign debt crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises"},{"link_name":"List of stock market crashes and bear markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economic_history"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history"},{"link_name":"Economic histories by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Empire of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Ashanti Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ashanti_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_economy"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"England in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Feudal Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_feudal_Japan"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_economy"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"Scotland in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Tamil Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Theoretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research"},{"link_name":"Microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"Decision theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory"},{"link_name":"Price theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_theory"},{"link_name":"Game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Contract theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_theory"},{"link_name":"Mechanism design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design"},{"link_name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Mathematical economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_economics"},{"link_name":"Computational economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_economics"},{"link_name":"Behavioral economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"Pluralism in economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics"},{"link_name":"Empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research"},{"link_name":"Econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"Economic statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics"},{"link_name":"Experimental economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_economics"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Applied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics"},{"link_name":"Agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics"},{"link_name":"Behavioral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_economics"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_economics"},{"link_name":"Demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_economics"},{"link_name":"Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_economics"},{"link_name":"Digitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_digitization"},{"link_name":"Ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_economics"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_economics"},{"link_name":"Environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics"},{"link_name":"Expeditionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_economics"},{"link_name":"Feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_economics"},{"link_name":"Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics"},{"link_name":"Geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography"},{"link_name":"Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_economics"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_economics"},{"link_name":"Humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_economics"},{"link_name":"Industrial organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_organization"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_economics"},{"link_name":"Institutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_economy"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics"},{"link_name":"Managerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_economics"},{"link_name":"Monetary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics"},{"link_name":"Natural resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_economics"},{"link_name":"Organizational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_economics"},{"link_name":"Participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_participation"},{"link_name":"Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_economics"},{"link_name":"Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_planning"},{"link_name":"Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy"},{"link_name":"Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_economics"},{"link_name":"Public choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_choice"},{"link_name":"Social choice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_economics"},{"link_name":"Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_economics"},{"link_name":"Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy"},{"link_name":"Socio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"Sociological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_economy"},{"link_name":"Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_statistics"},{"link_name":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_economics"},{"link_name":"Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"Mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_economics"},{"link_name":"Heterodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodox_economics"},{"link_name":"American (National)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Ancient thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"Anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_economics"},{"link_name":"Mutualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School"},{"link_name":"Behavioral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_economics"},{"link_name":"Chartalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartalism"},{"link_name":"Modern monetary theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_economics"},{"link_name":"Critique of political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy"},{"link_name":"Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_democracy"},{"link_name":"Disequilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics"},{"link_name":"Feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_economics"},{"link_name":"Georgism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism"},{"link_name":"Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_economics"},{"link_name":"Historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_economics"},{"link_name":"Institutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"Keynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Post-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"Circuitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory"},{"link_name":"Malthusianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusianism"},{"link_name":"Marginalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalism"},{"link_name":"Marxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Neo-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics"},{"link_name":"Mercantilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism"},{"link_name":"Mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_School"},{"link_name":"New classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"Real business-cycle theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory"},{"link_name":"New institutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"Physiocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiocracy"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economics"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Supply-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics"},{"link_name":"Thermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoeconomics"},{"link_name":"Economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"de Mandeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville"},{"link_name":"Quesnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say"},{"link_name":"Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"},{"link_name":"von Thünen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List"},{"link_name":"Bastiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat"},{"link_name":"Cournot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot"},{"link_name":"Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"Gossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen"},{"link_name":"Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Walras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras"},{"link_name":"Jevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Edgeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bates_Clark"},{"link_name":"Pareto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto"},{"link_name":"von Böhm-Bawerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk"},{"link_name":"von Wieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser"},{"link_name":"Veblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Pigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou"},{"link_name":"Heckscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Heckscher"},{"link_name":"von Mises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises"},{"link_name":"Schumpeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter"},{"link_name":"Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Knight"},{"link_name":"Polanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Polanyi"},{"link_name":"Frisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch"},{"link_name":"Sraffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Sraffa"},{"link_name":"Myrdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal"},{"link_name":"Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"Kalecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki"},{"link_name":"Röpke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke"},{"link_name":"Kuznets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets"},{"link_name":"Tinbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Robinson"},{"link_name":"von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange"},{"link_name":"Leontief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Leontief"},{"link_name":"Galbraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith"},{"link_name":"Koopmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans"},{"link_name":"Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Baumol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baumol"},{"link_name":"Solow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solow"},{"link_name":"Rothbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"},{"link_name":"Greenspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Greenspan"},{"link_name":"Sowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell"},{"link_name":"Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker"},{"link_name":"Ostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom"},{"link_name":"Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr."},{"link_name":"Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"link_name":"Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thaler"},{"link_name":"Hoppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe"},{"link_name":"Krugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"},{"link_name":"Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economists"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics_lists"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economists"},{"link_name":"Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics"},{"link_name":"journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_journals"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics_lists"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics"},{"link_name":"Business portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historiography"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historiography"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historiography"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians"},{"link_name":"by area of study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians_by_area_of_study"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historians"},{"link_name":"historicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historicity"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History"},{"link_name":"theories of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history"},{"link_name":"Historical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_source"},{"link_name":"Primary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source"},{"link_name":"Secondary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source"},{"link_name":"Tertiary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_source"},{"link_name":"Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals"},{"link_name":"Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"Artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Codices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed"},{"link_name":"Facsimiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facsimile"},{"link_name":"Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph"},{"link_name":"Historical documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_document"},{"link_name":"Logbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logbook"},{"link_name":"Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Illuminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"Papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus"},{"link_name":"Religious texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text"},{"link_name":"Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll"},{"link_name":"War diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_diary"},{"link_name":"Service records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_record"},{"link_name":"Fields of study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history"},{"link_name":"Big History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History"},{"link_name":"World history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history_(field)"},{"link_name":"Human history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history"},{"link_name":"Local history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_history"},{"link_name":"Microhistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhistory"},{"link_name":"Archival science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_science"},{"link_name":"Library and information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_information_science"},{"link_name":"template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science"},{"link_name":"Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codicology"},{"link_name":"Writing systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography"},{"link_name":"Chorography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorography"},{"link_name":"Chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"},{"link_name":"dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological_dating"},{"link_name":"Diplomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatics"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedistics"},{"link_name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"Genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"Heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Numismatics (Money)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Onomastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastics"},{"link_name":"Oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history_preservation"},{"link_name":"Phaleristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaleristics"},{"link_name":"Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately"},{"link_name":"Prosopography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography"},{"link_name":"Sigillography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigillography"},{"link_name":"Toponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Vexillology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillology"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Paleoanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanthropology"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_ecology"},{"link_name":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_history"},{"link_name":"Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought"},{"link_name":"Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought"},{"link_name":"Intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_history"},{"link_name":"Geistesgeschichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geistesgeschichte"},{"link_name":"Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Medieval churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_historiography"},{"link_name":"Political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"Constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_history"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history"},{"link_name":"Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_sociology"},{"link_name":"Feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_feminism"},{"link_name":"Gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_history"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnohistory"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history"},{"link_name":"Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_history"},{"link_name":"Quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_history"},{"link_name":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_history"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_history"},{"link_name":"Methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method"},{"link_name":"Case study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study"},{"link_name":"Periodization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization"},{"link_name":"Historical eras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_eras"},{"link_name":"Tarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarikh"},{"link_name":"Three-age system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-age_system"},{"link_name":"Annales school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_school"},{"link_name":"History of mentalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mentalities"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle histoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire"},{"link_name":"Historiometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiometry"},{"link_name":"Cliometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliometrics"},{"link_name":"Comparative historical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_historical_research"},{"link_name":"Critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_historiography"},{"link_name":"Decoloniality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoloniality"},{"link_name":"Feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_history"},{"link_name":"Historical anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Historical determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_determinism"},{"link_name":"Historism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historism"},{"link_name":"Historical-critical method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism"},{"link_name":"Humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_historiography"},{"link_name":"Indiscipline of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria"},{"link_name":"Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninist_historiography"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_historiography"},{"link_name":"Historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_historiography"},{"link_name":"Ancestral civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Nationalization of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization_of_history"},{"link_name":"People's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_history"},{"link_name":"Subaltern Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern_Studies"},{"link_name":"Pop history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_history"},{"link_name":"Quantitative history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_history"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"Transnational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_history"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_history"},{"link_name":"Great Man theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Man_theory"},{"link_name":"Change and continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_and_continuity"},{"link_name":"Historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"Historic recurrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_recurrence"},{"link_name":"Historical significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_significance"},{"link_name":"Historicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity"},{"link_name":"Historiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiology"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Theory of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"Black legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_legend"},{"link_name":"Coloniality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"decolonization of knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"Historical negationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"},{"link_name":"Historian's fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy"},{"link_name":"Presentism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)"},{"link_name":"Invented tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invented_tradition"},{"link_name":"Modernisation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisation_theory"},{"link_name":"Narratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_history"},{"link_name":"Paradigm shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift"},{"link_name":"Pax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paxes"},{"link_name":"Thirty-year rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-year_rule"},{"link_name":"Transhistoricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhistoricity"},{"link_name":"Translatio imperii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translatio_imperii"},{"link_name":"Translatio studii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translatio_studii"},{"link_name":"Vaticinium ex eventu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu"},{"link_name":"modern history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_era"},{"link_name":"Age of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"European Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Second Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Long 18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century"},{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Continuity thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_thesis"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_historiography"},{"link_name":"Pyramid construction techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques"},{"link_name":"Black Egypt Thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography"},{"link_name":"Greater Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Double genocide theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)"},{"link_name":"Maafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maafa"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan-hinterland thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis"},{"link_name":"Residential schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_history_wars"},{"link_name":"Staples thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_thesis"},{"link_name":"Indigenous population history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_studies"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"May Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iquicha Royalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Colonial Spanish America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America"},{"link_name":"Casta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African-American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"link_name":"Neoabolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography"},{"link_name":"Consensus history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_history"},{"link_name":"Cyclical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)"},{"link_name":"Frontier thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_thesis"},{"link_name":"Political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Eras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Progressive-era historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_historians"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Dealbanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealbanisation"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Myth"},{"link_name":"Balhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balhae_controversies"},{"link_name":"Litvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinism"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung"},{"link_name":"Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_historiography"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_historiography"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Aryan Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_historiography"},{"link_name":"Ages of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man"},{"link_name":"2,500-year celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento"},{"link_name":"Southern Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Question"},{"link_name":"Neo-Bourbonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Early settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lusotropicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusotropicalism"},{"link_name":"Great Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Union"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_historiography"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Myth"},{"link_name":"Götaland theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography"},{"link_name":"Executed Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executed_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Nam tiến","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn"},{"link_name":"Trưng sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_historiography"},{"link_name":"Catilinarian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinian shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinian_shift"},{"link_name":"Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation"},{"link_name":"Fall of Western Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prosopography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Moscow, third Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome"},{"link_name":"Ottoman claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession"},{"link_name":"Problem of two emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography"},{"link_name":"Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Wunu School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE"},{"link_name":"Century of humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_humiliation"},{"link_name":"Conquest dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_dynasty"},{"link_name":"\"Chineseness\" debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties"},{"link_name":"New Qing History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Qing_History"},{"link_name":"Golden ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hua–Yi distinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction"},{"link_name":"Four Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Barbarians"},{"link_name":"Sinocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinocentrism"},{"link_name":"Self-Strengthening Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation"},{"link_name":"Sprouts of capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Tibetan sovereignty debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate"},{"link_name":"Cordon sanitaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Frankish Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc"},{"link_name":"Grand Siècle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle"},{"link_name":"Legendary Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France"},{"link_name":"Location of Alésia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alltagsgeschichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte"},{"link_name":"Borussian myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussian_myth"},{"link_name":"Historikerstreit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historikerstreit"},{"link_name":"Sonderweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderweg"},{"link_name":"Strukturgeschichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte"},{"link_name":"Sybel-Ficker controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy"},{"link_name":"Vergangenheitsbewältigung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_India"},{"link_name":"Greater Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Magadha"},{"link_name":"Indocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indocentrism"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Aryanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Great Famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role"},{"link_name":"More Irish than the Irish themselves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves"},{"link_name":"Revisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period"},{"link_name":"Golden Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment"},{"link_name":"Sarmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatism"},{"link_name":"Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Partitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL"},{"link_name":"Anti-Normanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Normanism"},{"link_name":"Pre-Revolutionary Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"Skeptic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Soviet famine of 1930–1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933"},{"link_name":"Causes of the Holodomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor"},{"link_name":"Holodomor genocide question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question"},{"link_name":"Holodomor in modern politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics"},{"link_name":"Black legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"White legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend"},{"link_name":"Hispanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanism"},{"link_name":"Carlism in the Francoist era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era"},{"link_name":"Convivencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convivencia"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Limpieza de sangre controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_%C2%BFel_origen_del_racismo_europeo?"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Islamic revolution of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Colonies or Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Spanish decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Ser de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Kemalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalist_historiography"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ghaza thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaza_thesis"},{"link_name":"Decline thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis"},{"link_name":"UnitedKingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Poor Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba"},{"link_name":"Westminster Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory"},{"link_name":"Storm over the gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry"},{"link_name":"Suffragette Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes"},{"link_name":"Tudor myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_myth"},{"link_name":"Ricardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)"},{"link_name":"Winter of Discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy"},{"link_name":"BritishEmpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cambridge School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)"},{"link_name":"Porter–MacKenzie debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate"},{"link_name":"Second colonial occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation"},{"link_name":"Colonial Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_history_wars"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Military_historiography"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Military history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"List of military museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_museums"},{"link_name":"Albigensian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Catharism debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Islamic views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Fall of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Gallic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse"},{"link_name":"Dorian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_invasion"},{"link_name":"Sea Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"},{"link_name":"Coalition Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Pre-revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"New Russian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2."},{"link_name":"War in the Vendée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_studies"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Turning point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Myth of English aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Color books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_book"},{"link_name":"Fischer thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis"},{"link_name":"Late Ottoman genocides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides"},{"link_name":"Causes of the Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Patriotic consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique"},{"link_name":"Persian famine of 1917–1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Powder keg of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Schlieffen Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History"},{"link_name":"Spirit of 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_1914"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Treaty ofVersailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments"},{"link_name":"Reparations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis"},{"link_name":"War guilt question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_guilt_question"},{"link_name":"Article 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Reichstag inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"Burning of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Polish–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"\"Blitzkrieg\" concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy"},{"link_name":"Broad vs. narrow front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German resistance to Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism"},{"link_name":"Nazi foreign policy debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Soviet offensive plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy"},{"link_name":"Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance"},{"link_name":"Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_studies"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz bombing debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate"},{"link_name":"Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Functionalism–intentionalism debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Pius Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_Wars"},{"link_name":"\"Polish death camp\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy"},{"link_name":"Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Uniqueness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate"},{"link_name":"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"\"Battle for Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bengal famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Guilty Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_Men"},{"link_name":"Résistancialisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme"},{"link_name":"Vichy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"1948 Palestine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Palestinian expulsion and flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight"},{"link_name":"Ongoing Nakba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba"},{"link_name":"Zionism as settler colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism"},{"link_name":"New Historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Historians"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Sovereignty dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Conflict thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_thesis"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder and gun transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission"},{"link_name":"Torsion mangonel myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth"},{"link_name":"War and genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_genocide"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_historiography"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Amin al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"Chiang Ching-kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai Shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Gregory Palamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions"},{"link_name":"Horatio Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Hypatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Jiang Zemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"Klemens von Metternich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Louis Riel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Neville Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation"},{"link_name":"Pedro II of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Simon Bolivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Cult of personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Bolivarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarianism"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat Tse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Warren G. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Zhuge Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9"},{"link_name":"Historicalrankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Modern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Industry"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_studies"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Muhammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed"},{"link_name":"Historicity of Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Judaism's view of Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Medieval Christian views on Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Historicity of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Religious perspectives on Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesus in Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Judaism's view of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesus in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_research"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Robert Falcon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_problem"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Bears in antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Crisis of historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia"},{"link_name":"Feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism"},{"link_name":"Library of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Nationalism in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Professionalization and institutionalization of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history"},{"link_name":"Salons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Western European colonialism and colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization"},{"link_name":"Desacralization of knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Historical school of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"English historical school of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Avestan geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_geography"},{"link_name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Historical reliability of the Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels"},{"link_name":"Primacy of Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter"},{"link_name":"Opposition to Papal supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition"},{"link_name":"Proto-orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Early Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam"},{"link_name":"Criticism of the Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran"},{"link_name":"Succession to Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Islamic golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_golden_age"},{"link_name":"Kharijites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies"},{"link_name":"Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II"},{"link_name":"Hesychast controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychast_controversy"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy"},{"link_name":"Proto-Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Criticism of Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Protestant work ethic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic"},{"link_name":"Jesuit historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies"},{"link_name":"Modern Jewish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography"},{"link_name":"Wissenschaft des Judentums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums"},{"link_name":"Biblical criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism"},{"link_name":"Catholic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"Panbabylonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panbabylonism"},{"link_name":"Urreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urreligion"},{"link_name":"Perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)"},{"link_name":"Religionsgeschichtliche Schule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religions_school"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)"},{"link_name":"Revisionist school of Islamic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_science"},{"link_name":"Merton thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_thesis"},{"link_name":"Protestant Ethic and Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Heroic theory of invention and scientific development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder and gun transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission"},{"link_name":"Torsion mangonel myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth"},{"link_name":"Heritage registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_registers"},{"link_name":"Historical society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_society"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_societies"},{"link_name":"History institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_institutes"},{"link_name":"History journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_history_journals"},{"link_name":"template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_journals"},{"link_name":"Commemorative plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_plaque"},{"link_name":"Documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Historical fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Historical realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_realism"},{"link_name":"Historiographic metafiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction"},{"link_name":"Historical geographic information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography"},{"link_name":"Multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"Social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_social_science"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"mathematical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_economics"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"},{"link_name":"technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_geography"},{"link_name":"integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_geography"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history"},{"link_name":"auxiliary sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history"},{"link_name":"economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history_(field)"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"legal history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history"},{"link_name":"legal systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems"},{"link_name":"public law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law"},{"link_name":"private law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law"},{"link_name":"Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"semiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics"},{"link_name":"Political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"international relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"comparative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"abnormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology"},{"link_name":"developmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology"},{"link_name":"personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociology"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Anthrozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoology"},{"link_name":"Area studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies"},{"link_name":"Business studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies"},{"link_name":"Cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"},{"link_name":"Communication studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies"},{"link_name":"Community studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies"},{"link_name":"Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"Cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"Development studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_studies"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_social_science"},{"link_name":"studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies"},{"link_name":"Food studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_studies"},{"link_name":"Gender studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies"},{"link_name":"Global studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_studies"},{"link_name":"Historical sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_sociology"},{"link_name":"History of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology"},{"link_name":"Human ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology"},{"link_name":"Information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science"},{"link_name":"International studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"Media studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning"},{"link_name":"regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"Political ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ecology"},{"link_name":"Political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"Political sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology"},{"link_name":"Public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Regional science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_science"},{"link_name":"Science and technology studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies"},{"link_name":"Science studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_studies"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"Quantum social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_social_science"},{"link_name":"Social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Vegan studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_studies"},{"link_name":"List of social science journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals"},{"link_name":"Behavioral sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciences"},{"link_name":"Geisteswissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft"},{"link_name":"Human science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_science"},{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"link_name":"Society portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg"},{"link_name":"Wikiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/901974/"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/7504419-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531359205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040817"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114703&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2002030593"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18773"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008432"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10639699"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic history.Wikisource has original works on the topic: Economic history and conditionsBairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226034631.\nBarker, T. C. (1977). \"The Beginnings of the Economic History Society\". Economic History Review. 30 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/2595495. JSTOR 2595495.\nBaten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). \"The Global Status of Economic History\". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.\nBlum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. An Economist's Guide to Economic History. Palgrave.\nCameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195127056.\nCipolla, C. M. (1991). Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631166815.\nCosta, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). \"What is 'Cliometrica'?\". Cliometrica. 1 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1. S2CID 154217979.\nCrafts, N.F.R. (1987). \"Economic history\". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 2: 1–11. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.\nKadish, Alon. Historians, Economists, and Economic History (2012) pp. 3–35 excerpt\nDeng, Kent (2014). \"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history\". Journal of Economic Surveys. 28 (4). Cambridge: 600–616. doi:10.1111/joes.12064. S2CID 153614497.\nField, Alexander J. (2008). \"Economic history\". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–4. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.\nGalambos, Lou (2014). \"Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?\". Essays in Economic & Business History. 32.\nGras, N. S. B. (1927). \"The Rise and Development of Economic History\". Economic History Review. 1 (1): 12–34. doi:10.2307/2590668. JSTOR 2590668.\nMokyr, Joyr (2003). \"Economic Encyclopaedia\". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-04-05.\nTemin, Peter (2014). \"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect\" (PDF). Economic History and Economic Development (w20107). National Bureau of Economic Research.[permanent dead link]\nRoy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002). \"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link\". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 16 (3). American Economic Association: 109–30. doi:10.1257/089533002760278749. JSTOR 3216953.\nO'Rourke, K. (2019). Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 356–382.\nSolow, Robert M. \"Economic History and Economics.\" The American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 328–31. www.jstor.org/stable/1805620.vteFinancial bubbles\nMarket trend\nCredit cycle\nIrrational exuberance\nSocial contagion\nReal-estate bubble\nStock market bubble\nCommercial revolution(1000–1760)\nTulip mania (1634–1637)\nMississippi bubble (1684–1720)\nSouth Sea bubble (1711–1720)\nBengal Bubble of 1769 (1757–1769)\n1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)\nCanal Mania (c. 1790–c. 1810)\nCarolina gold rush (1802–1825)\n1810s Alabama real estate bubble\nGeorgia Gold Rush (1828–c. 1840)\n1830s Chicago real estate bubble\nChilean silver rush (1830–1850)\n1840–1870\nRailway Mania (c. 1840–c. 1850)\nCalifornia gold rush (1848–1855)\nQueen Charlottes Gold Rush (1851)\nVictorian gold rush (1851–c. 1870)\nNew South Wales gold rush (1851–1880)\nAustralian gold rushes (1851–1914)\nFraser Canyon Gold Rush (1858)\nPike's Peak gold rush (1858–1861)\nRock Creek Gold Rush (1859)\nPennsylvania oil rush (1859–1891)\nSimilkameen Gold Rush (1860)\nStikine Gold Rush (1861)\nColorado River mining boom (1861–1864)\nOtago Gold Rush (1861–1864)\nCariboo Gold Rush (1861–1867)\nFirst Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1861–1874)\nWest Coast Gold Rush (1864–1867)\nBig Bend Gold Rush (c. 1865)\nVermilion Lake gold rush (1865–1867)\nKildonan Gold Rush (1869)\nOmineca Gold Rush (1869)\n2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)\n1870s Lapland gold rush\nCoromandel Gold Rushes (c. 1870–c. 1890)\nCassiar Gold Rush (c. 1870–c. 1890)\nBlack Hills gold rush (1874–1880)\nColorado Silver Boom (1879–1893)\nWestern Australian gold rushes (c. 1880–c. 1900)\nIndiana gas boom (c. 1880–1903)\nOhio oil rush (c. 1880–c. 1930)\nTierra del Fuego gold rush (1883–1906)\nCayoosh Gold Rush (1884)\nWitwatersrand Gold Rush (1886)\nEncilhamento (1886–1890)\nCripple Creek Gold Rush (c. 1890–c. 1910)\nKlondike Gold Rush (1896–1899)\nSecond Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1896–1903)\nKobuk River Stampede (1897–1899)\nMount Baker gold rush (1897–c. 1925)\nNome Gold Rush (1899–1909)\nFairbanks Gold Rush (c. 1900–1918)\nTexas oil boom (1901–1918)\nCobalt silver rush (1903–1918)\nPorcupine Gold Rush (1909–1918)\nInterwar period(1918–1939)\n1920s Florida land boom (c. 1920–1925)\nFairbanks Gold Rush (1918–c. 1930)\nTexas oil boom (1918–1945)\nCobalt silver rush (1918–c. 1930)\nPorcupine Gold Rush (1918–1945)\n1930s Kakamega gold rush\nThird Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1932–1942)\nPost–WWII expansion(1945–1973)\nTexas oil boom (1945–c. 1950)\nPorcupine Gold Rush (1945–c. 1960)\nPoseidon bubble (1969–1970)\nThe Great Inflation(1973–1982)\n1970s commodities boom\nMexican oil boom (1977–1981)\nSilver Thursday (1980)\nNew Zealand property bubble (c. 1980–1982)\nGreat Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)\n1980s oil glut\nNew Zealand property bubble (1982–)\nSpanish property bubble (1985–2008)\nJapanese asset price bubble (1986–1990)\nDot-com bubble (1995–2000)\nBaltic states housing bubble (2000–2006)\nIrish property bubble (c. 2000–2007)\n2000s commodities boom (2000–2008)\n2000s Danish property bubble (2001–2006)\nUnited States housing bubble (2002–2006)\nRomanian property bubble (2002–2007)\nPolish property bubble (2002–2008)\nCanadian property bubble (2002–)\nChinese property bubble (2005–11)\nLebanese housing bubble (2005–2008)\nChinese stock bubble of 2007\nUranium bubble of 2007\nInformation Age(2007–present)\n2000s commodities boom (2008–2014)\nLebanese housing bubble (2008–)\nCorporate debt bubble (2008–)\nAustralian property bubble (2010–)\nCryptocurrency bubble (2011–)\nEverything bubble (2020–21)\n\nCarbon bubble\nGreen bubble\nSocial media stock bubble\nUnicorn bubble\nU.S. higher education bubblevteFinancial crises\nBank run\nCommodity price shocks\nCredit crunch\nCredit cycle\nCurrency crisis\nDebt crisis\nEnergy crisis\nFinancial contagion\nSocial contagion\nFlash crash\nHyperinflation\nLiquidity crisis\nAccounting\nCapital\nFunding\nMarket\nMinsky moment\nSocial crisis\nStock market crash\nPre-1000\nCrisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)\nCommercial revolution(1000–1760)\nGreat Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)\nThe Great Debasement (1544–1551)\nDutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)\nKipper und Wipper (1621–1623)\nTulip mania crash (1637)\nSouth Sea bubble crash (1720)\nMississippi bubble crash (1720)\n1st Industrial Revolution(1760–1840)\nAmsterdam banking crisis of 1763\nBengal bubble crash (1769–1784)\nBritish credit crisis of 1772–1773\nDutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)\nCopper Panic of 1789\nPanic of 1792\nPanic of 1796–1797\nDanish state bankruptcy of 1813\nPost-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)\nPanic of 1819\nPanic of 1825\nPanic of 1837\n1840–1870\nEuropean potato failure (1845–1856)\nGreat Irish Famine\nHighland Potato Famine\nPanic of 1847\nPanic of 1857\nPanic of 1866\nBlack Friday (1869)\n2nd Industrial Revolution(1870–1914)\nPanic of 1873\nParis Bourse crash of 1882\nPanic of 1884\nArendal crash (1886)\nBaring crisis (1890)\nEncilhamento (1890–1893)\nPanic of 1893\nAustralian banking crisis of 1893\nBlack Monday (1894)\nPanic of 1896\nPanic of 1901\nPanic of 1907\nShanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)\nPanic of 1910–1911\nFinancial crisis of 1914\nInterwar period(1918–1939)\nEarly Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)\nWeimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)\nShōwa financial crisis (1927)\nWall Street Crash of 1929\nPanic of 1930\nPost–WWII expansion(1945–1973)\nKennedy Slide of 1962\n1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation\nGreat Inflation(1973–1982)\n1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)\n1973 oil crisis\n1973–1974 stock market crash\nSecondary banking crisis of 1973–1975\nSteel crisis (1973–1982)\nLatin American debt crisis (1975–1982)\n1976 British currency crisis\n1979 oil crisis\nBrazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)\nGreat Moderation/Great Regression(1982–2007)\nBrazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)\nSouk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)\nChilean crisis of 1982\n1983 Israel bank stock crisis\nBlack Saturday (1983)\nSavings and loan crisis (1986–1995)\nCameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)\nBlack Monday (1987)\n1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis\nJapanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)\nRhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)\n1991 Indian economic crisis\n1990s Swedish financial crisis\n1990s Finnish banking crisis\n1990s Armenian energy crisis\nCuban Special Period (1991–2000)\nBlack Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)\nYugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)\n1994 bond market crisis\nVenezuelan banking crisis of 1994\nMexican peso crisis (1994–1996)\n1997 Asian financial crisis\nOctober 1997 mini-crash\n1998 Russian financial crisis\n1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis\n1998–2002 Argentine great depression\nSamba effect (1999)\nDot-com bubble crash (2000–2004)\n9/11 stock market crash (2001)\n2001 Turkish economic crisis\nSouth American economic crisis of 2002\nStock market downturn of 2002\n2002 Uruguay banking crisis\n2003 Myanmar banking crisis\n2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)\n2004 Argentine energy crisis\n2007 Chinese stock bubble crash\nZimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–present)\nGreat Recession(2007–2009)\n2007–2008 financial crisis\nSeptember 2008\nOctober 2008\nNovember 2008\nDecember 2008\n2009\nSubprime mortgage crisis\n2000s U.S. housing market correction\nU.S. bear market of 2007–2009\n2008 Latvian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Russian financial crisis\n2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis\n2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis\n2008–2011 Irish banking crisis\n2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis\nBlue Monday Crash 2009\nEuropean debt crisis\nGreek government-debt crisis\nInformation Age(2009–present)\n2009 Dubai debt standstill\nVenezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010\n2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis\nEnergy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)\nSyrian economic crisis (2011–present)\nAugust 2011 stock markets fall\n2011 Bangladesh share market scam\n2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis\n2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis\nVenezuela economic crisis (2013–present)\n2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis\nPuerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)\nRussian financial crisis (2014–2016)\n2015 Nepal blockade\n2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence\n2015–2016 stock market selloff\nBrexit stock market crash (2016)\nVenezuelan hyperinflation (2016–2022)\n2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis\nGhana banking crisis (2017–2018)\nTurkish economic crisis (2018–present)\nLebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)\nSri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nFinancial market impact\n2020 stock market crash\nRecession\nChinese property sector crisis (2020–present)\n2021–2023 inflation\n2022 Russian financial crisis\n2022 stock market decline\n2023 United States banking crisis\n\nList of banking crises\nList of economic crises\nList of sovereign debt crises\nList of stock market crashes and bear marketsvteEconomic histories by countryAfrica\nAfrica\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBotswana\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nEgypt\nEthiopia\nEritrea\nGhana\nGuinea\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nMadagascar\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSenegal\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSudan\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nAmericas\nAntigua and Barbuda\nArgentina\nBarbados\nBrazil\nCanada\nChile\nColombia\nCuba\nEcuador\nHaiti\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nUnited States\nUruguay\nAsia\nArab world\nAzerbaijan\nCambodia\nChina\nEast Timor\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIsrael\nJapan\nMalaysia\nNorth Korea\nMongolia\nPalestine\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nSaudi Arabia\nSolomon Islands\nSingapore\nSouth Korea\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nVietnam\nEurope\nEurope\nAlbania\nAustria\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIreland\nRepublic of Ireland\nItaly\nLithuania\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPortugal\nRussia\nSlovakia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nUnited Kingdom\nScotland\nWales\nOceania\nAustralia\nNew Zealand\nFormer industrializedeconomies\nAustria-Hungary\nCzechoslovakia\nEast Germany\nEmpire of Brazil\nEmpire of Japan\nMongolian People's Republic\nSerbia and Montenegro\nSoviet Union\nYugoslavia\nHistorical economies\nAncient Greece\n Ashanti Empire\nByzantine Empire\nChina\nHan dynasty\nSong dynasty\nMing dynasty\nRepublic of China\nConfederate States of America\nDutch Republic\nEngland in the Middle Ages\nEthiopian Empire\nFeudal Japan\nHabsburg monarchy\nInca Empire\nIroquois\nMongol Empire\nMuisca\nOttoman Empire\nRoman Empire\nScotland in the Middle Ages\nTamil CountryvteEconomicsTheoretical\nMicroeconomics\nDecision theory\nPrice theory\nGame theory\nContract theory\nMechanism design\nMacroeconomics\nMathematical economics\nComputational economics\nBehavioral economics\nPluralism in economics\nEmpirical\nEconometrics\nEconomic statistics\nExperimental economics\nEconomic history\nApplied\n\nAgricultural\nBehavioral\nBusiness\nCultural\nDemographic\nDevelopment\nDigitization\nEcological\nEducation\nEngineering\nEnvironmental\nEvolutionary\nExpeditionary\nFeminist\nFinancial\nGeographical\nHappiness\nHealth\nHistorical\nHumanistic\nIndustrial organization\nInformation\nInstitutional\nKnowledge\nLabour\nLaw\nManagerial\nMonetary\nNatural resource\nOrganizational\nParticipation\nPersonnel\nPlanning\nPolicy\nPublic\nPublic choice / Social choice theory\nRegional\nRural\nService\nSocio\nSociological\nSolidarity\nStatistics\nUrban\nWelfare\nSchools(history)\nMainstream\nHeterodox\nAmerican (National)\nAncient thought\nAnarchist\nMutualism\nAustrian\nBehavioral\nBuddhist\nChartalism\nModern monetary theory\nChicago\nClassical\nCritique of political economy\nDemocracy\nDisequilibrium\nEcological\nEvolutionary\nFeminist\nGeorgism\nHappiness\nHistorical\nHumanistic\nInstitutional\nKeynesian\nNeo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis)\nNew\nPost-\nCircuitism\nMalthusianism\nMarginalism\nMarxian\nNeo-\nMercantilism\nMixed\nNeoclassical\nLausanne\nNew classical\nReal business-cycle theory\nNew institutional\nPhysiocracy\nSocialist\nStockholm\nSupply-side\nThermo\nEconomists\nde Mandeville\nQuesnay\nSmith\nMalthus\nSay\nRicardo\nvon Thünen\nList\nBastiat\nCournot\nMill\nGossen\nMarx\nWalras\nJevons\nGeorge\nMenger\nMarshall\nEdgeworth\nClark\nPareto\nvon Böhm-Bawerk\nvon Wieser\nVeblen\nFisher\nPigou\nHeckscher\nvon Mises\nSchumpeter\nKeynes\nKnight\nPolanyi\nFrisch\nSraffa\nMyrdal\nHayek\nKalecki\nRöpke\nKuznets\nTinbergen\nRobinson\nvon Neumann\nHicks\nLange\nLeontief\nGalbraith\nKoopmans\nSchumacher\nFriedman\nSamuelson\nSimon\nBuchanan\nArrow\nBaumol\nSolow\nRothbard\nGreenspan\nSowell\nBecker\nOstrom\nSen\nLucas\nStiglitz\nThaler\nHoppe\nKrugman\nPiketty\nmore\nLists\nGlossary\nEconomists\nPublications (journals)\nSchools\nCategory\nIndex\nLists\nOutline\nPublications\nBusiness portalvteHistoriography\nHistorians\nlist / by area of study\nHistory\nhistorians\nhistoricity\nhistory\ntheories of history\nHistorical sourcesTypes\nPrimary sources\nSecondary sources\nTertiary sources\nSources\nAnnals\nArchives\nArtifacts\nArchaeological site\nChronicles\nCodices\nDeeds\nFacsimiles\nFeatures\nHieroglyphs\nHistorical documents\nLogbooks\nManuscripts\nIlluminated\nOral tradition\nPapyri\nReligious texts\nScrolls\nWar diaries\nService records\nFields of studyBy scale\nBig History\nWorld history\nHuman history\nLocal history\nMicrohistory\nBy source\nArchival science / Library and information science (template)\nBooks / Writing systems\nChorography\nChronology\ndating\nDiplomatics\nEncyclopaedistics\nEpigraphy\nGenealogy\nHeraldry\nNumismatics (Money)\nOnomastics\nOral history\npreservation\nPhaleristics\nPhilology\nPostage stamps\nProsopography\nSigillography\nToponymy\nVexillology\nBy topic\nAnthropology / Paleoanthropology\nCultural\nEcology / Environment / Geography\nEconomic\nBusiness\nCapitalism\nPerspectives on capitalism by school of thought\nThought\nIntellectual\nGeistesgeschichte\nLinguistics\nMedieval churches\nMilitary\nPolitical\nConstitutional\nDiplomatic\nSocial\nFeminism\nGender\nIndigenous\nLabour\nLGBT\nRural\nQuantitative\nUrban\nWomen\nMethodology\nCase study\nPeriodization\nHistorical eras\nTarikh\nThree-age system\nApproaches, schools\nAnnales school\nHistory of mentalities\nNouvelle histoire\nHistoriometry / Cliometrics\nComparative historical research\nCritical\nDecoloniality\nFeminist\nHistorical anthropology\nHistorical determinism\nHistorism\nHistorical-critical method\nHumanistic\nIndiscipline of history [pt]\nLeninist\nMarxist\nHistorical materialism\nNationalist\nAncestral civilisation\nNationalization of history\nPeople's history\nSubaltern Studies\nPop history\nQuantitative history\nRevisionist\nTransnational\nWhig\nGreat Man theory\n\nConceptsGeneral\nChange and continuity\nHistoric preservation\nHistoric recurrence\nHistorical significance\nHistoricity\nHistoriology [es]\nTheory of history [de]\nPhilosophy\nSpecific\nBlack legend\nColoniality and decolonization of knowledge\nDark Ages\nHistorical negationism\nHistorian's fallacy / Presentism\nInvented tradition\nModernisation theory\nNarratives\nParadigm shift\nPax\nlist\nThirty-year rule\nTranshistoricity\nTranslatio imperii / Translatio studii\nVaticinium ex eventu\nPeriodization ofmodern history\nAge of Discovery\nAge of Enlightenment\nEuropean Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War\nLong 18th / 19th century\nRenaissance\nContinuity thesis\n\nBy country or regionAfrica\nEgypt\nPyramid construction techniques\nBlack Egypt Thesis [es]\nEthiopia\nMorocco\nGreater Morocco\nRwanda\nDouble genocide theory\nMaafa\nAmericas\nCanada\nMetropolitan-hinterland thesis\nResidential schools\nStaples thesis\nIndigenous population history\nLatin America\nArgentina\nMay Revolution / Causes\nRevisionist [es]\nPeru\nIquicha Royalism\nColonial Spanish America\nCasta\nUnited States\nAfrican-American history\nNadir of American race relations\nNeoabolitionism\nReconstruction era\nConsensus history\nCyclical theory\nFrontier thesis\nPolitical history\nEras\nProgressive-era historians\n\nEurasia\nAlbania\nDealbanisation\nAustria\nHabsburg Myth\nBalhae\nBelarus\nLitvinism\nBulgaria\nByzantine Empire [de]\nEarly [ru]\nCroatia\nEurope\nAncient [ru]\nMedieval [ru]\nNew Age [ru]\nGeorgia\nAryan Kartli\nGreek\nAges of Man\nIran\n2,500-year celebration\nItaly\nRisorgimento\nSouthern Question\nNeo-Bourbonism\nJapan\nKorea\nNationalist\nGoguryeo controversies\nNorth Macedonia\nPhilippines\nEarly settlements\nPortugal [pt]\nLusotropicalism\nRomania\nGreat Union\nSerbia\nKosovo Myth\nSweden\nGötaland theory\nSwitzerland\nTaiwan\nUkraine\nExecuted Renaissance\nVietnam\nNam tiến\nTrưng sisters\nAncient Rome\nCatilinarian conspiracy\nChristianization\nConstantinian shift\nExpansion\nFall of Western Rome\nProsopography\nSuccession\nByzantine succession\nMoscow, third Rome\nOttoman claim\nProblem of two emperors\nChina\nArchaeology\nWunu School [zh]\nCentury of humiliation\nConquest dynasty\n\"Chineseness\" debate\nNew Qing History\nGolden ages\nHua–Yi distinction\nFour Barbarians\nSinocentrism\nSelf-Strengthening Movement\nSprouts of capitalism\nTibetan sovereignty debate\nFrance\nCordon sanitaire\nFrankish Interregnum [fr]\nGrand Siècle\nLegendary Saracen [fr]\nLocation of Alésia [fr]\nLyon [fr]\nGermany\nAlltagsgeschichte\nBorussian myth\nHistorikerstreit\nSonderweg\nStrukturgeschichte [de]\nSybel-Ficker controversy\nVergangenheitsbewältigung\nIndia\nGreater Magadha\nIndocentrism\nIndigenous Aryanism\nIreland\nGreat Famine\n\"More Irish than the Irish themselves\"\nRevisionism\nRevolutionary period\nPoland\nGolden Liberty\nSarmatism\nDeluge\nPartitions\nPolish People's Republic [pl]\nRussia\nAnti-Normanism\nPre-Revolutionary Russia [ru]\nSkeptic School [ru]\nSoviet Union\nOctober Revolution\nSoviet famine of 1930–1933\nCauses of the Holodomor\nHolodomor genocide question\nHolodomor in modern politics\nSpain\nBlack legend / White legend\nHispanism\nCarlism in the Francoist era\nConvivencia\nInquisition\nLimpieza de sangre controversy [es]\nReconquista\nIslamic revolution of Spain [es]\nRevisionist\nColonies or Provinces\nSpanish decline [es]\nSer de España [es]\nTurkey\nKemalist\nOttoman Empire\nGhaza thesis\nDecline thesis\nUnitedKingdom\nPoor Laws\nScotland\nKingdom of Alba\nWestminster Stone\nStorm over the gentry\nSuffragette Campaign\nTudor myth\nRicardians\nWinter of Discontent\nBritishEmpire\nCambridge School\nPorter–MacKenzie debate\nSecond colonial occupation\n\n\nOceania\nColonial Australia\nBy war, conflictvteMilitary historiography\nMilitary history\nList of military museums\npre-18th centuryconflicts\nAlbigensian Crusade\nCatharism debate\nCrusades\nIslamic views\nEighty Years' War\nOrigins\nFall of Babylon\nGallic Wars\nLate Bronze Age collapse\nDorian invasion\nSea Peoples\nPeloponnesian War\n18th and 19thcentury conflictsCoalition Wars(1792–1815)\nFrench Revolution\nPre-revolution [fr]\nCauses\nNew Russian School [ru]\nWar in the Vendée\nNapoleonic era\nInvasion of Russia\nWaterloo\n\nAmerican Civil War\nOrigins\nTurning point\nFranco-Prussian War\nCauses\nParis Commune\nGreat Game\nIndian Rebellion of 1857\nCauses\nParaguayan War\nWar of 1812\nOrigins\nWar of the Pacific\nCauses\nMyth of English aid [es]World War I\nCauses (Color books / Fischer thesis)\nLate Ottoman genocides (Causes of the Armenian genocide)\nPatriotic consent [fr]\nPersian famine of 1917–1919\nPowder keg of Europe\nSchlieffen Plan\nSpirit of 1914 / 1917\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk [ru]\nTreaty ofVersailles\nReparations\nWar guilt question\nArticle 231\nReichstag inquiry\n\nInterwar period\nBurning of Smyrna\nPolish–Soviet War\nCauses\nSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nWorld War II\nCauses\n\"Blitzkrieg\" concept\nBroad vs. narrow front\nGerman resistance to Nazism\nNazi foreign policy debate\nEastern Front\nMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact\nSoviet offensive plans\nSoviets and the Warsaw Uprising\nMassacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia\nWinter War\nBackground\nSpirit\nThe Holocaust\nAuschwitz bombing debate\nAwareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe\nFunctionalism–intentionalism debate\nIn relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba\nPope Pius XII and the Holocaust\nPius Wars\n\"Polish death camp\"\nResponsibility\nSlovakia\nUniqueness\nPacific War\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\"Battle for Australia\"\nBengal famine\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\nNanjing Massacre\nWestern Front\nBattle of France\nGuilty Men\nRésistancialisme\nVichy France [fr]\n\nCold War\nOrigins\n1948 Palestine war\nPalestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba\nZionism as settler colonialism\nNew Historians\nMalayan Emergency\nCauses\nAlgerian War\nSix-Day War\nOrigins\nIranian Revolution\nCauses\nIran–Iraq War\nFalklands War\nSovereignty dispute\nSri Lankan Civil War\nOrigins\nPost-Cold War\nRusso-Georgian War\nBackground\nResponsibility\nSyrian revolution\nCauses\nRelated\nConflict thesis\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\nWar and genocide\n\n Category\nBy personPoliticalleaders\nAdolf Hitler\nAlexander the Great\nAmin al-Husseini\nAurangzeb\nCato the Younger\nChe Guevara\nChiang Ching-kuo [zh]\nChiang Kai Shek [zh]\nConstantine the Great\nGregory Palamas\nHoratio Nelson\nHypatia\nJiang Zemin [zh]\nJoseph Stalin [ru]\nJosé de San Martín\nJuan Manuel de Rosas\nKlemens von Metternich\nLeonid Brezhnev\nLouis Riel\nMao Zedong [zh]\nMuammar Gaddafi\nNapoleon\nNeville Chamberlain\nPedro II of Brazil\nSimon Bolivar\nCult of personality [es]\nBolivarianism\nSaladin\nSun Yat Tse [zh]\nThomas Aquinas\nThomas Jefferson\nUlysses S. Grant\nWarren G. Harding\nYuan Shikai [zh]\nZhou Enlai [zh]\nZhuge Liang [zh]\nHistoricalrankings\nAustralia\nCanada\nModern Germany\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\n\nOthers\nThe Beatles\nCharles Darwin\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nH. P. Lovecraft\nJane Austen\nMuhammed\nHistoricity of Muhammad\nJudaism's view of Muhammad\nMedieval Christian views on Muhammad\nJesus\nHistoricity of Jesus\nResurrection of Jesus\nReligious perspectives on Jesus\nJesus in Christianity\nJudaism's view of Jesus\nJesus in Islam\nJ. R. R. Tolkien\nThe Lord of the Rings\nMadonna\nRobert Falcon Scott\nSocrates\nSøren Kierkegaard\nWilliam Shakespeare\nOther topics\nBears in antiquity\nCrisis of historiography [pt]\nFeudalism\nLibrary of Alexandria\nNationalism in the Middle Ages\nProfessionalization and institutionalization of history\nSalons\nThe Simpsons\nWestern European colonialism and colonization\nDesacralization of knowledge\nEconomics\nIndustrial Revolution\nGreat Recession\nGreat Depression\nSchool of Thoughts\nHistorical school of economics\nEnglish historical school of economics\nReligion\nAvestan geography\nEarly Christianity\nBackground\nHistorical reliability of the Gospels\nPrimacy of Peter\nOpposition to Papal supremacy\nProto-orthodox Christianity\nEarly Islam\nCriticism of the Quran\nSuccession to Muhammad\nIslamic golden age\nKharijites\nEcclesiastical history of the Catholic Church\nSecond Vatican Council\nHermeneutics of Vatican Council II [it]\nHesychast controversy\nProtestant Reformation\nProto-Protestantism\nCriticism of Protestantism\nProtestant work ethic\nJesuit historiography\nModern Jewish history\nWissenschaft des Judentums\nSchools of thought\nBiblical criticism\nCatholic theology\nPanbabylonism\nUrreligion\nPerennial\nReligionsgeschichtliche Schule\nRoman\nRevisionist school of Islamic studies\nScience /Technology\nMerton thesis\nProtestant Ethic and Capitalism\nHeroic theory of invention and scientific development\nGunpowder and gun transmission\nTorsion mangonel myth\n\nOrganizations, publications\nHeritage registers\nHistorical society (list)\nHistory institutes\nHistory journals\ntemplate\nRelated\nCommemorative plaque\nDocumentary film\nHagiography\nHistorical fiction\nHistorical realism\nHistoriographic metafiction\nHistorical geographic information system\n\n Category\n MultimediavteSocial sciences\nOutline\nHistory\nIndex\nPrimary\nAnthropology\narchaeology\ncultural\nsocial\nphysical\nEconomics\nmicroeconomics\nmacroeconomics\neconometrics\nmathematical\nGeography\nphysical\nhuman\ntechnical\nintegrated\nHistory\ncultural\nauxiliary sciences\neconomic\nhuman\nmilitary\npolitical\nsocial\nLaw\njurisprudence\nlegal history\nlegal systems\npublic law\nprivate law\nLinguistics\nsemiotics\nPolitical science\ninternational relations\ncomparative\nphilosophy\npublic policy\npublic administration\nPsychology\nabnormal\ncognitive\ndevelopmental\npersonality\nsocial\nSociology\ncriminology\ndemography\ninternet\nrural\nurban\nInterdisciplinary\nAdministration\nbusiness\npublic\nAnthrozoology\nArea studies\nBusiness studies\nCognitive science\nCommunication studies\nCommunity studies\nCriminology\nCultural studies\nDevelopment studies\nEducation\nEnvironmental\nsocial science\nstudies\nFood studies\nGender studies\nGlobal studies\nHistorical sociology\nHistory of technology\nHuman ecology\nInformation science\nInternational studies\nLinguistics\nManagement\nMedia studies\nPhilosophies\nscience\n economics\nhistory\npsychology\nsocial science\nPlanning\nland use\nregional\nurban\nPolitical ecology\nPolitical economy\nPolitical sociology\nPublic health\nRegional science\nScience and technology studies\nScience studies\nhistorical\nQuantum social science\nSocial work\nVegan studies\nList\nList of social science journals\nOther categorizations\nBehavioral sciences\nGeisteswissenschaft\nHuman science\nHumanities\n\n Category\n Commons\n Society portal\n WikiversityAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nKorea\nOther\nEncyclopedia of Modern Ukraine\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"World GDP per capita, 1400–2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg/400px-Historic_world_GDP_per_capita.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg/350px-Economic_History_Department%2C_1971_%283925741729%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Piketty, economist and author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg/300px-Thomas_Piketty_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2017_%2837517067951%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/200px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg/200px-Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_%28front_cover%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Notable economic historians: Irving Fisher, Anna Schwartz, Milton Friedman, Stanley Fischer, Carl Menger, Edward C. Prescott, Alfred Marshall and Franco Modigliani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Macro_history_economists.jpg/250px-Macro_history_economists.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Critical juncture theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory"},{"title":"Economic History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Association"},{"title":"Economic History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Society"},{"title":"History of economic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought"},{"title":"History of capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_capitalism"},{"title":"History of industrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_industrialisation"}] | [{"reference":"Rockman, Seth (2014). \"What Makes the History of Capitalism Newsworthy?\". Journal of the Early Republic. 34 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1353/jer.2014.0043. S2CID 143866857.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0043","url_text":"10.1353/jer.2014.0043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143866857","url_text":"143866857"}]},{"reference":"Margo, Robert A. (2021-01-01). \"The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics\". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 3–16. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236731927. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095","url_text":"\"The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746","url_text":"9780128158746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236731927","url_text":"236731927"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121815/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cioni, Martina; Federico, Giovanni; Vasta, Michelangelo (2021-01-01). \"The two revolutions in economic history\". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 17–40. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3. hdl:10419/247122. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 226605299. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083","url_text":"\"The two revolutions in economic history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F247122","url_text":"10419/247122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746","url_text":"9780128158746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226605299","url_text":"226605299"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143031/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"North, Douglass C. (1978). \"Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History\". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3): 963–978. JSTOR 2723471.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2723471","url_text":"2723471"}]},{"reference":"North, Douglass C. (1978). \"Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History\". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whaples, Robert (2010). \"Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?\". Historically Speaking. 11 (2): 17–20 & 20–27 (responses). doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0109. S2CID 162209922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.0.0109","url_text":"10.1353/hsp.0.0109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162209922","url_text":"162209922"}]},{"reference":"Goldin, Claudia (1995). \"Cliometrics and the Nobel\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (2): 191–208. doi:10.1257/jep.9.2.191. S2CID 155075681. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Goldin","url_text":"Goldin, Claudia"},{"url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30703876","url_text":"\"Cliometrics and the Nobel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.2.191","url_text":"10.1257/jep.9.2.191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155075681","url_text":"155075681"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522162603/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/30703876","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky\". Youtube. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFgrJa5X56g","url_text":"\"Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GFgrJa5X56g","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Irving (1933). \"Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions\". Econometrica. 1 (4): 337–38. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907327","url_text":"10.2307/1907327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907327","url_text":"1907327"}]},{"reference":"Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (2018), Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (eds.), \"Introduction, or Why We Started This Project\", An Economist's Guide to Economic History, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1, ISBN 978-3-319-96568-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-96568-0_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-96568-0","url_text":"978-3-319-96568-0"}]},{"reference":"Galofré Vilà, Gregori (13 January 2020). \"The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history\". VoxEU. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history","url_text":"\"The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114010649/https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). \"On the Status and Future of Economic History\". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27: 93–113. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390","url_text":"10.1080/20780389.2012.682390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900","url_text":"155697900"}]},{"reference":"Diebolt, Claude; Haupert, Michael. \"We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics\" (PDF). American Economic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222094632/http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frankema, Ewout (2021-01-01). \"Why Africa is not that poor\". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 557–584. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236697047. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356","url_text":"\"Why Africa is not that poor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746","url_text":"9780128158746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236697047","url_text":"236697047"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143033/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Voth, Hans-Joachim (2021-01-01). \"Persistence – myth and mystery\". Archived copy (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 243–267. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 235911335. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000150","url_text":"\"Persistence – myth and mystery\""},{"url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf","url_text":"Archived copy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128158746","url_text":"9780128158746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235911335","url_text":"235911335"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222175602/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Calomiris, Charles W. (2000). \"Financial History and the Long Reach of the Second 30 Years War\". Political Science. S2CID 154817653.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154817653","url_text":"154817653"}]},{"reference":"Boldizzoni, Francesco (2011). The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History. Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780691144009. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni","url_text":"Boldizzoni, Francesco"},{"url":"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html","url_text":"The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691144009","url_text":"9780691144009"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135735/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Neil (30 March 2015). \"The New York Times\". Now That Ben Bernanke Is Blogging, Here's What He Should Write About. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html","url_text":"\"The New York Times\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234418/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atz, Ulrich (22 May 2014). \"Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open\". LSE Impact Blog. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/","url_text":"\"Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234422/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krugman, Paul (8 May 2014). \"Why We're in a New Gilded Age\". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/","url_text":"\"Why We're in a New Gilded Age\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404042325/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/may/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heller, Henry (2018). A Marxist History of Capitalism. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meek, Ronald L. (1956). Studies in the Labour Theory of Value. New York.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brewer, Anthony (2002). \"The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics\" (PDF). History of Political Economy. 34: 361–377. doi:10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361. S2CID 88510540. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2020-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf","url_text":"\"The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-34-Suppl_1-361","url_text":"10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88510540","url_text":"88510540"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190710214123/http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jon S. (1978). \"The Achievements of Economic History: The Marxist School\". The Journal of Economic History. 38 (1): 29–57. doi:10.1017/S002205070008815X. S2CID 153934134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070008815X","url_text":"10.1017/S002205070008815X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153934134","url_text":"153934134"}]},{"reference":"Dobb, Maurice (1946). Studies in the Development of Capitalism. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweezy, Paul (1950). \"The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism\". Science & Society. 14 (2).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levy, Jonathan (2017). \"Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism\". Business History Review. 91 (3): 483–510. doi:10.1017/S0007680517001064.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064","url_text":"\"Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064","url_text":"10.1017/S0007680517001064"}]},{"reference":"Adelman, Jeremy; Levy, Jonathan (December 2014). \"The Fall and Rise of Economic History\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247","url_text":"\"The Fall and Rise of Economic History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210345/https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hilt, Eric (2017). \"Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the \"New History of Capitalism\"\". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (2): 511–536. doi:10.1017/S002205071700016X. S2CID 41971400.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X","url_text":"\"Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the \"New History of Capitalism\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X","url_text":"10.1017/S002205071700016X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41971400","url_text":"41971400"}]},{"reference":"\"Capitalism and History\" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2019-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf","url_text":"\"Capitalism and History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722023627/https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashley, William (1927). \"The Place of Economic History in University Studies\". The Economic History Review. 1 (1): 1–11. doi:10.2307/2590667. JSTOR 2590667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590667","url_text":"10.2307/2590667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590667","url_text":"2590667"}]},{"reference":"Heaton, Herbert (1941). \"The Early History of the Economic History Association\". The Journal of Economic History. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gay, Edwin F. (1941). \"The Tasks of Economic History\". The Journal of Economic History. 1: 9–16. doi:10.1017/S0022050700052128. S2CID 250121256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700052128","url_text":"10.1017/S0022050700052128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250121256","url_text":"250121256"}]},{"reference":"\"Members\". International Economic History Association. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2019-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html","url_text":"\"Members\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231135928/http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Conor (June 18, 2009). \"An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/","url_text":"\"An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170603102345/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226034631.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0","url_text":"Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226034631","url_text":"0226034631"}]},{"reference":"Barker, T. C. (1977). \"The Beginnings of the Economic History Society\". Economic History Review. 30 (1): 1–19. doi:10.2307/2595495. JSTOR 2595495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review","url_text":"Economic History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2595495","url_text":"10.2307/2595495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595495","url_text":"2595495"}]},{"reference":"Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). \"The Global Status of Economic History\". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten","url_text":"Baten, Jörg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390","url_text":"10.1080/20780389.2012.682390"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900","url_text":"155697900"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195127056.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_Cameron","url_text":"Cameron, Rondo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195127056","url_text":"0195127056"}]},{"reference":"Cipolla, C. M. (1991). Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631166815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla","url_text":"Cipolla, C. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631166815","url_text":"0631166815"}]},{"reference":"Costa, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). \"What is 'Cliometrica'?\". Cliometrica. 1 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1. S2CID 154217979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-006-0001-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217979","url_text":"154217979"}]},{"reference":"Crafts, N.F.R. (1987). \"Economic history\". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 2: 1–11. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts","url_text":"Crafts, N.F.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics","url_text":"The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-1","url_text":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5","url_text":"978-1-349-95121-5"}]},{"reference":"Deng, Kent (2014). \"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history\". Journal of Economic Surveys. 28 (4). Cambridge: 600–616. doi:10.1111/joes.12064. S2CID 153614497.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064","url_text":"\"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064","url_text":"10.1111/joes.12064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153614497","url_text":"153614497"}]},{"reference":"Field, Alexander J. (2008). \"Economic history\". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–4. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000016&q=history&topicid=&result_number=2","url_text":"\"Economic history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics","url_text":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-2","url_text":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5","url_text":"978-1-349-95121-5"}]},{"reference":"Galambos, Lou (2014). \"Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?\". Essays in Economic & Business History. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Galambos","url_text":"Galambos, Lou"},{"url":"http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253","url_text":"\"Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Economic_%26_Business_History","url_text":"Essays in Economic & Business History"}]},{"reference":"Gras, N. S. B. (1927). \"The Rise and Development of Economic History\". Economic History Review. 1 (1): 12–34. doi:10.2307/2590668. JSTOR 2590668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review","url_text":"Economic History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590668","url_text":"10.2307/2590668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590668","url_text":"2590668"}]},{"reference":"Mokyr, Joyr (2003). \"Economic Encyclopaedia\". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mokyr","url_text":"Mokyr, Joyr"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155234/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070","url_text":"\"Economic Encyclopaedia\""},{"url":"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Temin, Peter (2014). \"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect\" (PDF). Economic History and Economic Development (w20107). National Bureau of Economic Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/14297.pdf","url_text":"\"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002). \"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link\". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 16 (3). American Economic Association: 109–30. doi:10.1257/089533002760278749. JSTOR 3216953.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749","url_text":"\"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives","url_text":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749","url_text":"10.1257/089533002760278749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216953","url_text":"3216953"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QJLQXU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?%20encoding=UTF8&btkr=1","external_links_name":"The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good"},{"Link":"https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/academics/divisions/social-science/faculty/giovanni-federico.html","external_links_name":"Giovanni Federico"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html","external_links_name":"Description"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018192608/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8461.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html","external_links_name":"contents"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230050400/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c8461.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111230040353/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8461.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&pg=PT1","external_links_name":"Google preview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=i-PLg2PsNd4C&oi=fnd&pg=PT1&dq=+Long-run+equilibrium&ots=fF5GxnCIYm&sig=3ZpUcXAStipXCCAcIZvOwFh7aCM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401","external_links_name":"Abstract"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028220210/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767026401","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html","external_links_name":"Description"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf","external_links_name":"3–20)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7gbs_atb","external_links_name":"links."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7","external_links_name":"Abstract"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120528220032/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000173&edition=current&q=Economic%20history&topicid=&result_number=7","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2014.0043","external_links_name":"10.1353/jer.2014.0043"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143866857","external_links_name":"143866857"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45651,","external_links_name":"accessed 6 Feb 2015"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105830/https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-45651","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119315","external_links_name":"in JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005311/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2119315","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095","external_links_name":"\"The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236731927","external_links_name":"236731927"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121815/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000095","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083","external_links_name":"\"The two revolutions in economic history\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F247122","external_links_name":"10419/247122"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226605299","external_links_name":"226605299"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143031/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000083","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2723471","external_links_name":"2723471"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.0.0109","external_links_name":"10.1353/hsp.0.0109"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162209922","external_links_name":"162209922"},{"Link":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30703876","external_links_name":"\"Cliometrics and the Nobel\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.9.2.191","external_links_name":"10.1257/jep.9.2.191"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155075681","external_links_name":"155075681"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200522162603/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/30703876","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft287004zv;brand=ucpress","external_links_name":"Historical Economics: Art or Science?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406113634/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft287004zv;brand=ucpress","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFgrJa5X56g","external_links_name":"\"Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GFgrJa5X56g","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907327","external_links_name":"10.2307/1907327"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907327","external_links_name":"1907327"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-96568-0_1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1"},{"Link":"https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history","external_links_name":"\"The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114010649/https://voxeu.org/article/network-analysis-economic-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390","external_links_name":"10.1080/20780389.2012.682390"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900","external_links_name":"155697900"},{"Link":"http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222094632/http://www.cliometrie.org/images/wp/AFC_WP_04_2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/1816246","external_links_name":"86–91"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816246","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/pss/2118057","external_links_name":"pp. 359–68"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105823/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118057","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html","external_links_name":"Prize Lecture."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805051340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356","external_links_name":"\"Why Africa is not that poor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236697047","external_links_name":"236697047"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143033/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000356","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000150","external_links_name":"\"Persistence – myth and mystery\""},{"Link":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived copy"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235911335","external_links_name":"235911335"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221222175602/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/198736/1/CEPR-DP15417.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154817653","external_links_name":"154817653"},{"Link":"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html","external_links_name":"The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505135735/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9476.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html","external_links_name":"\"The New York Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234418/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/upshot/now-that-ben-bernanke-is-blogging-heres-what-he-should-write-about.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217234422/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2014/05/22/thomas-piketty-data-make-it-open/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/","external_links_name":"\"Why We're in a New Gilded Age\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404042325/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/may/08/thomas-piketty-new-gilded-age/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-34-Suppl_1-361","external_links_name":"10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88510540","external_links_name":"88510540"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190710214123/http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/endnotelibs/Endnote%20Bibliography/MarxSeminar/Marx%20for%2007%20students/Marxcourse-general-archive.Data/PDF/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics-0597073408/Brewer,The%20Marxist%20Tradition%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Economics.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070008815X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S002205070008815X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153934134","external_links_name":"153934134"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"The New York Times April 6, 2013"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130448/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/education/in-history-departments-its-up-with-capitalism.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180426190340/http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064","external_links_name":"\"Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007680517001064","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0007680517001064"},{"Link":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247","external_links_name":"\"The Fall and Rise of Economic History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219210345/https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-FallRise-of-Economic/150247","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X","external_links_name":"\"Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the \"New History of Capitalism\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205071700016X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S002205071700016X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41971400","external_links_name":"41971400"},{"Link":"https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Capitalism and History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722023627/https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/01/Capitalism-and-History-.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590667","external_links_name":"10.2307/2590667"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590667","external_links_name":"2590667"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700052128","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0022050700052128"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250121256","external_links_name":"250121256"},{"Link":"http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html","external_links_name":"\"Members\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231135928/http://www.ieha-wehc.org/members.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/","external_links_name":"\"An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170603102345/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2009/06/an-interview-with-paul-samuelson-part-two/19627/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0","external_links_name":"Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2595495","external_links_name":"10.2307/2595495"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595495","external_links_name":"2595495"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20780389.2012.682390","external_links_name":"10.1080/20780389.2012.682390"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155697900","external_links_name":"155697900"},{"Link":"https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9783319965673","external_links_name":"Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. An Economist's Guide to Economic History. Palgrave."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11698-006-0001-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154217979","external_links_name":"154217979"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-1","external_links_name":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064","external_links_name":"\"A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoes.12064","external_links_name":"10.1111/joes.12064"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153614497","external_links_name":"153614497"},{"Link":"http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000016&q=history&topicid=&result_number=2","external_links_name":"\"Economic history\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_371-2","external_links_name":"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2"},{"Link":"http://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/journal/article/download/271/253","external_links_name":"\"Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590668","external_links_name":"10.2307/2590668"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590668","external_links_name":"2590668"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155234/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070","external_links_name":"\"Economic Encyclopaedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/History/?view=usa&ci=9780195105070","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2014/14297.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749","external_links_name":"\"Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533002760278749","external_links_name":"10.1257/089533002760278749"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216953","external_links_name":"3216953"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/economic-history-and-contemporary-challenges-to-globalization/616A2B63EDFDE212193C324157498179","external_links_name":"Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/901974/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7504419-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531359205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040817","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114703&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2002030593","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18773","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008432","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639699","external_links_name":"NARA"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish | National dish | ["1 Latin American dishes","2 By country","2.1 A","2.2 B","2.3 C","2.4 D","2.5 E","2.6 F","2.7 G","2.8 H","2.9 I","2.10 J","2.11 K","2.12 L","2.13 M","2.14 N","2.15 O","2.16 P","2.17 Q","2.18 R","2.19 S","2.20 T","2.21 U","2.22 V","2.23 Y","2.24 Z","3 Gallery","4 Drink","4.1 National drinks","5 See also","6 References"] | Culinary dish strongly associated with a particular country
A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country. A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:
It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as fruits de mer, served along the west coast of France.
It contains a particular ingredient that is produced locally, such as a paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.
It is served as a festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage—for example, barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties—or as part of a religious practice, such as Korban Pesach or Iftar celebrations.
It has been promoted as a national dish, by the country itself, such as the promotion of fondue as a national dish of Switzerland by the Swiss Cheese Union (Schweizerische Käseunion) in the 1930s.
National dishes are part of a nation's identity and self-image. During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.
Some countries such as Mexico, China or India, because of their diverse ethnic populations, cultures, and cuisines, do not have a single national dish, even unofficially. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven into a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.
Latin American dishes
In Latin America, dishes may be claimed or designated as a plato nacional, although in many cases, recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations. Preparations of ceviche are endemic in Peru and Ecuador, while a thin cut of beef known as matambre is considered close to being a national dish in Paraguay. Stews of meat, plantains, and root vegetables are the platos nacionales of several countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean: Colombian ajiaco, as well as the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, are examples of platos nacionales. Janer (2008) observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country; she states that cuisine does not respect national and geopolitical borders.
The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger among expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not necessarily part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers. In expatriate communities, the dish is strongly reclaimed in order to retain the sense of national identity and ties to one's homeland, and is proudly served in homes and restaurants. By this show of national identity, the community can resist social pressures that push for homogenization of many ethnically and culturally diverse communities into a single all-encompassing group identity, such as Latino or Hispanic American.
By country
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.
A
Machh-Bhat (Rice and fish), national dish of Bangladesh
Argentine empanadas
Wiener schnitzel
Afghanistan: kabuli palaw
Albania: tavë kosi, flia
Algeria: couscous, rechta
Andorra: escudella i carn d'olla
Angola: moamba de galinha
Antigua and Barbuda: fungee and pepperrpot
Argentina: asado, empanada, matambre, locro
Armenia: khorovats, harisa (not to be confused with the North African pepper paste harissa)
Australia: roast lamb, meat pie, pavlova, Vegemite on toast
Austria: Wiener schnitzel
Azerbaijan: dolma
B
Belgian frites with mayonnaise
Bahamas: crack conch with rice and peas
Bahrain: kabsa
Bangladesh: Rice and fish (particularly ilish)
Barbados: cou-cou and flying fish
Belarus: draniki
Belgium: frites (particularly served with mussels or steak), carbonade flamande, waterzooi, chocolate mousse
Belize: rice and beans
Benin: kuli-kuli
Bhutan: ema datshi
Bolivia: salteñas
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot, ćevapi, burek
Botswana: seswaa
Brazil: feijoada
Brunei: ambuyat
Bulgaria: Shopska salad, banitsa
Burkina Faso: riz gras
Burundi: boko boko
C
Fish amok, a national dish of Cambodia
Peking duck, China
Cambodia: fish amok, num banhchok, samlar kako
Cameroon: ndolé
Canada: poutine, Kraft dinner, butter tarts
Cape Verde: cachupa
Central African Republic: cassava
Chad: boule
Chile: empanada, pastel de choclo, marraqueta.
China: Peking duck, crayfish hot pot, dumpling, malaxiangguo, dim sum, kaolengmian, tanghulu
Colombia: ajiaco, bandeja paisa
Comoros: Langouste a la vanille (vanilla lobster)
Democratic Republic of the Congo: poulet à la moambé
Republic of the Congo: poulet moambé
Costa Rica: casado, chifrijo (chicharrón or deep fried seasoned pork pieces served with beans, usually red or black beans), white rice and pico de gallo (it may be served with avocado and/or corn chips), gallo pinto, olla de carne (stewed beef soup with a variety of vegetables).
Croatia: zagorski štrukli
Cuba: ropa vieja
Cyprus: souvla, kleftiko, trachanás
Czech Republic: vepřo knedlo zelo (Roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut), svíčková
D
Danish smørrebrød
Denmark: stegt flæsk, smørrebrød
Dominica: mountain chicken (historical), callaloo
Dominican Republic: La bandera (rice, beans and meat)
E
Ecuador: encebollado, guatitas, fanesca
Egypt: ful medames, kushari, molokhiya, taʿamiya
El Salvador: pupusa
Equatorial Guinea: Succotash
Eritrea: zigini with injera
Estonia: kama
Ethiopia: doro wat with injera
F
Finnish Karjalanpaisti (Karelian hot pot)
Pot-au-feu, national dish of France
Fiji: Fiji kokoda (Fijian ceviche)
Finland: rye bread, karjalanpaisti, lohikeitto
France: escargot, pot-au-feu, beef bourguignon, blanquette de veau, steak frites, baguette, cassoulet, cheese, crêpe, crème caramel, croissant, poule au pot (historical)
G
Gabon: poulet nyembwe
The Gambia: domoda
Georgia: khachapuri
Germany: schnitzel, schweinshaxe, bratwurst, sauerbraten, döner kebab, currywurst, eisbein with sauerkraut
Greece: horiatiki, moussaka, fasolada souvlaki, gyros, magiritsa, kokoretsi
Grenada: oil down
Guatemala: pepián
Guinea: poulet yassa
Guinea-Bissau: caldo de mancarra
Guyana: pepperpot and chicken curry
H
Goulash
Haiti: griot, soup joumou
Honduras: baleada
Hong Kong: pineapple bun, dim sum
Hungary: goulash
Hawai’i: Saimin
I
Tumpeng, yellow rice cone surrounded with various Indonesian dishes. One of the national dishes of Indonesia.
Iceland: lamb, hákarl
India: While India has no official national dish, khichdi is often considered one.
Indonesia: nasi goreng, tumpeng, satay, soto, rendang, gado gado
Iran: abgoosht, chelo kabab, ghormeh sabzi Fesenjan
Iraq: masgouf, dolma, Iraqi kebab, quzi
Ireland: breakfast roll, Irish stew
Israel: falafel (served in pita), Israeli salad, shakshouka, meorav Yerushalmi, sabich, Israeli couscous
Italy: pasta, pizza
Ivory Coast: atcheke
J
Sushi, Japan
Jamaica: Ackee and saltfish, jerk chicken
Japan: sushi, Japanese curry, ramen, tempura, wagashi, sashimi, miso soup
Jordan: mansaf
K
Korean kimchi
Kazakhstan: beshbarmak
Kenya: ugali with sukuma wiki, githeri, chapati, nyama choma
Kiribati: Palusami
Korea, North: raengmyŏn, kimchi
Korea, South: kimchi, bulgogi, bibimbap, jajangmyeon, bingsu, Tteokbokki
Kosovo: flia
Kyrgyzstan: beshbarmak
L
Tabbouleh, Lebanon
Laos: larb/laap, sticky rice, tam mak hoong
Latvia: layered rye bread, sklandrausis, Jāņi cheese
Lebanon: kibbeh, tabbouleh
Liberia: dumboy
Liechtenstein: käsknöpfle
Lithuania: bigos, cepelinai, šaltibarščiai
Luxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen
M
Nasi lemak, a national dish of Malaysia.
Madagascar: romazava
Malawi: chambo with nshima
Malaysia: nasi lemak, satay
Maldives: mas huni
Mali: tiguadege na
Malta: stuffat tal-fenek
Marshall Islands: Barramundi cod, macadamia nut pie
Mauritius: dholl puri (flatbread stuffed with lentils)
Mexico: taco, mole poblano, chiles en nogada
Monaco: barbagiuan
Montenegro: njeguški pršut
Morocco: couscous, tagine
Myanmar: mohinga, lahpet thoke
N
Dal bhat, Nepal
Nauru: coconut fish
Nepal: dal bhat, momo
Netherlands: stamppot, soused herring with onion and pickles
New Zealand: meat pie, bacon and egg pie, lamb, pavlova
Nicaragua: gallo pinto, nacatamal, vigorón
Niger: dambou
Nigeria: tuwon shinkafa, Jollof rice, pounded yam and egusi soup
North Macedonia: tavče gravče
Norway: fårikål
O
Oman: shuwa
P
Philippine adobo, a national dish of the Philippines
Pakistan: biryani, nihari, chicken karahi, gulab jamun
Palestine: maqluba, musakhan, falafel
Panama: sancocho
Peru: ceviche
Philippines: adobo, sinigang, sisig, pancit, halo-halo
Poland: bigos, pierogi, kotlet schabowy, Barszcz, Rosół
Portugal: bacalhau, caldo verde, cozido à portuguesa, Pastel de Belem, Sardinha Assada (Grilled Sardines)
Q
Qatar: machboos
R
Romania: mămăligă, sarmale, mici
Russia: beef stroganoff, chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht, shchi, Kasha, pelmeni, pirozhki,
Rwanda: ibihaza
S
Swedish crayfish called Kräftskiva
San Marino: torta tre monti
Saudi Arabia: jareesh, maqshus
Senegal: thieboudienne
Serbia: ćevapčići, pljeskavica, gibanica (pastry), Karađorđeva steak, sarma
Singapore: chilli crab, Hainanese chicken rice, Hokkien mee
Slovakia: pierogi, bryndzové halušky
Slovenia: buckwheat dumplings (particularly štruklji), Idrijski žlikrofi
Somalia: bariis Iskukaris
South Africa: bobotie
Spain: tortilla de patatas
Catalonia: pa amb tomaquet
Galicia: polbo á feira
Valencia: paella
Sri Lanka: rice and curry, kottu
Suriname: pom
Sweden: köttbullar, kräftskiva, surströmming, ostkaka
Switzerland: fondue, muesli, raclette, rösti (core national dishes). Other dishes: cervelat (national sausage), Zürcher geschnetzeltes
Syria: kibbeh
T
Tom yum kung, national dish of Thailand
Tajikistan: osh palov, qurutob
Taiwan: beef noodle soup, minced pork rice
Tanzania: chipsi mayai
Thailand: pad thai, pad gaprao, tom yum kung, som tam
Togo: fufu
Tonga: 'ota 'ika
Trinidad and Tobago: doubles, pelau, bake and shark, Roti
Tobago: curry crab and dumplings
Tunisia: couscous, brik/bric
Turkey: kuru fasulye with pilaf/pilau, kebap, baklava, simit
Tuvalu: pulaka
U
A Sunday roast—in this example, mashed potatoes, vegetables is a national dish of the UK - the addition of mini Yorkshire puddings here mark this variation as specifically English.
Uganda: matooke
Ukraine: chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht, varenyky
United Arab Emirates: harees, shuwa
United Kingdom: fish and chips, chicken tikka masala,
Cornwall: Cornish pasty
Devon: Devonshire cream tea, pasty
England: sunday roast (especially roast beef),crumpets, custard, apple pie, pudding (particularly Christmas plum pudding)
Northern Ireland: Ulster fry
Scotland: haggis
Wales: cawl
United States: apple pie, hamburger, hot dog, fried chicken, Salisbury steak, turkey, mashed potatoes and gravy (historical)
American Samoa: palusami
Guam: kelaguen, Spam
Northern Mariana Islands: Kelaguen
Puerto Rico: lechon, mofongo
United States Virgin Islands: funji
Uruguay: chivito
Uzbekistan: osh
V
arepa, national dish of Venezuela
Vanuatu: laplap
Venezuela: pabellón criollo, arepa
Vietnam: phở, hủ tiếu, bún bò Huế, bún riêu, bún chả, bún thịt nướng, mì Quảng, cơm tấm, bánh chưng, bánh giầy, bánh mì, bánh cuốn, bánh xèo, gỏi cuốn, chả giò
Y
Yemen: saltah
Z
Zambia: nshima
Zimbabwe: sadza
Gallery
Chelo kabab, a national dish of Iran
Ćevapčići, considered a national dish in several Balkan states
Couscous, national dish of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia
Hainanese chicken rice, a national dish of Singapore
Phở - Vietnamese noodle soup, considered a Vietnamese national dish
Ndolé from Cameroon
Russian pirozhki
Poutine, considered one of the national dishes of Canada
Pilaf (O'sh), a national dish in the cuisines of Central Asia
Pierogi ruskie, Ruthenian dumplings of Kresy, a national dish of Poland.
Thieboudienne, Senegal national meal
Ukrainian borscht
Drink
National drinks
Main article: List of national drinks
A national drink is a distinct beverage that is strongly associated with a particular country, and can be part of their national identity and self-image. National drinks fall into two categories, alcoholic and non-alcoholic. An alcoholic national drink is sometimes a national liquor drank straight/neat (as in the case of whiskey in Ireland), but is most often a mixed drink (e.g., caipirinhas in Brazil and pisco sours in Peru and Chile), or beer or wine. Examples of non-alcoholic national drinks include tea for China, Coca-Cola for the US, lassis for India, mate for Uruguay, and kompot for East European nations.
See also
Index of sociology of food articles
Traditional food
Portals: Food Society
References
^ a b c d "Top Ten National Dishes". National Geographic Magazine (Travel section). 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ a b c d e Zilkia Janer (2008). Latino food culture. Food cultures in America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-313-34027-7.
^ Howes, David; Lalonde, Marc (June 1991). "The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France". Dialectical Anthropology. 16 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1007/BF00250241. ISSN 0304-4092. S2CID 143715189.
^ "plato nacional". linguee.com.
^ Jim Hillibish (3 June 2010). "Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef". Leavenworth Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ online, testing (12 December 1990). "plato nacional". spanishdict.
^ Lee, Shoshanna (3 November 2009). "Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots". Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ Stein, Rick. "Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi)". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Knight, Ciara (9 November 2017). "The national dish of every country at the World Cup, ranked from worst to best". JOE.co.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Fox, Esme (23 August 2017). "The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
^ Hamilton, Cherie (2001) Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 219
^ "El asado". 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ Genova, Facundo Di (5 October 2018). "El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn P.; Nelms, Marcia (2016). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-305-88687-2. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Hibberd, Amy (19 January 2006). "World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty". Herald Tribune. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
^ "How Different Countries Use Beef". Alani Trading. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Gastronomia". Argentina (in Spanish). 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ a b Gaedtke, Felix; Parameswaran, Gayatri (8 May 2013). "Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish'". Sunshine Coast Daily. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
^ "The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish?". The Guardian. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Lindsay, Emma. "Our greatest Aussie recipes". Weight Watcher, Australia and New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
^ Harland, Robert (4 October 2016). "Aussie meat pies". SunStar. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ a b Symons, Michael (15 April 2010). "The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova". Social Semiotics. 20 (2): 197. doi:10.1080/10350330903566004. S2CID 144496353. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
^ Marks, Kathy (14 June 2009). "Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish'". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
^ a b c d "Top 10 National Dishes". National Geographic. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ Killebrew, Kimberly (25 March 2013). "Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice)". The Daring Gourmet. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ Bahrain's National Dish Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Banerji, Chitrita (3 July 2007). "A Bengali bounty". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Camilla (3 July 2014). "The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe". Ingmar - Recipes with your ingredients. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown". Gulf Today. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Masters, Tom (1 October 2009). Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-855-1. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ Schehr, Lawrence R.; Weiss, Allen S. (2001). French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 0-415-93628-4.
^ a b Scholliers, Peter (1 May 2010). "Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 10 (2): 51–52. doi:10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49. PMID 21539048. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
^ "Belgian Chocolate Mousse". Belgium Tourist Office. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ Gonzalez, Lorenzo (2022-08-07). "What to eat in Belize: Top Belizean foods to try!". Belize Adventure. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
^ "Food". Tourism Council of Bhutan. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018.
^ a b c Groundwater, Ben (24 September 2014). "The world's 12 best national dishes". The Herald. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ Ackerson, Eric (14 February 2010). "Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish". Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
^ Bedford, Sam (14 August 2018). "The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Culture Trip. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
^ Gamulin, Tamara (24 March 2018). "Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades". Croatia Week. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
^ Parker Bowles, Tom (2012). The World's Best Street Food. Lonely Planet. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-74220-593-9.
^ Ettenberg, Jodi (27 February 2017). "How to make Seswaa, Botswana's official national dist". G Adventures. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Rodrigo, Elias. "Feijoada: a short history of an edible institution" (PDF). Flavor From Brazil. Texts From Brazil. No. 13. pp. 35–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
^ Ali, Bahrum (21 February 2009). "Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ Tiah, Jessica (8 January 2011). "Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "Bulgarian Cuisine". youngpioneertours.com. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ "Banitsa | Traditional Pastry from Bulgaria". tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ Roman, Claudio (13 November 2018). "Boko Boko". Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ Gillan, Audrey (7 September 2017). "Cambodia: the art of amok". National Geographic. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ Dunston, Lara (23 May 2017). "Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ Dunston, Lara (7 February 2020). "Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Khmer Foods". Tourism of Cambodia. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Dunston, Lara (26 June 2020). "Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ Brady, Emily (5 November 2008). "The Years of Living Nervously". New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
^ Trillin, Calvin (23 November 2009). "Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,"". The New Yorker. pp. 68–70.
^ Wong, Grace (2 October 2010). "Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011.
^ Sufrin, Jon (22 April 2010). "Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against". Toronto Life. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011.
^ Chapman, Sasha (12 September 2012). "Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish". The Walrus. Illustration by Jennifer Daniel. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
^ Baird, Elizabeth (30 June 2009). "Does Canada Have a National Dish?". Canadian Living.
^ DeMontis, Rita (21 June 2010). "Canadians butter up to this tart". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2011., Nanaimo bar, tourtière
^ Fabricant, Florence (14 April 2009). "For Chileans, Passion Translates to Empanadas". New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
^ The South American Table by Maria Baez Kijac (ISBN 978-1-55832-249-3), page 208
^ Smith, Eileen (7 July 2016). "In Chile, 'Marraqueta' Is The Daily Bread". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Panes del Mundo. Tradicional Marraqueta". Venezuela: Magazine del Pan. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
^ Bai, Mary (27 September 2011). "Peking Roast Duck, China's National Food". CITS Group Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
^ Yao, Elaine (30 June 2018). "How American crayfish invaded Chinese hearts and stomachs, and how to cook and eat them safely". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Yi, Lia (21 August 2019). "How Louisiana crayfish became China's national dish". Gold Thread. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Roberts, Genevieve (19 April 2005). "Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Clay, Xanthe (15 February 2020). "Slow cooker Colombian potato and chicken soup recipe". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "POBREZA, DESARROLLO Y SALUD|1999-12-01". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
^ "Grilled Lobsters With Vanilla Cream Sauce (Langouste à la Vanille)". SAVEUR. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ a b "192-Part Guide To The World: Democratic Republic of Congo". The Independent. 19 March 2000. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ "Lista zaštićenih nematerijalnih kulturnih dobara" (in Croatian). Croatian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
^ Gershman, Liza (30 May 2018). "A recipe for Cuba's national dish, ropa vieja, or rags, from the new book "Cuban Flavor"". Salon.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Scott, Leah (20 December 2019). "A History Of Ropa Vieja, One Of Cuba's Most Famous (And Forbidden) National Dishes". Mitu. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Multicultural community profiles:Greek Cypriot". Northern Territory Government. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Fakahany, Tamer (3 April 2013). "AP Essay: My Cyprus, changed forever". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "The Island of Good Taste". Edelweiss. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ William Woys Weaver (Winter 2002). "The Origins of Trachanás: Evidence from Cyprus and Ancient Texts". Gastronomica. 2 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1525/gfc.2002.2.1.41.
^ Vokurková, Iva (15 March 2009). "Czech eating habits take a turn for the better". Radio Prague. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Tichý, Brianna (22 October 2018). "The ultimate Czech food guide". Urban Adventures. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Official results page of the Danish national dish competition". The Danish ministry of food. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
^ a b "Denmark selects its first national dish". The Local. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Balslev, Lynda (4 January 2011). "The Art Of The Danish Open-Face Sandwich". NPR. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Seferou, Aliki (13 June 2017). "How a Farmer's Open Faced-Sandwich Became a National Danish Dish". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ "Callaloo is Dominica's new national dish". Dominica News Online. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ León, Concepción de (2 January 2020). "36 Hours in Santo Domingo". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ Quintero, Carol (9 May 2012). "El Encebollado" (in Spanish). Montanita.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "la guatita ecuatoriana". Ecuador Por Descubrir (in Spanish). 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ a b c d Hobbs, Jane-Anne (12 July 2017). "15 of Africa's favorite dishes". CNN Travel.
^ Haiek, Joseph R. (1977). Mideast Business Guide (1 ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles Mideast business exchange. pp. 290–292. ISBN 978-0-915652-02-0. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ Roden, Claudia (1970). A Book of Middle Eastern Food. Penguin. pp. 60–61.
^ "Declárase Día Nacional de las Pupusasecreto Día Nacional de las Pupusas — Asamblea Legislativa". www.asamblea.gob.sv (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ "Secultura invita al Día Nacional de la Pupusa". www.cultura.gob.sv (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ Orson, Lucy (2 July 2000). "192-Part Guide To The World: Eritrea". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ "Eesti Toit infoserver v2.0.3.0". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007.
^ Wat, Doro (18 May 2005). "Ethiopia's National Dish". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Fiji Kokoda". 2 July 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ "The people have spoken - rye bread is the national food". yle.fi. Yle. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Apple Jr., R. W. (18 February 2004). "Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ a b "Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes". Away.com. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ a b c Butler, Alex (20 November 2017). "If you want to eat like the French, reach for some beef bourguignon". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ Cloake, Felicity (24 August 2020). "The story behind the classic French dish boeuf bourguignon". Photographs by Ant Duncan. National Geographic. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ Druckerman, Pamela (22 January 2019). "It's crunch-time for the baguette". The Economist. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "Les 20 plats les plus typiques de la gastronomie française".
^ "10 Top Cheeses of France | Paris Insiders Guide".
^ Husain, Amna (8 November 2012). "Sweet, savory concoctions whisk into city food scene". The South End. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Potts, Olivia (25 July 2019). A Half Baked Idea. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-024-138-047-5. OCLC 0241380472. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ "Traditional recipe: Authentic poule au pot". Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Tourism Board. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Oiling the Wheels of the Economy." Gabon. Winter 2007. p. 19. Retrieved 10 March 2009 Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Saine, Abdoulaye (2012). Culture and customs of Gambia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35911-8. OCLC 881315512.
^ Jones, Amy (24 January 2019). "Khachapuri Granted Cultural Heritage Status". Georgia Today. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.
^ Svensson, Therese (April–May 2010). "Tracking monetary policy one big mac – and one khachapuri – at a time". Investor.ge. American Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
^ "Khachapuri Index Project". International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
^ "What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes". German Foods. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ Kinzer, Stephen (26 June 1996). "For Germans, a Kebab Filled With Social Significance". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Slackman, Michael (26 January 2011). "National Dish Comes Wrapped in Foreign Flavoring". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Pierce, Eleanor B. (1968). Menu Translator: Pan Am's Guide to Food and Drink Specialties Abroad and at Home. p. 76.
^ Fodor's 89 Germany. 1989. p. 70.
^ Sinclair, Charles. Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. A & C Black. p. 324.
^ Michelin Travel Publications (2002). Michelin NEOS Guide: Mainland Greece. Michelin. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-06-100063-2.
^ a b c d e f Kolasa-Sikiaridi, Kerry (29 June 2018). "What is the National Dish of Greece?". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής, 1998
^ "Oil down: National Dish of Grenada". Gov.gd. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Nelson, Selene (19 April 2018). "The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Guatemala". Culture Trip. theculturetrip.com.
^ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "The National Dish of Iceland". Icelandic Food. 14 May 2020.
^ "What is Iceland's national dish?". Iceland Monitor.
^ a b Volkman, Claire (9 November 2017). "7 Dishes You Have to Eat in Iceland". Vogue. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Morris, Kieran (21 November 2019). "Hákarl: How Fermented Shark Became Iceland's National Dish". Culture Trip.
^ "Nothing cooking: Khichdi not national dish, says minister after Twitter storm". Hindustan Times. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
^ IANS (2017-11-01). "Government to designate 'khichdi' as national dish". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
^ "'Fictitious' Khichdi Cooked Up, Says Minister On National Dish Buzz". NDTV. PTI. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
^ "Khichdi not national food, clarifies Harsimrat Kaur Badal". The Hindu. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
^ a b c d e "Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 10 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ a b Schonhardt, Sara; Wood, Melanie (15 August 2011). "40 of Indonesia's best dishes". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
^ Natahadibrata, Nadya (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "A Soto Crawl". Eating Asia. 21 March 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
^ Fayed, Saad (12 March 2021). "Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food". About.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ "Delicious: Najmieh Batmanglij transforms Iran's national dish into a pizza". The Iranian. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ Beeston, Richard (27 June 2007). "Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
^ McDonald, Brian (12 May 2008). "Top breakfast baguette rolls into Irish history". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ Elaine Lemm (23 July 2021) The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland. The Spruce Eats. Access Date = 15 July 2010. Archived 31 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lemm, Elaine (23 July 2021). "The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland". The Spruce Eats. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016.
^ Guttman, Veret (24 April 2012). "No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Nathan, Joan, Falafel: About Israel's signature food Archived 24 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine in My Jewish Learning, Retrieved 14 February 2010
^ The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion by Eve Zibart (ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7), page 181
^ Israel Handbook: The Travel Guide by David Winter (ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4), page 52
^ From Tapas to Meze: Small Plates from the Mediterranean by Joanne Weir (ISBN 978-1-58008-586-1), page 187
^ Israel, Jill DuBois and Mair Rosh, Marshall Cavendish Pub., 2003 . p. 130
^ "Jerusalem Diaries II: What's Really Happening in Israel", Judy Lash Balint. Published by Xulon Press, 2007. p. 259
^ Brehaut, Laura (19 November 2019). "Cook this green shaksuka with chard kale spinach and feta from shuk". National Post. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^ "Italy urged to go on pasta strike". BBC. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ Agence France-Presse (4 March 2020). "Coronavirus: French 'corona pizza' video outrages Italians, prompting apology". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Ceccarini, Rossella (3 February 2011). Pizza and Pizza Chefs in Japan: A Case of Culinary Globalization. Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-900-421-487-3.
^ Gibbons, Bob; Pritchard-Jones, Siân (2 May 2014). Africa Overland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 199. ISBN 978-184-162-494-5. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ a b "Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes". Away.com. 9 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Ng, Karmun (30 May 2014). "10 things you need to know about sushi". Malaysia Tatler. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ 『カレーライス』に関するアンケート (in Japanese). ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
^ McCurry, Justin (18 June 2010). "Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
^ Amoroso, Phoebe (14 November 2016). "Tempura temptations: How deep-fried seafood seduced Japan". NHK. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ "Sweet treats from Japan". Bangkok Post. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ "Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen". Waleg.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "National dish Besh-Barmak". Baibol Travel. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ a b c Kibwana, Kivutha (23 November 2019). "Why we should go back to eating traditional foods". Daily Nation. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Achuka, Vincent (7 March 2017). "Chapati edges ugali out of table in Kenya as the rich salivate over poor man's diet". Eve. Standard Group PLC. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Parkinson, Tom; Phillips, Matt; Gourlay, Will (2006). Kenya. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-743-2.
^ Yoon, Tae (25 September 2018). "A Chef's Quest to Bring North Korean Cold Noodles to America". Eater.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Jeong, Sophie (2 November 2018). "North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi". CNN Travel. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Williamson, Lucy (4 February 2014). "Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2017.Ku, Robert Ji-Song (31 December 2013). Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-3921-5.
^ Govender, Serusha (6 May 2014). "10 National Dishes Around the World". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ Jeffery, Nicole (20 May 2017). "Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ "Jajangmyun (Noodles With Black Bean Sauce)". Scott Meola. James Beard Foundation. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Smith, K. Annabelle (13 February 2013). "Korea's Black Day: When Sad, Single People Get Together And Eat Black Food". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ Le, Joel (11 July 2017). "Beat the heat with bingsu, South Korea's national dessert of shaved ice, milk, condensed milk and toppings". Straits Times. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "Making Flia - A National Dish of Kosovo". An Oregon Cottage. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ "How beshbarmak is served in different regions of Kazakhstan". WEProject. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Andrews, Mark (16 January 2020). "Is that Thai food, or Lao? 5 typical dishes from Laos that will help you see the difference". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Ives, Mike (1 February 2011). "A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish". Smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Schulz, Daniela; Drescher, Stephanie (24 May 2017). "Papaya salad with shrimp, Laos". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Latvia's National Dessert – Rupjmaizes kārtojums". Eating the World. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Publication of an application pursuant to Article 8(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 509/2006 on agricultural products and foodstuffs as traditional specialities guaranteed". Official Journal of the European Union. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2020. The "Sklandrausis" can be considered a Latvian national dish
^ "Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs". Official Journal of the European Union. 20 June 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2020. 'Jāņu siers' has become a national treasure.
^ "The national dish of Lebanon". Sourat.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 3-PA226. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ McLachlan, G. (2008). Lithuania. Bradt Guides. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84162-228-6. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ "Lithuania welcomes tourists with "pink soup carpet"". TheMayor.EU. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ "Judd mat Gaardebounen" Archived 28 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Mycitycuisine.org. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
^ Boissard, Pierre (1997). Cuisine Malgache, Cuisine Creole. Antananarivo: Librairie de Tananarive. pp. 36–40.
^ Rules, Dwayne A. (7 April 2011). "Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'". The Star. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ Specter, Michael (2 December 1984). "In Malaysia, Spicy Satay". The New York Times.
^ Eliot, Joshua (1994). Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook. New York: Trade & Travel Publications. p. 352.
^ Erickson, Joan (1982). Southeast Asia Sunset travel guides. Lane Publishing Company. p. 78. ISBN 978-037-606-764-7.
^ Aquilina, Melisande (22 March 2018). "A History of Malta in 7 Dishes". Roads & Kingdoms. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ Sarah Duff (18 September 2012). "25 of the best things to eat and drink in Mauritius". Getaway. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Phillips, Matt; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Ham, Anthony (1 December 2019). Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78868-709-6. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish". Mexonline. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
^ Terrero, Nina (11 September 2012). "How to make: Traditional Mexican favorites". NBC Latino. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ Howard, Holly (31 March 2017). "A Brief History of Barbagiuan, Monaco's National Dish". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
^ Thurein Tun Oo (25 May 2019). "5 Must-Eat Myanmar Traditional Dishes". Thailand Tatler. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ Haber, Daniel (31 March 2002). "Lephet – Green Tea Salad". Swe Sone magazine. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2007.
^ Foodspotting (18 March 2014), The Foodspotting Field Guide, Chronicle Books LLC, p. 71, ISBN 978-1-4521-3008-8
^ Ng, Brady (6 January 2015), "Tea Leaf Salad Is a Greasy Equalizer in Myanmar", Vice.com, retrieved 21 August 2020
^ a b "Food & Culinary". Nepal Tourism Board. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Anirban Roy (1 November 2008). "Momos, Nepal's new national dish". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
^ "Emily Wight Dutch Feast". Malcolm Jolley. Good Food Revolution. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "The 5 most typical Dutch foods". Erasmus Student Network Groningen. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "ARE PIES THE NATIONAL DISH OF NEW ZEALAND?". Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Bacon & Egg Pie". Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
^ "Tender, loving care for lamb". 26 January 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
^ Jack Guy (24 April 2020). "How the Nacatamal Became Nicaragua's National Dish". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
^ "Nigeria's plans to stop importing rice". BBC. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "How to make Egusi soup". 18 January 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ a b "#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?". CNN Travel. CNN. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Mouth-watering Macedonia: 5 traditional dishes you've got to try". Intrepid Travel. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ "'Fårikål' wins again as Norway's national dish". Newsinenglish.no. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ "Norway sticks with fårikål as national dish". Thelocal.no. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
^ Kate Springer (13 April 2017). "7 Must-Try Omani Foods And Where To Find Them". Hong Kong Tatler. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ "Gulab Jamun is now officially the national dessert of Pakistan". Daily Times. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Long, Lucy (15 July 2016). Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 226. ISBN 978-144-226-734-3.
^ Salah, Maha (4 March 2018). "Musakhan". Memo Middle Earth Monitor. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Williams, Emma (2006). It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-7475-8559-6.
^ Karmi, Ghada (2002). In Search of Fatima. U.S.: Verso New Left Books. p. 39. ISBN 1-85984-561-4.
^ "Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish". Peru Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
^ a b c d Bueno, Anna (21 June 2017). "Adobo, sinigang, or sisig: What's your pick for the Philippines' national dish?". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ a b Gonzalez, Manny (12 July 2018). "Why don't we have official national dishes?". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ a b Gapultos, Marvin (23 April 2013). The Adobo Road Cookbook: A Filipino Food Journey. Tuttle Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4629-1169-1.
^ DeWitt, Dave (2010). 1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes. Agate Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-57284-113-0.Deere, Kiki (20 June 2017). Journey Through the Philippines: An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao. Tuttle Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4629-1886-7.Sifton, Sam (5 January 2011). "The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2011.Dee, Ching (3 September 2019). "Your Foodie Guide To Manila". Forbes Travel Guide. The Five Star Travel Corporation. Retrieved 26 December 2019.Villafuerte, Sai (16 September 2019). "Filipino Chefs Are Taking Back Control of Their Cuisine". Vice. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ "Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition". Pepper. Philippines. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.Fecks, Noah; Wagtouicz, Paul (29 October 2013). The Way We Ate: 100 Chefs Celebrate a Century at the American Table. Simon and Schuster. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4767-3272-5.
^ McKinnon, Leila (1 November 2012). Australia's Favourite Recipes. Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-74334-955-7.Stafford, Paul (20 August 2018). "Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines". Travel Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ "Kapusta kiszona (sauerkraut) is the basis for Poland's national dish bigos (sauerkraut with a variety of meats), kapuśniak (sauerkraut soup)" Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996
^ "Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic Wiener Schnitzel" Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006
^ "PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal". Go Lisbon. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve". BBC Goodfood. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Holland, Mina (2015) . The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them. New York: Penguin Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-14-312765-9.
^ Poelzl, Volker (2007). Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7614-5672-8.
^ National Dish of Portugal wetravelportugal.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^ Kiran Paul. "Eight Authentic Qatari Food You Must Try". Qatar Day. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
^ Kay Shaw Nelson (27 September 1979). "Some Call It Porridge, Others Call It Mush, Romanians Call It Mamaliga". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^ Mark Baker (27 September 2014). "A guide to Romanian cuisine". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^ Alison Mutler (17 February 2014). "EU agrees to open its grills to Romania's national sausage". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.
^ Groundwater, Ben (5 February 2017). "Feed the World". Sydney Sun Herald. ProQuest 1864945067. Beetroot soup: it may not sound that enticing, and it certainly doesn't look it. But imagine it's freezing cold outside, that the snow has been piling up for months. Imagine that a pot of soup has been sitting on the stove all day, improving and intensifying. Imagine that the best root vegetables have gone in there, plus herbs, and maybe hunks of sausage. Imagine that a steaming bowl is placed in front of you, topped with a dollop of sour cream. Now you're getting why this is Russia's favourite dish.
^ a b Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1983. Oxford Symposium. 1983. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-907325-16-1.
^ Леонид Беловинский. Энциклопедический словарь российской жизни и истории: XVIII-начало XX в., стр. 557, Пирог (Leonid Belovinskiy. The encyclopedic dictionary of Russian life and history: from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centurym p. 557, "Pirog"; in Russian)
^ Вильям Похлебкин. Большая энциклопедия кулинарного искусства, Пироги русские. Москва: Центрполиграф, 2010, ISBN 978-5-9524-4620-5 (William Pokhlyobkin. The Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Art, "Russian pirogi". Moscow: Centrpoligraph, 2010; in Russian)
^ "Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes". 12 January 2023.
^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2002). The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-787-2.
^ Ember, Melvin (2001). Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-02-864946-7.
^ "Serbian cuisine". TravelSerbia. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Pamela Goyan Kittler; Kathryn P. Sucher; Marcia Nahikian-Nelms (August 2011). Food and Culture, 6th ed. Cengage Learning. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-538-73497-4. Large, thin meat patties made from lamb and beef, known as pljeskavica, are considered a national dish of Serbia but are also a favorite with Bosnians and Croatians
^ "Gibanica, a pie like no other". serbia.com. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "You are being redirected..." www.serbia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^ "You are being redirected..." www.serbia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^ "The quest for Singapore's next national dish". CNN. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ Kugiya, Hugo (18 March 2010). "Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice". Crosscut.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Peter Turner; Chris Taylor; Hugh Finlay (1996). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-086-442-393-1.
^ "National Food". Slovak Republic. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
^ "Slovenia National Day 2018 Doodle". 25 June 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ Tanja Glogovčan Belančić (28 May 2020). "Ajda - koristna za ljudi in čebele". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Buckwheat dumplings – Ajdovi štruklji". Find Eat Local. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ Polona Prešeren (April 2010). "Idrijski žlikrofi – a true speciality of Idrija". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Crais, C.; McClendon, T.V. (2013). The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics. The World Readers. Duke University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8223-7745-0.
^ Kronenthal, Melissa (1 May 2010). "Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ Levine, Irene (28 June 2011). "5 must tastes of Barcelona". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Eric Scigliano (21 February 2020). "The world wants to eat more octopus. Is farming them ethical?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "Paella, on the way to becoming a World Heritage Site". Generalitat Valenciana. Retrieved 19 February 2020. For the Region of Valencia, paella is much more than a recipe, it is a ritual and an icon of our culture.
^ Panadero, Amparo (11 March 2019). "La paella valenciana quiere ser Patrimonio de la Humanidad". Diario16 (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2020. En el caso de la paella valenciana, se trata de una tradición culinaria y social que constituye un icono de hospitalidad y un símbolo de unión e identidad valencianas ...
^ "Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry". Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ "National Dish of Suriname Pom". National Dishes of the World. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ a b "Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide". Swedentravelnet.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "The crayfish party". Sweden.Se. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Airlines ban 'foul' Swedish fish". BBC News. 1 April 2006.
^ Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring) Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt" (in Swedish). riksdagen.se. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ "Switzerland's national dishes". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 18 January 2023. Some traditional Swiss dishes, such as fondue and raclette, are more typically eaten in the winter. Others, such as muesli – also known in Switzerland as Birchermüesli – and rösti are popular all year round and come in many variations.
^ John Tagliabue (3 February 2008). "Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin". The New York Times.
^ Zaino, Caitlin. "Top 10 foods to try in Switzerland". BBC Goodfood. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ a b "Qurutob, Tajikistan's National Dish". Food Perestroika. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Florian Pinel (10 January 2014). "Qurutob Recipe". Vice.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "National Dish of Taiwan Beef Noodle Soup". National Foods Org. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "In Appreciation of Taiwan's 'National Dish'—Braised Pork Ricep". National Foods Org. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "Chipsi mayai Tanzania's national dish". 6 February 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
^ "Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits". Bangkok.com. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ Phavitch Theeraphong and Sopida Rodsom (21 February 2018). "Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok". Time Out. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "What it takes to make doubles a national dish". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Popular Dishes in Trinidad & Tobago". 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Bake and Shark Recipe".
^ "Quick food made with chickpeas and curry: Trinidad's national dish". caribbean-sun.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ "Crab and Dumplings (Tobago)". Wine Enthusiast. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "The Storied History Of A Tunisian Tuna Pastry Called Bric". NPR. 5 June 2012.
^ "Pilaf". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ Kuru fasulyemi geri istiyorum! Sabah
^ Thomas MacGill (1808). Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2. J. Murray. p. 127. ISBN 978-2-06-100063-2.
^ PUJA CHANGOIWALA (23 July 2019). "Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey". The Quint. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ Aruna Chandaraju (26 August 2020). "Ooh la la over baklava". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ Roth, Alisa (1 November 2012). "Simit: Turkey's National Bread". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 12 (4): 31–36. doi:10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), "Борщ", Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер, p. 31 (L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), "Borscht", Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 31)
^ В. В. Похлёбкин (2000), Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф (William Pokhlyobkin (2000), "Borscht", The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf)
^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), "Вареники", Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер (L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), "Varenyky", Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 181)
^ В. В. Похлёбкин (2000), "Вареники", Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф, p. 181 (William Pokhlyobkin (2000), The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf)
^ "Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi". February 2021.
^ "Fish and Chips," in Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIO p. 258 .Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince, Frommer's England 2011: With Wales (2010). John Wiley & Sons: p. 163.Heston Blumenthal, In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloomsbury: p. 205.Fish and Chips, Historic UK.Heston Blumenthal, Further Adventures in Search of Perfectionp. 100Roy, Parama (2010). Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4788-0. p. 3
^ Muir, Hugh (12 May 2013). "Robin Cook's chicken tikka speech, twelve years later". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ Lemm, Elaine (5 May 2019). "The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "Cornish pasties can't be pirated". gov.uk (Press release). Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ Simon (2023-04-29). "History of the Devon Cream Tea". VisitDartmoor. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ Tamplin, Harley (2017-06-17). "Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef". Metro. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ "Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic". Travel. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
^ Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214Yee Chiang, The Silent Traveller in London (1939). Interlink: p. 157.
^ "Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets". crumpetman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ "Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837". madeupinbritain.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ "Alfred Bird", Wikipedia, 2024-03-07, retrieved 2024-05-17
^ "American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey". Milk + Honey. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ Peter Earle. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery (1883), p. 137.About Plum Pudding, Everyday Housekeeping: A Magazine for Practical Housekeepers and Mothers (Vol. 13-14), p. 97.
^ "Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)". European Cuisines. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Sari Edelstein. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.Lesley Anne Rose, Michael Macaroon, and Vivienne Crow. Frommer's Scotland (2012). John Wiley & Sons: p. 28.
^ "Welsh national dish". Foodmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ a b Danny Walsh (5 July 2017). Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-351-70537-0.
^ Crawford, Constance (1988). The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking. J. Daniel. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-936784-64-9.Raymond A. Sokolov (1998). Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods. David R. Godine. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-56792-037-6.Mann, Bill (10 May 2012). "Will poutine become Canada's national dish?". MarketWatch. Vancouver. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
^ "Top 10 National Dishes". National Geographic. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2020.Eric Schlosser (2012). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0-547-75033-0.
^ a b c Mark Stewart (August 2016). The United States and Canada. Capstone. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4846-3814-9.
^ George Frederick Scotson-Clark (1923). Eating Without Fears. N.L. Brown. p. 87.
^ Smyth, Clifford (1924). The Literary Digest International Book Review. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 637.Industrial Development and Manufacturers' Record. Conway Publications. 1917. p. 19.
^ Trumbull, Robert (1977). "Two Samoas". Tin Roofs and Palm Trees (PDF). Australian National University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-7081-0744-3 – via Australian National University.
^ Martinez, Lacee A.C. (19 May 2016). "Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival". Pacific Daily News. Guam. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ Kramer, Hilary (24 August 2013). "Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting". Forbes. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems . ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.Wise, Naomi (10 March 2005). "Your Special Island". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
^ Squires, Kathleen (5 December 2014). "Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico". The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved 14 February 2020.Claiborne, Craig (5 July 1978). "A 'Casual' Dinner in Puerto Rico". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2020.Philpott, Don (28 February 2003). Landmark Puerto Rico. Landmark Publishing Limited. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-901522-34-1.Ritschel, Chelsea (11 December 2019). "What Christmas Dinner Looks Like Around The World". Independent. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
^ Mariano, Maureen Aimee (4 April 2016). "The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami". Miami New Times. Retrieved 3 January 2020."Foods of Puerto Rico". American Indian Health and Diet Project. Kansas University. Retrieved 3 January 2020. Popular foods in Puerto Rico include the national dish, mofongo (below), made with fried and mashed plantains that are mixed with shrimp, bacon, olive oil and garlic.Zaino, Caitlin (15 July 2013). "On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico". Travel. BBC. Retrieved 3 January 2020. From urban Old San Juan to the beaches of Isla Verde, past the cities of Bayamón and Ponce, through lush rainforest and striking coastlines, mofongo proudly stands as Puerto Rico's unofficial national dish.Pitzer, Kurt (2 September 2009). Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-58843-796-9.
^ Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems . ABC-CLIO. p. 769. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.Fodor's Travel Guides (10 October 2017). Fodor's U.S. & British Virgin Islands. Fodor's Travel. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-14-754695-1.
^ "Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov". Orexca.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013."Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!". Uzbekcuisine.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ "Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap". www.abc.net.au. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela". 2 March 2015.
^ "How Venezuelan Traditions Work". 25 July 2011.
^ Salloum, Habeeb (2014). Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond. Habeeb Salloum. pp. 154–162. ISBN 978-1-59152-134-1.
^ Pumza Fihlani (17 September 2019). "Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods'". BBC. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ Bob Gibbons, Siân Pritchard-Jones (2 May 2014). Africa Overland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 177. ISBN 978-184-162-494-5. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ Helena Szymanderska. Polska wigilia. 2000
vteNational symbols (list)Topics
Coat of arms
Colour
Deity
Dish
Emblem
Father
Flower
Myth
Patron saint
Personification
Poetry
Epic
Poets
Religion
Sport
Lists
Animals
birds
Anthems
Dances
Founders
Fruits
Instruments
Drinks
liquors
Mottos
Trees
Galleries
Country coats of arms
State flags
vteLists of prepared foodsDishesby originAfrica
Angolan
Central African Republic
Chadian
Ethiopian and Eritrean
Gabonese
Libyan
Moroccan
Nigerian
Nigerien
Togolese
Tunisian
Western Saharan
São Tomé and Príncipe
Seychelles
North America
Mexican
United States
Italian-American
Jewish-American
New Orleans
Regional dishes
Regional beverages
Southern United States
South America
Argentine
Brazilian
Colombian
Ecuadorian
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Venezuelan
Asia
Bangladeshi
Burmese
Chinese
Beijing
Sichuan
Filipino
Indian
Iranian (and Persian)
Indonesian
Israeli
Japanese
Jordan
Korean
North Korean
Malaysian
Nepalese
Palestinian
Peranakan
Singaporean
Thai
Tibetan
Turkish
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Europe
Caucasus
English
French
German
Greek
Hungarian
Typical Hungarian dishes
Irish
Italian
Sicilian
Liechtensteiner
Maltese
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Sámi
Scottish
Spanish
Ukrainian
Oceania
Australian
Hawaiian
New Zealand
Caribbean
Anguillian
Cuban
Jamaican
Misc./other
Azerbaijan
Crimean Tatar
Jewish
National dishes
By typeand originBreads
American
British
Indian
Pakistani
Swiss
Cheeses
American
British
Cornish
Dutch
English
French
German
Greek
Irish
Italian
Polish
Spanish
Swiss
Condiments
Filipino
French fry accompaniments
Indian
Indonesian
Japanese
Pakistani
Desserts and sweets
American
Argentine
Bangladeshi
Brazilian
British
Chinese
Filipino
French
German
Indian
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Tteok
Pakistani
Polish
Romanian
Russian
Spanish
Sri Lankan
Taiwanese
Thai
Turkish
Soups and stews
Chinese
French
German
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Pakistani
Spanish
Snack foods
Snack foods by country
Indian
Indonesian
Japanese
Misc.
American sandwiches
Foods with religious symbolism
Indonesian noodles
Pakistani meat
Pakistani rice
Pakistani vegetable
Puddings (savoury)
Vietnamese noodles
Vietnamese specialities
By typeBy cooking style
Baked goods
Twice-baked
Casseroles
Deep fried
Smoked
Steamed
By preparation style
Dips
Dried
Fermented
Soy products
Food pastes
Garnishes
Gravies
Instant
Pickled
Pickled fruits
Rolled
Sauces
Dessert sauces
Fish sauces
Hot sauces
Instant sauces
Spreads
Stuffed dishes
Breads, grains and seeds
Almond
Breads
bread dishes
Buns
Flatbreads
Quick breads
Rolls
Sourdough breads
Sweet breads
Buckwheat
Crackers
Dumplings
Fried dough
Legume
Chickpea
Peanut
Maize
Noodles
Noodle dishes
Fried noodle dishes
Ramen
Pancakes
Pasta
Pasta dishes
Rice
Fried rice
Rice cakes
Rice pudding
Rice and beans
Sesame seed
Toast
Dairy-based
Butter dishes
Cheese dishes
Fondues
Cheeses
Brined
Yogurt-based
Fruits and vegetables
Apple
Avocado
Banana
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrot
Cassava
Cherry
Eggplant
Garlic
Grape
Lemon
Melon
Onion
Plum
Potato
French fry
Salads
Arab
Thai
Soy-based
Squash and pumpkin
Strawberry
Sweet potato
Tofu
Tomato
Fish and seafood
Clam
Cod
Crab
Fish head
Fish stews
Fried fish
Herring
Raw fish
Salmon
Shrimp
Sushi and sashimi
Tuna
Meat-based
Barbecue
Beef
Shredded beef
Steak
Veal
Chicken
Duck
Egg
Scrambled eggs
Goat
Hamburgers
Hot dogs
Kebabs
Lamb
Meatball
Mixed grill
Pork
Bacon
Ham dishes
Hams
Sausages
Sausage dishes
Soups and stews
Bean
Blood
Cheese
Cream
Fish and seafood
Vegetable
Sweets
Cakes
Candies
Chocolate bars
Chocolate-covered
Cookies
Sandwich cookie
Shortbread
Desserts
Custard
Doughnuts
Pastries
Choux pastry
Poppy seed
Pies, tarts and flans
Puddings
Misc.
Ancient
Bacon substitutes
Baozi
Brand name snacks
Breakfast
Cereals
Drinks
Brunch
Chifa
Christmas
Chutneys
Coconut
Coconut milk
Coffee
Comfort
Hangover remedies
Hors d'oeuvre
Tapas
Made from maple
Mushroom
Pastries
Pies, tarts and flans
Porridges
Relishes
Sandwiches
Soul
Spit-roasted
Street
Syrups
Tortilla-based
Traditional
Food portal
Category: Lists of foods
vteCuisinesContinental
African
North
West
list
Americas
Caribbean
North
South
list
Asian
Caucasian
Central
Levantine
South
list
European
Balkan
Central
Eastern
list
Oceanian
Intercontinental
Global
Latin American
Mediterranean
Middle Eastern
National andregional
Afghan
Albanian
Algerian
American
Californian
Floribbean
Hawaiian
Lowcountry (South Carolina)
Midwestern US
New English
New Mexican
Pacific Northwestern
Puerto Rican
Southern US
Southwestern US
Texan
Angolan
Argentine
Armenian
Australian
Austrian
Azerbaijani
Bahraini
Bangladeshi
Barbadian
Belarusian
Belgian
Belizean
Beninese
Bhutanese
Bolivian
Bosnian-Herzegovinian
Botswana
Brazilian
British
Anguillia
Channel Islands
English
Gibraltarian
Northern Irish
Saint Helena
Scottish
Welsh
Bruneian
Bulgarian
Burkinabé
Burmese
Burundian
Cambodian
Cameroonian
Canadian
Acadian
Québécois
Central African Republic
Chadian
Chilean
Chinese
Beijing
Cantonese
Hong Kong
Macanese
Shandong
Sichuan
Tibetan
Xinjiang
Colombian
Congolese
Corsican
Croatian
Cuban
Cypriot
Czech
Danish
Faroese
Greenlandic
Djiboutian
Dominican
Dominican Republic
Dutch
East Timorese
Ecuadorian
Egyptian
Emirati
Equatorial Guinean
Eritrean
Estonian
Ethiopian
Fijian
Filipino
Kapampangan
Finnish
French
Occitan
French Guianan
Gabonese
Gambian
Georgian
German
Ghanaian
Greek
Cretan
Epirotic
Greek Macedonian
Heptanesean
Guatemalan
Guinea-Bissauan
Guinean
Haitian
Honduran
Hungarian
Icelandic
Indian
Andhra
Arunachali
Assamese
Bengali
Bihari
Chhattisgarhi
Goan
Gujarati
Haryanvi
Kashmiri
Jharkhandi
Karnataka
Kerala
Maharashtrian
Manipuri
Meghalayan
Mizo
Naga
Odia
Punjabi
Rajasthani
Sikkimese
Sindhi
Tamil
Telangana
Tripuri
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhandi
Indonesian
Acehnese
Balinese
Banjar
Batak
Betawi
Gorontalese
Indo
Javanese
Madurese
Makassar
Minahasan
Minangkabau
Palembangese
Sundanese
Iranian
Iraqi
Irish
Israeli
Jewish
Italian
Abruzzese
Apulian
Ligurian
Lombard
Lucanian
Neapolitan
Piedmontese
Roman
Sardinian
Sicilian
Venetian
Ivorian
Jamaican
Japanese
Okinawan
Jordanian
Kazakh
Kenyan
Korean
North Korean
South Korean
Kosovan
Kuwaiti
Kyrgyz
Lao
Latvian
Lebanese
Lesotho
Liberian
Libyan
Liechtensteiner
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish
Macedonian
Malagasy
Malawian
Malaysian
Sabahan
Sarawakian
Maldivian
Malian
Maltese
Marshallese
Mauritanian
Mauritian
Mexican
Moldovan
Monégasque
Mongolian
Montenegrin
Moroccan
Mozambican
Namibian
Nauruan
Nepalese
New Zealand
Nicaraguan
Niger
Nigerian
Niuean
Norwegian
Omani
Pakistani
Palestinian
Panamanian
Papua New Guinean
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Polish
Portuguese
Qatari
Romanian
Russian
Bashkir
Chechen
Circassian
Cossack
Komi
Mordovian
Sakha
Tatar
Udmurt
Yamal
Rwandan
Saint Lucian
Salvadoran
Sammarinese
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabian
Senegalese
Serbian
Seychellois
Sierra Leonean
Singaporean
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
South African
Spanish
Andalusian
Asturian
Balearic
Basque
Canarian
Cantabrian
Catalan
Extremaduran
Galician
Manchegan
Valencian
Sri Lankan
Sudanese
Swazi
Swedish
Swiss
Syrian
Taiwanese
Tajik
Tanzanian
Zanzibari
Thai
Togolese
Tunisian
Turkish
Turkmen
Tuvaluan
Trinidadian and Tobagonian
Ugandan
Ukrainian
Uruguayan
Uzbek
Vanuatuan
Venezuelan
Vietnamese
Western Saharan
Yemeni
Zambian
Zimbabwean
Ethnic
African American
Ainu
Arab
Arab-Indonesian
Aromanian
Assyrian
Balochi
Berber
Buryat
Cajun
Chinese
American
Australian
British
Cambodian
Canadian
Filipino
Indian
Indonesian
Malaysian
Pakistani
Peruvian
Crimean Tatar
Gagauz
Greek-American
Hazaragi
Indian
English
Indonesian
Malaysian
North Indian
South Indian
Indigenous American
Indigenous Australian
Inuit
Italian American
Jewish
American
Ashkenazi
Bukharan
Ethiopian
Mizrahi
Moroccan
Sephardic
Syrian
Kurdish
Livonian
Louisiana Creole
Malay
Ossetian
Parsi
Pashtun
Pennsylvania Dutch
Peranakan
Pontic Greek
Romani
Sámi
Tejano
Transylvanian Saxon
Yup'ik
Religious
Buddhist
Christian
Goan Catholic
Mangalorean Catholic
Mennonite
Hindu
Islamic
Chinese
Ital
Jain
Kashrut
Kosher food
Ritual slaughter
Sikh
Historical
Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Greek
Ancient Israelite
Ancient Roman
Antebellum America
Aztec
Byzantine
Early modern European
Historical Argentine
Historical Chinese
Historical Indian subcontinent
Historical Japanese
Historical North Indian and Pakistani
History of agriculture
History of alcoholic drinks
History of bread
History of seafood
History of vegetarianism
Hittite
Inca
Mayan
Muisca
Mughal
Medieval
Ottoman
Peasant
Pre-contact Hawaiian
Korean royal court
Scottish royal household
Soviet
Thirteen Colonies
Styles
Classique
Fast food
Fusion
New American
Eurasian
Haute
Molecular gastronomy
Note by Note
Nouvelle
Vegetarian
Lists
List of cuisines
List of historical cuisines
Lists of foods
Prepared
Related
Cookbook
Cooking
Culinary arts
Drink
Food
history
sociology
Diet
Fat
Meal
Meal preparation
Food portal
Drink portal
Category
Commons
Cookbook
WikiProject
Outline | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_(food)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Natg-1"},{"link_name":"staple food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food"},{"link_name":"fruits de mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits_de_mer"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Natg-1"},{"link_name":"paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprika"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Natg-1"},{"link_name":"festive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"barbecues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue"},{"link_name":"summer camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_camp"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"dinner parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party#Dinner_party"},{"link_name":"religious practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Korban Pesach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korban_Pesach"},{"link_name":"Iftar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Natg-1"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cheese Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cheese_Union"},{"link_name":"a nation's identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janer2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janer2008-2"}],"text":"A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country.[1] A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as fruits de mer, served along the west coast of France.[1]\nIt contains a particular ingredient that is produced locally, such as a paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.[1]\nIt is served as a festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage—for example, barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties—or as part of a religious practice, such as Korban Pesach or Iftar celebrations.[1]\nIt has been promoted as a national dish, by the country itself, such as the promotion of fondue as a national dish of Switzerland by the Swiss Cheese Union (Schweizerische Käseunion) in the 1930s.National dishes are part of a nation's identity and self-image.[2] During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.[3]Some countries such as Mexico, China or India, because of their diverse ethnic populations, cultures, and cuisines, do not have a single national dish, even unofficially.[2] Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven into a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.","title":"National dish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ceviche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"matambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matambre"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"plantains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"root vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetable"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"ajiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajiaco"},{"link_name":"sancocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancocho"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janer2008-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janer2008-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(demonym)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janer2008-2"}],"text":"In Latin America, dishes may be claimed or designated as a plato nacional,[4] although in many cases, recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations.[citation needed] Preparations of ceviche are endemic in Peru and Ecuador, while a thin cut of beef known as matambre is considered close to being a national dish in Paraguay.[5] Stews of meat, plantains, and root vegetables are the platos nacionales of several countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean: Colombian ajiaco, as well as the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, are examples of platos nacionales. Janer (2008) observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country; she states that cuisine does not respect national and geopolitical borders.[2]The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger among expatriate communities in North America.[2] In Latin American countries, the plato nacional[6] is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not necessarily part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers. In expatriate communities, the dish is strongly reclaimed in order to retain the sense of national identity and ties to one's homeland, and is proudly served in homes and restaurants. By this show of national identity, the community can resist social pressures that push for homogenization of many ethnically and culturally diverse communities into a single all-encompassing group identity, such as Latino or Hispanic American.[2]","title":"Latin American dishes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilish_Bhaat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empanadas_argentinas_fritas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"empanadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wiener schnitzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_schnitzel"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"kabuli palaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuli_palaw"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"tavë kosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"flia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"rechta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechta"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"escudella i carn d'olla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudella_i_carn_d%27olla"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"moamba de galinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moamba_de_galinha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"asado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asado"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"empanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"matambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matambre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"locro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"khorovats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorovats"},{"link_name":"harisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-18"},{"link_name":"harissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harissa"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"roast lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"meat pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AU-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavlova-23"},{"link_name":"Vegemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegemite"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Wiener schnitzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_schnitzel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geographic-25"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"dolma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolma"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-18"}],"sub_title":"A","text":"Machh-Bhat (Rice and fish), national dish of BangladeshArgentine empanadasWiener schnitzelAfghanistan: kabuli palaw[7]\nAlbania: tavë kosi,[8] flia\nAlgeria: couscous,[9] rechta\nAndorra: escudella i carn d'olla[10]\nAngola: moamba de galinha[11]\nAntigua and Barbuda: fungee and pepperrpot\nArgentina: asado,[12][9] empanada,[13] matambre,[14][15][16] locro[17]\nArmenia: khorovats, harisa[18] (not to be confused with the North African pepper paste harissa)\nAustralia: roast lamb,[19] meat pie,[20][21][22] pavlova,[23] Vegemite on toast[24]\nAustria: Wiener schnitzel[25]\nAzerbaijan: dolma[18]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frites,_fricandelle,_mayo.jpg"},{"link_name":"frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries#Belgium_and_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"crack conch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch"},{"link_name":"rice and peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_and_peas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"kabsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabsa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"ilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilish"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"cou-cou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cou-cou"},{"link_name":"flying fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_fish"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geographic-25"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"draniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_pancake"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries#Belgium_and_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moules-frites"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lonelypl-32"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_frites"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW158-33"},{"link_name":"carbonade flamande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonade_flamande"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belgian-34"},{"link_name":"waterzooi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterzooi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belgian-34"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_chocolate"},{"link_name":"mousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousse"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"rice and beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_and_beans"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"kuli-kuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuli-kuli"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"ema datshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ema_datshi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"salteñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salte%C3%B1as"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-38"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_pot"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"ćevapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86evapi"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"burek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rek"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"seswaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seswaa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"feijoada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feijoada"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"ambuyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambuyat"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Shopska salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopska_salad"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"banitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banitsa"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"riz gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_gras"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"boko boko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"B","text":"Belgian frites with mayonnaiseBahamas: crack conch with rice and peas[26]\nBahrain: kabsa[27][28]\nBangladesh: Rice and fish (particularly ilish)[29]\nBarbados: cou-cou and flying fish[25]\nBelarus: draniki[30]\nBelgium: frites[31] (particularly served with mussels[32][9] or steak[33]), carbonade flamande,[34] waterzooi,[34] chocolate mousse[35]\nBelize: rice and beans[36]\nBenin: kuli-kuli\nBhutan: ema datshi[37]\nBolivia: salteñas[38]\nBosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot,[39] ćevapi,[40][41] burek[42]\nBotswana: seswaa[43]\nBrazil: feijoada[44][9]\nBrunei: ambuyat[45][46]\nBulgaria: Shopska salad,[47] banitsa[48]\nBurkina Faso: riz gras\nBurundi: boko boko[49]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amok_trey_khmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fish amok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_amok"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peking_Duck_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peking duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_duck"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"fish amok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_amok"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"num banhchok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num_banhchok"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"samlar kako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samlar_kako"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"ndolé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-55"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"poutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poutine"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Kraft dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_dinner"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-59"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:National_dish#Kraft_Dinner"},{"link_name":"butter tarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_tart"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"cachupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachupa"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"boule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boule"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"empanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"pastel de choclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_de_choclo"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"marraqueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marraqueta"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magazine_del_Pan-65"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Peking duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_duck"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"crayfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish_as_food#China"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"hot pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pot"},{"link_name":"dumpling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling"},{"link_name":"malaxiangguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_xiang_guo"},{"link_name":"dim sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"kaolengmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Leng_Mian"},{"link_name":"tanghulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanghulu"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"ajiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajiaco"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"bandeja paisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeja_paisa"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"lobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_meat"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"poulet à la moambé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moambe_chicken"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent.co.uk-73"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"poulet moambé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moambe_chicken"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent.co.uk-73"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"casado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casado"},{"link_name":"chifrijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chifrijo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"chicharrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicharr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"white rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rice"},{"link_name":"pico de gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_de_gallo"},{"link_name":"avocado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado"},{"link_name":"corn chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_chips"},{"link_name":"gallo pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_pinto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"olla de carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olla_de_carne"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"zagorski štrukli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagorski_%C5%A1trukli"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minkul-74"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"ropa vieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa_vieja"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"souvla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvla"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"kleftiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleftiko"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edelweiss-79"},{"link_name":"trachanás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhana"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"vepřo knedlo zelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vep%C5%99o_knedlo_zelo"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumplings"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"svíčková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"C","text":"Fish amok, a national dish of CambodiaPeking duck, ChinaCambodia: fish amok,[50][51] num banhchok,[52] samlar kako[53][54]\nCameroon: ndolé[55]Canada: poutine,[56][57][58] Kraft dinner,[59][dubious – discuss] butter tarts[60][61]\nCape Verde: cachupa\nCentral African Republic: cassava\nChad: boule\nChile: empanada,[62] pastel de choclo,[63] marraqueta.[64][65]\nChina: Peking duck,[66] crayfish[67][68] hot pot, dumpling, malaxiangguo, dim sum,[69] kaolengmian, tanghulu\nColombia: ajiaco,[70] bandeja paisa[71]\nComoros: Langouste a la vanille (vanilla lobster)[72]\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo: poulet à la moambé[73]\nRepublic of the Congo: poulet moambé[73]\nCosta Rica: casado, chifrijo (chicharrón or deep fried seasoned pork pieces served with beans, usually red or black beans), white rice and pico de gallo (it may be served with avocado and/or corn chips), gallo pinto,[9] olla de carne (stewed beef soup with a variety of vegetables).\nCroatia: zagorski štrukli[9][74]\nCuba: ropa vieja[75][76]\nCyprus: souvla,[77] kleftiko,[78][79] trachanás[80]\nCzech Republic: vepřo knedlo zelo (Roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut),[81] svíčková[82]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_at_Kastrup_IMG_8275_C.JPG"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"stegt flæsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegt_fl%C3%A6sk"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local-84"},{"link_name":"smørrebrød","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local-84"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"mountain chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_chicken"},{"link_name":"callaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"D","text":"Danish smørrebrødDenmark: stegt flæsk,[83][9][84] smørrebrød[85][86][84]\nDominica: mountain chicken (historical), callaloo[87]\nDominican Republic: La bandera (rice, beans and meat)[88]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"encebollado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encebollado"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"guatitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatitas"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"fanesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanesca"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"ful medames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa-91"},{"link_name":"kushari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushari"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"molokhiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulukhiyah"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ME21-92"},{"link_name":"taʿamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"pupusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupusa"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Succotash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"zigini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_(food)"},{"link_name":"injera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injera"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_(food)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"doro wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_(food)"},{"link_name":"injera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injera"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doro-98"}],"sub_title":"E","text":"Ecuador: encebollado,[89] guatitas,[90] fanesca\nEgypt: ful medames,[91] kushari,[9] molokhiya,[92] taʿamiya[93]\nEl Salvador: pupusa[94][95]\nEquatorial Guinea: Succotash\nEritrea: zigini with injera[96]\nEstonia: kama[97]\nEthiopia: doro wat with injera[98]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karjalanpaisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjalanpaisti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pot-au-feu_SAM_2724.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pot-au-feu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-au-feu"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"ceviche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"rye bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruisleip%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"karjalanpaisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karjalanpaisti"},{"link_name":"lohikeitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohikeitto"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"escargot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escargot"},{"link_name":"pot-au-feu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-au-feu"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-away.com-102"},{"link_name":"beef bourguignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_bourguignon"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"blanquette de veau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-103"},{"link_name":"steak frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_frites"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LP-103"},{"link_name":"baguette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguette"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"cassoulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassoulet"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cheese"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"crêpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"crème caramel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_caramel"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"croissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant"},{"link_name":"poule au pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-au-feu#Origin_and_history"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"F","text":"Finnish Karjalanpaisti (Karelian hot pot)Pot-au-feu, national dish of FranceFiji: Fiji kokoda (Fijian ceviche)[99]\nFinland: rye bread,[100] karjalanpaisti, lohikeitto\nFrance: escargot, pot-au-feu,[101][102] beef bourguignon,[103][104] blanquette de veau,[103] steak frites,[103] baguette,[105] cassoulet,[106] cheese,[107] crêpe,[108] crème caramel,[109] croissant, poule au pot (historical) [110]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"poulet nyembwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moambe_chicken"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gabon-111"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"domoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_stew"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"khachapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachapuri"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"schnitzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitzel"},{"link_name":"schweinshaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinshaxe"},{"link_name":"bratwurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst"},{"link_name":"sauerbraten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerbraten"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"döner kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doner_kebab#Germany"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"currywurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currywurst"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"eisbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisbein"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"horiatiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_salad"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michelin-122"},{"link_name":"moussaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussaka"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"fasolada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasolada"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"souvlaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvlaki"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"gyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyros"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"magiritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiritsa"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"kokoretsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoretsi"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greekreporter-123"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"oil down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_down"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"pepián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"poulet yassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poulet_yassa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"caldo de mancarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caldo_de_mancarra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"pepperpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_pepperpot"},{"link_name":"chicken curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_curry"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caribbeanamericanfoods.com-127"}],"sub_title":"G","text":"Gabon: poulet nyembwe[111]\nThe Gambia: domoda[112]\nGeorgia: khachapuri[113][114][115]\nGermany: schnitzel, schweinshaxe, bratwurst, sauerbraten,[116] döner kebab,[117] currywurst,[118] eisbein with sauerkraut[119][120][121]\nGreece: horiatiki,[122] moussaka,[123] fasolada[124][123] souvlaki,[123] gyros,[123] magiritsa,[123] kokoretsi[123]\nGrenada: oil down[125]\nGuatemala: pepián[126]\nGuinea: poulet yassa\nGuinea-Bissau: caldo de mancarra\nGuyana: pepperpot and chicken curry[127]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goulash_in_Prague.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goulash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"griot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot_(food)"},{"link_name":"soup joumou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_joumou"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"baleada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleada"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"pineapple bun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_bun"},{"link_name":"dim sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim_sum"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"goulash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-away.com-102"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geographic-25"},{"link_name":"Hawai’i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%E2%80%99i"},{"link_name":"Saimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimin"}],"sub_title":"H","text":"GoulashHaiti: griot, soup joumou\nHonduras: baleada\nHong Kong: pineapple bun, dim sum\nHungary: goulash[102][25]\nHawai’i: Saimin","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumpeng.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tumpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng"},{"link_name":"yellow rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kuning"},{"link_name":"Indonesian dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"national dishes of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine#National_dishes"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogue-130"},{"link_name":"hákarl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1karl"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogue-130"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"khichdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khichdi"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"nasi goreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNGo-137"},{"link_name":"tumpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"satay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNGo-137"},{"link_name":"soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_(food)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional-136"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"rendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional-136"},{"link_name":"gado gado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado_gado"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional-136"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"abgoosht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgoosht"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"chelo kabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelow_kabab"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"ghormeh sabzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghormeh_sabzi"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Fesenjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesenjan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"masgouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masgouf"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"dolma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolma"},{"link_name":"Iraqi kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine"},{"link_name":"quzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzi"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"breakfast roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_roll"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdonald20080512-143"},{"link_name":"Irish stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_stew"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britishfood.about.com-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"pita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Israeli salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_salad"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"shakshouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakshouka"},{"link_name":"meorav Yerushalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"sabich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabich"},{"link_name":"Israeli couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_couscous"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"pasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-38"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza#Italy"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"atcheke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atti%C3%A9k%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"sub_title":"I","text":"Tumpeng, yellow rice cone surrounded with various Indonesian dishes. One of the national dishes of Indonesia.Iceland: lamb,[128][129][130] hákarl[131][130][9]\nIndia: While India has no official national dish, khichdi is often considered one.[132][133][134][135]\nIndonesia: nasi goreng,[136][137] tumpeng,[138] satay,[136][137] soto,[136][139] rendang,[136] gado gado[136]\nIran: abgoosht,[9] chelo kabab,[140] ghormeh sabzi[141] Fesenjan\nIraq: masgouf,[142] dolma, Iraqi kebab, quzi\nIreland: breakfast roll,[143] Irish stew[144][145]\nIsrael: falafel (served in pita),[146][147][148][149][150] Israeli salad,[151][152] shakshouka, meorav Yerushalmi,[153] sabich, Israeli couscous\nItaly: pasta,[154][38] pizza[155][156]\nIvory Coast: atcheke[157]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sushi_(1441234074).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Ackee and saltfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish"},{"link_name":"jerk chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerk_chicken"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-158"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Japanese curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_curry"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curry_rice_research-160"},{"link_name":"ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramen"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"wagashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagashi"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"sashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimi"},{"link_name":"miso soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miso_soup"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"mansaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansaf"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"J","text":"Sushi, JapanJamaica: Ackee and saltfish, jerk chicken[158]\nJapan: sushi,[159] Japanese curry,[160] ramen,[161] tempura,[162] wagashi,[163] sashimi, miso soup\nJordan: mansaf[164][165]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean.cuisine-Kimchi-Jeotgal-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"beshbarmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshbarmak"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"ugali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugali"},{"link_name":"sukuma wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukuma_wiki"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nation-167"},{"link_name":"githeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Githeri"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nation-167"},{"link_name":"chapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapati"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nation-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"nyama choma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_choma"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Palusami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palusami"},{"link_name":"Korea, North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_North"},{"link_name":"raengmyŏn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naengmyeon"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimchi-171"},{"link_name":"Korea, South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_South"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"bulgogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"bibimbap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibimbap"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"jajangmyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajangmyeon"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"bingsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patbingsu"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Tteokbokki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tteokbokki"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"flia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flia"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"beshbarmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshbarmak"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"sub_title":"K","text":"Korean kimchiKazakhstan: beshbarmak[166]\nKenya: ugali with sukuma wiki,[167] githeri,[167] chapati,[167][168] nyama choma[169]\nKiribati: Palusami\nKorea, North: raengmyŏn,[170] kimchi[171]\nKorea, South: kimchi,[172] bulgogi,[173] bibimbap,[174] jajangmyeon,[175][176] bingsu,[177] Tteokbokki\nKosovo: flia[178]\nKyrgyzstan: beshbarmak[179]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tabbouleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabbouleh"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"larb/laap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larb"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"sticky rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_rice"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"tam mak hoong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya_salad"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"layered rye bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layered_rye_bread"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"sklandrausis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklandrausis"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Jāņi cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81%C5%86i_cheese"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"kibbeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbeh"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-158"},{"link_name":"tabbouleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabbouleh"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"dumboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumboy"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"käsknöpfle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sesp%C3%A4tzle"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"bigos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigos"},{"link_name":"cepelinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepelinai"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albala_2011_p._3-PA226-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLachlan_2008_p._61-188"},{"link_name":"šaltibarščiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0altibar%C5%A1%C4%8Diai"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Judd mat Gaardebounen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_mat_Gaardebounen"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"sub_title":"L","text":"Tabbouleh, LebanonLaos: larb/laap,[180] sticky rice,[181] tam mak hoong[182]\nLatvia: layered rye bread,[183] sklandrausis,[184] Jāņi cheese[185]\nLebanon: kibbeh,[158] tabbouleh[186]\nLiberia: dumboy\nLiechtenstein: käsknöpfle\nLithuania: bigos, cepelinai,[187][188] šaltibarščiai[189]\nLuxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen[190]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_Lemak,_Mamak,_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nasi lemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"romazava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romazava"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"chambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_lidole"},{"link_name":"nshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nshima"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa-91"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"nasi lemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"satay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay#Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"mas huni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_huni"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"tiguadege na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiguadege_na&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"stuffat tal-fenek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_stew"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Barramundi cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_grouper"},{"link_name":"macadamia nut pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macadamia_nut_pie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"dholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal"},{"link_name":"puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_(food)"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"taco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"mole poblano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_sauce"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"chiles en nogada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiles_en_nogada"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"barbagiuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbajuan"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"njeguški pršut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njegu%C5%A1ki_pr%C5%A1ut"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"tagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagine"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"mohinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohinga"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"lahpet thoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahpet"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haber-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"}],"sub_title":"M","text":"Nasi lemak, a national dish of Malaysia.Madagascar: romazava[191]\nMalawi: chambo with nshima[91]\nMalaysia: nasi lemak,[192] satay[193][194][195]\nMaldives: mas huni\nMali: tiguadege na\nMalta: stuffat tal-fenek[196]\nMarshall Islands: Barramundi cod, macadamia nut pie\nMauritius: dholl puri (flatbread stuffed with lentils)[197][198]\nMexico: taco,[9] mole poblano,[199] chiles en nogada[200]\nMonaco: barbagiuan[201]\nMontenegro: njeguški pršut\nMorocco: couscous,[9] tagine\nMyanmar: mohinga,[202] lahpet thoke[203][204][205]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dalbath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dal bhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_bhat"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"coconut fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"dal bhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_bhat"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nepal-206"},{"link_name":"momo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_(food)"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nepal-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"stamppot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamppot"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"soused herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soused_herring"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"meat pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"bacon and egg pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_and_egg_pie"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pavlova-23"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"gallo pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_pinto"},{"link_name":"nacatamal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacatamal"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"vigorón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigor%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"dambou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambou"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"tuwon shinkafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwon_shinkafa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Jollof rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollof_rice"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa-91"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"pounded yam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu"},{"link_name":"egusi soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egusi"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa-91"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National-216"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"tavče gravče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tav%C4%8De_grav%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"fårikål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5rik%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"sub_title":"N","text":"Dal bhat, NepalNauru: coconut fish\nNepal: dal bhat,[206] momo[206][207]\nNetherlands: stamppot,[208] soused herring with onion and pickles[209]\nNew Zealand: meat pie,[210] bacon and egg pie,[211] lamb,[212] pavlova[23]\nNicaragua: gallo pinto, nacatamal,[213] vigorón\nNiger: dambou\nNigeria: tuwon shinkafa,[9] Jollof rice,[91][214] pounded yam and egusi soup[215][91][216]\nNorth Macedonia: tavče gravče[217]\nNorway: fårikål[218][219]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"shuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzi"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"}],"sub_title":"O","text":"Oman: shuwa[220]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pork_adobo_with_shallots.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippine adobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_adobo"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"biryani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryani"},{"link_name":"nihari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihari"},{"link_name":"gulab jamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulab_jamun"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"maqluba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqluba"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"musakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musakhan"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"falafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"sancocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancocho"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"ceviche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"adobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobo_(Filipino_cuisine)"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNP2017-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilStar2018-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gapultos2013-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"sinigang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigang"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNP2017-227"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gapultos2013-229"},{"link_name":"sisig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisig"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNP2017-227"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"pancit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNP2017-227"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"halo-halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-halo"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilStar2018-228"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"bigos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"pierogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"kotlet schabowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlet_schabowy"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"bacalhau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacalhau"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"caldo verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldo_verde"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"cozido à portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozido_%C3%A0_portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poelzl-238"},{"link_name":"Pastel de Belem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_de_Belem"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"}],"sub_title":"P","text":"Philippine adobo, a national dish of the PhilippinesPakistan: biryani, nihari, chicken karahi, gulab jamun[221]\nPalestine: maqluba,[222] musakhan,[223] falafel[224][225]\nPanama: sancocho[9]\nPeru: ceviche[226]\nPhilippines: adobo,[227][228][229][230] sinigang,[227][229] sisig,[227][231] pancit,[227][232] halo-halo[228]\nPoland: bigos,[9] pierogi,[233] kotlet schabowy,[234] Barszcz, Rosół\nPortugal: bacalhau,[235] caldo verde,[236] cozido à portuguesa,[9][237][238] Pastel de Belem, Sardinha Assada (Grilled Sardines)[239]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"machboos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabsa"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"sub_title":"Q","text":"Qatar: machboos[240]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"mămăligă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"sarmale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma_(food)"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"mici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mititei"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"beef stroganoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_stroganoff"},{"link_name":"chicken Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Kiev"},{"link_name":"pierogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi"},{"link_name":"borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"shchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchi"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motion-245"},{"link_name":"Kasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasha"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motion-245"},{"link_name":"pelmeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelmeni"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"pirozhki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirozhki"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pokhlyobkin_Pirogi-247"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"ibihaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibihaza&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"R","text":"Romania: mămăligă,[241] sarmale,[242] mici[243]\nRussia: beef stroganoff, chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht,[244] shchi,[245] Kasha,[245] pelmeni,[9] pirozhki,[246][247]\nRwanda: ibihaza","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kr%C3%A4ftskiva-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"crayfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish_party"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"torta tre monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torta_Tre_Monti"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"jareesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"link_name":"maqshus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maqshus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"thieboudienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieboudienne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"ćevapčići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86evapi"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"pljeskavica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pljeskavica"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"gibanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibanica"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Karađorđeva steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"sarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma_(food)"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"chilli crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_crab"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Hainanese chicken rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Hokkien mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_mee#Singaporean_hae_mee_(stir-fried)"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"pierogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi"},{"link_name":"bryndzové halušky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryndzov%C3%A9_halu%C5%A1ky"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"dumplings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling#Central_European"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"štruklji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0truklji"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"Idrijski žlikrofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrijski_%C5%BElikrofi"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"bariis Iskukaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariis_Iskukaris"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"bobotie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobotie"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crais_McClendon_2013_p._64-264"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"tortilla de patatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_omelette"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"pa amb tomaquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa_amb_tomaquet"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"polbo á feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polbo_%C3%A1_feira"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"paella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"rice and curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_and_curry"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"kottu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottu"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-38"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"pom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom_(dish)"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"köttbullar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatball"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swedentravelnet.com-272"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"kräftskiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish_party"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swedentravelnet.com-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"surströmming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"ostkaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostkaka"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"fondue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondue"},{"link_name":"muesli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muesli"},{"link_name":"raclette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raclette"},{"link_name":"rösti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6sti"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"cervelat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervelat"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2008-278"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Zürcher geschnetzeltes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Geschnetzeltes"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCGood-279"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"kibbeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbeh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geographic-25"}],"sub_title":"S","text":"Swedish crayfish called KräftskivaSan Marino: torta tre monti\nSaudi Arabia: jareesh, maqshus[248]\nSenegal: thieboudienne[9]\nSerbia: ćevapčići,[249][250][251] pljeskavica,[252] gibanica (pastry),[253] Karađorđeva steak,[254] sarma[255]\nSingapore: chilli crab,[256] Hainanese chicken rice,[257] Hokkien mee[258]\nSlovakia: pierogi, bryndzové halušky[259]\nSlovenia: buckwheat dumplings[260][261] (particularly štruklji),[262] Idrijski žlikrofi[263]\nSomalia: bariis Iskukaris\nSouth Africa: bobotie[264]\nSpain: tortilla de patatas[265]\nCatalonia: pa amb tomaquet[266]\nGalicia: polbo á feira[267]\nValencia: paella[268][269]\nSri Lanka: rice and curry,[270] kottu[38]\nSuriname: pom[271]\nSweden: köttbullar,[272][9] kräftskiva,[272][273] surströmming,[274][275] ostkaka[276]\nSwitzerland: fondue, muesli, raclette, rösti (core national dishes).[277] Other dishes: cervelat (national sausage),[278][9] Zürcher geschnetzeltes[279]\nSyria: kibbeh[25]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom yum kung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_yum"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"osh palov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf#Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tajik-280"},{"link_name":"qurutob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurutob"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tajik-280"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"beef noodle soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"minced pork rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minced_pork_rice"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"chipsi mayai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipsi_mayai"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"pad thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_thai"},{"link_name":"pad gaprao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phat_kaphrao"},{"link_name":"tom yum kung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_yum"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"som tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som_tam"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"fufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"'ota 'ika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27ota_%27ika"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubles_(food)"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"pelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelau"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"bake and shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake_and_shark"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Roti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"brik/bric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brik"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"kuru fasulye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_fasulye"},{"link_name":"pilaf/pilau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"kebap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab#Turkey"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"baklava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baklava"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"simit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simit"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"pulaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaka"}],"sub_title":"T","text":"Tom yum kung, national dish of ThailandTajikistan: osh palov,[280] qurutob[280][281]\nTaiwan: beef noodle soup,[282] minced pork rice[283]\nTanzania: chipsi mayai[284]\nThailand: pad thai, pad gaprao, tom yum kung,[285] som tam[286]\nTogo: fufu\nTonga: 'ota 'ika\nTrinidad and Tobago: doubles,[287] pelau,[288] bake and shark,[289] Roti[290]\nTobago: curry crab and dumplings[291]\nTunisia: couscous,[9] brik/bric[292]\nTurkey: kuru fasulye with pilaf/pilau,[293][294] kebap,[295] baklava,[296][297] simit[298]\nTuvalu: pulaka","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional.Sunday.Roast-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sunday roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_roast"},{"link_name":"mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire puddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"matooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National-216"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"chicken Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Kiev"},{"link_name":"pierogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi"},{"link_name":"borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besussenko_Borscht-299"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pokhlyobkin_Dict_Borscht-300"},{"link_name":"varenyky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varenyky"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besussenko_Varenyky-301"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pokhlyobkin_Dict_Varenyky-302"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"harees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"link_name":"shuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzi"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AE-303"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"fish and chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"chicken tikka masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"pasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasty"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"cream tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_tea"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"pasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chunkofdevon.co.uk/blogs/chunk-news/the-devon-pasty#:~:text=A%20proper%20Devon%20pasty%20always,case%20that%20gorgeous%20golden%20crunch."},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"sunday roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_roast"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"roast beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_beef"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"crumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumpet"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"apple pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudding"},{"link_name":"Christmas plum pudding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_pudding"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_fry"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"haggis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggis"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"cawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawl"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"apple pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh2017-320"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"hamburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart2016-323"},{"link_name":"hot dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walsh2017-320"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart2016-323"},{"link_name":"fried chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_chicken"},{"link_name":"Salisbury steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_steak"},{"link_name":"turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart2016-323"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"palusami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laulau"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"kelaguen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaguen"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"Spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(food)"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"lechon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechon#Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"mofongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofongo"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"funji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cou-cou"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"chivito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivito_(sandwich)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe-9"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"osh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osh_(food)"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"}],"sub_title":"U","text":"A Sunday roast—in this example, mashed potatoes, vegetables is a national dish of the UK - the addition of mini Yorkshire puddings here mark this variation as specifically English.Uganda: matooke[216]\nUkraine: chicken Kiev, pierogi, borscht,[299][300] varenyky[301][302]\nUnited Arab Emirates: harees, shuwa[303]\nUnited Kingdom: fish and chips,[304] chicken tikka masala,[305][306]\nCornwall: Cornish pasty[307]\nDevon: Devonshire cream tea,[308] pasty[309]\nEngland: sunday roast[310] (especially roast beef),[311]crumpets,[312] custard[313],[314] apple pie,[315] pudding (particularly Christmas plum pudding)[316]\nNorthern Ireland: Ulster fry[317]\nScotland: haggis[318]\nWales: cawl[319]\nUnited States: apple pie,[320][321] hamburger,[322][323] hot dog,[320][323] fried chicken, Salisbury steak, turkey,[323][324] mashed potatoes and gravy (historical)[325]\nAmerican Samoa: palusami[326]\nGuam: kelaguen,[327] Spam[328]\nNorthern Mariana Islands: Kelaguen[329]\nPuerto Rico: lechon,[330] mofongo[331]\nUnited States Virgin Islands: funji[332]\nUruguay: chivito[9]\nUzbekistan: osh[333]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arepa_de_pabellon.jpg"},{"link_name":"arepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arepa"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"laplap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplap"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"pabellón criollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabell%C3%B3n_criollo"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"arepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arepa"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"phở","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho"},{"link_name":"hủ tiếu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A7_ti%E1%BA%BFu"},{"link_name":"bún bò Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAn_b%C3%B2_Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"bún riêu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAn_ri%C3%AAu"},{"link_name":"bún chả","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun_cha"},{"link_name":"bún thịt nướng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAn_th%E1%BB%8Bt_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng"},{"link_name":"mì Quảng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AC_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng"},{"link_name":"cơm tấm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1m_t%E1%BA%A5m"},{"link_name":"bánh chưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_ch%C6%B0ng"},{"link_name":"bánh giầy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_gi%E1%BA%A7y"},{"link_name":"bánh mì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_m%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"bánh cuốn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_cu%E1%BB%91n"},{"link_name":"bánh xèo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o"},{"link_name":"gỏi cuốn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BB%8Fi_cu%E1%BB%91n"},{"link_name":"chả giò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A3_gi%C3%B2"}],"sub_title":"V","text":"arepa, national dish of VenezuelaVanuatu: laplap[334]\nVenezuela: pabellón criollo,[335] arepa[336]\nVietnam: phở, hủ tiếu, bún bò Huế, bún riêu, bún chả, bún thịt nướng, mì Quảng, cơm tấm, bánh chưng, bánh giầy, bánh mì, bánh cuốn, bánh xèo, gỏi cuốn, chả giò","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"saltah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltah"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"}],"sub_title":"Y","text":"Yemen: saltah[337]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"nshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nshima"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"sadza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadza"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"}],"sub_title":"Z","text":"Zambia: nshima[338]\nZimbabwe: sadza[339]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kababi_alborz2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chelo kabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelow_kabab"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%86evap%C4%8Di%C4%87i_Neugilching.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ćevapčići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86evap%C4%8Di%C4%87i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG"},{"link_name":"Couscous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hainanese_Chicken_Rice.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hainanese chicken rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pho_quay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Phở","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ndol%C3%A9_camerounais.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ndolé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndol%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piroshki.JPG"},{"link_name":"pirozhki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirozhki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poutine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pilaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf"},{"link_name":"cuisines of Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04565_Christmas_dumplings_with_dried_plums.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"},{"link_name":"Kresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresy"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senegalese_Thieboudienne.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thieboudienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieboudienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borscht_served.jpg"},{"link_name":"borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht"}],"text":"Chelo kabab, a national dish of Iran\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tĆevapčići, considered a national dish in several Balkan states\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCouscous, national dish of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHainanese chicken rice, a national dish of Singapore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhở - Vietnamese noodle soup, considered a Vietnamese national dish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNdolé from Cameroon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRussian pirozhki\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPoutine, considered one of the national dishes of Canada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPilaf (O'sh), a national dish in the cuisines of Central Asia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPierogi ruskie, Ruthenian dumplings of Kresy,[340] a national dish of Poland.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThieboudienne, Senegal national meal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUkrainian borscht","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drink"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_drinks"},{"link_name":"National drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_drinks"},{"link_name":"national drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_drinks"},{"link_name":"national liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_liquors"},{"link_name":"national drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_drinks"}],"sub_title":"National drinks","text":"A national drink is a distinct beverage that is strongly associated with a particular country, and can be part of their national identity and self-image. National drinks fall into two categories, alcoholic and non-alcoholic. An alcoholic national drink is sometimes a national liquor drank straight/neat (as in the case of whiskey in Ireland), but is most often a mixed drink (e.g., caipirinhas in Brazil and pisco sours in Peru and Chile), or beer or wine. Examples of non-alcoholic national drinks include tea for China, Coca-Cola for the US, lassis for India, mate for Uruguay, and kompot for East European nations.","title":"Drink"}] | [{"image_text":"Machh-Bhat (Rice and fish), national dish of Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ilish_Bhaat.jpg/220px-Ilish_Bhaat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Argentine empanadas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Empanadas_argentinas_fritas.jpg/220px-Empanadas_argentinas_fritas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wiener schnitzel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg/220px-Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belgian frites with mayonnaise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Frites%2C_fricandelle%2C_mayo.jpg/220px-Frites%2C_fricandelle%2C_mayo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fish amok, a national dish of Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amok_trey_khmer.jpg/220px-Amok_trey_khmer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peking duck, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peking_Duck_1.jpg/220px-Peking_Duck_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Danish smørrebrød","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_at_Kastrup_IMG_8275_C.JPG/220px-Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_at_Kastrup_IMG_8275_C.JPG"},{"image_text":"Finnish Karjalanpaisti (Karelian hot pot)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg/220px-19-07-09-Karjalanpaisti-IMG_20190709_180453.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pot-au-feu, national dish of France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pot-au-feu_SAM_2724.JPG/220px-Pot-au-feu_SAM_2724.JPG"},{"image_text":"Goulash","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Goulash_in_Prague.jpg/220px-Goulash_in_Prague.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tumpeng, yellow rice cone surrounded with various Indonesian dishes. One of the national dishes of Indonesia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tumpeng.jpg/220px-Tumpeng.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sushi, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sushi_%281441234074%29.jpg/220px-Sushi_%281441234074%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Korean kimchi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Korean.cuisine-Kimchi-Jeotgal-01.jpg/220px-Korean.cuisine-Kimchi-Jeotgal-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tabbouleh, Lebanon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nasi lemak, a national dish of Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nasi_Lemak%2C_Mamak%2C_Sydney.jpg/220px-Nasi_Lemak%2C_Mamak%2C_Sydney.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dal bhat, Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dalbath.jpg/220px-Dalbath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philippine adobo, a national dish of the Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pork_adobo_with_shallots.jpg/220px-Pork_adobo_with_shallots.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swedish crayfish called Kräftskiva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kr%C3%A4ftskiva-2.jpg/220px-Kr%C3%A4ftskiva-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom yum kung, national dish of Thailand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg/220px-Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sunday roast—in this example, mashed potatoes, vegetables is a national dish of the UK - the addition of mini Yorkshire puddings here mark this variation as specifically English.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Traditional.Sunday.Roast-01.jpg/220px-Traditional.Sunday.Roast-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"arepa, national dish of Venezuela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arepa_de_pabellon.jpg/220px-Arepa_de_pabellon.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Index of sociology of food articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_of_food_articles"},{"title":"Traditional food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_food"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"}] | [{"reference":"\"Top Ten National Dishes\". National Geographic Magazine (Travel section). 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"\"Top Ten National Dishes\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zilkia Janer (2008). Latino food culture. Food cultures in America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-313-34027-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34027-7","url_text":"978-0-313-34027-7"}]},{"reference":"Howes, David; Lalonde, Marc (June 1991). \"The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France\". Dialectical Anthropology. 16 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1007/BF00250241. ISSN 0304-4092. S2CID 143715189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00250241","url_text":"10.1007/BF00250241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092","url_text":"0304-4092"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143715189","url_text":"143715189"}]},{"reference":"Jim Hillibish (3 June 2010). \"Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef\". Leavenworth Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023134338/https://www.leavenworthtimes.com/article/20100603/news/306039804","url_text":"\"Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef\""},{"url":"https://www.leavenworthtimes.com/article/20100603/news/306039804","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"online, testing (12 December 1990). \"plato nacional\". spanishdict.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/el%20plato%20nacional","url_text":"\"plato nacional\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Shoshanna (3 November 2009). \"Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots\". Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190418/http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html","url_text":"\"Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots\""},{"url":"http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Rick. \"Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi)\". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/albanian_baked_lamb_with_92485","url_text":"\"Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi)\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Ciara (9 November 2017). \"The national dish of every country at the World Cup, ranked from worst to best\". JOE.co.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joe.co.uk/food/the-national-dish-of-every-country-at-the-world-cup-ranked-from-worst-to-best-183729","url_text":"\"The national dish of every country at the World Cup, ranked from worst to best\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Esme (23 August 2017). \"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/andorra/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-andorra/","url_text":"\"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra\""}]},{"reference":"\"El asado\". 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx","url_text":"\"El asado\""},{"url":"http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Genova, Facundo Di (5 October 2018). \"El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones\". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/el-mapa-definitivo-empanadas-argentinas-sus-14-nid2175466","url_text":"\"El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones\""}]},{"reference":"Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn P.; Nelms, Marcia (2016). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-305-88687-2. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N78aCgAAQBAJ&q=national+dish","url_text":"Food and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-88687-2","url_text":"978-1-305-88687-2"}]},{"reference":"Hibberd, Amy (19 January 2006). \"World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty\". Herald Tribune. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2006/01/19/world-traveler-offers-tips-for-making-argentinian-specialty/28457449007/","url_text":"\"World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune","url_text":"Herald Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"How Different Countries Use Beef\". Alani Trading. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://alanitrading.com/2020/04/21/how-different-countries-use-beef","url_text":"\"How Different Countries Use Beef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gastronomia\". Argentina (in Spanish). 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php","url_text":"\"Gastronomia\""},{"url":"http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gaedtke, Felix; Parameswaran, Gayatri (8 May 2013). \"Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/05/201355102059629831.html","url_text":"\"Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish'\". Sunshine Coast Daily. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006180221/https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/","url_text":"\"Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish'\""},{"url":"https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish?\". The Guardian. 1 January 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/02/the-question-that-wont-die-is-the-meat-pie-australias-national-dish","url_text":"\"The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Emma. \"Our greatest Aussie recipes\". Weight Watcher, Australia and New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182253/http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481","url_text":"\"Our greatest Aussie recipes\""},{"url":"http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harland, Robert (4 October 2016). \"Aussie meat pies\". SunStar. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/13106/Local-News/Aussie-meat-pies","url_text":"\"Aussie meat pies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunStar","url_text":"SunStar"}]},{"reference":"Symons, Michael (15 April 2010). \"The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova\". Social Semiotics. 20 (2): 197. doi:10.1080/10350330903566004. S2CID 144496353. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/11401553","url_text":"\"The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330903566004","url_text":"10.1080/10350330903566004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144496353","url_text":"144496353"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Kathy (14 June 2009). \"Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish'\". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html","url_text":"\"Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\". National Geographic. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100622063510/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","url_text":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\""},{"url":"http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Killebrew, Kimberly (25 March 2013). \"Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice)\". The Daring Gourmet. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daringgourmet.com/chicken-machboos-bahraini-chicken-rice/","url_text":"\"Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice)\""}]},{"reference":"Banerji, Chitrita (3 July 2007). \"A Bengali bounty\". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203204751/http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india/","url_text":"\"A Bengali bounty\""},{"url":"http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Camilla (3 July 2014). \"The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe\". Ingmar - Recipes with your ingredients. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ingmar.app/blog/national-dish-of-belarus-draniki/","url_text":"\"The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown\". Gulf Today. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2020/03/15/belgiums-national-dish-fried-potato-sticks-are-spared-from-the-national-coronavirus-lockdown","url_text":"\"Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown\""}]},{"reference":"Masters, Tom (1 October 2009). Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-855-1. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048551","url_text":"Europe on a Shoestring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-855-1","url_text":"978-1-74104-855-1"}]},{"reference":"Schehr, Lawrence R.; Weiss, Allen S. (2001). French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 0-415-93628-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93628-4","url_text":"0-415-93628-4"}]},{"reference":"Scholliers, Peter (1 May 2010). \"Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves\". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 10 (2): 51–52. doi:10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49. PMID 21539048. Retrieved 25 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51094975","url_text":"\"Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2010.10.2.49","url_text":"10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21539048","url_text":"21539048"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian Chocolate Mousse\". Belgium Tourist Office. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitflanders.com/en/themes/flemish-food/flemish-dishes-and-specialities/flemish-dishes/belgian-chocolate-mousse/#:~:text=Chocolate%20mousse%20is%20one%20of,one%20and%20only%20national%20dessert.","url_text":"\"Belgian Chocolate Mousse\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Lorenzo (2022-08-07). \"What to eat in Belize: Top Belizean foods to try!\". Belize Adventure. Retrieved 2023-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belizeadventure.ca/belizean-food-typical-and-traditional-things-to-try/","url_text":"\"What to eat in Belize: Top Belizean foods to try!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food\". Tourism Council of Bhutan. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233846/https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food","url_text":"\"Food\""},{"url":"https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Groundwater, Ben (24 September 2014). \"The world's 12 best national dishes\". The Herald. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/","url_text":"\"The world's 12 best national dishes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141003014838/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ackerson, Eric (14 February 2010). \"Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish\". Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118053858/http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/","url_text":"\"Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish\""},{"url":"http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bedford, Sam (14 August 2018). \"The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bosnia-herzegovina/articles/the-21-best-dishes-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/","url_text":"\"The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina\""}]},{"reference":"Gamulin, Tamara (24 March 2018). \"Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades\". Croatia Week. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.croatiaweek.com/cevapi-the-dish-driving-people-crazy-for-decades/","url_text":"\"Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades\""}]},{"reference":"Parker Bowles, Tom (2012). The World's Best Street Food. Lonely Planet. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-74220-593-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-593-9","url_text":"978-1-74220-593-9"}]},{"reference":"Ettenberg, Jodi (27 February 2017). \"How to make Seswaa, Botswana's official national dist\". G Adventures. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gadventures.co.uk/blog/recipe-seswaa-botswana/","url_text":"\"How to make Seswaa, Botswana's official national dist\""}]},{"reference":"Rodrigo, Elias. \"Feijoada: a short history of an edible institution\" (PDF). Flavor From Brazil. Texts From Brazil. No. 13. pp. 35–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705182246/https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/KualaLumpur/en-us/file/revistaing13-mat06.pdf","url_text":"\"Feijoada: a short history of an edible institution\""},{"url":"https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/KualaLumpur/en-us/file/revistaing13-mat06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ali, Bahrum (21 February 2009). \"Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts\". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404180705/http://bt.com.bn/life/2009/02/21/fostering_family_ties_with_ambuyat_feasts","url_text":"\"Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brunei_Times","url_text":"The Brunei Times"},{"url":"http://bt.com.bn/life/2009/02/21/fostering_family_ties_with_ambuyat_feasts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tiah, Jessica (8 January 2011). \"Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage\". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/01/08/ambuyat-our-iconic-heritage","url_text":"\"Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404182236/http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/01/08/ambuyat-our-iconic-heritage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgarian Cuisine\". youngpioneertours.com. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youngpioneertours.com/bulgarian-cuisine/","url_text":"\"Bulgarian Cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banitsa | Traditional Pastry from Bulgaria\". tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/banitsa","url_text":"\"Banitsa | Traditional Pastry from Bulgaria\""}]},{"reference":"Roman, Claudio (13 November 2018). \"Boko Boko\". Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldfood.guide/dish/boko_boko/","url_text":"\"Boko Boko\""}]},{"reference":"Gillan, Audrey (7 September 2017). \"Cambodia: the art of amok\". National Geographic. Retrieved 4 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/cambodia-art-amok","url_text":"\"Cambodia: the art of amok\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"}]},{"reference":"Dunston, Lara (23 May 2017). \"Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style\". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 4 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://grantourismotravels.com/cambodian-fish-amok-recipe/","url_text":"\"Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style\""}]},{"reference":"Dunston, Lara (7 February 2020). \"Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl\". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://grantourismotravels.com/nom-banh-chok-fermented-rice-noodles-cambodia/","url_text":"\"Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khmer Foods\". Tourism of Cambodia. Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourismcambodia.com/tripplanner/food-and-drink/khmer-foods.htm","url_text":"\"Khmer Foods\""}]},{"reference":"Dunston, Lara (26 June 2020). \"Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup\". Grantourismo Travels. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://grantourismotravels.com/samlor-korko-recipe-cambodian-soup/","url_text":"\"Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup\""}]},{"reference":"Brady, Emily (5 November 2008). \"The Years of Living Nervously\". New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity","url_text":"\"The Years of Living Nervously\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Trillin, Calvin (23 November 2009). \"Canadian Journal, \"Funny Food,\"\". The New Yorker. pp. 68–70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, Grace (2 October 2010). \"Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?\". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110130122239/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM%3AWORLD","url_text":"\"Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?\""},{"url":"http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM:WORLD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sufrin, Jon (22 April 2010). \"Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against\". Toronto Life. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110322002206/http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/","url_text":"\"Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against\""},{"url":"http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Sasha (12 September 2012). \"Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish\". The Walrus. Illustration by Jennifer Daniel. Retrieved 15 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewalrus.ca/manufacturing-taste/","url_text":"\"Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Baird, Elizabeth (30 June 2009). \"Does Canada Have a National Dish?\". Canadian Living.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianliving.com/blogs/food/2009/06/30/does-canada-have-a-national-dish/","url_text":"\"Does Canada Have a National Dish?\""}]},{"reference":"DeMontis, Rita (21 June 2010). \"Canadians butter up to this tart\". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023544/https://torontosun.com/category/life","url_text":"\"Canadians butter up to this tart\""},{"url":"http://www.torontosun.com/life/eat/2010/03/04/13112421.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fabricant, Florence (14 April 2009). \"For Chileans, Passion Translates to Empanadas\". New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/dining/15empa.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"For Chileans, Passion Translates to Empanadas\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Eileen (7 July 2016). \"In Chile, 'Marraqueta' Is The Daily Bread\". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/07/484987260/in-chile-marraqueta-is-the-bread-of-life","url_text":"\"In Chile, 'Marraqueta' Is The Daily Bread\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026054742/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/07/484987260/in-chile-marraqueta-is-the-bread-of-life","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Panes del Mundo. Tradicional Marraqueta\". Venezuela: Magazine del Pan. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magazinedelpan.com/detalle.asp?id=156","url_text":"\"Panes del Mundo. Tradicional Marraqueta\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173515/http://www.magazinedelpan.com/detalle.asp?id=156","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bai, Mary (27 September 2011). \"Peking Roast Duck, China's National Food\". CITS Group Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312000414/http://www.cits.net/china-guide/china-traditions/peking-roast-duck.html","url_text":"\"Peking Roast Duck, China's National Food\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITS_Group_Corporation","url_text":"CITS Group Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.cits.net/china-guide/china-traditions/peking-roast-duck.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yao, Elaine (30 June 2018). \"How American crayfish invaded Chinese hearts and stomachs, and how to cook and eat them safely\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/2153030/how-american-crayfish-invaded-chinese-hearts-and-stomachs-and","url_text":"\"How American crayfish invaded Chinese hearts and stomachs, and how to cook and eat them safely\""}]},{"reference":"Yi, Lia (21 August 2019). \"How Louisiana crayfish became China's national dish\". Gold Thread. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldthread2.com/food/how-louisiana-crayfish-became-china-national-dish/article/3023711","url_text":"\"How Louisiana crayfish became China's national dish\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Genevieve (19 April 2005). \"Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hong-kong-warns-citizens-off-unhealthy-dim-sum-5346000.html","url_text":"\"Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hong-kong-warns-citizens-off-unhealthy-dim-sum-5346000.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clay, Xanthe (15 February 2020). \"Slow cooker Colombian potato and chicken soup recipe\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/slow-cooker-colombian-potato-chicken-soup-recipe/","url_text":"\"Slow cooker Colombian potato and chicken soup recipe\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/slow-cooker-colombian-potato-chicken-soup-recipe/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"POBREZA, DESARROLLO Y SALUD|1999-12-01\". Retrieved 2 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saludcolombia.com/actual/salud60/colabora.htm","url_text":"\"POBREZA, DESARROLLO Y SALUD|1999-12-01\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grilled Lobsters With Vanilla Cream Sauce (Langouste à la Vanille)\". SAVEUR. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saveur.com/lobster-vanilla-sauce-recipe","url_text":"\"Grilled Lobsters With Vanilla Cream Sauce (Langouste à la Vanille)\""}]},{"reference":"\"192-Part Guide To The World: Democratic Republic of Congo\". The Independent. 19 March 2000. Retrieved 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-democratic-republic-of-congo-166497.html","url_text":"\"192-Part Guide To The World: Democratic Republic of Congo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lista zaštićenih nematerijalnih kulturnih dobara\" (in Croatian). Croatian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 20 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=3650","url_text":"\"Lista zaštićenih nematerijalnih kulturnih dobara\""}]},{"reference":"Gershman, Liza (30 May 2018). \"A recipe for Cuba's national dish, ropa vieja, or rags, from the new book \"Cuban Flavor\"\". Salon.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2018/05/30/a-recipe-for-cubas-national-dish-ropa-vieja-or-rags-from-the-new-book-cuban-flavor/","url_text":"\"A recipe for Cuba's national dish, ropa vieja, or rags, from the new book \"Cuban Flavor\"\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Leah (20 December 2019). \"A History Of Ropa Vieja, One Of Cuba's Most Famous (And Forbidden) National Dishes\". Mitu. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015906/https://wearemitu.com/culture/a-history-of-ropa-vieja-one-of-cubas-most-famous-and-forbidden-national-dishes/","url_text":"\"A History Of Ropa Vieja, One Of Cuba's Most Famous (And Forbidden) National Dishes\""},{"url":"https://wearemitu.com/culture/a-history-of-ropa-vieja-one-of-cubas-most-famous-and-forbidden-national-dishes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Multicultural community profiles:Greek Cypriot\". Northern Territory Government. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nt.gov.au/community/multicultural-communities/community-profiles/greek-cypriot","url_text":"\"Multicultural community profiles:Greek Cypriot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory","url_text":"Northern Territory"}]},{"reference":"Fakahany, Tamer (3 April 2013). \"AP Essay: My Cyprus, changed forever\". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/832cf765ae944b988d7e2cdb9ca50931","url_text":"\"AP Essay: My Cyprus, changed forever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The Island of Good Taste\". Edelweiss. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211059/https://www.flyedelweiss.com/EN/destinations/paphos/Pages/paphos-culinary.aspx","url_text":"\"The Island of Good Taste\""},{"url":"https://www.flyedelweiss.com/EN/destinations/paphos/Pages/paphos-culinary.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Woys Weaver (Winter 2002). \"The Origins of Trachanás: Evidence from Cyprus and Ancient Texts\". Gastronomica. 2 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1525/gfc.2002.2.1.41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2002.2.1.41","url_text":"10.1525/gfc.2002.2.1.41"}]},{"reference":"Vokurková, Iva (15 March 2009). \"Czech eating habits take a turn for the better\". Radio Prague. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/czech-eating-habits-take-a-turn-for-the-better","url_text":"\"Czech eating habits take a turn for the better\""}]},{"reference":"Tichý, Brianna (22 October 2018). \"The ultimate Czech food guide\". Urban Adventures. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812130250/https://www.urbanadventures.com/blog/ultimate-czech-food-guide/","url_text":"\"The ultimate Czech food guide\""},{"url":"https://www.urbanadventures.com/blog/ultimate-czech-food-guide/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official results page of the Danish national dish competition\". The Danish ministry of food. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018161213/http://danskernesmad.dk/nationalret/","url_text":"\"Official results page of the Danish national dish competition\""},{"url":"http://danskernesmad.dk/nationalret/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Denmark selects its first national dish\". The Local. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.dk/20141120/denmark-declares-its-first-national-dish","url_text":"\"Denmark selects its first national dish\""}]},{"reference":"Balslev, Lynda (4 January 2011). \"The Art Of The Danish Open-Face Sandwich\". NPR. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/01/04/132627711/the-art-of-the-danish-open-face-sandwich","url_text":"\"The Art Of The Danish Open-Face Sandwich\""}]},{"reference":"Seferou, Aliki (13 June 2017). \"How a Farmer's Open Faced-Sandwich Became a National Danish Dish\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/how-a-farmers-open-faced-sandwich-became-a-national-danish-dish/","url_text":"\"How a Farmer's Open Faced-Sandwich Became a National Danish Dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Callaloo is Dominica's new national dish\". Dominica News Online. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/general/breaking-news-callaloo-dominicas-new-national-dish/","url_text":"\"Callaloo is Dominica's new national dish\""}]},{"reference":"León, Concepción de (2 January 2020). \"36 Hours in Santo Domingo\". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-santo-domingo-dominican-republic.html","url_text":"\"36 Hours in Santo Domingo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Quintero, Carol (9 May 2012). \"El Encebollado\" (in Spanish). Montanita.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051630/http://www.montanita.com/noticia-restaurantes/el-encebollado/10523","url_text":"\"El Encebollado\""},{"url":"http://www.montanita.com/noticia-restaurantes/el-encebollado/10523","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"la guatita ecuatoriana\". Ecuador Por Descubrir (in Spanish). 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023555/http://ecuador.pordescubrir.com/la-guatita-ecuatoriana.html","url_text":"\"la guatita ecuatoriana\""},{"url":"http://ecuador.pordescubrir.com/la-guatita-ecuatoriana.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Jane-Anne (12 July 2017). \"15 of Africa's favorite dishes\". CNN Travel.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-food-dishes/index.html","url_text":"\"15 of Africa's favorite dishes\""}]},{"reference":"Haiek, Joseph R. (1977). Mideast Business Guide (1 ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles Mideast business exchange. pp. 290–292. ISBN 978-0-915652-02-0. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zzccAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Mideast Business Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles","url_text":"Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915652-02-0","url_text":"978-0-915652-02-0"}]},{"reference":"Roden, Claudia (1970). A Book of Middle Eastern Food. Penguin. pp. 60–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Roden","url_text":"Roden, Claudia"}]},{"reference":"\"Declárase Día Nacional de las Pupusasecreto Día Nacional de las Pupusas — Asamblea Legislativa\". www.asamblea.gob.sv (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923085057/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/decretos/details/1535","url_text":"\"Declárase Día Nacional de las Pupusasecreto Día Nacional de las Pupusas — Asamblea Legislativa\""},{"url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/decretos/details/1535","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Secultura invita al Día Nacional de la Pupusa\". www.cultura.gob.sv (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623144409/http://www.cultura.gob.sv/secultura-invita-a-celebrar-el-dia-nacional-de-la-pupusa/","url_text":"\"Secultura invita al Día Nacional de la Pupusa\""},{"url":"http://www.cultura.gob.sv/secultura-invita-a-celebrar-el-dia-nacional-de-la-pupusa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orson, Lucy (2 July 2000). \"192-Part Guide To The World: Eritrea\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-eritrea-633664.html","url_text":"\"192-Part Guide To The World: Eritrea\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-eritrea-633664.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eesti Toit infoserver v2.0.3.0\". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217022649/http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201%2C8","url_text":"\"Eesti Toit infoserver v2.0.3.0\""},{"url":"http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201,8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wat, Doro (18 May 2005). \"Ethiopia's National Dish\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/05/18/ethiopias-national-dish/c199dd20-163d-4421-b54f-1602aa139132/","url_text":"\"Ethiopia's National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiji Kokoda\". 2 July 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalcuisine.com/fiji-kokoda/","url_text":"\"Fiji Kokoda\""}]},{"reference":"\"The people have spoken - rye bread is the national food\". yle.fi. Yle. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/the_people_have_spoken_-_rye_bread_is_the_national_food/9413195","url_text":"\"The people have spoken - rye bread is the national food\""}]},{"reference":"Apple Jr., R. W. (18 February 2004). \"Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work\". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/dining/four-nations-where-forks-do-knives-work.html?pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\". Away.com. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130117110045/http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1","url_text":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\""},{"url":"http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Alex (20 November 2017). \"If you want to eat like the French, reach for some beef bourguignon\". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/beef-bourguignon-france","url_text":"\"If you want to eat like the French, reach for some beef bourguignon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet","url_text":"Lonely Planet"}]},{"reference":"Cloake, Felicity (24 August 2020). \"The story behind the classic French dish boeuf bourguignon\". Photographs by Ant Duncan. National Geographic. Retrieved 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2020/08/the-story-behind-the-classic-french-dish-boeuf-bourguignon","url_text":"\"The story behind the classic French dish boeuf bourguignon\""}]},{"reference":"Druckerman, Pamela (22 January 2019). \"It's crunch-time for the baguette\". The Economist. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/1843/2019/01/22/its-crunch-time-for-the-baguette","url_text":"\"It's crunch-time for the baguette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les 20 plats les plus typiques de la gastronomie française\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.petitfute.com/p1-france/actualite/m17-top-10-insolites-voyage/a22083-les-10-plats-typiques-de-la-gastronomie-francaise.html","url_text":"\"Les 20 plats les plus typiques de la gastronomie française\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Top Cheeses of France | Paris Insiders Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parisinsidersguide.com/10-top-cheeses-of-france.html#:~:text=Camembert,the%20list%20at%20number%20one","url_text":"\"10 Top Cheeses of France | Paris Insiders Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Husain, Amna (8 November 2012). \"Sweet, savory concoctions whisk into city food scene\". The South End. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/article_6d0bd2f5-d2ce-5291-8a7b-980b948dc12e.html","url_text":"\"Sweet, savory concoctions whisk into city food scene\""}]},{"reference":"Potts, Olivia (25 July 2019). A Half Baked Idea. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-024-138-047-5. OCLC 0241380472. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4J6DwAAQBAJ&q=france+%22national+dessert%22&pg=PT91","url_text":"A Half Baked Idea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-024-138-047-5","url_text":"978-024-138-047-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/0241380472","url_text":"0241380472"}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional recipe: Authentic poule au pot\". Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Tourism Board. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nouvelle-aquitaine-tourisme.com/en/news/traditional-recipe-authentic-poule-au-pot","url_text":"\"Traditional recipe: Authentic poule au pot\""}]},{"reference":"Saine, Abdoulaye (2012). Culture and customs of Gambia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35911-8. OCLC 881315512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35911-8","url_text":"978-0-313-35911-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881315512","url_text":"881315512"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Amy (24 January 2019). \"Khachapuri Granted Cultural Heritage Status\". Georgia Today. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121215413/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/14205/Khachapuri-Granted-Cultural-Heritage-Status","url_text":"\"Khachapuri Granted Cultural Heritage Status\""},{"url":"http://georgiatoday.ge/news/14205/Khachapuri-Granted-Cultural-Heritage-Status","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Svensson, Therese (April–May 2010). \"Tracking monetary policy one big mac – and one khachapuri – at a time\". Investor.ge. American Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007010149/http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_2/02.htm","url_text":"\"Tracking monetary policy one big mac – and one khachapuri – at a time\""},{"url":"http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_2/02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Khachapuri Index Project\". International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University. Retrieved 29 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iset-pi.ge/index.php?article_id=715","url_text":"\"Khachapuri Index Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes\". German Foods. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024527/http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm","url_text":"\"What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes\""},{"url":"http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kinzer, Stephen (26 June 1996). \"For Germans, a Kebab Filled With Social Significance\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/26/garden/for-germans-a-kebab-filled-with-social-significance.html","url_text":"\"For Germans, a Kebab Filled With Social Significance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Slackman, Michael (26 January 2011). \"National Dish Comes Wrapped in Foreign Flavoring\". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/world/europe/27berlin.html","url_text":"\"National Dish Comes Wrapped in Foreign Flavoring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Eleanor B. (1968). Menu Translator: Pan Am's Guide to Food and Drink Specialties Abroad and at Home. p. 76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fodor's 89 Germany. 1989. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Charles. Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. A & C Black. p. 324.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michelin Travel Publications (2002). Michelin NEOS Guide: Mainland Greece. Michelin. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-06-100063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-06-100063-2","url_text":"978-2-06-100063-2"}]},{"reference":"Kolasa-Sikiaridi, Kerry (29 June 2018). \"What is the National Dish of Greece?\". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://greece.greekreporter.com/2018/06/29/what-is-the-national-dish-of-greece/#:~:text=In%20Greece%2C%20the%20national%20dishes,region%20or%20island%20in%20Greece.","url_text":"\"What is the National Dish of Greece?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oil down: National Dish of Grenada\". Gov.gd. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.gd/articles/grenada_oil_down.html","url_text":"\"Oil down: National Dish of Grenada\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Selene (19 April 2018). \"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Guatemala\". Culture Trip. theculturetrip.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/guatemala/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-guatemala/","url_text":"\"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Guatemala\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213347/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","url_text":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\""},{"url":"http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Dish of Iceland\". Icelandic Food. 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandicfood.is/the-national-dish-of-iceland/","url_text":"\"The National Dish of Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Iceland's national dish?\". Iceland Monitor.","urls":[{"url":"https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2015/04/01/what_is_iceland_s_national_dish/","url_text":"\"What is Iceland's national dish?\""}]},{"reference":"Volkman, Claire (9 November 2017). \"7 Dishes You Have to Eat in Iceland\". Vogue. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/what-to-eat-in-iceland-local-food","url_text":"\"7 Dishes You Have to Eat in Iceland\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Kieran (21 November 2019). \"Hákarl: How Fermented Shark Became Iceland's National Dish\". Culture Trip.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/iceland/articles/how-fermented-shark-became-the-national-dish-of-iceland/","url_text":"\"Hákarl: How Fermented Shark Became Iceland's National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nothing cooking: Khichdi not national dish, says minister after Twitter storm\". Hindustan Times. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nothing-cooking-khichdi-not-national-dish-says-minister-after-twitter-storm/story-m88Y723Vh2kJM5n7bwNUvN.html","url_text":"\"Nothing cooking: Khichdi not national dish, says minister after Twitter storm\""}]},{"reference":"IANS (2017-11-01). \"Government to designate 'khichdi' as national dish\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/government-to-designate-khichdi-as-national-dish-117110101260_1.html","url_text":"\"Government to designate 'khichdi' as national dish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"'Fictitious' Khichdi Cooked Up, Says Minister On National Dish Buzz\". NDTV. PTI. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2022-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/food/fictitious-says-union-minister-harsimrat-kaur-badal-khichdi-wont-be-the-national-dish-1769941","url_text":"\"'Fictitious' Khichdi Cooked Up, Says Minister On National Dish Buzz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khichdi not national food, clarifies Harsimrat Kaur Badal\". The Hindu. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khichdi-not-national-food-clarifies-harsimrat-kaur-badal/article19966572.ece","url_text":"\"Khichdi not national food, clarifies Harsimrat Kaur Badal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya\". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 10 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/04/10/171000627/kemenpar-tetapkan-5-makanan-nasional-indonesia-ini-daftarnya","url_text":"\"Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya\""}]},{"reference":"Schonhardt, Sara; Wood, Melanie (15 August 2011). \"40 of Indonesia's best dishes\". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023403/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106","url_text":"\"40 of Indonesia's best dishes\""},{"url":"http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Natahadibrata, Nadya (10 February 2014). \"Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/10/celebratory-rice-cone-dish-represent-archipelago.html","url_text":"\"Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Soto Crawl\". Eating Asia. 21 March 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://eatingasia.typepad.com/eatingasia/2009/03/soto-crawl.html","url_text":"\"A Soto Crawl\""}]},{"reference":"Fayed, Saad (12 March 2021). \"Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food\". About.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023540/https://www.thespruceeats.com/chelo-kebab-recipe-2355640","url_text":"\"Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food\""},{"url":"http://mideastfood.about.com/od/iranianrecipes/r/chelokebab.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delicious: Najmieh Batmanglij transforms Iran's national dish into a pizza\". The Iranian. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093513/https://iranian.com/2020/03/20/delicious-najmieh-batmanglij-transforms-irans-national-dish-into-a-pizza/","url_text":"\"Delicious: Najmieh Batmanglij transforms Iran's national dish into a pizza\""},{"url":"https://iranian.com/2020/03/20/delicious-najmieh-batmanglij-transforms-irans-national-dish-into-a-pizza/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beeston, Richard (27 June 2007). \"Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris\". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/imams-put-fatwa-on-carp-caught-in-tigris-bbs2qxdcrgf","url_text":"\"Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Brian (12 May 2008). \"Top breakfast baguette rolls into Irish history\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 3 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/top-breakfast-baguette-rolls-into-irish-history-26445568.html","url_text":"\"Top breakfast baguette rolls into Irish history\""}]},{"reference":"Lemm, Elaine (23 July 2021). \"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\". The Spruce Eats. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081749/http://britishfood.about.com/od/introtobritishfood/f/questions.htm","url_text":"\"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\""},{"url":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/national-dishes-of-britan-and-ireland-435493","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guttman, Veret (24 April 2012). \"No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food\". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-s-national-food-no-matter-where-it-started-1.5216693","url_text":"\"No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food\""}]},{"reference":"Brehaut, Laura (19 November 2019). \"Cook this green shaksuka with chard kale spinach and feta from shuk\". National Post. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/life/food/cook-this-green-shakshuka-with-chard-kale-spinach-and-feta-from-shuk","url_text":"\"Cook this green shaksuka with chard kale spinach and feta from shuk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italy urged to go on pasta strike\". BBC. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6992444.stm","url_text":"\"Italy urged to go on pasta strike\""}]},{"reference":"Agence France-Presse (4 March 2020). \"Coronavirus: French 'corona pizza' video outrages Italians, prompting apology\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3064848/coronavirus-french-corona-pizza-video-outrages-italians-prompting","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: French 'corona pizza' video outrages Italians, prompting apology\""}]},{"reference":"Ceccarini, Rossella (3 February 2011). Pizza and Pizza Chefs in Japan: A Case of Culinary Globalization. Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-900-421-487-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeN5DwAAQBAJ&q=pizza+national+dish&pg=PA34","url_text":"Pizza and Pizza Chefs in Japan: A Case of Culinary Globalization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-900-421-487-3","url_text":"978-900-421-487-3"}]},{"reference":"Gibbons, Bob; Pritchard-Jones, Siân (2 May 2014). Africa Overland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 199. ISBN 978-184-162-494-5. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iE6DAwAAQBAJ&q=%22national+dish%22+zimbabwe&pg=PA177","url_text":"Africa Overland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184-162-494-5","url_text":"978-184-162-494-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\". Away.com. 9 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121124324/http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=2","url_text":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\""},{"url":"http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Karmun (30 May 2014). \"10 things you need to know about sushi\". Malaysia Tatler. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.asiatatler.com/dining/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sushi#:~:text=Whether%20you're%20a%20sushi,you%20might%20not%20have%20known.","url_text":"\"10 things you need to know about sushi\""}]},{"reference":"『カレーライス』に関するアンケート (in Japanese). ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. Retrieved 16 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dims.ne.jp/timelyresearch/2008/081014/","url_text":"『カレーライス』に関するアンケート"}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Justin (18 June 2010). \"Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/18/ramen-japan-national-dish","url_text":"\"Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles\""}]},{"reference":"Amoroso, Phoebe (14 November 2016). \"Tempura temptations: How deep-fried seafood seduced Japan\". NHK. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211058/https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html","url_text":"\"Tempura temptations: How deep-fried seafood seduced Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK","url_text":"NHK"},{"url":"https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sweet treats from Japan\". Bangkok Post. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/279145/sweet-treats-from-japan","url_text":"\"Sweet treats from Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen\". Waleg.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170726011901/http://waleg.com/kitchen/archives/000912.html","url_text":"\"Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen\""},{"url":"http://www.waleg.com/kitchen/archives/000912.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine\". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/facts3.html","url_text":"\"Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"\"National dish Besh-Barmak\". Baibol Travel. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://weproject.media/en/articles/detail/how-beshbarmak-is-served-in-different-regions-of-kazakhstan/","url_text":"\"National dish Besh-Barmak\""}]},{"reference":"Kibwana, Kivutha (23 November 2019). \"Why we should go back to eating traditional foods\". Daily Nation. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivutha_Kibwana","url_text":"Kibwana, Kivutha"},{"url":"https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/blogs-opinion/opinion/why-we-should-go-back-to-eating-traditional-foods-225796","url_text":"\"Why we should go back to eating traditional foods\""}]},{"reference":"Achuka, Vincent (7 March 2017). \"Chapati edges ugali out of table in Kenya as the rich salivate over poor man's diet\". Eve. Standard Group PLC. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/food/article/2001231754/chapati-edges-ugali-out-of-table-in-kenya-as-the-rich-salivate-over-poor-mans-diet","url_text":"\"Chapati edges ugali out of table in Kenya as the rich salivate over poor man's diet\""}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, Tom; Phillips, Matt; Gourlay, Will (2006). Kenya. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-743-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&q=national+dish+&pg=PA90","url_text":"Kenya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-743-2","url_text":"978-1-74059-743-2"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Tae (25 September 2018). \"A Chef's Quest to Bring North Korean Cold Noodles to America\". Eater.com. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eater.com/2018/9/25/17855140/pyongyang-naengmyeon-jungsik-yim-north-korea-cold-noodles","url_text":"\"A Chef's Quest to Bring North Korean Cold Noodles to America\""}]},{"reference":"Jeong, Sophie (2 November 2018). \"North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi\". CNN Travel. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/north-korea-kimchi-festival/index.html","url_text":"\"North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi\""}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Lucy (4 February 2014). \"Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish\". BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25840493","url_text":"\"Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish\""}]},{"reference":"Ku, Robert Ji-Song (31 December 2013). Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-3921-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3921-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-3921-5"}]},{"reference":"Govender, Serusha (6 May 2014). \"10 National Dishes Around the World\". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailymeal.com/10-national-dishes-around-world/6514","url_text":"\"10 National Dishes Around the World\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Nicole (20 May 2017). \"Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot\". The Australian. Retrieved 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/travel/pyeongchang-winter-olympics-the-next-cool-spot/news-story/4f5f9f25423111d937a01069722c0a37","url_text":"\"Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jajangmyun (Noodles With Black Bean Sauce)\". Scott Meola. James Beard Foundation. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jamesbeard.org/recipes/jajangmyun-noodles-with-black-bean-sauce","url_text":"\"Jajangmyun (Noodles With Black Bean Sauce)\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, K. Annabelle (13 February 2013). \"Korea's Black Day: When Sad, Single People Get Together And Eat Black Food\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/koreas-black-day-when-sad-single-people-get-together-and-eat-black-food-16537918/?no-ist","url_text":"\"Korea's Black Day: When Sad, Single People Get Together And Eat Black Food\""}]},{"reference":"Le, Joel (11 July 2017). \"Beat the heat with bingsu, South Korea's national dessert of shaved ice, milk, condensed milk and toppings\". Straits Times. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/beat-the-heat-with-bingsu-south-koreas-national-dessert-of-shaved-ice-milk-condensed","url_text":"\"Beat the heat with bingsu, South Korea's national dessert of shaved ice, milk, condensed milk and toppings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making Flia - A National Dish of Kosovo\". An Oregon Cottage. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anoregoncottage.com/making-flia-a-national-dish-of-kosovo/","url_text":"\"Making Flia - A National Dish of Kosovo\""}]},{"reference":"\"How beshbarmak is served in different regions of Kazakhstan\". WEProject. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baibol.kg/tourism-in-kyrgyzstan/traditions/national-meal-beshbarmak/","url_text":"\"How beshbarmak is served in different regions of Kazakhstan\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, Mark (16 January 2020). \"Is that Thai food, or Lao? 5 typical dishes from Laos that will help you see the difference\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/leisure/article/3046167/thai-food-or-lao-5-typical-dishes-laos-will-help-you-see","url_text":"\"Is that Thai food, or Lao? 5 typical dishes from Laos that will help you see the difference\""}]},{"reference":"Ives, Mike (1 February 2011). \"A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish\". Smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/a-taste-of-sticky-rice-laos-national-dish-136291/","url_text":"\"A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Daniela; Drescher, Stephanie (24 May 2017). \"Papaya salad with shrimp, Laos\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/papaya-salad-with-shrimp-laos/a-37837972","url_text":"\"Papaya salad with shrimp, Laos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"\"Latvia's National Dessert – Rupjmaizes kārtojums\". Eating the World. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eatingtheworld.net/2017/11/17/latvias-national-dessert/","url_text":"\"Latvia's National Dessert – Rupjmaizes kārtojums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 8(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 509/2006 on agricultural products and foodstuffs as traditional specialities guaranteed\". Official Journal of the European Union. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2020. The \"Sklandrausis\" can be considered a Latvian national dish","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:349:0023:0027:EN:PDF#page=3","url_text":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 8(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 509/2006 on agricultural products and foodstuffs as traditional specialities guaranteed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union","url_text":"Official Journal of the European Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs\". Official Journal of the European Union. 20 June 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2020. 'Jāņu siers' has become a national treasure.","urls":[{"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52015XC0620(01)&from=EN","url_text":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union","url_text":"Official Journal of the European Union"}]},{"reference":"\"The national dish of Lebanon\". Sourat.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120913002128/http://www.sourat.com/lebanese_recipes.htm","url_text":"\"The national dish of Lebanon\""},{"url":"http://www.sourat.com/lebanese_recipes.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 3-PA226. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=RA3-PA226","url_text":"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37626-9","url_text":"978-0-313-37626-9"}]},{"reference":"McLachlan, G. (2008). Lithuania. Bradt Guides. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84162-228-6. Retrieved 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pDdqGoXvSvYC&pg=PA61","url_text":"Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-228-6","url_text":"978-1-84162-228-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Lithuania welcomes tourists with \"pink soup carpet\"\". TheMayor.EU. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themayor.eu/en/lithuania-welcomes-tourists-with-pink-soup-carpet","url_text":"\"Lithuania welcomes tourists with \"pink soup carpet\"\""}]},{"reference":"Boissard, Pierre (1997). Cuisine Malgache, Cuisine Creole. Antananarivo: Librairie de Tananarive. pp. 36–40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rules, Dwayne A. (7 April 2011). \"Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'\". The Star. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140702211527/http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx/","url_text":"\"Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star"},{"url":"http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Specter, Michael (2 December 1984). \"In Malaysia, Spicy Satay\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/02/travel/in-malaysia-spicy-satay.html","url_text":"\"In Malaysia, Spicy Satay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Eliot, Joshua (1994). Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook. New York: Trade & Travel Publications. p. 352.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Erickson, Joan (1982). Southeast Asia Sunset travel guides. Lane Publishing Company. p. 78. ISBN 978-037-606-764-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-037-606-764-7","url_text":"978-037-606-764-7"}]},{"reference":"Aquilina, Melisande (22 March 2018). \"A History of Malta in 7 Dishes\". Roads & Kingdoms. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2018/history-malta-7-dishes/","url_text":"\"A History of Malta in 7 Dishes\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Duff (18 September 2012). \"25 of the best things to eat and drink in Mauritius\". Getaway. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getaway.co.za/food/25-eat-drink-mauritius/","url_text":"\"25 of the best things to eat and drink in Mauritius\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Matt; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Ham, Anthony (1 December 2019). Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78868-709-6. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4gbBDwAAQBAJ&q=mauritius+national+dish&pg=PT231","url_text":"Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78868-709-6","url_text":"978-1-78868-709-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish\". Mexonline. Retrieved 11 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mexonline.com/molepoblano.htm","url_text":"\"Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Terrero, Nina (11 September 2012). \"How to make: Traditional Mexican favorites\". NBC Latino. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023419/http://nbclatino.com/2012/09/11/how-to-make-traditional-mexican-favorites/","url_text":"\"How to make: Traditional Mexican favorites\""},{"url":"http://nbclatino.com/2012/09/11/how-to-make-traditional-mexican-favorites/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Holly (31 March 2017). \"A Brief History of Barbagiuan, Monaco's National Dish\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/monaco/articles/a-brief-history-of-barbagiuan-monacos-national-dish/","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Barbagiuan, Monaco's National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Thurein Tun Oo (25 May 2019). \"5 Must-Eat Myanmar Traditional Dishes\". Thailand Tatler. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525121056/https://www.thailandtatler.com/dining/5-must-eat-foods-in-myanmar","url_text":"\"5 Must-Eat Myanmar Traditional Dishes\""},{"url":"https://www.thailandtatler.com/dining/5-must-eat-foods-in-myanmar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haber, Daniel (31 March 2002). \"Lephet – Green Tea Salad\". Swe Sone magazine. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708232214/http://www.innwa.com/dev/kitchen/news/get-news.asp?id=142","url_text":"\"Lephet – Green Tea Salad\""},{"url":"http://www.innwa.com/dev/kitchen/news/get-news.asp?id=142","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Foodspotting (18 March 2014), The Foodspotting Field Guide, Chronicle Books LLC, p. 71, ISBN 978-1-4521-3008-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3008-8","url_text":"978-1-4521-3008-8"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Brady (6 January 2015), \"Tea Leaf Salad Is a Greasy Equalizer in Myanmar\", Vice.com, retrieved 21 August 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/53jvba/tea-leaf-salad-is-a-greasy-equalizer-in-myanmar","url_text":"\"Tea Leaf Salad Is a Greasy Equalizer in Myanmar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food & Culinary\". Nepal Tourism Board. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welcomenepal.com/things-to-do/food-culinary.html","url_text":"\"Food & Culinary\""}]},{"reference":"Anirban Roy (1 November 2008). \"Momos, Nepal's new national dish\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/momos-nepal-s-new-national-dish/story-Ci8HtcXY68EQHeHTTo008J.html","url_text":"\"Momos, Nepal's new national dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emily Wight Dutch Feast\". Malcolm Jolley. Good Food Revolution. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodfoodrevolution.com/emily-wight-dutch-feast/","url_text":"\"Emily Wight Dutch Feast\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 5 most typical Dutch foods\". Erasmus Student Network Groningen. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esn-groningen.nl/the-5-most-typical-dutch-foods/","url_text":"\"The 5 most typical Dutch foods\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARE PIES THE NATIONAL DISH OF NEW ZEALAND?\". Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzstory.govt.nz/stories/are-pies-the-national-dish-of-new-zealand/","url_text":"\"ARE PIES THE NATIONAL DISH OF NEW ZEALAND?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bacon & Egg Pie\". Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160323095648/http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/info/Bacon-n-Egg-Pie_687.htm","url_text":"\"Bacon & Egg Pie\""},{"url":"http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/info/Bacon-n-Egg-Pie_687.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tender, loving care for lamb\". 26 January 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/recipes/3265165/Tender-loving-care-for-lamb","url_text":"\"Tender, loving care for lamb\""}]},{"reference":"Jack Guy (24 April 2020). \"How the Nacatamal Became Nicaragua's National Dish\". Culture Trip. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/nicaragua/articles/how-the-nacatamal-became-nicaraguas-national-dish/","url_text":"\"How the Nacatamal Became Nicaragua's National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nigeria's plans to stop importing rice\". BBC. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-38690500","url_text":"\"Nigeria's plans to stop importing rice\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to make Egusi soup\". 18 January 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://pulse.ng/food/diy-recipes-how-to-make-egusi-soup-id4198969.html","url_text":"\"How to make Egusi soup\""}]},{"reference":"\"#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?\". CNN Travel. CNN. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/my-national-dish-cnnfood","url_text":"\"#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouth-watering Macedonia: 5 traditional dishes you've got to try\". Intrepid Travel. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intrepidtravel.com/adventures/macedonia-food/","url_text":"\"Mouth-watering Macedonia: 5 traditional dishes you've got to try\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Fårikål' wins again as Norway's national dish\". Newsinenglish.no. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/06/16/farikal-wins-again-as-norways-national-dish/","url_text":"\"'Fårikål' wins again as Norway's national dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norway sticks with fårikål as national dish\". Thelocal.no. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelocal.no/20140617/norway-replaces-frikl-as-national-dishwith-frikl","url_text":"\"Norway sticks with fårikål as national dish\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Springer (13 April 2017). \"7 Must-Try Omani Foods And Where To Find Them\". Hong Kong Tatler. Retrieved 20 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.asiatatler.com/dining/7-must-try-omani-foods-and-where-to-find-them","url_text":"\"7 Must-Try Omani Foods And Where To Find Them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gulab Jamun is now officially the national dessert of Pakistan\". Daily Times. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/341045/gulab-jamun-is-now-officially-the-national-dessert-of-pakistan/","url_text":"\"Gulab Jamun is now officially the national dessert of Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Long, Lucy (15 July 2016). Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 226. ISBN 978-144-226-734-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HTWNDAAAQBAJ&q=papua+new+guinea+%22national+dish%22&pg=PA226","url_text":"Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-144-226-734-3","url_text":"978-144-226-734-3"}]},{"reference":"Salah, Maha (4 March 2018). \"Musakhan\". Memo Middle Earth Monitor. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180304-musakhan/","url_text":"\"Musakhan\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Emma (2006). It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-7475-8559-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yve-_E5VwGAC&q=falafel+national+dish+palestine&pg=PA378","url_text":"It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8559-6","url_text":"978-0-7475-8559-6"}]},{"reference":"Karmi, Ghada (2002). In Search of Fatima. U.S.: Verso New Left Books. p. 39. ISBN 1-85984-561-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DuiB5iJ26KcC&q=falafel+national+dish","url_text":"In Search of Fatima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-561-4","url_text":"1-85984-561-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish\". Peru Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607073905/http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html","url_text":"\"Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish\""},{"url":"http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bueno, Anna (21 June 2017). \"Adobo, sinigang, or sisig: What's your pick for the Philippines' national dish?\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023107/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html","url_text":"\"Adobo, sinigang, or sisig: What's your pick for the Philippines' national dish?\""},{"url":"https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Manny (12 July 2018). \"Why don't we have official national dishes?\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food-and-leisure/2018/07/12/1832621/why-dont-we-have-official-national-dishes","url_text":"\"Why don't we have official national dishes?\""}]},{"reference":"Gapultos, Marvin (23 April 2013). The Adobo Road Cookbook: A Filipino Food Journey. Tuttle Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4629-1169-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OBTQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT210","url_text":"The Adobo Road Cookbook: A Filipino Food Journey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1169-1","url_text":"978-1-4629-1169-1"}]},{"reference":"DeWitt, Dave (2010). 1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes. Agate Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-57284-113-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sNLKs8LO35kC&q=Philippine+Adobo+variation&pg=PA428","url_text":"1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_Publishing","url_text":"Agate Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57284-113-0","url_text":"978-1-57284-113-0"}]},{"reference":"Deere, Kiki (20 June 2017). Journey Through the Philippines: An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao. Tuttle Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4629-1886-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgbiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43","url_text":"Journey Through the Philippines: An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1886-7","url_text":"978-1-4629-1886-7"}]},{"reference":"Sifton, Sam (5 January 2011). \"The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Food-t-000.html","url_text":"\"The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment\""}]},{"reference":"Dee, Ching (3 September 2019). \"Your Foodie Guide To Manila\". Forbes Travel Guide. The Five Star Travel Corporation. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://stories.forbestravelguide.com/your-foodie-guide-to-manila","url_text":"\"Your Foodie Guide To Manila\""}]},{"reference":"Villafuerte, Sai (16 September 2019). \"Filipino Chefs Are Taking Back Control of Their Cuisine\". Vice. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wjwem4/filipino-chefs-are-taking-back-control-of-their-cuisine-v26n3","url_text":"\"Filipino Chefs Are Taking Back Control of Their Cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition\". Pepper. Philippines. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191226152442/https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/","url_text":"\"Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition\""},{"url":"https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fecks, Noah; Wagtouicz, Paul (29 October 2013). The Way We Ate: 100 Chefs Celebrate a Century at the American Table. Simon and Schuster. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4767-3272-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edabAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","url_text":"The Way We Ate: 100 Chefs Celebrate a Century at the American Table"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3272-5","url_text":"978-1-4767-3272-5"}]},{"reference":"McKinnon, Leila (1 November 2012). Australia's Favourite Recipes. Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-74334-955-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1kWIR605IsEC&pg=PT76","url_text":"Australia's Favourite Recipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74334-955-7","url_text":"978-1-74334-955-7"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Paul (20 August 2018). \"Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines\". Travel Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelmag.com/articles/unique-foods-philippines/5/","url_text":"\"Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal\". Go Lisbon. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golisbon.com/food/food.html","url_text":"\"PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve\". BBC Goodfood. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-algarve","url_text":"\"Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve\""}]},{"reference":"Holland, Mina (2015) [2014]. The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them. New York: Penguin Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-14-312765-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9wm5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT71","url_text":"The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312765-9","url_text":"978-0-14-312765-9"}]},{"reference":"Poelzl, Volker (2007). Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7614-5672-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cRqJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","url_text":"Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish","url_text":"Marshall Cavendish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-5672-8","url_text":"978-0-7614-5672-8"}]},{"reference":"Kiran Paul. \"Eight Authentic Qatari Food You Must Try\". Qatar Day. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909090453/http://www.qatarday.com/blog/food/eight-authentic-qatari-food-you-must-try/29066","url_text":"\"Eight Authentic Qatari Food You Must Try\""},{"url":"https://www.qatarday.com/blog/food/eight-authentic-qatari-food-you-must-try/29066","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kay Shaw Nelson (27 September 1979). \"Some Call It Porridge, Others Call It Mush, Romanians Call It Mamaliga\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/09/27/some-call-it-porridge-others-call-it-mush-romanians-call-it-mamaliga/43126c7e-cd90-4e85-b2e0-6d491e4071e3/","url_text":"\"Some Call It Porridge, Others Call It Mush, Romanians Call It Mamaliga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Mark Baker (27 September 2014). \"A guide to Romanian cuisine\". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/a-guide-to-romanian-cuisine","url_text":"\"A guide to Romanian cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"Alison Mutler (17 February 2014). \"EU agrees to open its grills to Romania's national sausage\". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140519072752/http://www.vancouversun.com/agrees+open+grills+Romania+national+sausage/9517219/story.html","url_text":"\"EU agrees to open its grills to Romania's national sausage\""},{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/agrees+open+grills+Romania+national+sausage/9517219/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Groundwater, Ben (5 February 2017). \"Feed the World\". Sydney Sun Herald. ProQuest 1864945067. Beetroot soup: it may not sound that enticing, and it certainly doesn't look it. But imagine it's freezing cold outside, that the snow has been piling up for months. Imagine that a pot of soup has been sitting on the stove all day, improving and intensifying. Imagine that the best root vegetables have gone in there, plus herbs, and maybe hunks of sausage. Imagine that a steaming bowl is placed in front of you, topped with a dollop of sour cream. Now you're getting why this is Russia's favourite dish.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1864945067","url_text":"1864945067"}]},{"reference":"Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1983. Oxford Symposium. 1983. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-907325-16-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jYa3J6xrjt4C&q=shchi+kasha&pg=PA62","url_text":"Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-16-1","url_text":"978-0-907325-16-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes\". 12 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/2231281/lifestyle","url_text":"\"Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes\""}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia Britannica (2002). The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica. ISBN 978-0-85229-787-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2","url_text":"978-0-85229-787-2"}]},{"reference":"Ember, Melvin (2001). Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-02-864946-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pssZAQAAIAAJ&q=cevapcici","url_text":"Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864946-7","url_text":"978-0-02-864946-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian cuisine\". TravelSerbia. Retrieved 9 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelserbia.info/serbian-cuisine.php","url_text":"\"Serbian cuisine\""}]},{"reference":"Pamela Goyan Kittler; Kathryn P. Sucher; Marcia Nahikian-Nelms (August 2011). Food and Culture, 6th ed. Cengage Learning. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-538-73497-4. Large, thin meat patties made from lamb and beef, known as pljeskavica, are considered a national dish of Serbia but are also a favorite with Bosnians and Croatians","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&pg=PA410","url_text":"Food and Culture, 6th ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-73497-4","url_text":"978-0-538-73497-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibanica, a pie like no other\". serbia.com. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serbia.com/english/discover-serbia/the-serbian-way/traditional-cuisine/gibanica","url_text":"\"Gibanica, a pie like no other\""}]},{"reference":"\"You are being redirected...\" www.serbia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serbia.com/karadordeva-steak-the-invention-of-a-great-serbian-chef/","url_text":"\"You are being redirected...\""}]},{"reference":"\"You are being redirected...\" www.serbia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.serbia.com/sarma-a-dish-you-never-get-tired-of/","url_text":"\"You are being redirected...\""}]},{"reference":"\"The quest for Singapore's next national dish\". CNN. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614233721/http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473","url_text":"\"The quest for Singapore's next national dish\""},{"url":"http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kugiya, Hugo (18 March 2010). \"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice\". Crosscut.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041040/http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice/","url_text":"\"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice\""},{"url":"http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish:-Hainan-chicken-rice/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peter Turner; Chris Taylor; Hugh Finlay (1996). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-086-442-393-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-086-442-393-1","url_text":"978-086-442-393-1"}]},{"reference":"\"National Food\". Slovak Republic. Retrieved 1 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slovak-republic.org/food/","url_text":"\"National Food\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovenia National Day 2018 Doodle\". 25 June 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://doodles.google/doodle/slovenia-national-day-2018/","url_text":"\"Slovenia National Day 2018 Doodle\""}]},{"reference":"Tanja Glogovčan Belančić (28 May 2020). \"Ajda - koristna za ljudi in čebele\". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://slovenia.si/this-is-slovenia/ajda-koristna-za-ljudi-in-cebele/","url_text":"\"Ajda - koristna za ljudi in čebele\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buckwheat dumplings – Ajdovi štruklji\". Find Eat Local. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051853/https://www.findeatlocal.com/en/blog/post/buckwheat-dumplings-ajdovi-struklji/","url_text":"\"Buckwheat dumplings – Ajdovi štruklji\""},{"url":"https://www.findeatlocal.com/en/blog/post/buckwheat-dumplings-ajdovi-struklji/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Polona Prešeren (April 2010). \"Idrijski žlikrofi – a true speciality of Idrija\". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427001158/http://www.slovenia.si/visit/cuisine/modern-culinary-trends/idrijski-zlikrofi-a-true-speciality-of-idrija/","url_text":"\"Idrijski žlikrofi – a true speciality of Idrija\""},{"url":"http://www.slovenia.si/visit/cuisine/modern-culinary-trends/idrijski-zlikrofi-a-true-speciality-of-idrija/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crais, C.; McClendon, T.V. (2013). The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics. The World Readers. Duke University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8223-7745-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQf1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7745-0","url_text":"978-0-8223-7745-0"}]},{"reference":"Kronenthal, Melissa (1 May 2010). \"Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/spains-tortilla-de-patatas-is-simply-satisfying/","url_text":"\"Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Irene (28 June 2011). \"5 must tastes of Barcelona\". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-xpm-2011-06-28-sc-trav-0628-strip-barcelona-20110628-story.html","url_text":"\"5 must tastes of Barcelona\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Scigliano (21 February 2020). \"The world wants to eat more octopus. Is farming them ethical?\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151536/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/octopus-aquaculture-debate/","url_text":"\"The world wants to eat more octopus. Is farming them ethical?\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/octopus-aquaculture-debate/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paella, on the way to becoming a World Heritage Site\". Generalitat Valenciana. Retrieved 19 February 2020. For the Region of Valencia, paella is much more than a recipe, it is a ritual and an icon of our culture.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.comunitatvalenciana.com/taxonomy/term/25458","url_text":"\"Paella, on the way to becoming a World Heritage Site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana","url_text":"Generalitat Valenciana"}]},{"reference":"Panadero, Amparo (11 March 2019). \"La paella valenciana quiere ser Patrimonio de la Humanidad\". Diario16 (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2020. En el caso de la paella valenciana, se trata de una tradición culinaria y social que constituye un icono de hospitalidad y un símbolo de unión e identidad valencianas ...","urls":[{"url":"http://mediterraneo.diario16.com/la-paella-valenciana-quiere-patrimonio-la-humanidad","url_text":"\"La paella valenciana quiere ser Patrimonio de la Humanidad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry\". Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.go-lanka.com/sri-lanka/food.html","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Dish of Suriname Pom\". National Dishes of the World. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-suriname-pom/","url_text":"\"National Dish of Suriname Pom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide\". Swedentravelnet.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220136/http://swedentravelnet.com/sweden-food-amp-drink.html","url_text":"\"Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide\""},{"url":"http://swedentravelnet.com/sweden-food-amp-drink.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The crayfish party\". Sweden.Se. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023258/https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/the-crayfish-party/","url_text":"\"The crayfish party\""},{"url":"http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Traditions/Celebrating-the-Swedish-way/The-crayfish-party/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airlines ban 'foul' Swedish fish\". BBC News. 1 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4867024.stm","url_text":"\"Airlines ban 'foul' Swedish fish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt\" (in Swedish). riksdagen.se. Retrieved 3 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Motioner/Ostkaka-som-Sveriges-nationalr_GS02K378/?text=true","url_text":"\"Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switzerland's national dishes\". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Swiss Confederation. Retrieved 18 January 2023. Some traditional Swiss dishes, such as fondue and raclette, are more typically eaten in the winter. Others, such as muesli – also known in Switzerland as Birchermüesli – and rösti are popular all year round and come in many variations.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/gesellschaft/schweizer-kueche/schweizer-spezialitaeten.html","url_text":"\"Switzerland's national dishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs","url_text":"Federal Department of Foreign Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Confederation","url_text":"Swiss Confederation"}]},{"reference":"John Tagliabue (3 February 2008). \"Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tagliabue&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"John Tagliabue"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/europe/03sausage.html","url_text":"\"Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Zaino, Caitlin. \"Top 10 foods to try in Switzerland\". BBC Goodfood. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-switzerland#:~:text=Rosti%2C%20Valaisanne%2Dstyle,traditionally%20eat%20it%20for%20breakfast.","url_text":"\"Top 10 foods to try in Switzerland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qurutob, Tajikistan's National Dish\". Food Perestroika. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://foodperestroika.com/2013/10/15/qurutob-tajikistans-national-dish/","url_text":"\"Qurutob, Tajikistan's National Dish\""}]},{"reference":"Florian Pinel (10 January 2014). \"Qurutob Recipe\". Vice.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nzkpaq/qurutob","url_text":"\"Qurutob Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Dish of Taiwan Beef Noodle Soup\". National Foods Org. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-taiwan-beef-noodle-soup/","url_text":"\"National Dish of Taiwan Beef Noodle Soup\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Appreciation of Taiwan's 'National Dish'—Braised Pork Ricep\". National Foods Org. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=1995","url_text":"\"In Appreciation of Taiwan's 'National Dish'—Braised Pork Ricep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chipsi mayai Tanzania's national dish\". 6 February 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://haydom-friends.org/en/ideas/chipsi-mayai-the-most-famous-national-dish-of-the-tanzanians-here-quite-simply-to-recook/","url_text":"\"Chipsi mayai Tanzania's national dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits\". Bangkok.com. Retrieved 7 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkok.com/thai-food/typical-thai-meals-and-eating-habits.htm","url_text":"\"Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits\""}]},{"reference":"Phavitch Theeraphong and Sopida Rodsom (21 February 2018). \"Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok\". Time Out. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/bangkok/restaurants/best-somtum-places-in-bangkok","url_text":"\"Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok\""}]},{"reference":"\"What it takes to make doubles a national dish\". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsday.co.tt/2020/12/24/what-it-takes-to-make-doubles-a-national-dish/","url_text":"\"What it takes to make doubles a national dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popular Dishes in Trinidad & Tobago\". 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gotourismguides.com/trinidadandtobago/popular-dishes-trinidad-tobago/","url_text":"\"Popular Dishes in Trinidad & Tobago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bake and Shark Recipe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guardian.co.tt/article/bake-and-shark-recipe-6.2.1120373.26209746d6","url_text":"\"Bake and Shark Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quick food made with chickpeas and curry: Trinidad's national dish\". caribbean-sun.com. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caribbean-sun.com/reviews/62/Quick+food+made+with+chickpeas+and+curry%3A+Trinidad%5C%27s+national+dish+.html#:~:text=Curry%20sauce%20instead%20of%20ketchup,Indian%20immigrants%20some%20decades%20ago","url_text":"\"Quick food made with chickpeas and curry: Trinidad's national dish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crab and Dumplings (Tobago)\". Wine Enthusiast. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winemag.com/recipe/crab-and-dumplings-tobago/","url_text":"\"Crab and Dumplings (Tobago)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Storied History Of A Tunisian Tuna Pastry Called Bric\". NPR. 5 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/06/04/154297053/the-storied-history-of-a-tunisian-tuna-pastry-called-bric","url_text":"\"The Storied History Of A Tunisian Tuna Pastry Called Bric\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pilaf\". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99118/pilaf.html","url_text":"\"Pilaf\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas MacGill (1808). Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2. J. Murray. p. 127. ISBN 978-2-06-100063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qLqqRy9dFGYC&q=Travels+in+Turkey,+Italy+and+Russia+During+the+Years+1803,+1804,+1805,+and+1806:+With+an+Account+of+Some+of+the+Greek+Islands,+Volume+2","url_text":"Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-06-100063-2","url_text":"978-2-06-100063-2"}]},{"reference":"PUJA CHANGOIWALA (23 July 2019). \"Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey\". The Quint. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thequint.com/neon/gaziantep-the-little-known-culinary-paradise-of-italy","url_text":"\"Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quint","url_text":"The Quint"}]},{"reference":"Aruna Chandaraju (26 August 2020). \"Ooh la la over baklava\". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/living/living-front-page/ooh-la-la-over-baklava-777222.htm","url_text":"\"Ooh la la over baklava\""}]},{"reference":"Roth, Alisa (1 November 2012). \"Simit: Turkey's National Bread\". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 12 (4): 31–36. doi:10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/12/4/31/44207/Simit-Turkey-s-National-Bread","url_text":"\"Simit: Turkey's National Bread\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2FGFC.2012.12.4.31","url_text":"10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31"}]},{"reference":"Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), \"Борщ\", Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер, p. 31","urls":[]},{"reference":"L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), \"Borscht\", Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 31","urls":[]},{"reference":"В. В. Похлёбкин (2000), Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф","urls":[{"url":"http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_culinary/300/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89","url_text":"Кулинарный словарь от А до Я"}]},{"reference":"William Pokhlyobkin (2000), \"Borscht\", The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin","url_text":"William Pokhlyobkin"}]},{"reference":"Л. М. Безусенко (ред.) (2002), \"Вареники\", Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер","urls":[]},{"reference":"L. M. Bezussenko, ed. (2002), \"Varenyky\", Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine (in Ukrainian), Stalker Publishers, p. 181","urls":[]},{"reference":"В. В. Похлёбкин (2000), \"Вареники\", Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф, p. 181","urls":[]},{"reference":"William Pokhlyobkin (2000), The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z (in Russian), Centrpoligraf","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin","url_text":"William Pokhlyobkin"}]},{"reference":"\"Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi\". February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestattravel.co.uk/the-edit/abu-dhabi/what-to-eat-drink-in-abu-dhabi/#:~:text=Khuzi,nutmeg%20%E2%80%93%20create%20a%20rich%20flavour","url_text":"\"Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Parama (2010). Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4788-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZRpqNwwwZUC","url_text":"Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4788-0","url_text":"978-0-8223-4788-0"}]},{"reference":"Muir, Hugh (12 May 2013). \"Robin Cook's chicken tikka speech, twelve years later\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/12/robin-cook-chicken-tikka-multiculturalism","url_text":"\"Robin Cook's chicken tikka speech, twelve years later\""}]},{"reference":"Lemm, Elaine (5 May 2019). \"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/national-dishes-of-britan-and-ireland-435493","url_text":"\"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornish pasties can't be pirated\". gov.uk (Press release). Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cornish-pasties-can-t-be-pirated","url_text":"\"Cornish pasties can't be pirated\""}]},{"reference":"Simon (2023-04-29). \"History of the Devon Cream Tea\". VisitDartmoor. Retrieved 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://visitdartmoor.co.uk/history-of-the-devon-cream-tea/","url_text":"\"History of the Devon Cream Tea\""}]},{"reference":"Tamplin, Harley (2017-06-17). \"Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef\". Metro. Retrieved 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2017/06/17/historians-reveal-the-cornish-pasty-was-invented-in-devon-and-now-theres-major-beef-6715434/","url_text":"\"Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic\". Travel. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"\"Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets\". crumpetman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://crumpetman.com/crumpet-history","url_text":"\"Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837\". madeupinbritain.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://madeupinbritain.uk/Custard","url_text":"\"Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Bird\", Wikipedia, 2024-03-07, retrieved 2024-05-17","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Bird&oldid=1212278166","url_text":"\"Alfred Bird\""}]},{"reference":"\"American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey\". Milk + Honey. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2024-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://milkandhoneythebakery.com/american-by-association-apple-pie-recipe/","url_text":"\"American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)\". European Cuisines. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europeancuisines.com/Ireland-Irish-Ulster-Fry-Recipe","url_text":"\"Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welsh national dish\". Foodmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100715175929/http://www.foodmuseum.com/wales.html","url_text":"\"Welsh national dish\""},{"url":"http://www.foodmuseum.com/wales.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Danny Walsh (5 July 2017). Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-351-70537-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pTArDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125","url_text":"Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-70537-0","url_text":"978-1-351-70537-0"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Constance (1988). The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking. J. Daniel. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-936784-64-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KHbgAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936784-64-9","url_text":"978-0-936784-64-9"}]},{"reference":"Raymond A. Sokolov (1998). Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods. David R. Godine. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-56792-037-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGuf-gWg4YcC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-037-6","url_text":"978-1-56792-037-6"}]},{"reference":"Mann, Bill (10 May 2012). \"Will poutine become Canada's national dish?\". MarketWatch. Vancouver. Retrieved 15 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/will-poutine-become-canadas-national-dish-2012-05-10","url_text":"\"Will poutine become Canada's national dish?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\". National Geographic. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eric Schlosser (2012). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0-547-75033-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dU13X_AM_N8C&pg=PA197","url_text":"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-75033-0","url_text":"978-0-547-75033-0"}]},{"reference":"Mark Stewart (August 2016). The United States and Canada. Capstone. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4846-3814-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=21PMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","url_text":"The United States and Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4846-3814-9","url_text":"978-1-4846-3814-9"}]},{"reference":"George Frederick Scotson-Clark (1923). Eating Without Fears. N.L. Brown. p. 87.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/33330800R.nlm.nih.gov","url_text":"Eating Without Fears"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/33330800R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n102","url_text":"87"}]},{"reference":"Smyth, Clifford (1924). The Literary Digest International Book Review. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RC_ardtR-IIC&pg=PA637","url_text":"The Literary Digest International Book Review"}]},{"reference":"Industrial Development and Manufacturers' Record. Conway Publications. 1917. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d3U9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA19-PA42","url_text":"Industrial Development and Manufacturers' Record"}]},{"reference":"Trumbull, Robert (1977). \"Two Samoas\". Tin Roofs and Palm Trees (PDF). Australian National University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-7081-0744-3 – via Australian National University.","urls":[{"url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114917/2/b11178917.pdf","url_text":"Tin Roofs and Palm Trees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-0744-3","url_text":"0-7081-0744-3"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Lacee A.C. (19 May 2016). \"Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival\". Pacific Daily News. Guam. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guampdn.com/story/life/2016/05/18/pucker-up-yigo-celebrates-first-citrus-festival/84468512/","url_text":"\"Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival\""}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Hilary (24 August 2013). \"Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting\". Forbes. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hilarykramer/2013/08/24/spam-is-for-eating-not-deleting/#55f43384b0dc","url_text":"\"Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting\""}]},{"reference":"Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139","url_text":"The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8","url_text":"978-0-313-34497-8"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Naomi (10 March 2005). \"Your Special Island\". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 4 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2005/mar/10/your-special-island/#","url_text":"\"Your Special Island\""}]},{"reference":"Squires, Kathleen (5 December 2014). \"Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico\". The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-search-of-puerto-ricos-pork-perfecto-1417810943","url_text":"\"Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"Claiborne, Craig (5 July 1978). \"A 'Casual' Dinner in Puerto Rico\". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/05/archives/a-casual-dinner-in-puerto-rico-dining-with-puerto-ricos-governor.html","url_text":"\"A 'Casual' Dinner in Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"Philpott, Don (28 February 2003). Landmark Puerto Rico. Landmark Publishing Limited. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-901522-34-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k7qI0Exe3lMC&pg=PA28","url_text":"Landmark Puerto Rico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901522-34-1","url_text":"978-1-901522-34-1"}]},{"reference":"Ritschel, Chelsea (11 December 2019). \"What Christmas Dinner Looks Like Around The World\". Independent. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/christmas-dinner-world-countries-pictures-uk-us-japan-norway-europe-turkey-a8691631.html","url_text":"\"What Christmas Dinner Looks Like Around The World\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/christmas-dinner-world-countries-pictures-uk-us-japan-norway-europe-turkey-a8691631.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mariano, Maureen Aimee (4 April 2016). \"The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami\". Miami New Times. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/restaurants/the-five-best-places-for-mofongo-in-miami-8352194","url_text":"\"The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foods of Puerto Rico\". American Indian Health and Diet Project. Kansas University. Retrieved 3 January 2020. Popular foods in Puerto Rico include the national dish, mofongo (below), made with fried and mashed plantains that are mixed with shrimp, bacon, olive oil and garlic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/FoodsofPuertoRico.html","url_text":"\"Foods of Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"Zaino, Caitlin (15 July 2013). \"On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico\". Travel. BBC. Retrieved 3 January 2020. From urban Old San Juan to the beaches of Isla Verde, past the cities of Bayamón and Ponce, through lush rainforest and striking coastlines, mofongo proudly stands as Puerto Rico's unofficial national dish.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130711-on-the-mofongo-trail-in-puerto-rico","url_text":"\"On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"Pitzer, Kurt (2 September 2009). Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-58843-796-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vZcDYEgRzIIC&pg=PT24","url_text":"Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-796-9","url_text":"978-1-58843-796-9"}]},{"reference":"Minahan, James B. (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 769. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA769","url_text":"The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8","url_text":"978-0-313-34497-8"}]},{"reference":"Fodor's Travel Guides (10 October 2017). Fodor's U.S. & British Virgin Islands. Fodor's Travel. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-14-754695-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=27TnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT124","url_text":"Fodor's U.S. & British Virgin Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-754695-1","url_text":"978-0-14-754695-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov\". Orexca.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orexca.com/cuisine_plov.shtml","url_text":"\"Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!\". Uzbekcuisine.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uzbekcuisine.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap\". www.abc.net.au. 24 April 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2528790.htm","url_text":"\"Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela\". 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/venezuela/articles/ox-s-eyeballs-and-a-side-of-trout-ice-cream/","url_text":"\"The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Venezuelan Traditions Work\". 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/national-traditions/venezuelan-tradition1.htm","url_text":"\"How Venezuelan Traditions Work\""}]},{"reference":"Salloum, Habeeb (2014). Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond. Habeeb Salloum. pp. 154–162. ISBN 978-1-59152-134-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_cRKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","url_text":"Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59152-134-1","url_text":"978-1-59152-134-1"}]},{"reference":"Pumza Fihlani (17 September 2019). \"Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods'\". BBC. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49714037","url_text":"\"Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods'\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Gibbons, Siân Pritchard-Jones (2 May 2014). Africa Overland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 177. ISBN 978-184-162-494-5. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iE6DAwAAQBAJ&q=%22national+dish%22+zimbabwe&pg=PA177","url_text":"Africa Overland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184-162-494-5","url_text":"978-184-162-494-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.chunkofdevon.co.uk/blogs/chunk-news/the-devon-pasty#:~:text=A%20proper%20Devon%20pasty%20always,case%20that%20gorgeous%20golden%20crunch.","external_links_name":"pasty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"Top Ten National Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00250241","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00250241"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092","external_links_name":"0304-4092"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143715189","external_links_name":"143715189"},{"Link":"https://www.linguee.com/spanish-english/translation/plato+nacional.html","external_links_name":"\"plato nacional\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023134338/https://www.leavenworthtimes.com/article/20100603/news/306039804","external_links_name":"\"Boiling Point: Matambre a South American spin on Italian beef\""},{"Link":"https://www.leavenworthtimes.com/article/20100603/news/306039804","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/el%20plato%20nacional","external_links_name":"\"plato nacional\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100903190418/http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html","external_links_name":"\"Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots\""},{"Link":"http://www.tastedefined.com/2009/11/kabuli-pulao-with-raisins-and-carrots.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/albanian_baked_lamb_with_92485","external_links_name":"\"Albanian baked lamb with rice (Tavë kosi)\""},{"Link":"https://www.joe.co.uk/food/the-national-dish-of-every-country-at-the-world-cup-ranked-from-worst-to-best-183729","external_links_name":"\"The national dish of every country at the World Cup, ranked from worst to best\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/andorra/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-andorra/","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Andorra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx","external_links_name":"\"El asado\""},{"Link":"http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/el-mapa-definitivo-empanadas-argentinas-sus-14-nid2175466","external_links_name":"\"El mapa definitivo de las empanadas argentinas con sus 14 versiones\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N78aCgAAQBAJ&q=national+dish","external_links_name":"Food and Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2006/01/19/world-traveler-offers-tips-for-making-argentinian-specialty/28457449007/","external_links_name":"\"World traveler offers tips for making Argentinian specialty\""},{"Link":"https://alanitrading.com/2020/04/21/how-different-countries-use-beef","external_links_name":"\"How Different Countries Use Beef\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php","external_links_name":"\"Gastronomia\""},{"Link":"http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/05/201355102059629831.html","external_links_name":"\"Food feuds continue to simmer in the Caucasus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006180221/https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/","external_links_name":"\"Roast Lamb crowned 'Australia's National Dish'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/roast-lamb-crowned-australias-national-dish/1781137/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/02/the-question-that-wont-die-is-the-meat-pie-australias-national-dish","external_links_name":"\"The question that won't die: is the meat pie Australia's national dish?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182253/http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481","external_links_name":"\"Our greatest Aussie recipes\""},{"Link":"http://www.weightwatchers.com.au/util/art/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&art_id=42481","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/13106/Local-News/Aussie-meat-pies","external_links_name":"\"Aussie meat pies\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/11401553","external_links_name":"\"The confection of a nation the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330903566004","external_links_name":"10.1080/10350330903566004"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144496353","external_links_name":"144496353"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html","external_links_name":"\"Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cautious-change-to-australias-national-dish-1705216.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100622063510/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","external_links_name":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\""},{"Link":"http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.daringgourmet.com/chicken-machboos-bahraini-chicken-rice/","external_links_name":"\"Chicken Machboos (Bahraini Chicken & Rice)\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldcuisine.org.uk/tag/bahrain-national-dish","external_links_name":"Bahrain's National Dish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155501/http://www.worldcuisine.org.uk/tag/bahrain-national-dish","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203204751/http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india/","external_links_name":"\"A Bengali bounty\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/life/food/eat_drink/2007/07/03/eating_india","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ingmar.app/blog/national-dish-of-belarus-draniki/","external_links_name":"\"The national dish of Belarus is Draniki - See recipe\""},{"Link":"https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2020/03/15/belgiums-national-dish-fried-potato-sticks-are-spared-from-the-national-coronavirus-lockdown","external_links_name":"\"Belgium's national dish, fried potato sticks, are spared effects of national coronavirus lockdown\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048551","external_links_name":"Europe on a Shoestring"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51094975","external_links_name":"\"Upgrading the Local: Belgian Cuisine in Global Waves\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2010.10.2.49","external_links_name":"10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.49"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21539048","external_links_name":"21539048"},{"Link":"https://www.visitflanders.com/en/themes/flemish-food/flemish-dishes-and-specialities/flemish-dishes/belgian-chocolate-mousse/#:~:text=Chocolate%20mousse%20is%20one%20of,one%20and%20only%20national%20dessert.","external_links_name":"\"Belgian Chocolate Mousse\""},{"Link":"https://www.belizeadventure.ca/belizean-food-typical-and-traditional-things-to-try/","external_links_name":"\"What to eat in Belize: Top Belizean foods to try!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117233846/https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food","external_links_name":"\"Food\""},{"Link":"https://www.bhutan.travel/page/food","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"The world's 12 best national dishes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141003014838/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2581479/the-worlds-12-best-national-dishes/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118053858/http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/","external_links_name":"\"Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish\""},{"Link":"http://myhungrytum.com/2010/02/14/bosanksi-lonac-bosnia-herzegovina-national-dish-day-38dish-21/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/bosnia-herzegovina/articles/the-21-best-dishes-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/","external_links_name":"\"The 21 Best Dishes to Eat in Bosnia and Herzegovina\""},{"Link":"https://www.croatiaweek.com/cevapi-the-dish-driving-people-crazy-for-decades/","external_links_name":"\"Ćevapi – the dish driving people crazy for decades\""},{"Link":"https://www.gadventures.co.uk/blog/recipe-seswaa-botswana/","external_links_name":"\"How to make Seswaa, Botswana's official national dist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705182246/https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/KualaLumpur/en-us/file/revistaing13-mat06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Feijoada: a short history of an edible institution\""},{"Link":"https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/KualaLumpur/en-us/file/revistaing13-mat06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404180705/http://bt.com.bn/life/2009/02/21/fostering_family_ties_with_ambuyat_feasts","external_links_name":"\"Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts\""},{"Link":"http://bt.com.bn/life/2009/02/21/fostering_family_ties_with_ambuyat_feasts","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/01/08/ambuyat-our-iconic-heritage","external_links_name":"\"Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404182236/http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/01/08/ambuyat-our-iconic-heritage","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youngpioneertours.com/bulgarian-cuisine/","external_links_name":"\"Bulgarian Cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/banitsa","external_links_name":"\"Banitsa | Traditional Pastry from Bulgaria\""},{"Link":"https://worldfood.guide/dish/boko_boko/","external_links_name":"\"Boko Boko\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2017/09/cambodia-art-amok","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia: the art of amok\""},{"Link":"https://grantourismotravels.com/cambodian-fish-amok-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian Fish Amok Recipe – an Authentic Steamed Fish Curry in the Old Style\""},{"Link":"https://grantourismotravels.com/nom-banh-chok-fermented-rice-noodles-cambodia/","external_links_name":"\"Nom Banh Chok Fermented Rice Noodles Are Cambodia in a Bowl\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourismcambodia.com/tripplanner/food-and-drink/khmer-foods.htm","external_links_name":"\"Khmer Foods\""},{"Link":"https://grantourismotravels.com/samlor-korko-recipe-cambodian-soup/","external_links_name":"\"Samlor Korko Recipe - How to Make Cambodian Stirring Pot Soup\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity","external_links_name":"\"The Years of Living Nervously\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110130122239/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM%3AWORLD","external_links_name":"\"Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?\""},{"Link":"http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM:WORLD","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110322002206/http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/","external_links_name":"\"Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://thewalrus.ca/manufacturing-taste/","external_links_name":"\"Kraft Dinner is Canada's True National Dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.canadianliving.com/blogs/food/2009/06/30/does-canada-have-a-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"Does Canada Have a National Dish?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023544/https://torontosun.com/category/life","external_links_name":"\"Canadians butter up to this tart\""},{"Link":"http://www.torontosun.com/life/eat/2010/03/04/13112421.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/dining/15empa.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"For Chileans, Passion Translates to Empanadas\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/07/484987260/in-chile-marraqueta-is-the-bread-of-life","external_links_name":"\"In Chile, 'Marraqueta' Is The Daily Bread\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026054742/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/07/484987260/in-chile-marraqueta-is-the-bread-of-life","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.magazinedelpan.com/detalle.asp?id=156","external_links_name":"\"Panes del Mundo. Tradicional Marraqueta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173515/http://www.magazinedelpan.com/detalle.asp?id=156","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312000414/http://www.cits.net/china-guide/china-traditions/peking-roast-duck.html","external_links_name":"\"Peking Roast Duck, China's National Food\""},{"Link":"http://www.cits.net/china-guide/china-traditions/peking-roast-duck.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/2153030/how-american-crayfish-invaded-chinese-hearts-and-stomachs-and","external_links_name":"\"How American crayfish invaded Chinese hearts and stomachs, and how to cook and eat them safely\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldthread2.com/food/how-louisiana-crayfish-became-china-national-dish/article/3023711","external_links_name":"\"How Louisiana crayfish became China's national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hong-kong-warns-citizens-off-unhealthy-dim-sum-5346000.html","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hong-kong-warns-citizens-off-unhealthy-dim-sum-5346000.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/slow-cooker-colombian-potato-chicken-soup-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Slow cooker Colombian potato and chicken soup recipe\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/slow-cooker-colombian-potato-chicken-soup-recipe/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.saludcolombia.com/actual/salud60/colabora.htm","external_links_name":"\"POBREZA, DESARROLLO Y SALUD|1999-12-01\""},{"Link":"https://www.saveur.com/lobster-vanilla-sauce-recipe","external_links_name":"\"Grilled Lobsters With Vanilla Cream Sauce (Langouste à la Vanille)\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-democratic-republic-of-congo-166497.html","external_links_name":"\"192-Part Guide To The World: Democratic Republic of Congo\""},{"Link":"http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=3650","external_links_name":"\"Lista zaštićenih nematerijalnih kulturnih dobara\""},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2018/05/30/a-recipe-for-cubas-national-dish-ropa-vieja-or-rags-from-the-new-book-cuban-flavor/","external_links_name":"\"A recipe for Cuba's national dish, ropa vieja, or rags, from the new book \"Cuban Flavor\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415015906/https://wearemitu.com/culture/a-history-of-ropa-vieja-one-of-cubas-most-famous-and-forbidden-national-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"A History Of Ropa Vieja, One Of Cuba's Most Famous (And Forbidden) National Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://wearemitu.com/culture/a-history-of-ropa-vieja-one-of-cubas-most-famous-and-forbidden-national-dishes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nt.gov.au/community/multicultural-communities/community-profiles/greek-cypriot","external_links_name":"\"Multicultural community profiles:Greek Cypriot\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/832cf765ae944b988d7e2cdb9ca50931","external_links_name":"\"AP Essay: My Cyprus, changed forever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211059/https://www.flyedelweiss.com/EN/destinations/paphos/Pages/paphos-culinary.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Island of Good Taste\""},{"Link":"https://www.flyedelweiss.com/EN/destinations/paphos/Pages/paphos-culinary.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgfc.2002.2.1.41","external_links_name":"10.1525/gfc.2002.2.1.41"},{"Link":"http://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/czech-eating-habits-take-a-turn-for-the-better","external_links_name":"\"Czech eating habits take a turn for the better\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812130250/https://www.urbanadventures.com/blog/ultimate-czech-food-guide/","external_links_name":"\"The ultimate Czech food guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.urbanadventures.com/blog/ultimate-czech-food-guide/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018161213/http://danskernesmad.dk/nationalret/","external_links_name":"\"Official results page of the Danish national dish competition\""},{"Link":"http://danskernesmad.dk/nationalret/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thelocal.dk/20141120/denmark-declares-its-first-national-dish","external_links_name":"\"Denmark selects its first national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2011/01/04/132627711/the-art-of-the-danish-open-face-sandwich","external_links_name":"\"The Art Of The Danish Open-Face Sandwich\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/denmark/articles/how-a-farmers-open-faced-sandwich-became-a-national-danish-dish/","external_links_name":"\"How a Farmer's Open Faced-Sandwich Became a National Danish Dish\""},{"Link":"https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/general/breaking-news-callaloo-dominicas-new-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"Callaloo is Dominica's new national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/travel/what-to-do-36-hours-in-santo-domingo-dominican-republic.html","external_links_name":"\"36 Hours in Santo Domingo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051630/http://www.montanita.com/noticia-restaurantes/el-encebollado/10523","external_links_name":"\"El Encebollado\""},{"Link":"http://www.montanita.com/noticia-restaurantes/el-encebollado/10523","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023555/http://ecuador.pordescubrir.com/la-guatita-ecuatoriana.html","external_links_name":"\"la guatita ecuatoriana\""},{"Link":"http://ecuador.pordescubrir.com/la-guatita-ecuatoriana.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-food-dishes/index.html","external_links_name":"\"15 of Africa's favorite dishes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zzccAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Mideast Business Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923085057/https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/decretos/details/1535","external_links_name":"\"Declárase Día Nacional de las Pupusasecreto Día Nacional de las Pupusas — Asamblea Legislativa\""},{"Link":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/decretos/details/1535","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623144409/http://www.cultura.gob.sv/secultura-invita-a-celebrar-el-dia-nacional-de-la-pupusa/","external_links_name":"\"Secultura invita al Día Nacional de la Pupusa\""},{"Link":"http://www.cultura.gob.sv/secultura-invita-a-celebrar-el-dia-nacional-de-la-pupusa/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-eritrea-633664.html","external_links_name":"\"192-Part Guide To The World: Eritrea\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/192part-guide-to-the-world-eritrea-633664.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217022649/http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201%2C8","external_links_name":"\"Eesti Toit infoserver v2.0.3.0\""},{"Link":"http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201,8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2005/05/18/ethiopias-national-dish/c199dd20-163d-4421-b54f-1602aa139132/","external_links_name":"\"Ethiopia's National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.internationalcuisine.com/fiji-kokoda/","external_links_name":"\"Fiji Kokoda\""},{"Link":"http://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/the_people_have_spoken_-_rye_bread_is_the_national_food/9413195","external_links_name":"\"The people have spoken - rye bread is the national food\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/dining/four-nations-where-forks-do-knives-work.html?pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"\"Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130117110045/http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1","external_links_name":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\""},{"Link":"http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/beef-bourguignon-france","external_links_name":"\"If you want to eat like the French, reach for some beef bourguignon\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2020/08/the-story-behind-the-classic-french-dish-boeuf-bourguignon","external_links_name":"\"The story behind the classic French dish boeuf bourguignon\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/1843/2019/01/22/its-crunch-time-for-the-baguette","external_links_name":"\"It's crunch-time for the baguette\""},{"Link":"https://www.petitfute.com/p1-france/actualite/m17-top-10-insolites-voyage/a22083-les-10-plats-typiques-de-la-gastronomie-francaise.html","external_links_name":"\"Les 20 plats les plus typiques de la gastronomie française\""},{"Link":"https://www.parisinsidersguide.com/10-top-cheeses-of-france.html#:~:text=Camembert,the%20list%20at%20number%20one","external_links_name":"\"10 Top Cheeses of France | Paris Insiders Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesouthend.wayne.edu/article_6d0bd2f5-d2ce-5291-8a7b-980b948dc12e.html","external_links_name":"\"Sweet, savory concoctions whisk into city food scene\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_4J6DwAAQBAJ&q=france+%22national+dessert%22&pg=PT91","external_links_name":"A Half Baked Idea"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/0241380472","external_links_name":"0241380472"},{"Link":"https://www.nouvelle-aquitaine-tourisme.com/en/news/traditional-recipe-authentic-poule-au-pot","external_links_name":"\"Traditional recipe: Authentic poule au pot\""},{"Link":"http://www.gabonmagazine.com/images/G10-ENGLISH/G10.palmoil.p18-23.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oiling the Wheels of the Economy.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006195823/http://www.gabonmagazine.com/images/G10-ENGLISH/G10.palmoil.p18-23.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881315512","external_links_name":"881315512"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121215413/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/14205/Khachapuri-Granted-Cultural-Heritage-Status","external_links_name":"\"Khachapuri Granted Cultural Heritage Status\""},{"Link":"http://georgiatoday.ge/news/14205/Khachapuri-Granted-Cultural-Heritage-Status","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007010149/http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_2/02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tracking monetary policy one big mac – and one khachapuri – at a time\""},{"Link":"http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_2/02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iset-pi.ge/index.php?article_id=715","external_links_name":"\"Khachapuri Index Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024527/http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm","external_links_name":"\"What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes\""},{"Link":"http://www.germanfoods.org/schools/delicious/traditionaldishes.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/26/garden/for-germans-a-kebab-filled-with-social-significance.html","external_links_name":"\"For Germans, a Kebab Filled With Social Significance\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/27/world/europe/27berlin.html","external_links_name":"\"National Dish Comes Wrapped in Foreign Flavoring\""},{"Link":"https://greece.greekreporter.com/2018/06/29/what-is-the-national-dish-of-greece/#:~:text=In%20Greece%2C%20the%20national%20dishes,region%20or%20island%20in%20Greece.","external_links_name":"\"What is the National Dish of Greece?\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.gd/articles/grenada_oil_down.html","external_links_name":"\"Oil down: National Dish of Grenada\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/guatemala/articles/the-10-most-traditional-dishes-from-guatemala/","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Most Traditional Dishes From Guatemala\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213347/http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","external_links_name":"\"National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean\""},{"Link":"http://www.caribbeanamericanfoods.com/?page=island_dishes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://icelandicfood.is/the-national-dish-of-iceland/","external_links_name":"\"The National Dish of Iceland\""},{"Link":"https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2015/04/01/what_is_iceland_s_national_dish/","external_links_name":"\"What is Iceland's national dish?\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/what-to-eat-in-iceland-local-food","external_links_name":"\"7 Dishes You Have to Eat in Iceland\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/iceland/articles/how-fermented-shark-became-the-national-dish-of-iceland/","external_links_name":"\"Hákarl: How Fermented Shark Became Iceland's National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nothing-cooking-khichdi-not-national-dish-says-minister-after-twitter-storm/story-m88Y723Vh2kJM5n7bwNUvN.html","external_links_name":"\"Nothing cooking: Khichdi not national dish, says minister after Twitter storm\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/government-to-designate-khichdi-as-national-dish-117110101260_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Government to designate 'khichdi' as national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/food/fictitious-says-union-minister-harsimrat-kaur-badal-khichdi-wont-be-the-national-dish-1769941","external_links_name":"\"'Fictitious' Khichdi Cooked Up, Says Minister On National Dish Buzz\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/khichdi-not-national-food-clarifies-harsimrat-kaur-badal/article19966572.ece","external_links_name":"\"Khichdi not national food, clarifies Harsimrat Kaur Badal\""},{"Link":"https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/04/10/171000627/kemenpar-tetapkan-5-makanan-nasional-indonesia-ini-daftarnya","external_links_name":"\"Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023403/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106","external_links_name":"\"40 of Indonesia's best dishes\""},{"Link":"http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/40-foods-indonesians-cant-live-without-327106","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/10/celebratory-rice-cone-dish-represent-archipelago.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago\""},{"Link":"http://eatingasia.typepad.com/eatingasia/2009/03/soto-crawl.html","external_links_name":"\"A Soto Crawl\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023540/https://www.thespruceeats.com/chelo-kebab-recipe-2355640","external_links_name":"\"Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food\""},{"Link":"http://mideastfood.about.com/od/iranianrecipes/r/chelokebab.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904093513/https://iranian.com/2020/03/20/delicious-najmieh-batmanglij-transforms-irans-national-dish-into-a-pizza/","external_links_name":"\"Delicious: Najmieh Batmanglij transforms Iran's national dish into a pizza\""},{"Link":"https://iranian.com/2020/03/20/delicious-najmieh-batmanglij-transforms-irans-national-dish-into-a-pizza/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/imams-put-fatwa-on-carp-caught-in-tigris-bbs2qxdcrgf","external_links_name":"\"Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/top-breakfast-baguette-rolls-into-irish-history-26445568.html","external_links_name":"\"Top breakfast baguette rolls into Irish history\""},{"Link":"http://britishfood.about.com/od/introtobritishfood/f/questions.htm","external_links_name":"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081749/http://britishfood.about.com/od/introtobritishfood/f/questions.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081749/http://britishfood.about.com/od/introtobritishfood/f/questions.htm","external_links_name":"\"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/national-dishes-of-britan-and-ireland-435493","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-s-national-food-no-matter-where-it-started-1.5216693","external_links_name":"\"No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food\""},{"Link":"http://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/food/IsraeliFood/FalafelRecipe.htm","external_links_name":"Falafel: About Israel's signature food"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081024212900/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/food/IsraeliFood/FalafelRecipe.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/life/food/cook-this-green-shakshuka-with-chard-kale-spinach-and-feta-from-shuk","external_links_name":"\"Cook this green shaksuka with chard kale spinach and feta from shuk\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6992444.stm","external_links_name":"\"Italy urged to go on pasta strike\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3064848/coronavirus-french-corona-pizza-video-outrages-italians-prompting","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus: French 'corona pizza' video outrages Italians, prompting apology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeN5DwAAQBAJ&q=pizza+national+dish&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"Pizza and Pizza Chefs in Japan: A Case of Culinary Globalization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iE6DAwAAQBAJ&q=%22national+dish%22+zimbabwe&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Africa Overland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121124324/http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes\""},{"Link":"http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://my.asiatatler.com/dining/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-sushi#:~:text=Whether%20you're%20a%20sushi,you%20might%20not%20have%20known.","external_links_name":"\"10 things you need to know about sushi\""},{"Link":"http://www.dims.ne.jp/timelyresearch/2008/081014/","external_links_name":"『カレーライス』に関するアンケート"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/18/ramen-japan-national-dish","external_links_name":"\"Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521211058/https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html","external_links_name":"\"Tempura temptations: How deep-fried seafood seduced Japan\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhk.or.jp/dwc/food/articles/42.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/279145/sweet-treats-from-japan","external_links_name":"\"Sweet treats from Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170726011901/http://waleg.com/kitchen/archives/000912.html","external_links_name":"\"Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen\""},{"Link":"http://www.waleg.com/kitchen/archives/000912.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/facts3.html","external_links_name":"\"Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://weproject.media/en/articles/detail/how-beshbarmak-is-served-in-different-regions-of-kazakhstan/","external_links_name":"\"National dish Besh-Barmak\""},{"Link":"https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/blogs-opinion/opinion/why-we-should-go-back-to-eating-traditional-foods-225796","external_links_name":"\"Why we should go back to eating traditional foods\""},{"Link":"https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/food/article/2001231754/chapati-edges-ugali-out-of-table-in-kenya-as-the-rich-salivate-over-poor-mans-diet","external_links_name":"\"Chapati edges ugali out of table in Kenya as the rich salivate over poor man's diet\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&q=national+dish+&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"Kenya"},{"Link":"https://www.eater.com/2018/9/25/17855140/pyongyang-naengmyeon-jungsik-yim-north-korea-cold-noodles","external_links_name":"\"A Chef's Quest to Bring North Korean Cold Noodles to America\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/north-korea-kimchi-festival/index.html","external_links_name":"\"North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25840493","external_links_name":"\"Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailymeal.com/10-national-dishes-around-world/6514","external_links_name":"\"10 National Dishes Around the World\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/travel/pyeongchang-winter-olympics-the-next-cool-spot/news-story/4f5f9f25423111d937a01069722c0a37","external_links_name":"\"Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot\""},{"Link":"https://www.jamesbeard.org/recipes/jajangmyun-noodles-with-black-bean-sauce","external_links_name":"\"Jajangmyun (Noodles With Black Bean Sauce)\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/koreas-black-day-when-sad-single-people-get-together-and-eat-black-food-16537918/?no-ist","external_links_name":"\"Korea's Black Day: When Sad, Single People Get Together And Eat Black Food\""},{"Link":"https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/beat-the-heat-with-bingsu-south-koreas-national-dessert-of-shaved-ice-milk-condensed","external_links_name":"\"Beat the heat with bingsu, South Korea's national dessert of shaved ice, milk, condensed milk and toppings\""},{"Link":"https://anoregoncottage.com/making-flia-a-national-dish-of-kosovo/","external_links_name":"\"Making Flia - A National Dish of Kosovo\""},{"Link":"https://www.baibol.kg/tourism-in-kyrgyzstan/traditions/national-meal-beshbarmak/","external_links_name":"\"How beshbarmak is served in different regions of Kazakhstan\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/leisure/article/3046167/thai-food-or-lao-5-typical-dishes-laos-will-help-you-see","external_links_name":"\"Is that Thai food, or Lao? 5 typical dishes from Laos that will help you see the difference\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/a-taste-of-sticky-rice-laos-national-dish-136291/","external_links_name":"\"A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/papaya-salad-with-shrimp-laos/a-37837972","external_links_name":"\"Papaya salad with shrimp, Laos\""},{"Link":"https://eatingtheworld.net/2017/11/17/latvias-national-dessert/","external_links_name":"\"Latvia's National Dessert – Rupjmaizes kārtojums\""},{"Link":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:349:0023:0027:EN:PDF#page=3","external_links_name":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 8(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 509/2006 on agricultural products and foodstuffs as traditional specialities guaranteed\""},{"Link":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52015XC0620(01)&from=EN","external_links_name":"\"Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913002128/http://www.sourat.com/lebanese_recipes.htm","external_links_name":"\"The national dish of Lebanon\""},{"Link":"http://www.sourat.com/lebanese_recipes.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=RA3-PA226","external_links_name":"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pDdqGoXvSvYC&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Lithuania"},{"Link":"https://www.themayor.eu/en/lithuania-welcomes-tourists-with-pink-soup-carpet","external_links_name":"\"Lithuania welcomes tourists with \"pink soup carpet\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.mycitycuisine.org/wiki/Judd_mat_Gaardebounen","external_links_name":"\"Judd mat Gaardebounen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180728160724/http://www.mycitycuisine.org/wiki/Judd_mat_Gaardebounen","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140702211527/http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx/","external_links_name":"\"Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestar.com.my/Travel/Malaysia/2011/04/07/Nasi-lemak-our-national-dish.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/02/travel/in-malaysia-spicy-satay.html","external_links_name":"\"In Malaysia, Spicy Satay\""},{"Link":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2018/history-malta-7-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"A History of Malta in 7 Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.getaway.co.za/food/25-eat-drink-mauritius/","external_links_name":"\"25 of the best things to eat and drink in Mauritius\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4gbBDwAAQBAJ&q=mauritius+national+dish&pg=PT231","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles"},{"Link":"http://www.mexonline.com/molepoblano.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023419/http://nbclatino.com/2012/09/11/how-to-make-traditional-mexican-favorites/","external_links_name":"\"How to make: Traditional Mexican favorites\""},{"Link":"http://nbclatino.com/2012/09/11/how-to-make-traditional-mexican-favorites/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/europe/monaco/articles/a-brief-history-of-barbagiuan-monacos-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Barbagiuan, Monaco's National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525121056/https://www.thailandtatler.com/dining/5-must-eat-foods-in-myanmar","external_links_name":"\"5 Must-Eat Myanmar Traditional Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.thailandtatler.com/dining/5-must-eat-foods-in-myanmar","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708232214/http://www.innwa.com/dev/kitchen/news/get-news.asp?id=142","external_links_name":"\"Lephet – Green Tea Salad\""},{"Link":"http://www.innwa.com/dev/kitchen/news/get-news.asp?id=142","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/53jvba/tea-leaf-salad-is-a-greasy-equalizer-in-myanmar","external_links_name":"\"Tea Leaf Salad Is a Greasy Equalizer in Myanmar\""},{"Link":"https://www.welcomenepal.com/things-to-do/food-culinary.html","external_links_name":"\"Food & Culinary\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/momos-nepal-s-new-national-dish/story-Ci8HtcXY68EQHeHTTo008J.html","external_links_name":"\"Momos, Nepal's new national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodfoodrevolution.com/emily-wight-dutch-feast/","external_links_name":"\"Emily Wight Dutch Feast\""},{"Link":"https://www.esn-groningen.nl/the-5-most-typical-dutch-foods/","external_links_name":"\"The 5 most typical Dutch foods\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzstory.govt.nz/stories/are-pies-the-national-dish-of-new-zealand/","external_links_name":"\"ARE PIES THE NATIONAL DISH OF NEW ZEALAND?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160323095648/http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/info/Bacon-n-Egg-Pie_687.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bacon & Egg Pie\""},{"Link":"http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/info/Bacon-n-Egg-Pie_687.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/recipes/3265165/Tender-loving-care-for-lamb","external_links_name":"\"Tender, loving care for lamb\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/central-america/nicaragua/articles/how-the-nacatamal-became-nicaraguas-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"How the Nacatamal Became Nicaragua's National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-38690500","external_links_name":"\"Nigeria's plans to stop importing rice\""},{"Link":"http://pulse.ng/food/diy-recipes-how-to-make-egusi-soup-id4198969.html","external_links_name":"\"How to make Egusi soup\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/my-national-dish-cnnfood","external_links_name":"\"#CNNFood challenge: What's your country's national dish?\""},{"Link":"https://www.intrepidtravel.com/adventures/macedonia-food/","external_links_name":"\"Mouth-watering Macedonia: 5 traditional dishes you've got to try\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsinenglish.no/2014/06/16/farikal-wins-again-as-norways-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"'Fårikål' wins again as Norway's national dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelocal.no/20140617/norway-replaces-frikl-as-national-dishwith-frikl","external_links_name":"\"Norway sticks with fårikål as national dish\""},{"Link":"https://hk.asiatatler.com/dining/7-must-try-omani-foods-and-where-to-find-them","external_links_name":"\"7 Must-Try Omani Foods And Where To Find Them\""},{"Link":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/341045/gulab-jamun-is-now-officially-the-national-dessert-of-pakistan/","external_links_name":"\"Gulab Jamun is now officially the national dessert of Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HTWNDAAAQBAJ&q=papua+new+guinea+%22national+dish%22&pg=PA226","external_links_name":"Ethnic American Cooking: Recipes for Living in a New World"},{"Link":"https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180304-musakhan/","external_links_name":"\"Musakhan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yve-_E5VwGAC&q=falafel+national+dish+palestine&pg=PA378","external_links_name":"It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DuiB5iJ26KcC&q=falafel+national+dish","external_links_name":"In Search of Fatima"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607073905/http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html","external_links_name":"\"Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.perutravelguide.org/ceviche-the-peruvian-national-dish.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023107/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html","external_links_name":"\"Adobo, sinigang, or sisig: What's your pick for the Philippines' national dish?\""},{"Link":"https://cnnphilippines.com/life/leisure/food/2017/06/14/national-dish.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food-and-leisure/2018/07/12/1832621/why-dont-we-have-official-national-dishes","external_links_name":"\"Why don't we have official national dishes?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OBTQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT210","external_links_name":"The Adobo Road Cookbook: A Filipino Food Journey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sNLKs8LO35kC&q=Philippine+Adobo+variation&pg=PA428","external_links_name":"1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgbiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43","external_links_name":"Journey Through the Philippines: An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Food-t-000.html","external_links_name":"\"The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment\""},{"Link":"https://stories.forbestravelguide.com/your-foodie-guide-to-manila","external_links_name":"\"Your Foodie Guide To Manila\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wjwem4/filipino-chefs-are-taking-back-control-of-their-cuisine-v26n3","external_links_name":"\"Filipino Chefs Are Taking Back Control of Their Cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191226152442/https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/","external_links_name":"\"Try These Innovative Sisig Dishes That Might Just Win a National Competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.pepper.ph/try-these-innovative-sisig-dishes-that-might-just-win-a-national-competition/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edabAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"The Way We Ate: 100 Chefs Celebrate a Century at the American Table"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1kWIR605IsEC&pg=PT76","external_links_name":"Australia's Favourite Recipes"},{"Link":"https://www.travelmag.com/articles/unique-foods-philippines/5/","external_links_name":"\"Like A Local: 10 Of The Most Unique Foods Of The Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://www.golisbon.com/food/food.html","external_links_name":"\"PORTUGUESE CUISINE The Food of Portugal\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-algarve","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 foods to try in the Algarve\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9wm5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT71","external_links_name":"The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cRqJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Culture Shock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette"},{"Link":"https://wetravelportugal.com/national-dish-portugal/","external_links_name":"National Dish of Portugal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909090453/http://www.qatarday.com/blog/food/eight-authentic-qatari-food-you-must-try/29066","external_links_name":"\"Eight Authentic Qatari Food You Must Try\""},{"Link":"https://www.qatarday.com/blog/food/eight-authentic-qatari-food-you-must-try/29066","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/09/27/some-call-it-porridge-others-call-it-mush-romanians-call-it-mamaliga/43126c7e-cd90-4e85-b2e0-6d491e4071e3/","external_links_name":"\"Some Call It Porridge, Others Call It Mush, Romanians Call It Mamaliga\""},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/a-guide-to-romanian-cuisine","external_links_name":"\"A guide to Romanian cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140519072752/http://www.vancouversun.com/agrees+open+grills+Romania+national+sausage/9517219/story.html","external_links_name":"\"EU agrees to open its grills to Romania's national sausage\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/agrees+open+grills+Romania+national+sausage/9517219/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1864945067","external_links_name":"1864945067"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jYa3J6xrjt4C&q=shchi+kasha&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings: Oxford Symposium 1983"},{"Link":"http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_pohlebkin/300/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8","external_links_name":"Пироги русские"},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/2231281/lifestyle","external_links_name":"\"Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The New Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pssZAQAAIAAJ&q=cevapcici","external_links_name":"Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe"},{"Link":"http://www.travelserbia.info/serbian-cuisine.php","external_links_name":"\"Serbian cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&pg=PA410","external_links_name":"Food and Culture, 6th ed"},{"Link":"http://www.serbia.com/english/discover-serbia/the-serbian-way/traditional-cuisine/gibanica","external_links_name":"\"Gibanica, a pie like no other\""},{"Link":"http://www.serbia.com/karadordeva-steak-the-invention-of-a-great-serbian-chef/","external_links_name":"\"You are being redirected...\""},{"Link":"http://www.serbia.com/sarma-a-dish-you-never-get-tired-of/","external_links_name":"\"You are being redirected...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614233721/http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473","external_links_name":"\"The quest for Singapore's next national dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnngo.com/singapore/none/hunt-singapores-next-national-dish-630473","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041040/http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice/","external_links_name":"\"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice\""},{"Link":"http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish:-Hainan-chicken-rice/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.slovak-republic.org/food/","external_links_name":"\"National Food\""},{"Link":"https://doodles.google/doodle/slovenia-national-day-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Slovenia National Day 2018 Doodle\""},{"Link":"https://slovenia.si/this-is-slovenia/ajda-koristna-za-ljudi-in-cebele/","external_links_name":"\"Ajda - koristna za ljudi in čebele\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051853/https://www.findeatlocal.com/en/blog/post/buckwheat-dumplings-ajdovi-struklji/","external_links_name":"\"Buckwheat dumplings – Ajdovi štruklji\""},{"Link":"https://www.findeatlocal.com/en/blog/post/buckwheat-dumplings-ajdovi-struklji/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427001158/http://www.slovenia.si/visit/cuisine/modern-culinary-trends/idrijski-zlikrofi-a-true-speciality-of-idrija/","external_links_name":"\"Idrijski žlikrofi – a true speciality of Idrija\""},{"Link":"http://www.slovenia.si/visit/cuisine/modern-culinary-trends/idrijski-zlikrofi-a-true-speciality-of-idrija/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQf1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics"},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/spains-tortilla-de-patatas-is-simply-satisfying/","external_links_name":"\"Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-xpm-2011-06-28-sc-trav-0628-strip-barcelona-20110628-story.html","external_links_name":"\"5 must tastes of Barcelona\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151536/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/octopus-aquaculture-debate/","external_links_name":"\"The world wants to eat more octopus. Is farming them ethical?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/octopus-aquaculture-debate/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.comunitatvalenciana.com/taxonomy/term/25458","external_links_name":"\"Paella, on the way to becoming a World Heritage Site\""},{"Link":"http://mediterraneo.diario16.com/la-paella-valenciana-quiere-patrimonio-la-humanidad","external_links_name":"\"La paella valenciana quiere ser Patrimonio de la Humanidad\""},{"Link":"http://www.go-lanka.com/sri-lanka/food.html","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry\""},{"Link":"https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-suriname-pom/","external_links_name":"\"National Dish of Suriname Pom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220136/http://swedentravelnet.com/sweden-food-amp-drink.html","external_links_name":"\"Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide\""},{"Link":"http://swedentravelnet.com/sweden-food-amp-drink.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023258/https://sweden.se/culture-traditions/the-crayfish-party/","external_links_name":"\"The crayfish party\""},{"Link":"http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Traditions/Celebrating-the-Swedish-way/The-crayfish-party/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4867024.stm","external_links_name":"\"Airlines ban 'foul' Swedish fish\""},{"Link":"http://cederling.multiply.com/recipes/item/3/3","external_links_name":"Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131650/http://cederling.multiply.com/recipes/item/3/3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Forslag/Motioner/Ostkaka-som-Sveriges-nationalr_GS02K378/?text=true","external_links_name":"\"Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt\""},{"Link":"https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/gesellschaft/schweizer-kueche/schweizer-spezialitaeten.html","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland's national dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/europe/03sausage.html","external_links_name":"\"Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-switzerland#:~:text=Rosti%2C%20Valaisanne%2Dstyle,traditionally%20eat%20it%20for%20breakfast.","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 foods to try in Switzerland\""},{"Link":"https://foodperestroika.com/2013/10/15/qurutob-tajikistans-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"Qurutob, Tajikistan's National Dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/nzkpaq/qurutob","external_links_name":"\"Qurutob Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-taiwan-beef-noodle-soup/","external_links_name":"\"National Dish of Taiwan Beef Noodle Soup\""},{"Link":"https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=1995","external_links_name":"\"In Appreciation of Taiwan's 'National Dish'—Braised Pork Ricep\""},{"Link":"https://haydom-friends.org/en/ideas/chipsi-mayai-the-most-famous-national-dish-of-the-tanzanians-here-quite-simply-to-recook/","external_links_name":"\"Chipsi mayai Tanzania's national dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.bangkok.com/thai-food/typical-thai-meals-and-eating-habits.htm","external_links_name":"\"Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/bangkok/restaurants/best-somtum-places-in-bangkok","external_links_name":"\"Best places to eat somtum in Bangkok\""},{"Link":"https://newsday.co.tt/2020/12/24/what-it-takes-to-make-doubles-a-national-dish/","external_links_name":"\"What it takes to make doubles a national dish\""},{"Link":"https://gotourismguides.com/trinidadandtobago/popular-dishes-trinidad-tobago/","external_links_name":"\"Popular Dishes in Trinidad & Tobago\""},{"Link":"https://www.guardian.co.tt/article/bake-and-shark-recipe-6.2.1120373.26209746d6","external_links_name":"\"Bake and Shark Recipe\""},{"Link":"http://www.caribbean-sun.com/reviews/62/Quick+food+made+with+chickpeas+and+curry%3A+Trinidad%5C%27s+national+dish+.html#:~:text=Curry%20sauce%20instead%20of%20ketchup,Indian%20immigrants%20some%20decades%20ago","external_links_name":"\"Quick food made with chickpeas and curry: Trinidad's national dish\""},{"Link":"https://www.winemag.com/recipe/crab-and-dumplings-tobago/","external_links_name":"\"Crab and Dumplings (Tobago)\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/06/04/154297053/the-storied-history-of-a-tunisian-tuna-pastry-called-bric","external_links_name":"\"The Storied History Of A Tunisian Tuna Pastry Called Bric\""},{"Link":"https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99118/pilaf.html","external_links_name":"\"Pilaf\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/pazar/ors/2012/12/16/kuru-fasulyemi-geri-istiyorum","external_links_name":"Kuru fasulyemi geri istiyorum!"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qLqqRy9dFGYC&q=Travels+in+Turkey,+Italy+and+Russia+During+the+Years+1803,+1804,+1805,+and+1806:+With+an+Account+of+Some+of+the+Greek+Islands,+Volume+2","external_links_name":"Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia During the Years 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806: With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands, Volume 2"},{"Link":"https://www.thequint.com/neon/gaziantep-the-little-known-culinary-paradise-of-italy","external_links_name":"\"Gaziantep: The Little Known Culinary Paradise of Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/living/living-front-page/ooh-la-la-over-baklava-777222.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ooh la la over baklava\""},{"Link":"https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/12/4/31/44207/Simit-Turkey-s-National-Bread","external_links_name":"\"Simit: Turkey's National Bread\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2FGFC.2012.12.4.31","external_links_name":"10.1525/GFC.2012.12.4.31"},{"Link":"http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_culinary/300/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89","external_links_name":"Кулинарный словарь от А до Я"},{"Link":"https://www.bestattravel.co.uk/the-edit/abu-dhabi/what-to-eat-drink-in-abu-dhabi/#:~:text=Khuzi,nutmeg%20%E2%80%93%20create%20a%20rich%20flavour","external_links_name":"\"Food & Drink in Abu Dhabi\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7-WcKK01H1cC&q=fish+and+chips+national+dish","external_links_name":"p. 258"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t3ABlXjiIn8C&q=fish+and+chips","external_links_name":"p. 205"},{"Link":"http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/FishChips/","external_links_name":"Fish and Chips"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4goQ9DzRITUC&dq=%22british+national+dish%22+-Cook&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"p. 100"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZRpqNwwwZUC","external_links_name":"Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZRpqNwwwZUC&dq=%22british+national+dish%22+-Cook&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"p. 3"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/may/12/robin-cook-chicken-tikka-multiculturalism","external_links_name":"\"Robin Cook's chicken tikka speech, twelve years later\""},{"Link":"https://www.thespruceeats.com/national-dishes-of-britan-and-ireland-435493","external_links_name":"\"The National Dishes of Britain and Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cornish-pasties-can-t-be-pirated","external_links_name":"\"Cornish pasties can't be pirated\""},{"Link":"https://visitdartmoor.co.uk/history-of-the-devon-cream-tea/","external_links_name":"\"History of the Devon Cream Tea\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2017/06/17/historians-reveal-the-cornish-pasty-was-invented-in-devon-and-now-theres-major-beef-6715434/","external_links_name":"\"Historians reveal the Cornish Pasty was invented in Devon and now there's beef\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://crumpetman.com/crumpet-history","external_links_name":"\"Crumpet Man, the history of crumpets\""},{"Link":"https://madeupinbritain.uk/Custard","external_links_name":"\"Made up in Britain: Custard : Alfred Bird 1837\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Bird&oldid=1212278166","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Bird\""},{"Link":"https://milkandhoneythebakery.com/american-by-association-apple-pie-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"American by Association ⎮ Milk + Honey\""},{"Link":"http://www.europeancuisines.com/Ireland-Irish-Ulster-Fry-Recipe","external_links_name":"\"Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100715175929/http://www.foodmuseum.com/wales.html","external_links_name":"\"Welsh national dish\""},{"Link":"http://www.foodmuseum.com/wales.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pTArDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Recipes for Reminiscence: The Year in Food-Related Memories, Activities and Tastes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KHbgAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Muse of Menus: Stories from Life and Cooking"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YGuf-gWg4YcC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Fading Feast: A Compendium of Disappearing American Regional Foods"},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/will-poutine-become-canadas-national-dish-2012-05-10","external_links_name":"\"Will poutine become Canada's national dish?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 National Dishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dU13X_AM_N8C&pg=PA197","external_links_name":"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=21PMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"The United States and Canada"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/33330800R.nlm.nih.gov","external_links_name":"Eating Without Fears"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/33330800R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n102","external_links_name":"87"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RC_ardtR-IIC&pg=PA637","external_links_name":"The Literary Digest International Book Review"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d3U9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA19-PA42","external_links_name":"Industrial Development and Manufacturers' Record"},{"Link":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114917/2/b11178917.pdf","external_links_name":"Tin Roofs and Palm Trees"},{"Link":"https://www.guampdn.com/story/life/2016/05/18/pucker-up-yigo-celebrates-first-citrus-festival/84468512/","external_links_name":"\"Pucker up: Yigo to celebrate first citrus festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hilarykramer/2013/08/24/spam-is-for-eating-not-deleting/#55f43384b0dc","external_links_name":"\"Spam Is For Eating --- Not Deleting\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2005/mar/10/your-special-island/#","external_links_name":"\"Your Special Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-search-of-puerto-ricos-pork-perfecto-1417810943","external_links_name":"\"Where to Find the Best Roast Pork in Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/05/archives/a-casual-dinner-in-puerto-rico-dining-with-puerto-ricos-governor.html","external_links_name":"\"A 'Casual' Dinner in Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k7qI0Exe3lMC&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Landmark Puerto Rico"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/christmas-dinner-world-countries-pictures-uk-us-japan-norway-europe-turkey-a8691631.html","external_links_name":"\"What Christmas Dinner Looks Like Around The World\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/christmas-dinner-world-countries-pictures-uk-us-japan-norway-europe-turkey-a8691631.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.miaminewtimes.com/restaurants/the-five-best-places-for-mofongo-in-miami-8352194","external_links_name":"\"The Five Best Places for Mofongo in Miami\""},{"Link":"http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/FoodsofPuertoRico.html","external_links_name":"\"Foods of Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130711-on-the-mofongo-trail-in-puerto-rico","external_links_name":"\"On the mofongo trail in Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vZcDYEgRzIIC&pg=PT24","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA769","external_links_name":"The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=27TnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT124","external_links_name":"Fodor's U.S. & British Virgin Islands"},{"Link":"http://www.orexca.com/cuisine_plov.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov\""},{"Link":"http://www.uzbekcuisine.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2528790.htm","external_links_name":"\"Correspondents Report - The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap\""},{"Link":"https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/venezuela/articles/ox-s-eyeballs-and-a-side-of-trout-ice-cream/","external_links_name":"\"The Best and Wackiest Foods to Try in Venezuela\""},{"Link":"https://people.howstuffworks.com/culture-traditions/national-traditions/venezuelan-tradition1.htm","external_links_name":"\"How Venezuelan Traditions Work\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_cRKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49714037","external_links_name":"\"Why Africa should 'stop eating one of its favourite foods'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iE6DAwAAQBAJ&q=%22national+dish%22+zimbabwe&pg=PA177","external_links_name":"Africa Overland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion | Ecoregion | ["1 History","2 Definition and categorization","3 Importance","4 Terrestrial","5 Marine","6 Freshwater","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"] | Ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion
A map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions. The yellow line encloses the ecoregions per the World Wide Fund for Nature.
A map of the bioregions of Canada and the US.
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions. In theory, biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant, within an acceptable range of variation (largely undefined at this point).
Ecoregions are also known as "ecozones" ("ecological zones"), although that term may also refer to biogeographic realms.
Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches. Firstly, no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa. Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible. Secondly, ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges; rather, ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them. Thirdly, most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome. Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers, including physical (plate tectonics, topographic highs), climatic (latitudinal variation, seasonal range) and ocean chemical related (salinity, oxygen levels).
History
The history of the term is somewhat vague, and it had been used in many contexts: forest classifications (Loucks, 1962), biome classifications (Bailey, 1976, 2014), biogeographic classifications (WWF/Global 200 scheme of Olson & Dinerstein, 1998), etc.
The concept of ecoregion applied by Bailey gives more importance to ecological criteria and climate, while the WWF concept gives more importance to biogeography, that is, the distribution of distinct species assemblages.
Definition and categorization
The Ötztal Alps, a mountain range in the central Alps of Europe, are part of the Central Eastern Alps, and can both be termed as ecoregions.
A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park).
An ecoregion is a "recurring pattern of ecosystems associated with characteristic combinations of soil and landform that characterise that region". Omernik (2004) elaborates on this by defining ecoregions as: "areas within which there is spatial coincidence in characteristics of geographical phenomena associated with differences in the quality, health, and integrity of ecosystems". "Characteristics of geographical phenomena" may include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, hydrology, terrestrial and aquatic fauna, and soils, and may or may not include the impacts of human activity (e.g. land use patterns, vegetation changes). There is significant, but not absolute, spatial correlation among these characteristics, making the delineation of ecoregions an imperfect science. Another complication is that environmental conditions across an ecoregion boundary may change very gradually, e.g. the prairie-forest transition in the midwestern United States, making it difficult to identify an exact dividing boundary. Such transition zones are called ecotones.
Ecoregions can be categorized using an algorithmic approach or a holistic, "weight-of-evidence" approach where the importance of various factors may vary. An example of the algorithmic approach is Robert Bailey's work for the U.S. Forest Service, which uses a hierarchical classification that first divides land areas into very large regions based on climatic factors, and subdivides these regions, based first on dominant potential vegetation, and then by geomorphology and soil characteristics. The weight-of-evidence approach is exemplified by James Omernik's work for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, subsequently adopted (with modification) for North America by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation.
The intended purpose of ecoregion delineation may affect the method used. For example, the WWF ecoregions were developed to aid in biodiversity conservation planning, and place a greater emphasis than the Omernik or Bailey systems on floral and faunal differences between regions. The WWF classification defines an ecoregion as:
A large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities that:
(a) Share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics;
(b) Share similar environmental conditions, and;
(c) Interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long-term persistence.
According to WWF, the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes. WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions, and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth.
Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (Olson et al. 2001, BioScience)
Importance
The use of the term ecoregion is an outgrowth of a surge of interest in ecosystems and their functioning. In particular, there is awareness of issues relating to spatial scale in the study and management of landscapes. It is widely recognized that interlinked ecosystems combine to form a whole that is "greater than the sum of its parts". There are many attempts to respond to ecosystems in an integrated way to achieve "multi-functional" landscapes, and various interest groups from agricultural researchers to conservationists are using the "ecoregion" as a unit of analysis.
The "Global 200" is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF as priorities for conservation.
Terrestrial
WWF terrestrial ecoregions
Terrestrial ecoregions are land ecoregions, as distinct from freshwater and marine ecoregions. In this context, terrestrial is used to mean "of land" (soil and rock), rather than the more general sense "of Earth" (which includes land and oceans).
WWF (World Wildlife Fund) ecologists currently divide the land surface of the Earth into eight biogeographical realms containing 867 smaller terrestrial ecoregions (see list). The WWF effort is a synthesis of many previous efforts to define and classify ecoregions.
The eight realms follow the major floral and faunal boundaries, identified by botanists and zoologists, that separate the world's major plant and animal communities. Realm boundaries generally follow continental boundaries, or major barriers to plant and animal distribution, like the Himalayas and the Sahara. The boundaries of ecoregions are often not as decisive or well recognized, and are subject to greater disagreement.
Proportion of forest area by forest area density class and global ecological zone, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization publication The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
Ecoregions are classified by biome type, which are the major global plant communities determined by rainfall and climate. Forests, grasslands (including savanna and shrubland), and deserts (including xeric shrublands) are distinguished by climate (tropical and subtropical vs. temperate and boreal climates) and, for forests, by whether the trees are predominantly conifers (gymnosperms), or whether they are predominantly broadleaf (Angiosperms) and mixed (broadleaf and conifer). Biome types like Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub; tundra; and mangroves host very distinct ecological communities, and are recognized as distinct biome types as well.
Marine
Main article: Marine ecoregion
See also: Large marine ecosystem
View of Earth, taken in 1972 by the Apollo 17 crew. Approximately 71% of Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) consists of ocean
Marine ecoregions are: "Areas of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent systems….In ecological terms, these are strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species." They have been defined by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to aid in conservation activities for marine ecosystems. Forty-three priority marine ecoregions were delineated as part of WWF's Global 200 efforts. The scheme used to designate and classify marine ecoregions is analogous to that used for terrestrial ecoregions. Major habitat types are identified: polar, temperate shelves and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic (trades and westerlies), abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench). These correspond to the terrestrial biomes.
The Global 200 classification of marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions; only the priority conservation areas are listed.
See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions.
In 2007, TNC and WWF refined and expanded this scheme to provide a system of comprehensive near shore (to 200 meters depth) Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW). The 232 individual marine ecoregions are grouped into 62 marine provinces, which in turn group into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins (except for the southern hemisphere temperate oceans, which are based on continents).
Major marine biogeographic realms, analogous to the eight terrestrial biogeographic realms, represent large regions of the ocean basins: Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Australasia, and Southern Ocean.
A similar system of identifying areas of the oceans for conservation purposes is the system of large marine ecosystems (LMEs), developed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Freshwater
See also: List of freshwater ecoregions
The Amazon River in Brazil.
A freshwater ecoregion is a large area encompassing one or more freshwater systems that contains a distinct assemblage of natural freshwater communities and species. The freshwater species, dynamics, and environmental conditions within a given ecoregion are more similar to each other than to those of surrounding ecoregions and together form a conservation unit. Freshwater systems include rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions, which identify biotic communities of the land, and marine ecoregions, which are biotic communities of the oceans.
A map of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, released in 2008, has 426 ecoregions covering virtually the entire non-marine surface of the earth.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large lakes, large river deltas, polar freshwaters, montane freshwaters, temperate coastal rivers, temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands, temperate upland rivers, tropical and subtropical coastal rivers, tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands, tropical and subtropical upland rivers, xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins, and oceanic islands. The freshwater major habitat types reflect groupings of ecoregions with similar biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and are roughly equivalent to biomes for terrestrial systems.
The Global 200, a set of ecoregions identified by WWF whose conservation would achieve the goal of saving a broad diversity of the Earth's ecosystems, includes a number of areas highlighted for their freshwater biodiversity values. The Global 200 preceded Freshwater Ecoregions of the World and incorporated information from regional freshwater ecoregional assessments that had been completed at that time.
See also
Environment portalEcology portalWetlands portal
Crisis ecoregion
Lists of ecoregions
References
^ Loucks, O. L. (1962). A forest classification for the Maritime Provinces. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 25(Part 2), 85-167.
^ Bailey, R. G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States (map). Ogden, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 1:7,500,000.
^ Bailey, R. G. 2002. Ecoregion-based design for sustainability. New York: Springer, .
^ a b Bailey, R. G. 2014. Ecoregions: The Ecosystem Geography of the. Oceans and Continents. 2nd ed., Springer, 180 pp., .
^ Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biol. 12:502–515.
^ Brunckhorst, D. (2000). Bioregional planning: resource management beyond the new millennium. Harwood Academic Publishers: Sydney, Australia.
^ Omernik, J. M. (2004). "Perspectives on the Nature and Definition of Ecological Regions". Environmental Management. 34 Suppl 1 (1): 34 – Supplement 1, pp.27–38. Bibcode:2004EnMan..34S..27O. doi:10.1007/s00267-003-5197-2. PMID 16044553. S2CID 11191859.
^ "Biomes - Conserving Biomes - WWF".
^ The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114.
^ a b Spalding, Mark D.; Fox, Helen E.; Allen, Gerald R.; Davidson, Nick; et al. (2007). "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573–583. 57 (7): 573–583. doi:10.1641/B570707. S2CID 29150840.
^ Olson and Dinerstein 1998 and 2002
^ a b "Marine Ecoregions of the World". World Wide Fund for Nature.
^ Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 26 (s1): 3–10. doi:10.1002/aqc.2681. S2CID 88786689.
^ "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World". WWF.
Bibliography
Sources related to the WWC scheme:
Main papers:
Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience 58:403–414, .
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938, .
Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573–583, .
Africa:
Burgess, N., J.D. Hales, E. Underwood, and E. Dinerstein (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C., .
Thieme, M.L., R. Abell, M.L.J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, B. Lehner, G.G. Teugels, E. Dinerstein, A.K. Toham, N. Burgess & D. Olson. 2005. Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment. Washington DC: WWF, .
Latin America
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. Graham, D.J. et al. (1995). A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC., .
Olson, D. M., E. Dinerstein, G. Cintron, and P. Iolster. 1996. A conservation assessment of mangrove ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Final report for The Ford Foundation. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
Olson, D. M., B. Chernoff, G. Burgess, I. Davidson, P. Canevari, E. Dinerstein, G. Castro, V. Morisset, R. Abell, and E. Toledo. 1997. Freshwater biodiversity of Latin America and the Caribbean: a conservation assessment. Draft report. World Wildlife Fund-U.S., Wetlands International, Biodiversity Support Program, and United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., .
North America
Abell, R.A. et al. (2000). Freshwater Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment Washington, DC: Island Press, .
Ricketts, T.H. et al. 1999. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment. Washington (DC): Island Press, .
Russia and Indo-Pacific
Krever, V., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. and Williams, L. 1994. Conserving Russia's Biological Diversity: an analytical framework and initial investment portfolio. WWF, Switzerland.
Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, .
Others:
Brunckhorst, D. 2000. Bioregional planning: resource management beyond the new millennium. Harwood Academic Publishers: Sydney, Australia.
Busch, D.E. and J.C. Trexler. eds. 2003. Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press. 447 pages.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ecoregions.
WWF WildFinder (interactive on-line map of ecoregions with additional information about animal species)
WWF Map of the ecozones at the Wayback Machine (archived April 10, 2010), Original web page
Activist network cultivating Ecoregions/Bioregions
Sierra Club – ecoregions at the Wayback Machine (archived November 14, 2008), Original web page
World Map of Ecoregions
vteBiogeographic regionalisationsBiomesTerrestrialbiomesPolar/montane
Tundra
Taiga
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Alpine tundra
Temperate
Coniferous forests
Broadleaf and mixed forests
Deciduous forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Tropical and subtropical
Tropical rainforest
Coniferous forests
Moist broadleaf forests
Dry broadleaf forests
Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Dry
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Steppe
Wet
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Riparian
Wetland
Mangrove
Aquaticbiomes
Pond
Littoral
Intertidal
Mangroves
Kelp forests
Coral reefs
Neritic zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone
Hydrothermal vents
Cold seeps
Demersal zone
Other biomes
Endolithic zone
Biogeographic realmsTerrestrial
Afrotropical
Antarctic
Australasian
Holarctic
Indomalayan
Nearctic
Neotropical
Oceanian
Palearctic
Marine
Antarctic/Southern Ocean
Arctic
Central Indo-Pacific
Eastern Indo-Pacific
Temperate Australasia
Temperate Northern Atlantic
Temperate Northern Pacific
Temperate South America
Temperate Southern Africa
Tropical Atlantic
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Western Indo-Pacific
Subdivisions
Biogeographic provinces
Bioregions
Ecoregions
Lists of ecoregions
Global 200 ecoregions
See also
Altitudinal zonation
Ecological land classification
Floristic kingdoms
Vegetation classifications
Zoogeographic regions
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_rainforest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amazon rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_map_of_North_America%27s_bioregions,_improved_from_the_previous.jpg"},{"link_name":"ecologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"geographically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion"},{"link_name":"biogeographic realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm"},{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_(plants)"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_(animals)"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"biogeographic realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm"},{"link_name":"ecotones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"}],"text":"A map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions. The yellow line encloses the ecoregions per the World Wide Fund for Nature.A map of the bioregions of Canada and the US.An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions. In theory, biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant, within an acceptable range of variation (largely undefined at this point).\nEcoregions are also known as \"ecozones\" (\"ecological zones\"), although that term may also refer to biogeographic realms.Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches. Firstly, no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa. Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible. Secondly, ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges; rather, ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them. Thirdly, most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome. Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers, including physical (plate tectonics, topographic highs), climatic (latitudinal variation, seasonal range) and ocean chemical related (salinity, oxygen levels).","title":"Ecoregion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"biogeographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fnG8BAAAQBAJ-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_distribution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fnG8BAAAQBAJ-4"}],"text":"The history of the term is somewhat vague, and it had been used in many contexts: forest classifications (Loucks, 1962), biome classifications (Bailey, 1976, 2014), biogeographic classifications (WWF/Global 200 scheme of Olson & Dinerstein, 1998), etc.[1][2][3][4][5]The concept of ecoregion applied by Bailey gives more importance to ecological criteria and climate, while the WWF concept gives more importance to biogeography, that is, the distribution of distinct species assemblages.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hintere_Schwaerze.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ötztal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps"},{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Central Eastern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG"},{"link_name":"Swiss Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alps"},{"link_name":"National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Park"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"landform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"physiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiography"},{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"ecotones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone"},{"link_name":"algorithmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"Robert Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bailey_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Commission for Environmental Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"WWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrestrial_Ecoregions_of_the_World.jpg"}],"text":"The Ötztal Alps, a mountain range in the central Alps of Europe, are part of the Central Eastern Alps, and can both be termed as ecoregions.A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park).An ecoregion is a \"recurring pattern of ecosystems associated with characteristic combinations of soil and landform that characterise that region\".[6] Omernik (2004) elaborates on this by defining ecoregions as: \"areas within which there is spatial coincidence in characteristics of geographical phenomena associated with differences in the quality, health, and integrity of ecosystems\".[7] \"Characteristics of geographical phenomena\" may include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, hydrology, terrestrial and aquatic fauna, and soils, and may or may not include the impacts of human activity (e.g. land use patterns, vegetation changes). There is significant, but not absolute, spatial correlation among these characteristics, making the delineation of ecoregions an imperfect science. Another complication is that environmental conditions across an ecoregion boundary may change very gradually, e.g. the prairie-forest transition in the midwestern United States, making it difficult to identify an exact dividing boundary. Such transition zones are called ecotones.Ecoregions can be categorized using an algorithmic approach or a holistic, \"weight-of-evidence\" approach where the importance of various factors may vary. An example of the algorithmic approach is Robert Bailey's work for the U.S. Forest Service, which uses a hierarchical classification that first divides land areas into very large regions based on climatic factors, and subdivides these regions, based first on dominant potential vegetation, and then by geomorphology and soil characteristics. The weight-of-evidence approach is exemplified by James Omernik's work for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, subsequently adopted (with modification) for North America by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation.The intended purpose of ecoregion delineation may affect the method used. For example, the WWF ecoregions were developed to aid in biodiversity conservation planning, and place a greater emphasis than the Omernik or Bailey systems on floral and faunal differences between regions. The WWF classification defines an ecoregion as:A large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities that:\n(a) Share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics;\n(b) Share similar environmental conditions, and;\n(c) Interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long-term persistence.According to WWF, the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes. WWF has identified 867 terrestrial ecoregions, and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth.Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (Olson et al. 2001, BioScience)","title":"Definition and categorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural"},{"link_name":"conservationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservationists"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_conservation"}],"text":"The use of the term ecoregion is an outgrowth of a surge of interest in ecosystems and their functioning. In particular, there is awareness of issues relating to spatial scale in the study and management of landscapes. It is widely recognized that interlinked ecosystems combine to form a whole that is \"greater than the sum of its parts\". There are many attempts to respond to ecosystems in an integrated way to achieve \"multi-functional\" landscapes, and various interest groups from agricultural researchers to conservationists are using the \"ecoregion\" as a unit of analysis.The \"Global 200\" is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF as priorities for conservation.","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wwfeco.png"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"ecologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologist"},{"link_name":"biogeographical realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographical_realm"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrestrial_ecoregions_(WWF)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proportion_of_forest_area_by_forest_area_density_class_and_global_ecological_zone,_2015.svg"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"xeric shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer"},{"link_name":"gymnosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"Angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"WWF terrestrial ecoregionsTerrestrial ecoregions are land ecoregions, as distinct from freshwater and marine ecoregions. In this context, terrestrial is used to mean \"of land\" (soil and rock), rather than the more general sense \"of Earth\" (which includes land and oceans).WWF (World Wildlife Fund) ecologists currently divide the land surface of the Earth into eight biogeographical realms containing 867 smaller terrestrial ecoregions (see list). The WWF effort is a synthesis of many previous efforts to define and classify ecoregions.[8]The eight realms follow the major floral and faunal boundaries, identified by botanists and zoologists, that separate the world's major plant and animal communities. Realm boundaries generally follow continental boundaries, or major barriers to plant and animal distribution, like the Himalayas and the Sahara. The boundaries of ecoregions are often not as decisive or well recognized, and are subject to greater disagreement.Proportion of forest area by forest area density class and global ecological zone, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization publication The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief[9]Ecoregions are classified by biome type, which are the major global plant communities determined by rainfall and climate. Forests, grasslands (including savanna and shrubland), and deserts (including xeric shrublands) are distinguished by climate (tropical and subtropical vs. temperate and boreal climates) and, for forests, by whether the trees are predominantly conifers (gymnosperms), or whether they are predominantly broadleaf (Angiosperms) and mixed (broadleaf and conifer). Biome types like Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub; tundra; and mangroves host very distinct ecological communities, and are recognized as distinct biome types[clarification needed] as well.","title":"Terrestrial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Large marine ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollo 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17"},{"link_name":"Earth's surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth#Surface"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"},{"link_name":"Marine ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecoregion"},{"link_name":"species composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_composition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature573-10"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)"},{"link_name":"marine ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystems"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"biomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwildlife1-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldwildlife1-12"},{"link_name":"marine provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_provinces"},{"link_name":"marine realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_realms"},{"link_name":"biogeographic realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Temperate Northern Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Temperate Northern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Tropical Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Western Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Central Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Eastern Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Tropical Eastern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Temperate South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_South_America"},{"link_name":"Temperate Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Temperate Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_Australasia"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature573-10"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"}],"text":"See also: Large marine ecosystemView of Earth, taken in 1972 by the Apollo 17 crew. Approximately 71% of Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) consists of oceanMarine ecoregions are: \"Areas of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent systems….In ecological terms, these are strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species.\"[10] They have been defined by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to aid in conservation activities for marine ecosystems. Forty-three priority marine ecoregions were delineated as part of WWF's Global 200 efforts.[11] The scheme used to designate and classify marine ecoregions is analogous to that used for terrestrial ecoregions. Major habitat types are identified: polar, temperate shelves and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic (trades and westerlies), abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench). These correspond to the terrestrial biomes.The Global 200 classification of marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions; only the priority conservation areas are listed.See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions.[12]In 2007, TNC and WWF refined and expanded this scheme to provide a system of comprehensive near shore (to 200 meters depth) Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW).[12] The 232 individual marine ecoregions are grouped into 62 marine provinces, which in turn group into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins (except for the southern hemisphere temperate oceans, which are based on continents).Major marine biogeographic realms, analogous to the eight terrestrial biogeographic realms, represent large regions of the ocean basins: Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Australasia, and Southern Ocean.[10]A similar system of identifying areas of the oceans for conservation purposes is the system of large marine ecosystems (LMEs), developed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).","title":"Marine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of freshwater ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png"},{"link_name":"Amazon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"}],"text":"See also: List of freshwater ecoregionsThe Amazon River in Brazil.A freshwater ecoregion is a large area encompassing one or more freshwater systems that contains a distinct assemblage of natural freshwater communities and species. The freshwater species, dynamics, and environmental conditions within a given ecoregion are more similar to each other than to those of surrounding ecoregions and together form a conservation unit. Freshwater systems include rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions, which identify biotic communities of the land, and marine ecoregions, which are biotic communities of the oceans.[13]A map of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, released in 2008, has 426 ecoregions covering virtually the entire non-marine surface of the earth.[14]World Wildlife Fund (WWF) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large lakes, large river deltas, polar freshwaters, montane freshwaters, temperate coastal rivers, temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands, temperate upland rivers, tropical and subtropical coastal rivers, tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands, tropical and subtropical upland rivers, xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins, and oceanic islands. The freshwater major habitat types reflect groupings of ecoregions with similar biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and are roughly equivalent to biomes for terrestrial systems.The Global 200, a set of ecoregions identified by WWF whose conservation would achieve the goal of saving a broad diversity of the Earth's ecosystems, includes a number of areas highlighted for their freshwater biodiversity values. The Global 200 preceded Freshwater Ecoregions of the World and incorporated information from regional freshwater ecoregional assessments that had been completed at that time.","title":"Freshwater"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.feow.org/files/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161006104440/http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZjbwAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/957541468270313045/pdf/multi-page.pdf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/137774"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IpDmnEWoA2oC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DRl_RhheUhQC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC"}],"text":"Sources related to the WWC scheme:Main papers:\nAbell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience 58:403–414, [3].\nOlson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938, [4].\nSpalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573–583, [5].\nAfrica:\nBurgess, N., J.D. Hales, E. Underwood, and E. Dinerstein (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C., [6].\nThieme, M.L., R. Abell, M.L.J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, B. Lehner, G.G. Teugels, E. Dinerstein, A.K. Toham, N. Burgess & D. Olson. 2005. Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment. Washington DC: WWF, [7].\nLatin America\nDinerstein, E., Olson, D. Graham, D.J. et al. (1995). A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC., [8].\nOlson, D. M., E. Dinerstein, G. Cintron, and P. Iolster. 1996. A conservation assessment of mangrove ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Final report for The Ford Foundation. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.\nOlson, D. M., B. Chernoff, G. Burgess, I. Davidson, P. Canevari, E. Dinerstein, G. Castro, V. Morisset, R. Abell, and E. Toledo. 1997. Freshwater biodiversity of Latin America and the Caribbean: a conservation assessment. Draft report. World Wildlife Fund-U.S., Wetlands International, Biodiversity Support Program, and United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., [9].\nNorth America\nAbell, R.A. et al. (2000). Freshwater Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment Washington, DC: Island Press, [10].\nRicketts, T.H. et al. 1999. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment. Washington (DC): Island Press, [11].\nRussia and Indo-Pacific\nKrever, V., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. and Williams, L. 1994. Conserving Russia's Biological Diversity: an analytical framework and initial investment portfolio. WWF, Switzerland.\nWikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, [12].Others:Brunckhorst, D. 2000. Bioregional planning: resource management beyond the new millennium. Harwood Academic Publishers: Sydney, Australia.\nBusch, D.E. and J.C. Trexler. eds. 2003. Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary approaches for evaluating ecoregional initiatives. Island Press. 447 pages.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions. The yellow line encloses the ecoregions per the World Wide Fund for Nature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amazon_rainforest.jpg/220px-Amazon_rainforest.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of the bioregions of Canada and the US.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_map_of_North_America%27s_bioregions%2C_improved_from_the_previous.jpg/220px-A_map_of_North_America%27s_bioregions%2C_improved_from_the_previous.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ötztal Alps, a mountain range in the central Alps of Europe, are part of the Central Eastern Alps, and can both be termed as ecoregions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hintere_Schwaerze.jpg/220px-Hintere_Schwaerze.jpg"},{"image_text":"A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG/220px-Swiss_National_Park_131.JPG"},{"image_text":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (Olson et al. 2001, BioScience)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Terrestrial_Ecoregions_of_the_World.jpg/220px-Terrestrial_Ecoregions_of_the_World.jpg"},{"image_text":"WWF terrestrial ecoregions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wwfeco.png/200px-Wwfeco.png"},{"image_text":"Proportion of forest area by forest area density class and global ecological zone, 2015, from Food and Agriculture Organization publication The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Proportion_of_forest_area_by_forest_area_density_class_and_global_ecological_zone%2C_2015.svg/220px-Proportion_of_forest_area_by_forest_area_density_class_and_global_ecological_zone%2C_2015.svg.png"},{"image_text":"View of Earth, taken in 1972 by the Apollo 17 crew. Approximately 71% of Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) consists of ocean","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/170px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amazon River in Brazil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/250px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Ecology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology"},{"title":"Wetlands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wetlands"},{"title":"Crisis ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_ecoregion"},{"title":"Lists of ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions"}] | [{"reference":"Omernik, J. M. (2004). \"Perspectives on the Nature and Definition of Ecological Regions\". Environmental Management. 34 Suppl 1 (1): 34 – Supplement 1, pp.27–38. Bibcode:2004EnMan..34S..27O. doi:10.1007/s00267-003-5197-2. PMID 16044553. S2CID 11191859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnMan..34S..27O","url_text":"2004EnMan..34S..27O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-003-5197-2","url_text":"10.1007/s00267-003-5197-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16044553","url_text":"16044553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11191859","url_text":"11191859"}]},{"reference":"\"Biomes - Conserving Biomes - WWF\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/item1267.html","url_text":"\"Biomes - Conserving Biomes - WWF\""}]},{"reference":"The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en","url_text":"The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8985en","url_text":"10.4060/ca8985en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132707-4","url_text":"978-92-5-132707-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241416114","url_text":"241416114"}]},{"reference":"Spalding, Mark D.; Fox, Helen E.; Allen, Gerald R.; Davidson, Nick; et al. (2007). \"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas\". Bioscience Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573–583. 57 (7): 573–583. doi:10.1641/B570707. S2CID 29150840.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/7/573/238419/Marine-Ecoregions-of-the-World-A#b1","url_text":"\"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570707","url_text":"10.1641/B570707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29150840","url_text":"29150840"}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Ecoregions of the World\". World Wide Fund for Nature.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html","url_text":"\"Marine Ecoregions of the World\""}]},{"reference":"Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (2016). \"The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world\". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 26 (s1): 3–10. doi:10.1002/aqc.2681. S2CID 88786689.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.2681","url_text":"10.1002/aqc.2681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88786689","url_text":"88786689"}]},{"reference":"\"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World\". WWF.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feow.org/","url_text":"\"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature","url_text":"WWF"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mDrhBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fnG8BAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnMan..34S..27O","external_links_name":"2004EnMan..34S..27O"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-003-5197-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00267-003-5197-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16044553","external_links_name":"16044553"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11191859","external_links_name":"11191859"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/item1267.html","external_links_name":"\"Biomes - Conserving Biomes - WWF\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en","external_links_name":"The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8985en","external_links_name":"10.4060/ca8985en"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241416114","external_links_name":"241416114"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/7/573/238419/Marine-Ecoregions-of-the-World-A#b1","external_links_name":"\"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570707","external_links_name":"10.1641/B570707"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29150840","external_links_name":"29150840"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html","external_links_name":"\"Marine Ecoregions of the World\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.2681","external_links_name":"10.1002/aqc.2681"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88786689","external_links_name":"88786689"},{"Link":"http://www.feow.org/","external_links_name":"\"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World\""},{"Link":"http://www.feow.org/files/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104440/http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjbwAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/957541468270313045/pdf/multi-page.pdf","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/137774","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IpDmnEWoA2oC","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DRl_RhheUhQC","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/wildfinder/","external_links_name":"WWF WildFinder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410133216/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/maps/","external_links_name":"WWF Map of the ecozones"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090421221451/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/maps/","external_links_name":"Original web page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191014122218/http://www.planetdrum.org/","external_links_name":"Activist network cultivating Ecoregions/Bioregions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081114082103/http://www.sierraclub.org/ecoregions/","external_links_name":"Sierra Club – ecoregions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961121080835/http://www.sierraclub.org/ecoregions/","external_links_name":"Original web page"},{"Link":"https://databayou.com/world/deserts.html","external_links_name":"World Map of Ecoregions"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542379105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004001232","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluuba | Maluuba | ["1 History","2 Research","2.1 Machine reading comprehension (MRC)","2.2 Dialogue systems","2.3 Reinforcement learning","3 Applications","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Canadian technology company
Maluuba Inc.Maluuba sign at the Waterloo office, 2014Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryArtificial Intelligence, Natural language processingFounded2011 (2011) in Waterloo, OntarioFounderSam PasupalakKaheer SulemanZhiyuan WuJoshua PantonyHeadquartersMontreal, Quebec, CanadaParentMicrosoft CorporationWebsitewww.maluuba.com
Maluuba is a Canadian technology company conducting research in artificial intelligence and language understanding. Founded in 2011, the company was acquired by Microsoft in 2017.
In late March 2016, the company demonstrated a machine reading system capable of answering arbitrary questions about J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Maluuba's natural language understanding technology is used by several consumer electronic brands for over 50 million devices.
History
Maluuba was founded by four undergraduate students from the University of Waterloo, Zhiyuan Wu, Joshua Pantony, Sam Pasupalak and Kaheer Suleman. Their initial proof of concept was a program that allowed users to search for flights using their voice.
In February 2012, the company secured $2 million (~$2.62 million in 2023) in seed funding from Samsung Ventures.
Since 2013, Maluuba has partnered with several companies in the smart phone, smart TV, automotive and IoT space.
In August 2015 Maluuba secured a $9 million (~$11.3 million in 2023) of Series A investment from Nautilus Ventures and Emerllion Capital. Then in December 2015, Maluuba opened an R&D lab in Montreal, Quebec.
By 2016 the company employed more than fifty people, and had published fifteen peer-reviewed research papers focused on language understanding.
On January 13, 2017, Maluuba announced they had been acquired by Microsoft for $140M (~$171 million in 2023). In July 2017, according to the reports, Maluuba closed its Kitchener-Waterloo office and moved employees to its Montreal office.
Research
Maluuba's research centre opened in Montreal, Quebec in December 2015. The lab was advised by Yoshua Bengio (University of Montreal) and Richard Sutton (University of Alberta). Prior to its acquisition by Microsoft, the lab published fifteen peer-reviewed papers. The lab also partnered with local universities: University of Montreal MILA lab and McGill University.
Machine reading comprehension (MRC)
In March 2016, Maluuba demonstrated their machine reading comprehension technology on the MCTest outperforming other word-matching approaches by 8%
Maluuba continued their work on MRC throughout 2016. In June, the company demonstrated a program called EpiReader which outperformed Facebook and Google in machine comprehension tests. Several research teams were able to match Maluuba's results since the paper was released. EpiReader made use of two large datasets, the CNN/Daily Mail dataset released by Google DeepMind, comprising over 300,000 news articles; and the Children's Book Test, posted by Facebook Research, made up of 98 children’s books open sourced under Project Gutenberg.
Following this achievement, the company released two natural language datasets: NewsQA, focused on comprehension and Frames, focused on Dialogue.
Dialogue systems
The company has published research findings into dialogue systems which comprises natural language understanding, state tracking, and natural language generation. Maluuba published a research paper learning dialogue policies with deep reinforcement learning. In 2016, Maluuba also freely released the Frames dataset, which is a large human-generated corpus of conversations.
Reinforcement learning
The company conducts research into reinforcement learning in which intelligent agents are motivated to take actions within a set environment in order to maximize a reward. The research team has also published several papers on scalability.
In June 2017, the Maluuba team was the first to beat the game Ms. Pac-Man for the Atari 2600 system.
Applications
Numerous applications for Maluuba's technology have been proposed in industry with several applications being commercialized.
One of the first applications of Maluuba's natural language technology has been the smartphone assistant. These systems allow users to speak to their phone and get direct results to their question (instead of merely seeing a sea of blue web links that point to possible answers to their question). The company raised $9M (~$11.3 million in 2023) in 2015 to bring their voice assistant technology to automotive and IOT sectors.
See also
Glossary of artificial intelligence
References
^ "Startup tech companies flourishing in Waterloo Region". 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Startup raises millions to get computers to understand dialogue". 20 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
^ "Maluuba.com". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "Maluuba Angel List". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ Greene, Jay (13 January 2017). "Microsoft Acquires Artificial-Intelligence Startup Maluuba". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
^ Knight, Will (28 March 2016). "Software that Reads Harry Potter Might Perform Some Wizardry". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ a b "Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Achievements in Deep Learning" (Press release). Maluuba Inc. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ "Company". Maluuba. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ Lardinois, Frederic (11 September 2016). "Maluuba Wants to Challenge Apple's Siri with Its Do Engine". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ Bader, Daniel (24 September 2013). "LG G2 Review". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ "Machine learning startup Maluuba raises $9 million Series A". BetaKit. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
^ a b "Maluuba Opens Deep Learning R&D Research Lab" (Press release). Maluuba Inc. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ Lowrie, Morgan (21 November 2016). "Why tech giants like Google are investing in Montreal's artificial intelligence research lab". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Heller, Lauren (6 January 2017). "Maluuba team explains why language is the key to making machines intelligent". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "Maluuba + Microsoft: Towards Artificial General Intelligence". Maluuba. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
^ "Maluuba closes Kitchener-Waterloo office, consolidating employees in Montreal". BetaKit. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
^ Trischler, Adam; Ye, Zheng; Yuan, Xingdi; He, Jing; Bachman, Phillip; Suleman, Kaheer (29 March 2016). "A Parallel-Hierarchical Model for Machine Comprehension on Sparse Data". arXiv:1603.08884 .
^ "Maluuba and McGill U to teach common sense to machines". Montreal in Technology. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Trischler, Adam; Ye, Zheng; Yuan, Xingdi; He, Jing; Bachman, Phillip; Suleman, Kaheer (29 March 2016). "A Parallel-Hierarchical Model for Machine Comprehension on Sparse Data". arXiv:1603.08884 .
^ Brokaw, Alex (8 June 2016). "Maluuba is getting machines closer to reading like humans do". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ Hermann, Karl (2015). "Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehend". arXiv:1506.03340 .
^ Hill, Felix; Bordes, Antoine; Chopra, Sumit; Weston, Jason (2015). "The Goldilocks Principle: Reading Children's Books with Explicit Memory Representations". arXiv:1511.02301 .
^ "Maluuba Datasets for Natural Language Research". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You". IEEE Spectrum. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "Publications". Maluuba. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Fatemi, Mehdi (2016). "Policy Networks with Two-Stage Training for Dialogue Systems". Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2016 Conference. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 101–110. arXiv:1606.03152. Bibcode:2016arXiv160603152F.
^ Hsu, Jeremy (December 2016). "Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Suleman, Kaheer; El Asri, Layla (11 October 2016). "How to build smarter chatbots". Venture Beat. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Bachman, Philip; Sordoni, Alessandro; Trischler, Adam (2016). "Towards Information-Seeking Agents". arXiv:1612.02605 .
^ "Decomposing Tasks like Humans: Scaling Reinforcement Learning By Separation of Concerns". Maluuba. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
^ Laroche, Romain; Fatemi, Mehdi; Romoff, Joshua; Harm van Seijen (2017). "Multi-Advisor Reinforcement Learning". arXiv:1704.00756 .
^ Harm van Seijen; Fatemi, Mehdi; Romoff, Joshua; Laroche, Romain; Barnes, Tavian; Tsang, Jeffrey (2017). "Hybrid Reward Architecture for Reinforcement Learning". arXiv:1706.04208 .
^ "Microsoft AI plays a perfect game of Ms Pac-Man (BBC website)". BBC News. 15 June 2017.
^ "Robots to Humans: You Lose. We Just Finally Conquered Ms. Pac-Man (Time website)". 14 June 2017.
^ Lardinois, Frederic (12 September 2012). "Maluuba Wants To Challenge Apple's Siri With Its "Do Engine"". TechCrunch. TechCrunch. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ Maluuba. "Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Advancements in Deep Learning". Market Wired. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
External links
Official website
vteMicrosoft
History
Outline
PeopleFounders
Bill Gates
Paul Allen
Board of directors
Satya Nadella (Chairman and CEO)
John W. Thompson
John W. Stanton
Reid Hoffman
Sandi Peterson
Penny Pritzker
Carlos A. Rodriguez
Charles Scharf
Emma Walmsley
Padmasree Warrior
Senior leadership team
Satya Nadella (CEO)
Chris Capossela (CMO)
Scott Guthrie
Amy Hood (CFO)
Kevin Scott (CTO)
Brad Smith (CLO)
Harry Shum
Phil Spencer
Kathleen Hogan (CPO)
Corporate VPs
Joe Belfiore
Richard Rashid (SVP)
César Cernuda
Panos Panay (CVP)
Employee groups
Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft
Microsoft and unions
ProductsHardware
Azure Kinect
HoloLens
LifeCam
Surface
Hub
Go
Laptop
Laptop Go
Pro
Studio
Duo
Neo
Xbox
Software
365
Clipchamp
Dynamics
Havok
Open source software
Office
Power Platform
Servers
Start
Tay
Visual Studio
Visual Studio Code
Windows
Xbox OS
Programming languages
BASIC
VB.NET
VBA
VBScript
Visual Basic
C#
C/AL a.k.a Navision Attain
F#
MVPL
Power Fx
PowerShell
Transact-SQL
TypeScript
Q#
Visual J#
Visual J++
Web properties
Azure
Bing
Microsoft Learn
Channel 9
Developer Network
TechNet
GitHub
LinkedIn
LinkedIn Learning
MSN
Outlook.com
Store
Translator
CompanyConferences
Build
Ignite
Inspire
MIX
PDC
WinHEC
Divisions
Engineering groups
Mobile
Skype unit
Digital Crimes Unit
Garage
Press
Research
Retail stores
.NET Foundation
Outercurve Foundation
Gaming
Xbox Game Studios
ZeniMax Media
Activision Blizzard
Estates
Microsoft campus
Microsoft Egypt
Microsoft India
Microsoft Japan
Campaigns
"Where do you want to go today?" (1994)
"Champagne" (2002)
"Mojave Experiment" (2006)
"I'm a PC" (2008)
"Scroogled" (2012)
Criticism
Bundling of Microsoft Windows
Clippy
iLoo
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Bob
_NSAKEY
Windows
XP
Vista
10
Litigation
Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft
Apple v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Commission
FTC v. Microsoft
Microsoft v. Lindows
Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft
Microsoft v. Shah
United States v. Microsoft (2001 antitrust case)
Microsoft v. United States (2018 data privacy case)
AcquisitionsCompleted
6Wunderkinder
Access Software
Acompli
Activision Blizzard
acquisition
Altamira Software
AltspaceVR
aQuantive
Azyxxi
The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks
Beam
Bungie
Clipchamp
Colloquis
Compulsion Games
Connectix
Consumers Software
Danger
Double Fine Productions
Farecast
FASA Studio
Fast Search & Transfer
Firefly
Forethought
GIANT Company Software
GitHub
GreenButton
Groove Networks
Havok Group
High Heat Major League Baseball
Hotmail
inXile Entertainment
Jellyfish.com
LinkedIn
LinkExchange
Lionhead Studios
Maluuba
Massive Incorporated
Metaswitch
Mobile Data Labs
Mojang Studios
Ninja Theory
Nokia Devices and Services
npm
Nuance Communications
Obsidian Entertainment
Onfolio
Pando Networks
Perceptive Pixel
Playground Games
PlaceWare
Powerset
Press Play
ProClarity
Rare
Revolution Analytics
RiskIQ
ScreenTonic
Secure Islands
Simplygon
Skype
Sunrise Atelier
SwiftKey
Winternals Software
Teleo
Tellme Networks
Twisted Pixel Games
Undead Labs
Vermeer Technologies
Visio Corporation
Vivaty
VoloMetrix
VXtreme
WebTV Networks
Xamarin
Xandr
AppNexus
Yammer
Yupi
ZeniMax Media
Category
vteVirtual assistantsActive
AliGenie
Alexa
Alice
Bixby
Viv
Braina
Celia
Clova
Google Assistant
Maluuba
Mycroft
Siri
Voice Mate
Watson
WolframAlpha
Xiaoice
Discontinued
BlackBerry Assistant
Cortana
Google Now
M
Microsoft Agent
Microsoft Bob
Microsoft Voice Command
Ms. Dewey
Mya
Office Assistant (Clippy)
S Voice
Speaktoit Assistant
Tafiti
Vlingo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"language understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understanding"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%E2%80%99s_Stone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarryPotter-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maluuba_Inc-8"}],"text":"Maluuba is a Canadian technology company conducting research in artificial intelligence and language understanding. Founded in 2011, the company was acquired by Microsoft in 2017.[6]In late March 2016, the company demonstrated a machine reading system capable of answering arbitrary questions about J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.[7] Maluuba's natural language understanding technology is used by several consumer electronic brands for over 50 million devices.[8]","title":"Maluuba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaluubaLaunch-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maluuba_Inc-8"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RnDPress-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Maluuba was founded by four undergraduate students from the University of Waterloo, Zhiyuan Wu, Joshua Pantony, Sam Pasupalak and Kaheer Suleman.[9] Their initial proof of concept was a program that allowed users to search for flights using their voice.In February 2012, the company secured $2 million (~$2.62 million in 2023) in seed funding from Samsung Ventures.[10]Since 2013, Maluuba has partnered with several companies in the smart phone, smart TV, automotive and IoT space.[11]In August 2015 Maluuba secured a $9 million (~$11.3 million in 2023) of Series A investment from Nautilus Ventures and Emerllion Capital.[12][8] Then in December 2015, Maluuba opened an R&D lab in Montreal, Quebec.[13][14]By 2016 the company employed more than fifty people, and had published fifteen peer-reviewed research papers focused on language understanding.[15]On January 13, 2017, Maluuba announced they had been acquired by Microsoft for $140M (~$171 million in 2023).[16] In July 2017, according to the reports, Maluuba closed its Kitchener-Waterloo office and moved employees to its Montreal office.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RnDPress-13"},{"link_name":"Yoshua Bengio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio"},{"link_name":"Richard Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Sutton"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Maluuba's research centre opened in Montreal, Quebec in December 2015.[13] The lab was advised by Yoshua Bengio (University of Montreal) and Richard Sutton (University of Alberta). Prior to its acquisition by Microsoft, the lab published fifteen peer-reviewed papers.[18] The lab also partnered with local universities: University of Montreal MILA lab and McGill University.[19]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brokaw2016-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"natural language datasets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine_learning_research"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Machine reading comprehension (MRC)","text":"In March 2016, Maluuba demonstrated their machine reading comprehension technology on the MCTest[20] outperforming other word-matching approaches by 8%Maluuba continued their work on MRC throughout 2016. In June, the company demonstrated a program called EpiReader which outperformed Facebook and Google in machine comprehension tests. Several research teams were able to match Maluuba's results since the paper was released.[21] EpiReader made use of two large datasets, the CNN/Daily Mail dataset released by Google DeepMind, comprising over 300,000 news articles; and the Children's Book Test, posted by Facebook Research, made up of 98 children’s books open sourced under Project Gutenberg.[22][23]Following this achievement, the company released two natural language datasets: NewsQA, focused on comprehension and Frames, focused on Dialogue.[24][25]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural language generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_generation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Dialogue systems","text":"The company has published research findings into dialogue systems which comprises natural language understanding, state tracking, and natural language generation.[26] Maluuba published a research paper learning dialogue policies with deep reinforcement learning.[27] In 2016, Maluuba also freely released the Frames dataset, which is a large human-generated corpus of conversations.[28][29]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reinforcement learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ms. Pac-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Pac-Man"},{"link_name":"Atari 2600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_2600"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Reinforcement learning","text":"The company conducts research into reinforcement learning in which intelligent agents are motivated to take actions within a set environment in order to maximize a reward.[30] The research team has also published several papers on scalability.[31][32][33]In June 2017, the Maluuba team was the first to beat the game Ms. Pac-Man for the Atari 2600 system.[34][35]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Numerous applications for Maluuba's technology have been proposed in industry with several applications being commercialized.One of the first applications of Maluuba's natural language technology has been the smartphone assistant. These systems allow users to speak to their phone and get direct results to their question (instead of merely seeing a sea of blue web links that point to possible answers to their question).[36] The company raised $9M (~$11.3 million in 2023) in 2015 to bring their voice assistant technology to automotive and IOT sectors.[37]","title":"Applications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Glossary of artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence"}] | [{"reference":"\"Startup tech companies flourishing in Waterloo Region\". 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/investigates/startup-tech-companies-flourishing-in-waterloo-region-1.980756","url_text":"\"Startup tech companies flourishing in Waterloo Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Startup raises millions to get computers to understand dialogue\". 20 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.therecord.com/news-story/6241824-startup-raises-millions-to-get-computers-to-understand-dialogue/","url_text":"\"Startup raises millions to get computers to understand dialogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba.com\". Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maluuba.com/company/","url_text":"\"Maluuba.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba Angel List\". Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://angel.co/maluuba","url_text":"\"Maluuba Angel List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Globe and Mail\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/microsoft-buys-into-canadas-ai-research-with-purchase-of-maluuba/article33621594/","url_text":"\"Globe and Mail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Jay (13 January 2017). \"Microsoft Acquires Artificial-Intelligence Startup Maluuba\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2017-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-acquires-artificial-intelligence-startup-maluuba-1484338762","url_text":"\"Microsoft Acquires Artificial-Intelligence Startup Maluuba\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Will (28 March 2016). \"Software that Reads Harry Potter Might Perform Some Wizardry\". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601066/software-that-reads-harry-potter-might-perform-some-wizardry/","url_text":"\"Software that Reads Harry Potter Might Perform Some Wizardry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Achievements in Deep Learning\" (Press release). Maluuba Inc. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2089567.htm","url_text":"\"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Achievements in Deep Learning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company\". Maluuba. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maluuba.com/company","url_text":"\"Company\""}]},{"reference":"Lardinois, Frederic (11 September 2016). \"Maluuba Wants to Challenge Apple's Siri with Its Do Engine\". Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/disrupt-maluubas-do-engine-takes-aim-at-siri/","url_text":"\"Maluuba Wants to Challenge Apple's Siri with Its Do Engine\""}]},{"reference":"Bader, Daniel (24 September 2013). \"LG G2 Review\". Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobilesyrup.com/2013/09/24/lg-g2-review/","url_text":"\"LG G2 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Machine learning startup Maluuba raises $9 million Series A\". BetaKit. Retrieved 2017-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://betakit.com/machine-learning-startup-maluuba-raises-9-million-series-a/","url_text":"\"Machine learning startup Maluuba raises $9 million Series A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba Opens Deep Learning R&D Research Lab\" (Press release). Maluuba Inc. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/maluuba-opens-deep-learning-r-d-research-lab-2109811.htm","url_text":"\"Maluuba Opens Deep Learning R&D Research Lab\""}]},{"reference":"Lowrie, Morgan (21 November 2016). \"Why tech giants like Google are investing in Montreal's artificial intelligence research lab\". Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/business/2016/11/21/montreals-artificial-intelligence-research-lab-attracts-major-tech-firms-like-google.html","url_text":"\"Why tech giants like Google are investing in Montreal's artificial intelligence research lab\""}]},{"reference":"Heller, Lauren (6 January 2017). \"Maluuba team explains why language is the key to making machines intelligent\". Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://betakit.com/maluuba-team-explains-why-language-is-the-key-to-making-machines-intelligent/","url_text":"\"Maluuba team explains why language is the key to making machines intelligent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba + Microsoft: Towards Artificial General Intelligence\". Maluuba. Retrieved 2017-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maluuba.com/blog/2017/1/13/maluuba-microsoft","url_text":"\"Maluuba + Microsoft: Towards Artificial General Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba closes Kitchener-Waterloo office, consolidating employees in Montreal\". BetaKit. Retrieved 2017-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://betakit.com/maluuba-closes-kitchener-waterloo-office-consolidating-employees-in-montreal/","url_text":"\"Maluuba closes Kitchener-Waterloo office, consolidating employees in Montreal\""}]},{"reference":"Trischler, Adam; Ye, Zheng; Yuan, Xingdi; He, Jing; Bachman, Phillip; Suleman, Kaheer (29 March 2016). \"A Parallel-Hierarchical Model for Machine Comprehension on Sparse Data\". arXiv:1603.08884 [cs.CL].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08884","url_text":"1603.08884"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","url_text":"cs.CL"}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba and McGill U to teach common sense to machines\". Montreal in Technology. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montrealintechnology.com/maluuba-and-mcgill-u-to-teach-common-sense-to-machines/","url_text":"\"Maluuba and McGill U to teach common sense to machines\""}]},{"reference":"Trischler, Adam; Ye, Zheng; Yuan, Xingdi; He, Jing; Bachman, Phillip; Suleman, Kaheer (29 March 2016). \"A Parallel-Hierarchical Model for Machine Comprehension on Sparse Data\". arXiv:1603.08884 [cs.CL].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08884","url_text":"1603.08884"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","url_text":"cs.CL"}]},{"reference":"Brokaw, Alex (8 June 2016). \"Maluuba is getting machines closer to reading like humans do\". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/8/11876760/maluuba-epireader-machine-learning-comprehension-reading-text","url_text":"\"Maluuba is getting machines closer to reading like humans do\""}]},{"reference":"Hermann, Karl (2015). \"Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehend\". arXiv:1506.03340 [cs.CL].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03340","url_text":"1506.03340"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","url_text":"cs.CL"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Felix; Bordes, Antoine; Chopra, Sumit; Weston, Jason (2015). \"The Goldilocks Principle: Reading Children's Books with Explicit Memory Representations\". arXiv:1511.02301 [cs.CL].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02301","url_text":"1511.02301"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","url_text":"cs.CL"}]},{"reference":"\"Maluuba Datasets for Natural Language Research\". Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://datasets.maluuba.com/","url_text":"\"Maluuba Datasets for Natural Language Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\". IEEE Spectrum. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/deep-learning-startup-maluubas-ai-wants-to-talk-to-you/","url_text":"\"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publications\". Maluuba. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maluuba.com/publications","url_text":"\"Publications\""}]},{"reference":"Fatemi, Mehdi (2016). \"Policy Networks with Two-Stage Training for Dialogue Systems\". Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2016 Conference. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 101–110. arXiv:1606.03152. Bibcode:2016arXiv160603152F.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03152","url_text":"1606.03152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160603152F","url_text":"2016arXiv160603152F"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, Jeremy (December 2016). \"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/deep-learning-startup-maluubas-ai-wants-to-talk-to-you","url_text":"\"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\""}]},{"reference":"Suleman, Kaheer; El Asri, Layla (11 October 2016). \"How to build smarter chatbots\". Venture Beat. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/11/how-to-build-smarter-chatbots/","url_text":"\"How to build smarter chatbots\""}]},{"reference":"Bachman, Philip; Sordoni, Alessandro; Trischler, Adam (2016). \"Towards Information-Seeking Agents\". arXiv:1612.02605 [cs.LG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.02605","url_text":"1612.02605"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","url_text":"cs.LG"}]},{"reference":"\"Decomposing Tasks like Humans: Scaling Reinforcement Learning By Separation of Concerns\". Maluuba. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maluuba.com/blog/2016/12/9/improving-scalability-of-reinforcement-learning-by-separation-of-concerns","url_text":"\"Decomposing Tasks like Humans: Scaling Reinforcement Learning By Separation of Concerns\""}]},{"reference":"Laroche, Romain; Fatemi, Mehdi; Romoff, Joshua; Harm van Seijen (2017). \"Multi-Advisor Reinforcement Learning\". arXiv:1704.00756 [cs.LG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00756","url_text":"1704.00756"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","url_text":"cs.LG"}]},{"reference":"Harm van Seijen; Fatemi, Mehdi; Romoff, Joshua; Laroche, Romain; Barnes, Tavian; Tsang, Jeffrey (2017). \"Hybrid Reward Architecture for Reinforcement Learning\". arXiv:1706.04208 [cs.LG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.04208","url_text":"1706.04208"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","url_text":"cs.LG"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft AI plays a perfect game of Ms Pac-Man (BBC website)\". BBC News. 15 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40287270","url_text":"\"Microsoft AI plays a perfect game of Ms Pac-Man (BBC website)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robots to Humans: You Lose. We Just Finally Conquered Ms. Pac-Man (Time website)\". 14 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4819067/microsoft-pac-man-maluuba/","url_text":"\"Robots to Humans: You Lose. We Just Finally Conquered Ms. Pac-Man (Time website)\""}]},{"reference":"Lardinois, Frederic (12 September 2012). \"Maluuba Wants To Challenge Apple's Siri With Its \"Do Engine\"\". TechCrunch. TechCrunch. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/disrupt-maluubas-do-engine-takes-aim-at-siri/","url_text":"\"Maluuba Wants To Challenge Apple's Siri With Its \"Do Engine\"\""}]},{"reference":"Maluuba. \"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Advancements in Deep Learning\". Market Wired. Retrieved 31 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2089567.htm","url_text":"\"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Advancements in Deep Learning\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/","external_links_name":"www.maluuba.com"},{"Link":"http://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/investigates/startup-tech-companies-flourishing-in-waterloo-region-1.980756","external_links_name":"\"Startup tech companies flourishing in Waterloo Region\""},{"Link":"http://www.therecord.com/news-story/6241824-startup-raises-millions-to-get-computers-to-understand-dialogue/","external_links_name":"\"Startup raises millions to get computers to understand dialogue\""},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/company/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba.com\""},{"Link":"https://angel.co/maluuba","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Angel List\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/microsoft-buys-into-canadas-ai-research-with-purchase-of-maluuba/article33621594/","external_links_name":"\"Globe and Mail\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-acquires-artificial-intelligence-startup-maluuba-1484338762","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Acquires Artificial-Intelligence Startup Maluuba\""},{"Link":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601066/software-that-reads-harry-potter-might-perform-some-wizardry/","external_links_name":"\"Software that Reads Harry Potter Might Perform Some Wizardry\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2089567.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Achievements in Deep Learning\""},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/company","external_links_name":"\"Company\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/disrupt-maluubas-do-engine-takes-aim-at-siri/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Wants to Challenge Apple's Siri with Its Do Engine\""},{"Link":"http://mobilesyrup.com/2013/09/24/lg-g2-review/","external_links_name":"\"LG G2 Review\""},{"Link":"https://betakit.com/machine-learning-startup-maluuba-raises-9-million-series-a/","external_links_name":"\"Machine learning startup Maluuba raises $9 million Series A\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/maluuba-opens-deep-learning-r-d-research-lab-2109811.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Opens Deep Learning R&D Research Lab\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/business/2016/11/21/montreals-artificial-intelligence-research-lab-attracts-major-tech-firms-like-google.html","external_links_name":"\"Why tech giants like Google are investing in Montreal's artificial intelligence research lab\""},{"Link":"http://betakit.com/maluuba-team-explains-why-language-is-the-key-to-making-machines-intelligent/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba team explains why language is the key to making machines intelligent\""},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/blog/2017/1/13/maluuba-microsoft","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba + Microsoft: Towards Artificial General Intelligence\""},{"Link":"https://betakit.com/maluuba-closes-kitchener-waterloo-office-consolidating-employees-in-montreal/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba closes Kitchener-Waterloo office, consolidating employees in Montreal\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08884","external_links_name":"1603.08884"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","external_links_name":"cs.CL"},{"Link":"http://www.montrealintechnology.com/maluuba-and-mcgill-u-to-teach-common-sense-to-machines/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba and McGill U to teach common sense to machines\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08884","external_links_name":"1603.08884"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","external_links_name":"cs.CL"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/8/11876760/maluuba-epireader-machine-learning-comprehension-reading-text","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba is getting machines closer to reading like humans do\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03340","external_links_name":"1506.03340"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","external_links_name":"cs.CL"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02301","external_links_name":"1511.02301"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL","external_links_name":"cs.CL"},{"Link":"http://datasets.maluuba.com/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Datasets for Natural Language Research\""},{"Link":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/deep-learning-startup-maluubas-ai-wants-to-talk-to-you/","external_links_name":"\"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\""},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/publications","external_links_name":"\"Publications\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03152","external_links_name":"1606.03152"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160603152F","external_links_name":"2016arXiv160603152F"},{"Link":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/deep-learning-startup-maluubas-ai-wants-to-talk-to-you","external_links_name":"\"Deep Learning Startup Maluuba's AI Wants to Talk to You\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/11/how-to-build-smarter-chatbots/","external_links_name":"\"How to build smarter chatbots\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.02605","external_links_name":"1612.02605"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","external_links_name":"cs.LG"},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/blog/2016/12/9/improving-scalability-of-reinforcement-learning-by-separation-of-concerns","external_links_name":"\"Decomposing Tasks like Humans: Scaling Reinforcement Learning By Separation of Concerns\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00756","external_links_name":"1704.00756"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","external_links_name":"cs.LG"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.04208","external_links_name":"1706.04208"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","external_links_name":"cs.LG"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40287270","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft AI plays a perfect game of Ms Pac-Man (BBC website)\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4819067/microsoft-pac-man-maluuba/","external_links_name":"\"Robots to Humans: You Lose. We Just Finally Conquered Ms. Pac-Man (Time website)\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/disrupt-maluubas-do-engine-takes-aim-at-siri/","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Wants To Challenge Apple's Siri With Its \"Do Engine\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2089567.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maluuba Closes $9 Million in Series A Financing to Further Advancements in Deep Learning\""},{"Link":"http://www.maluuba.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%27zelle_Champagne | Mam'zelle Champagne | ["1 The play","2 The murder","3 Footnotes","4 Bibliography"] | Mam'zelle Champagne was a musical revue set in Paris with book by Edgar Allan Woolf, music by Cassius Freeborn, produced by Henry Pincus, which opened June 25, 1906. On opening night at the outdoor Madison Square Garden Roof Theatre, millionaire playboy Harry K. Thaw shot and killed architect Stanford White: the otherwise undistinguished musical's run continued for some 60 performances largely on the publicity from this incident.
The play
Directed by Lionel Lawrence, Mamzelle Champagne was Maude Fulton’s Broadway debut. Viola de Costa, Eddie Fowler, Harry Short and Arthur Stanford were also in the cast. When the show was revived for four performances at the Berkeley Lyceum Theatre in October 1906, the cast included May Yohe and Robert O'Connor.
Mamzelle Champagne had been originally written for the 1903 Varsity Show by Woolf and Freeborn when they were students at Columbia University. Its original title was "The Mischief Maker". Theater critic and historian Burns Mantle later cited a letter he received from Woolf which read, “Mamzelle Champagne was my Columbia varsity show, and was transported by a manager, Henry Pincus, to the open Madison Square Roof with a professional cast. Of course, when the college boys played it, with such lines as 'I'm a good girl—you can't insult me,' every line was a howl, but spoken by actresses the howls were missing.”
The murder
Stanford White was known to have seduced Thaw's wife, showgirl Evelyn Nesbit. During the opening-night performance of Mam'zelle Champagne, audience members noticed Thaw repeatedly glaring at White. Thaw eventually got up, crossed over to White's seat and shot him point-blank while the show onstage was in the midst of a number titled "I Could Love a Million Girls". It has never been established whether the subject matter of this particular song was a factor in prompting Thaw to take action at that particular moment.
The murder is central to the plot of E.L. Doctorow's 1975 historical novel Ragtime, and in the 1981 movie veteran actor Donald O'Connor sings "I Could Love a Million Girls". The song "I Could Love a Million Girls" is also featured in The Simpsons episode 7G10: "Homer's Night Out".
Footnotes
^ a b Mantle and Sherwood, The Best Plays of 1899-1909, pp. 515-516.
^ The Broadway League. "Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information". ibdb.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Bordman, Gerald (1978). American Musical Theater: A Chronicle. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-513074-4.
Bibliography
Baatz, Simon, The Girl on the Velvet Swing: Sex, Murder, and Madness at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Little, Brown, 2018) ISBN 978-0316396653
“Mamzelle Champagne”, Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com)
Mantle, Burns, and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., The Best Plays of 1899-1909, (Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company), 1944.
“The Stage and Its Players: This Week's Offerings,” New York Times, Jun. 24, 1906, p. X6.
“Thaw Murders Stanford White. Shoots Him on the Madison Square Garden Roof. About Evelyn Nesbit. “He Ruined My Life”, Witness Says He Said. Audience in a Panic. Chairs and Tables are Overturned in a Wild Scramble for the Exits,” New York Times, Jun. 26, 1906, p. 1.
The Varsity Show Website | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mam'zelle Champagne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maude Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Fulton"},{"link_name":"May Yohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Yohe"},{"link_name":"Robert O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_O%27Connor_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mantle_and_Sherwood-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Varsity Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Show"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Burns Mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_Mantle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Directed by Lionel Lawrence, Mamzelle Champagne was Maude Fulton’s Broadway debut. Viola de Costa, Eddie Fowler, Harry Short and Arthur Stanford were also in the cast. When the show was revived for four performances at the Berkeley Lyceum Theatre in October 1906, the cast included May Yohe and Robert O'Connor.[1][2]Mamzelle Champagne had been originally written for the 1903 Varsity Show by Woolf and Freeborn when they were students at Columbia University. Its original title was \"The Mischief Maker\". Theater critic and historian Burns Mantle later cited a letter he received from Woolf which read, “Mamzelle Champagne was my Columbia varsity show, and was transported by a manager, Henry Pincus, to the open Madison Square Roof with a professional cast. Of course, when the college boys played it, with such lines as 'I'm a good girl—you can't insult me,' every line was a howl, but spoken by actresses the howls were missing.”[3]","title":"The play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evelyn Nesbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Nesbit"},{"link_name":"E.L. Doctorow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.L._Doctorow"},{"link_name":"Ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime_(novel)"},{"link_name":"1981 movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime_(film)"},{"link_name":"Donald O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"}],"text":"Stanford White was known to have seduced Thaw's wife, showgirl Evelyn Nesbit. During the opening-night performance of Mam'zelle Champagne, audience members noticed Thaw repeatedly glaring at White. Thaw eventually got up, crossed over to White's seat and shot him point-blank while the show onstage was in the midst of a number titled \"I Could Love a Million Girls\". It has never been established whether the subject matter of this particular song was a factor in prompting Thaw to take action at that particular moment.The murder is central to the plot of E.L. Doctorow's 1975 historical novel Ragtime, and in the 1981 movie veteran actor Donald O'Connor sings \"I Could Love a Million Girls\". The song \"I Could Love a Million Girls\" is also featured in The Simpsons episode 7G10: \"Homer's Night Out\".","title":"The murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mantle_and_Sherwood_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mantle_and_Sherwood_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=6216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"American Musical Theater: A Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YiBaRas9jTwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-513074-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513074-4"}],"text":"^ a b Mantle and Sherwood, The Best Plays of 1899-1909, pp. 515-516.\n\n^ The Broadway League. \"Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information\". ibdb.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015.\n\n^ Bordman, Gerald (1978). American Musical Theater: A Chronicle. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-513074-4.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0316396653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316396653"},{"link_name":"“Mamzelle Champagne”, Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=6216"},{"link_name":"The Varsity Show Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120218084211/http://www.thevarsityshow.com/morningside/about?pg=2"}],"text":"Baatz, Simon, The Girl on the Velvet Swing: Sex, Murder, and Madness at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Little, Brown, 2018) ISBN 978-0316396653\n“Mamzelle Champagne”, Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com)\nMantle, Burns, and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., The Best Plays of 1899-1909, (Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company), 1944.\n“The Stage and Its Players: This Week's Offerings,” New York Times, Jun. 24, 1906, p. X6.\n“Thaw Murders Stanford White. Shoots Him on the Madison Square Garden Roof. About Evelyn Nesbit. “He Ruined My Life”, Witness Says He Said. Audience in a Panic. Chairs and Tables are Overturned in a Wild Scramble for the Exits,” New York Times, Jun. 26, 1906, p. 1.\nThe Varsity Show Website","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Broadway League. \"Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information\". ibdb.com. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=6216","url_text":"\"Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information\""}]},{"reference":"Bordman, Gerald (1978). American Musical Theater: A Chronicle. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-513074-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YiBaRas9jTwC","url_text":"American Musical Theater: A Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513074-4","url_text":"978-0-19-513074-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=6216","external_links_name":"\"Mamzelle Champagne - IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YiBaRas9jTwC","external_links_name":"American Musical Theater: A Chronicle"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=6216","external_links_name":"“Mamzelle Champagne”, Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120218084211/http://www.thevarsityshow.com/morningside/about?pg=2","external_links_name":"The Varsity Show Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_partner | Partner (business rank) | ["1 Law firms","2 Accounting firms","3 Financial industry","4 References","5 See also"] | "Junior partner" and "Legal partner" redirect here. For the lesser member in a monarchical union, see Personal union. For the type of informal marriage, see Common-law marriage.
A partner in a law firm, accounting firm, consulting firm, or financial firm is a highly ranked position, traditionally indicating co-ownership of a partnership in which the partners were entitled to a share of the profits as "equity partners". The title can also be used in corporate entities where equity is held by shareholders.
Law firms
In law firms, partners are primarily those senior lawyers who are responsible for generating the firm's revenue. The standards for equity partnership vary from firm to firm. Many law firms have a "two-tiered" partnership structure, in which some partners are designated as "salaried partners" or "non-equity" partners, and are allowed to use the "partner" title but do not share in profits. This position is often given to lawyers on track to become equity partners so that they can more easily generate business; it is typically a "probationary" status for associates (or former equity partners who do not generate enough revenue to maintain equity partner status). The distinction between equity and non-equity partners is often internal to the firm and not disclosed to clients, although a typical equity partner could be compensated three times as much as a non-equity partner billing at the same hourly rate. In America, senior lawyers not on track for partnership often use the title "of counsel", whilst their equivalents in Britain use the title "Senior Counsel".
Partner compensation varies considerably. A 2012 survey by Major, Lindsey & Africa found that law firm partners' average annual compensation was $681,000 ($896,000 for equity partners, $335,000 for non-equity partners) and tended to go up based on number of years in the partnership:
5 or fewer years: $399,001
6–10 years: $633,001
11–20 years: $790,001
20+ years: $926,001
Accounting firms
Accounting firms were traditionally established as legal partnerships with partners sharing the profits. Today, the financial and consulting services firms which originated from accounting firms, such as the Big Four accounting firms, retain the title of Partner as a senior position and to indicate a profit-sharing status. To become a partner is considered a significant career milestone.
Based on the role, tradition or local regulations partners may include the
Managing partner/country partner – partner in charge of the day-to-day running of the business
Senior partner – partner of many years of service
Principal – partner who is not a CPA/CA
A modern procedure is to take the role of associate partner before becoming a partner in some consulting services.
Financial industry
Many major investment banks were historically structured as partnerships, and some such as Goldman Sachs maintain a class of "partners" at the top of their corporate hierarchy. In such firms, the "partners" are typically the highest-compensated managing directors as well as more senior executives. The term is also used for senior executives in the private equity industry. In these industries, partners are often compensated millions of dollars per year.
References
^ Barnes, Harrison. "What Law Firm Titles Mean: Of Counsel, Non-Equity Partner, Equity Partner Explained". BCG Attorney Search. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Severson, Dana. "The Average Hourly Wage for a Law Firm Partner". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
^ Role: Partner
^ Associate Partner Responsibilities
^ Dumon, Marv. "How To Make $1 Million In Finance". Investopedia. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
See also
Up or out | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Common-law marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-law_marriage"},{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"consulting firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulting_firm"},{"link_name":"financial firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"equity partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_partner"},{"link_name":"corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"shareholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder"}],"text":"\"Junior partner\" and \"Legal partner\" redirect here. For the lesser member in a monarchical union, see Personal union. For the type of informal marriage, see Common-law marriage.A partner in a law firm, accounting firm, consulting firm, or financial firm is a highly ranked position, traditionally indicating co-ownership of a partnership in which the partners were entitled to a share of the profits as \"equity partners\". The title can also be used in corporate entities where equity is held by shareholders.","title":"Partner (business rank)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_lawyer"},{"link_name":"of counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_counsel"},{"link_name":"Senior Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Major, Lindsey & Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major,_Lindsey_%26_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In law firms, partners are primarily those senior lawyers who are responsible for generating the firm's revenue. The standards for equity partnership vary from firm to firm. Many law firms have a \"two-tiered\" partnership structure, in which some partners are designated as \"salaried partners\" or \"non-equity\" partners, and are allowed to use the \"partner\" title but do not share in profits. This position is often given to lawyers on track to become equity partners so that they can more easily generate business; it is typically a \"probationary\" status for associates (or former equity partners who do not generate enough revenue to maintain equity partner status). The distinction between equity and non-equity partners is often internal to the firm and not disclosed to clients, although a typical equity partner could be compensated three times as much as a non-equity partner billing at the same hourly rate. In America, senior lawyers not on track for partnership often use the title \"of counsel\", whilst their equivalents in Britain use the title \"Senior Counsel\".[1]Partner compensation varies considerably. A 2012 survey by Major, Lindsey & Africa found that law firm partners' average annual compensation was $681,000 ($896,000 for equity partners, $335,000 for non-equity partners) and tended to go up based on number of years in the partnership:[2]5 or fewer years: $399,001\n6–10 years: $633,001\n11–20 years: $790,001\n20+ years: $926,001","title":"Law firms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accounting firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_services_networks"},{"link_name":"legal partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"Big Four accounting firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_accounting_firms"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Accounting firms were traditionally established as legal partnerships with partners sharing the profits. Today, the financial and consulting services firms which originated from accounting firms, such as the Big Four accounting firms, retain the title of Partner as a senior position and to indicate a profit-sharing status. To become a partner is considered a significant career milestone.[3]Based on the role, tradition or local regulations partners may include theManaging partner/country partner – partner in charge of the day-to-day running of the business\nSenior partner – partner of many years of service\nPrincipal – partner who is not a CPA/CAA modern procedure is to take the role of associate partner before becoming a partner in some consulting services.[4]","title":"Accounting firms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bank"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"managing directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_director"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Many major investment banks were historically structured as partnerships, and some such as Goldman Sachs maintain a class of \"partners\" at the top of their corporate hierarchy. In such firms, the \"partners\" are typically the highest-compensated managing directors as well as more senior executives.[citation needed] The term is also used for senior executives in the private equity industry. In these industries, partners are often compensated millions of dollars per year.[5]","title":"Financial industry"}] | [] | [{"title":"Up or out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_or_out"}] | [{"reference":"Barnes, Harrison. \"What Law Firm Titles Mean: Of Counsel, Non-Equity Partner, Equity Partner Explained\". BCG Attorney Search. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bcgsearch.com/article/900042747/What-Law-Firm-Titles-Mean-Of-Counsel-Non-Equity-Partner-Equity-Partner-Explained/","url_text":"\"What Law Firm Titles Mean: Of Counsel, Non-Equity Partner, Equity Partner Explained\""}]},{"reference":"Severson, Dana. \"The Average Hourly Wage for a Law Firm Partner\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://work.chron.com/average-hourly-wage-law-firm-partner-11856.html","url_text":"\"The Average Hourly Wage for a Law Firm Partner\""}]},{"reference":"Dumon, Marv. \"How To Make $1 Million In Finance\". Investopedia. Retrieved 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financialcareers/08/make-million.asp","url_text":"\"How To Make $1 Million In Finance\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bcgsearch.com/article/900042747/What-Law-Firm-Titles-Mean-Of-Counsel-Non-Equity-Partner-Equity-Partner-Explained/","external_links_name":"\"What Law Firm Titles Mean: Of Counsel, Non-Equity Partner, Equity Partner Explained\""},{"Link":"http://work.chron.com/average-hourly-wage-law-firm-partner-11856.html","external_links_name":"\"The Average Hourly Wage for a Law Firm Partner\""},{"Link":"https://yourfuture.accaglobal.com/global/en/your-career/sectors-industries-roles/partner.html","external_links_name":"Role: Partner"},{"Link":"https://www.bestsampleresume.com/job-descriptions/associate/associate-partner.html#:~:text=Associate%20partner%20works%20under%20the,enhancing%20the%20business%20and%20profits.","external_links_name":"Associate Partner Responsibilities"},{"Link":"http://www.investopedia.com/articles/financialcareers/08/make-million.asp","external_links_name":"\"How To Make $1 Million In Finance\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry | Science and Industry Museum | ["1 History","2 Exhibitions","2.1 Computing and communications","2.2 Locomotives","3 Former galleries","3.1 Some past exhibitions","4 Railway","5 Industrial machines","6 Adjacent St John's Quarter","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°28′37″N 2°15′20″W / 53.47694°N 2.25556°W / 53.47694; -2.25556Museum in Manchester, England
Science and Industry MuseumEntrance structure reflecting its science/industrial themesLocation within Greater ManchesterEstablished15 September 1983LocationLiverpool Road, Manchester, EnglandCoordinates53°28′37″N 2°15′20″W / 53.47694°N 2.25556°W / 53.47694; -2.25556TypeScience museumVisitors556,523 (2019)Public transit accessMetroshuttle – Green RouteWebsitescienceandindustrymuseum.org.ukScience Museum Group
National Railway Museum
Locomotion Museum
Science & Media
Science & Industry
Science Museum
Dana Research Centre and Library
National Collections Centre
Oddfellows Hall, the first home of the museum
Exterior of the museum's Air and Space Hall
A kamikaze Ohka aircraft in exhibition
The Science and Industry Museum in Manchester, England, traces the development of science, technology and industry with emphasis on the city's achievements in these fields. The museum is part of the Science Museum Group, a non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, having merged with the National Science Museum in 2012.
There are extensive displays on the theme of transport (cars, railway locomotives and rolling stock), power (water, electricity, steam and gas engines), Manchester's sewerage and sanitation, textiles, communications and computing.
The museum is an Anchor Point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage and is on the site of the world's first passenger railway station – Manchester Liverpool Road – which opened as part of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1830. The railway station frontage and 1830 warehouse are both Grade I listed.
History
The museum was called the North Western Museum of Science and Industry when it opened in 1969 in temporary premises on Grosvenor Street in Chorlton-on-Medlock. It had close ties with the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology, having mostly grown out of the Department of History of Science & Technology, and UMIST's Richard L. Hills was the museum's first lecturer in charge.
In 1978, Greater Manchester Council purchased the earliest part of the former Liverpool Road station from British Rail, which had been closed in 1975. The council paid the nominal sum of £1 for the site. The museum opened at this site on 15 September 1983 and later expanded to include the whole of the former station.
Since 2007 the museum has organised an annual science festival in Manchester.
In 2014, it was announced Sally MacDonald would become the director. MacDonald left her role as head of collections at University College London and succeeded Jean Franczyk as director.
In July 2021, the permanent closure of the Air and Space Hall was announced. A spokeswoman has also said that the objects displayed would be returned to their original owners, and the objects owned by the museum, would be displayed in future exhibits. The collection was dispersed over the winter of 2021–22.
Exhibitions
Exhibits at the Science and Industry Museum include:
Computing and communications
A replica of the Manchester Baby
A Connected Earth gallery that tells the history of communications in Manchester and the North West of England opened in October 2007.
Locomotives
NS 1505 Ariadne outside the museum
Ericsson's Novelty – A replica incorporating parts from the original locomotive of 1829
British Rail Class 77 No. 27001, liveried as Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) No. 1505, Ariadne – A 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1953
South African Railways GL class Garratt No. 2352 – Built in 1929 by Beyer, Peacock & Company, Manchester
Pakistan Railways 4–4–0 No. 3157 (broad gauge) Originally built for North Western Railway of India by Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows (around 1911–1914).
Former galleries
Previous permanent exhibition galleries which have now been decommissioned include:
Electricity Gallery - generation, distribution and use of electricity
Gas Gallery - past to present look at the gas industry
Underground Manchester - sanitation and water supply
A space-themed gallery, with exhibits encompassing historical space flight, space science and also science-fiction, formerly took up the majority of the upper balcony of the Air and Space hall. This was eventually considered outdated and removed in its entirety.
Some past exhibitions
Body Worlds 4 between 22 February and 29 June 2008
LMR 57 Lion Britain's oldest steamable locomotive (in the Museum of Liverpool since 2007)
Stephenson's Rocket – from 25 September 2018 to 8 September 2019
Railway
9 Planet replica 2-2-0
Until 2018, demonstration passenger trains ran within the museum grounds on selected dates. Trains were hauled by the museum's two operational steam locomotives:
Planet – A replica of Robert Stephenson & Company's Planet class locomotive, built by the Friends of the Museum of Science and Industry in 1992. The original locomotive was constructed in 1830 and hauled trains on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
Agecroft No. 1 – An 0–4–0 saddle tank built by Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns in 1948 for use at Agecroft Power Station. Restored to working order in 2011.
The museum's railway line was connected to the national rail network near Ordsall Lane Junction. However, construction by Network Rail of the Ordsall Chord railway link, which was completed in 2017, severed this connection and significantly shortened the museum's running line despite a legal battle to save it.
As of 2019, railway operations at the museum were suspended indefinitely.
Industrial machines
The last steam engine ever built to power a mill
Spinning machine
The museum exhibits the large collection of stationary steam engines, hot air engines, diesel engines, hydraulic pumps, large electric generators and other similar machines. Most of these machines are operational and occasionally can be seen running. This exhibit includes the last stationary steam engine built to power a mill.
There is also the exhibit of spinning and weaving machines, covering all the steps from wool to textile. These machines are run for a few minutes at scheduled times.
Adjacent St John's Quarter
Main article: St John's Quarter
The museum is adjacent to a £1 billion redevelopment area on the former site of Granada Studios. Work on the area, which will be known as St John's Quarter, is expected to be completed by 2022. The Manchester International Festival's new Factory venue opened alongside the MSI in 2023 as part of the redevelopment.
The MSI have been granted planning permission to build a new Special Exhibition Gallery on the ground floor of the New Warehouse. Architectural firm Carmody Groarke won a competition to design the new gallery which is set to be complete by October 2020.
In July 2016 the council stated that, along with development partner Allied London, they had been in talks with the MSI "exploring how the presence of Factory opens up new possibilities for revitalising the whole area below Deansgate as a creative hub, with a joined up and extensive public realm. MSI's own developments plans are being aligned with this creative vision and the museum itself will become part of the creative public realm, with MSI's creative science offer balancing the creative and cultural production of Factory."
See also
Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester
List of museums in Greater Manchester
List of transport museums
List of aerospace museums
References
^ "ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions". alva.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ "Manchester's MOSI and London's Science Museum to merge". BBC News. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ "History of the Museum — MOSI". Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
^ Yakub, Qureshi (May 2014). "Respected curator named as new boss of Museum of Science and Industry". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
^ "Air and Space Hall". Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
^ "Science and Industry Museum to leave Grade II-listed Manchester hall". BBC News. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
^ "Ex-Manchester airframes spread far and wide". Aeroplane. 50/3 (587). Key Publishing: 10–11. March 2022.
^ MOSI. "BODY WORLDS 4: The Original Exhibition of Real Human Bodies". Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
^ "Stephenson's Rocket returns". Science and Industry Museum. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
^ ITV report (27 October 2014). "£1bn vision for former ITV site revealed". Granada Reports. Manchester. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ a b Manchester City Council (July 2016). Executive meeting: 16. Updated Draft St Johns Strategic regeneration framework and Factory Manchester (Report). Manchester City Council. p. 11. Retrieved 23 July 2016. Pdf.
^ Brown, Mark (20 June 2023). "Manchester arts venue Factory International renamed after Aviva". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ "Science and Industry Museum Special Exhibition Gallery update". Science and Industry Museum. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
Further reading
Hills, Richard L. (2018). The Seven Ages of One Man: or, how one man started the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. Gloucester: Choir Press. ISBN 9781911589679.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Science and Industry Museum in Manchester.
Official Website
Aeroflight List of Aero collection
Entry in 24 Hour Museum
vteMuseums and galleries in Greater ManchesterArt
Bury Art Museum
Castlefield Gallery
Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art
Cornerhouse
HOME
The Lowry
Manchester Art Gallery
Gallery Oldham
Salford Museum and Art Gallery
Touchstones Rochdale
Whitworth Art Gallery
Historic house
Bramall Hall
Clayton Hall
Dunham Massey
Elizabeth Gaskell's House
Haigh Hall
Hall i' th' Wood
Heaton Hall
Ordsall Hall
Smithills Hall
Staircase House
Wythenshawe Hall
Local history / culture
Bolton Museum
Museum of Wigan Life
Park Bridge Heritage Centre
Portland Basin Museum
Rochdale Pioneers Museum
Saddleworth Museum
Military and war
Fusilier Museum
Imperial War Museum North
Museum of the Manchester Regiment
Stockport Air Raid Shelters
Natural history
Manchester Museum
Science, engineering,transportation
Bolton Steam Museum
Bury Transport Museum
Ellenroad Engine House
Heaton Park Tramway
Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester
Science & Industry Museum
Trencherfield Mill Steam Engine
Specialized
Astley Green Colliery Museum
British Muslim Heritage Centre
Gallery of Costume
Hat Works
Manchester Jewish Museum
Manchester United Museum
National Football Museum
Pankhurst Centre
People's History Museum
Police Museum
See also
List of museums in Greater Manchester
List of public art in Greater Manchester
vteBritish aviation museumsEnglandnorth
Avro Heritage Museum
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre
Science and Industry Museum (Manchester)
North East Land, Sea and Air Museums
Real Aeroplane Company
Solway Aviation Museum
South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum
Yorkshire Air Museum
east
City of Norwich Aviation Museum
de Havilland Aircraft Museum
Imperial War Museum Duxford
list
Kent Battle of Britain Museum
Lashenden Air Warfare Museum
Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum
Royal Air Force Museum London
list
Science Museum, London
Shuttleworth Collection
Shoreham Aircraft Museum
The 453rd Bombardment Group Museum
south
Army Flying Museum
Boscombe Down Aviation Collection
Bournemouth Aviation Museum
Brooklands Museum
Farnborough Air Sciences Trust
Gatwick Aviation Museum
Gliding Heritage Centre
Jet Age Museum
Museum of Berkshire Aviation
RAF Manston History Museum
Solent Sky
Tangmere Military Aviation Museum
The Helicopter Museum
Wings Museum
west
Aerospace Bristol
Flambards Theme Park
Fleet Air Arm Museum
Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Bristol
central
East Midlands Aeropark
Midland Air Museum
Newark Air Museum
Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Derby and Hucknall
Royal Air Force Museum Midlands
list
Sywell Aviation Museum
Wellesbourne Wartime Museum
Scotland
Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
Morayvia
National Museum of Flight
Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Scotland
Northern Ireland
Ulster Aviation Society
Ulster Folk and Transport Museums
Isle of Man
Manx Aviation and Military Museum
Wales
South Wales Aviation Museum
Caernarfon Airworld Aviation Museum
vte Department for Culture, Media and SportHeadquarters: 100 Parliament StreetMinistersSecretary of State
Lucy Frazer
Minister of State
Minister of State for Media, Tourism and Creative Industries: Julia Lopez
Under-Secretariesof State
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Sport, Gambling and Civil Society: Stuart Andrew
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts and Heritage: The Lord Parkinson of Whitley Bay
Non-ministerialdepartments
Charity Commission
The National Archives
Non-departmentalpublic bodiesAdvisory
Advisory Council on National Records and Archives
Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest
Theatres Trust
Treasure Valuation Committee
Executive
Arts Council England
Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games
British Film Institute
Gambling Commission
Historic England
Horserace Betting Levy Board
Information Commissioner's Office
National Heritage Memorial Fund
National Lottery Community Fund
Sport England
Sports Grounds Safety Authority
UK Anti-Doping
UK Sport
VisitBritain
VisitEngland
Museums
British Library
British Museum
Horniman Museum
Museum of the Home
Imperial War Museums
National Gallery
National Museums Liverpool
National Portrait Gallery
Natural History Museum
Royal Armouries
Royal Museums Greenwich
Science Museum Group
Sir John Soane's Museum
Tate
Victoria and Albert Museum
Wallace Collection
TribunalHorserace Betting Levy Appeal TribunalOther bodies
BBC
BBC Board
Channel Four Television Corporation
Churches Conservation Trust
Historic Royal Palaces
Ofcom
Phone-paid Services Authority
S4C
S4C Authority
National Citizen Service
The Royal Parks
Category
vteBuildings and structures in Manchester, EnglandSkyscrapers (over 100 metres)
Deansgate Square South Tower (201m)
Beetham Tower (169m)
Deansgate Square East Tower (158m)
The Blade (154m)
Three60 (154m)
Elizabeth Tower (153m)
Deansgate Square West Tower (141m)
Viadux (136m)
Deansgate Square North Tower (122m)
CIS Tower (118m)
Affinity Living Circle Square (116m)
Oxygen Towers (110m)
Angel Gardens (108m)
City Tower (107m)
Bridgewater Heights (106m)
High-rises (over 50 metres)
Artisan Heights (95m)
Axis Tower (93m)
1 Spinningfields (92m)
River Street Tower (92m)
Arndale House (90m)
Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower (87m)
Cambridge Street Block A (83m)
One Regent (82m)
Civil Justice Centre (81m)
Manchester One (80m)
1 Circle Square (76m)
3 Hardman Street (75m)
Great Northern Tower (72m)
One Angel Square (72m)
3 St Peter's Square (72m)
The Gate, Angel Meadow (68m)
The Light House (67m)
Victoria Residence (67m)
The Principal Manchester (66m)
Victoria Mill (65m)
Albert Bridge House (64m)
111 Piccadilly (64m)
Islington Wharf (64m)
The Slate Yard Flint Building (64m)
Skyline Central (63m)
The Peninsula (63m)
Cambridge Street Block B (63m)
No. 1 Deansgate (62m)
Owens Park Tower (61m)
Brooklyn Hotel (61m)
One Castle Wharf (61m)
Manchester Business School Hotel (60m)
St James's Buildings (60m)
2 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Piccadilly Place (60m)
Chancery Place (60m)
The Lume (60m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2 (60m)
One St Peter's Square (59m)
Two St Peter's Square (59m)
Landmark, St. Peter's Square (59m)
2 Circle Square (59m)
Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square (59m)
Lowry House (58m)
Minshull Street Courts (57m)
UNITE Tower (57m)
Cornbrook Works Tower 1 (57m)
Ramada Renaissance Hotel (56m)
Parkway Gate Block 1 (56m)
Royal Exchange Theatre (55m)
1 New York Street (55m)
St James's House (55m)
Bank Chambers (55m)
Vita Circle Square Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 2 (54m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3 (54m)
No. 1 Marsden Street (53m)
The Stile, Angel Meadow (53m)
82 King Street (52m)
Oxygen Tower 2 (52m)
Vox Tower 1 (51m)
Kampus Tower 3 (51m)
New Century House (50m)
Hexagon Tower (50m)
Parkway Gate Block 2 (50m)
Notable low-rises(city centre or Grade II* listed)
1 The Avenue
1–3 York Street
25 St Ann Street
38 and 42 Mosley Street
46–48 Brown Street
50 Newton Street
53 King Street
84 Plymouth Grove
100 King Street
Afflecks
Alan Turing Building
Albert Hall
Ancoats Hospital
Arkwright House
Athenaeum
Baguley Hall
Bank Chambers
Barlow Hall
Barton Arcade
Central Library
Chetham's Library
Chips
Clayton Hall
Corn Exchange
County Court
Daily Express
Dalton-Ellis Hall
Didsbury Campus
Estate Exchange
Former Bank of England
Free Trade Hall
Gateway House
Old Granada Studios
The Green Building
Grove House
The Haçienda
Hanover Building
Heaton Hall
Holyoake House
Hough End Hall
Hulme Hall
Hulme Hippodrome
Institute of Biotechnology
John Rylands Library
John Rylands University Library
Kendals
Lawrence Buildings
Law Library
Lincoln House
London Road Fire Station
Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Museum
Mechanics' Institute
Memorial Hall
Midland Hotel
Minshull Street Crown Courts
Science and Industry Museum
National Graphene Institute
Nicholls Building
Odeon Cinema
Old Wellington Inn
One Piccadilly Gardens
Pankhurst Centre
People's History Museum
Police Museum
Portico Library
Playhouse Theatre
Redfern Building
Reform Club
Rose Hill
Royal Eye Hospital
Rylands Building
Sackville Street Building
Sharston Hall
Ship Canal House
Slade Hall
Smithfield Market Hall
St Anselm Hall
Saint Mary's Hospital
St Michael's
Strangeways
Sunlight House
Theatre Royal
Toast Rack
The Towers
Transport Museum
Urbis
Uttley House
Victoria Baths
Whitworth Art Gallery
Whitworth Building
Wythenshawe Bus Garage
Wythenshawe Hall
Mills and warehouses
107 Piccadilly
1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station
Albion Mill
Asia House
Beehive Mill
Bridgewater House
Brownsfield Mill
Brunswick Mill
Canada House
Chorlton New Mills
Churchgate House
Dale Street Warehouse
Havelock Mills
India House
Jackson's Warehouse
Lancaster House
McConnel & Kennedy Mills
Murrays' Mills
Old Mill
Piccadilly Mill
Royal Mill
Shudehill Mill
Watts Warehouse
Religious(Grade I or II* listed)
British Muslim Heritage Centre
Brookfield Church
Castlefield Chapel
Christ Church
Cross Street Chapel
Holy Name of Jesus
Edgar Wood Centre
Gorton Monastery
Holy Trinity Platt Church
The Hidden Gem (Church of St Mary)
Jewish Museum
Manchester Cathedral
Manchester Reform Synagogue
St Ann's
St Chrysostom's Church
Church of St Cross
St George
St James
St John
St Mary (Hulme)
Church of St Michael
St Nicholas
St Peter
Upper Brook Street Chapel
St Wilfrid
Transportation
Manchester Airport
Airport station
Deansgate station
Piccadilly station
Victoria station
Oxford Road station
Piccadilly bus station
Shudehill Interchange
Entertainment
O2 Apollo
Arndale Centre
Bridgewater Hall
Castlefield Bowl
Central
Co-op Live
Contact Theatre
Cornerhouse
The Factory
Great Northern Warehouse
HOME
Palace Theatre
Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre
Opera House
The Printworks
Manchester Arena
Manchester Academy
O2 Ritz
Royal Exchange Theatre
Victoria Warehouse
Sports venues
Aquatics Centre
Belle Vue Stadium
Broadhurst Park
National Cycling Centre (BMX Arena, Velodrome)
Etihad Campus
City of Manchester Stadium
Manchester City Academy Stadium
Manchester Regional Arena
National Speedway Stadium
National Squash Centre
Memorials and sculptures
Alan Turing Memorial
Albert Memorial
B of the Bang
The Glade of Light
Cenotaph
Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
Peacock Mausoleum
Victory Over Blindness
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Corporation Street Bridge
Hulme Arch Bridge
Irwell Railway bridge
Palatine Bridge
Store Street Aqueduct
Trinity Bridge
Victoria Bridge
Architecture
Castles
Churches
Grade I listed
Grade II* listed
Grade II listed
Mills
Monuments
Tallest
Warehouses
Italics denote building under construction
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:97_Grosvenor_Road,_Manchester.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_and_Space_Hall_MOSI.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamikaze-ManchesterMSI.jpg"},{"link_name":"kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Ohka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohka"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Science Museum Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_Group"},{"link_name":"non-departmental public body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body"},{"link_name":"Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"National Science Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_power"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"gas engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_engine"},{"link_name":"sewerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"sanitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"European Route of Industrial Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Manchester Liverpool Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Liverpool & Manchester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_%26_Manchester_Railway"},{"link_name":"1830 warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_warehouse,_Liverpool_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"}],"text":"Museum in Manchester, EnglandOddfellows Hall, the first home of the museumExterior of the museum's Air and Space HallA kamikaze Ohka aircraft in exhibitionThe Science and Industry Museum in Manchester, England, traces the development of science, technology and industry with emphasis on the city's achievements in these fields. The museum is part of the Science Museum Group, a non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, having merged with the National Science Museum in 2012.[2]There are extensive displays on the theme of transport (cars, railway locomotives and rolling stock), power (water, electricity, steam and gas engines), Manchester's sewerage and sanitation, textiles, communications and computing.The museum is an Anchor Point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage and is on the site of the world's first passenger railway station – Manchester Liverpool Road – which opened as part of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1830. The railway station frontage and 1830 warehouse are both Grade I listed.","title":"Science and Industry Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chorlton-on-Medlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_%26_Technology"},{"link_name":"Richard L. Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Hills"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Council"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Road station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"science festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Science_Festival"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The museum was called the North Western Museum of Science and Industry when it opened in 1969 in temporary premises on Grosvenor Street in Chorlton-on-Medlock. It had close ties with the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology, having mostly grown out of the Department of History of Science & Technology, and UMIST's Richard L. Hills was the museum's first lecturer in charge.In 1978, Greater Manchester Council purchased the earliest part of the former Liverpool Road station from British Rail, which had been closed in 1975. The council paid the nominal sum of £1 for the site. The museum opened at this site on 15 September 1983 and later expanded to include the whole of the former station.[3]Since 2007 the museum has organised an annual science festival in Manchester.In 2014, it was announced Sally MacDonald would become the director. MacDonald left her role as head of collections at University College London and succeeded Jean Franczyk as director.[4]In July 2021, the permanent closure of the Air and Space Hall was announced. A spokeswoman has also said that the objects displayed would be returned to their original owners, and the objects owned by the museum, would be displayed in future exhibits.[5][6] The collection was dispersed over the winter of 2021–22.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Exhibits at the Science and Industry Museum include:","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Baby"},{"link_name":"Connected Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_Earth"}],"sub_title":"Computing and communications","text":"A replica of the Manchester Baby\nA Connected Earth gallery that tells the history of communications in Manchester and the North West of England opened in October 2007.","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1505_(E27001)_Ariadne.jpg"},{"link_name":"NS 1505 Ariadne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_77"},{"link_name":"Ericsson's Novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"British Rail Class 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_77"},{"link_name":"Nederlandse Spoorwegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen"},{"link_name":"electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan-Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers"},{"link_name":"South African Railways GL class Garratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Railways_GL_class_Garratt"},{"link_name":"Beyer, Peacock & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Railways"},{"link_name":"North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Foundry"}],"sub_title":"Locomotives","text":"NS 1505 Ariadne outside the museumEricsson's Novelty – A replica incorporating parts from the original locomotive of 1829\nBritish Rail Class 77 No. 27001, liveried as Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) No. 1505, Ariadne – A 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1953\nSouth African Railways GL class Garratt No. 2352 – Built in 1929 by Beyer, Peacock & Company, Manchester\nPakistan Railways 4–4–0 No. 3157 (broad gauge) Originally built for North Western Railway of India by Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows (around 1911–1914).","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Previous permanent exhibition galleries which have now been decommissioned include:Electricity Gallery - generation, distribution and use of electricity\nGas Gallery - past to present look at the gas industry\nUnderground Manchester - sanitation and water supply\nA space-themed gallery, with exhibits encompassing historical space flight, space science and also science-fiction, formerly took up the majority of the upper balcony of the Air and Space hall. This was eventually considered outdated and removed in its entirety.","title":"Former galleries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Body Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Worlds"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodyworks-8"},{"link_name":"LMR 57 Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMR_57_Lion"},{"link_name":"Museum of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Stephenson's Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Some past exhibitions","text":"Body Worlds 4 between 22 February and 29 June 2008[8]\nLMR 57 Lion Britain's oldest steamable locomotive (in the Museum of Liverpool since 2007)\nStephenson's Rocket – from 25 September 2018 to 8 September 2019[9]","title":"Former galleries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9_Planet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_%26_Hawthorns"},{"link_name":"Agecroft Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agecroft_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Network Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail"},{"link_name":"Ordsall Chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordsall_Chord"}],"text":"9 Planet replica 2-2-0Until 2018, demonstration passenger trains ran within the museum grounds on selected dates. Trains were hauled by the museum's two operational steam locomotives:Planet – A replica of Robert Stephenson & Company's Planet class locomotive, built by the Friends of the Museum of Science and Industry in 1992. The original locomotive was constructed in 1830 and hauled trains on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.\nAgecroft No. 1 – An 0–4–0 saddle tank built by Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns in 1948 for use at Agecroft Power Station. Restored to working order in 2011.The museum's railway line was connected to the national rail network near Ordsall Lane Junction. However, construction by Network Rail of the Ordsall Chord railway link, which was completed in 2017, severed this connection and significantly shortened the museum's running line despite a legal battle to save it.As of 2019, railway operations at the museum were suspended indefinitely.","title":"Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MOSI_Galloway_5424.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_spinning_frame_MOSI_Textile_Hall_6412.JPG"},{"link_name":"hot air engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_engine"},{"link_name":"hydraulic pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pump"}],"text":"The last steam engine ever built to power a millSpinning machineThe museum exhibits the large collection of stationary steam engines, hot air engines, diesel engines, hydraulic pumps, large electric generators and other similar machines. Most of these machines are operational and occasionally can be seen running. This exhibit includes the last stationary steam engine built to power a mill.There is also the exhibit of spinning and weaving machines, covering all the steps from wool to textile. These machines are run for a few minutes at scheduled times.","title":"Industrial machines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Studios"},{"link_name":"St John's Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Quarter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granada_271014-10"},{"link_name":"Manchester International Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival"},{"link_name":"Factory venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Factory_(Manchester)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCC_Exec270716-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Allied London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_London"},{"link_name":"Deansgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deansgate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCC_Exec270716-11"}],"text":"The museum is adjacent to a £1 billion redevelopment area on the former site of Granada Studios. Work on the area, which will be known as St John's Quarter, is expected to be completed by 2022.[10] The Manchester International Festival's new Factory venue opened alongside the MSI in 2023 as part of the redevelopment.[11][12]The MSI have been granted planning permission to build a new Special Exhibition Gallery on the ground floor of the New Warehouse. Architectural firm Carmody Groarke won a competition to design the new gallery which is set to be complete by October 2020.[13]In July 2016 the council stated that, along with development partner Allied London, they had been in talks with the MSI \"exploring how the presence of Factory opens up new possibilities for revitalising the whole area below Deansgate as a creative hub, with a joined up and extensive public realm. MSI's own developments plans are being aligned with this creative vision and the museum itself will become part of the creative public realm, with MSI's creative science offer balancing the creative and cultural production of Factory.\"[11]","title":"Adjacent St John's Quarter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781911589679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911589679"}],"text":"Hills, Richard L. (2018). The Seven Ages of One Man: or, how one man started the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. Gloucester: Choir Press. ISBN 9781911589679.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Oddfellows Hall, the first home of the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/97_Grosvenor_Road%2C_Manchester.jpg/220px-97_Grosvenor_Road%2C_Manchester.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exterior of the museum's Air and Space Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Air_and_Space_Hall_MOSI.JPG/220px-Air_and_Space_Hall_MOSI.JPG"},{"image_text":"A kamikaze Ohka aircraft in exhibition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kamikaze-ManchesterMSI.jpg/220px-Kamikaze-ManchesterMSI.jpg"},{"image_text":"NS 1505 Ariadne outside the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1505_%28E27001%29_Ariadne.jpg/220px-1505_%28E27001%29_Ariadne.jpg"},{"image_text":"9 Planet replica 2-2-0","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/9_Planet.jpg/220px-9_Planet.jpg"},{"image_text":"The last steam engine ever built to power a mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MOSI_Galloway_5424.JPG/220px-MOSI_Galloway_5424.JPG"},{"image_text":"Spinning machine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ring_spinning_frame_MOSI_Textile_Hall_6412.JPG/220px-Ring_spinning_frame_MOSI_Textile_Hall_6412.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Transport,_Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"List of museums in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greater_Manchester"},{"title":"List of transport museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transport_museums"},{"title":"List of aerospace museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aerospace_museums"}] | [{"reference":"\"ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions\". alva.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423","url_text":"\"ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester's MOSI and London's Science Museum to merge\". BBC News. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16010873","url_text":"\"Manchester's MOSI and London's Science Museum to merge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Museum — MOSI\". Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031020337/http://www.mosi.org.uk/about-us/history-of-the-museum","url_text":"\"History of the Museum — MOSI\""},{"url":"http://www.mosi.org.uk/about-us/history-of-the-museum","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yakub, Qureshi (May 2014). \"Respected curator named as new boss of Museum of Science and Industry\". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 1 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/mosi-sally-macdonald-take-over-7056173","url_text":"\"Respected curator named as new boss of Museum of Science and Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air and Space Hall\". Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/we-are-changing/air-and-space-hall","url_text":"\"Air and Space Hall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210714073827/https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/we-are-changing/air-and-space-hall","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Science and Industry Museum to leave Grade II-listed Manchester hall\". BBC News. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-57822997","url_text":"\"Science and Industry Museum to leave Grade II-listed Manchester hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Manchester airframes spread far and wide\". Aeroplane. 50/3 (587). Key Publishing: 10–11. March 2022.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MOSI. \"BODY WORLDS 4: The Original Exhibition of Real Human Bodies\". Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117001934/http://www.mosi.org.uk/what%27s-on/body-worlds","url_text":"\"BODY WORLDS 4: The Original Exhibition of Real Human Bodies\""},{"url":"http://www.mosi.org.uk/what's-on/body-worlds","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephenson's Rocket returns\". Science and Industry Museum. Retrieved 8 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whats-on/stephensons-rocket","url_text":"\"Stephenson's Rocket returns\""}]},{"reference":"ITV report (27 October 2014). \"£1bn vision for former ITV site revealed\". Granada Reports. Manchester. Retrieved 23 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2014-10-27/1bn-vision-for-former-itv-site-revealed/","url_text":"\"£1bn vision for former ITV site revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Reports","url_text":"Granada Reports"}]},{"reference":"Manchester City Council (July 2016). Executive meeting: 16. Updated Draft St Johns Strategic regeneration framework and Factory Manchester (Report). Manchester City Council. p. 11. Retrieved 23 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council","url_text":"Manchester City Council"},{"url":"http://www.manchester.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/2619/executive","url_text":"Executive meeting: 16. Updated Draft St Johns Strategic regeneration framework and Factory Manchester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Council","url_text":"Manchester City Council"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (20 June 2023). \"Manchester arts venue Factory International renamed after Aviva\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/20/manchester-arts-venue-factory-international-renamed-after-aviva","url_text":"\"Manchester arts venue Factory International renamed after Aviva\""}]},{"reference":"\"Science and Industry Museum Special Exhibition Gallery update\". Science and Industry Museum. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/press-office/seg-update","url_text":"\"Science and Industry Museum Special Exhibition Gallery update\""}]},{"reference":"Hills, Richard L. (2018). The Seven Ages of One Man: or, how one man started the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. Gloucester: Choir Press. ISBN 9781911589679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911589679","url_text":"9781911589679"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Science_and_Industry_Museum¶ms=53_28_37_N_2_15_20_W_region:GB-MAN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°28′37″N 2°15′20″W / 53.47694°N 2.25556°W / 53.47694; -2.25556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Science_and_Industry_Museum¶ms=53_28_37_N_2_15_20_W_region:GB-MAN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°28′37″N 2°15′20″W / 53.47694°N 2.25556°W / 53.47694; -2.25556"},{"Link":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/","external_links_name":"scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423","external_links_name":"\"ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16010873","external_links_name":"\"Manchester's MOSI and London's Science Museum to merge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031020337/http://www.mosi.org.uk/about-us/history-of-the-museum","external_links_name":"\"History of the Museum — MOSI\""},{"Link":"http://www.mosi.org.uk/about-us/history-of-the-museum","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/mosi-sally-macdonald-take-over-7056173","external_links_name":"\"Respected curator named as new boss of Museum of Science and Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/we-are-changing/air-and-space-hall","external_links_name":"\"Air and Space Hall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210714073827/https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/we-are-changing/air-and-space-hall","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-57822997","external_links_name":"\"Science and Industry Museum to leave Grade II-listed Manchester hall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080117001934/http://www.mosi.org.uk/what%27s-on/body-worlds","external_links_name":"\"BODY WORLDS 4: The Original Exhibition of Real Human Bodies\""},{"Link":"http://www.mosi.org.uk/what's-on/body-worlds","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whats-on/stephensons-rocket","external_links_name":"\"Stephenson's Rocket returns\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2014-10-27/1bn-vision-for-former-itv-site-revealed/","external_links_name":"\"£1bn vision for former ITV site revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchester.gov.uk/meetings/meeting/2619/executive","external_links_name":"Executive meeting: 16. Updated Draft St Johns Strategic regeneration framework and Factory Manchester"},{"Link":"http://www.manchester.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/21265/16_updated_draft_st_johns_strategic_regeneration_framework_and_factory_manchester","external_links_name":"Pdf."},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/20/manchester-arts-venue-factory-international-renamed-after-aviva","external_links_name":"\"Manchester arts venue Factory International renamed after Aviva\""},{"Link":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/press-office/seg-update","external_links_name":"\"Science and Industry Museum Special Exhibition Gallery update\""},{"Link":"https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/museums/main/museum-of-science-and-industry-in-manchester.htm","external_links_name":"Aeroflight"},{"Link":"http://www.culture24.org.uk/nw000070","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086797241","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007570752005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95012584","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaean_name | Mandaean name | ["1 Birth names","2 Malwasha (baptismal names)","3 Matronymic names","4 Patronymic names","5 Surnames","6 See also","7 References"] | Religious personal name given on the occasion of a Mandaean baptism
Part of a series onMandaeism
Prophets
Adam
Seth
Noah
Shem
John the Baptist
Names for adherents
Mandaeans
Sabians
Nasoraeans
Gnostics
Scriptures
Ginza Rabba
Right Ginza
Left Ginza
Mandaean Book of John
Qolasta
Niana
Haran Gawaita
The Wedding of the Great Shishlam
The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa
Diwan Abatur
The Thousand and Twelve Questions
Scroll of Exalted Kingship
The Coronation of the Great Shishlam
Alma Rišaia Rba
Alma Rišaia Zuṭa
Zihrun Raza Kasia
Scroll of the Parwanaya
Book of the Zodiac
Dmut Kušṭa
Scroll of the Rivers
Secrets of the Ancestors
Scroll of the Ancestors
Priests
Rishama
Ganzibra
Tarmida
Shganda
Individual leaders
Miriai
Shlama beth Qidra
Zazai of Gawazta
Anush Bar Danqa
Yahya Bihram
Dakhil Aidan
Jabbar Choheili
Sattar Jabbar Hilo
Najah Choheili
Salah Choheili
Rituals
Masbuta
Masiqta
Tamasha
Rishama
Kushta
Qabin
Misha
Ritual food and drink
Mambuha
Halalta
Hamra
Pihta
Fatira
Zidqa brika
Lofani
Sa
Dukrana
Practices
Belief in Oneness of God
Daily prayer
Baptism
Fasting
Almsgiving
Objects and symbols
Drabsha
Rasta
Burzinqa
Pandama
Klila
Taga
Riha
Skandola
Cosmology
Hayyi Rabbi
World of Light
Mana
Manda
Uthra
Manda d-Hayyi
Yushamin
Abatur
Ptahil
Hibil
Shitil
Anush
Sam Ziwa
Bihram Rabba
Adathan
Yadathan
Shilmai
Nidbai
Yawar Ziwa
Simat Hayyi
Yufin-Yufafin
Nsab
Nbat
Gubran
Shihlun
Urfeil
Marfeil
Saureil
Zihrun
Etinsib Ziwa
Piriawis
Tarwan
Yura
Yurba
Yukashar
Ziwa
Shahrat
Malwasha
Nishimta
Dinanukht
Shishlam
Ezlat
škina
Dmuta
Mshunia Kushta
Adam kasia
Adam pagria
Shatrin
Laufa
Hitfun
Tibil
World of Darkness
Sea of Suf
Siniawis
Matarta
Ruha
Ur
Krun
Gaf
Qin
Zahreil
Anathan
Giu
Shdum
Zartai-Zartanai
Hag
Mag
Festivals
Parwanaya
Dehwa Rabba
Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba
Dehwa Daimana
Dehwa Hanina
Abu al-Haris (Ashoriya)
Ead Fel
Places
Yardena
Beth Manda
Shkinta
Andiruna
Prayers
Asiet Malkia
Rushma
Rahma
Tabahatan
Shumhata
Bshuma
Religion portalvte
Mandaean names can include both birth names (i.e., secular names) and baptismal names (i.e., religious names; also called maṣbuta names or zodiacal names), called malwasha (ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡀ) in Mandaic.
Birth names
Mandaean birth names are secular names that are given at birth and are used by non-Mandaeans to refer to Mandaeans in everyday life.
Malwasha (baptismal names)
In Mandaeism, a baptismal (zodiacal) or masbuta name, also known as malwasha (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡀ, romanized: malwaša, which can also mean 'zodiac'), is a religious name given by a Mandaean priest to a person, as opposed to a birth name.: 81 The baptismal name of a priest reflects his spiritual lineage, with his "spiritual father" being the priest who had initiated him rather than his biological father. Since they are spiritual names that are typically used only within the Mandaean community, Mandaeans may often be reluctant to reveal their baptismal names to non-Mandaeans. As a result, baptismal names are never used as legal names. The malwasha is used to protect a Mandaean from their zodiac sign. This is due to the twelve zodiac constellations being seen as part of the evil spirit Ruha's entourage.
A lay Mandaean's malwasha is linked with the mother's name. For example, Mhattam Yohanna bar Simat (written as Mhatam Yuhana br Simat ࡌࡄࡀࡕࡀࡌ ࡉࡅࡄࡀࡍࡀ ࡁࡓ ࡎࡉࡌࡀࡕ) means "Mhattam Yohanna son of Simat," his mother. When naming a child, the priest takes the zodiac sign of the birth month and calculates the hour of birth sign from the zodiacal circle. The resulting numerical value has the mother's name value subtracted from it. The Book of the Zodiac is consulted to find a Mandaeans malwasha.: 81
For instance, a male child is born at 11 a.m. in Awwal Gita, 1935, on February 4th. His mother's name is Sharat (numerical value 2). The sign for Awwal Gita is Aria. Starting at Aria on the circle but not counting it in, eleven hours gives us Sartana (numerical value 4). Two (for the mother's name) deducted from four, leaves two. The name selected for the child, therefore, is Zahrun, one of the names with a numerical value of two. Thus the infant's full Malwasha is Zahrun bar Sharat, which adds up to four, the number of the Zodiacal sign Sartana.: 81
The colophons of Mandaean texts usually refers to scribes by their malwasha (baptismal) rather than birth names. For example, Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili is referred to in Mandaean texts by his baptismal name Mhatam Yuhana (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡄࡀࡕࡀࡌ ࡉࡅࡄࡀࡍࡀ).
Although rare, a few non-Mandaeans have also been given Mandaean baptismal names in recognition of their contributions to Mandaean society. MS. DC 2, which was copied by Sheikh Negm in 1933, mentions the Mandaean baptismal name of E. S. Drower as Klila beth Šušian ("Wreath, daughter of Susan"), as her middle name Stefana means 'wreath' in Greek. MS. DC 26, a manuscript copied by Sheikh Faraj for Drower in 1936, contains two qmahas (exorcisms). MS. DC 26 is dedicated to Drower's daughter, Margaret ("Peggy"), who is given the Mandaean baptismal name Marganita beth Klila ("Pearl, daughter of Wreath") in the text.
Below are some auspicious malwašia and their associated numerical values as listed in Book 3 of the Sfar Malwašia.: 345
Male names
Ram, Yuhana, Zihan and Mahan, Ram Ziwa, Daimur
Zakia, Zihrun, Bhira, Bihdad, Bainia, Zazai, Hurmizdukt
Yahia, Maimun, Manduia, Sukhiia, Saiwia, ʿQaiam
Bayan, Bulbul, Sku-Yawar, Bulfaraz, Ram-Šilai
Sam Paiiš, Ramuia, Šabur, Sabur, Šad-Manda
Bihram, Šitil, Sarwan, ʿQaiam, Tibit, Zandana, Brik-Yawar, Zakia-Yawar
Mhatam (Mhattam), Bihram, Sandan, Malia
Šaiar, Ziwa, Šadan, Naṭar
Anuš, Hibil, Ruzbia, Samuia, Naṭar
Adam, Baktiar, Baṭia, Zakria
Br-Hiia, Šitlan, Nṣab, Zangia
Gadana, Šitluia
Female names
Hawa, Dihgan, Škinta, Haiuna, Mdinat, Mamuia
Šarat, Samra, Pašta
Šadia, Yasmin, Ruhmaita-Hiia, Daia, Dukta, Handa
Mudalal, Rhima, Mihrizad
Anhar, Kaizariʿil
Mahnuš, Bana, Dinartia, Kumraita
Simat, Murwaria, Buran, Dmut-Hiia
Simat-Hiia, Sindaita, Šahmia
Qinta, Anat-Hiia, Kisna, Rhimat-Hiia
Mamania, Marganita, ʿQaimat, Zadia, Suta
Murwarid, Manu, Qinta, Paiwia
Bibia, Maliha, Nargis, Biṣam
Matronymic names
Lay Mandaeans historically did not have actual family names or surnames, but were rather referred to by the names of their mothers in their malwasha using the prefix bar (written as ࡁࡓ br in the Mandaic script) for a male and beth (written as ࡐࡕ pt in the Mandaic script) for a female, such as Mhattam Yohanna bar Simat and Mahnash beth Simat respectively. Early priests or religious leaders such as Anush bar Danqa and Zazai d-Gawazta bar Hawa used matronymic names, as well as the earliest Mandaean scribe Shlama beth Qidra. Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili's matronymic malwasha is Mhatam Yuhana bar Sharat.
Patronymic names
Modern priests are an exception and named after their fathers if they were also priests. An example name would be Mhatam Zihrun bar Adam ("Mhatam Zihrun, son of Adam"), which is the malwasha baptismal name of Ganzibra Dakhil Aidan (his birth name). Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili's patronymic malwasha is Mhatam Yuhana bar Yahya. Birth or secular names (not malwasha) are also patronymic. An example is Lamia Abbas Amara; Lamia is her given name, while Abbas is her father's name, and Amara is her paternal grandfather's name.
Surnames
Today, Mandaeans are officially registered with surnames that are derived from the names of their clans, such as Choheili (the Persian pronunciation of Kuhailia, a Mandaean clan or extended family).
Historically, some Mandaeans have also been known as Al-Ṣābi’ (Arabic: الصابئ, lit. 'Sabian'), such as Hilal al-Sabi'.
See also
Religion portal
Choheili
Bihram
Christian name
Jewish name
Naming ceremony
Papal name
Religious name
References
^ a b c d e f g Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-621-9.
^ a b c d e Drower, Ethel Stefana. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1937.
^ Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.
^ Gelbert, Carlos (2011). Ginza Rba. Sydney: Living Water Books. ISBN 9780958034630.
^ Drower, Ethel S. (1949). The Book of the Zodiac: Sfar Malwašia. London: Murray.
^ Al Saadi, Qais (2012). Nhura: English-Mandaic/Mandaic-Mandaic Dictionary. First Edition, Drabsha.
vteMandaeismPeople
Mandaeans
Mandaean Americans
Mandaean Australians
Mandaeans in Sweden
Sabians
Nasoraeans
Historical identities
Essenes
Gnostics
PriesthoodTitles
Rishama
Ganzibra
Tarmida
(Shganda)
Individuals
(List of Mandaean priests)
Shlama beth Qidra
Zazai of Gawazta
Anush bar Danqa
Yahya Bihram
Ram Zihrun
Bibia Mudalal
Abdullah Khaffagi
Negm bar Zahroon
Abdullah bar Negm
Abdullah bar Sam
Dakhil Aidan
Jabbar Choheili
Salah Choheili
Najah Choheili
Taleb Doraji
Khaldoon Majid Abdullah
Sattar Jabbar Hilo
Yuhana Nashmi
Brikha Nasoraia
Rafid al-Sabti
Institutions
Mandaean Council of Ahvaz
LiteratureMain texts
Ginza Rabba
Right Ginza
Left Ginza
Mandaean Book of John
PrayersQolasta
Niana
Rushma
Asiet Malkia
Rahma
Tabahatan
Shumhata
Ritual texts
The Wedding of the Great Shishlam
Scroll of the Parwanaya
Scroll of the Great Baptism
Scroll of the Ancestors
Zihrun Raza Kasia
Esoteric texts
The Thousand and Twelve Questions
Scroll of Exalted Kingship
The Coronation of the Great Shishlam
Alma Rišaia Rba
Alma Rišaia Zuṭa
The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa
Scroll of Abatur
Dmut Kušṭa
Secrets of the Ancestors
Scroll of the Rivers
Book of the Zodiac
Historical texts
Haran Gawaita
Apotropaic texts
Incantation bowls
Lead rolls
Cosmology
Tibil
Yardna
World of Light
Hayyi Rabbi
Shkina
Piriawis
Mshunia Kushta
Tarwan
Yasana
Uthras
Yushamin
Abatur
Ptahil
Hibil
Shitil
Anush
Sam Ziwa
Manda d-Hayyi
Shilmai
Nidbai
Adathan and Yadathan
Yufin-Yufafin
Urfeil and Marfeil
Tar and Tarwan
Bihram
Zihrun
Etinsib Ziwa
Nbat
Nsab
Gubran
Shihlun
Yura
Yurba
Yukabar
Yukashar
Yawar Ziwa
Simat Hayyi
Saureil
Concepts
Anana
Gufna
Ziwa
Intermediary realms
Matarta
Hitfun
Shahrat
Shatrin
World of Darkness
Sea of Suf
Siniawis
Mšiha
Demons
Ruha
Ur
Krun
Gaf
Qin
Anathan
Shdum
Giu
Hag and Mag
Zartai-Zartanai
Zahreil
Planets
Shamish (Sun)
Libat (Venus)
Nbu (Mercury)
Sin (Moon)
Kiwan (Saturn)
Bil (Jupiter)
Nirig (Mars)
Important figures
Adam
Seth
Abel
Enosh
Noah
Shem
Miriai
Elizabeth
John the Baptist
Legendary figures
Dinanukht
Shishlam
Ezlat
Concepts
Kushta (truth)
Manda (gnosis)
Laufa (communion)
Dmuta (image)
Nishimta (soul)
Ruha (spirit)
Mana (mind)
Adam Kasia (hidden Adam)
Adam Pagria (bodily Adam)
Objects and symbols
Drabsha (banner)
Misha (oil)
Riha (incense)
Skandola (talisman seal)
Ritual food and drinkDrinks
Mambuha
Halalta
Hamra
Foods
Pihta
Fatira
Sa
Meals
Dukrana
Lofani
Zidqa brika
Clothing
Rasta (robe)
Burzinqa (turban)
Pandama (mouth-veil)
Himiana (girdle)
Margna (staff)
Klila (wreath)
Taga (crown)
Rituals and practices
Masbuta (baptism)
Tamasha (triple ablution)
Rishama (minor ablution)
Masiqta (death mass)
Qabin (wedding)
Brakha (prayer)
Bshuma
Sauma (fasting)
Zidqa (almsgiving)
Naming
Buildings and structures
Mandi
Baghdad Mandi
Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi
Yahya Yuhana Mandi
Shkinta
Andiruna
CalendarFeasts
Dehwa Rabba
Feast of the Great Shishlam
Dehwa Hanina
Abu al-Haris
Parwanaya
Dehwa Daimana
Months
Daula
Nuna
ʿmbra
Taura
Ṣilmia
Sarṭana
Aria
Šumbulta
Qaina
Arqba
Hiṭia
Gadia
Epochs
Adam and Eve
Ram and Rud
Shurbai and Sharhabeil
Noah and Nuraita
Language
Mandaic
Neo-Mandaic
Alphabet
Unicode block
Other topics
Mandaean studies
Category · Outline
vtePersonal names and anthroponymyPersonal name
Birth name
Given name
Surname
Patrilineal/Matrilineal
Affixes
Nobiliary particle
By sequence
First name
Middle name
Last name
By trait
Diminutive
Double-barrelled
Epithet
Animal
Common
Plant
Eponymic
Matronymic
Metonymic
Mononymic
Occupational
Patronymic
Surname
Sobriquet
Teknonymic
Toponymic
Surname
Patrial
Unisex
Virtue
By life situation
Aptronym
Birth name
Code name
Maiden and married names
Necronym
Posthumous name
Temple name
Placeholder name
Notname
Regnal name
Slave name
Pseudonyms (list)
Art name
Bugō
Nicknames
list
Hypocorism
Monarchs
Nom de guerre
Pen name
Heteronym
Ring name
Shikona
Stage name
List
Mononyms
Username
By cultureSurnames by countryEast Asian
Amami
Chinese
Courtesy
Art
Generation
Titles
Japanese
Korean
Manchu
Okinawan
Taiwanese aboriginal
Vietnamese
Northern Asiaand Central Asia
Kalmyk
Mongolian
Sakha
Tibetan
Muslim worldand Western Asia
Afghan
Arabic
Azerbaijani
Bengali
Berber
Coptic
Mandaean
Pakistani
Pashtun
Persian
Sindhi
Somali
Tatar
Turkish
Oceania
Australian Aboriginal
Fijian
Hawaiian
Māori
Sub-Saharan Africa
Ashanti
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Eritrean and Ethiopian
Ewe
Ghanaian
Igbo
Yoruba
Zimbabwean
Europe, North Americaand Australasia
Albanian
Armenian
Ashkenazi Jewish
Basque
Estonian
Finnish
Georgian
Greek
Ancient Greek
Cypriot
Hungarian
Baltic
Latvian
Lithuanian
Celtic
Cornish
Irish
Manx
Scottish
Welsh
Germanic
Dutch
English
American
African-American
Canadian
Hongkongese
German
Gothic
Icelandic
Scandinavian
Swedish
Romance
Catalan
French
Italian
Occitan
Portuguese
Roman
Praenomen
Nomen
Cognomen
Agnomen
Romanian
Spanish
Hispanic America
Slavic
Bulgarian
Croatian
Czech
Eastern Slavic
Belarusian
Russian
Ukrainian
Kashubian
Macedonian
Polish
Serbian
Slovak
Suffixes
Indosphere (South Asiaand Southeast Asia)
Balinese
Bengali
Burmese
Filipino
Indonesian
Chinese
Javanese
Cambodian
Malaysian
Indian
Lao
Pakistani
Sindhi
Sinhalese
Ancient Tamil country
Thai
By religion
Christian name
Biblical name
Papal name
Saint's name
Buddhist surname
Dharma name
Jewish name
Hebrew
Mandaean name
Theophoric name
Manners of addressListof authority/of honourStyles
Honorific
Diplomatic
Imperial, royal, and noble
Judiciary
Religious
Ecclesiastical
Pre-nominal letters
Suffix
Emeritus
Post-nominal letters
Academic
Orders, decorations, and medals
Titles
Academic
Imperial, royal and noble
Chivalric
Courtesy
False
Hereditary
Subsidiary
Substantive
Military
Professional
Academic
Educational
Honorary
Business
Diplomatic
Judicial
Religious
Ecclesiastical
Papal
Related traditions
Baptism
Name day
Calendar of saints
Related
Acronym
Anonymity
Anthropomorphism
Personification
National
Call sign
Deadnaming
Endonym and exonym
Family
Galton–Watson process
Legal name
Name change
List
Given
Surname
Namesake
Naming taboo
Nomenclature
Nomen nescio
Misnomer
Onomastics
-onym
Personal identity
Identifier
Proper name
Signature
Monogram
Royal cypher
Khelrtva
Signum manus
Tughra
Surnames by country
Category:Lists of names | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birth names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name"},{"link_name":"secular names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_name"},{"link_name":"religious names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_name"},{"link_name":"maṣbuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3buta"},{"link_name":"Mandaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaic_language"}],"text":"Mandaean names can include both birth names (i.e., secular names) and baptismal names (i.e., religious names; also called maṣbuta names or zodiacal names), called malwasha (ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡀ) in Mandaic.","title":"Mandaean name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birth names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"}],"text":"Mandaean birth names are secular names that are given at birth and are used by non-Mandaeans to refer to Mandaeans in everyday life.[1]","title":"Birth names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism"},{"link_name":"masbuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masbuta"},{"link_name":"Classical Mandaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language"},{"link_name":"zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"religious name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_name"},{"link_name":"Mandaean priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaean_priest"},{"link_name":"birth name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-2"},{"link_name":"legal names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-2"},{"link_name":"twelve zodiac constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"Ruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-3"},{"link_name":"Book of the Zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-2"},{"link_name":"colophons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Mandaean texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaean_texts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"},{"link_name":"Ganzibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzibra"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Choheili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili"},{"link_name":"Mandaean texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaean_texts"},{"link_name":"Classical Mandaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-4"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drower_Collection"},{"link_name":"Negm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon"},{"link_name":"E. S. Drower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Drower"},{"link_name":"Klila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klila"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Stefana_Drower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"},{"link_name":"Sfar Malwašia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"},{"link_name":"Yuhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhana"},{"link_name":"Zihrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihrun"},{"link_name":"Bihram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihram"},{"link_name":"Šitil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0itil"},{"link_name":"Bihram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihram"},{"link_name":"Ziwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)"},{"link_name":"Anuš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)"},{"link_name":"Hibil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibil"},{"link_name":"Nṣab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%B9%A3ab"},{"link_name":"Škinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kinta"},{"link_name":"Šarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arat"},{"link_name":"Dmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmuta"},{"link_name":"Simat-Hiia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simat-Hiia"}],"text":"In Mandaeism, a baptismal (zodiacal) or masbuta name, also known as malwasha (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡀ, romanized: malwaša, which can also mean 'zodiac'), is a religious name given by a Mandaean priest to a person, as opposed to a birth name.[2]: 81 The baptismal name of a priest reflects his spiritual lineage, with his \"spiritual father\" being the priest who had initiated him rather than his biological father. Since they are spiritual names that are typically used only within the Mandaean community, Mandaeans may often be reluctant to reveal their baptismal names to non-Mandaeans. As a result, baptismal names are never used as legal names.[1] The malwasha is used to protect a Mandaean from their zodiac sign.[2] This is due to the twelve zodiac constellations being seen as part of the evil spirit Ruha's entourage.[3]A lay Mandaean's malwasha is linked with the mother's name. For example, Mhattam Yohanna bar Simat (written as Mhatam Yuhana br Simat ࡌࡄࡀࡕࡀࡌ ࡉࡅࡄࡀࡍࡀ ࡁࡓ ࡎࡉࡌࡀࡕ) means \"Mhattam Yohanna son of Simat,\" his mother. When naming a child, the priest takes the zodiac sign of the birth month and calculates the hour of birth sign from the zodiacal circle. The resulting numerical value has the mother's name value subtracted from it. The Book of the Zodiac is consulted to find a Mandaeans malwasha.[2]: 81For instance, a male child is born at 11 a.m. in Awwal Gita, 1935, on February 4th. His mother's name is Sharat (numerical value 2). The sign for Awwal Gita is Aria. Starting at Aria on the circle but not counting it in, eleven hours gives us Sartana (numerical value 4). Two (for the mother's name) deducted from four, leaves two. The name selected for the child, therefore, is Zahrun, one of the names with a numerical value of two. Thus the infant's full Malwasha is Zahrun bar Sharat, which adds up to four, the number of the Zodiacal sign Sartana.[2]: 81The colophons of Mandaean texts usually refers to scribes by their malwasha (baptismal) rather than birth names.[1] For example, Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili is referred to in Mandaean texts by his baptismal name Mhatam Yuhana (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡄࡀࡕࡀࡌ ࡉࡅࡄࡀࡍࡀ).[4]Although rare, a few non-Mandaeans have also been given Mandaean baptismal names in recognition of their contributions to Mandaean society. MS. DC 2, which was copied by Sheikh Negm in 1933, mentions the Mandaean baptismal name of E. S. Drower as Klila beth Šušian (\"Wreath, daughter of Susan\"), as her middle name Stefana means 'wreath' in Greek. MS. DC 26, a manuscript copied by Sheikh Faraj for Drower in 1936, contains two qmahas (exorcisms). MS. DC 26 is dedicated to Drower's daughter, Margaret (\"Peggy\"), who is given the Mandaean baptismal name Marganita beth Klila (\"Pearl, daughter of Wreath\") in the text.[1]Below are some auspicious malwašia and their associated numerical values as listed in Book 3 of the Sfar Malwašia.[5][1]: 345Male names\nRam, Yuhana, Zihan and Mahan, Ram Ziwa, Daimur\nZakia, Zihrun, Bhira, Bihdad, Bainia, Zazai, Hurmizdukt\nYahia, Maimun, Manduia, Sukhiia, Saiwia, ʿQaiam\nBayan, Bulbul, Sku-Yawar, Bulfaraz, Ram-Šilai\nSam Paiiš, Ramuia, Šabur, Sabur, Šad-Manda\nBihram, Šitil, Sarwan, ʿQaiam, Tibit, Zandana, Brik-Yawar, Zakia-Yawar\nMhatam (Mhattam), Bihram, Sandan, Malia\nŠaiar, Ziwa, Šadan, Naṭar\nAnuš, Hibil, Ruzbia, Samuia, Naṭar\nAdam, Baktiar, Baṭia, Zakria\nBr-Hiia, Šitlan, Nṣab, Zangia\nGadana, Šitluia\n\n\nFemale names\nHawa, Dihgan, Škinta, Haiuna, Mdinat, Mamuia\nŠarat, Samra, Pašta\nŠadia, Yasmin, Ruhmaita-Hiia, Daia, Dukta, Handa\nMudalal, Rhima, Mihrizad\nAnhar, Kaizariʿil\nMahnuš, Bana, Dinartia, Kumraita\nSimat, Murwaria, Buran, Dmut-Hiia\nSimat-Hiia, Sindaita, Šahmia\nQinta, Anat-Hiia, Kisna, Rhimat-Hiia\nMamania, Marganita, ʿQaimat, Zadia, Suta\nMurwarid, Manu, Qinta, Paiwia\nBibia, Maliha, Nargis, Biṣam","title":"Malwasha (baptismal names)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandaic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaic_script"},{"link_name":"Mandaic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaic_script"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-2"},{"link_name":"Anush bar Danqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa"},{"link_name":"Zazai d-Gawazta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazai_d-Gawazta"},{"link_name":"Shlama beth Qidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra"},{"link_name":"Ganzibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzibra"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Choheili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili"}],"text":"Lay Mandaeans historically did not have actual family names or surnames, but were rather referred to by the names of their mothers in their malwasha using the prefix bar (written as ࡁࡓ br in the Mandaic script) for a male and beth (written as ࡐࡕ pt in the Mandaic script) for a female,[6] such as Mhattam Yohanna bar Simat and Mahnash beth Simat respectively.[2] Early priests or religious leaders such as Anush bar Danqa and Zazai d-Gawazta bar Hawa used matronymic names, as well as the earliest Mandaean scribe Shlama beth Qidra. Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili's matronymic malwasha is Mhatam Yuhana bar Sharat.","title":"Matronymic names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganzibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzibra"},{"link_name":"Dakhil Aidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan"},{"link_name":"Ganzibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzibra"},{"link_name":"Jabbar Choheili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili"},{"link_name":"Lamia Abbas Amara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_Abbas_Amara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"}],"text":"Modern priests are an exception and named after their fathers if they were also priests. An example name would be Mhatam Zihrun bar Adam (\"Mhatam Zihrun, son of Adam\"), which is the malwasha baptismal name of Ganzibra Dakhil Aidan (his birth name). Ganzibra Jabbar Choheili's patronymic malwasha is Mhatam Yuhana bar Yahya. Birth or secular names (not malwasha) are also patronymic. An example is Lamia Abbas Amara; Lamia is her given name, while Abbas is her father's name, and Amara is her paternal grandfather's name.[1]","title":"Patronymic names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choheili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choheili"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckley2010-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Sabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabians"},{"link_name":"Hilal al-Sabi'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal_al-Sabi%27"}],"text":"Today, Mandaeans are officially registered with surnames that are derived from the names of their clans, such as Choheili (the Persian pronunciation of Kuhailia, a Mandaean clan or extended family).[1]Historically, some Mandaeans have also been known as Al-Ṣābi’ (Arabic: الصابئ, lit. 'Sabian'), such as Hilal al-Sabi'.","title":"Surnames"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Choheili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choheili"},{"title":"Bihram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihram"},{"title":"Christian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_name"},{"title":"Jewish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name"},{"title":"Naming ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ceremony"},{"title":"Papal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_name"},{"title":"Religious name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_name"}] | [{"reference":"Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-621-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-621-9","url_text":"978-1-59333-621-9"}]},{"reference":"Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/","url_text":"The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba"}]},{"reference":"Gelbert, Carlos (2011). Ginza Rba. Sydney: Living Water Books. ISBN 9780958034630.","urls":[{"url":"https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/","url_text":"Ginza Rba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630","url_text":"9780958034630"}]},{"reference":"Drower, Ethel S. (1949). The Book of the Zodiac: Sfar Malwašia. London: Murray.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/","external_links_name":"The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba"},{"Link":"https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/","external_links_name":"Ginza Rba"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandane_of_Media | Mandane of Media | ["1 References"] | Wife of Cambyses I
"Mandane" redirects here. For the town of ancient Cilicia, see Mandane (Cilicia).
MandaneAstyages' dreamBornc. 590 BCMediaDied559 BC ?PersisBurialGur-e-Dokhtar (?)SpouseCambyses IIssueCyrus the GreatHouseAchaemenidFatherAstyagesMotherAryenis (?)ReligionZoroastrianism
Mandane (Greek: Μανδάνη, Mandánē) was a Median princess and, later, the queen consort of the Persian king Cambyses I and the mother of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. The name likely originates from the Old Iranian *Mandanā-, which means “delighting, cheerful”.
Mandane was the daughter of Astyages, but the name of her mother is not mentioned. It is said that Astyages married Aryenis in 585 BC, but it is unlikely that Aryenis was the mother of Mandane. She possibly was the daughter of a previous wife of Astyages. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Astyages had a dream in which his daughter stood before him, and suddenly a vine began to grow from her back, extending its tendrils to cover all of Asia. He called upon the Magi and priests to interpret the dream, and they explained that the vine represented his grandson, the son of Mandane, who would take his place on the throne and rule over all of Asia. In 577 BC, when Mandane reached marriageable age, Astyages gave her in marriage to Cambyses I, a Persian with noble ancestry who was mild-mannered and held a lower position than the Medes. Therefore, he did not believe that Cambyses I would pose a threat to his kingdom. Mandane's marriage to Cambyses was encouraged by Astyages to strengthen the bonds between the Medes and Persians.
Mandane gave birth to a son named Cyrus, whom Astyages ordered to be executed by Harpagus. However, Harpagus handed the child over to a shepherd and lied to Astyages, saying that Cyrus had been killed. When Cyrus grew up, his grandfather Astyages discovered that he was alive and allowed him to return to his parents in Persia. Xenophon also mentions Mandane in his work Cyropaedia. According to his story, Mandane and her son traveled to the court of Astyages, where the adolescent Cyrus surprised his grandfather, who decided to keep him at the court. Mandane, however, returned to her husband Cambyses I in Persia. After several years, Cyrus asked Astyages to let him return to Persia, but some time after his departure from Ecbatana, the Persian Revolt began. Astyages' dreams and their interpretation became reality when Cyrus led the revolt that resulted in the overthrow of Astyages from the throne, the fall of the Median kingdom, and the rise of the Achaemenid Empire.
Gur-e Dokhtar, supposed tomb of Mandane
Mandane serves as the genealogical link connecting the kings of the Achaemenid dynasty with the ancient Median royal family. Some scholars have suggested that the Gur-e Dokhtar tomb, discovered in 1960, could be the burial site of Mandane. However, other scholars believe that the tomb might belong to Atossa, Teispes, or Cyrus I.
There is some doubt about the historical accuracy of the marriage between Cambyses and Mandane. The Median mother of Cyrus may have been invented to justify the later Persian rule over the Medes. It appears that the purpose of this story is to establish a direct relationship between Astyages and Cyrus, that is, between Media and Persia. Due to the historical record of the battle between Astyages and Cyrus and the conquest of Media by Cyrus as reported in the Nabonidus Chronicle, the story of the marriage between Cambyses I and Mandane, as well as the birth of Cyrus from this couple, is highly questionable in terms of its historicity. There is also the account by Ctesias, which claims that Cyrus married a daughter of Astyages named Amytis. If both the accounts of Ctesias and Herodotus are correct, then Cyrus marrying Amitis would be an common case of incest at the time, as he would be marrying his aunt. However, there’s no evidence of Amitis’ existence, as there is with Mandane and Cassandane, Cyrus’ wife, so the story of Amitis could have been a way to question Cyrus’ stance or his religion. Nevertheless, Herodotus' account is considered reliable by most modern scholars, such as George G. Cameron.
References
^ a b Rüdiger Schmitt, "Mandane" in Encyclopædia Iranica, January 1, 2000
^ "Mandane nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-07-15.
^ a b "Astyages". Livius.org. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
^ Herodotus, Histories, Book I, Clio, 107
^ "A brief history of ancient Iran". Iran Daily. 25 October 2022.
^ L. Daniel, Elton; Mahdi, Ali Akbar (30 October 2006). Culture and Customs of Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9780313060434.
^ "History of Iran: Cyropaedia of Xenophon; The Life of Cyrus The Great, Book 1". iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
^ Rudi Thomsen: Det Persiske Verdensrige, 1995.
^ "Villagers threatening Achaemenid tomb in southern Iran". Tehran Times. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
^ "Cambyses I". Livius.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
^ "Cyrus II". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
vteCyrus the GreatTeispids, Achaemenid EmpireFamily
Cambyses I
Mandane of Media
Cassandane
Amytis
Children
Cambyses II
Bardiya
Atossa
Artystone
Battles
Persian Revolt
Hyrba
Persian Border
Pasargadae
Pteria
Thymbra
Sardis
Opis
Related
"Cyrus" (name)
Pasargadae
Cyrus Cylinder
Cyropaedia
Tomb
Cyrus in the Bible
Edict of Cyrus
Cyrus in the Quran
Dhul-Qarnayn
Kay Bahman
Cyrus the Great Day
Cyrus the Great (screenplay)
Ciro riconosciuto
Cyropolis
Category
vteMedian topicsLanguage
Median language, Iranian language
Cities
Ecbatana (Hamadan)
Rhagae (Shahre Rey, Tehran)
Laodicea (Nahavand)
Battles involving Lydia
Eclipse of Thales
Battles involving Persia
Persian Revolt
Battle of Hyrba
Battle of the Persian Border
Siege of Pasargadae Hill
Battle of Pasargadae
Fall of Ecbatana
Kings/Satraps
Deioces
Phraortes
Madyes
Cyaxares
Astyages
Cyaxares II
Darius the Mede
Other Medians
Amytis of Babylon
Artembares
Datis
Gubaru
Mazares
Harpagus
Aryenis
Mandane
Lists
Monarchs of the Median dynasty
Related
Medism | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandane (Cilicia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Μανδάνη","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7"},{"link_name":"Median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbanu"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Cambyses I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_I"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Old Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Astyages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyages"},{"link_name":"Aryenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryenis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi"},{"link_name":"Cambyses I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harpagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpagus"},{"link_name":"Xenophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon"},{"link_name":"Cyropaedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyropaedia"},{"link_name":"Ecbatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecbatana"},{"link_name":"Persian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Median kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gur-e_Dokhtar.png"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Median royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gur-e Dokhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gur-e_Dokhtar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atossa"},{"link_name":"Teispes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teispes"},{"link_name":"Cyrus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_I"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ctesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias"},{"link_name":"Amytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amytis_of_Media"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"George G. Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_G._Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"\"Mandane\" redirects here. For the town of ancient Cilicia, see Mandane (Cilicia).Mandane (Greek: Μανδάνη, Mandánē) was a Median princess and, later, the queen consort of the Persian king Cambyses I and the mother of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. The name likely originates from the Old Iranian *Mandanā-, which means “delighting, cheerful”.[1][2]Mandane was the daughter of Astyages, but the name of her mother is not mentioned. It is said that Astyages married Aryenis in 585 BC, but it is unlikely that Aryenis was the mother of Mandane. She possibly was the daughter of a previous wife of Astyages.[3] According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Astyages had a dream in which his daughter stood before him, and suddenly a vine began to grow from her back, extending its tendrils to cover all of Asia. He called upon the Magi and priests to interpret the dream, and they explained that the vine represented his grandson, the son of Mandane, who would take his place on the throne and rule over all of Asia. In 577 BC, when Mandane reached marriageable age, Astyages gave her in marriage to Cambyses I, a Persian with noble ancestry who was mild-mannered and held a lower position than the Medes. Therefore, he did not believe that Cambyses I would pose a threat to his kingdom.[4] Mandane's marriage to Cambyses was encouraged by Astyages to strengthen the bonds between the Medes and Persians.[5][6]Mandane gave birth to a son named Cyrus, whom Astyages ordered to be executed by Harpagus. However, Harpagus handed the child over to a shepherd and lied to Astyages, saying that Cyrus had been killed. When Cyrus grew up, his grandfather Astyages discovered that he was alive and allowed him to return to his parents in Persia. Xenophon also mentions Mandane in his work Cyropaedia. According to his story, Mandane and her son traveled to the court of Astyages, where the adolescent Cyrus surprised his grandfather, who decided to keep him at the court. Mandane, however, returned to her husband Cambyses I in Persia. After several years, Cyrus asked Astyages to let him return to Persia, but some time after his departure from Ecbatana, the Persian Revolt began.[7] Astyages' dreams and their interpretation became reality when Cyrus led the revolt that resulted in the overthrow of Astyages from the throne, the fall of the Median kingdom, and the rise of the Achaemenid Empire.Gur-e Dokhtar, supposed tomb of MandaneMandane serves as the genealogical link connecting the kings of the Achaemenid dynasty with the ancient Median royal family.[8] Some scholars have suggested that the Gur-e Dokhtar tomb, discovered in 1960, could be the burial site of Mandane. However, other scholars believe that the tomb might belong to Atossa, Teispes, or Cyrus I.[9]There is some doubt about the historical accuracy of the marriage between Cambyses and Mandane. The Median mother of Cyrus may have been invented to justify the later Persian rule over the Medes.[10] It appears that the purpose of this story is to establish a direct relationship between Astyages and Cyrus, that is, between Media and Persia. Due to the historical record of the battle between Astyages and Cyrus and the conquest of Media by Cyrus as reported in the Nabonidus Chronicle, the story of the marriage between Cambyses I and Mandane, as well as the birth of Cyrus from this couple, is highly questionable in terms of its historicity.[1] There is also the account by Ctesias, which claims that Cyrus married a daughter of Astyages named Amytis. If both the accounts of Ctesias and Herodotus are correct, then Cyrus marrying Amitis would be an common case of incest at the time, as he would be marrying his aunt.[3] However, there’s no evidence of Amitis’ existence, as there is with Mandane and Cassandane, Cyrus’ wife, so the story of Amitis could have been a way to question Cyrus’ stance or his religion. Nevertheless, Herodotus' account is considered reliable by most modern scholars, such as George G. Cameron.[11]","title":"Mandane of Media"}] | [{"image_text":"Gur-e Dokhtar, supposed tomb of Mandane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gur-e_Dokhtar.png/220px-Gur-e_Dokhtar.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mandane nell'Enciclopedia Treccani\". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mandane","url_text":"\"Mandane nell'Enciclopedia Treccani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astyages\". Livius.org. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/astyages/","url_text":"\"Astyages\""}]},{"reference":"\"A brief history of ancient Iran\". Iran Daily. 25 October 2022.","urls":[]},{"reference":"L. Daniel, Elton; Mahdi, Ali Akbar (30 October 2006). Culture and Customs of Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9780313060434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313060434","url_text":"9780313060434"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Iran: Cyropaedia of Xenophon; The Life of Cyrus The Great, Book 1\". iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iranchamber.com/history/xenophon/cyropaedia_xenophon_book1.php","url_text":"\"History of Iran: Cyropaedia of Xenophon; The Life of Cyrus The Great, Book 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villagers threatening Achaemenid tomb in southern Iran\". Tehran Times. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2021-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/215852/Villagers-threatening-Achaemenid-tomb-in-southern-Iran","url_text":"\"Villagers threatening Achaemenid tomb in southern Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cambyses I\". Livius.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cambyses-i/","url_text":"\"Cambyses I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrus II\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI","url_text":"\"Cyrus II\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mandane","external_links_name":"\"Mandane\""},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mandane","external_links_name":"\"Mandane nell'Enciclopedia Treccani\""},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/astyages/","external_links_name":"\"Astyages\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebooksbrasil.org/eLibris/historiaherodoto.html#1","external_links_name":"[pt"},{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh1100.htm","external_links_name":"[el/en"},{"Link":"http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/herodote/clio.htm","external_links_name":"[ael/fr"},{"Link":"http://www.parstimes.com/history/herodotus/persian_wars/clio.html","external_links_name":"[en"},{"Link":"http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/hrbk1.htm","external_links_name":"[en"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.107","external_links_name":"[en"},{"Link":"https://www.iranchamber.com/history/xenophon/cyropaedia_xenophon_book1.php","external_links_name":"\"History of Iran: Cyropaedia of Xenophon; The Life of Cyrus The Great, Book 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/215852/Villagers-threatening-Achaemenid-tomb-in-southern-Iran","external_links_name":"\"Villagers threatening Achaemenid tomb in southern Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/cambyses-i/","external_links_name":"\"Cambyses I\""},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI","external_links_name":"\"Cyrus II\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_plane | Image plane | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Image plane" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Three-dimensional (3D)computer graphics
Fundamentals
Modeling
Scanning
Rendering
Printing
Primary uses
3D models
Computer-aided design
Graphic design
Video games
Visual effects
Visualization
Virtual engineering
Virtual reality
Virtual cinematography
Related topics
Computer-generated imagery (CGI)
Animation
computer
skeletal
3D display
Wire-frame model
Texture mapping
Motion capture
Crowd simulation
Global illumination
Volume rendering
vte
In 3D computer graphics, the image plane is that plane in the world which is identified with the plane of the display monitor used to view the image that is being rendered. It is also referred to as screen space. If one makes the analogy of taking a photograph to rendering a 3D image, the surface of the film is the image plane. In this case, the viewing transformation is a projection that maps the world onto the image plane. A rectangular region of this plane, called the viewing window or viewport, maps to the monitor. This establishes the mapping between pixels on the monitor and points (or rather, rays) in the 3D world. The plane is not usually an actual geometric object in a 3D scene, but instead is usually a collection of target coordinates or dimensions that are used during the rasterization process so the final output can be displayed as intended on the physical screen.
In optics, the image plane is the plane that contains the object's projected image, and lies beyond the back focal plane.
See also
Focal plane
Picture plane
Projection plane
Real image
References
^ "Definition: Focal Plane; Image Plane; Film Plane; Sensor plane". Retrieved 18 November 2017.
External links
3ds max - reference images on YouTube
This computer graphics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"screen space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_space"},{"link_name":"photograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph"},{"link_name":"viewing transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewing_transformation"},{"link_name":"projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_projection"},{"link_name":"viewport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewport"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixels"},{"link_name":"geometric object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_object"},{"link_name":"3D scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_scene"},{"link_name":"rasterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterization"},{"link_name":"optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"focal plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHIP1-1"}],"text":"In 3D computer graphics, the image plane is that plane in the world which is identified with the plane of the display monitor used to view the image that is being rendered. It is also referred to as screen space. If one makes the analogy of taking a photograph to rendering a 3D image, the surface of the film is the image plane. In this case, the viewing transformation is a projection that maps the world onto the image plane. A rectangular region of this plane, called the viewing window or viewport, maps to the monitor. This establishes the mapping between pixels on the monitor and points (or rather, rays) in the 3D world. The plane is not usually an actual geometric object in a 3D scene, but instead is usually a collection of target coordinates or dimensions that are used during the rasterization process so the final output can be displayed as intended on the physical screen.In optics, the image plane is the plane that contains the object's projected image, and lies beyond the back focal plane.[1]","title":"Image plane"}] | [] | [{"title":"Focal plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane"},{"title":"Picture plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_plane"},{"title":"Projection plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_plane"},{"title":"Real image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_image"}] | [{"reference":"\"Definition: Focal Plane; Image Plane; Film Plane; Sensor plane\". Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.photokonnexion.com/definition-focal-plane-film-plane/","url_text":"\"Definition: Focal Plane; Image Plane; Film Plane; Sensor plane\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Image+plane%22","external_links_name":"\"Image plane\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Image+plane%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Image+plane%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Image+plane%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Image+plane%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Image+plane%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.photokonnexion.com/definition-focal-plane-film-plane/","external_links_name":"\"Definition: Focal Plane; Image Plane; Film Plane; Sensor plane\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOAdnWt2c9Y","external_links_name":"3ds max - reference images"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_plane&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrel | Mandrel | ["1 Variants","1.1 In machining","1.2 In jewelry","1.3 In music","2 Uses","3 History","4 References","5 External links"] | Gently tapered cylinder against which material can be forged or shaped
For other uses, see Mandrel (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Mandrill or Mandrell.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mandrel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Old shop-made mandrel for turning hollow objects on an engine lathe
Look up mandrel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A mandrel, mandril, or arbor is a tapered tool against which material can be forged, pressed, stretched or shaped (e.g., a ring mandrel - also called a triblet - used by jewellers to increase the diameter of a wedding ring), or a flanged or tapered or threaded bar that grips a workpiece to be machined in a lathe. A flanged mandrel is a parallel bar of a specific diameter with an integral flange towards one end, and threaded at the opposite end. Work is gripped between the flange and a nut on the thread. A tapered mandrel (often called a plain mandrel) has a taper of approximately 0.005 inches per foot and is designed to hold work by being driven into an accurate hole on the work, gripping the work by friction. A threaded mandrel may have a male or female thread, and work which has an opposing thread is screwed onto the mandrel.
On a lathe, mandrels are commonly mounted between centres and driven by a lathe dog (typically flanged or tapered mandrels), but may also be gripped in a chuck (typically threaded mandrels) where the outer face of work is to be machined. Threaded mandrels may also be mounted between centres.
In addition to lathes, mandrels, more usually referred to as “arbours” are used to hold buffing wheels, circular saws, and sanding discs. Typically, such mandrels consist of a cylinder that is threaded on one end. There are many different types of mandrels for specialised applications. Examples include live chuck mandrels, live bull ring mandrels, and dead bull ring mandrels.
Variants
Rotary tool mandrel with an accompanying grinding wheel
In machining
An example of one type of mandrel is a shaped bar of metal inserted in, or next to, an item to be machined or bent in a certain pattern, e.g. in drawing metal tubing. Exhaust pipes for automobiles are frequently bent using a mandrel during manufacture. The mandrel allows the exhaust pipes to be bent into smooth curves without undesirable creasing, kinking, or collapse. Molten glass may also be so shaped.
A chuck is used on a lathe to hold pieces of wood, metal or plastic to be machined as they are turned. In this way, rods can be threaded, furniture legs are turned to a desired shape, and irregularly-shaped objects can be given a round shape. Several types of mandrel are used with lathes. Original expanding mandrels have a slightly tapered wedge that will expand to hold the item.
A third type of mandrel is that which is used to hold circular saw blades, buffing wheels (used for polishing), and sanding discs onto drills, circular saws, and similar power tools. A mandrel of this type generally consists of a cylinder, threaded on one end, with a washer brazed onto the threaded end and an accompanying screw and second washer used to clamp the circular saw blade, sanding media, or other rotary tool onto the mandrel.
While most mandrels are driven by direct connection to an electric motor or other engine, other mandrels may be driven by attachment to a bearing-supported, pulley-driven shaft.
In jewelry
Several types of 'triblet' along with other Jewellery mandrels
Wood and steel mandrels for shaping bracelets
A 'triblet' is a type of mandrel found in jewelry manufacturing that is not inserted into or held by a machine. Such mandrels vary in sizes and shapes, from small tapered metal rods (ring mandrels) to freestanding metal conic sections (used for making bracelets). Unlike with mechanical mandrels, the process is performed by hand. When shaping a ring or bangle with a triblet, it is typical to bend and solder the metal into a rough loop, then place it over the thinner end of the mandrel. Once done, the next step is to strike the work in a downward motion with a hammer or other tool to push it towards the wider end. This forces the metal to adopt a true ring-shape. Triblets with measurements cut into them (called 'ring size sticks') can also be used as a quick way of measuring the final size of a ring. A triblet can also be used to make a ring slightly bigger by gently tapping it in order to force it down the cone - thus stretching the metal. Triblets are also used to repair squashed or damaged rings.
In music
A type of mandrel is also used in making reeds for double reed instruments such as the bassoon or oboe.
Uses
Pulley-driven mandrel used to hold lawn tractor cutting blades
Mandrels are also used in industrial composite fabrication, such as in filament winding. During the manufacturing process, resin-impregnated filaments are wound around a mandrel to create a composite material structure or part. The structure is cured, and the mandrel is removed. One problem with this type of process is difficulty in removing the mandrel from the completed work. A mandrel with a changeable shape can be more easily extracted. When heated above a certain temperature, the mandrel becomes elastic and can be manipulated into the desired shape and then cooled to become rigid again in the new shape. It can then be used in the filament winding process. Once the composite part is cured, the mandrel can be reheated until elastic and easily removed from the cured part. These types of mandrels can be used repeatedly.
A mandrel can also be made of a metal alloy that melts at low temperature. In this process, the composite is laid over the mandrel, heated to cure the material, and then the mandrel is removed by increasing the temperature to melt the mandrel, allowing it to drain.
In the production of steel core used for flexible drives, the center wire upon which the subsequent layers are wound is referred to as a Mandrel. This "center wire" may itself be composed of either a single wire or layers, depending on the sizing of the finished product.
A hole saw usually attaches to a mandrel, the latter being basically a drill bit with threads to secure the saw.
History
Mandrels are not recent inventions. Metal machining utilizing the spinning process has been recorded as far back as ancient Egyptian times. In metal spinning, a wood or metal spinning mandrel is used, the form of which corresponds with the internal contour of the part to be produced. This method securely clamps the raw material and allows for accurate machining into the desired final form. Since the material is clamped internally, there is no interference to the operator from the lathe/mandrel assembly during production.
The traversing mandrel was introduced around 1700, and instantiated the design of a lathe mandrel able to slide axially in its bearings under the control of the operator, so that components having short lengths of thread could be produced, such as screws. The traversing mandrel was primarily employed by watchmakers and ornamental turners during this era. Eventually the device was superseded by a mandrel-driven device called a leadscrew, which uses a train of gears that can be altered as required for the turning application.
References
^ a b "Definition of TRIBLET". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
^ "What Is A Ring Mandrel & How To Use It". www.kernowcraft.com. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
^ "Reed Making: how I do it, part 1. | Trent Jacobs, bassoonist". Tjbassoon.com. 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
^ "Smart Mandrels". Cornerstone Research Group. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
^ "The Smart Mandrels Trapped Tooling Process". Cornerstone Research Group. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
External links
Historical pictures of mandrels, lathes and leadscrews
Expanding The Expanding Mandrel's Usefulness
vteMetalworkingvteMachining and computingComputer-aidedengineering
2.5D
CAD
CAM
G-code
Numerical control (NC and CNC)
Stewart platform
Drilling andthreading
Die head
Drill
Drill bit
Drill bit shank
Drill bit sizes
Drilling
List of drill and tap sizes
Tap and die
Tap wrench
Threading
Grinding andlapping
Abrasive
Abrasive machining
Angle grinder
Bench grinder
Coated abrasive
Cylindrical grinder
Diamond plate
Flick grinder
Grinding
Grinding dresser
Grinding machine
Grinding wheel
Jig grinder
Lapping
Sanding
Sharpening stone
Spark testing
Surface grinder
Tool and cutter grinder
Machining
Boring
Broaching
Electrical discharge machining
Electrochemical machining
Electron-beam machining
End mill
Engraving
Facing
Hobbing
Jig borer
Machine tool
Machining
Metal lathe
Milling
Milling cutter
Pantograph
Photochemical machining
Planer
Reamer
Rotary transfer machine
Shaper
Skiving
Turning
Ultrasonic machining
Machine tools
Angle plate
Chuck
Collet
Fixture
Indexing head
Jig
Lathe center
Machine taper
Magnetic switchable device
Mandrel
Rotary table
Wiggler
Terminology
Cutting fluid
Machining vibrations
Speeds and feeds
Swarf
Tolerance
Tool and die making
Tramp oil
Workpiece
Casting
Fabrication
Forming
Jewellery
Machining
Metallurgy
Smithing
Tools and terminology
Welding
vteWoodworkingOverviews
History
Glossary
Wood (lumber)
Occupations
Boat building
Bow and arrow
Bush carpentry
Cabinetry
Caning
Carpentry
Certosina
Chainsaw carving
Chip carving
Ébéniste
Fretwork
Intarsia
Japanese carpentry
Khatam
Kohlrosing
Log building
Luthier
Marquetry
Millwork
Parquetry
Pyrography
Relief carving
Root carving
Segmented turning
Shingle weaving
Shipbuilding
Spindle turning
Timber framing
Treen
Whittling
Wood carving
Woodturning
WoodsSoft
Cedar (Calocedrus, Cedrus)
Cypress
Douglas fir
Fir
Juniper
Larch
Kauri
Pine
Rimu
Spruce
Yew
Hard
Afromosia
Alder
Andiroba
Anigre
Ash
Apple
Aspen
Avodire
Balsa
Beech
Bilinga
Birch
African Blackwood
Australian Blackwood
Boxwood
Bubinga
Camphor
Cedrela
Cherry
Chestnut
Cocobolo
Cumaru
Ebony
Elm
Eucalyptus
Hazel
Hickory
Hornbeam
Idigbo
Imbuia
Ipê
Iroko
Jarrah
Jelutong
Lignum vitae
Linden (lime, basswood)
Lovoa
Merbau
Mahogany (American, African)
Maple
Meranti
Oak
Padauk
Pear
Plum
Poplar
Purpleheart
Ovankol
Ramin
Red Quebracho
Rosewood
Rubberwood
Sapele
Teak
Totara
Utile
Walnut
Wenge
Willow
Zebrano
Engineered
Cross-laminated
Glue laminated
Hardboard
MDF
OSB
Particle board
Plywood
Wood-plastic composite
Tools
Abrasives
Axe
Adze
Burnisher
Chisel
Drawknife
Drill
Fence
Float
Gimlet
Gauge
Impact driver
Janka hardness test
Jointer
Mallet
Milling machine
Mitre box
Rasp
Router
Shaper
Sandpaper
Square (Carpenters, Combination, Miter, Speed, Try)
Thickness planer
Timber-framing
Veneer hammer
Vise
Warrington hammer
Winding sticks
Wood scribe
Workbench
Clamps
Band clamp
C-clamp
F-clamp
Flooring clamp
Gripe
Holdfast
Mitre clamp
Pipe clamp
Sawbuck
Saws
Backsaw
Bandsaw
Bow
Bucksaw
Chainsaw
Circular
Compass
Coping
Crosscut
Frame
Fretsaw
Hand saw
Jigsaw
Keyhole
Miter
Ripsaw
Scroll
Table
Veneer
Whipsaw
Planes
Bedrock plane
Block plane
Chamfer plane
Compass plane
Finger plane
Fore plane
Grooving plane
Jack plane
Japanese plane
Jointer plane
Moulding plane
Razee plane
Rebate plane
Router plane
Scrub plane
Shoulder plane
Smoothing plane
Spokeshave
Surform
GeometryJoints
Birdsmouth
Biscuit
Box
Bridle
Butt
Butterfly
Coping
Crown of thorns
Dado
Dovetail
Finger
Groove
Halved
Hammer-headed tenon
Knee
Lap
Mason's mitre
Miter
Mortise and tenon
Rabbet/Rebate
Scarf
Splice
Tongue and groove
Profiles
Bead
Bevel
Chamfer
Ogee
Ogive
Ovolo
Surface piecing
Binding
Edge banding
Intarsia
Marquetry
Oystering
Parquetry
Purfling
Treatments
Adhesive
French polish
Heat bending
Lacquer
Oil
Paint
Paint stripper
Steam bending
Thermal
Varnish
Wax
Wood drying
Wood preservation
Wood stain
Wood finishing
Organizations
American Association of Woodturners
Architectural Woodwork Institute
British Woodworking Federation
Building and Wood Workers' International
Caricature Carvers of America
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
National Wood Carvers Association
Society of Wood Engravers
Timber Framers Guild
Conversion
Chainsaw mill
Hewing
Sawmill
Whipsaw
Wood splitting
Flat sawing
Quarter sawing
Rift sawing
Techniques
Frame and panel
Frameless construction
Category
WikiProject
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandrel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mandrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrill"},{"link_name":"Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandrel3.jpg"},{"link_name":"mandrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mandrel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"},{"link_name":"flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange"},{"link_name":"lathe dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe_dog"}],"text":"For other uses, see Mandrel (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Mandrill or Mandrell.Old shop-made mandrel for turning hollow objects on an engine latheLook up mandrel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A mandrel, mandril, or arbor is a tapered tool against which material can be forged, pressed, stretched or shaped (e.g., a ring mandrel - also called a triblet[1] - used by jewellers to increase the diameter of a wedding ring), or a flanged or tapered or threaded bar that grips a workpiece to be machined in a lathe. A flanged mandrel is a parallel bar of a specific diameter with an integral flange towards one end, and threaded at the opposite end. Work is gripped between the flange and a nut on the thread. A tapered mandrel (often called a plain mandrel) has a taper of approximately 0.005 inches per foot and is designed to hold work by being driven into an accurate hole on the work, gripping the work by friction. A threaded mandrel may have a male or female thread, and work which has an opposing thread is screwed onto the mandrel.On a lathe, mandrels are commonly mounted between centres and driven by a lathe dog (typically flanged or tapered mandrels), but may also be gripped in a chuck (typically threaded mandrels) where the outer face of work is to be machined. Threaded mandrels may also be mounted between centres.In addition to lathes, mandrels, more usually referred to as “arbours” are used to hold buffing wheels, circular saws, and sanding discs. Typically, such mandrels consist of a cylinder that is threaded on one end. There are many different types of mandrels for specialised applications. Examples include live chuck mandrels, live bull ring mandrels, and dead bull ring mandrels.","title":"Mandrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandrel_001.jpg"}],"text":"Rotary tool mandrel with an accompanying grinding wheel","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drawing metal tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_drawing"},{"link_name":"Exhaust pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_pipe"},{"link_name":"chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe_(tool)"},{"link_name":"drills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill"},{"link_name":"washer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washer_(hardware)"},{"link_name":"brazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"pulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"}],"sub_title":"In machining","text":"An example of one type of mandrel is a shaped bar of metal inserted in, or next to, an item to be machined or bent in a certain pattern, e.g. in drawing metal tubing. Exhaust pipes for automobiles are frequently bent using a mandrel during manufacture. The mandrel allows the exhaust pipes to be bent into smooth curves without undesirable creasing, kinking, or collapse. Molten glass may also be so shaped.A chuck is used on a lathe to hold pieces of wood, metal or plastic to be machined as they are turned. In this way, rods can be threaded, furniture legs are turned to a desired shape, and irregularly-shaped objects can be given a round shape. Several types of mandrel are used with lathes. Original expanding mandrels have a slightly tapered wedge that will expand to hold the item.A third type of mandrel is that which is used to hold circular saw blades, buffing wheels (used for polishing), and sanding discs onto drills, circular saws, and similar power tools. A mandrel of this type generally consists of a cylinder, threaded on one end, with a washer brazed onto the threaded end and an accompanying screw and second washer used to clamp the circular saw blade, sanding media, or other rotary tool onto the mandrel.While most mandrels are driven by direct connection to an electric motor or other engine, other mandrels may be driven by attachment to a bearing-supported, pulley-driven shaft.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewellery_mandrels.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewellery_mandrels_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"In jewelry","text":"Several types of 'triblet' along with other Jewellery mandrelsWood and steel mandrels for shaping braceletsA 'triblet' is a type of mandrel found in jewelry manufacturing[1] that is not inserted into or held by a machine. Such mandrels vary in sizes and shapes, from small tapered metal rods (ring mandrels) to freestanding metal conic sections (used for making bracelets). Unlike with mechanical mandrels, the process is performed by hand. When shaping a ring or bangle with a triblet, it is typical to bend and solder the metal into a rough loop, then place it over the thinner end of the mandrel. Once done, the next step is to strike the work in a downward motion with a hammer or other tool to push it towards the wider end. This forces the metal to adopt a true ring-shape. Triblets with measurements cut into them (called 'ring size sticks') can also be used as a quick way of measuring the final size of a ring. A triblet can also be used to make a ring slightly bigger by gently tapping it in order to force it down the cone - thus stretching the metal. Triblets are also used to repair squashed or damaged rings.[2]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_reed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"In music","text":"A type of mandrel is also used in making reeds for double reed instruments such as the bassoon or oboe. [3]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandrel_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"filament winding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filament_winding"},{"link_name":"composite material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sm1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sm2-5"},{"link_name":"hole saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_saw"}],"text":"Pulley-driven mandrel used to hold lawn tractor cutting bladesMandrels are also used in industrial composite fabrication, such as in filament winding. During the manufacturing process, resin-impregnated filaments are wound around a mandrel to create a composite material structure or part. The structure is cured, and the mandrel is removed. One problem with this type of process is difficulty in removing the mandrel from the completed work. A mandrel with a changeable shape can be more easily extracted.[4] When heated above a certain temperature, the mandrel becomes elastic and can be manipulated into the desired shape and then cooled to become rigid again in the new shape. It can then be used in the filament winding process. Once the composite part is cured, the mandrel can be reheated until elastic and easily removed from the cured part. These types of mandrels can be used repeatedly.[5]A mandrel can also be made of a metal alloy that melts at low temperature. In this process, the composite is laid over the mandrel, heated to cure the material, and then the mandrel is removed by increasing the temperature to melt the mandrel, allowing it to drain.In the production of steel core used for flexible drives, the center wire upon which the subsequent layers are wound is referred to as a Mandrel. This \"center wire\" may itself be composed of either a single wire or layers, depending on the sizing of the finished product.A hole saw usually attaches to a mandrel, the latter being basically a drill bit with threads to secure the saw.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_spinning"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread"},{"link_name":"leadscrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew"},{"link_name":"gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"}],"text":"Mandrels are not recent inventions. Metal machining utilizing the spinning process has been recorded as far back as ancient Egyptian times. In metal spinning, a wood or metal spinning mandrel is used, the form of which corresponds with the internal contour of the part to be produced. This method securely clamps the raw material and allows for accurate machining into the desired final form. Since the material is clamped internally, there is no interference to the operator from the lathe/mandrel assembly during production.The traversing mandrel was introduced[where?] around 1700, and instantiated the design of a lathe mandrel able to slide axially in its bearings under the control of the operator, so that components having short lengths of thread could be produced, such as screws. The traversing mandrel was primarily employed by watchmakers and ornamental turners during this era. Eventually the device was superseded by a mandrel-driven device called a leadscrew, which uses a train of gears that can be altered as required for the turning application.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Old shop-made mandrel for turning hollow objects on an engine lathe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mandrel3.jpg/220px-Mandrel3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rotary tool mandrel with an accompanying grinding wheel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/Mandrel_001.jpg/220px-Mandrel_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Several types of 'triblet' along with other Jewellery mandrels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jewellery_mandrels.jpg/220px-Jewellery_mandrels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wood and steel mandrels for shaping bracelets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jewellery_mandrels_%282%29.jpg/220px-Jewellery_mandrels_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pulley-driven mandrel used to hold lawn tractor cutting blades","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Mandrel_002.jpg/220px-Mandrel_002.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Definition of TRIBLET\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/triblet","url_text":"\"Definition of TRIBLET\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is A Ring Mandrel & How To Use It\". www.kernowcraft.com. Retrieved 2022-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kernowcraft.com/jewellery-making-tips/silversmithing-and-soldering-advice/what-is-a-ring-mandrel-and-how-to-use-it","url_text":"\"What Is A Ring Mandrel & How To Use It\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reed Making: how I do it, part 1. | Trent Jacobs, bassoonist\". Tjbassoon.com. 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2019-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://tjbassoon.com/2011/02/13/reed-making-how-i-do-it-part-1/","url_text":"\"Reed Making: how I do it, part 1. | Trent Jacobs, bassoonist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smart Mandrels\". Cornerstone Research Group. Retrieved 2009-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crgrp.com/technology/portfolio/mandrels.html","url_text":"\"Smart Mandrels\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Smart Mandrels Trapped Tooling Process\". Cornerstone Research Group. Retrieved 2009-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crgrp.com/technology/overviews/mandrels.shtml","url_text":"\"The Smart Mandrels Trapped Tooling Process\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mandrel%22","external_links_name":"\"Mandrel\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mandrel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mandrel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mandrel%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mandrel%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mandrel%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/triblet","external_links_name":"\"Definition of TRIBLET\""},{"Link":"https://www.kernowcraft.com/jewellery-making-tips/silversmithing-and-soldering-advice/what-is-a-ring-mandrel-and-how-to-use-it","external_links_name":"\"What Is A Ring Mandrel & How To Use It\""},{"Link":"https://tjbassoon.com/2011/02/13/reed-making-how-i-do-it-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"Reed Making: how I do it, part 1. | Trent Jacobs, bassoonist\""},{"Link":"http://www.crgrp.com/technology/portfolio/mandrels.html","external_links_name":"\"Smart Mandrels\""},{"Link":"http://www.crgrp.com/technology/overviews/mandrels.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Smart Mandrels Trapped Tooling Process\""},{"Link":"http://www.historicgames.com/lathes/special.html","external_links_name":"Historical pictures of mandrels, lathes and leadscrews"},{"Link":"http://www.mmsonline.com/articles/expanding-the-expanding-mandrel39s-usefulness","external_links_name":"Expanding The Expanding Mandrel's Usefulness"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide | Manganese dioxide | ["1 Structure","2 Production","2.1 Chemical manganese dioxide","2.2 Electrolytic manganese dioxide","3 Reactions","3.1 Reduction","3.2 Oxidation","4 Occurrence and applications","4.1 Prehistory","4.2 Organic synthesis","4.3 Microbiology","5 See also","6 References","7 Cited sources","8 External links"] | Manganese dioxide
Names
IUPAC names
Manganese dioxideManganese(IV) oxide
Other names
Pyrolusite, hyperoxide of manganese, black oxide of manganese, manganic oxide
Identifiers
CAS Number
1313-13-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:136511 N
ChemSpider
14117 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.013.821
EC Number
215-202-6
PubChem CID
14801
RTECS number
OP0350000
UNII
TF219GU161 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID501314019 DTXSID6042109, DTXSID501314019
InChI
InChI=1S/Mn.2O YKey: NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES
O==O
Properties
Chemical formula
MnO2
Molar mass
86.9368 g/mol
Appearance
Brown-black solid
Density
5.026 g/cm3
Melting point
535 °C (995 °F; 808 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water
Insoluble
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
+2280.0×10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Crystal structure
Tetragonal, tP6, No. 136
Space group
P42/mnm
Lattice constant
a = 0.44008 nm, b = 0.44008 nm, c = 0.28745 nm
Formula units (Z)
2
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)
54.1 J·mol−1·K−1
Std molarentropy (S⦵298)
53.1 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)
−520.0 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
−465.1 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H302, H332
Precautionary statements
P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
2
1
2OX
Flash point
535 °C (995 °F; 808 K)
Safety data sheet (SDS)
ICSC 0175
Related compounds
Other anions
Manganese disulfide
Other cations
Technetium dioxideRhenium dioxide
Related manganese oxides
Manganese(II) oxideManganese(II,III) oxideManganese(III) oxideManganese heptoxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery. MnO2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as KMnO4. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.
Structure
Several polymorphs of MnO2 are claimed, as well as a hydrated form. Like many other dioxides, MnO2 crystallizes in the rutile crystal structure (this polymorph is called pyrolusite or β-MnO2), with three-coordinate oxide anions and octahedral metal centres. MnO2 is characteristically nonstoichiometric, being deficient in oxygen. The complicated solid-state chemistry of this material is relevant to the lore of "freshly prepared" MnO2 in organic synthesis. The α-polymorph of MnO2 has a very open structure with "channels", which can accommodate metal ions such as silver or barium. α-MnO2 is often called hollandite, after a closely related mineral.
Production
Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a considerable amount of manganese(III) oxide. Production of batteries and ferrite (two of the primary uses of manganese dioxide) requires high purity manganese dioxide. Batteries require "electrolytic manganese dioxide" while ferrites require "chemical manganese dioxide".
Chemical manganese dioxide
One method starts with natural manganese dioxide and converts it using dinitrogen tetroxide and water to a manganese(II) nitrate solution. Evaporation of the water leaves the crystalline nitrate salt. At temperatures of 400 °C, the salt decomposes, releasing N2O4 and leaving a residue of purified manganese dioxide. These two steps can be summarized as:
MnO2 + N2O4 ⇌ Mn(NO3)2
In another process, manganese dioxide is carbothermically reduced to manganese(II) oxide which is dissolved in sulfuric acid. The filtered solution is treated with ammonium carbonate to precipitate MnCO3. The carbonate is calcined in air to give a mixture of manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides. To complete the process, a suspension of this material in sulfuric acid is treated with sodium chlorate. Chloric acid, which forms in situ, converts any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides to the dioxide, releasing chlorine as a by-product.
Lastly, the action of potassium permanganate over manganese sulfate crystals produces the desired oxide.
2 KMnO4 + 3 MnSO4 + 2 H2O→ 5 MnO2 + K2SO4 + 2 H2SO4
Electrolytic manganese dioxide
Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is used in zinc–carbon batteries together with zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. EMD is commonly used in zinc manganese dioxide rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) cells also. For these applications, purity is extremely important. EMD is produced in a similar fashion as electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper: The manganese dioxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid (sometimes mixed with manganese sulfate) and subjected to a current between two electrodes. The MnO2 dissolves, enters solution as the sulfate, and is deposited on the anode.
Reactions
The important reactions of MnO2 are associated with its redox, both oxidation and reduction.
Reduction
MnO2 is the principal precursor to ferromanganese and related alloys, which are widely used in the steel industry. The conversions involve carbothermal reduction using coke:
MnO2 + 2 C → Mn + 2 CO
The key redox reactions of MnO2 in batteries is the one-electron reduction:
MnO2 + e− + H+ → MnO(OH)
MnO2 catalyses several reactions that form O2. In a classical laboratory demonstration, heating a mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide produces oxygen gas. Manganese dioxide also catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water:
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
Manganese dioxide decomposes above about 530 °C to manganese(III) oxide and oxygen. At temperatures close to 1000 °C, the mixed-valence compound Mn3O4 forms. Higher temperatures give MnO, which is reduced only with difficulty.
Hot concentrated sulfuric acid reduces MnO2 to manganese(II) sulfate:
2 MnO2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 MnSO4 + O2 + 2 H2O
The reaction of hydrogen chloride with MnO2 was used by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the original isolation of chlorine gas in 1774:
MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O
As a source of hydrogen chloride, Scheele treated sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Eo (MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O) = +1.23 V
Eo (Cl2(g) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl−) = +1.36 V
The standard electrode potentials for the half reactions indicate that the reaction is endothermic at pH = 0 (1 M ), but it is favoured by the lower pH as well as the evolution (and removal) of gaseous chlorine.
This reaction is also a convenient way to remove the manganese dioxide precipitate from the ground glass joints after running a reaction (for example, an oxidation with potassium permanganate).
Oxidation
Heating a mixture of KOH and MnO2 in air gives green potassium manganate:
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
Potassium manganate is the precursor to potassium permanganate, a common oxidant.
Occurrence and applications
The predominant application of MnO2 is as a component of dry cell batteries: alkaline batteries and so called Leclanché cell, or zinc–carbon batteries. Approximately 500,000 tonnes are consumed for this application annually. Other industrial applications include the use of MnO2 as an inorganic pigment in ceramics and in glassmaking. It is also used in water treatment applications.
Prehistory
Excavations at the Pech-de-l'Azé cave site in southwestern France have yielded blocks of manganese dioxide writing tools, which date back 50,000 years and have been attributed to Neanderthals . Scientists have conjectured that Neanderthals used this mineral for body decoration, but there are many other readily available minerals that are more suitable for that purpose. Heyes et al. (in 2016) determined that the manganese dioxide lowers the combustion temperatures for wood from above 650 °F to 480 °F, making fire making much easier and this is likely to be the purpose of the blocks.
Organic synthesis
A specialized use of manganese dioxide is as oxidant in organic synthesis. The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant factor. The mineral pyrolusite makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated in situ by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO4 with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate. MnO2 oxidizes allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones:
cis-RCH=CHCH2OH + MnO2 → cis-RCH=CHCHO + MnO + H2O
The configuration of the double bond is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding acetylenic alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting propargylic aldehydes can be quite reactive. Benzylic and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-Diols are cleaved by MnO2 to dialdehydes or diketones. Otherwise, the applications of MnO2 are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including amine oxidation, aromatization, oxidative coupling, and thiol oxidation.
Microbiology
In Geobacteraceae sp., MnO2 functions as an electron acceptor coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds. This theme has implications for bioremediation.
See also
List of inorganic pigments
References
^ Rumble, p. 4.71
^ Haines, J.; Léger, J.M.; Hoyau, S. (1995). "Second-order rutile-type to CaCl2-type phase transition in β-MnO2 at high pressure". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 56 (7): 965–973. Bibcode:1995JPCS...56..965H. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(95)00037-2.
^ Rumble, p. 5.25
^ a b c d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 1218–20. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4..
^ Barbato, S (31 May 2001). "Hollandite cathodes for lithium ion batteries. 2. Thermodynamic and kinetics studies of lithium insertion into BaMMn7O16 (M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni)". Electrochimica Acta. 46 (18): 2767–2776. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00506-0. hdl:10533/173039.
^ Tompsett, David A.; Islam, M. Saiful (25 June 2013). "Electrochemistry of Hollandite α-MnO : Li-Ion and Na-Ion Insertion and Li Incorporation". Chemistry of Materials. 25 (12): 2515–2526. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.3867. doi:10.1021/cm400864n.
^ a b Cahiez, G.; Alami, M.; Taylor, R. J. K.; Reid, M.; Foot, J. S. (2004), "Manganese Dioxide", in Paquette, Leo A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1002/047084289X.rm021.pub4, ISBN 9780470842898.
^ a b c Preisler, Eberhard (1980), "Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein", Chemie in unserer Zeit, 14 (5): 137–48, doi:10.1002/ciuz.19800140502.
^ Arthur Sutcliffe (1930) Practical Chemistry for Advanced Students (1949 Ed.), John Murray – London.
^ Biswal, Avijit; Chandra Tripathy, Bankim; Sanjay, Kali; Subbaiah, Tondepu; Minakshi, Manickam (2015). "Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD): A perspective on worldwide production, reserves and its role in electrochemistry". RSC Advances. 5 (72): 58255–58283. doi:10.1039/C5RA05892A.
^ a b Wellbeloved, David B.; Craven, Peter M.; Waudby, John W. (2000). "Manganese and Manganese Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_077. ISBN 3527306730.
^ Reidies, Arno H. (2002), "Manganese Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. 20, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, pp. 495–542, doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_123, ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4
^ Ibrahim, Yazan; Wadi, Vijay S.; Ouda, Mariam; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Banat, Fawzi; Hasan, Shadi W. (15 January 2022). "Highly selective heavy metal ions membranes combining sulfonated polyethersulfone and self-assembled manganese oxide nanosheets on positively functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets". Chemical Engineering Journal. 428: 131267. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131267. ISSN 1385-8947.
^ "Neandertals may have used chemistry to start fires". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
^ Attenburrow, J.; Cameron, A. F. B.; Chapman, J. H.; Evans, R. M.; Hems, B. A.; Jansen, A. B. A.; Walker, T. (1952), "A synthesis of vitamin a from cyclohexanone", J. Chem. Soc.: 1094–1111, doi:10.1039/JR9520001094.
^ Paquette, Leo A. and Heidelbaugh, Todd M. "(4S)-(−)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopen-1-one". Organic Syntheses{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 9, p. 136. (this procedure illustrates the use of MnO2 for the oxidation of an allylic alcohol)
^ Lovley, Derek R.; Holmes, Dawn E.; Nevin, Kelly P. (2004). Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) Reduction. Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 49. pp. 219–286. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5. ISBN 9780120277490. PMID 15518832.
Cited sources
Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-6163-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manganese dioxide.
Index of Organic Synthesis procedures utilizing MnO2
Example Reactions with Mn(IV) oxide
National Pollutant Inventory – Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
PubChem summary of MnO2
International Chemical Safety Card 0175
Potters Manganese Toxicity by Elke Blodgett
vteManganese compoundsManganese(-I)
MnH(CO)5
Manganese(0)
Mn2(CO)10
Manganese(I)
(C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)3
Mn(CO)5Br
Manganese(II)
MnC2O4
MnO
Mn3(PO4)2
MnS
MnSe
MnTe
Mn(NO3)2
MnCO3
MnCl2
MnSO4
MnF2
MnBr2
MnI2
MnTiO3
MnMoO4
Mn(CH3COO)2
Mn(OH)2
MnSe2
Mn(ClO3)2
Mn(ClO4)2
Mn(C5H5)2
Mn(C3H5O3)2
C24H48MnO4
C36H70MnO4
Manganese(II,III)
Mn3O4
Manganese(II,IV)
Mn5O8
Manganese(III)
MnCl3
Mn2O3
MnF3
K6Mn2O6
MnAs
MnPO4
Mn(CH3COO)3
Manganese(IV)
MnS2
MnCl4
MnO2
MnF4
MnSi
MnGe
Manganese(V)
K3MnO4
MnF5 (predicted)
Manganese(VI)
H2MnO4
MnO3
Na2MnO4
K2MnO4
MnO2F2 (predicted)
Manganese(VII)
Mn2O7
KMnO4
MnO3F
vteOxidesMixed oxidation states
Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4)
Boron suboxide (B12O2)
Carbon suboxide (C3O2)
Chlorine perchlorate (Cl2O4)
Chloryl perchlorate (Cl2O6)
Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4)
Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl2O5)
Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4)
Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4)
Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4)
Mellitic anhydride (C12O9)
Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11)
Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2)
Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7)
Tribromine octoxide (Br3O8)
Triuranium octoxide (U3O8)
+1 oxidation state
Aluminium(I) oxide (Al2O)
Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O)
Caesium monoxide (Cs2O)
Dicarbon monoxide (C2O)
Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O)
Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O)
Iodine(I) oxide (I2O)
Lithium oxide (Li2O)
Mercury(I) oxide (Hg2O)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Rubidium oxide (Rb2O)
Silver oxide (Ag2O)
Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O)
Sodium oxide (Na2O)
Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
+2 oxidation state
Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO)
Barium oxide (BaO)
Berkelium monoxide (BkO)
Beryllium oxide (BeO)
Bromine monoxide (BrO)
Cadmium oxide (CdO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Chlorine monoxide (ClO)
Chromium(II) oxide (CrO)
Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)
Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
Dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2)
Europium(II) oxide (EuO)
Germanium monoxide (GeO)
Iron(II) oxide (FeO)
Iodine monoxide (IO)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Manganese(II) oxide (MnO)
Mercury(II) oxide (HgO)
Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Palladium(II) oxide (PdO)
Phosphorus monoxide (PO)
Polonium monoxide (PoO)
Protactinium monoxide (PaO)
Radium oxide (RaO)
Silicon monoxide (SiO)
Strontium oxide (SrO)
Sulfur monoxide (SO)
Disulfur dioxide (S2O2)
Thorium monoxide (ThO)
Tin(II) oxide (SnO)
Titanium(II) oxide (TiO)
Vanadium(II) oxide (VO)
Yttrium(II) oxide (YO)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
+3 oxidation state
Actinium(III) oxide (Ac2O3)
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Americium(III) oxide (Am2O3)
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
Berkelium(III) oxide (Bk2O3)
Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3)
Boron trioxide (B2O3)
Caesium sesquioxide (Cs2O3)
Californium(III) oxide (Cf2O3)
Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3)
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)
Cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3)
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3)
Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es2O3)
Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3)
Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3)
Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)
Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3)
Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3)
Indium(III) oxide (In2O3)
Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3)
Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3)
Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3)
Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3)
Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6)
Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3)
Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3)
Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3)
Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3)
Scandium oxide (Sc2O3)
Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3)
Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3)
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3)
Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3)
Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3)
Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3)
Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)
+4 oxidation state
Americium dioxide (AmO2)
Berkelium(IV) oxide (BkO2)
Bromine dioxide (BrO2)
Californium dioxide (CfO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon trioxide (CO3)
Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2)
Curium(IV) oxide (CmO2)
Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
Germanium dioxide (GeO2)
Iodine dioxide (IO2)
Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2)
Lead dioxide (PbO2)
Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Osmium dioxide (OsO2)
Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2)
Polonium dioxide (PoO2)
Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2)
Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2)
Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2)
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2)
Selenium dioxide (SeO2)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Technetium(IV) oxide (TcO2)
Tellurium dioxide (TeO2)
Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2)
Thorium dioxide (ThO2)
Tin dioxide (SnO2)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2)
Uranium dioxide (UO2)
Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2)
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
+5 oxidation state
Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5)
Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
Bismuth pentoxide (Bi2O5)
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5)
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5)
Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)
+6 oxidation state
Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)
Polonium trioxide (PoO3)
Rhenium trioxide (ReO3)
Selenium trioxide (SeO3)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Tellurium trioxide (TeO3)
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)
Uranium trioxide (UO3)
Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
+7 oxidation state
Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7)
Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7)
Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7)
Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)
+8 oxidation state
Iridium tetroxide (IrO4)
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)
Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)
Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
Hassium tetroxide (HsO4)
Related
Oxocarbon
Suboxide
Oxyanion
Ozonide
Peroxide
Superoxide
Oxypnictide
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state.
Category:Oxides | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"pyrolusite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"manganese nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_nodule"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"alkaline battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_battery"},{"link_name":"zinc–carbon battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"KMnO4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"},{"link_name":"reagent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"allylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"polymorph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"lithium-ion batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Chemical compoundManganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery.[4] MnO2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as KMnO4. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the \"tunnels\" or \"channels\" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.[5][6]","title":"Manganese dioxide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polymorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"rutile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile"},{"link_name":"crystal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure"},{"link_name":"pyrolusite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"nonstoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstoichiometric_compound"},{"link_name":"solid-state chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cahiez-7"},{"link_name":"hollandite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandite"}],"text":"Several polymorphs of MnO2 are claimed, as well as a hydrated form. Like many other dioxides, MnO2 crystallizes in the rutile crystal structure (this polymorph is called pyrolusite or β-MnO2), with three-coordinate oxide anions and octahedral metal centres.[4] MnO2 is characteristically nonstoichiometric, being deficient in oxygen. The complicated solid-state chemistry of this material is relevant to the lore of \"freshly prepared\" MnO2 in organic synthesis.[7] The α-polymorph of MnO2 has a very open structure with \"channels\", which can accommodate metal ions such as silver or barium. α-MnO2 is often called hollandite, after a closely related mineral.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manganese(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"ferrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChiuZMnO2-8"}],"text":"Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a considerable amount of manganese(III) oxide. Production of batteries and ferrite (two of the primary uses of manganese dioxide) requires high purity manganese dioxide. Batteries require \"electrolytic manganese dioxide\" while ferrites require \"chemical manganese dioxide\".[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dinitrogen tetroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide"},{"link_name":"manganese(II) nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_nitrate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChiuZMnO2-8"},{"link_name":"carbothermically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction"},{"link_name":"manganese(II) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"ammonium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"calcined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcined"},{"link_name":"sodium chlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chlorate"},{"link_name":"Chloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloric_acid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChiuZMnO2-8"},{"link_name":"potassium permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"},{"link_name":"manganese sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Chemical manganese dioxide","text":"One method starts with natural manganese dioxide and converts it using dinitrogen tetroxide and water to a manganese(II) nitrate solution. Evaporation of the water leaves the crystalline nitrate salt. At temperatures of 400 °C, the salt decomposes, releasing N2O4 and leaving a residue of purified manganese dioxide.[8] These two steps can be summarized as:MnO2 + N2O4 ⇌ Mn(NO3)2In another process, manganese dioxide is carbothermically reduced to manganese(II) oxide which is dissolved in sulfuric acid. The filtered solution is treated with ammonium carbonate to precipitate MnCO3. The carbonate is calcined in air to give a mixture of manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides. To complete the process, a suspension of this material in sulfuric acid is treated with sodium chlorate. Chloric acid, which forms in situ, converts any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides to the dioxide, releasing chlorine as a by-product.[8]Lastly, the action of potassium permanganate over manganese sulfate crystals produces the desired oxide.[9]2 KMnO4 + 3 MnSO4 + 2 H2O→ 5 MnO2 + K2SO4 + 2 H2SO4","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zinc–carbon batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery"},{"link_name":"zinc chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_chloride"},{"link_name":"ammonium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride"},{"link_name":"rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery"},{"link_name":"electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques#Electrorefining"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"manganese sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_sulfate"},{"link_name":"anode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anode"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Electrolytic manganese dioxide","text":"Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is used in zinc–carbon batteries together with zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. EMD is commonly used in zinc manganese dioxide rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) cells also. For these applications, purity is extremely important. EMD is produced in a similar fashion as electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper: The manganese dioxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid (sometimes mixed with manganese sulfate) and subjected to a current between two electrodes. The MnO2 dissolves, enters solution as the sulfate, and is deposited on the anode.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"}],"text":"The important reactions of MnO2 are associated with its redox, both oxidation and reduction.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"ferromanganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromanganese"},{"link_name":"carbothermal reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbothermal_reduction"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UllMn-11"},{"link_name":"catalyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"potassium chlorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chlorate"},{"link_name":"hydrogen peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)"},{"link_name":"manganese(III) oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"mixed-valence compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-valence_compound"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UllMn-11"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"manganese(II) sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"hydrogen chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride"},{"link_name":"Carl Wilhelm Scheele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele"},{"link_name":"chlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"sodium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G&E-4"},{"link_name":"standard electrode potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential"},{"link_name":"half reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_reaction"},{"link_name":"endothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"precipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitate"},{"link_name":"ground glass joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_glass_joint"},{"link_name":"potassium permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"}],"sub_title":"Reduction","text":"MnO2 is the principal precursor to ferromanganese and related alloys, which are widely used in the steel industry. The conversions involve carbothermal reduction using coke:[11]MnO2 + 2 C → Mn + 2 COThe key redox reactions of MnO2 in batteries is the one-electron reduction:MnO2 + e− + H+ → MnO(OH)MnO2 catalyses several reactions that form O2. In a classical laboratory demonstration, heating a mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide produces oxygen gas. Manganese dioxide also catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water:2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2Manganese dioxide decomposes above about 530 °C to manganese(III) oxide and oxygen. At temperatures close to 1000 °C, the mixed-valence compound Mn3O4 forms. Higher temperatures give MnO, which is reduced only with difficulty.[11]Hot concentrated sulfuric acid reduces MnO2 to manganese(II) sulfate:[4]2 MnO2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 MnSO4 + O2 + 2 H2OThe reaction of hydrogen chloride with MnO2 was used by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the original isolation of chlorine gas in 1774:MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2OAs a source of hydrogen chloride, Scheele treated sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.[4]Eo (MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O) = +1.23 V\nEo (Cl2(g) + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl−) = +1.36 VThe standard electrode potentials for the half reactions indicate that the reaction is endothermic at pH = 0 (1 M [H+]), but it is favoured by the lower pH as well as the evolution (and removal) of gaseous chlorine.This reaction is also a convenient way to remove the manganese dioxide precipitate from the ground glass joints after running a reaction (for example, an oxidation with potassium permanganate).","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KOH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"potassium manganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_manganate"},{"link_name":"potassium permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate"}],"sub_title":"Oxidation","text":"Heating a mixture of KOH and MnO2 in air gives green potassium manganate:2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2OPotassium manganate is the precursor to potassium permanganate, a common oxidant.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dry cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cell"},{"link_name":"Leclanché cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell"},{"link_name":"zinc–carbon batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-12"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"glassmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmaking"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The predominant application of MnO2 is as a component of dry cell batteries: alkaline batteries and so called Leclanché cell, or zinc–carbon batteries. Approximately 500,000 tonnes are consumed for this application annually.[12] Other industrial applications include the use of MnO2 as an inorganic pigment in ceramics and in glassmaking. It is also used in water treatment applications.[13]","title":"Occurrence and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pech-de-l'Azé cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pech-de-l%27Az%C3%A9_cave"},{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"Excavations at the Pech-de-l'Azé cave site in southwestern France have yielded blocks of manganese dioxide writing tools, which date back 50,000 years and have been attributed to Neanderthals . Scientists have conjectured that Neanderthals used this mineral for body decoration, but there are many other readily available minerals that are more suitable for that purpose. Heyes et al. (in 2016) determined that the manganese dioxide lowers the combustion temperatures for wood from above 650 °F to 480 °F, making fire making much easier and this is likely to be the purpose of the blocks.[14]","title":"Occurrence and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cahiez-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"pyrolusite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolusite"},{"link_name":"allylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic"},{"link_name":"aldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MnO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MnO"},{"link_name":"double bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"acetylenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenic"},{"link_name":"propargylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propargylic"},{"link_name":"Benzylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylic"},{"link_name":"Diols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diol"},{"link_name":"dialdehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialdehyde"},{"link_name":"diketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diketone"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"oxidative coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_coupling"},{"link_name":"thiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol"}],"sub_title":"Organic synthesis","text":"A specialized use of manganese dioxide is as oxidant in organic synthesis.[7] The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant factor.[15] The mineral pyrolusite makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated in situ by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO4 with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate. MnO2 oxidizes allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones:[16]cis-RCH=CHCH2OH + MnO2 → cis-RCH=CHCHO + MnO + H2OThe configuration of the double bond is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding acetylenic alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting propargylic aldehydes can be quite reactive. Benzylic and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-Diols are cleaved by MnO2 to dialdehydes or diketones. Otherwise, the applications of MnO2 are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including amine oxidation, aromatization, oxidative coupling, and thiol oxidation.","title":"Occurrence and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geobacteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacteraceae"},{"link_name":"bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Microbiology","text":"In Geobacteraceae sp., MnO2 functions as an electron acceptor coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds. This theme has implications for bioremediation.[17]","title":"Occurrence and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-1385-6163-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1385-6163-2"}],"text":"Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-6163-2.","title":"Cited sources"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of inorganic pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments"}] | [{"reference":"Haines, J.; Léger, J.M.; Hoyau, S. (1995). \"Second-order rutile-type to CaCl2-type phase transition in β-MnO2 at high pressure\". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 56 (7): 965–973. Bibcode:1995JPCS...56..965H. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(95)00037-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPCS...56..965H","url_text":"1995JPCS...56..965H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3697%2895%2900037-2","url_text":"10.1016/0022-3697(95)00037-2"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 1218–20. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Chemistry of the Elements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press","url_text":"Pergamon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4","url_text":"978-0-08-022057-4"}]},{"reference":"Barbato, S (31 May 2001). \"Hollandite cathodes for lithium ion batteries. 2. Thermodynamic and kinetics studies of lithium insertion into BaMMn7O16 (M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni)\". Electrochimica Acta. 46 (18): 2767–2776. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00506-0. hdl:10533/173039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0013-4686%2801%2900506-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00506-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F173039","url_text":"10533/173039"}]},{"reference":"Tompsett, David A.; Islam, M. Saiful (25 June 2013). \"Electrochemistry of Hollandite α-MnO : Li-Ion and Na-Ion Insertion and Li Incorporation\". Chemistry of Materials. 25 (12): 2515–2526. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.728.3867. doi:10.1021/cm400864n.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.728.3867","url_text":"10.1.1.728.3867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcm400864n","url_text":"10.1021/cm400864n"}]},{"reference":"Cahiez, G.; Alami, M.; Taylor, R. J. K.; Reid, M.; Foot, J. S. (2004), \"Manganese Dioxide\", in Paquette, Leo A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1002/047084289X.rm021.pub4, ISBN 9780470842898","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047084289X.rm021.pub4","url_text":"10.1002/047084289X.rm021.pub4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470842898","url_text":"9780470842898"}]},{"reference":"Preisler, Eberhard (1980), \"Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein\", Chemie in unserer Zeit, 14 (5): 137–48, doi:10.1002/ciuz.19800140502","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.19800140502","url_text":"10.1002/ciuz.19800140502"}]},{"reference":"Biswal, Avijit; Chandra Tripathy, Bankim; Sanjay, Kali; Subbaiah, Tondepu; Minakshi, Manickam (2015). \"Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD): A perspective on worldwide production, reserves and its role in electrochemistry\". RSC Advances. 5 (72): 58255–58283. doi:10.1039/C5RA05892A.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/ra/c5ra05892a","url_text":"\"Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD): A perspective on worldwide production, reserves and its role in electrochemistry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5RA05892A","url_text":"10.1039/C5RA05892A"}]},{"reference":"Wellbeloved, David B.; Craven, Peter M.; Waudby, John W. (2000). \"Manganese and Manganese Alloys\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_077. ISBN 3527306730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a16_077","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a16_077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730","url_text":"3527306730"}]},{"reference":"Reidies, Arno H. (2002), \"Manganese Compounds\", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. 20, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, pp. 495–542, doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_123, ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a16_123","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a16_123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30385-4","url_text":"978-3-527-30385-4"}]},{"reference":"Ibrahim, Yazan; Wadi, Vijay S.; Ouda, Mariam; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Banat, Fawzi; Hasan, Shadi W. (15 January 2022). \"Highly selective heavy metal ions membranes combining sulfonated polyethersulfone and self-assembled manganese oxide nanosheets on positively functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets\". Chemical Engineering Journal. 428: 131267. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131267. ISSN 1385-8947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2021.131267","url_text":"10.1016/j.cej.2021.131267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1385-8947","url_text":"1385-8947"}]},{"reference":"\"Neandertals may have used chemistry to start fires\". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/neandertals-may-have-used-chemistry-start-fires","url_text":"\"Neandertals may have used chemistry to start fires\""}]},{"reference":"Attenburrow, J.; Cameron, A. F. B.; Chapman, J. H.; Evans, R. M.; Hems, B. A.; Jansen, A. B. A.; Walker, T. (1952), \"A synthesis of vitamin a from cyclohexanone\", J. Chem. Soc.: 1094–1111, doi:10.1039/JR9520001094","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9520001094","url_text":"10.1039/JR9520001094"}]},{"reference":"Paquette, Leo A. and Heidelbaugh, Todd M. \"(4S)-(−)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopen-1-one\". Organic Syntheses","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv9p0136","url_text":"\"(4S)-(−)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopen-1-one\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses","url_text":"Organic Syntheses"}]},{"reference":"Collected Volumes, vol. 9, p. 136","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lovley, Derek R.; Holmes, Dawn E.; Nevin, Kelly P. (2004). Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) Reduction. Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 49. pp. 219–286. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5. ISBN 9780120277490. PMID 15518832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2911%2804%2949005-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120277490","url_text":"9780120277490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15518832","url_text":"15518832"}]},{"reference":"Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-6163-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1385-6163-2","url_text":"978-1-1385-6163-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1313-13-9","external_links_name":"1313-13-9"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3D%5BMn%5D%3DO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=136511","external_links_name":"CHEBI:136511"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14117.html","external_links_name":"14117"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.013.821","external_links_name":"100.013.821"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14801","external_links_name":"14801"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/TF219GU161","external_links_name":"TF219GU161"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6042109,","external_links_name":"DTXSID501314019 DTXSID6042109, DTXSID501314019"},{"Link":"http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0175.htm","external_links_name":"ICSC 0175"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=445299286&page2=Manganese+dioxide","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPCS...56..965H","external_links_name":"1995JPCS...56..965H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3697%2895%2900037-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/0022-3697(95)00037-2"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Chemistry of the Elements"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0013-4686%2801%2900506-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00506-0"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F173039","external_links_name":"10533/173039"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.728.3867","external_links_name":"10.1.1.728.3867"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcm400864n","external_links_name":"10.1021/cm400864n"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F047084289X.rm021.pub4","external_links_name":"10.1002/047084289X.rm021.pub4"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.19800140502","external_links_name":"10.1002/ciuz.19800140502"},{"Link":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/ra/c5ra05892a","external_links_name":"\"Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD): A perspective on worldwide production, reserves and its role in electrochemistry\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5RA05892A","external_links_name":"10.1039/C5RA05892A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a16_077","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a16_077"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a16_123","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a16_123"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2021.131267","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cej.2021.131267"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1385-8947","external_links_name":"1385-8947"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/neandertals-may-have-used-chemistry-start-fires","external_links_name":"\"Neandertals may have used chemistry to start fires\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJR9520001094","external_links_name":"10.1039/JR9520001094"},{"Link":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv9p0136","external_links_name":"\"(4S)-(−)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopen-1-one\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2911%2804%2949005-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0065-2911(04)49005-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15518832","external_links_name":"15518832"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050218190527/http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/chemname.asp?nameID=33430","external_links_name":"Index of Organic Synthesis procedures utilizing MnO2"},{"Link":"https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/oxidations/manganese(IV)oxide.shtm","external_links_name":"Example Reactions with Mn(IV) oxide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060301151751/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/52.html","external_links_name":"National Pollutant Inventory – Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=14801","external_links_name":"PubChem summary of MnO2"},{"Link":"https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0175.htm","external_links_name":"International Chemical Safety Card 0175"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041124065033/http://ceramic-materials.com/cermat/education/139.html","external_links_name":"Potters Manganese Toxicity by Elke Blodgett"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation | RAND Corporation | ["1 Overview","2 History","2.1 Project RAND","2.2 RAND Corporation","3 Achievements","4 Controversies","5 Notable participants","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","8.1 Books","8.2 Articles","8.3 Documentary films and broadcast programs","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670American global policy think tank founded in 1948
Not to be confused with American Research and Development Corporation, Remington Rand, Ingersoll Rand, or Sperry Rand.
"RAND" redirects here. For other uses, see Rand (disambiguation).
RAND CorporationHeadquarters in Santa MonicaPredecessorSpin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a nonprofit and gaining independence from both.FormationMay 14, 1948; 76 years ago (1948-05-14)Founders
Franklin R. Collbohm
Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
Donald Douglas
Curtis LeMay
TypeGlobal policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firmTax ID no. 95-1958142Legal statusNonprofit corporationPurpose
Policy analysis
Research and development
HeadquartersSanta Monica, California, U.S.Coordinates34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670Region WorldwidePresident and CEOJason Gaverick MathenyRAND Leadership
Jennifer Gould
Andrew R. Hoehn
Mike Januzik
Eric Peltz
Melissa Rowe
Robert M. Case
President, RAND EuropeHans PungBoard of directors
Michael E. Leiter (Chair)
Teresa Wynn Roseborough (Vice Chair)
Joel Z. Hyatt
Peter Lowy
Michael Lynton
Mary E. Peters
David L. Porges
Donald B. Rice (Emeritus)
Leonard D. Schaeffer
SubsidiariesRAND EuropeFrederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate SchoolAffiliationsIndependentRevenue $390 million (2023)DisbursementsNumerousExpenses $427 million (2023)Endowment$288.7 million (2023)Staff 1,900 (2023)Websitewww.rand.org
The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.
The RAND Corporation originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the postwar period immediately after World War II. The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons. Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare. Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs. It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".
RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments, corporations, universities, charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, by foreign governments.
Overview
RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts. The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom; Brussels, Belgium; and Rotterdam, Netherlands. RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.
RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.
Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.
RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.
Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.
History
Project RAND
RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions. The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm. Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.
As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do." With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.
Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development". Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself. He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.
On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945. In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.
RAND Corporation
By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.
On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation. Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.
Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care. In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.
RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory. Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".
Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.
RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank". Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term.
Achievements
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program, in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet. RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.
Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.
RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.
In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative, which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020 analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy.
Controversies
Almost since its inception, the RAND Corporation has been involved in controversial issues—and its reports, recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy. Among these have been:
Alcoholism
Artificial Intelligence - RAND has been accused of lobbying for AI companies, and having close ties to the effective altruism movement. In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review."
Auto insurance
City government
Cold War and potential nuclear conflict - In December 2023, the RAND Corporation was designated as "undesirable" in Russia.
Gun control - The National Rifle Association of America has cited RAND's research on the effect of assault rifle bans on mass shootings and violent crime.
Iraq War
National health insurance
Vietnam War
Transparency in government
Notable participants
John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation
Henry H. "Hap" Arnold: General of the Air Force, United States Air Force
Kenneth Arrow: economist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics, developed the impossibility theorem in social choice theory
Bruno Augenstein: V.P., physicist, mathematician and space scientist
Robert Aumann: mathematician, game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics.
J. Paul Austin: Chairman of the Board, 1972–1981
Paul Baran: one of the developers of packet switching which was used in ARPANET and later networks like the Internet
Richard Bellman: Mathematician known for his work on dynamic programming
Yoram Ben-Porat: economist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Barry Boehm: worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program
Harold L. Brode: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert
Bernard Brodie: Military strategist and nuclear architect
Samuel Cohen: inventor of the neutron bomb in 1958
Franklin R. Collbohm: Aviation engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder and former director and trustee.
Walter Cunningham: astronaut
George Dantzig: mathematician, creator of the simplex algorithm for linear programming
Linda Darling-Hammond: educational researcher, co-director, School Redesign Network
Merton Davies: mathematician, pioneering planetary scientist
Michael H. Decker: Senior International Defense Research Analyst
Stephen H. Dole: Author of the book Habitable Planets for Man and head of Rand's Human Engineering Group
Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.: President, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
Hubert Dreyfus: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence
Karen Elliott House: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The Wall Street Journal; Former Senior Vice President, Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
Daniel Ellsberg: economist and leaker of the Pentagon Papers
Alain Enthoven: economist, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965 to 1969
Stephen J. Flanagan, political scientist, National Security Council senior director
Francis Fukuyama: academic and author of The End of History and the Last Man
Horace Rowan Gaither: Chairman of the Board, 1949–1959, 1960–1961; known for the Gaither Report.
David Galula, French officer and scholar
James J. Gillogly: cryptographer and computer scientist
Paul Y. Hammond: political scientist and national security scholar, affiliated 1964–79, program director 1973–76
Anthony C. Hearn: developed the REDUCE computer algebra system, the oldest such system still in active use; co-founded the CSNET computer network
Fred Iklé: US nuclear policy researcher
Brian Michael Jenkins: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, and author of Unconquerable Nation
Herman Kahn: theorist on nuclear war and one of the founders of scenario planning
Amrom Harry Katz
Konrad Kellen: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war
Zalmay Khalilzad: U.S. ambassador to United Nations
Henry Kissinger: United States Secretary of State (1973–1977); National Security Advisor (1969–1975); Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1973)
Ann McLaughlin Korologos: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute
Lewis "Scooter" Libby: United States Vice-president Dick Cheney's former Chief of Staff
Ray Mabus: Former ambassador, governor
Harry Markowitz: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis, Nobel Prize in Economics
Andrew W. Marshall: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment
Jason Gaverick Matheny: selected as president and CEO of The RAND Corporation in 2022
Margaret Mead: U.S. anthropologist
Douglas Merrill: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division
Newton N. Minow: Chairman of the board, 1970–1972
John Milnor: mathematician, known for his work in differential topology
Chuck Missler: Bible Teacher, Engineer, chairman and CEO Western Digital
Lloyd Morrisett: Chairman of the board, 1986–1995
John Forbes Nash, Jr.: mathematician, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
John von Neumann: mathematician, pioneer of the modern digital computer
Allen Newell: artificial intelligence
Paul O'Neill: Chairman of the board, 1997–2000
Edmund Phelps: winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics
Arthur E. Raymond: Chief engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
Condoleezza Rice: former intern, former trustee (1991–1997), and former Secretary of State for the United States
Michael D. Rich: RAND President and chief executive officer, 1 November 2011–5 July 2022
Leo Rosten: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND
Albert S. Ruddy: programmer trainee, Oscar-winning producer of The Godfather and Million Dollar Baby
Donald Rumsfeld: Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.
Robert M. Salter: advocate of the vactrain maglev train concept
Paul Samuelson: economist, Nobel Prize in Economics
Thomas C. Schelling: economist, won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics
James Schlesinger: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy
Dov Seidman: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN
Norman Shapiro: mathematician, co-author of the Rice–Shapiro theorem, MH Email and RAND-Abel co-designer
Lloyd Shapley: mathematician and game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
Cliff Shaw: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program
Abram Shulsky: former Director of the Pentagon's Office of Special Plans
Herbert Simon: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics
James Steinberg: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton
Ratan Tata: Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons
James Thomson: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – 31 October 2011
Willis Ware: JOHNNIAC co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer
William H. Webster: Chairman of the Board, 1959–1960
Oliver Williamson: economist, won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics
Albert Wohlstetter: mathematician and Cold War strategist
Roberta Wohlstetter: policy analyst and military historian
Ariane Tabatabai: former researcher
See also
A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (published by RAND)
Truth Decay (also published by RAND)
References
^ a b c d e Medvetz, Thomas (2012). Think Tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-226-51729-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ a b c "RAND Leadership". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ "RAND Corporation Board of Trustees". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^ As of September 20, 2023. RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^ RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023) (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^ 2023 RAND Annual Report (Report). RAND. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^ a b c Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ RAND History and Mission Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 13 April 2009.
^ a b Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ a b "RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ "2023 RAND Annual Report". RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
^ a b c "How We're Funded". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ a b Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "RAND Locations". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
^ "RAND Europe Contact Information". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "RAND Locations: Canberra Office". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ a b "Pardee RAND History". Pardee RAND Graduate School. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ a b c d e "RAND at a Glance". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
^ "The RAND Journal of Economics". www.rje.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). "Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available". Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ). Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
^ Harvard University Institute of Politics. "Guide for Political Internships". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). "Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Johnson, Stephen B (2002). The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965 (PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ Jardini, David R. (2013). Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975. p. 10. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
^ Flood, Joe (2011). The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities. p. 205. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ Twing, Steven W. (1998). Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-766-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). "The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
^ Kaplan, Fred (10 October 2004). "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
^ "The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)". Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
^ Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology (PDF). RAND Corp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient". Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ Perla, Peter P. (1990). The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 0-87021-050-5. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-2688-7. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "Policy Experts". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993). "Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment" (PDF). Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (Princeton University): 23–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "Gun Policy". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ The Science of Gun Policy Archived 19 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition
^ "Alcoholism Controversy," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 4, 1976, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023.
^ Bordelon, Brendan (16 December 2023). "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order". Politico. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023.
^ Kessler, Andy. "Opinion | SBF Faces Prison, but 'Effective Altruism' Lives On". WSJ. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ "House Science Committee letter to NIST" (PDF). House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. 14 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2023.
^ "An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation's Studies in Support of No Fault Laws," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2000, Consumer Watchdog, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Clines, Francis X.: "The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine July 8, 1970, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Szanton, Peter L. (RAND Corporation): "Analysis and Urban Government: Experience of the New York City-Rand Institute," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine July, 1972, Policy Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153-161, Springer, at Jstor.org, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ "Data in the Fire Service," Archived 6 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2015, NFPA 2015 Responder Forum, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Flood, Joe:
The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2011, Riverhead Books,
-- summarized at: GoodReads.com Archived 29 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine (by
Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, Archived 4 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Saul Friedman (Houston Chronicle, Nieman Fellow): "The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine September 1963, The Atlantic, retrieved November 25, 2022
^ "Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies" Archived 9 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, January 14, 1997, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Rej, Abhijnan:
Commentary: The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara," Archived 29 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in "Rationalizing McNamara's Legacy," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 5, 2016, Niskanen Center; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at "In Defense of Defense Analysis," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: "A new world order will likely arise only from calamity," Archived 30 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine July 24, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ "Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as 'Undesirable'". The Moscow Times. 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ Christopher Ingraham (2 March 2018). "The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ Aaron Brown; Justin Monticello (31 March 2022). "Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No". reason.com. Reason Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (27 March 2021). "Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ ""Assault Weapons" | "Large" Magazines". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018.
^ a b Heilbrunn, Jacob: "Real Men of Genius" Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (book review of Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella, 2008, Harcourt), September 21, 2008, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Gordon, Michael R.: "Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 29, 2008, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ "The Real Health Issue," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 25, 1974, Page 36, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ a b "The Insider" Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (book review of Wild Man -- biography of Daniel Ellsberg -- by Tom Wells, 2001, Palgrave), July 22, 2001, Washington Post,; also reviewed by Michael Young at "The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg," Archived 29 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine June 2000, Reason, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ a b Kazin, Michael, reviewer: "Inside Job" (book review of Secrets -- autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg, 2002, Viking), November 3, 2002, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Elliot, Mai (Foreword by James A. Thomson, RAND president): RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era, Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2010, RAND Corporation / Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-8330-4754-0; reviewed by James M. Carter at Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 2011, Journal of American Studies, Volume 45 , Issue 3 , pp. 631 - 633, reproduced at Cambridge University. Retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Naughton, James M.: "Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 26, 1971, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
^ Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104
^ Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983–1993, The MIT Press, 2002, p. 302
^ Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007, p. 138-139
^ "F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^ "Michael H. Decker - Profile". Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for Man (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. ISBN 978-0-8330-4227-9. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for man. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
^ "Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group". Los Angeles Times. 30 April 2000. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
^ "Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond". University of Pittsburgh. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Computer Science History". School of Computing. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ Noland, Claire (12 April 2007). "Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1884-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^ Seymour M. Hersh (12 May 2003). "Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
^ "Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees". rand.org. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
^ "Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications". 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
Further reading
Books
Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; ISBN 0-15-101081-1 / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-15-603344-5).
S.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; ISBN 0-226-01654-4 / hardcover; ISBN 0-226-01653-6).
Martin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; ISBN 1-58834-086-4)
Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, ISBN 1-59448-898-3, 9781594488986—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.
Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; ISBN 978-0-674-01714-6)
Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, The MIT Press hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; ISBN 0-262-08285-3 / 2011, paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-262-51604-7).
David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; ISBN 978-1-301-15851-5).
Fred Kaplan. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, Simon & Schuster hardcover, first printing; ISBN 0-671-42444-0 / 1991, Stanford University Press paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; ISBN 0-8047-1884-9).
Edward S. Quade and Wayne I. Boucher (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, American Elsevier hardcover).
Bruce L.R. Smith. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; ISBN 0-674-74850-6).
Marc Trachtenberg. History and Strategy (1991, Princeton University Press paperback; ISBN 0-691-02343-3 / hardcover; ISBN 0-691-07881-5).
Jean Loup Samaan. La Rand Corporation (2013, Cestudec Press)
Articles
Clifford, Peggy, ed. "RAND and The City". Santa Monica Mirror, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes: Part 1 at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 August 2005). Additional archives: Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5.
Miller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: "Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory," June 1966, Florida Law Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.
Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. In JSTOR
Documentary films and broadcast programs
The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness, historical documentary, American Experience series, PBS-TV—also detailed at "A Brilliant Madness." Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
"The RAND Corporation," (program listings), PBS News Hour, PBS-TV
"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution," POV series, PBS-TV - (also trailer)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAND Corporation.
Official website
RAND Corporation at Curlie
The Research and Development (RAND) Corporation from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Research and Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Research_and_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Remington Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand"},{"link_name":"Ingersoll Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand"},{"link_name":"Sperry Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Rand"},{"link_name":"Rand (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medvetz-1"},{"link_name":"research institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute"},{"link_name":"public sector consulting firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_consulting"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBJohnson-10"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBJohnson-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medvetz-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"endowments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDAnnualReport-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDfunding-13"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDfunding-13"},{"link_name":"charitable foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_foundation"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_government"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"international organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDfunding-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"}],"text":"American global policy think tank founded in 1948Not to be confused with American Research and Development Corporation, Remington Rand, Ingersoll Rand, or Sperry Rand.\"RAND\" redirects here. For other uses, see Rand (disambiguation).The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank,[1] research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.The RAND Corporation originated as \"Project RAND\" (from the phrase \"research and development\") in the postwar period immediately after World War II.[8][9] The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons.[10] Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare.[10] Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs.[11] It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a \"think tank\".[1]RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments,[12] corporations,[13] universities,[13] charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, by foreign governments.[13][14]","title":"RAND Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDloc-usa-15"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDEurope-16"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDAussie-17"},{"link_name":"Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_S._Pardee_RAND_Graduate_School"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PardeeRAND-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PardeeRAND-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDglance-19"},{"link_name":"RAND Journal of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Journal_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts.[15] The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom; Brussels, Belgium; and Rotterdam, Netherlands.[16] RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.[17]RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.[18]Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training.[18] RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.[19]RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.[20]Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.[21][22]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Office of Scientific Research and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development"},{"link_name":"operational research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_research"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDglance-19"},{"link_name":"Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"Franklin R. Collbohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_11-23"},{"link_name":"ongoing demobilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demobilization_of_United_States_armed_forces_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_11-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_12-24"},{"link_name":"Donald Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas_Sr."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Army Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Army_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_12-24"},{"link_name":"Arthur Emmons Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Emmons_Raymond"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abella_Page_13-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDglance-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_Design_of_an_Experimental_World-Circling_Spaceship"}],"sub_title":"Project RAND","text":"RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions.[19] The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm.[23] Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.[23]As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, \"I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do.\"[24] With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.[24]Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from \"research and development\".[8] Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself.[8] He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.[25]On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.[19][26] In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"nonprofit corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDglance-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDglance-19"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong_Motivation_and_Morale_Project"},{"link_name":"Great Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"nuclear deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence"},{"link_name":"mutually assured destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction"},{"link_name":"Robert McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNamara"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Herman Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kahn"},{"link_name":"On Thermonuclear War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Thermonuclear_War"},{"link_name":"Dr. Strangelove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medvetz-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medvetz-1"}],"sub_title":"RAND Corporation","text":"By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.[19]On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.[19] Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.[27] In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.[28]RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory.[29] Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a \"winnable\" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the \"BLAND Corporation\".[30][31]Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.[32]RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a \"think tank\".[1] Accordingly, RAND served as the \"prototype\" for the modern definition of that term.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RANDPittsburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"space program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_program"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDspacebook-33"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"wargaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wargaming"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_justice"},{"link_name":"criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"labor markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_market"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"defense policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_policy"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industry"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"intelligence policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_studies"},{"link_name":"crisis management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_management"},{"link_name":"emergency management-disaster preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management"},{"link_name":"population studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population"},{"link_name":"regional studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_studies"},{"link_name":"comparative studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"science and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"social policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"counterterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism"},{"link_name":"cultural policy, arts policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDpolicyexperts-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-11"},{"link_name":"RAND Health Insurance Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Health_Insurance_Experiment"},{"link_name":"Department of Health, Education and Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDhie-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RANDStudy-41"}],"text":"RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaThe achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program,[33] in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet.[34] RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.[35][36]Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.[37][14][11]RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.[38][39]In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,[40] which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020[41] analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alcoholism_1976_08_04_nytimes-42"},{"link_name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"effective altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"House Science Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Science_Committee"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Auto insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_insurance"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_fault_laws_2000_consumerwatchdog_org-47"},{"link_name":"City government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_government"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-men_who_tell_the_city_1970_07_08_nytimes-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urban_govt_1972_07_policy_sciences_jstor-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-data_in_the_fire_serivce_2015_nfpa_org-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_fires_2011_joe_flood_riverhead-51"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"nuclear conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_conflict"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rand_and_policymakers_1963_09_the_atlantic-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wohlstetter_dies_1997_01_14_nytimes_com-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_other_legacy_2016_06_warontherocks_com-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_world_order_2018_07_24_washingtonpost_com-55"},{"link_name":"undesirable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Gun control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-best_available_2018_03_02_washpost-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-do_studies_2022_03_31_reason_com-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gun_violence_research_2021_03_27_nytimes_com-59"},{"link_name":"National Rifle Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-occupation_plan_2008_06_29_nyimes-62"},{"link_name":"National health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_health_insurance"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_real_health_issue_1974_06_25_nytimes-63"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real_men_of_genius_2008_09_21_washpost-61"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rand_in_southeast_asia_2010_rand_jstor-66"},{"link_name":"Transparency in government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_in_government"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-federal_warrant_1971_06_26_nytimes-67"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_insider_2001_07_22_washpost-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside_job_2002_11_03_washpost-65"}],"text":"Almost since its inception, the RAND Corporation has been involved[how?] in controversial issues—and its reports, recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy. Among these have been:Alcoholism[42]\nArtificial Intelligence - RAND has been accused of lobbying for AI companies,[43][44] and having close ties to the effective altruism movement.[45] In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) raising concerns over RAND's \"research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review.\"[46]\nAuto insurance[47]\nCity government[48][49][50][51]\nCold War and potential nuclear conflict[52][53][54][55] - In December 2023, the RAND Corporation was designated as \"undesirable\" in Russia.[56]\nGun control[57][58][59] - The National Rifle Association of America has cited RAND's research on the effect of assault rifle bans on mass shootings and violent crime.[60]\nIraq War[61][62]\nNational health insurance[63]\nVietnam War[61][64][65][66]\nTransparency in government[67][64][65]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"General of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"impossibility theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem"},{"link_name":"social choice theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory"},{"link_name":"Bruno Augenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Augenstein"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Robert Aumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aumann"},{"link_name":"game theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Austin"},{"link_name":"Paul Baran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran"},{"link_name":"packet switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching"},{"link_name":"ARPANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"},{"link_name":"networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Richard Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bellman"},{"link_name":"dynamic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming"},{"link_name":"Yoram Ben-Porat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram_Ben-Porat"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Barry Boehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Boehm"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Harold L. Brode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_L._Brode"},{"link_name":"Bernard Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(military_strategist)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_T._Cohen"},{"link_name":"neutron bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Franklin R. Collbohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_R._Collbohm"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Walter Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"George Dantzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dantzig"},{"link_name":"simplex algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm"},{"link_name":"linear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"Linda Darling-Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Darling-Hammond"},{"link_name":"Merton Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Davies"},{"link_name":"Michael H. Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Decker"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Habitable Planets for Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_Planets_for_Man"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Hubert Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"Karen Elliott House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ellsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg"},{"link_name":"Pentagon Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Papers"},{"link_name":"Alain Enthoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Enthoven"},{"link_name":"Stephen J. Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Flanagan"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Francis Fukuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama"},{"link_name":"The End of History and the Last Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man"},{"link_name":"Horace Rowan Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Rowan_Gaither"},{"link_name":"Gaither Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaither_Report"},{"link_name":"David Galula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Galula"},{"link_name":"James J. Gillogly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Gillogly"},{"link_name":"cryptographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographer"},{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"Paul Y. Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Y._Hammond"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Anthony C. Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_C._Hearn"},{"link_name":"REDUCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduce_(computer_algebra_system)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"CSNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNET"},{"link_name":"Fred Iklé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Ikl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Unconquerable Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconquerable_Nation"},{"link_name":"Herman Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kahn"},{"link_name":"nuclear war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"scenario planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenario_planning"},{"link_name":"Amrom Harry Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrom_Harry_Katz"},{"link_name":"Konrad Kellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Kellen"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaTimes20070412-78"},{"link_name":"Zalmay Khalilzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ann McLaughlin Korologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos"},{"link_name":"Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Libby"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Ray Mabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mabus"},{"link_name":"Harry Markowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Markowitz"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics"},{"link_name":"Andrew W. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Jason Gaverick Matheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gaverick_Matheny"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead"},{"link_name":"Douglas Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Merrill"},{"link_name":"Newton N. Minow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_N._Minow"},{"link_name":"John Milnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milnor"},{"link_name":"Chuck Missler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Missler"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Morrisett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Morrisett"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"digital computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computer"},{"link_name":"Allen Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell"},{"link_name":"Paul O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_O%27Neill_(cabinet_member)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Arthur E. Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Raymond"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Rich"},{"link_name":"Leo Rosten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rosten"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Albert S. Ruddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Salter"},{"link_name":"vactrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain"},{"link_name":"maglev train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_train"},{"link_name":"Paul Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. Schelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Schelling"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"James Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"Dov Seidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Seidman"},{"link_name":"Norman Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Rice–Shapiro theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Shapiro_theorem"},{"link_name":"MH Email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH_Message_Handling_System"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Shapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Cliff Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Abram Shulsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Shulsky"},{"link_name":"Office of Special Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hersh-81"},{"link_name":"Herbert Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"James Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Ratan Tata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratan_Tata"},{"link_name":"Tata Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Sons"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"James Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._James_Thomson_(CEO,_RAND_Corporation)"},{"link_name":"Willis Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Ware"},{"link_name":"JOHNNIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOHNNIAC"},{"link_name":"William H. Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Webster"},{"link_name":"Oliver Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Albert Wohlstetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wohlstetter"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Roberta Wohlstetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter"},{"link_name":"Ariane Tabatabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_Tabatabai"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation[68]Henry H. \"Hap\" Arnold: General of the Air Force, United States Air Force\nKenneth Arrow: economist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics, developed the impossibility theorem in social choice theory\nBruno Augenstein: V.P., physicist, mathematician and space scientist\nRobert Aumann: mathematician, game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics.\nJ. Paul Austin: Chairman of the Board, 1972–1981\nPaul Baran: one of the developers of packet switching which was used in ARPANET and later networks like the Internet\nRichard Bellman: Mathematician known for his work on dynamic programming\nYoram Ben-Porat: economist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem\nBarry Boehm: worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program[69]\nHarold L. Brode: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert\nBernard Brodie: Military strategist and nuclear architect\nSamuel Cohen: inventor of the neutron bomb in 1958[70]\nFranklin R. Collbohm: Aviation engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder and former director and trustee.[71]\nWalter Cunningham: astronaut\nGeorge Dantzig: mathematician, creator of the simplex algorithm for linear programming\nLinda Darling-Hammond: educational researcher, co-director, School Redesign Network\nMerton Davies: mathematician, pioneering planetary scientist\nMichael H. Decker: Senior International Defense Research Analyst[72]\nStephen H. Dole: Author of the book Habitable Planets for Man[73][74] and head of Rand's Human Engineering Group[75]\nDonald Wills Douglas, Sr.: President, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder\nHubert Dreyfus: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence\nKaren Elliott House: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The Wall Street Journal; Former Senior Vice President, Dow Jones & Company, Inc.\nDaniel Ellsberg: economist and leaker of the Pentagon Papers\nAlain Enthoven: economist, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965 to 1969\nStephen J. Flanagan, political scientist, National Security Council senior director\nFrancis Fukuyama: academic and author of The End of History and the Last Man\nHorace Rowan Gaither: Chairman of the Board, 1949–1959, 1960–1961; known for the Gaither Report.\nDavid Galula, French officer and scholar\nJames J. Gillogly: cryptographer and computer scientist\nPaul Y. Hammond: political scientist and national security scholar, affiliated 1964–79, program director 1973–76[76]\nAnthony C. Hearn: developed the REDUCE computer algebra system, the oldest such system still in active use;[77] co-founded the CSNET computer network\nFred Iklé: US nuclear policy researcher\nBrian Michael Jenkins: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, and author of Unconquerable Nation\nHerman Kahn: theorist on nuclear war and one of the founders of scenario planning\nAmrom Harry Katz\nKonrad Kellen: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war[78]\nZalmay Khalilzad: U.S. ambassador to United Nations\nHenry Kissinger: United States Secretary of State (1973–1977); National Security Advisor (1969–1975); Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1973)\nAnn McLaughlin Korologos: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute\nLewis \"Scooter\" Libby: United States Vice-president Dick Cheney's former Chief of Staff\nRay Mabus: Former ambassador, governor\nHarry Markowitz: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis, Nobel Prize in Economics\nAndrew W. Marshall: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment\nJason Gaverick Matheny: selected as president and CEO of The RAND Corporation in 2022[79]\nMargaret Mead: U.S. anthropologist\nDouglas Merrill: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division\nNewton N. Minow: Chairman of the board, 1970–1972\nJohn Milnor: mathematician, known for his work in differential topology\nChuck Missler: Bible Teacher, Engineer, chairman and CEO Western Digital\nLloyd Morrisett: Chairman of the board, 1986–1995\nJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.: mathematician, won the Nobel Prize in Economics\nJohn von Neumann: mathematician, pioneer of the modern digital computer\nAllen Newell: artificial intelligence\nPaul O'Neill: Chairman of the board, 1997–2000\nEdmund Phelps: winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics\nArthur E. Raymond: Chief engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder\nCondoleezza Rice: former intern, former trustee (1991–1997), and former Secretary of State for the United States\nMichael D. Rich: RAND President and chief executive officer, 1 November 2011–5 July 2022\nLeo Rosten: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND[80]\nAlbert S. Ruddy: programmer trainee, Oscar-winning producer of The Godfather and Million Dollar Baby\nDonald Rumsfeld: Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.\nRobert M. Salter: advocate of the vactrain maglev train concept\nPaul Samuelson: economist, Nobel Prize in Economics\nThomas C. Schelling: economist, won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics\nJames Schlesinger: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy\nDov Seidman: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN\nNorman Shapiro: mathematician, co-author of the Rice–Shapiro theorem, MH Email and RAND-Abel co-designer\nLloyd Shapley: mathematician and game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics\nCliff Shaw: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program\nAbram Shulsky: former Director of the Pentagon's Office of Special Plans[81]\nHerbert Simon: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics\nJames Steinberg: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton\nRatan Tata: Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons[82]\nJames Thomson: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – 31 October 2011\nWillis Ware: JOHNNIAC co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer\nWilliam H. Webster: Chairman of the Board, 1959–1960\nOliver Williamson: economist, won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics\nAlbert Wohlstetter: mathematician and Cold War strategist\nRoberta Wohlstetter: policy analyst and military historian\nAriane Tabatabai: former researcher[83]","title":"Notable participants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alex Abella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Abella"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-101081-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-101081-1"},{"link_name":"Mariner Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-603344-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603344-5"},{"link_name":"S.M. Amadae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.M._Amadae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-01654-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01654-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-01653-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-01653-6"},{"link_name":"Martin J. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_J._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58834-086-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-086-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59448-898-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59448-898-3"},{"link_name":"9781594488986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594488986"},{"link_name":"GoodReads.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/book/show/7906964-the-fires"},{"link_name":"GoodReads.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/review/show/1101610139"},{"link_name":"Accounts,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/media/volume_xy_issue_2_spring_2016.pdf"},{"link_name":"American Sociological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association"},{"link_name":"Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Ghamari-Tabrizi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01714-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01714-6"},{"link_name":"Agatha C. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agatha_C._Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Hughes"},{"link_name":"The MIT Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-08285-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08285-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-51604-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-51604-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-301-15851-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-301-15851-5"},{"link_name":"Fred Kaplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-42444-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-42444-0"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-1884-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1884-9"},{"link_name":"Edward S. Quade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_S._Quade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wayne I. Boucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_I._Boucher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Elsevier"},{"link_name":"Bruce L.R. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_L.R._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-74850-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74850-6"},{"link_name":"Marc Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-02343-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02343-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-07881-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07881-5"},{"link_name":"Jean Loup Samaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Loup_Samaan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cestudec Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cestudec_Press&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; ISBN 0-15-101081-1 / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-15-603344-5).\nS.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; ISBN 0-226-01654-4 / hardcover; ISBN 0-226-01653-6).\nMartin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; ISBN 1-58834-086-4)\nJoe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, ISBN 1-59448-898-3, 9781594488986—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.\nSharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; ISBN 978-0-674-01714-6)\nAgatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, The MIT Press hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; ISBN 0-262-08285-3 / 2011, paperback reprint edition; ISBN 0-262-51604-7).\nDavid Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; ISBN 978-1-301-15851-5).\nFred Kaplan. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, Simon & Schuster hardcover, first printing; ISBN 0-671-42444-0 / 1991, Stanford University Press paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; ISBN 0-8047-1884-9).\nEdward S. Quade and Wayne I. Boucher (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, American Elsevier hardcover).\nBruce L.R. Smith. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; ISBN 0-674-74850-6).\nMarc Trachtenberg. History and Strategy (1991, Princeton University Press paperback; ISBN 0-691-02343-3 / hardcover; ISBN 0-691-07881-5).\nJean Loup Samaan. La Rand Corporation (2013, Cestudec Press)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Monica Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050829033455/http://smmirror.com/volume1/issue19/rand_and_the_city.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050831094116/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue20/rand_and_the_city.html"},{"link_name":"Part 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060506223628/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue21/rand_and_the_city.html"},{"link_name":"Part 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050901133548/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue22/rand_and_the_city.html"},{"link_name":"Part 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090616070149/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue23/rand_and_the_city.html"},{"link_name":"\"Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3584&context=flr"},{"link_name":"Florida Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"In JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/167230"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Clifford, Peggy, ed. \"RAND and The City\". Santa Monica Mirror, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes: Part 1 at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 August 2005). Additional archives: Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5.\nMiller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: \"Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory,\" June 1966, Florida Law Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.\nSpecht, R.D. \"Rand: A Personal View of Its History,\" Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. In JSTOR","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nash-rand/"},{"link_name":"American Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Experience"},{"link_name":"PBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS-TV"},{"link_name":"\"A Brilliant Madness.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230203044938/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"\"The RAND Corporation,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/rand-corporation"},{"link_name":"PBS News Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_News_Hour"},{"link_name":"PBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS-TV"},{"link_name":"\"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/video/pov-daniel-ellsberg-willing-to-risk-prosecution/"},{"link_name":"POV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POV_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"PBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS-TV"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/video/pov-the-most-dangerous-man-in-america-trailer/"}],"sub_title":"Documentary films and broadcast programs","text":"The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness, historical documentary, American Experience series, PBS-TV—also detailed at \"A Brilliant Madness.\" Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine\n\"The RAND Corporation,\" (program listings), PBS News Hour, PBS-TV\n\"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution,\" POV series, PBS-TV - (also trailer)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/RANDPittsburgh.jpg/220px-RANDPittsburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation[68]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/220px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif"}] | [{"title":"A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Million_Random_Digits_with_100,000_Normal_Deviates"},{"title":"Truth Decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Decay_(book)"}] | [{"reference":"Medvetz, Thomas (2012). Think Tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-226-51729-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26","url_text":"Think Tanks in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51729-2","url_text":"978-0-226-51729-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050844/https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Leadership\". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","url_text":"\"RAND Leadership\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607194337/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Corporation Board of Trustees\". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html","url_text":"\"RAND Corporation Board of Trustees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331070226/https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39\". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"\"RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135608/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","url_text":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023) (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","url_text":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"2023 RAND Annual Report (Report). RAND. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"2023 RAND Annual Report"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052420/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2","url_text":"978-0-15-603344-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423025436/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2","url_text":"978-1-4289-9027-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050853/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile\". www.guidestar.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142","url_text":"\"RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310220855/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 RAND Annual Report\". RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"\"2023 RAND Annual Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135611/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How We're Funded\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry","url_text":"\"How We're Funded\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805113019/http://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. \"How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research\". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html","url_text":"\"How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230223121128/https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Locations\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/locations.html","url_text":"\"RAND Locations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228031048/http://www.rand.org/about/locations.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Europe Contact Information\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html","url_text":"\"RAND Europe Contact Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119235757/http://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND Locations: Canberra Office\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html","url_text":"\"RAND Locations: Canberra Office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612232426/https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pardee RAND History\". Pardee RAND Graduate School. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html","url_text":"\"Pardee RAND History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161130064143/http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND at a Glance\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html","url_text":"\"RAND at a Glance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085542/https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The RAND Journal of Economics\". www.rje.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rje.org/","url_text":"\"The RAND Journal of Economics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130044/https://www.rje.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). \"Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available\". Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ). Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150118215449/http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available","url_text":"\"Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available\""},{"url":"http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harvard University Institute of Politics. \"Guide for Political Internships\". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Harvard University"},{"url":"http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551","url_text":"\"Guide for Political Internships\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220013409/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2","url_text":"978-0-15-603344-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423023932/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603344-2","url_text":"978-0-15-603344-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). \"Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html","url_text":"\"Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117133312/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Stephen B (2002). The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965 (PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161123160934/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf","url_text":"The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9027-2","url_text":"978-1-4289-9027-2"},{"url":"http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jardini, David R. (2013). Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975. p. 10. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765","url_text":"Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130046/https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Joe (2011). The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities. p. 205. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/","url_text":"The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213221717/https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Twing, Steven W. (1998). Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-766-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163","url_text":"Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-766-4","url_text":"1-55587-766-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050845/https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). \"The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html","url_text":"\"The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090916183217/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Fred (10 October 2004). \"Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)","url_text":"Kaplan, Fred"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511170700/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)\". Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1","url_text":"\"The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085536/https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology (PDF). RAND Corp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf","url_text":"RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient\". Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran","url_text":"\"Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220092629/http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perla, Peter P. (1990). The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 0-87021-050-5. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116","url_text":"The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-050-5","url_text":"0-87021-050-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050846/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-2688-7. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html","url_text":"Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-2688-7","url_text":"0-8330-2688-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018023849/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Policy Experts\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/people.html","url_text":"\"Policy Experts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130047/https://www.rand.org/about/people.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)\". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html","url_text":"\"RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230041126/http://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993). \"Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment\" (PDF). Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (Princeton University): 23–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF","url_text":"\"Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University","url_text":"Princeton University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702105245/http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gun Policy\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html","url_text":"\"Gun Policy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019192805/https://www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bordelon, Brendan. \"How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington\". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362","url_text":"\"How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231013100621/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bordelon, Brendan (16 December 2023). \"Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order\". Politico. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128","url_text":"\"Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121558/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Andy. \"Opinion | SBF Faces Prison, but 'Effective Altruism' Lives On\". WSJ. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/sbf-faces-prison-but-effective-altruism-lives-on-philanthropy-biden-administration-827d03f2","url_text":"\"Opinion | SBF Faces Prison, but 'Effective Altruism' Lives On\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114171721/https://www.wsj.com/articles/sbf-faces-prison-but-effective-altruism-lives-on-philanthropy-biden-administration-827d03f2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"House Science Committee letter to NIST\" (PDF). House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. 14 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://democrats-science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-12-14_AISI%20scientific%20merit_final-signed.pdf","url_text":"\"House Science Committee letter to NIST\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221636/https://democrats-science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-12-14_AISI%20scientific%20merit_final-signed.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as 'Undesirable'\". The Moscow Times. 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355","url_text":"\"Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as 'Undesirable'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moscow_Times","url_text":"The Moscow Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207193809/https://themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Ingraham (2 March 2018). \"The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/","url_text":"\"The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180303021929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aaron Brown; Justin Monticello (31 March 2022). \"Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No\". reason.com. Reason Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/","url_text":"\"Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331211301/https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sheryl Gay Stolberg (27 March 2021). \"Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/us/politics/gun-violence-research-cdc.html","url_text":"\"Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210327090145/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/us/politics/gun-violence-research-cdc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Assault Weapons\" | \"Large\" Magazines\". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nraila.org/get-the-facts/assault-weapons-large-magazines/","url_text":"\"\"Assault Weapons\" | \"Large\" Magazines\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180206023807/https://www.nraila.org/get-the-facts/assault-weapons-large-magazines/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies\". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html","url_text":"\"F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130334/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael H. Decker - Profile\". Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html//","url_text":"\"Michael H. Decker - Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926215431/https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for Man (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. ISBN 978-0-8330-4227-9. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ","url_text":"Habitable Planets for Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4227-9","url_text":"978-0-8330-4227-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for man. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB179-1/","url_text":"Habitable Planets for man"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155622/http://rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB179-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group\". Los Angeles Times. 30 April 2000. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/30/local/me-25094","url_text":"\"Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065649/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/30/local/me-25094","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond\". University of Pittsburgh. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20658","url_text":"\"Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923101410/http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20658","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Science History\". School of Computing. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000. Retrieved 24 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001210085700/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~rma/hci/cs/cs-history.html","url_text":"\"Computer Science History\""},{"url":"http://www.cs.utah.edu/~rma/hci/cs/cs-history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Noland, Claire (12 April 2007). \"Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12","url_text":"\"Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130713083049/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. \"Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation\". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","url_text":"\"Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220608112548/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1884-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69","url_text":"The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1884-4","url_text":"978-0-8047-1884-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051904/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seymour M. Hersh (12 May 2003). \"Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh","url_text":"Seymour M. Hersh"},{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","url_text":"\"Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees\". rand.org. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html","url_text":"\"Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230429134014/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications\". 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html","url_text":"\"Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240223014211/https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAND_Corporation¶ms=34.009599_N_118.49067_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAND_Corporation¶ms=34.009599_N_118.49067_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#us-government-","external_links_name":"Numerous"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/","external_links_name":"www.rand.org"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Think Tanks in America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050844/https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607194337/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Corporation Board of Trustees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331070226/https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135608/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","external_links_name":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","external_links_name":"RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135438/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1263.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"2023 RAND Annual Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052420/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423025436/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/history/","external_links_name":"RAND History and Mission"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100817064548/http://www.rand.org/about/history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050853/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142","external_links_name":"\"RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310220855/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"\"2023 RAND Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240424135611/https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry","external_links_name":"\"How We're Funded\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805113019/http://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html","external_links_name":"\"How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230223121128/https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/locations.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Locations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228031048/http://www.rand.org/about/locations.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Europe Contact Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119235757/http://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND Locations: Canberra Office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612232426/https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html","external_links_name":"\"Pardee RAND History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161130064143/http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND at a Glance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085542/https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rje.org/","external_links_name":"\"The RAND Journal of Economics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130044/https://www.rje.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150118215449/http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available","external_links_name":"\"Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available\""},{"Link":"http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551","external_links_name":"\"Guide for Political Internships\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220013409/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11","external_links_name":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423023932/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211117133312/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161123160934/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf","external_links_name":"The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965"},{"Link":"http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765","external_links_name":"Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130046/https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/","external_links_name":"The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231213221717/https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050845/https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html","external_links_name":"\"The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090916183217/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"\"Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511170700/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1","external_links_name":"\"The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830085536/https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf","external_links_name":"RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002423/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran","external_links_name":"\"Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220092629/http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050846/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html","external_links_name":"Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018023849/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/people.html","external_links_name":"\"Policy Experts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130047/https://www.rand.org/about/people.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html","external_links_name":"\"RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230041126/http://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702105245/http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html","external_links_name":"\"Gun Policy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019192805/https://www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088-1.html","external_links_name":"The Science of Gun Policy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019184255/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/04/archives/alcoholism-controversy.html","external_links_name":"\"Alcoholism Controversy,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105739/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/04/archives/alcoholism-controversy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362","external_links_name":"\"How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231013100621/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/open-philanthropy-funding-ai-policy-00121362","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128","external_links_name":"\"Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121558/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/15/billionaire-backed-think-tank-played-key-role-in-bidens-ai-order-00132128","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/sbf-faces-prison-but-effective-altruism-lives-on-philanthropy-biden-administration-827d03f2","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | SBF Faces Prison, but 'Effective Altruism' Lives On\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114171721/https://www.wsj.com/articles/sbf-faces-prison-but-effective-altruism-lives-on-philanthropy-biden-administration-827d03f2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://democrats-science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-12-14_AISI%20scientific%20merit_final-signed.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House Science Committee letter to NIST\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221636/https://democrats-science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2023-12-14_AISI%20scientific%20merit_final-signed.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://consumerwatchdog.org/feature/analysis-and-critique-rand-corporations-studies-support-no-fault-laws","external_links_name":"\"An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation's Studies in Support of No Fault Laws,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125121513/https://consumerwatchdog.org/feature/analysis-and-critique-rand-corporations-studies-support-no-fault-laws","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/08/archives/the-men-who-tell-city-how-to-run-the-city.html","external_links_name":"\"The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124112308/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/08/archives/the-men-who-tell-city-how-to-run-the-city.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4531478","external_links_name":"\"Analysis and Urban Government: Experience of the New York City-Rand Institute,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125140556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4531478","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Resources/Fire-service/Responder-Forum/2015-NFPA-Responders-Forum-Fire-Service-Data.ashx","external_links_name":"\"Data in the Fire Service,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706071624/https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Resources/Fire-service/Responder-Forum/2015-NFPA-Responders-Forum-Fire-Service-Data.ashx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7906964-the-fires","external_links_name":"GoodReads.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220429215638/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7906964-the-fires","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1101610139","external_links_name":"GoodReads.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125100031/https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1101610139","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/media/volume_xy_issue_2_spring_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Accounts,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204212935/https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/media/volume_xy_issue_2_spring_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1963/09/the-rand-corporation-and-our-policy-makers/658922/","external_links_name":"\"The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125133517/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1963/09/the-rand-corporation-and-our-policy-makers/658922/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/world/albert-wohlstetter-83-expert-on-us-nuclear-strategy-dies.html","external_links_name":"\"Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209065836/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/world/albert-wohlstetter-83-expert-on-us-nuclear-strategy-dies.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://warontherocks.com/2016/06/the-other-legacy-of-robert-mcnamara/","external_links_name":"The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052423/https://warontherocks.com/2016/06/the-other-legacy-of-robert-mcnamara/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.niskanencenter.org/rationalizing-mcnamaras-legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Rationalizing McNamara's Legacy,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125110930/https://www.niskanencenter.org/rationalizing-mcnamaras-legacy/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/in-defense-of-defense-analysis.html","external_links_name":"\"In Defense of Defense Analysis,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125145606/https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/in-defense-of-defense-analysis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/07/24/new-world-order/","external_links_name":"\"A new world order will likely arise only from calamity,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030204017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/07/24/new-world-order/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355","external_links_name":"\"Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as 'Undesirable'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207193809/https://themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/","external_links_name":"\"The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180303021929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/","external_links_name":"\"Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331211301/https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/us/politics/gun-violence-research-cdc.html","external_links_name":"\"Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210327090145/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/us/politics/gun-violence-research-cdc.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nraila.org/get-the-facts/assault-weapons-large-magazines/","external_links_name":"\"\"Assault Weapons\" | \"Large\" Magazines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180206023807/https://www.nraila.org/get-the-facts/assault-weapons-large-magazines/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/","external_links_name":"\"Real Men of Genius\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827104036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/washington/29army.html","external_links_name":"\"Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105743/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/washington/29army.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/the-real-health-issue.html","external_links_name":"\"The Real Health Issue,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105745/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/25/archives/the-real-health-issue.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/","external_links_name":"\"The Insider\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827104036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2001/07/22/the-insider/3c7f182c-3ea2-4beb-8127-0fb574388ffb/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://reason.com/2002/06/01/the-devil-and-daniel-ellsberg-2/","external_links_name":"\"The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529052422/https://reason.com/2002/06/01/the-devil-and-daniel-ellsberg-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2002/11/03/inside-job/d43bacd9-a949-440b-b90a-837e5bc92bd2/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Job\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/cp564rc","external_links_name":"RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113251/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/cp564rc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/mai-elliott-rand-in-southeast-asia-a-history-of-the-vietnam-war-era-santa-monica-ca-rand-corporation-2010-2867-pp-694-isbn978-0-8330-4754-0/164EB18B0B5C8E677E6613BA6A1118FF","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113305/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/mai-elliott-rand-in-southeast-asia-a-history-of-the-vietnam-war-era-santa-monica-ca-rand-corporation-2010-2867-pp-694-isbn978-0-8330-4754-0/164EB18B0B5C8E677E6613BA6A1118FF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/26/archives/arguments-to-be-heard-today-federal-warrant-is-issued-for-the.html","external_links_name":"\"Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221124105743/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/26/archives/arguments-to-be-heard-today-federal-warrant-is-issued-for-the.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eD4taFgeTUYC&pg=PA302","external_links_name":"p. 302"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oTOzgJbf9KkC&pg=PA138","external_links_name":"p. 138-139"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html","external_links_name":"\"F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511130334/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html//","external_links_name":"\"Michael H. Decker - Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926215431/https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Habitable Planets for Man"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051351/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB179-1/","external_links_name":"Habitable Planets for man"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155622/http://rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB179-1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/30/local/me-25094","external_links_name":"\"Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065649/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/30/local/me-25094","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20658","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923101410/http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20658","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001210085700/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~rma/hci/cs/cs-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Computer Science History\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.utah.edu/~rma/hci/cs/cs-history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12","external_links_name":"\"Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130713083049/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","external_links_name":"\"Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220608112548/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240529051904/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","external_links_name":"\"Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140717100914/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230429134014/https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html","external_links_name":"\"Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240223014211/https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7906964-the-fires","external_links_name":"GoodReads.com"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1101610139","external_links_name":"GoodReads.com"},{"Link":"https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/media/volume_xy_issue_2_spring_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"Accounts,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050829033455/http://smmirror.com/volume1/issue19/rand_and_the_city.html","external_links_name":"Part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050831094116/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue20/rand_and_the_city.html","external_links_name":"Part 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060506223628/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue21/rand_and_the_city.html","external_links_name":"Part 3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050901133548/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue22/rand_and_the_city.html","external_links_name":"Part 4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090616070149/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue23/rand_and_the_city.html","external_links_name":"Part 5"},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3584&context=flr","external_links_name":"\"Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory,\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/167230","external_links_name":"In JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/nash-rand/","external_links_name":"The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness,"},{"Link":"http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html","external_links_name":"\"A Brilliant Madness.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230203044938/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/peopleevents/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/rand-corporation","external_links_name":"\"The RAND Corporation,\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/video/pov-daniel-ellsberg-willing-to-risk-prosecution/","external_links_name":"\"Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution,\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/video/pov-the-most-dangerous-man-in-america-trailer/","external_links_name":"trailer"},{"Link":"http://www.rand.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Policy_Institutes/RAND_Corporation/","external_links_name":"RAND Corporation"},{"Link":"http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217704","external_links_name":"The Research and Development (RAND) Corporation"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403707685","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136758914","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118669763","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118669763","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1001716-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007527243805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78083407","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20021104013&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00966134?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/953932","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026419068","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM5230 | R5000 | ["1 Users","2 History","3 Description","4 Derivatives","5 References"] | NEC VR5000
The R5000 is a 64-bit, bi-endian, superscalar, in-order execution 2-issue design microprocessor that implements the MIPS IV instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Quantum Effect Design (QED) in 1996. The project was funded by MIPS Technologies, Inc (MTI), also the licensor. MTI then licensed the design to Integrated Device Technology (IDT), NEC, NKK, and Toshiba. The R5000 succeeded the QED R4600 and R4700 as their flagship high-end embedded microprocessor. IDT marketed its version of the R5000 as the 79RV5000, NEC as VR5000, NKK as the NR5000, and Toshiba as the TX5000. The R5000 was sold to PMC-Sierra when the company acquired QED. Derivatives of the R5000 are still in production today for embedded systems.
Users
Users of the R5000 in workstation and server computers were Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) and Siemens-Nixdorf. SGI used the R5000 in their O2 and Indy low-end workstations. The R5000 was also used in embedded systems such as network routers and high-end printers. The R5000 found its way into the arcade gaming industry, R5000 powered mainboards were used by Atari and Midway. Initially the Cobalt Qube and Cobalt RaQ used a derivative model, the RM5230 and RM5231. The Qube 2700 used the RM5230 microprocessor, whereas the Qube 2 used the RM5231. The original RaQ systems were equipped with RM5230 or RM5231 CPUs but later models used AMD K6-2 chips and then eventually Intel Pentium III CPUs for the final models.
History
The original roadmap called for 200 MHz operation in early 1996, 250 MHz in late 1996, succeeded in 1997 by R5000A. The R5000 was introduced in January 1996 and failed to achieve 200 MHz, topping out at 180 MHz. When positioned as a low-end workstation microprocessor, the competition included the IBM and Motorola PowerPC 604, the HP PA-7300LC and the Intel Pentium Pro.This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Description
NEC VR5000 die shot.
The R5000 is a two-way superscalar design that executes instructions in-order. The R5000 could simultaneously issue an integer and a floating-point instruction. It had one simple pipeline for integer instructions and another for floating-point to save transistors and die area to reduce cost. The R5000 did not perform dynamic branch prediction for cost reasons. Instead it uses a static approach, utilizing the hints encoded by the compiler in the branch-likely instructions first introduced in the MIPS II architecture to determine how likely a branch is taken.
The R5000 had large L1 caches, a distinct characteristic of QED, whose designers favored simple designs with large caches. The R5000 had two L1 caches, one for instructions and the other for data. Both have a capacity of 32 KB. The caches are two-way set-associative, have a 32-byte line size, and are virtually indexed, physically tagged. Instructions were predecoded as they enter the instruction cache by appending four bits to each instruction. These four bits specify whether can be issued together and which execution unit they are executed by. This assisted superscalar instruction issue by moving some of the dependency and conflict checking out of the critical path.
The integer unit executes most instructions with a one cycle latency and throughput except for multiply and divide. 32-bit multiplies have a five-cycle latency and a four-cycle throughput. 64-bit multiplies have an extra four cycles of latency and half the throughput. Divides have a 36-cycle latency and throughput for 32-bit integers, and for 64-bit integers, they are increased to 68 cycles.
The floating-point unit (FPU) was a fast single-precision (32-bit) design, for reduced cost and to benefit SGI, whose mid-range 3D graphics workstations relied mostly on single-precision math for 3D graphics applications. It was fully pipelined, which made it significantly better than that of the R4700. The R5000 implements the multiply-add instruction of the MIPS IV ISA. Single-precision adds, multiplies and multiply-adds have a four-cycle latency and a one cycle throughput. Single-precision divides have a 21-cycle latency and a 19-cycle throughput, while square roots have a 26-cycle latency and a 38-cycle throughput. Division and square-root was not pipelined. Instructions that operate on double precision numbers have a significantly higher latency and lower throughput except for add, which has identical latency and throughput with single-precision add. Multiply and multiply-add have a five-cycle latency and a two-cycle throughput. Divide has a 36-cycle latency and a 34-cycle throughput. Square root has a 68-cycle latency and a 66-cycle throughput.
The R5000 had an integrated L2 cache controller that supported capacities of 512 KB, 1 MB and 2 MB. The L2 cache shares the SysAD bus with the external interface. The cache was built with custom synchronous SRAMs (SSRAMs). The microprocessor uses the SysAD bus that is also used by several other MIPS microprocessors. The bus is multiplexed (address and data share the same set of wires) and can operate at clock frequencies up to 100 MHz. The initial R5000 did not support multiprocessing, but the package reserved eight pins for the future addition of this feature.
QED was a fabless company and did not fabricate their own designs. The R5000 was fabricated by IDT, NEC and NKK. All three companies fabricated the R5000 in a 0.35 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process, but with different process features. IDT fabricated the R5000 in a process with two levels of polysilicon and three levels of aluminium interconnect. The two levels of polysilicon enabled IDT to use a four-transistor SRAM cell, resulting in a transistor count of 3.6 million and a die that measured 8.7 mm by 9.7 mm (84.39 mm2). NEC and NKK fabricated the R5000 in a process with one level of polysilicon and three levels of aluminium interconnect. Without an extra level of polysilicon, both companies had to use a six-transistor SRAM cell, resulting in a transistor count of 5.0 million and a larger die with an area of around 87 mm2. Die sizes in the range of 80 to 90 mm2 were claimed by MTI. 0.8 million of the transistors in both versions were for logic, and the remainder contained in the caches. It was packaged in a 272-ball plastic ball grid array (BGA) or 223-pin ceramic pin grid array (PGA). It was not pin-compatible with any previous MIPS microprocessor.
Derivatives
In the late 1990s, Quantum Effect Design acquired a license to manufacture and sell MIPS microprocessors from MTI and became a microprocessor vendor, changing its name to Quantum Effect Devices to reflect its new business model. The company's first products were members of the RM52xx family, which initially consisted of two models, the RM5230 and RM5260. These were announced on 24 March 1997. The RM5230 was initially available at 100 and 133 MHz, and the RM5260 at 133 and 150 MHz. On 29 September 1997, new 150 and 175 MHz RM5230s were introduced, as were 175 and 200 MHz RM5260s.
Both the RM5230 and RM5260 are derivatives of the R5000 and differ in the size of their primary caches (16 KB each instead of 32 KB), the width of their system interfaces (the RM5230 has a 32-bit 67 MHz SysAD bus, and the RM5260 a 64-bit 75 MHz SysAD bus), and the addition of multiply-add and three-operand multiply instructions for digital signal processing applications. These microprocessors were fabricated by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in its 0.35 μm process with three levels of interconnect. They were packaged by Amkor Technology in its Power-Quad 4 packages, the RM5230 in a 128-pin version, and the RM5260 in a 208-pin version.
The RM52xx family was later joined by the RM5270, which was announced at the Embedded Systems Conference on 29 September 1997. Intended for high-end embedded applications, the RM5270 was available at 150 and 200 MHz. Improvements were the addition of an on-chip secondary cache controller that supported up to 2 MB of cache. The SysAD bus is 64 bits wide and can operate at 100 MHz. It was packaged in a 304-pin Super-BGA (SBGA) that was pin-compatible with the RM7000 and was offered as a migration path to the RM7000.
QED RM52x1 die shot.
On 20 July 1998, the RM52x1 family was announced. The family consisted of the RM5231, RM5261, and RM5271. These microprocessors were derivatives of the corresponding devices from the RM52x0 family fabricated in a 0.25 μm process with four levels of metal. The RM5231 was initially available at 150, 200, and 250 MHz; whereas the RM5261 and RM5271 were available at 250 and 266 MHz. On 6 July 1999, a 300 MHz RM5271 was introduced, priced at US$140 in quantities of 10,000. The RM52x1 improved upon the previous family with larger 32 KB primary caches and a faster SysAD bus that supported clock rates up to 125 MHz.
After QED was acquired by PMC-Sierra, the RM52xx and RM52x1 families were continued as PMC-Sierra products. PMC-Sierra introduced two RM52x1 derivatives, the RM5231A and RM5261A, on 4 April 2001. These microprocessors were fabricated by TSMC in its 0.18 μm process and differ from the previous devices by featuring higher clock rates and lower power consumption. The RM5231A was available at clock rates of 250 to 350 MHz, and the RM5261A from 250 to 400 MHz.
R5900 used in Sony's PlayStation 2 is a modified version of R5000 CPU dubbed the Emotion Engine with a customized instruction/data cache arrangement and Sony's proprietary 107 vector SIMD Multimedia Extensions(MMI). Its custom FPU is not IEEE 754 compliant unlike FPUs used by R5000. It also has a second MIPS core which acted as a sync controller for specialized vector coprocessors, important for 3D math which at the time was principally computed on the CPU.
References
^ "System 16 - Atari Seattle Hardware (Atari)". www.system16.com. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "System 16 - Midway Seattle Hardware (Midway)". www.system16.com. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Computergram (8 January 1996). "MIPS Ready With R5000 Successor to the 4600/4700". Computer Business Review.
Gwennap, Linley (22 January 1996). "R5000 Improves FP for MIPS Midrange". Microprocessor Report, 10 (1).
Halfhill, Tom R. (April 1996). "R5000 Cuts 3-D Cost". Byte.
Halfhill, Tom R. (May 1996). "Mips R5000: Fast, Affordable 3-D". Byte, 161–162.
MIPS Technologies, Inc. MIPS R5000 Microprocessor Technical Backgrounder.
PMC-Sierra, Inc. (4 April 2001). "PMC-Sierra Ships Third Generation R5200A MIPS Microprocessors". Press release.
Quantum Effect Devices (24 March 1997). "QED Introduces RM52xx Microprocessor Family". Press release.
Quantum Effect Devices (29 September 1997). "QED Introduces RM5270 Superscalar 64-bit Microprocessor". Press release.
Quantum Effect Devices (20 July 1998). "QED Introduces The RM52x1 Microprocessor Family". Press release.
Quantum Effect Devices (6 July 1999). "QED's RM5271 Available Immediately at 300MHz". Press release.
vteMIPS microprocessors
MIPS architecture
MIPS architecture processors
List of MIPS architecture processors
GeneralprocessorsMIPS64compatible
Loongson 3 Series
LS3A1000/LS3A1000-I(LS3A1000-i)
LS3A2000/LS3A1500-I
LS3A3000/LS3A3000-I(LS3A3000-i)
LS3A4000/LS3A4000-I(LS3A4000-i)
LS3B1000
LS3B1500
LS3B2000
LS3B3000
LS3B4000
ApplicationprocessorsMIPS32compatible
Ingenic XBurst
JZ4720
Ben NanoNote
JZ4730 (Skytone Alpha-400)
JZ4740 (Dingoo A320)
JZ4750 (Game Gadget)
JZ4760
Velocity Micro T103 Cruz
Velocity Micro T301 Cruz
JZ4770
Ainol Novo7 Paladin
NEOGEO-X
GCW-Zero
JZ4780
MIPS64compatible
Loongson 2 Series
LS2H
LS2K1000/LS2K2000
Microcontrollers(embedded device)M4K
Microchip Technology PIC32MX
4Kc/4KEc
ATI/AMD/Broadcom Xilleon
MIPS32compatible
Loongson 1 Series
LS1A0300
LS1B
LS1C300
LS1C101
LS1D
LS1G
LS1H
Networking4Kc/4KEc
Qualcomm Atheros
AR2313
AR2318
MediaTek
RT2880
Texas Instruments/Infineon/Lantiq
AR7
Lantiq
AMAZON
5Kc
Marvell
88E6318 "Link Street"
24Kc/24KEc
Qualcomm Atheros
AR7240
AR7161
AR9132
AR9331
MediaTek
RT3050
RT3052
RT3350
RT5350
RT6856
MT7620
MT7628
MT7688
Lantiq
DANUBE
VINAX
34Kc
Lantiq
AR188
VRX288
GRX388
Ikanos
Fusiv Vx175/173
Fusiv Vx180
Fusiv Vx185/183
74Kc
Qualcomm Atheros
AR9344
QCA9558
MediaTek
RT3662
RT3883
Broadcom
BCM4706
1004Kc
MediaTek
MT7621
1074Kc
Realtek
RTL8198C
MIPS32compatible
Broadcom
various
Cavium
various
Alchemy Semiconductor
Alchemy
RMI Corporation
XLR
MIPS64compatible
Broadcom
various
Cavium
Octeon
Gamingvarious
PlayStation 1 MIPS R3000A-compatible
Nintendo 64 NEC VR4300
PlayStation Portable R4000-based
PlayStation 2 Emotion Engine
SupercomputerMIPS64compatible
Loongson-based systems
LS2F/LS2F1000
LS3A1000
LS3B1000
SiCortex
AerospaceMIPS64compatible
Loongson 1 Series
LS1E0300/LS1E1000
MIPS32compatible
Loongson 1 Series
LS1E04
LS1F04/LS1F0300
LS1J
ClassicprocessorsMIPS I
R2000
R3000
MIPS II
R6000
MIPS III
R4000
R4400
R4200
R4300i
R4600
R4700
MIPS IV
R5000
R8000
R10000
R12000
R12000A
R14000
R14000A
R16000
R16000A
R18000
MIPS V
H1 "Beast"
H2 "Capitan" | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KL_NEC_VR5000.jpg"},{"link_name":"bi-endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-endian"},{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"MIPS IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture"},{"link_name":"instruction set architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture"},{"link_name":"Quantum Effect Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Effect_Design"},{"link_name":"MIPS Technologies, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Integrated Device Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Device_Technology"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"NKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFE_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"R4600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R4600"},{"link_name":"R4700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R4700"},{"link_name":"PMC-Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC-Sierra"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"NEC VR5000The R5000 is a 64-bit, bi-endian, superscalar, in-order execution 2-issue design microprocessor that implements the MIPS IV instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Quantum Effect Design (QED) in 1996. The project was funded by MIPS Technologies, Inc (MTI), also the licensor. MTI then licensed the design to Integrated Device Technology (IDT), NEC, NKK, and Toshiba. The R5000 succeeded the QED R4600 and R4700 as their flagship high-end embedded microprocessor. IDT marketed its version of the R5000 as the 79RV5000, NEC as VR5000, NKK as the NR5000, and Toshiba as the TX5000. The R5000 was sold to PMC-Sierra when the company acquired QED. Derivatives of the R5000 are still in production today[when?] for embedded systems.","title":"R5000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silicon Graphics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"},{"link_name":"Siemens-Nixdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens-Nixdorf"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI_O2"},{"link_name":"Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI_Indy"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cobalt Qube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_Qube"},{"link_name":"Cobalt RaQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ"}],"text":"Users of the R5000 in workstation and server computers were Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) and Siemens-Nixdorf. SGI used the R5000 in their O2 and Indy low-end workstations. The R5000 was also used in embedded systems such as network routers and high-end printers. The R5000 found its way into the arcade gaming industry, R5000 powered mainboards were used by Atari[1] and Midway.[2] Initially the Cobalt Qube and Cobalt RaQ used a derivative model, the RM5230 and RM5231. The Qube 2700 used the RM5230 microprocessor, whereas the Qube 2 used the RM5231. The original RaQ systems were equipped with RM5230 or RM5231 CPUs but later models used AMD K6-2 chips and then eventually Intel Pentium III CPUs for the final models.","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PowerPC 604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_604"},{"link_name":"PA-7300LC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-7300LC"},{"link_name":"Pentium Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Pro"}],"text":"The original roadmap called for 200 MHz operation in early 1996, 250 MHz in late 1996, succeeded in 1997 by R5000A. The R5000 was introduced in January 1996 and failed to achieve 200 MHz, topping out at 180 MHz. When positioned as a low-end workstation microprocessor, the competition included the IBM and Motorola PowerPC 604, the HP PA-7300LC and the Intel Pentium Pro.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEC_VR5000_die.JPG"},{"link_name":"superscalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar"},{"link_name":"in-order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution"},{"link_name":"pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline"},{"link_name":"dynamic branch prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"caches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"set-associative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-associative"},{"link_name":"virtually indexed, physically tagged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache#Address_translation"},{"link_name":"floating-point unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit"},{"link_name":"R4700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R4700"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing"},{"link_name":"multiprocessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing"},{"link_name":"complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"aluminium interconnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_interconnect"},{"link_name":"ball grid array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array"},{"link_name":"pin grid array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_array"}],"text":"NEC VR5000 die shot.The R5000 is a two-way superscalar design that executes instructions in-order. The R5000 could simultaneously issue an integer and a floating-point instruction. It had one simple pipeline for integer instructions and another for floating-point to save transistors and die area to reduce cost. The R5000 did not perform dynamic branch prediction for cost reasons. Instead it uses a static approach, utilizing the hints encoded by the compiler in the branch-likely instructions first introduced in the MIPS II architecture to determine how likely a branch is taken.The R5000 had large L1 caches, a distinct characteristic of QED, whose designers favored simple designs with large caches. The R5000 had two L1 caches, one for instructions and the other for data. Both have a capacity of 32 KB. The caches are two-way set-associative, have a 32-byte line size, and are virtually indexed, physically tagged. Instructions were predecoded as they enter the instruction cache by appending four bits to each instruction. These four bits specify whether can be issued together and which execution unit they are executed by. This assisted superscalar instruction issue by moving some of the dependency and conflict checking out of the critical path.The integer unit executes most instructions with a one cycle latency and throughput except for multiply and divide. 32-bit multiplies have a five-cycle latency and a four-cycle throughput. 64-bit multiplies have an extra four cycles of latency and half the throughput. Divides have a 36-cycle latency and throughput for 32-bit integers, and for 64-bit integers, they are increased to 68 cycles.The floating-point unit (FPU) was a fast single-precision (32-bit) design, for reduced cost and to benefit SGI, whose mid-range 3D graphics workstations relied mostly on single-precision math for 3D graphics applications. It was fully pipelined, which made it significantly better than that of the R4700. The R5000 implements the multiply-add instruction of the MIPS IV ISA. Single-precision adds, multiplies and multiply-adds have a four-cycle latency and a one cycle throughput. Single-precision divides have a 21-cycle latency and a 19-cycle throughput, while square roots have a 26-cycle latency and a 38-cycle throughput. Division and square-root was not pipelined. Instructions that operate on double precision numbers have a significantly higher latency and lower throughput except for add, which has identical latency and throughput with single-precision add. Multiply and multiply-add have a five-cycle latency and a two-cycle throughput. Divide has a 36-cycle latency and a 34-cycle throughput. Square root has a 68-cycle latency and a 66-cycle throughput.The R5000 had an integrated L2 cache controller that supported capacities of 512 KB, 1 MB and 2 MB. The L2 cache shares the SysAD bus with the external interface. The cache was built with custom synchronous SRAMs (SSRAMs). The microprocessor uses the SysAD bus that is also used by several other MIPS microprocessors. The bus is multiplexed (address and data share the same set of wires) and can operate at clock frequencies up to 100 MHz. The initial R5000 did not support multiprocessing, but the package reserved eight pins for the future addition of this feature.QED was a fabless company and did not fabricate their own designs. The R5000 was fabricated by IDT, NEC and NKK. All three companies fabricated the R5000 in a 0.35 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process, but with different process features. IDT fabricated the R5000 in a process with two levels of polysilicon and three levels of aluminium interconnect. The two levels of polysilicon enabled IDT to use a four-transistor SRAM cell, resulting in a transistor count of 3.6 million and a die that measured 8.7 mm by 9.7 mm (84.39 mm2). NEC and NKK fabricated the R5000 in a process with one level of polysilicon and three levels of aluminium interconnect. Without an extra level of polysilicon, both companies had to use a six-transistor SRAM cell, resulting in a transistor count of 5.0 million and a larger die with an area of around 87 mm2. Die sizes in the range of 80 to 90 mm2 were claimed by MTI. 0.8 million of the transistors in both versions were for logic, and the remainder contained in the caches. It was packaged in a 272-ball plastic ball grid array (BGA) or 223-pin ceramic pin grid array (PGA). It was not pin-compatible with any previous MIPS microprocessor.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Semiconductor_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Amkor Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amkor_Technology"},{"link_name":"RM7000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RM7000&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QED_RM52X1_die.JPG"},{"link_name":"PMC-Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC-Sierra"},{"link_name":"Sony's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Emotion Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_Engine"},{"link_name":"IEEE 754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754"}],"text":"In the late 1990s, Quantum Effect Design acquired a license to manufacture and sell MIPS microprocessors from MTI and became a microprocessor vendor, changing its name to Quantum Effect Devices to reflect its new business model. The company's first products were members of the RM52xx family, which initially consisted of two models, the RM5230 and RM5260. These were announced on 24 March 1997. The RM5230 was initially available at 100 and 133 MHz, and the RM5260 at 133 and 150 MHz. On 29 September 1997, new 150 and 175 MHz RM5230s were introduced, as were 175 and 200 MHz RM5260s.Both the RM5230 and RM5260 are derivatives of the R5000 and differ in the size of their primary caches (16 KB each instead of 32 KB), the width of their system interfaces (the RM5230 has a 32-bit 67 MHz SysAD bus, and the RM5260 a 64-bit 75 MHz SysAD bus), and the addition of multiply-add and three-operand multiply instructions for digital signal processing applications. These microprocessors were fabricated by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in its 0.35 μm process with three levels of interconnect. They were packaged by Amkor Technology in its Power-Quad 4 packages, the RM5230 in a 128-pin version, and the RM5260 in a 208-pin version.The RM52xx family was later joined by the RM5270, which was announced at the Embedded Systems Conference on 29 September 1997. Intended for high-end embedded applications, the RM5270 was available at 150 and 200 MHz. Improvements were the addition of an on-chip secondary cache controller that supported up to 2 MB of cache. The SysAD bus is 64 bits wide and can operate at 100 MHz. It was packaged in a 304-pin Super-BGA (SBGA) that was pin-compatible with the RM7000 and was offered as a migration path to the RM7000.QED RM52x1 die shot.On 20 July 1998, the RM52x1 family was announced. The family consisted of the RM5231, RM5261, and RM5271. These microprocessors were derivatives of the corresponding devices from the RM52x0 family fabricated in a 0.25 μm process with four levels of metal. The RM5231 was initially available at 150, 200, and 250 MHz; whereas the RM5261 and RM5271 were available at 250 and 266 MHz. On 6 July 1999, a 300 MHz RM5271 was introduced, priced at US$140 in quantities of 10,000. The RM52x1 improved upon the previous family with larger 32 KB primary caches and a faster SysAD bus that supported clock rates up to 125 MHz.After QED was acquired by PMC-Sierra, the RM52xx and RM52x1 families were continued as PMC-Sierra products. PMC-Sierra introduced two RM52x1 derivatives, the RM5231A and RM5261A, on 4 April 2001. These microprocessors were fabricated by TSMC in its 0.18 μm process and differ from the previous devices by featuring higher clock rates and lower power consumption. The RM5231A was available at clock rates of 250 to 350 MHz, and the RM5261A from 250 to 400 MHz.R5900 used in Sony's PlayStation 2 is a modified version of R5000 CPU dubbed the Emotion Engine with a customized instruction/data cache arrangement and Sony's proprietary 107 vector SIMD Multimedia Extensions(MMI). Its custom FPU is not IEEE 754 compliant unlike FPUs used by R5000. It also has a second MIPS core which acted as a sync controller for specialized vector coprocessors, important for 3D math which at the time was principally computed on the CPU.","title":"Derivatives"}] | [{"image_text":"NEC VR5000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KL_NEC_VR5000.jpg/220px-KL_NEC_VR5000.jpg"},{"image_text":"NEC VR5000 die shot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NEC_VR5000_die.JPG/220px-NEC_VR5000_die.JPG"},{"image_text":"QED RM52x1 die shot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/QED_RM52X1_die.JPG/220px-QED_RM52X1_die.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"System 16 - Atari Seattle Hardware (Atari)\". www.system16.com. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=782","url_text":"\"System 16 - Atari Seattle Hardware (Atari)\""}]},{"reference":"\"System 16 - Midway Seattle Hardware (Midway)\". www.system16.com. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=618","url_text":"\"System 16 - Midway Seattle Hardware (Midway)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=782","external_links_name":"\"System 16 - Atari Seattle Hardware (Atari)\""},{"Link":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=618","external_links_name":"\"System 16 - Midway Seattle Hardware (Midway)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Roberts_(computer_engineer) | Ed Roberts (computer engineer) | ["1 Early life","2 Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems","3 Calculators","4 Altair 8800 computer","5 Altair BASIC","6 Sale to Pertec","7 Medical doctor","8 Personal life","9 Awards","10 Works","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"] | American engineer, entrepreneur and doctor
Ed RobertsRoberts in 2002BornHenry Edward Roberts(1941-09-13)September 13, 1941Miami, Florida, United StatesDiedApril 1, 2010(2010-04-01) (aged 68)Cochran, Georgia, United StatesEducationUniversity of MiamiOklahoma State UniversityMercer UniversityOccupation(s)Electrical engineerBusinessmanEntrepreneurFarmerMedical doctorKnown forPersonal computerSpouses
Joan Clark
(m. 1962; div. 1988)
Donna Mauldin
(m. 1991; div. 1999)
Rosa Cooper (m. 2000)
Children6
Henry Edward Roberts (September 13, 1941 – April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1974. He is most often known as "the father of the personal computer." He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973.
A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was Microsoft's first product. Roberts sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia.
Early life
Roberts was born on September 13, 1941, in Miami, Florida, to Henry Melvin Roberts, an appliance repairman, and Edna Wilcher Roberts, a registered nurse. His younger sister Cheryl was born in 1947. During World War II, while his father was in the Army, Roberts and his mother lived on the Wilcher family farm in Wheeler County, Georgia. After the war, the family returned to Miami, but Roberts would spend his summers with his grandparents in rural Georgia. Roberts' father had an appliance repair business in Miami.
Roberts became interested in electronics and built a small relay-based computer while in high school. Medicine was his true passion, however, and he entered University of Miami with the intention of becoming a doctor, the first in his family to attend college. There he met a neurosurgeon who shared his interest in electronics. The doctor suggested that Roberts get an engineering degree before applying to medical school, and Roberts changed his major to electrical engineering.
Roberts married Joan Clark while at the university, and when she became pregnant Roberts knew that he would have to drop out of school to support his new family. The U.S. Air Force had a program that would pay for college, and in May 1962 he enlisted with the hope of finishing his degree through the Airman Education & Commissioning Program.
After basic training, Roberts attended the Cryptographic Equipment Maintenance School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Because of his electrical engineering studies at college, Roberts was made an instructor at the Cryptographic School when he finished the course. To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, Roberts worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of Joske's department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree and become a commissioned officer. Roberts earned an electrical engineering degree from Oklahoma State University in 1968 and was assigned to the Laser Division of the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1968, he looked into applying to medical school but learned that, at age 27, he was considered too old.
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
Main article: Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
March 1970 advertisement, when MITS was located in Ed Roberts' garage.
Roberts worked with Forrest Mims at the Weapons Laboratory, and both shared an interest in model rocketry. Mims was an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of Model Rocketry magazine at a rocketry conference. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of Model Rocketry, "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets". Roberts, Mims, and lab coworkers Stan Cagle and Bob Zaller decided that they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists. Roberts wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, but Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). They advertised the light flasher, a roll rate sensor with transmitter, and other kits in Model Rocketry, but the sales were disappointing.
Mims wrote an article about the new technology of light-emitting diodes that was to be published in the November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. He asked the editors if they also wanted a project story, and they agreed. Roberts and Mims developed an LED communicator that would transmit voice on an infrared beam of light to a receiver hundreds of feet away. Readers could buy a kit of parts to build the Opticom LED Communicator from MITS for $15. MITS sold just over a hundred kits. Mims was now out of the Air Force and wanted to pursue a career as a technology writer. Roberts bought out his original partners and focused the company on the emerging market of electronic calculators.
Calculators
June 1972 advertisement for MITS Model 1440 Calculator
Roberts's first real experience with computers came while at Oklahoma State University where engineering students had free access to an IBM 1620 computer. His office at the Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art Hewlett-Packard 9100A programmable calculator in 1968. Roberts had always wanted to build a digital computer and, in July 1970, Electronic Arrays announced a set of six LSI integrated circuits that would make a four-function calculator. Roberts was determined to design a calculator kit and got fellow Weapons Laboratory officers William Yates and Ed Laughlin to invest in the project with time and money.
The first product was a "four-function" calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The display was only eight digits, but the calculations were performed with 16 digits precision. The MITS Model 816 calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. The kit sold for $179 and an assembled unit was $275. Unlike the previous kits that MITS had offered, thousands of calculator orders came in each month.
The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973, and MITS moved to a larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space. In 1973, MITS was selling every calculator that they could make, and 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling them. The functionality of calculator integrated circuits increased at a rapid pace and Roberts was designing and producing new models. The popularity of electronic calculators drew the traditional office equipment companies and the semiconductor companies into the market. In September 1972, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that sold for $120. The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share. By early 1974, Ed Roberts found that he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. MITS was now $300,000 in debt, and Roberts was looking for a new hit product.
Altair 8800 computer
Main article: Altair 8800
May 1975 advertisement for the Altair 8800 computer kit
Roberts decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that "some assembly required" was a desirable feature. In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor that Roberts felt was powerful enough for his computer kit, but each 8080 chip sold for $360 in small quantities. Roberts felt that the price of a computer kit had to be under $400; to meet this price, he agreed to order 1,000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each. The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $65,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer. Roberts told the bank that he expected to sell 800 computers, but he guessed that it would be around 200.
Art Salsberg, editorial director of Popular Electronics, was looking for a computer construction project, and his technical editor Les Solomon knew that MITS was working on an Intel 8080-based computer kit. Roberts assured Solomon that the project would be complete by November to meet the press deadline for the January 1975 issue. The first prototype was finished in October and shipped to Popular Electronics in New York for the cover photograph, but it was lost in transit. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine, and the article was based on them. Roberts and Yates got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover was an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel. The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine.
Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch floppy disk system
MITS products typically had generic names such as the Model 1440 Calculator or the Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a more alluring name for the computer. MITS technical writer David Bunnell came up with three pages of possible names, but Roberts was too busy finishing the computer design to choose one. There are several versions of the story of who selected Altair as the computer name. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976), Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter Lauren. "She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the Enterprise is going tonight." The December 1976 issue of Popular Science misquoted this account, giving credit to Ed Roberts' daughter. His only daughter Dawn was not born until 1983. Both of these versions have appeared in many books, magazines, and web sites.
Editor Alexander Burawa recalls a less dramatic version. The Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Solomon, Burawa, and John McVeigh decided that: "It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star." McVeigh suggested "Altair", the twelfth-brightest star in the sky.
When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics reached readers in mid-December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders. They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days, but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers.
The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards, and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter Computer Notes had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards. The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, Roberts decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975.
There were several design and component problems in the MITS 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as Processor Technology were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation. Ed Roberts acknowledged the 4K Dynamic RAM board problems in the October 1975 Computer Notes. The price was reduced from $264 to $195 and existing purchasers got a $50 refund. MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976.
Several other companies started making add-in boards and the first clone, the IMSAI 8080, was available in December 1975.
Altair BASIC
Main article: Altair BASIC
Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair computer on the cover of Popular Electronics. They had previously written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. Roberts was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use. Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines.
Altair 8K BASIC on paper tape. Bill Gates gave Paul Allen a paper tape containing BASIC to take to MITS.
Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. Roberts picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located. Allen was not impressed. The Altair computer with 7 kB of memory that BASIC required was still being tested and would not be ready until the next day. Roberts had booked Allen in the most expensive hotel in Albuquerque and the room was $40 more than Allen brought with him. Roberts paid for the room and wondered who is this software guy who can not afford a room in a hotel.
The next day the Altair with 7 kB had finally passed its memory test and Allen had their BASIC interpreter on a paper tape Bill Gates had created just before Allen left Boston. It took almost 15 minutes for the Teletype to load the program into the Altair then the Teletype printed "MEMORY SIZE?" Allen entered 7168 and the Teletype printed "READY". Both Allen and Roberts were stunned their software and hardware actually worked. They entered several small programs and they worked. The BASIC interpreter was not complete and crashed several times, but Roberts had a high level language for his computer. Roberts hired Allen as Vice President and Director of Software at MITS. Bill Gates also worked at MITS; the October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as "Software Specialist".
Bill Gates remained at Harvard, but continued working on BASIC. Students were allowed to use the DEC PDP-10, but officials were not pleased when they found that Gates was developing a commercial product. The school then implemented a policy that forced Gates to use a commercial time share service to work on BASIC.
On July 22, 1975, MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3,000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold, with a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sublicense the program to other companies and agreed to use its "best efforts" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development on a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district.
MITS realized that BASIC was a competitive advantage and bundled the software with computer hardware sales. Customers who purchased the computer, memory, and I/O boards from MITS could get BASIC for $75; the standalone price was $500. Many hobbyists purchased their hardware from a third-party and "borrowed" a copy of Altair BASIC. Roberts refused to sub-license BASIC to other companies; this led to arbitration in 1977 between MITS and the new "Micro-Soft". The arbitrator agreed with Microsoft and allowed them to license the 8080 BASIC to other companies. Roberts was disappointed with this ruling. Since both Allen and Gates had been employees of MITS and he paid for the computer time, Roberts felt it was his software.
Sale to Pertec
In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million. Roberts was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used Pertec Computer Corporation disk drives and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock. The deal was completed in May 1977 and Roberts' share was $2–3 million. The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line, and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to the Pertec plants in Irvine, California.
Medical doctor
In late 1977 Roberts returned to rural Georgia and bought a large farm in Wheeler County where he had often visited his grandparents' home in his youth. He had a non-compete agreement with Pertec covering hardware products, so he became a gentleman farmer and started a software company. His age could have thwarted his dream of becoming a medical doctor, but nearby Mercer University started a medical school in 1982. Roberts was in the first class and graduated with an M.D. in 1986. He did his residency in internal medicine and in 1988 established a practice in the small town of Cochran, Georgia. In 2009, Dr. Roberts was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha, the medical honor society. He was nominated by Mercer alumnus Guy Foulkes, MD based on Roberts’ dual accomplishment of developer of the first personal computer and his devotion to rural medicine.
Personal life
Roberts married Joan Clark (b. 1941) in 1962 and they had five sons, Melvin (b. 1963), Clark (b. 1964), John David (b. 1965), Edward (b. 1970), Martin (b. 1975) and a daughter Dawn (b. 1983). They were divorced in 1988.
Roberts married Donna Mauldin in 1991 and they were still married when interviewed by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in April 1997. He was married to Rosa Cooper from 2000 until his death.
Roberts died April 1, 2010, after a months-long bout with pneumonia, at the age of 68. His sister, Cheryl R Roberts (b. November 13, 1947 – d. March 6, 2010), of nearby Dublin, Georgia, died at age 62, a few weeks before his death. During his last hospitalization in Macon, Georgia, hospital staffers were stunned to see an unannounced Bill Gates, who had come to pay last respects to his first employer. He was survived by his wife, all six of his children and his mother, Edna Wilcher Roberts. All live in Georgia.
Awards
1998: Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum
Works
Books
Roberts, H. Edward; Forrest Mims (1974). Electronic Calculators. Indianapolis: Howard W Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-21039-6.
Magazines
Mims, Forrest M.; Henry E. Roberts (November 1970). "Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.
Roberts, Ed (November 1971). "Electronic desk calculator you can build". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 27–32.
Roberts, H. Edward (November 1973). "Understanding computer arithmetic". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 44, no. 22. Gernsback. pp. 55–60. ISSN 0033-7862.
Roberts, H. Edward; William Yates (January 1975). "Altair 8800 Minicomputer, Part 1". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38. ISSN 0032-4485. Part 2 in the February 1975 issue.
Roberts, H. Edward; Paul Van Baalen (November 1975). "First Motorola/AMI "6800" MPU computer project". Popular Electronics. Vol. 8, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–36. ISSN 0032-4485. Part 2 in the December 1975 issue.
Notes
^ a b c d Emerson, Bo (April 27, 1997). "Doctor of invention Computer pioneer keeping it personal as a small-town doc". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. M 01. The article gives his date of birth as September 13, 1941.
^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ a b Roberts, Ed (November 1971). "Electronic desk calculator you can build". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. pp. 27–32.
^ a b Lucas, Urith (April 20, 1973). "Albq calculator firm to expand plant, triple number of employees ]". The Albuquerque Tribune. p. C14. Summary: MITS to move to the Cal-Lin Building, 6328 Linn NE in May. Now at 5404 Coal SE. Employment is expected to rise from 62 to 180 or 200. Company will have 10,000 square feet (930 m2) on one floor. Calculator sales reached $100,000 in March.
^ "Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel".
^ Zannos (2003), 15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, Samantha; Wescott, Gail Cameron (January 27, 1997). "The Road Not Chosen: He might have been Ed Roberts, billionaire; instead, he became a rural MD". People. pp 97-98
^ Zannos (2003), 16–17.
^ Zannos (2003), 18–19.
^ Mims (1986), 24–27.
^ Mims, Forrest M. (September 1969). "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets". Model Rocketry. 1 (11). Cambridge, MA: Model Rocketry, Inc: 9–11.
^ Carlin, Margie (January 30, 1970). "Want to Fly a Rocket? Albq Academy Is the Pad". Albuquerque Tribune. p. B10.
^ Mims (1986), 29.
^ Mims, Forrest; Henry E Roberts (November 1970). "Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.
^ Mims (1986) 34–36.
^ Zannos (2003), 19.
^ "New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator". Computer. 3 (6). IEEE: 38–41. November 1970. doi:10.1109/C-M.1970.216730. Electronic Arrays has developed the EAS100, a set of MOS LSI circuits for a 16 digit calculator with 8 digit display capability.
^ US patent 3800129, Richard H. Umstattd, "MOS Desk Calculator", issued 1974-03-26 The Electronic Arrays, Inc. calculator chip set that was used in the MITS 816 calculator.
^ Mims (1986) 24–27, 34–36.
^ Cliff, W. Wilson (October 31, 1971). "Little Firm in City Making Big Name with Calculator". Albuquerque Journal. p. G-2. But hundreds of thousands of electronics enthusiasts the world over have read about MITS within the last 10 days and no less than 200 already bought the light-weight 16-digit electronic calculator…
^ Young (1998), 152–153.
^ "New Products". Computer. 5 (6). IEEE: 59–63. November 1972. doi:10.1109/C-M.1972.216999.
^ Young (1998), 154–155.
^ Young (1998), 155–158.
^ Ceruzzi (2003), 227–228.
^ Salsberg, Art (October 1984). "Will the Real 'Father Of Personal Computers' Please Stand Up ... H. Edward Roberts". Modern Electronics. 1 (1): 64–66. ISSN 0748-9889.
^ H. Edward Roberts; William Yates (January 1975). "Altair 8800 minicomputer". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38.
^ Milford, Annette (April 1976). "Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists". Computer Notes. 1 (11). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 7. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2007. "Les Solomon entertained a curious audience with anecdotes about how it all began for MITS, The name for MITS's computer, for example, was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter. She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the Enterprise is going tonight."
^ Edelson, Ed (December 1976). "Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself". Popular Science. Vol. 209, no. 6. pp. 82, 83, 146, 148. ISSN 0161-7370.
^ Salsberg, Arther (November 12, 1984). "Jaded Memory". InfoWorld. Vol. 6, no. 46. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.
^ Mims, Forrest M. (November 1984). "The Altair story; early days at MITS". Creative Computing. Vol. 10, no. 11. p. 17.
^ Popular Electronics was published the month before the cover date. The January 1975 issue was published on November 29, 1974. Copyright registration record.
^ Green, Wayne (October 1975). "From the Publisher .. Are they real?". BYTE. Vol. 1, no. 2. Green Publishing. pp. 61, 81, 87. In August 1975, Wayne Green visited several personal computer manufacturers. A photo caption in his trip report says; "Meanwhile, at MITS, over 5,000 Altair 8800's have been shipped. Here is a view of part of the production line."
^ "Updated Price List". Computer Notes. 1 (1). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 6. April 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.Larger version.
^ "Hardware". Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter. 1 (5): 2, 4. July 5, 1975.
^ Littman, Jonathan (1987). Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand: The Amazing, Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard. Los Angeles: Price Stern Sloan. p. 18. ISBN 0-89586-502-5. "Later that day, December 16 , United Parcel Service picked up the first shipment of 50 IMSAI computer kits for delivery to customers."
^ Manes (1994), 68–73.
^ Manes (1994), 74–75.
^ Manes (1994), 74–76.
^ Young (1998), 164.
^ "Contributors". Computer Notes. 1 (5). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 13. October 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.
^ Wallace, James; Jim Erickson (1992). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-471-56886-4."When Harvard officials found out that he (Gates) and Allen had been making extensive use of the university's PDP-10 to develop a commercial product, they were not pleased." The computer was funded by the Department of Defense and was under the control of Professor Thomas Cheatham. "Although DARPA was funding the PDP-10 at Harvard, there was no written policy regarding its use."
^ Manes (1994), 82–83.
^ Manes (1994), 109–114.
^ McElheny, Victor K. (June 16, 1977). "Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology". The New York Times. p. 79. J. David Callan, head of Pertec's Microsystems division, which includes the Altair line and Icom, of Canoga Park, Calif., maker of computer peripheral equipment for such small computers, said that Altair sales totaled about $6 million last year.
^ Boonham, J. C. (1978). Small Systems Computer Sourcebook. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-470-26295-5.
^ Manes (1994), 101.
^ Young (1998), 174.
^ Milewski, Richard (December 8, 1980). "Last Vestige of Mits Closes". InfoWorld. Vol. 2, no. 22. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.
^ Roberts' farm was about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2). Siliconnections (Mims (1986), page 48) states 900 acres (3.6 km2). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (April 27, 1997) states 1,200 acres (4.9 km2).
^ Zannos (2003), 39–42.
^ Moreau, Dan (April 1989). "Change Agent". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Vol. 43, no. 4. p. 128. ISSN 1528-9729.
^ Zannos (2003), 44.
^ Lohr, Steve (April 2, 2010). "H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68". The New York Times.
^ Kovac, Joe (April 3, 2010). "Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC". Macon Telegraph. Macon, GA. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010.
^ Allen, Paul (April 19, 2010). "H. Edward Roberts". Time. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010. Ed Roberts, who died of pneumonia April 1 at 68, has rightfully been described as an architect of the personal-computer revolution.
^ Social Security Death Index
^ . Brecher, Elinor J. (April 6, 2010). "Henry Edward Roberts, 68, inventor of the PC". Miami Herald. In addition to his mother, wife, and son David, Ed Roberts is survived by sons Martin, of Glenwood, Ga.; Edward, of Atlanta; Melvin and Clark, of Athens, Ga.; and daughter, Dawn Roberts, of Warner Robins, Ga. Roberts survived his only sibling, a sister, by weeks.
^ "Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998".
References
Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-53203-4.
Lohr, Steve (August 19, 2001). "The PC? That Old Thing?; An Industry's Founding Father Has Better Things to Do". The New York Times. pp. BU1, BU12.
Manes, Stephen; Paul Andrews (1994). Gates. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88074-3.
Mims, Forrest M (1986). Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronic Era. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-042411-1.
Young, Jeffrey S. (1998). "Chapter 6 Mechanics: Kits & Microcomputers". Forbes Greatest Technology Stories: Inspiring Tales of the Entrepreneurs. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-24374-4.
Zannos, Susan (2003). Edward Roberts and the Story of the Personal Computer. Mitchell Lane Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58415-118-0.
External links
Biography portal
Robert X. Cringely (April 3, 2010). "Terminal Man". I, Cringely. Commentary on Ed Roberts' life and medical practice.
STARTUP: Albuquerque and the Personal Computer Revolution New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
Altair 8800 Computer at Vintage-Computer Web Site Archived December 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Brief History of the Altair. Copies of Altair articles in Popular Electronics
Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC_April_27,_1997-1"},{"link_name":"the father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field#Computing"},{"link_name":"of the personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_personal_computers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_April_2010-2"},{"link_name":"Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems"},{"link_name":"model rocketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_rocket"},{"link_name":"Popular Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITS_816-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albq_Tribune_April_1973-4"},{"link_name":"Altair 8800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800"},{"link_name":"Intel 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"Paul Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen"},{"link_name":"Altair BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_BASIC"},{"link_name":"Microsoft's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"}],"text":"Henry Edward Roberts (September 13, 1941 – April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1974.[1] He is most often known as \"the father of the personal computer.\"[2] He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics.[3] The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973.[4] \nA brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. Roberts then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit.Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was Microsoft's first product. Roberts sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia.","title":"Ed Roberts (computer engineer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wheeler County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Airman Education & Commissioning Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cryptographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Lackland Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackland_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Joske's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joske%27s"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"Kirtland AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"}],"text":"Roberts was born on September 13, 1941, in Miami, Florida, to Henry Melvin Roberts, an appliance repairman, and Edna Wilcher Roberts, a registered nurse.[5] His younger sister Cheryl was born in 1947. During World War II, while his father was in the Army, Roberts and his mother lived on the Wilcher family farm in Wheeler County, Georgia. After the war, the family returned to Miami, but Roberts would spend his summers with his grandparents in rural Georgia. Roberts' father had an appliance repair business in Miami.[6][7]Roberts became interested in electronics and built a small relay-based computer while in high school. Medicine was his true passion, however, and he entered University of Miami with the intention of becoming a doctor, the first in his family to attend college. There he met a neurosurgeon who shared his interest in electronics. The doctor suggested that Roberts get an engineering degree before applying to medical school, and Roberts changed his major to electrical engineering.[7][8]Roberts married Joan Clark while at the university, and when she became pregnant Roberts knew that he would have to drop out of school to support his new family. The U.S. Air Force had a program that would pay for college, and in May 1962 he enlisted with the hope of finishing his degree through the Airman Education & Commissioning Program.[7][9]After basic training, Roberts attended the Cryptographic Equipment Maintenance School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Because of his electrical engineering studies at college, Roberts was made an instructor at the Cryptographic School when he finished the course. To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, Roberts worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of Joske's department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree and become a commissioned officer. Roberts earned an electrical engineering degree from Oklahoma State University in 1968 and was assigned to the Laser Division of the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[7][10] In 1968, he looked into applying to medical school but learned that, at age 27, he was considered too old.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MITS_Ad_March_1970.png"},{"link_name":"Forrest Mims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Mims"},{"link_name":"model rocketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_rocketry"},{"link_name":"Model Rocketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Rocketry_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracking_Light-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albuquerque_Tribune_January_1970-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Popular Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"March 1970 advertisement, when MITS was located in Ed Roberts' garage.Roberts worked with Forrest Mims at the Weapons Laboratory, and both shared an interest in model rocketry. Mims was an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of Model Rocketry magazine at a rocketry conference. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of Model Rocketry, \"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\".[11] Roberts, Mims, and lab coworkers Stan Cagle and Bob Zaller decided that they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists.[12] Roberts wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, but Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).[13] They advertised the light flasher, a roll rate sensor with transmitter, and other kits in Model Rocketry, but the sales were disappointing.Mims wrote an article about the new technology of light-emitting diodes that was to be published in the November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. He asked the editors if they also wanted a project story, and they agreed. Roberts and Mims developed an LED communicator that would transmit voice on an infrared beam of light to a receiver hundreds of feet away. Readers could buy a kit of parts to build the Opticom LED Communicator from MITS for $15.[14] MITS sold just over a hundred kits. Mims was now out of the Air Force and wanted to pursue a career as a technology writer. Roberts bought out his original partners and focused the company on the emerging market of electronic calculators.[15]","title":"Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MITS_Calculator_Model_1440_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"IBM 1620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard 9100A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard_9100A"},{"link_name":"LSI integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAS100-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calculator_Patent-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Popular Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MITS_816-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albq_Journal_October_1971-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albq_Tribune_April_1973-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Computer_1972-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"June 1972 advertisement for MITS Model 1440 CalculatorRoberts's first real experience with computers came while at Oklahoma State University where engineering students had free access to an IBM 1620 computer.[16] His office at the Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art Hewlett-Packard 9100A programmable calculator in 1968. Roberts had always wanted to build a digital computer and, in July 1970, Electronic Arrays announced a set of six LSI integrated circuits that would make a four-function calculator.[17][18] Roberts was determined to design a calculator kit and got fellow Weapons Laboratory officers William Yates and Ed Laughlin to invest in the project with time and money.[19]The first product was a \"four-function\" calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The display was only eight digits, but the calculations were performed with 16 digits precision. The MITS Model 816 calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics.[3] The kit sold for $179 and an assembled unit was $275. Unlike the previous kits that MITS had offered, thousands of calculator orders came in each month.[20]The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973, and MITS moved to a larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space.[4] In 1973, MITS was selling every calculator that they could make, and 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling them.[21] The functionality of calculator integrated circuits increased at a rapid pace and Roberts was designing and producing new models. The popularity of electronic calculators drew the traditional office equipment companies and the semiconductor companies into the market. In September 1972, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that sold for $120.[22] The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share. By early 1974, Ed Roberts found that he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. MITS was now $300,000 in debt, and Roberts was looking for a new hit product.[23]","title":"Calculators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"Altair 8800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800"},{"link_name":"8080 microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modern_Electronics_1984-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE_January_1975-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_8800_Computer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Model 1440 Calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MITS_Calculator_Model_1440_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MITS_Test_Equipment_Nov_1973.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Bunnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bunnell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Computer_Notes-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popular_Science_1976-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC_April_27,_1997-1"},{"link_name":"Altair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salsberg_1984-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Creative_Computing-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Altair 8800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price_List_April_1975-34"},{"link_name":"Processor Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_Technology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Homebrew_July_1975-35"},{"link_name":"IMSAI 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSAI_8080"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComputerLand-36"}],"text":"May 1975 advertisement for the Altair 8800 computer kitRoberts decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that \"some assembly required\" was a desirable feature. In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor that Roberts felt was powerful enough for his computer kit, but each 8080 chip sold for $360 in small quantities.[24] Roberts felt that the price of a computer kit had to be under $400; to meet this price, he agreed to order 1,000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each.[25] The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $65,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer. Roberts told the bank that he expected to sell 800 computers, but he guessed that it would be around 200.[26]Art Salsberg, editorial director of Popular Electronics, was looking for a computer construction project, and his technical editor Les Solomon knew that MITS was working on an Intel 8080-based computer kit. Roberts assured Solomon that the project would be complete by November to meet the press deadline for the January 1975 issue. The first prototype was finished in October and shipped to Popular Electronics in New York for the cover photograph, but it was lost in transit. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine, and the article was based on them. Roberts and Yates got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover was an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel. The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine.[27]Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch floppy disk systemMITS products typically had generic names such as the Model 1440 Calculator or the Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a more alluring name for the computer. MITS technical writer David Bunnell came up with three pages of possible names, but Roberts was too busy finishing the computer design to choose one. There are several versions of the story of who selected Altair as the computer name. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976), Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter Lauren. \"She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the [Star Trek] Enterprise is going tonight.\"[7][28] The December 1976 issue of Popular Science misquoted this account, giving credit to Ed Roberts' daughter.[29] His only daughter Dawn was not born until 1983.[1] Both of these versions have appeared in many books, magazines, and web sites.Editor Alexander Burawa recalls a less dramatic version. The Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Solomon, Burawa, and John McVeigh decided that: \"It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star.\" McVeigh suggested \"Altair\", the twelfth-brightest star in the sky.[30][31]When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics reached readers in mid-December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders.[32] They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days, but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers.[33]The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards, and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter Computer Notes had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards.[34] The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, Roberts decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975.There were several design and component problems in the MITS 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as Processor Technology were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation.[35] Ed Roberts acknowledged the 4K Dynamic RAM board problems in the October 1975 Computer Notes. The price was reduced from $264 to $195 and existing purchasers got a $50 refund. MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976.Several other companies started making add-in boards and the first clone, the IMSAI 8080, was available in December 1975.[36]","title":"Altair 8800 computer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Paul Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Intel 8008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008"},{"link_name":"Intel 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"PDP-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10"},{"link_name":"BASIC-PLUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-PLUS"},{"link_name":"Monte Davidoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Davidoff"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Teletype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASR-33_Teletype"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Computer_Notes_October_1975-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harddrive_PDP-10-42"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_school_district"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair computer on the cover of Popular Electronics. They had previously written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. Roberts was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use. Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines.[37]Altair 8K BASIC on paper tape. Bill Gates gave Paul Allen a paper tape containing BASIC to take to MITS.Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. Roberts picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located. Allen was not impressed. The Altair computer with 7 kB of memory that BASIC required was still being tested and would not be ready until the next day. Roberts had booked Allen in the most expensive hotel in Albuquerque and the room was $40 more than Allen brought with him. Roberts paid for the room and wondered who is this software guy who can not afford a room in a hotel.[38]The next day the Altair with 7 kB had finally passed its memory test and Allen had their BASIC interpreter on a paper tape Bill Gates had created just before Allen left Boston. It took almost 15 minutes for the Teletype to load the program into the Altair then the Teletype printed \"MEMORY SIZE?\" Allen entered 7168 and the Teletype printed \"READY\". Both Allen and Roberts were stunned their software and hardware actually worked. They entered several small programs and they worked. The BASIC interpreter was not complete and crashed several times, but Roberts had a high level language for his computer. Roberts hired Allen as Vice President and Director of Software at MITS.[39][40] Bill Gates also worked at MITS; the October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as \"Software Specialist\".[41]Bill Gates remained at Harvard, but continued working on BASIC. Students were allowed to use the DEC PDP-10, but officials were not pleased when they found that Gates was developing a commercial product. The school then implemented a policy that forced Gates to use a commercial time share service to work on BASIC.[42]On July 22, 1975, MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3,000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold, with a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sublicense the program to other companies and agreed to use its \"best efforts\" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development on a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district.[43]MITS realized that BASIC was a competitive advantage and bundled the software with computer hardware sales. Customers who purchased the computer, memory, and I/O boards from MITS could get BASIC for $75; the standalone price was $500. Many hobbyists purchased their hardware from a third-party and \"borrowed\" a copy of Altair BASIC. Roberts refused to sub-license BASIC to other companies; this led to arbitration in 1977 between MITS and the new \"Micro-Soft\". The arbitrator agreed with Microsoft and allowed them to license the 8080 BASIC to other companies. Roberts was disappointed with this ruling. Since both Allen and Gates had been employees of MITS and he paid for the computer time, Roberts felt it was his software.[44]","title":"Altair BASIC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altair_Sales_1976-45"},{"link_name":"Pertec Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertec_Computer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Small_Systems_1978-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InfoWorld_December_1980-49"}],"text":"In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million.[45] Roberts was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used Pertec Computer Corporation disk drives[46] and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock.[47] The deal was completed in May 1977 and Roberts' share was $2–3 million.[7][48] The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line, and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to the Pertec plants in Irvine, California.[49]","title":"Sale to Pertec"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheeler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"non-compete agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause"},{"link_name":"Mercer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"Cochran, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kiplinger_1989-52"},{"link_name":"Alpha Omega Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha"}],"text":"In late 1977 Roberts returned to rural Georgia and bought a large farm in Wheeler County where he had often visited his grandparents' home in his youth.[7][50] He had a non-compete agreement with Pertec covering hardware products, so he became a gentleman farmer and started a software company. His age could have thwarted his dream of becoming a medical doctor, but nearby Mercer University started a medical school in 1982. Roberts was in the first class and graduated with an M.D. in 1986. He did his residency in internal medicine and in 1988 established a practice in the small town of Cochran, Georgia.[7][51][52] In 2009, Dr. Roberts was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha, the medical honor society. He was nominated by Mercer alumnus Guy Foulkes, MD based on Roberts’ dual accomplishment of developer of the first personal computer and his devotion to rural medicine.","title":"Medical doctor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC_April_27,_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-7"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJC_April_27,_1997-1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_obit-54"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macon_Telegraph-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dublin, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami_Herald-58"}],"text":"Roberts married Joan Clark (b. 1941) in 1962 and they had five sons, Melvin (b. 1963), Clark (b. 1964), John David (b. 1965), Edward (b. 1970), Martin (b. 1975) and a daughter Dawn (b. 1983). They were divorced in 1988.[1][7][53]Roberts married Donna Mauldin in 1991 and they were still married when interviewed by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in April 1997.[1] He was married to Rosa Cooper from 2000 until his death.[54]Roberts died April 1, 2010, after a months-long bout with pneumonia, at the age of 68.[55][56] His sister, Cheryl R Roberts (b. November 13, 1947 – d. March 6, 2010), of nearby Dublin, Georgia, died at age 62, a few weeks before his death.[57] During his last hospitalization in Macon, Georgia, hospital staffers were stunned to see an unannounced Bill Gates, who had come to pay last respects to his first employer. He was survived by his wife, all six of his children and his mother, Edna Wilcher Roberts. All live in Georgia.[58]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Computer & Robotics Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Computer_%26_Robotics_Museum"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"1998: Stibitz-Wilson Award from the American Computer & Robotics Museum[59]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-672-21039-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-21039-6"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0033-7862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7862"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0032-4485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0032-4485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485"}],"text":"BooksRoberts, H. Edward; Forrest Mims (1974). Electronic Calculators. Indianapolis: Howard W Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-21039-6.MagazinesMims, Forrest M.; Henry E. Roberts (November 1970). \"Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.\nRoberts, Ed (November 1971). \"Electronic desk calculator you can build\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 27–32.\nRoberts, H. Edward (November 1973). \"Understanding computer arithmetic\". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 44, no. 22. Gernsback. pp. 55–60. ISSN 0033-7862.Roberts, H. Edward; William Yates (January 1975). \"Altair 8800 Minicomputer, Part 1\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38. ISSN 0032-4485. Part 2 in the February 1975 issue.\nRoberts, H. Edward; Paul Van Baalen (November 1975). \"First Motorola/AMI \"6800\" MPU computer project\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 8, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–36. ISSN 0032-4485. Part 2 in the December 1975 issue.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AJC_April_27,_1997_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AJC_April_27,_1997_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AJC_April_27,_1997_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AJC_April_27,_1997_1-3"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BBC_April_2010_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120404003647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MITS_816_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MITS_816_3-1"},{"link_name":"Popular Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Albq_Tribune_April_1973_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Albq_Tribune_April_1973_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stewartrosier.com/RON/obits/obituary.php?id=556975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-People_7-9"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tracking_Light_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Albuquerque_Tribune_January_1970_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EAS100_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/1970/06/index.html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/C-M.1970.216730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1970.216730"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Calculator_Patent_18-0"},{"link_name":"US patent 3800129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3800129"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Albq_Journal_October_1971_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Computer_1972_22-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/C-M.1972.216999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1972.216999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Modern_Electronics_1984_26-0"},{"link_name":"Modern Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Electronics"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0748-9889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0748-9889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PE_January_1975_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Computer_Notes_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Popular_Science_1976_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7wAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0161-7370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Salsberg_1984_30-0"},{"link_name":"\"Jaded Memory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0199-6649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Creative_Computing_31-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Altair story; early days at MITS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/17_The_Altair_story_early_d.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Copyright registration record.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copyright_Popular_Electronics_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Price_List_April_1975_34-0"},{"link_name":"\"Updated Price List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6"},{"link_name":"Larger version.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewerLarge.php?ii=75_4&p=06"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Homebrew_July_1975_35-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hardware\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_05/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ComputerLand_36-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89586-502-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89586-502-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Computer_Notes_October_1975_41-0"},{"link_name":"\"Contributors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-harddrive_PDP-10_42-0"},{"link_name":"Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81"},{"link_name":"81–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-56886-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-56886-4"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Altair_Sales_1976_45-0"},{"link_name":"\"Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60611FC3A5B167493C4A8178DD85F438785F9"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Small_Systems_1978_46-0"},{"link_name":"Small Systems Computer Sourcebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RsAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-470-26295-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-26295-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-InfoWorld_December_1980_49-0"},{"link_name":"\"Last Vestige of Mits Closes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0199-6649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kiplinger_1989_52-0"},{"link_name":"\"Change Agent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CQQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA128"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1528-9729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1528-9729"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYTimes_obit_54-0"},{"link_name":"\"H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/business/03roberts.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macon_Telegraph_55-0"},{"link_name":"\"Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100405025323/http://www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"H. Edward Roberts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100413155448/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miami_Herald_58-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//acrmuseum.org/1998"}],"text":"^ a b c d Emerson, Bo (April 27, 1997). \"Doctor of invention Computer pioneer keeping it personal as a small-town doc\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. M 01. The article gives his date of birth as September 13, 1941.\n\n^ \"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\". BBC News. April 2, 2010. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2010.\n\n^ a b Roberts, Ed (November 1971). \"Electronic desk calculator you can build\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. pp. 27–32.\n\n^ a b Lucas, Urith (April 20, 1973). \"Albq calculator firm to expand plant, triple number of employees ]\". The Albuquerque Tribune. p. C14. Summary: MITS to move to the Cal-Lin Building, 6328 Linn NE in May. Now at 5404 Coal SE. Employment is expected to rise from 62 to 180 or 200. Company will have 10,000 square feet (930 m2) on one floor. Calculator sales reached $100,000 in March.\n\n^ \"Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel\".\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 15.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, Samantha; Wescott, Gail Cameron (January 27, 1997). \"The Road Not Chosen: He might have been Ed Roberts, billionaire; instead, he became a rural MD\". People. pp 97-98\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 16–17.\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 18–19.\n\n^ Mims (1986), 24–27.\n\n^ Mims, Forrest M. (September 1969). \"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\". Model Rocketry. 1 (11). Cambridge, MA: Model Rocketry, Inc: 9–11.\n\n^ Carlin, Margie (January 30, 1970). \"Want to Fly a Rocket? Albq Academy Is the Pad\". Albuquerque Tribune. p. B10.\n\n^ Mims (1986), 29.\n\n^ Mims, Forrest; Henry E Roberts (November 1970). \"Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.\n\n^ Mims (1986) 34–36.\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 19.\n\n^ \"New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator\". Computer. 3 (6). IEEE: 38–41. November 1970. doi:10.1109/C-M.1970.216730. Electronic Arrays has developed the EAS100, a set of MOS LSI circuits for a 16 digit calculator with 8 digit display capability.\n\n^ US patent 3800129, Richard H. Umstattd, \"MOS Desk Calculator\", issued 1974-03-26 The Electronic Arrays, Inc. calculator chip set that was used in the MITS 816 calculator.\n\n^ Mims (1986) 24–27, 34–36.\n\n^ Cliff, W. Wilson (October 31, 1971). \"Little Firm in City Making Big Name with Calculator\". Albuquerque Journal. p. G-2. But hundreds of thousands of electronics enthusiasts the world over have read about MITS within the last 10 days and no less than 200 already bought the light-weight 16-digit electronic calculator…\n\n^ Young (1998), 152–153.\n\n^ \"New Products\". Computer. 5 (6). IEEE: 59–63. November 1972. doi:10.1109/C-M.1972.216999.\n\n^ Young (1998), 154–155.\n\n^ Young (1998), 155–158.\n\n^ Ceruzzi (2003), 227–228.\n\n^ Salsberg, Art (October 1984). \"Will the Real 'Father Of Personal Computers' Please Stand Up ... H. Edward Roberts\". Modern Electronics. 1 (1): 64–66. ISSN 0748-9889.\n\n^ H. Edward Roberts; William Yates (January 1975). \"Altair 8800 minicomputer\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38.\n\n^ Milford, Annette (April 1976). \"Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists\". Computer Notes. 1 (11). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 7. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2007. \"Les Solomon entertained a curious audience with anecdotes about how it all began for MITS, The name for MITS's computer, for example, was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter. She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the [Star Trek] Enterprise is going tonight.\"\n\n^ Edelson, Ed (December 1976). \"Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself\". Popular Science. Vol. 209, no. 6. pp. 82, 83, 146, 148. ISSN 0161-7370.\n\n^ Salsberg, Arther (November 12, 1984). \"Jaded Memory\". InfoWorld. Vol. 6, no. 46. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.\n\n^ Mims, Forrest M. (November 1984). \"The Altair story; early days at MITS\". Creative Computing. Vol. 10, no. 11. p. 17.\n\n^ Popular Electronics was published the month before the cover date. The January 1975 issue was published on November 29, 1974. Copyright registration record.\n\n^ Green, Wayne (October 1975). \"From the Publisher .. Are they real?\". BYTE. Vol. 1, no. 2. Green Publishing. pp. 61, 81, 87. In August 1975, Wayne Green visited several personal computer manufacturers. A photo caption in his trip report says; \"Meanwhile, at MITS, over 5,000 Altair 8800's have been shipped. Here is a view of part of the production line.\"\n\n^ \"Updated Price List\". Computer Notes. 1 (1). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 6. April 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.Larger version.\n\n^ \"Hardware\". Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter. 1 (5): 2, 4. July 5, 1975.\n\n^ Littman, Jonathan (1987). Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand: The Amazing, Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard. Los Angeles: Price Stern Sloan. p. 18. ISBN 0-89586-502-5. \"Later that day, December 16 [1975], United Parcel Service picked up the first shipment of 50 IMSAI computer kits for delivery to customers.\"\n\n^ Manes (1994), 68–73.\n\n^ Manes (1994), 74–75.\n\n^ Manes (1994), 74–76.\n\n^ Young (1998), 164.\n\n^ \"Contributors\". Computer Notes. 1 (5). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 13. October 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.\n\n^ Wallace, James; Jim Erickson (1992). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-471-56886-4.\"When Harvard officials found out that he (Gates) and Allen had been making extensive use of the university's PDP-10 to develop a commercial product, they were not pleased.\" The computer was funded by the Department of Defense and was under the control of Professor Thomas Cheatham. \"Although DARPA was funding the PDP-10 at Harvard, there was no written policy regarding its use.\"\n\n^ Manes (1994), 82–83.\n\n^ Manes (1994), 109–114.\n\n^ McElheny, Victor K. (June 16, 1977). \"Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology\". The New York Times. p. 79. J. David Callan, head of Pertec's Microsystems division, which includes the Altair line and Icom, of Canoga Park, Calif., maker of computer peripheral equipment for such small computers, said that Altair sales totaled about $6 million last year.\n\n^ Boonham, J. C. (1978). Small Systems Computer Sourcebook. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-470-26295-5.\n\n^ Manes (1994), 101.\n\n^ Young (1998), 174.\n\n^ Milewski, Richard (December 8, 1980). \"Last Vestige of Mits Closes\". InfoWorld. Vol. 2, no. 22. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.\n\n^ Roberts' farm was about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2). Siliconnections (Mims (1986), page 48) states 900 acres (3.6 km2). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (April 27, 1997) states 1,200 acres (4.9 km2).\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 39–42.\n\n^ Moreau, Dan (April 1989). \"Change Agent\". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Vol. 43, no. 4. p. 128. ISSN 1528-9729.\n\n^ Zannos (2003), 44.\n\n^ Lohr, Steve (April 2, 2010). \"H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Kovac, Joe (April 3, 2010). \"Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC\". Macon Telegraph. Macon, GA. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010.\n\n^ Allen, Paul (April 19, 2010). \"H. Edward Roberts\". Time. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010. Ed Roberts, who died of pneumonia April 1 at 68, has rightfully been described as an architect of the personal-computer revolution.\n\n^ Social Security Death Index\n\n^ . Brecher, Elinor J. (April 6, 2010). \"Henry Edward Roberts, 68, inventor of the PC\". Miami Herald. In addition to his mother, wife, and son David, Ed Roberts is survived by sons Martin, of Glenwood, Ga.; Edward, of Atlanta; Melvin and Clark, of Athens, Ga.; and daughter, Dawn Roberts, of Warner Robins, Ga. Roberts survived his only sibling, a sister, by weeks.\n\n^ \"Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998\".","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"March 1970 advertisement, when MITS was located in Ed Roberts' garage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MITS_Ad_March_1970.png/180px-MITS_Ad_March_1970.png"},{"image_text":"June 1972 advertisement for MITS Model 1440 Calculator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MITS_Calculator_Model_1440_1972.jpg/180px-MITS_Calculator_Model_1440_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"May 1975 advertisement for the Altair 8800 computer kit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg/180px-Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg"},{"image_text":"Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch floppy disk system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Altair_8800_Computer.jpg/220px-Altair_8800_Computer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Altair 8K BASIC on paper tape. Bill Gates gave Paul Allen a paper tape containing BASIC to take to MITS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape.jpg/220px-Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Roberts, H. Edward; Forrest Mims (1974). Electronic Calculators. Indianapolis: Howard W Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-21039-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-21039-6","url_text":"978-0-672-21039-6"}]},{"reference":"Mims, Forrest M.; Henry E. Roberts (November 1970). \"Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roberts, Ed (November 1971). \"Electronic desk calculator you can build\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 27–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roberts, H. Edward (November 1973). \"Understanding computer arithmetic\". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 44, no. 22. Gernsback. pp. 55–60. ISSN 0033-7862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7862","url_text":"0033-7862"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, H. Edward; William Yates (January 1975). \"Altair 8800 Minicomputer, Part 1\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38. ISSN 0032-4485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485","url_text":"0032-4485"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, H. Edward; Paul Van Baalen (November 1975). \"First Motorola/AMI \"6800\" MPU computer project\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 8, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–36. ISSN 0032-4485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485","url_text":"0032-4485"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Bo (April 27, 1997). \"Doctor of invention Computer pioneer keeping it personal as a small-town doc\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. M 01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\". BBC News. April 2, 2010. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404003647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","url_text":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\""},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Ed (November 1971). \"Electronic desk calculator you can build\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 35, no. 5. pp. 27–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics","url_text":"Popular Electronics"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Urith (April 20, 1973). \"Albq calculator firm to expand plant, triple number of employees ]\". The Albuquerque Tribune. p. C14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stewartrosier.com/RON/obits/obituary.php?id=556975","url_text":"\"Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"Mims, Forrest M. (September 1969). \"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\". Model Rocketry. 1 (11). Cambridge, MA: Model Rocketry, Inc: 9–11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html","url_text":"\"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\""}]},{"reference":"Carlin, Margie (January 30, 1970). \"Want to Fly a Rocket? Albq Academy Is the Pad\". Albuquerque Tribune. p. B10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mims, Forrest; Henry E Roberts (November 1970). \"Assemble an LED Communicator – The Opticom\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 33, no. 5. Ziff Davis. pp. 45–50, 98–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator\". Computer. 3 (6). IEEE: 38–41. November 1970. doi:10.1109/C-M.1970.216730. Electronic Arrays has developed the EAS100, a set of MOS LSI circuits for a 16 digit calculator with 8 digit display capability.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/1970/06/index.html","url_text":"\"New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1970.216730","url_text":"10.1109/C-M.1970.216730"}]},{"reference":"Cliff, W. Wilson (October 31, 1971). \"Little Firm in City Making Big Name with Calculator\". Albuquerque Journal. p. G-2. But hundreds of thousands of electronics enthusiasts the world over have read about MITS within the last 10 days and no less than 200 already bought the light-weight 16-digit electronic calculator…","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Products\". Computer. 5 (6). IEEE: 59–63. November 1972. doi:10.1109/C-M.1972.216999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1972.216999","url_text":"10.1109/C-M.1972.216999"}]},{"reference":"Salsberg, Art (October 1984). \"Will the Real 'Father Of Personal Computers' Please Stand Up ... H. Edward Roberts\". Modern Electronics. 1 (1): 64–66. ISSN 0748-9889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Electronics","url_text":"Modern Electronics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0748-9889","url_text":"0748-9889"}]},{"reference":"H. Edward Roberts; William Yates (January 1975). \"Altair 8800 minicomputer\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Milford, Annette (April 1976). \"Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists\". Computer Notes. 1 (11). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 7. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7","url_text":"\"Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists\""},{"url":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edelson, Ed (December 1976). \"Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself\". Popular Science. Vol. 209, no. 6. pp. 82, 83, 146, 148. ISSN 0161-7370.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7wAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83","url_text":"\"Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370","url_text":"0161-7370"}]},{"reference":"Salsberg, Arther (November 12, 1984). \"Jaded Memory\". InfoWorld. Vol. 6, no. 46. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"\"Jaded Memory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649","url_text":"0199-6649"}]},{"reference":"Mims, Forrest M. (November 1984). \"The Altair story; early days at MITS\". Creative Computing. Vol. 10, no. 11. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/17_The_Altair_story_early_d.php","url_text":"\"The Altair story; early days at MITS\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Wayne (October 1975). \"From the Publisher .. Are they real?\". BYTE. Vol. 1, no. 2. Green Publishing. pp. 61, 81, 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Updated Price List\". Computer Notes. 1 (1). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 6. April 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6","url_text":"\"Updated Price List\""},{"url":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardware\". Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter. 1 (5): 2, 4. July 5, 1975.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_05/index.html","url_text":"\"Hardware\""}]},{"reference":"Littman, Jonathan (1987). Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand: The Amazing, Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard. Los Angeles: Price Stern Sloan. p. 18. ISBN 0-89586-502-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89586-502-5","url_text":"0-89586-502-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Contributors\". Computer Notes. 1 (5). Albuquerque NM: MITS: 13. October 1975. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13","url_text":"\"Contributors\""},{"url":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, James; Jim Erickson (1992). Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 81–83. ISBN 0-471-56886-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81","url_text":"Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81","url_text":"81–83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-56886-4","url_text":"0-471-56886-4"}]},{"reference":"McElheny, Victor K. (June 16, 1977). \"Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology\". The New York Times. p. 79. J. David Callan, head of Pertec's Microsystems division, which includes the Altair line and Icom, of Canoga Park, Calif., maker of computer peripheral equipment for such small computers, said that Altair sales totaled about $6 million last year.","urls":[{"url":"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60611FC3A5B167493C4A8178DD85F438785F9","url_text":"\"Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Boonham, J. C. (1978). Small Systems Computer Sourcebook. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-470-26295-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RsAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68","url_text":"Small Systems Computer Sourcebook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-26295-5","url_text":"978-0-470-26295-5"}]},{"reference":"Milewski, Richard (December 8, 1980). \"Last Vestige of Mits Closes\". InfoWorld. Vol. 2, no. 22. p. 7. ISSN 0199-6649.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6","url_text":"\"Last Vestige of Mits Closes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649","url_text":"0199-6649"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Dan (April 1989). \"Change Agent\". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Vol. 43, no. 4. p. 128. ISSN 1528-9729.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA128","url_text":"\"Change Agent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1528-9729","url_text":"1528-9729"}]},{"reference":"Lohr, Steve (April 2, 2010). \"H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/business/03roberts.html","url_text":"\"H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68\""}]},{"reference":"Kovac, Joe (April 3, 2010). \"Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC\". Macon Telegraph. Macon, GA. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100405025323/http://www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html","url_text":"\"Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC\""},{"url":"http://www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Paul (April 19, 2010). \"H. Edward Roberts\". Time. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010. Ed Roberts, who died of pneumonia April 1 at 68, has rightfully been described as an architect of the personal-computer revolution.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100413155448/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html","url_text":"\"H. Edward Roberts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":". Brecher, Elinor J. (April 6, 2010). \"Henry Edward Roberts, 68, inventor of the PC\". Miami Herald. In addition to his mother, wife, and son David, Ed Roberts is survived by sons Martin, of Glenwood, Ga.; Edward, of Atlanta; Melvin and Clark, of Athens, Ga.; and daughter, Dawn Roberts, of Warner Robins, Ga. Roberts survived his only sibling, a sister, by weeks.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998\".","urls":[{"url":"https://acrmuseum.org/1998","url_text":"\"Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998\""}]},{"reference":"Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-53203-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_E._Ceruzzi","url_text":"Ceruzzi, Paul E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0","url_text":"A History of Modern Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4","url_text":"0-262-53203-4"}]},{"reference":"Lohr, Steve (August 19, 2001). \"The PC? That Old Thing?; An Industry's Founding Father Has Better Things to Do\". The New York Times. pp. BU1, BU12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/business/the-pc-that-old-thing-an-industry-s-founding-father-has-better-things-to-do.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"The PC? That Old Thing?; An Industry's Founding Father Has Better Things to Do\""}]},{"reference":"Manes, Stephen; Paul Andrews (1994). Gates. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88074-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Manes","url_text":"Manes, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-88074-3","url_text":"978-0-671-88074-3"}]},{"reference":"Mims, Forrest M (1986). Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronic Era. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-042411-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Mims","url_text":"Mims, Forrest M"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/siliconnectionsc00mims","url_text":"Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronic Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-042411-1","url_text":"978-0-07-042411-1"}]},{"reference":"Young, Jeffrey S. (1998). \"Chapter 6 Mechanics: Kits & Microcomputers\". Forbes Greatest Technology Stories: Inspiring Tales of the Entrepreneurs. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-24374-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24374-4","url_text":"0-471-24374-4"}]},{"reference":"Zannos, Susan (2003). Edward Roberts and the Story of the Personal Computer. Mitchell Lane Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58415-118-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edwardrobertssto0000zann","url_text":"Edward Roberts and the Story of the Personal Computer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58415-118-0","url_text":"978-1-58415-118-0"}]},{"reference":"Robert X. Cringely (April 3, 2010). \"Terminal Man\". I, Cringely.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_X._Cringely","url_text":"Robert X. Cringely"},{"url":"http://www.cringely.com/2010/04/terminal-man/","url_text":"\"Terminal Man\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7862","external_links_name":"0033-7862"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485","external_links_name":"0032-4485"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4485","external_links_name":"0032-4485"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404003647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stewartrosier.com/RON/obits/obituary.php?id=556975","external_links_name":"\"Edna (Wilcher) Roberts Obituary - Glenwood Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.ninfinger.org/~sven/rockets/ModelRocketry/ModelRocketry.html","external_links_name":"\"Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets\""},{"Link":"http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/1970/06/index.html","external_links_name":"\"New Products: Do-it-yourself Electronic Calculator\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1970.216730","external_links_name":"10.1109/C-M.1970.216730"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3800129","external_links_name":"US patent 3800129"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1972.216999","external_links_name":"10.1109/C-M.1972.216999"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0748-9889","external_links_name":"0748-9889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7","external_links_name":"\"Computer Power of the Future – The Hobbyists\""},{"Link":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7wAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"\"Fast-growing new hobby, Real computers you assemble yourself\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370","external_links_name":"0161-7370"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"\"Jaded Memory\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649","external_links_name":"0199-6649"},{"Link":"http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n11/17_The_Altair_story_early_d.php","external_links_name":"\"The Altair story; early days at MITS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6","external_links_name":"\"Updated Price List\""},{"Link":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_4&p=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewerLarge.php?ii=75_4&p=06","external_links_name":"Larger version."},{"Link":"http://www.digibarn.com/collections/newsletters/homebrew/V1_05/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Hardware\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13","external_links_name":"\"Contributors\""},{"Link":"http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=75_10&p=13","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81","external_links_name":"Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harddrivebillgat00wall_0/page/81","external_links_name":"81–83"},{"Link":"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60611FC3A5B167493C4A8178DD85F438785F9","external_links_name":"\"Computer Show: Preview Of More Ingenious Models; Computer Show Confirms Trend In Widening Use of Technology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RsAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"Small Systems Computer Sourcebook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT6","external_links_name":"\"Last Vestige of Mits Closes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649","external_links_name":"0199-6649"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"\"Change Agent\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1528-9729","external_links_name":"1528-9729"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/03/business/03roberts.html","external_links_name":"\"H. Edward Roberts, PC Pioneer, Dies at 68\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100405025323/http://www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html","external_links_name":"\"Forgotten legend: Cochran funeral set for builder of first PC\""},{"Link":"http://www.macon.com/2010/04/03/1081504/funeral-for-the-builder-of-the.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100413155448/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html","external_links_name":"\"H. Edward Roberts\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978791,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://acrmuseum.org/1998","external_links_name":"\"Stibitz-Wilson Awards 1998\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0","external_links_name":"A History of Modern Computing"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/19/business/the-pc-that-old-thing-an-industry-s-founding-father-has-better-things-to-do.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"The PC? That Old Thing?; An Industry's Founding Father Has Better Things to Do\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/siliconnectionsc00mims","external_links_name":"Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronic Era"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/edwardrobertssto0000zann","external_links_name":"Edward Roberts and the Story of the Personal Computer"},{"Link":"http://www.cringely.com/2010/04/terminal-man/","external_links_name":"\"Terminal Man\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/item.php?ii=23","external_links_name":"STARTUP: Albuquerque and the Personal Computer Revolution New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science"},{"Link":"http://www.vintage-computer.com/altair8800.shtml","external_links_name":"Altair 8800 Computer at Vintage-Computer Web Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111210091503/http://www.vintage-computer.com/altair8800.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005221730/http://www.altair32.com/Altair32history.htm","external_links_name":"Brief History of the Altair. Copies of Altair articles in Popular Electronics"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ed-roberts-pioneering-electronics-engineer-who-built-the-first-widely-available-home-computer-1957204.html","external_links_name":"Obituary"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1754405/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037727079","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21497395","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHFqHgXyVtJ9crwrJkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002015536","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mh0854","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EditDroid | EditDroid | ["1 Features","2 Advantages and disadvantages","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Computerized analog non-linear editing system
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The EditDroid is a computerized analog non-linear editing (NLE) system which was developed by Lucasfilm spin-off company, the Droid Works and Convergence Corporation who formed a joint venture company. The company existed up through the mid-'80s to the early '90s in an attempt to move from analog editing methods to digital. EditDroid debuted at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) 62nd Annual meeting in Las Vegas in 1984 concurrent with another editing tool that would compete with the EditDroid for all its years in production, the Montage Picture Processor.
The EditDroid was never a commercial success and after the close of The Droid Works in 1987 and subsequent redevelopment of the product for seven years, the software was eventually sold to Avid Technology in 1993. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever produced.
Features
The system is LaserDisc-based, relying on several LaserDisc players and a database system which queues up the clips in the order needed from the LaserDisc players in the most efficient way, so as to minimize skipping. This however isn't always possible. So if the edits aren't sufficiently close, the system isn't always fast enough to cue up the next clip.
It has three screens connected to it: one Sun-1 computer display as the graphical UI for the product, one small preview video monitor, and one large rear-projected monitor containing "the cut" which was controlled by a custom controller. The controller, called the TouchPad, features a KEM-style shuttle knob, a trackball, and a host of buttons with LED labels that changes in function depending on what the system was doing. The EditDroid pioneered the use of the graphical display for editing—introducing the timeline as well as digital picture icons to identify raw source clips.
Once the entire movie has been edited, an Edit Decision List of marked frames is turned over to a film laboratory where the actual pieces of film are spliced together in the correct order.
The EditDroid is obsolete by market standards, as the market for nonlinear editing systems has changed radically since its inception, with computer-based products like Final Cut Pro ranging entirely from the consumer to professional markets. In many respects the EditDroid was a concept demonstration of the future of editing, with a LaserDisc being a good 1980s simulation of what digital access would eventually become, and an editing interface and workflow that was more like today's methods than any of the videotape linear or analog nonlinear products leading up to the Avid/1 in 1990.
Advantages and disadvantages
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
There are numerous advantages of using a digital editing solution over the older analog solutions, such as the Moviola. Not only is it much faster to locate the clips needed, keeping track of what can in some cases amount to a staggering amount of footage, is also much easier digitally. Also, editing film digitally is a non-destructive process, whereas the analog process requires the actual cutting and taping together of pieces of film as well as manual syncing of sound.
Aside from the technological advantages of digital editing, in his book In the Blink of an Eye, editor Walter Murch mourns the loss of the older analog solutions. Analog editing requires the editor to frequently move back and forth or scrub in the source material to gain an overview, thus increasing one's familiarity with it. Since undoing an edit is such a laborious process, there is a high incentive to get the best edit cut the first time. This process which is not necessary to the same extent with NLE solutions in which one edit point can be made and undone very quickly.
Furthermore, LaserDisc has a fixed resolution, whereas film can be focused to look ideal at any display size.
While the LaserDisc format was brought to market in the late 1970s, first with the name of DiscoVision and later as LaserVision, and despite persistent promises from the Music Corporation of America, a cheap method of recording LaserDiscs never surfaced. This lack made it exceedingly difficult and cumbersome to create the needed LaserDiscs for the EditDroid. Also at this time, the storage available on a hard disk was prohibitively small and extremely expensive.
Furthermore, many potential customers of the EditDroid were disappointed by the fact that while Lucasfilm Ltd. were the creators of the EditDroid, George Lucas had never in fact used the EditDroid on a movie. This fact stood in contrast to the fact that the EditDroid had been shown with Return of the Jedi clips on numerous occasions at tradeshows and at demonstrations. Lucas eventually used his EditDroids in the early '90s on his series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.
See also
SoundDroid
References
^ a b Kirsner, Scott (2008). Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs. Scott Kirsner. p. 80. ISBN 9781438209999. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ "Company History". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
^ Kirsner, Scott (2008). Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs. Scott Kirsner. p. 82. ISBN 9781438209999. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Rosenberg, John (2013). The Healthy Edit: Creative Techniques for Perfecting Your Movie. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 9781136040733. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ Murch, Walter (2001). In the blink of an eye : a perspective on film editing (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, California: Silman-James Press. ISBN 1879505622. OCLC 47225020.
Further reading
Rubin, Michael (2005), Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution, San Francisco, CA: Triad, ISBN 0-937404-67-5.
Pollack, Dale (1999), Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas, New York, NY: Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80904-4.
Buck, John (2018), Timeline: A History of Editing, ISBN 9781618420-44-2.
External links
Droidmaker
"Lights, Cameras... Computers", Lunch time, Australia: Digital zoo, 1984, archived from the original on 2006-10-06.
"Edit Droid", Company History, Lucasfilm, archived from the original on October 29, 2013.
Timeline, the history of editing (John Buck 2018). (incl complete Editdroid storyline)(Tablo Books ISBN 9781922192295).
(Free public access to Timeline, the history of editing Analog 1)
vteLucasfilmWalt Disney StudiosProductionsFilms
American Graffiti (1973)
Star Wars (1977)
More American Graffiti (1979)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Twice Upon a Time (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Latino (1985)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
Labyrinth (1986)
Howard the Duck (1986)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
Willow (1988)
The Land Before Time (1988)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Radioland Murders (1994)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
Red Tails (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018)
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019)
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023)
Unproduced
Star Wars: Duel of the Fates
TV series
Star Wars: Droids (1985–86)
Ewoks (1985–86)
Maniac Mansion (1990–93)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96)
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05)
The Clone Wars (2008–20)
Rebels (2014–18)
Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17)
Star Wars Forces of Destiny (2017–18)
Resistance (2018–20)
The Mandalorian (2019–present)
Visions (2021–present)
The Book of Boba Fett (2021–22)
Star Wars: The Bad Batch (2021–2024)
Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022)
Light & Magic (2022)
Andor (2022–present)
Star Wars: Tales (2022–present)
Willow (2022–23)
Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures (2023–present)
Ahsoka (2023–present)
The Acolyte (2024)
Skeleton Crew (2024)
Unaired
Star Wars Detours
TV films
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984)
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985)
Theme parkfilms
Captain EO (1986)
Star Tours (1987)
ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995)
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011)
Franchises
Star Wars
Indiana Jones
Willow
American Graffiti
Relatedproductions
THX 1138 (1971)
Divisions
Industrial Light & Magic
Skywalker Sound
Lucasfilm Animation
Lucasfilm Games
Former divisions
The Droid Works
EditDroid
SoundDroid
Kerner Optical
Pixar
THX
People
George Lucas (Founder)
Kathleen Kennedy (President)
Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management)
Other
StageCraft
The Seventh Tower (2000−01)
vteGeorge Lucas
Filmography
Bibliography
Awards and nominations
Films directedFeature
THX 1138 (1971)
American Graffiti (1973)
Star Wars (1977)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Short
Look at Life (1965)
Herbie (1966)
Freiheit (1966)
1:42.08 (1966, documentary)
Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (1967)
The Emperor (1967, documentary)
Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB (1967)
6-18-67 (1967, documentary)
Filmmaker (1968, documentary)
Films written
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
The Ewok Adventure (1984, TV film)
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985, TV film)
Captain EO (1986, short attraction)
Willow (1988)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Radioland Murders (1994)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Strange Magic (2015)
TV series created
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96 / 1999–2001)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–14; 2020)
Star Wars Detours (unaired)
Books written
Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (1976, credit only)
Shadow Moon (1995)
Shadow Dawn (1996)
Shadow Star (2000)
Franchises created
Star Wars (1977–present)
Indiana Jones (1981–present)
Willow (1988–present)
American Graffiti (1973–1979)
Related
Bald: The Making of THX 1138
Light & Magic
American Zoetrope
Lucasfilm
ILM
LucasArts
Lucasfilm Animation
Skywalker Sound
Pixar
Lucas Museum of Narrative Art
Skywalker Ranch
The Star Wars Corporation
THX
Edutopia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-linear editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing"},{"link_name":"Lucasfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"National Association of Broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbook-1"},{"link_name":"Avid Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avid_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The EditDroid is a computerized analog non-linear editing (NLE) system which was developed by Lucasfilm spin-off company, the Droid Works and Convergence Corporation who formed a joint venture company. The company existed up through the mid-'80s to the early '90s in an attempt to move from analog editing methods to digital. EditDroid debuted at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) 62nd Annual meeting in Las Vegas in 1984[1] concurrent with another editing tool that would compete with the EditDroid for all its years in production, the Montage Picture Processor.The EditDroid was never a commercial success and after the close of The Droid Works in 1987 and subsequent redevelopment of the product for seven years, the software was eventually sold to Avid Technology in 1993.[2][3] Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever produced.","title":"EditDroid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skbook-1"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"Sun-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-1"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edit Decision List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_Decision_List"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Final Cut Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro"}],"text":"The system is LaserDisc-based,[1] relying on several LaserDisc players and a database system which queues up the clips in the order needed from the LaserDisc players in the most efficient way, so as to minimize skipping. This however isn't always possible. So if the edits aren't sufficiently close, the system isn't always fast enough to cue up the next clip.It has three screens connected to it: one Sun-1 computer display as the graphical UI for the product, one small preview video monitor, and one large rear-projected monitor containing \"the cut\" which was controlled by a custom controller. The controller, called the TouchPad, features a KEM-style shuttle knob, a trackball, and a host of buttons with LED labels that changes in function depending on what the system was doing. The EditDroid pioneered the use of the graphical display for editing—introducing the timeline[4] as well as digital picture icons to identify raw source clips.Once the entire movie has been edited, an Edit Decision List of marked frames is turned over to a film laboratory where the actual pieces of film are spliced together in the correct order.The EditDroid is obsolete by market standards, as the market for nonlinear editing systems has changed radically since its inception, with computer-based products like Final Cut Pro ranging entirely from the consumer to professional markets. In many respects the EditDroid was a concept demonstration of the future of editing, with a LaserDisc being a good 1980s simulation of what digital access would eventually become, and an editing interface and workflow that was more like today's methods than any of the videotape linear or analog nonlinear products leading up to the Avid/1 in 1990.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moviola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviola"},{"link_name":"In the Blink of an Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Blink_of_an_Eye_(Murch_book)"},{"link_name":"Walter Murch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Murch"},{"link_name":"scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubbing_(audio)"},{"link_name":"LaserDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaserDisc"},{"link_name":"Music Corporation of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles"}],"text":"There are numerous advantages of using a digital editing solution over the older analog solutions, such as the Moviola. Not only is it much faster to locate the clips needed, keeping track of what can in some cases amount to a staggering amount of footage, is also much easier digitally. Also, editing film digitally is a non-destructive process, whereas the analog process requires the actual cutting and taping together of pieces of film as well as manual syncing of sound.Aside from the technological advantages of digital editing, in his book In the Blink of an Eye, editor Walter Murch mourns the loss of the older analog solutions. Analog editing requires the editor to frequently move back and forth or scrub in the source material to gain an overview, thus increasing one's familiarity with it. Since undoing an edit is such a laborious process, there is a high incentive to get the best edit cut the first time. This process which is not necessary to the same extent with NLE solutions in which one edit point can be made and undone very quickly.Furthermore, LaserDisc has a fixed resolution, whereas film can be focused to look ideal at any display size.While the LaserDisc format was brought to market in the late 1970s, first with the name of DiscoVision and later as LaserVision, and despite persistent promises from the Music Corporation of America, a cheap method of recording LaserDiscs never surfaced. This lack made it exceedingly difficult and cumbersome to create the needed LaserDiscs for the EditDroid. Also at this time, the storage available on a hard disk was prohibitively small and extremely expensive.[citation needed]Furthermore, many potential customers of the EditDroid were disappointed by the fact that while Lucasfilm Ltd. were the creators of the EditDroid, George Lucas had never in fact used the EditDroid on a movie.[5] This fact stood in contrast to the fact that the EditDroid had been shown with Return of the Jedi clips on numerous occasions at tradeshows and at demonstrations. Lucas eventually used his EditDroids in the early '90s on his series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.","title":"Advantages and disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/droidmakergeorge0000rubi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-937404-67-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937404-67-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-80904-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80904-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781618420-44-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781618420-44-2"}],"text":"Rubin, Michael (2005), Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution, San Francisco, CA: Triad, ISBN 0-937404-67-5.\nPollack, Dale (1999), Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas, New York, NY: Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80904-4.\nBuck, John (2018), Timeline: A History of Editing, ISBN 9781618420-44-2.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"SoundDroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundDroid"}] | [{"reference":"Kirsner, Scott (2008). Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs. Scott Kirsner. p. 80. ISBN 9781438209999. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jcYfsgKFGwC&q=editdroid&pg=PA82","url_text":"Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438209999","url_text":"9781438209999"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628080154/http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/","url_text":"\"Company History\""},{"url":"http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kirsner, Scott (2008). Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs. Scott Kirsner. p. 82. ISBN 9781438209999. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jcYfsgKFGwC&q=editdroid&pg=PA82","url_text":"Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438209999","url_text":"9781438209999"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, John (2013). The Healthy Edit: Creative Techniques for Perfecting Your Movie. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 9781136040733. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oliyEnpQibUC&q=editdroid&pg=PA200","url_text":"The Healthy Edit: Creative Techniques for Perfecting Your Movie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136040733","url_text":"9781136040733"}]},{"reference":"Murch, Walter (2001). In the blink of an eye : a perspective on film editing (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, California: Silman-James Press. ISBN 1879505622. OCLC 47225020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inblinkofeyepers00murc","url_text":"In the blink of an eye : a perspective on film editing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879505622","url_text":"1879505622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47225020","url_text":"47225020"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Michael (2005), Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution, San Francisco, CA: Triad, ISBN 0-937404-67-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/droidmakergeorge0000rubi","url_text":"Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937404-67-5","url_text":"0-937404-67-5"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Dale (1999), Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas, New York, NY: Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80904-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80904-4","url_text":"0-306-80904-4"}]},{"reference":"Buck, John (2018), Timeline: A History of Editing, ISBN 9781618420-44-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781618420-44-2","url_text":"9781618420-44-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Lights, Cameras... Computers\", Lunch time, Australia: Digital zoo, 1984, archived from the original on 2006-10-06","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006210735/http://www.digitalzoo.com.au/lunchtime/lunch_docs/books_05_vintage_01.htm","url_text":"Lunch time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia","url_text":"Australia"},{"url":"http://www.digitalzoo.com.au/lunchtime/lunch_docs/books_05_vintage_01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edit Droid\", Company History, Lucasfilm, archived from the original on October 29, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210548/http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/?page=6","url_text":"Company History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucasfilm","url_text":"Lucasfilm"},{"url":"https://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/?page=6","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jcYfsgKFGwC&q=editdroid&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628080154/http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/","external_links_name":"\"Company History\""},{"Link":"http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jcYfsgKFGwC&q=editdroid&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oliyEnpQibUC&q=editdroid&pg=PA200","external_links_name":"The Healthy Edit: Creative Techniques for Perfecting Your Movie"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/inblinkofeyepers00murc","external_links_name":"In the blink of an eye : a perspective on film editing"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47225020","external_links_name":"47225020"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/droidmakergeorge0000rubi","external_links_name":"Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution"},{"Link":"http://droidmaker.com/","external_links_name":"Droidmaker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006210735/http://www.digitalzoo.com.au/lunchtime/lunch_docs/books_05_vintage_01.htm","external_links_name":"Lunch time"},{"Link":"http://www.digitalzoo.com.au/lunchtime/lunch_docs/books_05_vintage_01.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210548/http://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/?page=6","external_links_name":"Company History"},{"Link":"https://www.lucasfilm.com/inside/history/?page=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tablo.io/velocite/MTE4OQ==","external_links_name":"(Free public access to Timeline, the history of editing Analog 1)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright | Edmund Cartwright | ["1 Life","2 Power loom","3 Other inventions","4 Works","5 Family","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | British inventor (1743–1823)
Edmund CartwrightEdmund CartwrightBorn24 April 1743 (N.S.)Marnham, Nottinghamshire, EnglandDied30 October 1823(1823-10-30) (aged 80)Hastings, Sussex, EnglandResting placeBattle, SussexNationalityEnglishEducationOxford UniversityOccupation(s)Clergyman, inventorKnown forPower loomSignature
Edmund Cartwright FSA (24 April 1743 – 30 October 1823) was an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University and went on to invent the power loom. Married to local Elizabeth McMac at 19, he was the brother of Major John Cartwright, a political reformer and radical, and George Cartwright, explorer of Labrador.
Life
He was the fourth son of William Cartwright and his wife Anne née Cartwright, born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. He matriculated in 1760 at University College, Oxford, where he had studied under-age from 1757. He graduated B.A. in 1764, M.A. in 1766, elected a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford in 1764. He was awarded the degree of DD in 1806.
Ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1765, and priest in 1767, Cartwright was appointed rector of Kilvington in 1767. With other livings, in 1779 he became also rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, and in 1783, he was elected a prebendary at Lincoln Cathedral.
For a time Cartwright served as chaplain to the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey and acted as tutor to the Duke's son, the future Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Following the award of the parliamentary grant, Cartwright purchased a small farm in Kent, where he spent the rest of his life.
Edmund Cartwright died in Sussex after a lingering illness and was buried at Battle.
Power loom
Cartwright designed his first power loom in 1784 and patented it in 1785, after some contact with textile men from Manchester; its value was only in proof of concept, but the type of design continued into the 20th century. Subsequent research and development work by others is now given much of the credit for a practical powered loom. In 1809 Cartwright obtained a grant of £10,000 from parliament for his invention.
In 1789, Cartwright patented another loom which served as the model for later inventors to work upon. For a mechanically driven loom to become a commercial success, either one person would have to be able to attend to more than one machine, or each machine must have a greater productive capacity than one manually controlled. He added improvements, including a positive let-off motion, warp and weft stop motions, and sizing the warp while the loom was in action. He commenced to manufacture fabrics in Doncaster using these looms, and discovered many of their shortcomings. He attempted to remedy these in a number of ways: by introducing a crank and eccentric wheels to actuate its batten differentially, by improving the picking mechanism, by means of a device for stopping the loom when a shuttle failed to enter a shuttle box, by preventing a shuttle from rebounding when in a box, and by stretching the cloth with temples that acted automatically. His mill was repossessed by creditors in 1793.
In 1792, Cartwright obtained his final patent for weaving machinery; this provided his loom with multiple shuttle boxes for weaving checks and cross stripes. All his efforts were unavailing, however; it became apparent that no mechanism, however perfect, could succeed so long as warps continued to be sized while a loom was stationary. His plans for sizing them while a loom was in operation, and before being placed in a loom, failed. These problems were resolved in 1803, by William Radcliffe and his assistant Thomas Johnson, by their inventions of the beam warper, and the dressing sizing machine.
In 1790 Robert Grimshaw of Gorton, Manchester erected a weaving factory at Knott Mill which he intended to fill with 500 of Cartwright's power looms, but with only 30 in place the factory was burnt down, probably as an act of arson inspired by the fears of hand loom weavers. The prospect of success was not sufficiently promising to induce its re-erection.
In May 1821, Cartwright was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Other inventions
Ropemaking machine of Edmund Cartwright
Cartwright patented a wool combing machine in 1789 and a cordelier (machine for making rope) in 1792. He also designed a steam engine that used alcohol instead of water.
Works
Cartwright had John Langhorne as a tutor, and developed as a minor poet. He published the poem Armine and Elvira in 1770, which was followed by The Prince of Peace in 1779, directed against the American Revolutionary War. His Sonnets to Eminent Men (1783) included an ode to Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham, a conspicuous supporter of American independence.
Family
Cartwright married in 1772, Alice Whitaker, daughter of Alderman Richard Whitaker of Doncaster, who died in 1785. Their second daughter Elizabeth (1780–1837) married the Reverend John Penrose and wrote books under the pseudonym "Mrs Markham". Their daughter Mary married Henry Eustatius Strickland, a younger son of Sir George Strickland, 5th Baronet, and was mother of Hugh Edwin Strickland. She was her father's biographer, publishing A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS (1843) which incorporated a memoir by Cartwright.
Their son the Rev. Edmund Cartwright (1773–1833) was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The youngest child of the marriage was Frances Dorothy Cartwright, poet and biographer of her uncle the radical Major John Cartwright.
Cartwright married secondly, in 1790, Susannah Kearney, daughter of John Kearney. He was survived by her and the four children above from his first marriage.
Growing up he also had many siblings, including the famous John Cartwright.
See also
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
References
^ a b c d e f g Hunt, David. "Cartwright, Edmund (1743–1823)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4813. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Cartwright, Edmund" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
^ "Edmund Cartwright". Lemelson-MIT. MIT. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ a b c d e f Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cartwright, Edmund" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 435.
^ "Andrewes, Lancelot (1765–1824) (CCEd Person ID 9850)". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ Scherer, Paul (1999). Lord John Russell: A Biography. Susquehanna University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781575910215.
^ Cave, Edward (1833). "Obituary: Rev. Edmund Cartwright". Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle. Edward Cave: 374.
^ a b Strickland, Mary (1843). A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS, Inventor of the Power Loom, Etc. Etc. London: Saunders and Otley. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
^ Cartwright, Edmund (1772). Armine and Elvira: A Legendary Tale (3 ed.). London: John Murray. Edmund Cartwright.
^ Cartwright, Edmund (1783). Sonnets to eminent men. And an ode to the Earl of Effingham. . J. Murray; T. Becket.
^ Koch, Christine Marie (4 January 2020). Salzburger Migrants and Communal Memory in Georgia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 102 note 508. ISBN 978-3-643-91299-2.
^ Mitchell, Rosemary. "Penrose , Elizabeth (1780–1837)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21889. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "The Late H. E. Strickland, Esq". Tewkesbury Register. 31 July 1858. p. 5.
^ Wood, Henry Trueman (1912). "The Royal Society of Arts. VII.—The Officials. The Transactions. The Council. The Charter. (1761-1847)". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 60 (3098): 532. ISSN 0035-9114. JSTOR 41340109.
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Cartwright, Rev. Edmund" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
^ Mitchell, Rosemary. "Cartwright, Frances Dorothy (1780–1863)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
Wikisource has original works by or about:Edmund Cartwright
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmund Cartwright.
"Edmund Cartwright and the power loom" – at Cotton Times
"Richard Arkwright and Edmund Cartwright: Inventors of Important Textile Manufacturing Machines" – at Grimshaw Origins
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"power loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loom"},{"link_name":"Major John Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_John_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"George Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cartwright_(trader)"}],"text":"Edmund Cartwright FSA (24 April 1743 – 30 October 1823) was an English inventor.[1] He graduated from Oxford University and went on to invent the power loom. Married to local Elizabeth McMac at 19, he was the brother of Major John Cartwright, a political reformer and radical, and George Cartwright, explorer of Labrador.","title":"Edmund Cartwright"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marnham, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marnham,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Grammar_School,_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"University College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_(college)"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-3"},{"link_name":"DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Kilvington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilvington"},{"link_name":"Goadby Marwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goadby_Marwood"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Woburn Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Lord John Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GM-7"},{"link_name":"Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-8"}],"text":"He was the fourth son of William Cartwright and his wife Anne née Cartwright, born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire.[1] He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. He matriculated in 1760 at University College, Oxford, where he had studied under-age from 1757. He graduated B.A. in 1764, M.A. in 1766, elected a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford in 1764.[1][2][3] He was awarded the degree of DD in 1806.[4]Ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1765, and priest in 1767, Cartwright was appointed rector of Kilvington in 1767. With other livings, in 1779 he became also rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, and in 1783, he was elected a prebendary at Lincoln Cathedral.[5]For a time Cartwright served as chaplain to the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey and acted as tutor to the Duke's son, the future Prime Minister Lord John Russell.[6] Following the award of the parliamentary grant, Cartwright purchased a small farm in Kent, where he spent the rest of his life. [4]Edmund Cartwright died in Sussex after a lingering illness[7] and was buried at Battle.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loom"},{"link_name":"proof of concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(weaving)"},{"link_name":"weft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"William Radcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Radcliffe"},{"link_name":"beam warper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beam_warper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dressing sizing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dressing_sizing_machine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Grimshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Grimshaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorton"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Knott Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deansgate"},{"link_name":"hand loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_loom"},{"link_name":"weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Cartwright designed his first power loom in 1784 and patented it in 1785, after some contact with textile men from Manchester; its value was only in proof of concept, but the type of design continued into the 20th century. Subsequent research and development work by others is now given much of the credit for a practical powered loom.[1] In 1809 Cartwright obtained a grant of £10,000 from parliament for his invention.[4]In 1789, Cartwright patented another loom which served as the model for later inventors to work upon. For a mechanically driven loom to become a commercial success, either one person would have to be able to attend to more than one machine, or each machine must have a greater productive capacity than one manually controlled. He added improvements, including a positive let-off motion, warp and weft stop motions, and sizing the warp while the loom was in action. He commenced to manufacture fabrics in Doncaster using these looms, and discovered many of their shortcomings. He attempted to remedy these in a number of ways: by introducing a crank and eccentric wheels to actuate its batten differentially, by improving the picking mechanism, by means of a device for stopping the loom when a shuttle failed to enter a shuttle box, by preventing a shuttle from rebounding when in a box, and by stretching the cloth with temples that acted automatically. His mill was repossessed by creditors in 1793.[4]In 1792, Cartwright obtained his final patent for weaving machinery; this provided his loom with multiple shuttle boxes for weaving checks and cross stripes.[4] All his efforts were unavailing, however; it became apparent that no mechanism, however perfect, could succeed so long as warps continued to be sized while a loom was stationary. His plans for sizing them while a loom was in operation, and before being placed in a loom, failed. These problems were resolved in 1803, by William Radcliffe and his assistant Thomas Johnson, by their inventions of the beam warper, and the dressing sizing machine.In 1790 Robert Grimshaw of Gorton, Manchester erected a weaving factory at Knott Mill which he intended to fill with 500 of Cartwright's power looms, but with only 30 in place the factory was burnt down, probably as an act of arson inspired by the fears of hand loom weavers. The prospect of success was not sufficiently promising to induce its re-erection.In May 1821, Cartwright was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[9]","title":"Power loom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartwright_Edmund_ropemaking.jpg"},{"link_name":"wool combing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_combing_machine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"}],"text":"Ropemaking machine of Edmund CartwrightCartwright patented a wool combing machine in 1789 and a cordelier (machine for making rope) in 1792. He also designed a steam engine that used alcohol instead of water.[4]","title":"Other inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Langhorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langhorne_(poet)"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Effingham"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Cartwright had John Langhorne as a tutor, and developed as a minor poet. He published the poem Armine and Elvira in 1770, which was followed by The Prince of Peace in 1779, directed against the American Revolutionary War.[1][10] His Sonnets to Eminent Men (1783) included an ode to Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham, a conspicuous supporter of American independence.[11][12]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Markham"},{"link_name":"Reverend John Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penrose_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sir George Strickland, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_George_Strickland,_5th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Edwin Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Edwin_Strickland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Frances Dorothy Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Dorothy_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Cartwright married in 1772, Alice Whitaker, daughter of Alderman Richard Whitaker of Doncaster, who died in 1785.[1] Their second daughter Elizabeth (1780–1837) married the Reverend John Penrose and wrote books under the pseudonym \"Mrs Markham\".[13] Their daughter Mary married Henry Eustatius Strickland, a younger son of Sir George Strickland, 5th Baronet, and was mother of Hugh Edwin Strickland.[14] She was her father's biographer, publishing A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS (1843) which incorporated a memoir by Cartwright.[8][15]Their son the Rev. Edmund Cartwright (1773–1833) was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries of London.[16] The youngest child of the marriage was Frances Dorothy Cartwright, poet and biographer of her uncle the radical Major John Cartwright. [17]Cartwright married secondly, in 1790, Susannah Kearney, daughter of John Kearney. He was survived by her and the four children above from his first marriage.[1]\nGrowing up he also had many siblings, including the famous John Cartwright.","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Ropemaking machine of Edmund Cartwright","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cartwright_Edmund_ropemaking.jpg/220px-Cartwright_Edmund_ropemaking.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Timeline of clothing and textiles technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology"}] | [{"reference":"Hunt, David. \"Cartwright, Edmund (1743–1823)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4813.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4813","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4813"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Cartwright, Edmund\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Cartwright,_Edmund","url_text":"\"Cartwright, Edmund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmund Cartwright\". Lemelson-MIT. MIT. Retrieved 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/edmund-cartwright","url_text":"\"Edmund Cartwright\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT","url_text":"MIT"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Cartwright, Edmund\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cartwright,_Edmund","url_text":"\"Cartwright, Edmund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrewes, Lancelot (1765–1824) (CCEd Person ID 9850)\". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=9850","url_text":"\"Andrewes, Lancelot (1765–1824) (CCEd Person ID 9850)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_of_the_Church_of_England_database","url_text":"The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835"}]},{"reference":"Scherer, Paul (1999). Lord John Russell: A Biography. Susquehanna University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781575910215.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L0xuWohqz3gC","url_text":"Lord John Russell: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575910215","url_text":"9781575910215"}]},{"reference":"Cave, Edward (1833). \"Obituary: Rev. Edmund Cartwright\". Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle. Edward Cave: 374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cave","url_text":"Cave, Edward"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8_dfAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"\"Obituary: Rev. Edmund Cartwright\""}]},{"reference":"Strickland, Mary (1843). A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS, Inventor of the Power Loom, Etc. Etc. London: Saunders and Otley. Retrieved 21 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CbQ3AAAAMAAJ&q=Edmund+Cartwright","url_text":"A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS, Inventor of the Power Loom, Etc. Etc"}]},{"reference":"\"Library and Archive Catalogue\". Royal Society. Retrieved 21 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27cartwright%27%29","url_text":"\"Library and Archive Catalogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"}]},{"reference":"Cartwright, Edmund (1772). Armine and Elvira: A Legendary Tale (3 ed.). London: John Murray. Edmund Cartwright.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armineandelvira00cartgoog","url_text":"Armine and Elvira: A Legendary Tale"}]},{"reference":"Cartwright, Edmund (1783). Sonnets to eminent men. And an ode to the Earl of Effingham. [By Edmund Cartwright.]. J. Murray; T. Becket.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xRhAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Sonnets to eminent men. And an ode to the Earl of Effingham. [By Edmund Cartwright.]"}]},{"reference":"Koch, Christine Marie (4 January 2020). Salzburger Migrants and Communal Memory in Georgia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 102 note 508. ISBN 978-3-643-91299-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8FIlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102","url_text":"Salzburger Migrants and Communal Memory in Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91299-2","url_text":"978-3-643-91299-2"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Rosemary. \"Penrose [née Cartwright], Elizabeth [pseud. Mrs Markham] (1780–1837)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21889","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21889"}]},{"reference":"\"The Late H. E. Strickland, Esq\". Tewkesbury Register. 31 July 1858. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002217/18580731/080/0005","url_text":"\"The Late H. E. Strickland, Esq\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Henry Trueman (1912). \"The Royal Society of Arts. VII.—The Officials. The Transactions. The Council. The Charter. (1761-1847)\". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 60 (3098): 532. ISSN 0035-9114. JSTOR 41340109.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41340109","url_text":"\"The Royal Society of Arts. VII.—The Officials. The Transactions. The Council. The Charter. (1761-1847)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9114","url_text":"0035-9114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41340109","url_text":"41340109"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Cartwright, Rev. Edmund\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Cartwright,_Rev._Edmund","url_text":"\"Cartwright, Rev. Edmund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Rosemary. \"Cartwright, Frances Dorothy (1780–1863)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4813","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4813"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Cartwright,_Edmund","external_links_name":"\"Cartwright, Edmund\""},{"Link":"http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/edmund-cartwright","external_links_name":"\"Edmund Cartwright\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cartwright,_Edmund","external_links_name":"\"Cartwright, Edmund\""},{"Link":"https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=9850","external_links_name":"\"Andrewes, Lancelot (1765–1824) (CCEd Person ID 9850)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L0xuWohqz3gC","external_links_name":"Lord John Russell: A Biography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8_dfAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Rev. Edmund Cartwright\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CbQ3AAAAMAAJ&q=Edmund+Cartwright","external_links_name":"A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS, Inventor of the Power Loom, Etc. Etc"},{"Link":"http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27cartwright%27%29","external_links_name":"\"Library and Archive Catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/armineandelvira00cartgoog","external_links_name":"Armine and Elvira: A Legendary Tale"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xRhAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Sonnets to eminent men. And an ode to the Earl of Effingham. [By Edmund Cartwright.]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8FIlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"Salzburger Migrants and Communal Memory in Georgia"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21889","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21889"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002217/18580731/080/0005","external_links_name":"\"The Late H. E. Strickland, Esq\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41340109","external_links_name":"\"The Royal Society of Arts. VII.—The Officials. The Transactions. The Council. The Charter. (1761-1847)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9114","external_links_name":"0035-9114"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41340109","external_links_name":"41340109"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Cartwright,_Rev._Edmund","external_links_name":"\"Cartwright, Rev. Edmund\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040705075752/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/cartwrighto.htm","external_links_name":"\"Edmund Cartwright and the power loom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051029210715/http://www.grimshaworigin.org/WebPages/ArkCartw.htm","external_links_name":"\"Richard Arkwright and Edmund Cartwright: Inventors of Important Textile Manufacturing Machines\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144346/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120251884","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47545855","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxcGVYfgkmCBYfpHvWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117674664","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84136012","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0136203&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35736853","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p213103834","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812458883605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/112162","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11682412?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117674664.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1064241","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qv6xw2","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/085620246","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Command_Queuing | Native Command Queuing | ["1 History","2 Hard disk drives","2.1 Performance","2.2 Safety (FUA)","3 Solid-state drives","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | NCQ allows the drive itself to determine the optimal order in which to retrieve outstanding requests. This may, as here, allow the drive to fulfill all requests in fewer rotations and thus less time.
In computing, Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is an extension of the Serial ATA protocol allowing hard disk drives to internally optimize the order in which received read and write commands are executed. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement, resulting in increased performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple simultaneous read/write requests are outstanding, most often occurring in server-type applications.
History
Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for ATA TCQ.
NCQ differs from TCQ in that, with NCQ, each command is of equal importance, but NCQ's host bus adapter also programs its own first party DMA engine with CPU-given DMA parameters during its command sequence whereas TCQ interrupts the CPU during command queries and requires it to modulate the ATA host bus adapter's third party DMA engine. NCQ's implementation is preferable because the drive has more accurate knowledge of its performance characteristics and is able to account for its rotational position. Both NCQ and TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 outstanding commands. Because the ATA TCQ is rarely used, Parallel ATA (and the IDE mode of some chipsets) usually only support one outstanding command per port.
For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter.
Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which allows operating systems to universally control them and enable NCQ. DragonFly BSD has supported AHCI with NCQ since 2.3 in 2009. Linux kernels support AHCI natively since version 2.6.19, and FreeBSD fully supports AHCI since version 8.0. Windows Vista and Windows 7 also natively support AHCI, but their AHCI support (via the msahci service) must be manually enabled via registry editing if controller support was not present during their initial install. Windows 7's AHCI enables not only NCQ but also TRIM support on SSD drives (with their supporting firmware). Older operating systems such as Windows XP require the installation of a vendor-specific driver (similar to installing a RAID or SCSI controller) even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter, which makes initial setup more tedious and conversions of existing installations relatively difficult as most controllers cannot operate their ports in mixed AHCI–SATA/IDE/legacy mode.
Hard disk drives
Performance
A 2004 test with the first-generation NCQ drive (Seagate 7200.7 NCQ) found that while NCQ increased IOMeter performance, desktop application performance decreased. One review in 2010 found improvements on the order of 9% (on average) with NCQ enabled in a series of Windows multitasking tests.
NCQ can negatively interfere with the operating system's I/O scheduler, decreasing performance; this has been observed in practice on Linux with RAID-5. There is no mechanism in NCQ for the host to specify any sort of deadlines for an I/O, like how many times a request can be ignored in favor of others. In theory, a queued request can be delayed by the drive an arbitrary amount of time while it is serving other (possibly new) requests under I/O pressure. Since the algorithms used inside drives' firmware for NCQ dispatch ordering are generally not publicly known, this introduces another level of uncertainty for hardware/firmware performance. Tests at Google around 2008 have shown that NCQ can delay an I/O for up to 1–2 seconds. A proposed workaround is for the operating system to artificially starve the NCQ queue sooner in order to satisfy low-latency applications in a timely manner.
On some drives' firmware, such as the WD Raptor circa 2007, read-ahead is disabled when NCQ is enabled, resulting in slower sequential performance.
SATA solid-state drives profit significantly from being able to queue multiple commands for parallel workloads. For PCIe-based NVMe SSDs, the queue depth was even increased to support a maximum of 65,535 queues with up to 65,535 commands each.
Safety (FUA)
See also: Disk buffer § Force Unit Access (FUA)
One lesser-known feature of NCQ is that, unlike its ATA TCQ predecessor, it allows the host to specify whether it wants to be notified when the data reaches the disk's platters, or when it reaches the disk's buffer (on-board cache). Assuming a correct hardware implementation, this feature allows data consistency to be guaranteed when the disk's on-board cache is used in conjunction with system calls like fsync. The associated write flag, which is also borrowed from SCSI, is called Force Unit Access (FUA).
Solid-state drives
NCQ is also used in newer solid-state drives where the drive encounters latency on the host, rather than the other way around. For example, Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive uses NCQ to ensure that the drive has commands to process while the host system is busy processing CPU tasks.
NCQ also enables the SSD controller to complete commands concurrently (or partly concurrently, for example using pipelines) where the internal organisation of the device enables such processing.
The NVM Express (NVMe) standard also supports command queuing, in a form optimized for SSDs. NVMe allows multiple queues for a single controller and device, allowing at the same time much higher depths for each queue, which more closely matches how the underlying SSD hardware works.
See also
I/O scheduling
Write barrier
References
^ PDF white paper on NCQ from Intel and Seagate
^ Volume 1 of the final draft of the ATA-7 standard
^ "SATA II Native Command Queuing Overview", Intel Whitepaper, April 2003.
^ Matthew Dillon (2009-06-04). ""Re: DragonFly-2.3.1.165.g25822 master sys/dev/disk/ahci Makefile TODO ahci.c ahci.h ahci_attach.c ahci_cam.c ahci_dragonfly.c ahci_dragonfly.h atascsi.h"".
^ Matthew Dillon (2009). "ahci(4) — Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA". BSD Cross Reference. DragonFly BSD.
"ahci - Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA". DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages.
^ "Seagate's Barracuda 7200.7 NCQ hard drive - The Tech Report - Page 13". The Tech Report. 17 December 2004. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ "Multitasking with Native Command Queuing - The Tech Report - Page 5". The Tech Report. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ a b Yu, Y. J.; Shin, D. I.; Eom, H.; Yeom, H. Y. (2010). "NCQ vs. I/O scheduler". ACM Transactions on Storage. 6: 1–37. doi:10.1145/1714454.1714456. S2CID 14414608.
^ "hard drive - Poor Linux software RAID 5 performance with NCQ". Server Fault. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ Gwendal Grignou, NCQ Emulation, FLS'08 talk summary (p. 109) slides
^ "Mark Lord: Re: Lower HD transfer rate with NCQ enabled?". LKML. 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ Marshall Kirk McKusick. "Disks from the Perspective of a File System - ACM Queue". Queue.acm.org. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ Gregory Smith (2010). PostgreSQL 9.0: High Performance. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84951-031-8.
^ http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_tech_paper_intc-stx_sata_ncq.pdf
^ Jonathan Corbet (2010-08-18). "The end of block barriers". LWN.net. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
^ Gasior, Geoff (November 23, 2008). "Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive - Now with single-level cell flash memory". Tech Report.
^ Dave Landsman (2013-08-09). "AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview" (PDF). SATA-IO. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
^ "NVM Express Overview". nvmexpress.org. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
External links
Serial ATA and the 7 Deadly Sins of Parallel ATA at Lost Circuits (for TCQ)
Hype vs. Reality analysis at Tom's Hardware | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"Serial ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"}],"text":"In computing, Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is an extension of the Serial ATA protocol allowing hard disk drives to internally optimize the order in which received read and write commands are executed. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement, resulting in increased performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple simultaneous read/write requests are outstanding, most often occurring in server-type applications.","title":"Native Command Queuing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parallel ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA"},{"link_name":"Tagged Command Queuing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_Command_Queuing"},{"link_name":"ISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture"},{"link_name":"first party DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access#Bus_mastering"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access"},{"link_name":"third party DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access#Third-party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sata-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pata-7Vol1-2"},{"link_name":"Parallel ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Advanced Host Controller Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface"},{"link_name":"DragonFly BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Linux kernels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"TRIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing)"},{"link_name":"SSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"RAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"},{"link_name":"SCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI"}],"text":"Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for ATA TCQ.NCQ differs from TCQ in that, with NCQ, each command is of equal importance, but NCQ's host bus adapter also programs its own first party DMA engine with CPU-given DMA parameters during its command sequence whereas TCQ interrupts the CPU during command queries and requires it to modulate the ATA host bus adapter's third party DMA engine. NCQ's implementation is preferable because the drive has more accurate knowledge of its performance characteristics and is able to account for its rotational position. Both NCQ and TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 outstanding commands.[1][2] Because the ATA TCQ is rarely used, Parallel ATA (and the IDE mode of some chipsets) usually only support one outstanding command per port.For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter.[3]Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which allows operating systems to universally control them and enable NCQ. DragonFly BSD has supported AHCI with NCQ since 2.3 in 2009.[4][5] Linux kernels support AHCI natively since version 2.6.19, and FreeBSD fully supports AHCI since version 8.0. Windows Vista and Windows 7 also natively support AHCI, but their AHCI support (via the msahci service) must be manually enabled via registry editing if controller support was not present during their initial install. Windows 7's AHCI enables not only NCQ but also TRIM support on SSD drives (with their supporting firmware). Older operating systems such as Windows XP require the installation of a vendor-specific driver (similar to installing a RAID or SCSI controller) even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter, which makes initial setup more tedious and conversions of existing installations relatively difficult as most controllers cannot operate their ports in mixed AHCI–SATA/IDE/legacy mode.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hard disk drives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"I/O scheduler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_scheduler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-8"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"RAID-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"delayed by the drive an arbitrary amount of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_starvation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-young-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WD Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital_Raptor"},{"link_name":"read-ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_buffer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"solid-state drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"NVMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVMe"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"A 2004 test with the first-generation NCQ drive (Seagate 7200.7 NCQ) found that while NCQ increased IOMeter performance, desktop application performance decreased.[6] One review in 2010 found improvements on the order of 9% (on average) with NCQ enabled in a series of Windows multitasking tests.[7]NCQ can negatively interfere with the operating system's I/O scheduler, decreasing performance;[8] this has been observed in practice on Linux with RAID-5.[9] There is no mechanism in NCQ for the host to specify any sort of deadlines for an I/O, like how many times a request can be ignored in favor of others. In theory, a queued request can be delayed by the drive an arbitrary amount of time while it is serving other (possibly new) requests under I/O pressure.[8] Since the algorithms used inside drives' firmware for NCQ dispatch ordering are generally not publicly known, this introduces another level of uncertainty for hardware/firmware performance. Tests at Google around 2008 have shown that NCQ can delay an I/O for up to 1–2 seconds. A proposed workaround is for the operating system to artificially starve the NCQ queue sooner in order to satisfy low-latency applications in a timely manner.[10]On some drives' firmware, such as the WD Raptor circa 2007, read-ahead is disabled when NCQ is enabled, resulting in slower sequential performance.[11]SATA solid-state drives profit significantly from being able to queue multiple commands for parallel workloads. For PCIe-based NVMe SSDs, the queue depth was even increased to support a maximum of 65,535 queues with up to 65,535 commands each.","title":"Hard disk drives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disk buffer § Force Unit Access (FUA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_buffer#Force_Unit_Access_(FUA)"},{"link_name":"fsync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fsync"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Force Unit Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Unit_Access"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2010-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Safety (FUA)","text":"See also: Disk buffer § Force Unit Access (FUA)One lesser-known feature of NCQ is that, unlike its ATA TCQ predecessor, it allows the host to specify whether it wants to be notified when the data reaches the disk's platters, or when it reaches the disk's buffer (on-board cache). Assuming a correct hardware implementation, this feature allows data consistency to be guaranteed when the disk's on-board cache is used in conjunction with system calls like fsync.[12] The associated write flag, which is also borrowed from SCSI, is called Force Unit Access (FUA).[13][14][15]","title":"Hard disk drives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid-state drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechRep_SSD_NCQ-16"},{"link_name":"NVM Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahci-nvme-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"NCQ is also used in newer solid-state drives where the drive encounters latency on the host, rather than the other way around. For example, Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive uses NCQ to ensure that the drive has commands to process while the host system is busy processing CPU tasks.[16]NCQ also enables the SSD controller to complete commands concurrently (or partly concurrently, for example using pipelines) where the internal organisation of the device enables such processing.The NVM Express (NVMe) standard also supports command queuing, in a form optimized for SSDs.[17] NVMe allows multiple queues for a single controller and device, allowing at the same time much higher depths for each queue, which more closely matches how the underlying SSD hardware works.[18]","title":"Solid-state drives"}] | [{"image_text":"NCQ allows the drive itself to determine the optimal order in which to retrieve outstanding requests. This may, as here, allow the drive to fulfill all requests in fewer rotations and thus less time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NCQ.svg/300px-NCQ.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"I/O scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_scheduling"},{"title":"Write barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_barrier"}] | [{"reference":"Matthew Dillon (2009-06-04). \"\"Re: DragonFly-2.3.1.165.g25822 master sys/dev/disk/ahci Makefile TODO ahci.c ahci.h ahci_attach.c ahci_cam.c ahci_dragonfly.c ahci_dragonfly.h atascsi.h\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dillon","url_text":"Matthew Dillon"},{"url":"http://www.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2009-06/msg00004.html","url_text":"\"\"Re: DragonFly-2.3.1.165.g25822 master sys/dev/disk/ahci Makefile TODO ahci.c ahci.h ahci_attach.c ahci_cam.c ahci_dragonfly.c ahci_dragonfly.h atascsi.h\"\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Dillon (2009). \"ahci(4) — Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA\". BSD Cross Reference. DragonFly BSD.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dillon","url_text":"Matthew Dillon"},{"url":"http://bxr.su/d/share/man/man4/ahci.4","url_text":"\"ahci(4) — Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSD","url_text":"DragonFly BSD"}]},{"reference":"\"ahci - Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA\". DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdoc.su/d/ahci.4","url_text":"DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages"}]},{"reference":"\"Seagate's Barracuda 7200.7 NCQ hard drive - The Tech Report - Page 13\". The Tech Report. 17 December 2004. Retrieved 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://techreport.com/review/7750/seagate-barracuda-7200-7-ncq-hard-drive/13","url_text":"\"Seagate's Barracuda 7200.7 NCQ hard drive - The Tech Report - Page 13\""}]},{"reference":"\"Multitasking with Native Command Queuing - The Tech Report - Page 5\". The Tech Report. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://techreport.com/review/8624/multitasking-with-native-command-queuing/5","url_text":"\"Multitasking with Native Command Queuing - The Tech Report - Page 5\""}]},{"reference":"Yu, Y. J.; Shin, D. I.; Eom, H.; Yeom, H. Y. (2010). \"NCQ vs. I/O scheduler\". ACM Transactions on Storage. 6: 1–37. doi:10.1145/1714454.1714456. S2CID 14414608.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1714454.1714456","url_text":"10.1145/1714454.1714456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14414608","url_text":"14414608"}]},{"reference":"\"hard drive - Poor Linux software RAID 5 performance with NCQ\". Server Fault. Retrieved 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://serverfault.com/questions/305890/poor-linux-software-raid-5-performance-with-ncq","url_text":"\"hard drive - Poor Linux software RAID 5 performance with NCQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Lord: Re: Lower HD transfer rate with NCQ enabled?\". LKML. 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://lkml.org/lkml/2007/4/3/159","url_text":"\"Mark Lord: Re: Lower HD transfer rate with NCQ enabled?\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall Kirk McKusick. \"Disks from the Perspective of a File System - ACM Queue\". Queue.acm.org. Retrieved 2014-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick","url_text":"Marshall Kirk McKusick"},{"url":"http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2367378","url_text":"\"Disks from the Perspective of a File System - ACM Queue\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory Smith (2010). PostgreSQL 9.0: High Performance. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84951-031-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/postgresqlhighpe00smit","url_text":"PostgreSQL 9.0: High Performance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/postgresqlhighpe00smit/page/n98","url_text":"78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84951-031-8","url_text":"978-1-84951-031-8"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Corbet (2010-08-18). \"The end of block barriers\". LWN.net. Retrieved 2015-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://lwn.net/Articles/400541/","url_text":"\"The end of block barriers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWN.net","url_text":"LWN.net"}]},{"reference":"Gasior, Geoff (November 23, 2008). \"Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive - Now with single-level cell flash memory\". Tech Report.","urls":[{"url":"http://techreport.com/articles.x/15931/1","url_text":"\"Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive - Now with single-level cell flash memory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Report","url_text":"Tech Report"}]},{"reference":"Dave Landsman (2013-08-09). \"AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview\" (PDF). SATA-IO. Retrieved 2013-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/NVMe%20and%20AHCI%20as%20SATA%20Express%20Interface%20Options%20-%20Whitepaper_.pdf","url_text":"\"AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA-IO","url_text":"SATA-IO"}]},{"reference":"\"NVM Express Overview\". nvmexpress.org. Retrieved 2014-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvmexpress.org/about/nvm-express-overview/","url_text":"\"NVM Express Overview\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101218131508/http://seagate.com/content/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_tech_paper_intc-stx_sata_ncq.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF white paper on NCQ from Intel and Seagate"},{"Link":"http://www.t13.org/Documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2004/d1532v1r4b-ATA-ATAPI-7.pdf","external_links_name":"Volume 1 of the final draft of the ATA-7 standard"},{"Link":"http://download.intel.com/support/chipsets/imsm/sb/sata2_ncq_overview.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SATA II Native Command Queuing Overview\", Intel Whitepaper, April 2003."},{"Link":"http://www.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2009-06/msg00004.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Re: DragonFly-2.3.1.165.g25822 master sys/dev/disk/ahci Makefile TODO ahci.c ahci.h ahci_attach.c ahci_cam.c ahci_dragonfly.c ahci_dragonfly.h atascsi.h\"\""},{"Link":"http://bxr.su/d/share/man/man4/ahci.4","external_links_name":"\"ahci(4) — Advanced Host Controller Interface for Serial ATA\""},{"Link":"http://mdoc.su/d/ahci.4","external_links_name":"DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages"},{"Link":"http://techreport.com/review/7750/seagate-barracuda-7200-7-ncq-hard-drive/13","external_links_name":"\"Seagate's Barracuda 7200.7 NCQ hard drive - The Tech Report - Page 13\""},{"Link":"http://techreport.com/review/8624/multitasking-with-native-command-queuing/5","external_links_name":"\"Multitasking with Native Command Queuing - The Tech Report - Page 5\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1714454.1714456","external_links_name":"10.1145/1714454.1714456"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14414608","external_links_name":"14414608"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.albany.edu/~sdc/CSI500/Fal10/DiskArmSchedulingPapers/a2-yu.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://serverfault.com/questions/305890/poor-linux-software-raid-5-performance-with-ncq","external_links_name":"\"hard drive - Poor Linux software RAID 5 performance with NCQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/login/2008-06/openpdfs/lsf08reports.pdf","external_links_name":"talk summary (p. 109)"},{"Link":"https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/lsf08/tech/IO_grignou.pdf","external_links_name":"slides"},{"Link":"https://lkml.org/lkml/2007/4/3/159","external_links_name":"\"Mark Lord: Re: Lower HD transfer rate with NCQ enabled?\""},{"Link":"http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2367378","external_links_name":"\"Disks from the Perspective of a File System - ACM Queue\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/postgresqlhighpe00smit","external_links_name":"PostgreSQL 9.0: High Performance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/postgresqlhighpe00smit/page/n98","external_links_name":"78"},{"Link":"http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_tech_paper_intc-stx_sata_ncq.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/D2c_tech_paper_intc-stx_sata_ncq.pdf"},{"Link":"https://lwn.net/Articles/400541/","external_links_name":"\"The end of block barriers\""},{"Link":"http://techreport.com/articles.x/15931/1","external_links_name":"\"Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive - Now with single-level cell flash memory\""},{"Link":"https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/NVMe%20and%20AHCI%20as%20SATA%20Express%20Interface%20Options%20-%20Whitepaper_.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.nvmexpress.org/about/nvm-express-overview/","external_links_name":"\"NVM Express Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232900/http://www.lostcircuits.com/mambo//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=46","external_links_name":"Serial ATA and the 7 Deadly Sins of Parallel ATA"},{"Link":"http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/command-queuing-turbo-charge-sata,922.html","external_links_name":"Hype vs. Reality"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_exponential_function | Exponential function | ["1 Graph","2 Relation to more general exponential functions","3 Formal definition","4 Overview","5 Derivatives and differential equations","6 Continued fractions for ex","7 Complex plane","7.1 Computation of ab where both a and b are complex","8 Matrices and Banach algebras","9 Lie algebras","10 Transcendency","11 Computation","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"] | Mathematical function, denoted exp(x) or e^x
This article is about the function f(x) = ex and its generalizations. For functions of the form f(x) = xr, see Power function. For the bivariate function f(x,y) = xy, see Exponentiation. For the representation of scientific numbers, see E notation.
ExponentialThe natural exponential function along part of the real axisGeneral informationGeneral definition
exp
z
=
e
z
{\displaystyle \exp z=e^{z}}
Domain, codomain and imageDomain
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
Image
{
(
0
,
∞
)
for
z
∈
R
C
∖
{
0
}
for
z
∈
C
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}(0,\infty )&{\text{for }}z\in \mathbb {R} \\\mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}&{\text{for }}z\in \mathbb {C} \end{cases}}}
Specific valuesAt zero1Value at 1eSpecific featuresFixed point−Wn(−1) for
n
∈
Z
{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {Z} }
Related functionsReciprocal
exp
(
−
z
)
{\displaystyle \exp(-z)}
InverseNatural logarithm, Complex logarithmDerivative
exp
′
z
=
exp
z
{\displaystyle \exp 'z=\exp z}
Antiderivative
∫
exp
z
d
z
=
exp
z
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \exp z\,dz=\exp z+C}
Series definitionTaylor series
exp
z
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
z
n
n
!
{\displaystyle \exp z=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}}
Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2
The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by
f
(
x
)
=
exp
(
x
)
{\displaystyle f(x)=\exp(x)}
or
e
x
{\displaystyle e^{x}}
(where the argument x is written as an exponent). Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras. The exponential function originated from the operation of taking powers of a number (repeated multiplication), but various modern definitions allow it to be rigorously extended to all real arguments
x
{\displaystyle x}
, including irrational numbers. Its ubiquitous occurrence in pure and applied mathematics led mathematician Walter Rudin to consider the exponential function to be "the most important function in mathematics".
The functions
f
(
x
)
=
b
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=b^{x}}
for positive real numbers
b
{\displaystyle b}
are also known as exponential functions, and satisfy the exponentiation identity:
b
x
+
y
=
b
x
b
y
for all
x
,
y
∈
R
.
{\displaystyle b^{x+y}=b^{x}b^{y}{\text{ for all }}x,y\in \mathbb {R} .}
This implies
b
n
=
b
×
⋯
×
b
{\displaystyle b^{n}=b\times \cdots \times b}
(with
n
{\displaystyle n}
factors) for positive integers
n
{\displaystyle n}
, where
b
=
b
1
{\displaystyle b=b^{1}}
, relating exponential functions to the elementary notion of exponentiation. The natural base
e
=
exp
(
1
)
=
2.71828
…
{\displaystyle e=\exp(1)=2.71828\ldots }
is a ubiquitous mathematical constant called Euler's number. To distinguish it,
exp
(
x
)
=
e
x
{\displaystyle \exp(x)=e^{x}}
is called the exponential function or the natural exponential function: it is the unique real-valued function of a real variable whose derivative is itself and whose value at 0 is 1:
exp
′
(
x
)
=
exp
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \exp '(x)=\exp(x)}
for all
x
∈
R
{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} }
, and
exp
(
0
)
=
1.
{\displaystyle \exp(0)=1.}
The relation
b
x
=
e
x
ln
b
{\displaystyle b^{x}=e^{x\ln b}}
for
b
>
0
{\displaystyle b>0}
and real or complex
x
{\displaystyle x}
allows general exponential functions to be expressed in terms of the natural exponential.
More generally, especially in applied settings, any function
f
:
R
→
R
{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }
defined by
f
(
x
)
=
c
e
a
x
=
c
b
k
x
,
with
k
=
a
/
ln
b
,
a
≠
0
,
b
,
c
>
0
{\displaystyle f(x)=ce^{ax}=cb^{kx},{\text{ with }}k=a/\ln b,\ a\neq 0,\ b,c>0}
is also known as an exponential function, as it solves the initial value problem
f
′
=
a
f
,
f
(
0
)
=
c
{\displaystyle f'=af,\ f(0)=c}
, meaning its rate of change at each point is proportional to the value of the function at that point. This behavior models diverse phenomena in the biological, physical, and social sciences, for example the unconstrained growth of a self-reproducing population, the decay of a radioactive element, the compound interest accruing on a financial fund, or a growing body of manufacturing expertise.
The real exponential function can also be defined as a power series, which is readily extended to complex arguments to define the complex exponential function
exp
:
C
→
C
{\displaystyle \exp :\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C} }
. This function takes on all complex values except for 0 and is closely related to the complex trigonometric functions, as shown by Euler's formula:
e
x
+
i
y
=
e
x
cos
(
y
)
+
i
e
x
sin
(
y
)
.
{\displaystyle e^{x+iy}=e^{x}\cos(y)\,+\,i\,e^{x}\sin(y).}
Motivated by its more abstract properties and characterizations, the exponential function can be generalized to much larger contexts such as square matrices and Lie groups. Even further, the differential equation definition can be generalized to a Riemannian manifold.
The real exponential function is a bijection from
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
to the interval
(
0
,
∞
)
{\displaystyle (0,\infty )}
. Its inverse function is the natural logarithm, denoted
ln
{\displaystyle \ln }
,
log
{\displaystyle \log }
, or
log
e
{\displaystyle \log _{e}}
, and some old texts called it the antilogarithm.
Graph
The graph of
y
=
e
x
{\displaystyle y=e^{x}}
is upward-sloping, and increases faster as x increases. The graph always lies above the x-axis, but becomes arbitrarily close to it for large negative x; thus, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. The equation
d
d
x
e
x
=
e
x
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}}
means that the slope of the tangent to the graph at each point is equal to its y-coordinate at that point.
Relation to more general exponential functions
The exponential function
f
(
x
)
=
e
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=e^{x}}
is sometimes called the natural exponential function in order to distinguish it from the other exponential functions. The study of any exponential function can easily be reduced to that of the natural exponential function, since per definition, for positive b,
b
x
=
def
e
x
ln
b
{\displaystyle b^{x}\mathrel {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}} e^{x\ln b}}
As functions of a real variable, exponential functions are uniquely characterized by the fact that the derivative of such a function is directly proportional to the value of the function. The constant of proportionality of this relationship is the natural logarithm of the base b:
d
d
x
b
x
=
d
d
x
e
x
ln
(
b
)
=
e
x
ln
(
b
)
ln
(
b
)
=
b
x
ln
(
b
)
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}b^{x}={\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x\ln(b)}=e^{x\ln(b)}\ln(b)=b^{x}\ln(b).}
For b > 1, the function
b
x
{\displaystyle b^{x}}
is increasing (as depicted for b = e and b = 2), because
ln
b
>
0
{\displaystyle \ln b>0}
makes the derivative always positive; this is often referred to as exponential growth. For positive b < 1, the function is decreasing (as depicted for b = 1/2); this is often referred to as exponential decay. For b = 1, the function is constant.
Euler's number e = 2.71828... is the unique base for which the constant of proportionality is 1, since
ln
(
e
)
=
1
{\displaystyle \ln(e)=1}
, so that the function is its own derivative:
d
d
x
e
x
=
e
x
ln
(
e
)
=
e
x
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}\ln(e)=e^{x}.}
This function, also denoted as exp x, is called the "natural exponential function", or simply "the exponential function". Since any exponential function defined by
f
(
x
)
=
b
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=b^{x}}
can be written in terms of the natural exponential as
b
x
=
e
x
ln
b
{\displaystyle b^{x}=e^{x\ln b}}
, it is computationally and conceptually convenient to reduce the study of exponential functions to this particular one. The natural exponential is hence denoted by
x
↦
e
x
{\displaystyle x\mapsto e^{x}}
or
x
↦
exp
x
.
{\displaystyle x\mapsto \exp x.}
The former notation is commonly used for simpler exponents, while the latter is preferred when the exponent is more complicated and harder to read in a small font.
For real numbers c and d, a function of the form
f
(
x
)
=
a
b
c
x
+
d
{\displaystyle f(x)=ab^{cx+d}}
is also an exponential function, since it can be rewritten as
a
b
c
x
+
d
=
(
a
b
d
)
(
b
c
)
x
.
{\displaystyle ab^{cx+d}=\left(ab^{d}\right)\left(b^{c}\right)^{x}.}
Formal definition
Main article: Characterizations of the exponential function
The exponential function (in blue), and the sum of the first n + 1 terms of its power series (in red)
The real exponential function
exp
:
R
→
R
{\displaystyle \exp :\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }
can be characterized in a variety of equivalent ways. It is commonly defined by the following power series:
exp
x
:=
∑
k
=
0
∞
x
k
k
!
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
2
!
+
x
3
3
!
+
x
4
4
!
+
⋯
{\displaystyle \exp x:=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{k}}{k!}}=1+x+{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}+\cdots }
Since the radius of convergence of this power series is infinite, this definition is, in fact, applicable to all complex numbers; see § Complex plane for the extension of
exp
x
{\displaystyle \exp x}
to the complex plane. Using the power series, the constant e can be defined as
e
=
exp
1
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
1
/
k
!
)
.
{\textstyle e=\exp 1=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(1/k!)\,.}
The term-by-term differentiation of this power series reveals that
d
d
x
exp
x
=
exp
x
{\textstyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\exp x=\exp x}
for all real x, leading to another common characterization of
exp
x
{\displaystyle \exp x}
as the unique solution of the differential equation
y
′
(
x
)
=
y
(
x
)
{\displaystyle y'(x)=y(x)}
that satisfies the initial condition
y
(
0
)
=
1.
{\displaystyle y(0)=1.}
Based on this characterization, the chain rule shows that its inverse function, the natural logarithm, satisfies
d
d
y
ln
y
=
1
/
y
{\textstyle {\frac {d}{dy}}\ln y=1/y}
for
y
>
0
,
{\displaystyle y>0,}
or
ln
y
=
∫
1
y
d
t
t
.
{\textstyle \ln y=\int _{1}^{y}{\frac {dt}{t}}\,.}
This relationship leads to a less common definition of the real exponential function
exp
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \exp(x)}
as the solution
y
{\displaystyle y}
to the equation
x
=
∫
1
y
1
t
d
t
.
{\displaystyle x=\int _{1}^{y}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt.}
Solving the ordinary differential equation
y
′
(
x
)
=
y
(
x
)
{\displaystyle y'(x)=y(x)}
with the initial condition
y
′
(
0
)
=
1
{\displaystyle y'(0)=1}
using Euler's method gives the product limit formula, valid for all complex values of
x
{\displaystyle x}
:
exp
x
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
x
n
)
n
.
{\displaystyle \exp x=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {x}{n}}\right)^{n}.}
It can be shown that every continuous, nonzero solution of the functional equation
f
(
x
+
y
)
=
f
(
x
)
f
(
y
)
{\displaystyle f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)}
for
f
:
R
→
R
{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }
is an exponential function,
f
(
x
)
=
e
k
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=e^{kx}}
with
k
∈
R
.
{\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {R} .}
Overview
The red curve is the exponential function. The black horizontal lines show where it crosses the green vertical lines.
The exponential function arises whenever a quantity grows or decays at a rate proportional to its current value. One such situation is continuously compounded interest, and in fact it was this observation that led Jacob Bernoulli in 1683 to the number
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}}
now known as e. Later, in 1697, Johann Bernoulli studied the calculus of the exponential function.
If a principal amount of 1 earns interest at an annual rate of x compounded monthly, then the interest earned each month is x/12 times the current value, so each month the total value is multiplied by (1 + x/12), and the value at the end of the year is (1 + x/12)12. If instead interest is compounded daily, this becomes (1 + x/365)365. Letting the number of time intervals per year grow without bound leads to the limit definition of the exponential function,
exp
x
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
x
n
)
n
{\displaystyle \exp x=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {x}{n}}\right)^{n}}
first given by Leonhard Euler.
This is one of a number of characterizations of the exponential function; others involve series or differential equations.
From any of these definitions it can be shown that e−x is the reciprocal of ex. For example from the differential equation definition, ex e−x = 1 when x = 0 and its derivative using the product rule is ex e−x − ex e−x = 0 for all x, so ex e−x = 1 for all x.
From any of these definitions it can be shown that the exponential function obeys the basic exponentiation identity. For example from the power series definition,
exp
(
x
+
y
)
=
∑
m
=
0
∞
(
x
+
y
)
m
m
!
=
∑
m
=
0
∞
∑
k
=
0
m
m
!
k
!
(
m
−
k
)
!
x
k
y
m
−
k
m
!
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
∑
k
=
0
∞
x
k
y
n
k
!
n
!
=
exp
x
⋅
exp
y
.
{\displaystyle \exp(x+y)=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(x+y)^{m}}{m!}}=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\frac {m!}{k!(m-k)!}}{\frac {x^{k}y^{m-k}}{m!}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{k}y^{n}}{k!n!}}=\exp x\cdot \exp y\,.}
This justifies the notation ex for exp x.
The derivative (rate of change) of the exponential function is the exponential function itself. More generally, a function with a rate of change proportional to the function itself (rather than equal to it) is expressible in terms of the exponential function. This function property leads to exponential growth or exponential decay.
The exponential function extends to an entire function on the complex plane. Euler's formula relates its values at purely imaginary arguments to trigonometric functions. The exponential function also has analogues for which the argument is a matrix, or even an element of a Banach algebra or a Lie algebra.
Derivatives and differential equations
The derivative of the exponential function is equal to the value of the function. From any point P on the curve (blue), let a tangent line (red), and a vertical line (green) with height h be drawn, forming a right triangle with a base b on the x-axis. Since the slope of the red tangent line (the derivative) at P is equal to the ratio of the triangle's height to the triangle's base (rise over run), and the derivative is equal to the value of the function, h must be equal to the ratio of h to b. Therefore, the base b must always be 1.
The importance of the exponential function in mathematics and the sciences stems mainly from its property as the unique function which is equal to its derivative and is equal to 1 when x = 0. That is,
d
d
x
e
x
=
e
x
and
e
0
=
1.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}\quad {\text{and}}\quad e^{0}=1.}
Functions of the form cex for constant c are the only functions that are equal to their derivative (by the Picard–Lindelöf theorem). Other ways of saying the same thing include:
The slope of the graph at any point is the height of the function at that point.
The rate of increase of the function at x is equal to the value of the function at x.
The function solves the differential equation y′ = y.
exp is a fixed point of derivative as a functional.
If a variable's growth or decay rate is proportional to its size—as is the case in unlimited population growth (see Malthusian catastrophe), continuously compounded interest, or radioactive decay—then the variable can be written as a constant times an exponential function of time. Explicitly for any real constant k, a function f: R → R satisfies f′ = kf if and only if f(x) = cekx for some constant c. The constant k is called the decay constant, disintegration constant, rate constant, or transformation constant.
Furthermore, for any differentiable function f, we find, by the chain rule:
d
d
x
e
f
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
e
f
(
x
)
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}e^{f(x)}=f'(x)e^{f(x)}.}
Continued fractions for ex
A continued fraction for ex can be obtained via an identity of Euler:
e
x
=
1
+
x
1
−
x
x
+
2
−
2
x
x
+
3
−
3
x
x
+
4
−
⋱
{\displaystyle e^{x}=1+{\cfrac {x}{1-{\cfrac {x}{x+2-{\cfrac {2x}{x+3-{\cfrac {3x}{x+4-\ddots }}}}}}}}}
The following generalized continued fraction for ez converges more quickly:
e
z
=
1
+
2
z
2
−
z
+
z
2
6
+
z
2
10
+
z
2
14
+
⋱
{\displaystyle e^{z}=1+{\cfrac {2z}{2-z+{\cfrac {z^{2}}{6+{\cfrac {z^{2}}{10+{\cfrac {z^{2}}{14+\ddots }}}}}}}}}
or, by applying the substitution z = x/y:
e
x
y
=
1
+
2
x
2
y
−
x
+
x
2
6
y
+
x
2
10
y
+
x
2
14
y
+
⋱
{\displaystyle e^{\frac {x}{y}}=1+{\cfrac {2x}{2y-x+{\cfrac {x^{2}}{6y+{\cfrac {x^{2}}{10y+{\cfrac {x^{2}}{14y+\ddots }}}}}}}}}
with a special case for z = 2:
e
2
=
1
+
4
0
+
2
2
6
+
2
2
10
+
2
2
14
+
⋱
=
7
+
2
5
+
1
7
+
1
9
+
1
11
+
⋱
{\displaystyle e^{2}=1+{\cfrac {4}{0+{\cfrac {2^{2}}{6+{\cfrac {2^{2}}{10+{\cfrac {2^{2}}{14+\ddots \,}}}}}}}}=7+{\cfrac {2}{5+{\cfrac {1}{7+{\cfrac {1}{9+{\cfrac {1}{11+\ddots \,}}}}}}}}}
This formula also converges, though more slowly, for z > 2. For example:
e
3
=
1
+
6
−
1
+
3
2
6
+
3
2
10
+
3
2
14
+
⋱
=
13
+
54
7
+
9
14
+
9
18
+
9
22
+
⋱
{\displaystyle e^{3}=1+{\cfrac {6}{-1+{\cfrac {3^{2}}{6+{\cfrac {3^{2}}{10+{\cfrac {3^{2}}{14+\ddots \,}}}}}}}}=13+{\cfrac {54}{7+{\cfrac {9}{14+{\cfrac {9}{18+{\cfrac {9}{22+\ddots \,}}}}}}}}}
Complex plane
See also: Euler's formula § Definitions of complex exponentiation
The exponential function e^z plotted in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i
A complex plot of
z
↦
exp
z
{\displaystyle z\mapsto \exp z}
, with the argument
Arg
exp
z
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Arg} \exp z}
represented by varying hue. The transition from dark to light colors shows that
|
exp
z
|
{\displaystyle \left|\exp z\right|}
is increasing only to the right. The periodic horizontal bands corresponding to the same hue indicate that
z
↦
exp
z
{\displaystyle z\mapsto \exp z}
is periodic in the imaginary part of
z
{\displaystyle z}
.
As in the real case, the exponential function can be defined on the complex plane in several equivalent forms.
The most common definition of the complex exponential function parallels the power series definition for real arguments, where the real variable is replaced by a complex one:
exp
z
:=
∑
k
=
0
∞
z
k
k
!
{\displaystyle \exp z:=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}}
Alternatively, the complex exponential function may be defined by modelling the limit definition for real arguments, but with the real variable replaced by a complex one:
exp
z
:=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
z
n
)
n
{\displaystyle \exp z:=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {z}{n}}\right)^{n}}
For the power series definition, term-wise multiplication of two copies of this power series in the Cauchy sense, permitted by Mertens' theorem, shows that the defining multiplicative property of exponential functions continues to hold for all complex arguments:
exp
(
w
+
z
)
=
exp
w
exp
z
for all
w
,
z
∈
C
{\displaystyle \exp(w+z)=\exp w\exp z{\text{ for all }}w,z\in \mathbb {C} }
The definition of the complex exponential function in turn leads to the appropriate definitions extending the trigonometric functions to complex arguments.
In particular, when z = it (t real), the series definition yields the expansion
exp
(
i
t
)
=
(
1
−
t
2
2
!
+
t
4
4
!
−
t
6
6
!
+
⋯
)
+
i
(
t
−
t
3
3
!
+
t
5
5
!
−
t
7
7
!
+
⋯
)
.
{\displaystyle \exp(it)=\left(1-{\frac {t^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {t^{4}}{4!}}-{\frac {t^{6}}{6!}}+\cdots \right)+i\left(t-{\frac {t^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {t^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {t^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots \right).}
In this expansion, the rearrangement of the terms into real and imaginary parts is justified by the absolute convergence of the series. The real and imaginary parts of the above expression in fact correspond to the series expansions of cos t and sin t, respectively.
This correspondence provides motivation for defining cosine and sine for all complex arguments in terms of
exp
(
±
i
z
)
{\displaystyle \exp(\pm iz)}
and the equivalent power series:
cos
z
:=
exp
(
i
z
)
+
exp
(
−
i
z
)
2
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
k
z
2
k
(
2
k
)
!
,
and
sin
z
:=
exp
(
i
z
)
−
exp
(
−
i
z
)
2
i
=
∑
k
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
k
z
2
k
+
1
(
2
k
+
1
)
!
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\cos z:={\frac {\exp(iz)+\exp(-iz)}{2}}=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {z^{2k}}{(2k)!}},\\{\text{and }}\quad &\sin z:={\frac {\exp(iz)-\exp(-iz)}{2i}}=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\frac {z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}\end{aligned}}}
for all
z
∈
C
.
{\textstyle z\in \mathbb {C} .}
The functions exp, cos, and sin so defined have infinite radii of convergence by the ratio test and are therefore entire functions (that is, holomorphic on
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
). The range of the exponential function is
C
∖
{
0
}
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}
, while the ranges of the complex sine and cosine functions are both
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
in its entirety, in accord with Picard's theorem, which asserts that the range of a nonconstant entire function is either all of
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
, or
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
excluding one lacunary value.
These definitions for the exponential and trigonometric functions lead trivially to Euler's formula:
exp
(
i
z
)
=
cos
z
+
i
sin
z
for all
z
∈
C
.
{\displaystyle \exp(iz)=\cos z+i\sin z{\text{ for all }}z\in \mathbb {C} .}
We could alternatively define the complex exponential function based on this relationship. If z = x + iy, where x and y are both real, then we could define its exponential as
exp
z
=
exp
(
x
+
i
y
)
:=
(
exp
x
)
(
cos
y
+
i
sin
y
)
{\displaystyle \exp z=\exp(x+iy):=(\exp x)(\cos y+i\sin y)}
where exp, cos, and sin on the right-hand side of the definition sign are to be interpreted as functions of a real variable, previously defined by other means.
For
t
∈
R
{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }
, the relationship
exp
(
i
t
)
¯
=
exp
(
−
i
t
)
{\displaystyle {\overline {\exp(it)}}=\exp(-it)}
holds, so that
|
exp
(
i
t
)
|
=
1
{\displaystyle \left|\exp(it)\right|=1}
for real
t
{\displaystyle t}
and
t
↦
exp
(
i
t
)
{\displaystyle t\mapsto \exp(it)}
maps the real line (mod 2π) to the unit circle in the complex plane. Moreover, going from
t
=
0
{\displaystyle t=0}
to
t
=
t
0
{\displaystyle t=t_{0}}
, the curve defined by
γ
(
t
)
=
exp
(
i
t
)
{\displaystyle \gamma (t)=\exp(it)}
traces a segment of the unit circle of length
∫
0
t
0
|
γ
′
(
t
)
|
d
t
=
∫
0
t
0
|
i
exp
(
i
t
)
|
d
t
=
t
0
,
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t_{0}}|\gamma '(t)|\,dt=\int _{0}^{t_{0}}|i\exp(it)|\,dt=t_{0},}
starting from z = 1 in the complex plane and going counterclockwise. Based on these observations and the fact that the measure of an angle in radians is the arc length on the unit circle subtended by the angle, it is easy to see that, restricted to real arguments, the sine and cosine functions as defined above coincide with the sine and cosine functions as introduced in elementary mathematics via geometric notions.
The complex exponential function is periodic with period 2πi and
exp
(
z
+
2
π
i
k
)
=
exp
z
{\displaystyle \exp(z+2\pi ik)=\exp z}
holds for all
z
∈
C
,
k
∈
Z
{\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} ,k\in \mathbb {Z} }
.
When its domain is extended from the real line to the complex plane, the exponential function retains the following properties:
e
z
+
w
=
e
z
e
w
e
0
=
1
e
z
≠
0
d
d
z
e
z
=
e
z
(
e
z
)
n
=
e
n
z
,
n
∈
Z
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&e^{z+w}=e^{z}e^{w}\,\\&e^{0}=1\,\\&e^{z}\neq 0\\&{\frac {d}{dz}}e^{z}=e^{z}\\&\left(e^{z}\right)^{n}=e^{nz},n\in \mathbb {Z} \end{aligned}}}
for all
w
,
z
∈
C
.
{\textstyle w,z\in \mathbb {C} .}
Extending the natural logarithm to complex arguments yields the complex logarithm log z, which is a multivalued function.
We can then define a more general exponentiation:
z
w
=
e
w
log
z
{\displaystyle z^{w}=e^{w\log z}}
for all complex numbers z and w. This is also a multivalued function, even when z is real. This distinction is problematic, as the multivalued functions log z and zw are easily confused with their single-valued equivalents when substituting a real number for z. The rule about multiplying exponents for the case of positive real numbers must be modified in a multivalued context:
(ez)w ≠ ezw, but rather (ez)w = e(z + 2niπ)w multivalued over integers n
See failure of power and logarithm identities for more about problems with combining powers.
The exponential function maps any line in the complex plane to a logarithmic spiral in the complex plane with the center at the origin. Two special cases exist: when the original line is parallel to the real axis, the resulting spiral never closes in on itself; when the original line is parallel to the imaginary axis, the resulting spiral is a circle of some radius.
3D plots of real part, imaginary part, and modulus of the exponential function
z = Re(ex + iy)
z = Im(ex + iy)
z = |ex + iy|
Considering the complex exponential function as a function involving four real variables:
v
+
i
w
=
exp
(
x
+
i
y
)
{\displaystyle v+iw=\exp(x+iy)}
the graph of the exponential function is a two-dimensional surface curving through four dimensions.
Starting with a color-coded portion of the
x
y
{\displaystyle xy}
domain, the following are depictions of the graph as variously projected into two or three dimensions.
Graphs of the complex exponential function
Checker board key:
x
>
0
:
green
{\displaystyle x>0:\;{\text{green}}}
x
<
0
:
red
{\displaystyle x<0:\;{\text{red}}}
y
>
0
:
yellow
{\displaystyle y>0:\;{\text{yellow}}}
y
<
0
:
blue
{\displaystyle y<0:\;{\text{blue}}}
Projection onto the range complex plane (V/W). Compare to the next, perspective picture.
Projection into the
x
{\displaystyle x}
,
v
{\displaystyle v}
, and
w
{\displaystyle w}
dimensions, producing a flared horn or funnel shape (envisioned as 2-D perspective image)
Projection into the
y
{\displaystyle y}
,
v
{\displaystyle v}
, and
w
{\displaystyle w}
dimensions, producing a spiral shape (
y
{\displaystyle y}
range extended to ±2π, again as 2-D perspective image)
The second image shows how the domain complex plane is mapped into the range complex plane:
zero is mapped to 1
the real
x
{\displaystyle x}
axis is mapped to the positive real
v
{\displaystyle v}
axis
the imaginary
y
{\displaystyle y}
axis is wrapped around the unit circle at a constant angular rate
values with negative real parts are mapped inside the unit circle
values with positive real parts are mapped outside of the unit circle
values with a constant real part are mapped to circles centered at zero
values with a constant imaginary part are mapped to rays extending from zero
The third and fourth images show how the graph in the second image extends into one of the other two dimensions not shown in the second image.
The third image shows the graph extended along the real
x
{\displaystyle x}
axis. It shows the graph is a surface of revolution about the
x
{\displaystyle x}
axis of the graph of the real exponential function, producing a horn or funnel shape.
The fourth image shows the graph extended along the imaginary
y
{\displaystyle y}
axis. It shows that the graph's surface for positive and negative
y
{\displaystyle y}
values doesn't really meet along the negative real
v
{\displaystyle v}
axis, but instead forms a spiral surface about the
y
{\displaystyle y}
axis. Because its
y
{\displaystyle y}
values have been extended to ±2π, this image also better depicts the 2π periodicity in the imaginary
y
{\displaystyle y}
value.
Computation of ab where both a and b are complex
Main article: Exponentiation
Complex exponentiation ab can be defined by converting a to polar coordinates and using the identity (eln a)b = ab:
a
b
=
(
r
e
θ
i
)
b
=
(
e
(
ln
r
)
+
θ
i
)
b
=
e
(
(
ln
r
)
+
θ
i
)
b
{\displaystyle a^{b}=\left(re^{\theta i}\right)^{b}=\left(e^{(\ln r)+\theta i}\right)^{b}=e^{\left((\ln r)+\theta i\right)b}}
However, when b is not an integer, this function is multivalued, because θ is not unique (see Exponentiation § Failure of power and logarithm identities).
Matrices and Banach algebras
The power series definition of the exponential function makes sense for square matrices (for which the function is called the matrix exponential) and more generally in any unital Banach algebra B. In this setting, e0 = 1, and ex is invertible with inverse e−x for any x in B. If xy = yx, then ex + y = exey, but this identity can fail for noncommuting x and y.
Some alternative definitions lead to the same function. For instance, ex can be defined as
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
x
n
)
n
.
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {x}{n}}\right)^{n}.}
Or ex can be defined as fx(1), where fx : R → B is the solution to the differential equation dfx/dt(t) = x fx(t), with initial condition fx(0) = 1; it follows that fx(t) = etx for every t in R.
Lie algebras
Given a Lie group G and its associated Lie algebra
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
, the exponential map is a map
g
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}
↦ G satisfying similar properties. In fact, since R is the Lie algebra of the Lie group of all positive real numbers under multiplication, the ordinary exponential function for real arguments is a special case of the Lie algebra situation. Similarly, since the Lie group GL(n,R) of invertible n × n matrices has as Lie algebra M(n,R), the space of all n × n matrices, the exponential function for square matrices is a special case of the Lie algebra exponential map.
The identity
exp
(
x
+
y
)
=
exp
(
x
)
exp
(
y
)
{\displaystyle \exp(x+y)=\exp(x)\exp(y)}
can fail for Lie algebra elements x and y that do not commute; the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula supplies the necessary correction terms.
Transcendency
The function ez is not in the rational function ring
C
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (z)}
: it is not the quotient of two polynomials with complex coefficients.
If a1, ..., an are distinct complex numbers, then ea1z, ..., eanz are linearly independent over
C
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (z)}
, and hence ez is transcendental over
C
(
z
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} (z)}
.
Computation
When computing (an approximation of) the exponential function near the argument 0, the result will be close to 1, and computing the value of the difference
e
x
−
1
{\displaystyle e^{x}-1}
with floating-point arithmetic may lead to the loss of (possibly all) significant figures, producing a large calculation error, possibly even a meaningless result.
Following a proposal by William Kahan, it may thus be useful to have a dedicated routine, often called expm1, for computing ex − 1 directly, bypassing computation of ex. For example, if the exponential is computed by using its Taylor series
e
x
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
2
+
x
3
6
+
⋯
+
x
n
n
!
+
⋯
,
{\displaystyle e^{x}=1+x+{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\cdots +{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}+\cdots ,}
one may use the Taylor series of
e
x
−
1
{\displaystyle e^{x}-1}
:
e
x
−
1
=
x
+
x
2
2
+
x
3
6
+
⋯
+
x
n
n
!
+
⋯
.
{\displaystyle e^{x}-1=x+{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\cdots +{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}+\cdots .}
This was first implemented in 1979 in the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator, and provided by several calculators, operating systems (for example Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD), computer algebra systems, and programming languages (for example C99).
In addition to base e, the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar exponential functions near 0 for base 2 and 10:
2
x
−
1
{\displaystyle 2^{x}-1}
and
10
x
−
1
{\displaystyle 10^{x}-1}
.
A similar approach has been used for the logarithm (see lnp1).
An identity in terms of the hyperbolic tangent,
expm1
(
x
)
=
e
x
−
1
=
2
tanh
(
x
/
2
)
1
−
tanh
(
x
/
2
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {expm1} (x)=e^{x}-1={\frac {2\tanh(x/2)}{1-\tanh(x/2)}},}
gives a high-precision value for small values of x on systems that do not implement expm1(x).
See also
Mathematics portal
Carlitz exponential, a characteristic p analogue
Double exponential function – Exponential function of an exponential function
Exponential field – Mathematical field with an extra operation
Gaussian function
Half-exponential function, a compositional square root of an exponential function
Lambert_W_function#Solving_equations – Multivalued function in mathematics - Used for solving exponential equations
List of exponential topics
List of integrals of exponential functions
Mittag-Leffler function, a generalization of the exponential function
p-adic exponential function
Padé table for exponential function – Padé approximation of exponential function by a fraction of polynomial functions
Phase factor
Notes
^ The notation ln x is the ISO standard and is prevalent in the natural sciences and secondary education (US). However, some mathematicians (for example, Paul Halmos) have criticized this notation and prefer to use log x for the natural logarithm of x.
^ In pure mathematics, the notation log x generally refers to the natural logarithm of x or a logarithm in general if the base is immaterial.
^ A similar approach to reduce round-off errors of calculations for certain input values of trigonometric functions consists of using the less common trigonometric functions versine, vercosine, coversine, covercosine, haversine, havercosine, hacoversine, hacovercosine, exsecant and excosecant.
References
^ a b Rudin, Walter (1987). Real and complex analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-07-054234-1.
^ Meier, John; Smith, Derek (2017-08-07). Exploring Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-107-12898-9.
^ Converse, Henry Augustus; Durell, Fletcher (1911). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Durell's mathematical series. C. E. Merrill Company. p. 12. Inverse Use of a Table of Logarithms; that is, given a logarithm, to find the number corresponding to it, (called its antilogarithm) ...
^ "Exponential Function Reference". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of e)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Goldstein, Larry Joel; Lay, David C.; Schneider, David I.; Asmar, Nakhle H. (2006). Brief calculus and its applications (11th ed.). Prentice–Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-191965-5. (467 pages)
^ Courant; Robbins (1996). Stewart (ed.). What is Mathematics? An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods (2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-13-191965-5. This natural exponential function is identical with its derivative. This is really the source of all the properties of the exponential function, and the basic reason for its importance in applications…
^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Exponential Function". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ a b Maor, Eli. e: the Story of a Number. p. 156.
^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (September 2001). "The number e". School of Mathematics and Statistics. University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
^ Serway, Raymond A.; Moses, Clement J.; Moyer, Curt A. (1989). Modern Physics. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 384. ISBN 0-03-004844-3.
^ Simmons, George F. (1972). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 15. LCCN 75173716.
^ McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. ISBN 978-0-07-144143-8.
^ Lorentzen, L.; Waadeland, H. (2008). "A.2.2 The exponential function.". Continued Fractions. Atlantis Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 1. p. 268. doi:10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4. ISBN 978-94-91216-37-4.
^ Rudin, Walter (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-07-054235-8.
^ Apostol, Tom M. (1974). Mathematical Analysis (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley. pp. 19. ISBN 978-0-201-00288-1.
^ HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 . HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
^ HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. 2009-07-14 . HP F2228-90010. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
^ Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2017-08-22). "Chapter 10.2. Exponential near zero". The Mathematical-Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library (1 ed.). Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 273–282. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2. ISBN 978-3-319-64109-6. LCCN 2017947446. S2CID 30244721. Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD introduced the expm1() function in 1987.
^ Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2002-07-09). "Computation of expm1 = exp(x)−1" (PDF). 1.00. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Department of Mathematics, Center for Scientific Computing, University of Utah. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
External links
"Exponential function", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
vteCalculusPrecalculus
Binomial theorem
Concave function
Continuous function
Factorial
Finite difference
Free variables and bound variables
Graph of a function
Linear function
Radian
Rolle's theorem
Secant
Slope
Tangent
Limits
Indeterminate form
Limit of a function
One-sided limit
Limit of a sequence
Order of approximation
(ε, δ)-definition of limit
Differential calculus
Derivative
Second derivative
Partial derivative
Differential
Differential operator
Mean value theorem
Notation
Leibniz's notation
Newton's notation
Rules of differentiation
linearity
Power
Sum
Chain
L'Hôpital's
Product
General Leibniz's rule
Quotient
Other techniques
Implicit differentiation
Inverse functions and differentiation
Logarithmic derivative
Related rates
Stationary points
First derivative test
Second derivative test
Extreme value theorem
Maximum and minimum
Further applications
Newton's method
Taylor's theorem
Differential equation
Ordinary differential equation
Partial differential equation
Stochastic differential equation
Integral calculus
Antiderivative
Arc length
Riemann integral
Basic properties
Constant of integration
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Differentiating under the integral sign
Integration by parts
Integration by substitution
trigonometric
Euler
Tangent half-angle substitution
Partial fractions in integration
Quadratic integral
Trapezoidal rule
Volumes
Washer method
Shell method
Integral equation
Integro-differential equation
Vector calculus
Derivatives
Curl
Directional derivative
Divergence
Gradient
Laplacian
Basic theorems
Line integrals
Green's
Stokes'
Gauss'
Multivariable calculus
Divergence theorem
Geometric
Hessian matrix
Jacobian matrix and determinant
Lagrange multiplier
Line integral
Matrix
Multiple integral
Partial derivative
Surface integral
Volume integral
Advanced topics
Differential forms
Exterior derivative
Generalized Stokes' theorem
Tensor calculus
Sequences and series
Arithmetico-geometric sequence
Types of series
Alternating
Binomial
Fourier
Geometric
Harmonic
Infinite
Power
Maclaurin
Taylor
Telescoping
Tests of convergence
Abel's
Alternating series
Cauchy condensation
Direct comparison
Dirichlet's
Integral
Limit comparison
Ratio
Root
Term
Special functionsand numbers
Bernoulli numbers
e (mathematical constant)
Exponential function
Natural logarithm
Stirling's approximation
History of calculus
Adequality
Brook Taylor
Colin Maclaurin
Generality of algebra
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Infinitesimal
Infinitesimal calculus
Isaac Newton
Fluxion
Law of Continuity
Leonhard Euler
Method of Fluxions
The Method of Mechanical Theorems
Lists
Differentiation rules
List of integrals of exponential functions
List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions
List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
List of integrals of irrational functions
List of integrals of logarithmic functions
List of integrals of rational functions
List of integrals of trigonometric functions
Secant
Secant cubed
List of limits
Lists of integrals
Miscellaneous topics
Complex calculus
Contour integral
Differential geometry
Manifold
Curvature
of curves
of surfaces
Tensor
Euler–Maclaurin formula
Gabriel's horn
Integration Bee
Proof that 22/7 exceeds π
Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem
Steinmetz solid
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Power function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_function"},{"link_name":"Exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"E notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_notation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exponenciala_priklad.png"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"exponent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"real variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"Lie algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"taking powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"various modern definitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterizations_of_the_exponential_function"},{"link_name":"irrational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"},{"link_name":"pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Walter Rudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudin_1987-1"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"initial value problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_value_problem"},{"link_name":"models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"unconstrained growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"self-reproducing population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics"},{"link_name":"decay of a radioactive element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay"},{"link_name":"compound interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_interest"},{"link_name":"growing body of manufacturing expertise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"square matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential"},{"link_name":"Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Riemannian_geometry)"},{"link_name":"bijection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"inverse function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function"},{"link_name":"natural logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lnx-3"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logx-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durell_1911-5"}],"text":"This article is about the function f(x) = ex and its generalizations. For functions of the form f(x) = xr, see Power function. For the bivariate function f(x,y) = xy, see Exponentiation. For the representation of scientific numbers, see E notation.Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n exp\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\exp(x)}\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}}\n \n (where the argument x is written as an exponent). Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras. The exponential function originated from the operation of taking powers of a number (repeated multiplication), but various modern definitions allow it to be rigorously extended to all real arguments \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, including irrational numbers. Its ubiquitous occurrence in pure and applied mathematics led mathematician Walter Rudin to consider the exponential function to be \"the most important function in mathematics\".[1]The functions \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=b^{x}}\n \n for positive real numbers \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n are also known as exponential functions, and satisfy the exponentiation identity:b\n \n x\n +\n y\n \n \n =\n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n \n b\n \n y\n \n \n \n for all \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n \n R\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{x+y}=b^{x}b^{y}{\\text{ for all }}x,y\\in \\mathbb {R} .}b\n \n n\n \n \n =\n b\n ×\n ⋯\n ×\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{n}=b\\times \\cdots \\times b}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}b\n =\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b=b^{1}}e\n =\n exp\n \n (\n 1\n )\n =\n 2.71828\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e=\\exp(1)=2.71828\\ldots }mathematical constantEuler's numberexp\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(x)=e^{x}}the exponential functionnatural exponential function01exp\n ′\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n exp\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp '(x)=\\exp(x)}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, and \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n 0\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(0)=1.}The relation \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n ln\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{x}=e^{x\\ln b}}\n \n for \n \n \n \n b\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b>0}\n \n and real or complex \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n allows general exponential functions to be expressed in terms of the natural exponential.More generally, especially in applied settings, any function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n R\n \n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\mathbb {R} \\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n defined byf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n c\n \n e\n \n a\n x\n \n \n =\n c\n \n b\n \n k\n x\n \n \n ,\n \n with \n \n k\n =\n a\n \n /\n \n ln\n \n b\n ,\n \n a\n ≠\n 0\n ,\n \n b\n ,\n c\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=ce^{ax}=cb^{kx},{\\text{ with }}k=a/\\ln b,\\ a\\neq 0,\\ b,c>0}is also known as an exponential function, as it solves the initial value problem \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n =\n a\n f\n ,\n \n f\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'=af,\\ f(0)=c}\n \n, meaning its rate of change at each point is proportional to the value of the function at that point. This behavior models diverse phenomena in the biological, physical, and social sciences, for example the unconstrained growth of a self-reproducing population, the decay of a radioactive element, the compound interest accruing on a financial fund, or a growing body of manufacturing expertise.The real exponential function can also be defined as a power series, which is readily extended to complex arguments to define the complex exponential function \n \n \n \n exp\n :\n \n C\n \n →\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp :\\mathbb {C} \\to \\mathbb {C} }\n \n. This function takes on all complex values except for 0 and is closely related to the complex trigonometric functions, as shown by Euler's formula:e\n \n x\n +\n i\n y\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n y\n )\n \n +\n \n i\n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n sin\n \n (\n y\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x+iy}=e^{x}\\cos(y)\\,+\\,i\\,e^{x}\\sin(y).}Motivated by its more abstract properties and characterizations, the exponential function can be generalized to much larger contexts such as square matrices and Lie groups. Even further, the differential equation definition can be generalized to a Riemannian manifold.The real exponential function is a bijection from \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n to the interval \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,\\infty )}\n \n.[2] Its inverse function is the natural logarithm, denoted \n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln }\n \n,[nb 1] \n \n \n \n log\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log }\n \n,[nb 2] or \n \n \n \n \n log\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{e}}\n \n, and some old texts[3] called it the antilogarithm.","title":"Exponential function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"asymptote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptote"},{"link_name":"slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope"},{"link_name":"tangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent"}],"text":"The graph of \n \n \n \n y\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y=e^{x}}\n \n is upward-sloping, and increases faster as x increases.[4] The graph always lies above the x-axis, but becomes arbitrarily close to it for large negative x; thus, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. The equation \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}}\n \n means that the slope of the tangent to the graph at each point is equal to its y-coordinate at that point.","title":"Graph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"characterized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"directly proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)#Direct_proportionality"},{"link_name":"natural logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm"},{"link_name":"exponential growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"exponential decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay"},{"link_name":"Euler's number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_number"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein_2006-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant_1996-9"}],"text":"The exponential function \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=e^{x}}\n \n is sometimes called the natural exponential function in order to distinguish it from the other exponential functions. The study of any exponential function can easily be reduced to that of the natural exponential function, since per definition, for positive b,b\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n def\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n ln\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{x}\\mathrel {\\stackrel {\\text{def}}{=}} e^{x\\ln b}}As functions of a real variable, exponential functions are uniquely characterized by the fact that the derivative of such a function is directly proportional to the value of the function. The constant of proportionality of this relationship is the natural logarithm of the base b:d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n ln\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n ln\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n ln\n \n (\n b\n )\n =\n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n ln\n \n (\n b\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}b^{x}={\\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x\\ln(b)}=e^{x\\ln(b)}\\ln(b)=b^{x}\\ln(b).}For b > 1, the function \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{x}}\n \n is increasing (as depicted for b = e and b = 2), because \n \n \n \n ln\n \n b\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln b>0}\n \n makes the derivative always positive; this is often referred to as exponential growth. For positive b < 1, the function is decreasing (as depicted for b = 1/2); this is often referred to as exponential decay. For b = 1, the function is constant.Euler's number e = 2.71828...[5] is the unique base for which the constant of proportionality is 1, since \n \n \n \n ln\n \n (\n e\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln(e)=1}\n \n, so that the function is its own derivative:d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n ln\n \n (\n e\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}\\ln(e)=e^{x}.}This function, also denoted as exp x, is called the \"natural exponential function\",[6][7] or simply \"the exponential function\". Since any exponential function defined by \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=b^{x}}\n \n can be written in terms of the natural exponential as \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n ln\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b^{x}=e^{x\\ln b}}\n \n, it is computationally and conceptually convenient to reduce the study of exponential functions to this particular one. The natural exponential is hence denoted byx\n ↦\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\mapsto e^{x}}x\n ↦\n exp\n \n x\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\mapsto \\exp x.}The former notation is commonly used for simpler exponents, while the latter is preferred when the exponent is more complicated and harder to read in a small font.For real numbers c and d, a function of the form \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n a\n \n b\n \n c\n x\n +\n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=ab^{cx+d}}\n \n is also an exponential function, since it can be rewritten asa\n \n b\n \n c\n x\n +\n d\n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n a\n \n b\n \n d\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n \n b\n \n c\n \n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ab^{cx+d}=\\left(ab^{d}\\right)\\left(b^{c}\\right)^{x}.}","title":"Relation to more general exponential functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp_series.gif"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudin_1987-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"radius of convergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_convergence"},{"link_name":"§ Complex plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"chain rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule"},{"link_name":"natural logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm"},{"link_name":"ordinary differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"initial condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_value_problem"},{"link_name":"Euler's method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_method"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maor-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function"}],"text":"The exponential function (in blue), and the sum of the first n + 1 terms of its power series (in red)The real exponential function \n \n \n \n exp\n :\n \n R\n \n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp :\\mathbb {R} \\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n can be characterized in a variety of equivalent ways. It is commonly defined by the following power series:[1][8]exp\n \n x\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n x\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n 4\n !\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp x:=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {x^{k}}{k!}}=1+x+{\\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}+\\cdots }Since the radius of convergence of this power series is infinite, this definition is, in fact, applicable to all complex numbers; see § Complex plane for the extension of \n \n \n \n exp\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp x}\n \n to the complex plane. Using the power series, the constant e can be defined as \n \n \n \n e\n =\n exp\n \n 1\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n k\n !\n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle e=\\exp 1=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }(1/k!)\\,.}The term-by-term differentiation of this power series reveals that \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n exp\n \n x\n =\n exp\n \n x\n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\exp x=\\exp x}\n \n for all real x, leading to another common characterization of \n \n \n \n exp\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp x}\n \n as the unique solution of the differential equationy\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n y\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'(x)=y(x)}y\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y(0)=1.}Based on this characterization, the chain rule shows that its inverse function, the natural logarithm, satisfies \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n y\n \n \n \n ln\n \n y\n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n y\n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\frac {d}{dy}}\\ln y=1/y}\n \n for \n \n \n \n y\n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y>0,}\n \n or \n \n \n \n ln\n \n y\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n t\n \n t\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\ln y=\\int _{1}^{y}{\\frac {dt}{t}}\\,.}\n \n This relationship leads to a less common definition of the real exponential function \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(x)}\n \n as the solution \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n to the equationx\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n 1\n t\n \n \n \n d\n t\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\int _{1}^{y}{\\frac {1}{t}}\\,dt.}Solving the ordinary differential equation \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n y\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'(x)=y(x)}\n \n with the initial condition \n \n \n \n \n y\n ′\n \n (\n 0\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y'(0)=1}\n \n using Euler's method gives the product limit formula, valid for all complex values of \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n:[9][8]exp\n \n x\n =\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n x\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp x=\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{\\frac {x}{n}}\\right)^{n}.}It can be shown that every continuous, nonzero solution of the functional equation \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n +\n y\n )\n =\n f\n (\n x\n )\n f\n (\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)}\n \n for \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n R\n \n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\mathbb {R} \\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n is an exponential function, \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n k\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=e^{kx}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n R\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in \\mathbb {R} .}","title":"Formal definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_exponential_function.gif"},{"link_name":"grows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"decays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay"},{"link_name":"proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"continuously compounded interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_compounded_interest"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bernoulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor_2001-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor_2001-12"},{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maor-11"},{"link_name":"product rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule"},{"link_name":"exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"exponential growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"exponential decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay"},{"link_name":"entire function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function"},{"link_name":"complex plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential"},{"link_name":"Banach algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"}],"text":"The red curve is the exponential function. The black horizontal lines show where it crosses the green vertical lines.The exponential function arises whenever a quantity grows or decays at a rate proportional to its current value. One such situation is continuously compounded interest, and in fact it was this observation that led Jacob Bernoulli in 1683[10] to the numberlim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{\\frac {1}{n}}\\right)^{n}}eJohann Bernoulli[10]If a principal amount of 1 earns interest at an annual rate of x compounded monthly, then the interest earned each month is x/12 times the current value, so each month the total value is multiplied by (1 + x/12), and the value at the end of the year is (1 + x/12)12. If instead interest is compounded daily, this becomes (1 + x/365)365. Letting the number of time intervals per year grow without bound leads to the limit definition of the exponential function,exp\n \n x\n =\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n x\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp x=\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{\\frac {x}{n}}\\right)^{n}}Leonhard Euler[9]characterizations of the exponential functionseriesdifferential equationsFrom any of these definitions it can be shown that e−x is the reciprocal of ex. For example from the differential equation definition, ex e−x = 1 when x = 0 and its derivative using the product rule is ex e−x − ex e−x = 0 for all x, so ex e−x = 1 for all x.From any of these definitions it can be shown that the exponential function obeys the basic exponentiation identity. For example from the power series definition,exp\n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n m\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n !\n \n \n k\n !\n (\n m\n −\n k\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n y\n \n m\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n m\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n k\n !\n n\n !\n \n \n \n =\n exp\n \n x\n ⋅\n exp\n \n y\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(x+y)=\\sum _{m=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(x+y)^{m}}{m!}}=\\sum _{m=0}^{\\infty }\\sum _{k=0}^{m}{\\frac {m!}{k!(m-k)!}}{\\frac {x^{k}y^{m-k}}{m!}}=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {x^{k}y^{n}}{k!n!}}=\\exp x\\cdot \\exp y\\,.}exexp xThe derivative (rate of change) of the exponential function is the exponential function itself. More generally, a function with a rate of change proportional to the function itself (rather than equal to it) is expressible in terms of the exponential function. This function property leads to exponential growth or exponential decay.The exponential function extends to an entire function on the complex plane. Euler's formula relates its values at purely imaginary arguments to trigonometric functions. The exponential function also has analogues for which the argument is a matrix, or even an element of a Banach algebra or a Lie algebra.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp_tangent.svg"},{"link_name":"Picard–Lindelöf theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Lindel%C3%B6f_theorem"},{"link_name":"differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"fixed point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"proportional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Malthusian catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe"},{"link_name":"interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest"},{"link_name":"radioactive decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serway-Moses-Moyer_1989-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simmons_1972-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGrawHill_2007-15"},{"link_name":"chain rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule"}],"text":"The derivative of the exponential function is equal to the value of the function. From any point P on the curve (blue), let a tangent line (red), and a vertical line (green) with height h be drawn, forming a right triangle with a base b on the x-axis. Since the slope of the red tangent line (the derivative) at P is equal to the ratio of the triangle's height to the triangle's base (rise over run), and the derivative is equal to the value of the function, h must be equal to the ratio of h to b. Therefore, the base b must always be 1.The importance of the exponential function in mathematics and the sciences stems mainly from its property as the unique function which is equal to its derivative and is equal to 1 when x = 0. That is,d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n e\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}\\quad {\\text{and}}\\quad e^{0}=1.}Functions of the form cex for constant c are the only functions that are equal to their derivative (by the Picard–Lindelöf theorem). Other ways of saying the same thing include:The slope of the graph at any point is the height of the function at that point.\nThe rate of increase of the function at x is equal to the value of the function at x.\nThe function solves the differential equation y′ = y.\nexp is a fixed point of derivative as a functional.If a variable's growth or decay rate is proportional to its size—as is the case in unlimited population growth (see Malthusian catastrophe), continuously compounded interest, or radioactive decay—then the variable can be written as a constant times an exponential function of time. Explicitly for any real constant k, a function f: R → R satisfies f′ = kf if and only if f(x) = cekx for some constant c. The constant k is called the decay constant, disintegration constant,[11] rate constant,[12] or transformation constant.[13]Furthermore, for any differentiable function f, we find, by the chain rule:d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n =\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n e\n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}e^{f(x)}=f'(x)e^{f(x)}.}","title":"Derivatives and differential equations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continued fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"an identity of Euler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_continued_fraction_formula"},{"link_name":"generalized continued fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lorentzen_2008-16"}],"text":"A continued fraction for ex can be obtained via an identity of Euler:e\n \n x\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 2\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 3\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n +\n 4\n −\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}=1+{\\cfrac {x}{1-{\\cfrac {x}{x+2-{\\cfrac {2x}{x+3-{\\cfrac {3x}{x+4-\\ddots }}}}}}}}}The following generalized continued fraction for ez converges more quickly:[14]e\n \n z\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n z\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n −\n z\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{z}=1+{\\cfrac {2z}{2-z+{\\cfrac {z^{2}}{6+{\\cfrac {z^{2}}{10+{\\cfrac {z^{2}}{14+\\ddots }}}}}}}}}or, by applying the substitution z = x/y:e\n \n \n x\n y\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n y\n −\n x\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n y\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10\n y\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14\n y\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\frac {x}{y}}=1+{\\cfrac {2x}{2y-x+{\\cfrac {x^{2}}{6y+{\\cfrac {x^{2}}{10y+{\\cfrac {x^{2}}{14y+\\ddots }}}}}}}}}z = 2e\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 7\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 7\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 11\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{2}=1+{\\cfrac {4}{0+{\\cfrac {2^{2}}{6+{\\cfrac {2^{2}}{10+{\\cfrac {2^{2}}{14+\\ddots \\,}}}}}}}}=7+{\\cfrac {2}{5+{\\cfrac {1}{7+{\\cfrac {1}{9+{\\cfrac {1}{11+\\ddots \\,}}}}}}}}}This formula also converges, though more slowly, for z > 2. For example:e\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 13\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 54\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 7\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 18\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 22\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{3}=1+{\\cfrac {6}{-1+{\\cfrac {3^{2}}{6+{\\cfrac {3^{2}}{10+{\\cfrac {3^{2}}{14+\\ddots \\,}}}}}}}}=13+{\\cfrac {54}{7+{\\cfrac {9}{14+{\\cfrac {9}{18+{\\cfrac {9}{22+\\ddots \\,}}}}}}}}}","title":"Continued fractions for ex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euler's formula § Definitions of complex exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula#Definitions_of_complex_exponentiation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_exponential_function_e%5Ez_plotted_in_the_complex_plane_from_-2-2i_to_2%2B2i.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exp-complex-cplot.svg"},{"link_name":"complex plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_coloring"},{"link_name":"argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"periodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_function"},{"link_name":"imaginary part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_part"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"Cauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_product"},{"link_name":"Mertens' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_product"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudin_1976-17"},{"link_name":"radii of convergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_convergence"},{"link_name":"ratio test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_test"},{"link_name":"entire functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function"},{"link_name":"holomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"Picard's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_theorem"},{"link_name":"lacunary value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacunary_value"},{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apostol_1974-18"},{"link_name":"unit circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circle"},{"link_name":"complex logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm"},{"link_name":"multivalued function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivalued_function"},{"link_name":"failure of power and logarithm identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#Failure_of_power_and_logarithm_identities"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"logarithmic spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral"},{"link_name":"origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_(mathematics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ExponentialAbs_real_SVG.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ExponentialAbs_image_SVG.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ExponentialAbs_SVG.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex_exponential_function_graph_domain_xy_dimensions.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex_exponential_function_graph_range_vw_dimensions.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex_exponential_function_graph_horn_shape_xvw_dimensions.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complex_exponential_function_graph_spiral_shape_yvw_dimensions.jpg"}],"text":"See also: Euler's formula § Definitions of complex exponentiationThe exponential function e^z plotted in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2iA complex plot of \n \n \n \n z\n ↦\n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\mapsto \\exp z}\n \n, with the argument \n \n \n \n Arg\n \n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Arg} \\exp z}\n \n represented by varying hue. The transition from dark to light colors shows that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n exp\n \n z\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\exp z\\right|}\n \n is increasing only to the right. The periodic horizontal bands corresponding to the same hue indicate that \n \n \n \n z\n ↦\n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\mapsto \\exp z}\n \n is periodic in the imaginary part of \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n.As in the real case, the exponential function can be defined on the complex plane in several equivalent forms.The most common definition of the complex exponential function parallels the power series definition for real arguments, where the real variable is replaced by a complex one:exp\n \n z\n :=\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp z:=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}}Alternatively, the complex exponential function may be defined by modelling the limit definition for real arguments, but with the real variable replaced by a complex one:exp\n \n z\n :=\n \n lim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n z\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp z:=\\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{\\frac {z}{n}}\\right)^{n}}For the power series definition, term-wise multiplication of two copies of this power series in the Cauchy sense, permitted by Mertens' theorem, shows that the defining multiplicative property of exponential functions continues to hold for all complex arguments:exp\n \n (\n w\n +\n z\n )\n =\n exp\n \n w\n exp\n \n z\n \n for all \n \n w\n ,\n z\n ∈\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(w+z)=\\exp w\\exp z{\\text{ for all }}w,z\\in \\mathbb {C} }The definition of the complex exponential function in turn leads to the appropriate definitions extending the trigonometric functions to complex arguments.In particular, when z = it (t real), the series definition yields the expansionexp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n =\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n t\n \n 4\n \n \n \n 4\n !\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n t\n \n 6\n \n \n \n 6\n !\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n )\n \n +\n i\n \n (\n \n t\n −\n \n \n \n t\n \n 3\n \n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n t\n \n 5\n \n \n \n 5\n !\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n t\n \n 7\n \n \n \n 7\n !\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(it)=\\left(1-{\\frac {t^{2}}{2!}}+{\\frac {t^{4}}{4!}}-{\\frac {t^{6}}{6!}}+\\cdots \\right)+i\\left(t-{\\frac {t^{3}}{3!}}+{\\frac {t^{5}}{5!}}-{\\frac {t^{7}}{7!}}+\\cdots \\right).}In this expansion, the rearrangement of the terms into real and imaginary parts is justified by the absolute convergence of the series. The real and imaginary parts of the above expression in fact correspond to the series expansions of cos t and sin t, respectively.This correspondence provides motivation for defining cosine and sine for all complex arguments in terms of \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n ±\n i\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(\\pm iz)}\n \n and the equivalent power series:[15]cos\n \n z\n :=\n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n i\n z\n )\n +\n exp\n \n (\n −\n i\n z\n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 2\n k\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n )\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n and \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n z\n :=\n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n i\n z\n )\n −\n exp\n \n (\n −\n i\n z\n )\n \n \n 2\n i\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&\\cos z:={\\frac {\\exp(iz)+\\exp(-iz)}{2}}=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }(-1)^{k}{\\frac {z^{2k}}{(2k)!}},\\\\[5pt]{\\text{and }}\\quad &\\sin z:={\\frac {\\exp(iz)-\\exp(-iz)}{2i}}=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }(-1)^{k}{\\frac {z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}}\\end{aligned}}}for all \n \n \n \n z\n ∈\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle z\\in \\mathbb {C} .}The functions exp, cos, and sin so defined have infinite radii of convergence by the ratio test and are therefore entire functions (that is, holomorphic on \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n). The range of the exponential function is \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∖\n {\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} \\setminus \\{0\\}}\n \n, while the ranges of the complex sine and cosine functions are both \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n in its entirety, in accord with Picard's theorem, which asserts that the range of a nonconstant entire function is either all of \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n, or \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n excluding one lacunary value.These definitions for the exponential and trigonometric functions lead trivially to Euler's formula:exp\n \n (\n i\n z\n )\n =\n cos\n \n z\n +\n i\n sin\n \n z\n \n for all \n \n z\n ∈\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(iz)=\\cos z+i\\sin z{\\text{ for all }}z\\in \\mathbb {C} .}We could alternatively define the complex exponential function based on this relationship. If z = x + iy, where x and y are both real, then we could define its exponential asexp\n \n z\n =\n exp\n \n (\n x\n +\n i\n y\n )\n :=\n (\n exp\n \n x\n )\n (\n cos\n \n y\n +\n i\n sin\n \n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp z=\\exp(x+iy):=(\\exp x)(\\cos y+i\\sin y)}expcossin[16]For \n \n \n \n t\n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\in \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, the relationship \n \n \n \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n \n ¯\n \n \n =\n exp\n \n (\n −\n i\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {\\exp(it)}}=\\exp(-it)}\n \n holds, so that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n exp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n \n |\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\exp(it)\\right|=1}\n \n for real \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n and \n \n \n \n t\n ↦\n exp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\mapsto \\exp(it)}\n \n maps the real line (mod 2π) to the unit circle in the complex plane. Moreover, going from \n \n \n \n t\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t=0}\n \n to \n \n \n \n t\n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t=t_{0}}\n \n, the curve defined by \n \n \n \n γ\n (\n t\n )\n =\n exp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma (t)=\\exp(it)}\n \n traces a segment of the unit circle of length∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n γ\n ′\n \n (\n t\n )\n \n |\n \n \n d\n t\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n i\n exp\n \n (\n i\n t\n )\n \n |\n \n \n d\n t\n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{t_{0}}|\\gamma '(t)|\\,dt=\\int _{0}^{t_{0}}|i\\exp(it)|\\,dt=t_{0},}z = 1The complex exponential function is periodic with period 2πi and \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n z\n +\n 2\n π\n i\n k\n )\n =\n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(z+2\\pi ik)=\\exp z}\n \n holds for all \n \n \n \n z\n ∈\n \n C\n \n ,\n k\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\in \\mathbb {C} ,k\\in \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n.When its domain is extended from the real line to the complex plane, the exponential function retains the following properties:e\n \n z\n +\n w\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n z\n \n \n \n e\n \n w\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n z\n \n \n ≠\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n z\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n z\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n n\n z\n \n \n ,\n n\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&e^{z+w}=e^{z}e^{w}\\,\\\\[5pt]&e^{0}=1\\,\\\\[5pt]&e^{z}\\neq 0\\\\[5pt]&{\\frac {d}{dz}}e^{z}=e^{z}\\\\[5pt]&\\left(e^{z}\\right)^{n}=e^{nz},n\\in \\mathbb {Z} \\end{aligned}}}for all \n \n \n \n w\n ,\n z\n ∈\n \n C\n \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle w,z\\in \\mathbb {C} .}Extending the natural logarithm to complex arguments yields the complex logarithm log z, which is a multivalued function.We can then define a more general exponentiation:z\n \n w\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n w\n log\n \n z\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{w}=e^{w\\log z}}zwzlog zzwz(ez)w ≠ ezw, but rather (ez)w = e(z + 2niπ)w multivalued over integers nSee failure of power and logarithm identities for more about problems with combining powers.The exponential function maps any line in the complex plane to a logarithmic spiral in the complex plane with the center at the origin. Two special cases exist: when the original line is parallel to the real axis, the resulting spiral never closes in on itself; when the original line is parallel to the imaginary axis, the resulting spiral is a circle of some radius.3D plots of real part, imaginary part, and modulus of the exponential function\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tz = Re(ex + iy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tz = Im(ex + iy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tz = |ex + iy|Considering the complex exponential function as a function involving four real variables:v\n +\n i\n w\n =\n exp\n \n (\n x\n +\n i\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v+iw=\\exp(x+iy)}Starting with a color-coded portion of the \n \n \n \n x\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy}\n \n domain, the following are depictions of the graph as variously projected into two or three dimensions.Graphs of the complex exponential function\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChecker board key: \n \n \n \n x\n >\n 0\n :\n \n \n green\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x>0:\\;{\\text{green}}}\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n <\n 0\n :\n \n \n red\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x<0:\\;{\\text{red}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n y\n >\n 0\n :\n \n \n yellow\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y>0:\\;{\\text{yellow}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n y\n <\n 0\n :\n \n \n blue\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y<0:\\;{\\text{blue}}}\n \n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProjection onto the range complex plane (V/W). Compare to the next, perspective picture.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProjection into the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n dimensions, producing a flared horn or funnel shape (envisioned as 2-D perspective image)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProjection into the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n, \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n dimensions, producing a spiral shape (\n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n range extended to ±2π, again as 2-D perspective image)The second image shows how the domain complex plane is mapped into the range complex plane:zero is mapped to 1\nthe real \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n axis is mapped to the positive real \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n axis\nthe imaginary \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n axis is wrapped around the unit circle at a constant angular rate\nvalues with negative real parts are mapped inside the unit circle\nvalues with positive real parts are mapped outside of the unit circle\nvalues with a constant real part are mapped to circles centered at zero\nvalues with a constant imaginary part are mapped to rays extending from zeroThe third and fourth images show how the graph in the second image extends into one of the other two dimensions not shown in the second image.The third image shows the graph extended along the real \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n axis. It shows the graph is a surface of revolution about the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n axis of the graph of the real exponential function, producing a horn or funnel shape.The fourth image shows the graph extended along the imaginary \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n axis. It shows that the graph's surface for positive and negative \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n values doesn't really meet along the negative real \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n axis, but instead forms a spiral surface about the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n axis. Because its \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n values have been extended to ±2π, this image also better depicts the 2π periodicity in the imaginary \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n value.","title":"Complex plane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multivalued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivalued_function"},{"link_name":"Exponentiation § Failure of power and logarithm identities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation#Failure_of_power_and_logarithm_identities"}],"sub_title":"Computation of ab where both a and b are complex","text":"Complex exponentiation ab can be defined by converting a to polar coordinates and using the identity (eln a)b = ab:a\n \n b\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n r\n \n e\n \n θ\n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n b\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n (\n ln\n \n r\n )\n +\n θ\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n b\n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n \n (\n \n (\n ln\n \n r\n )\n +\n θ\n i\n \n )\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{b}=\\left(re^{\\theta i}\\right)^{b}=\\left(e^{(\\ln r)+\\theta i}\\right)^{b}=e^{\\left((\\ln r)+\\theta i\\right)b}}However, when b is not an integer, this function is multivalued, because θ is not unique (see Exponentiation § Failure of power and logarithm identities).","title":"Complex plane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"matrix exponential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential"},{"link_name":"Banach algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_algebra"}],"text":"The power series definition of the exponential function makes sense for square matrices (for which the function is called the matrix exponential) and more generally in any unital Banach algebra B. In this setting, e0 = 1, and ex is invertible with inverse e−x for any x in B. If xy = yx, then ex + y = exey, but this identity can fail for noncommuting x and y.Some alternative definitions lead to the same function. For instance, ex can be defined aslim\n \n n\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n x\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{n\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{\\frac {x}{n}}\\right)^{n}.}Or ex can be defined as fx(1), where fx : R → B is the solution to the differential equation dfx/dt(t) = x fx(t), with initial condition fx(0) = 1; it follows that fx(t) = etx for every t in R.","title":"Matrices and Banach algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"Lie algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra"},{"link_name":"exponential map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)"},{"link_name":"Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%E2%80%93Campbell%E2%80%93Hausdorff_formula"}],"text":"Given a Lie group G and its associated Lie algebra \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n, the exponential map is a map \n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}\n \n ↦ G satisfying similar properties. In fact, since R is the Lie algebra of the Lie group of all positive real numbers under multiplication, the ordinary exponential function for real arguments is a special case of the Lie algebra situation. Similarly, since the Lie group GL(n,R) of invertible n × n matrices has as Lie algebra M(n,R), the space of all n × n matrices, the exponential function for square matrices is a special case of the Lie algebra exponential map.The identity \n \n \n \n exp\n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n )\n =\n exp\n \n (\n x\n )\n exp\n \n (\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp(x+y)=\\exp(x)\\exp(y)}\n \n can fail for Lie algebra elements x and y that do not commute; the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula supplies the necessary correction terms.","title":"Lie algebras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcendental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_function"}],"text":"The function ez is not in the rational function ring \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} (z)}\n \n: it is not the quotient of two polynomials with complex coefficients.If a1, ..., an are distinct complex numbers, then ea1z, ..., eanz are linearly independent over \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} (z)}\n \n, and hence ez is transcendental over \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} (z)}\n \n.","title":"Transcendency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floating-point arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"significant figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures"},{"link_name":"William Kahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kahan"},{"link_name":"Taylor series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"HP-41C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-41C"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP48_AUR-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP50_AUR-20"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_UNIX_4.3BSD"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beebe_2017-21"},{"link_name":"computer algebra systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_algebra_system"},{"link_name":"C99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beebe_2002-22"},{"link_name":"IEEE 754-2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008"},{"link_name":"lnp1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lnp1"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alternative_funcs-23"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic tangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_tangent"}],"text":"When computing (an approximation of) the exponential function near the argument 0, the result will be close to 1, and computing the value of the difference \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}-1}\n \n with floating-point arithmetic may lead to the loss of (possibly all) significant figures, producing a large calculation error, possibly even a meaningless result.Following a proposal by William Kahan, it may thus be useful to have a dedicated routine, often called expm1, for computing ex − 1 directly, bypassing computation of ex. For example, if the exponential is computed by using its Taylor seriese\n \n x\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n x\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 6\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}=1+x+{\\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\\cdots +{\\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}+\\cdots ,}e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}-1}e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n x\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 6\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{x}-1=x+{\\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\\frac {x^{3}}{6}}+\\cdots +{\\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}+\\cdots .}This was first implemented in 1979 in the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator, and provided by several calculators,[17][18] operating systems (for example Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD[19]), computer algebra systems, and programming languages (for example C99).[20]In addition to base e, the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar exponential functions near 0 for base 2 and 10: \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{x}-1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n 10\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 10^{x}-1}\n \n.A similar approach has been used for the logarithm (see lnp1).[nb 3]An identity in terms of the hyperbolic tangent,expm1\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n −\n 1\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n tanh\n \n (\n x\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n 1\n −\n tanh\n \n (\n x\n \n /\n \n 2\n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {expm1} (x)=e^{x}-1={\\frac {2\\tanh(x/2)}{1-\\tanh(x/2)}},}xexpm1(x)","title":"Computation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lnx_3-0"},{"link_name":"Paul Halmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Halmos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Logx_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alternative_funcs_23-0"},{"link_name":"round-off errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_function"},{"link_name":"versine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versine"},{"link_name":"vercosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercosine"},{"link_name":"coversine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coversine"},{"link_name":"covercosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covercosine"},{"link_name":"haversine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine"},{"link_name":"havercosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havercosine"},{"link_name":"hacoversine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacoversine"},{"link_name":"hacovercosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacovercosine"},{"link_name":"exsecant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsecant"},{"link_name":"excosecant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excosecant"}],"text":"^ The notation ln x is the ISO standard and is prevalent in the natural sciences and secondary education (US). However, some mathematicians (for example, Paul Halmos) have criticized this notation and prefer to use log x for the natural logarithm of x.\n\n^ In pure mathematics, the notation log x generally refers to the natural logarithm of x or a logarithm in general if the base is immaterial.\n\n^ A similar approach to reduce round-off errors of calculations for certain input values of trigonometric functions consists of using the less common trigonometric functions versine, vercosine, coversine, covercosine, haversine, havercosine, hacoversine, hacovercosine, exsecant and excosecant.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Exponenciala_priklad.png/200px-Exponenciala_priklad.png"},{"image_text":"The exponential function (in blue), and the sum of the first n + 1 terms of its power series (in red)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Exp_series.gif/220px-Exp_series.gif"},{"image_text":"The red curve is the exponential function. The black horizontal lines show where it crosses the green vertical lines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Animation_of_exponential_function.gif/220px-Animation_of_exponential_function.gif"},{"image_text":"The derivative of the exponential function is equal to the value of the function. From any point P on the curve (blue), let a tangent line (red), and a vertical line (green) with height h be drawn, forming a right triangle with a base b on the x-axis. Since the slope of the red tangent line (the derivative) at P is equal to the ratio of the triangle's height to the triangle's base (rise over run), and the derivative is equal to the value of the function, h must be equal to the ratio of h to b. Therefore, the base b must always be 1.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Exp_tangent.svg/250px-Exp_tangent.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The exponential function e^z plotted in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_exponential_function_e%5Ez_plotted_in_the_complex_plane_from_-2-2i_to_2%2B2i.svg/220px-The_exponential_function_e%5Ez_plotted_in_the_complex_plane_from_-2-2i_to_2%2B2i.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A complex plot of \n \n \n \n z\n ↦\n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\mapsto \\exp z}\n \n, with the argument \n \n \n \n Arg\n \n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Arg} \\exp z}\n \n represented by varying hue. The transition from dark to light colors shows that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n exp\n \n z\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\exp z\\right|}\n \n is increasing only to the right. The periodic horizontal bands corresponding to the same hue indicate that \n \n \n \n z\n ↦\n exp\n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\mapsto \\exp z}\n \n is periodic in the imaginary part of \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Exp-complex-cplot.svg/220px-Exp-complex-cplot.svg.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Carlitz exponential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlitz_exponential"},{"title":"Double exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_exponential_function"},{"title":"Exponential field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_field"},{"title":"Gaussian function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function"},{"title":"Half-exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-exponential_function"},{"title":"Lambert_W_function#Solving_equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function#Solving_equations"},{"title":"List of exponential topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exponential_topics"},{"title":"List of integrals of exponential functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of_exponential_functions"},{"title":"Mittag-Leffler function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittag-Leffler_function"},{"title":"p-adic exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_exponential_function"},{"title":"Padé table for exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%A9_table_for_exponential_function"},{"title":"Padé approximation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%A9_approximation"},{"title":"Phase factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_factor"}] | [{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1987). Real and complex analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-07-054234-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/RudinW.RealAndComplexAnalysis3e1987","url_text":"Real and complex analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-054234-1","url_text":"978-0-07-054234-1"}]},{"reference":"Meier, John; Smith, Derek (2017-08-07). Exploring Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-107-12898-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12898-9","url_text":"978-1-107-12898-9"}]},{"reference":"Converse, Henry Augustus; Durell, Fletcher (1911). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Durell's mathematical series. C. E. Merrill Company. p. 12. Inverse Use of a Table of Logarithms; that is, given a logarithm, to find the number corresponding to it, (called its antilogarithm) ...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/planeandspheric00duregoog","url_text":"Plane and Spherical Trigonometry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/planeandspheric00duregoog/page/n18","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"\"Exponential Function Reference\". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function-exponential.html","url_text":"\"Exponential Function Reference\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of e)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A001113","url_text":"\"Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of e)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Larry Joel; Lay, David C.; Schneider, David I.; Asmar, Nakhle H. (2006). Brief calculus and its applications (11th ed.). Prentice–Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-191965-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F82cPAAACAAJ&pg=PA448","url_text":"Brief calculus and its applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-191965-5","url_text":"978-0-13-191965-5"}]},{"reference":"Courant; Robbins (1996). Stewart (ed.). What is Mathematics? An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods (2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-13-191965-5. This natural exponential function is identical with its derivative. This is really the source of all the properties of the exponential function, and the basic reason for its importance in applications…","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-191965-5","url_text":"978-0-13-191965-5"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Exponential Function\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ExponentialFunction.html","url_text":"\"Exponential Function\""}]},{"reference":"Maor, Eli. e: the Story of a Number. p. 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Maor","url_text":"Maor, Eli"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (September 2001). \"The number e\". School of Mathematics and Statistics. University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 2011-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/e.html","url_text":"\"The number e\""}]},{"reference":"Serway, Raymond A.; Moses, Clement J.; Moyer, Curt A. (1989). Modern Physics. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 384. ISBN 0-03-004844-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich","url_text":"Harcourt Brace Jovanovich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-004844-3","url_text":"0-03-004844-3"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, George F. (1972). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 15. LCCN 75173716.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Simmons","url_text":"Simmons, George F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/75173716","url_text":"75173716"}]},{"reference":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. ISBN 978-0-07-144143-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144143-8","url_text":"978-0-07-144143-8"}]},{"reference":"Lorentzen, L.; Waadeland, H. (2008). \"A.2.2 The exponential function.\". Continued Fractions. Atlantis Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 1. p. 268. doi:10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4. ISBN 978-94-91216-37-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lorentzen","url_text":"Lorentzen, L."},{"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-91216-37-4%2F1","url_text":"\"A.2.2 The exponential function.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2991%2F978-94-91216-37-4","url_text":"10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-91216-37-4","url_text":"978-94-91216-37-4"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-07-054235-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PrinciplesOfMathematicalAnalysis","url_text":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-054235-8","url_text":"978-0-07-054235-8"}]},{"reference":"Apostol, Tom M. (1974). Mathematical Analysis (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley. pp. 19. ISBN 978-0-201-00288-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal00apos_530","url_text":"Mathematical Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Wesley","url_text":"Addison Wesley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal00apos_530/page/n32","url_text":"19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-00288-1","url_text":"978-0-201-00288-1"}]},{"reference":"HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. Retrieved 2015-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hpcalc.org/details.php?id=6036","url_text":"HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard","url_text":"Hewlett-Packard"}]},{"reference":"HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. 2009-07-14 [2005]. HP F2228-90010. Retrieved 2015-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hpcalc.org/details.php?id=7141","url_text":"HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard","url_text":"Hewlett-Packard"}]},{"reference":"Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2017-08-22). \"Chapter 10.2. Exponential near zero\". The Mathematical-Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library (1 ed.). Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 273–282. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2. ISBN 978-3-319-64109-6. LCCN 2017947446. S2CID 30244721. Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD introduced the expm1() function in 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing_AG","url_text":"Springer International Publishing AG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64110-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64109-6","url_text":"978-3-319-64109-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2017947446","url_text":"2017947446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30244721","url_text":"30244721"}]},{"reference":"Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2002-07-09). \"Computation of expm1 = exp(x)−1\" (PDF). 1.00. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Department of Mathematics, Center for Scientific Computing, University of Utah. Retrieved 2015-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/reports/expm1.pdf","url_text":"\"Computation of expm1 = exp(x)−1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exponential function\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Exponential_function","url_text":"\"Exponential function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/RudinW.RealAndComplexAnalysis3e1987","external_links_name":"Real and complex analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/planeandspheric00duregoog","external_links_name":"Plane and Spherical Trigonometry"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/planeandspheric00duregoog/page/n18","external_links_name":"12"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Plane_and_spherical_trigonometry.html?id=9NwOAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function-exponential.html","external_links_name":"\"Exponential Function Reference\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A001113","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of e)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F82cPAAACAAJ&pg=PA448","external_links_name":"Brief calculus and its applications"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ExponentialFunction.html","external_links_name":"\"Exponential Function\""},{"Link":"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/e.html","external_links_name":"\"The number e\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/75173716","external_links_name":"75173716"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-94-91216-37-4%2F1","external_links_name":"\"A.2.2 The exponential function.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2991%2F978-94-91216-37-4","external_links_name":"10.2991/978-94-91216-37-4"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/PrinciplesOfMathematicalAnalysis","external_links_name":"Principles of Mathematical Analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal00apos_530","external_links_name":"Mathematical Analysis"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal00apos_530/page/n32","external_links_name":"19"},{"Link":"http://www.hpcalc.org/details.php?id=6036","external_links_name":"HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR)"},{"Link":"http://www.hpcalc.org/details.php?id=7141","external_links_name":"HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR)"},{"Link":"http://holyjoe.net/hp/HP_50g_AUR_v2_English_searchable.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64110-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2017947446","external_links_name":"2017947446"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30244721","external_links_name":"30244721"},{"Link":"http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/reports/expm1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Computation of expm1 = exp(x)−1\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Exponential_function","external_links_name":"\"Exponential function\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4382956-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement | Free-culture movement | ["1 History","1.1 Precursors","1.2 Background of the formation of the free-culture movement","1.3 Foundation of the Creative Commons","1.4 \"Definition of Free Cultural Works\"","2 Organizations","3 Reception","3.1 Skepticism from Richard Stallman","3.2 Copyright proponents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Social movement promoting the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others
Lawrence Lessig, an influential activist of the free-culture movement, in 2005
The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others in the form of free content or open content without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.
The movement objects to what it considers over-restrictive copyright laws. Many members of the movement argue that such laws hinder creativity. They call this system "permission culture".
The free-culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the free and open-source-software movement, as well as other movements and philosophies such as open access (OA), the remix culture, the hacker culture, the access to knowledge movement, the copyleft movement and the public domain movement.
History
Precursors
In the late 1960s, Stewart Brand founded the Whole Earth Catalog and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing. He coined the slogan "Information wants to be free" in 1984 to advocate against limiting access to information by governmental control, preventing a public domain of information.
Background of the formation of the free-culture movement
In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, which President Clinton signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like Disney, and dubbed as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Lawrence Lessig claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law. He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the Students for Free Culture at Swarthmore College.
In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the US Supreme Court. Despite his firm belief in victory, citing the Constitution's plain language about "limited" copyright terms, Lessig only gained two dissenting votes: from Justices Stephen Breyer and John Paul Stevens.
Foundation of the Creative Commons
In 2001, Lessig initiated Creative Commons, an alternative "some rights reserved" licensing system to the default "all rights reserved" copyright system. Lessig focuses on a fair balance between the interest of the public to use and participate into released creative works and the need of protection for a creator's work, which still enables a "read-write" remix culture.
The term "free culture" was originally used since 2003 during the World Summit on Information Society to present the first free license for artistic creation at large, initiated by the Copyleft attitude team in France since 2001 (named free art license). It was then developed in Lawrence Lessig's book Free Culture in 2004.
In August 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 Creative Commons precursor by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project and Wiley joined as director.
"Definition of Free Cultural Works"
In 2005/2006 within the free-culture movement, Creative Commons was criticized by Erik Möller and Benjamin Mako Hill for lacking minimum standards for freedom. Following this, the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" was created as collaborative work of many, including Erik Möller, Lawrence Lessig, Benjamin Mako Hill and Richard Stallman. In February 2008, several Creative Commons licenses were "approved for free cultural works", namely the CC BY and CC BY-SA (later also the CC0). Creative Commons licenses with restrictions on commercial use or derivative works were not approved.
In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation described their definition of "open", for open content and open knowledge, as synonymous to the definition of "free" in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works", noting that both are rooted in the Open Source Definition and Free Software Definition. Therefore, the same three creative commons licenses are recommended for open content and free content, CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0. The Open Knowledge foundation additionally defined three specialized licenses for data and databases, previously unavailable: the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL), the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY) and the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).
Organizations
Creative Commons logo
The organization commonly associated with free culture is Creative Commons (CC), founded by Lawrence Lessig. CC promotes sharing creative works and diffusing ideas to produce cultural vibrance, scientific progress and business innovation.
Student organization FreeCulture.org, inspired by Lessig and founded 2003. The Building blocks are a symbol for reuse and remixing of creative works, used also as symbol of the Remix culture.
QuestionCopyright.org is another organization whose stated mission is "to highlight the economic, artistic, and social harm caused by distribution monopolies, and to demonstrate how freedom-based distribution is better for artists and audiences."
QuestionCopyright may be best known for its association with artist Nina Paley, whose multi-award-winning feature length animation Sita Sings The Blues has been held up as an extraordinarily successful example of free distribution under the aegis of the "Sita Distribution Project". The web site of the organization has a number of resources, publications, and other references related to various copyright, patent, and trademark issues.
The student organization Students for Free Culture is sometimes confusingly called "the Free Culture Movement", but that is not its official name. The organization is a subset of the greater movement. The first chapter was founded in 1998 at Swarthmore College, and by 2008, the organization had 26 chapters.
The free-culture movement takes the ideals of the free and open-source software movement and extends them from the field of software to all cultural and creative works. Early in Creative Commons' life, Richard Stallman (the founder of the Free Software Foundation and the free software movement) supported the organization. He withdrew his support due to the introduction of several licenses including the developing nations (retired in 2007) and sampling licenses. Stallman later restored some support when Creative Commons retired those licenses.
The free music movement, a subset of the free-culture movement, started out just as the Web rose in popularity with the Free Music Philosophy by Ram Samudrala in early 1994. It was also based on the idea of free software by Richard Stallman and coincided with nascent open art and open information movements (referred to here as collectively as the "free-culture movement"). The Free Music Philosophy used a three-pronged approach to voluntarily encourage the spread of unrestricted copying, based on the fact that copies of recordings and compositions could be made and distributed with complete accuracy and ease via the Internet. The subsequent free music movement was reported on by diverse media outlets including Billboard, Forbes, Levi's Original Music Magazine, The Free Radical, Wired and The New York Times. Along with the explosion of the Web driven by open source software and Linux, the rise of P2P and lossy compression, and despite the efforts of the music industry, free music became largely a reality in the early 21st century. Organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Creative Commons with free information champions like Lawrence Lessig were devising numerous licenses that offered different flavors of copyright and copyleft. The question was no longer why and how music should be free, but rather how creativity would flourish while musicians developed models to generate revenue in the Internet era.
Reception
Skepticism from Richard Stallman
Initially, Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman did not see the importance of free works beyond software. For instance for manuals and books Stallman stated in the 1990s: As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our views. Similarly, in 1999 Stallman said that he sees "no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software". Other authors, such as Joshua Pearce, have argued that there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware, specifically with respect to open-source-appropriate technology for sustainable development.
Later, Stallman changed his position slightly and advocated for free sharing of information in 2009. But, in 2011 Stallman commented on the Megaupload founder's arrest, "I think all works meant for practical uses must be free, but that does not apply to music, since music is meant for appreciation, not for practical use." In a follow-up Stallman differentiated three classes: works of practical use should be free, works representing points of view should be shareable but not changeable and works of art or entertainment should be copyrighted (but only for 10 years). In an essay in 2012 Stallman argued that video games as software should be free but not their artwork. In 2015 Stallman advocated for free hardware designs.
Copyright proponents
Vocal criticism against the free-culture movement comes from copyright proponents.
Prominent technologist and musician Jaron Lanier discusses this perspective of free culture in his 2010 book You Are Not a Gadget. Lanier's concerns include the depersonalization of crowd-sourced anonymous media (such as Wikipedia) and the economic dignity of middle-class creative artists.
Andrew Keen, a critic of Web 2.0, criticizes some of the free culture ideas in his book, Cult of the Amateur, describing Lessig as an "intellectual property communist".
The decline of the news media industry's market share is blamed on free culture but scholars like Clay Shirky claim that the market itself, not free culture, is what is killing the journalism industry.
The free art movement is distinct from the free culture movement as the artist retains full copyright for the work. The free art movement is the practice of artists leaving art in public places for the public to remove and keep. The artwork is usually tagged with a notice stating it is free art, and either with the artist's name or left anonymously. The movement was reinvigorated by British street art practitioner My Dog Sighs coining the term "Free Art Fridays". Clues to the location of artworks are sometimes left on social media to combine treasure hunting with art.
See also
2600: The Hacker Quarterly
Access to knowledge movement
Anti-copyright notice
Commodification
Commons-based peer production
Copyleft
Copyright abolition
Criticism of copyright
Criticism of intellectual property
Culture vs. Copyright
Cypherpunk
Free content
Free education
Freedom of information
Free software
Information wants to be free
Internet freedom
Open content
Open-design movement
Open educational resources
Open-source architecture
Open-source model
Open-source movement
Patentleft
Pirate Party
Remix culture
Science 2.0
Sharing economy
The Virtual Revolution
References
^ "What does a free culture look like?". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ "What is free culture?". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ The Alternative Media Handbook by Kate Coyer, Tony Dowmunt, Alan Fountain
^ Open Access: What You Need to Know Now by Walt Crawford
^ Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences by Wikimedia Deutschland by Till Kreutzer (2014)
^ a b Larry Lessig (2007-03-01). "Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity". ted.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ Robert S. Boynton: The Tyranny of Copyright? Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, January 25, 2004
^ Baker, Ronald J (2008-02-08), Mind over matter: why intellectual capital is the chief source of wealth, John Wiley & Sons, p. 80, ISBN 9780470198810.
^ "Edge 338", Edge, no. 338, archived from the original on 2019-07-02, retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ Wagner, R Polk, Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control (PDF), University of Pennsylvania, archived from the original (PDF essay) on 2017-09-22, retrieved 2016-05-07.
^ Lessig, Lawrence (2004). Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin. p. 368. ISBN 9781101200841. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
^ WSIS (2001). "PCT WORKING GROUP EVENT" Archived 2013-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Quart, Alissa (2009). "Expensive Gifts", Columbia Journalism Review, 48(2).
^ David A. Wiley (30 June 2003). "OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine". opencontent.org. Archived from the original on 2003-08-02. Retrieved 2016-02-21. I'm closing OpenContent because I think Creative Commons is doing a better job of providing licensing options which will stand up in court.
^ Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead by matt on creativecommons.org (June 23rd, 2003)
^ Erik Moeller (2006). "The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License" (PDF). Open Source Jahrbuch.
^ Benjamin Mako Hill (June 29, 2005). "Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement". Mako.cc. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ Definition of Free Cultural Works. Freedomdefined.org (2008-12-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ "Approved for Free Cultural Works". 2008-02-20.
^ Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org
^ licenses on opendefinition.com
^ Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (December 27th, 2013)
^ Open Definition 2.0 released by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (October 7th, 2014)
^ A Clearinghouse For New Ideas About Copyright. QuestionCopyright.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Nina Paley at HOPE 2010. YouTube. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ The Sita Sings the Blues Distribution Project Archived 2015-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. QuestionCopyright.org (2009-09-15). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Hayes, Christopher (2009). "Mr. Lessig Goes to Washington" Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Nation, June 16, 2008
^ "Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license". Creative Commons. 2007-06-04. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
^ interview for LinuxP2P (6 February 2006)
^ Samudrala, Ram (1994). "The Free Music Philosophy". Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (18 July 1998). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 3 December 2011. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. "Forbes", July 11 1997. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Durbach D. "Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency". Levi's Original Music Magazine, November 19, 2008. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Ballin M. Unfair Use. "The Free Radical" 47, 2001. Freeradical.co.nz. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997. Wired.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Stutz M. They (used to) write the songs. Wired, June 12 1998. Freerockload.ucoz.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Napoli L. Fans of MP3 forced the issue. "The New York Times", December 16 1998. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Alternate Kinds of Freedom by Troels Just. Troelsjust.dk. Archived on 2014-09-03.
^ Schulman BM. The song heard 'round the world: The copyright implications of MP3s and the future of digital music. "Harvard Journal of Law and Technology" 12: 3, 1999. Archived 2012-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Samudrala R. The future of music. 1997. Ram.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Story of a Revolution: Napster & the Music Industry. "MusicDish", 2000. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
^ Brett Watson (1999-02-10). "Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property". Retrieved 2016-02-24. Is Software special? So restricting modification is not necessarily evil when it comes to "articles and books"? Or does he just mean that we aren't obliged to let others misrepresent us? Alas, no mention of restricting verbatim duplication. Even Stallman's story on "The Right to Read" does not address the issue directly, despite being about IPR issues other than software. It extrapolates a dystopian future from our current position and acts as a warning about current trends, but offers no comment on the status quo. There is a striking lack of discussion from the usual leaders with regards to the application of copyright in areas other than software. Raymond is mute, and Stallman mumbles. They both seem to view software as a special case: Raymond tacitly, and Stallman explicitly.
^ Richard Stallman -- On "Free Hardware" on linuxtoday.com "I see no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software." (Jun 22, 1999)
^ Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). "The case for open source appropriate technology". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14 (3): 425–431. Bibcode:2012EDSus..14..425P. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9.
^ Stallman, Richard (2009). "Ending the War on Sharing".
^ Boot up: Google and Facebook work on antiphishing tool, Richard Stallman on MegaUpload arrests, and more on The Guardian (January 30, 2012)
^ Correcting The Guardian's paraphrase by Richard Stallman (Jan 22, 2012)
^ Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad? on fsf.org by Richard Stallman "Nonfree game programs (like other nonfree programs) are unethical because they deny freedom to their users. (Game art is a different issue, because it isn't software." (May 31, 2012)
^ Hardware Designs Should Be Free. Here's How to Do It by Richard Stallman on wired.com (03.18.2015)
^ Keen, Andrew (May 16, 2006). Web 2.0; The second generation of the Internet has arrived. It's worse than you think. The Weekly Standard
^ "Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate". Mic. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
^ Roberts @donnovan_jade, Holly (7 April 2016). "Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City". The Red and Black. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
External links
Wikiversity has learning resources about Free culture movement
Resources
Berry, David M. and Giles Moss. 2006. The Politics of the Libre Commons. First Monday. Volume 11 (September)
Pasquinelli, Matteo. "The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage"; now in Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2008.
Videoblog: Free Culture, Free Software, Free Infrastructures! Openness and Freedom in every Layer of the Network (Interviews with Kloschi (Freifunk), Kurt Jansson (Wikimedia), Jürgen Neumann (Freifunk), Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (United Nations University), Lawrence Lessig (Creative Commons) and Allison and Benoit (Montréal Wireless))
vteIntellectual property activismIssues
Artificial scarcity
Censorship by copyright
Copyright infringement
Copyright troll
Digital rights management
Gripe site
Legal aspects of file sharing
Mashup
digital
music
novel
videos
Monopolies of knowledge
Music piracy
Orphan works
Patents
biological
software
software patent debate
trolling
Public domain
Concepts
All rights reversed
Alternative compensation system
Anti-copyright notice
Business models for open-source software
Copyleft
Commercial use of copyleft works
Commons-based peer production
Electronic sell-through
Free content
Free-software license
Libertarian positions
Open content
Open-design movement
Open music model
Open patent
Open source
hardware
software
Prizes instead of patents
contests
Share-alike
Video on demand
Movements
Access to Knowledge movement
Anti-copyright
Cultural environmentalism
Free-culture movement
Free software movement
OrganizationsPro-copyright
Copyright Alliance
Pro-copyleft
Creative Commons
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Free Software Foundation
Open Rights Group
Organization for Transformative Works
The Pirate Bay
Piratbyrån
Pirate Party
Public Knowledge
Sci-Hub
Shadow library
Students for Free Culture
People
Cory Doctorow
Alexandra Elbakyan
Rick Falkvinge
Lawrence Lessig
Richard Stallman
Peter Suber
Peter Sunde
Aaron Swartz
Documentaries
Steal This Film
Good Copy Bad Copy
RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
TPB AFK
The Internet's Own Boy
vteFree culture and open contentConcepts andpracticesKey concepts
Commons-based peer production
Crowdsourcing
Gratis versus libre
Open collaboration
Open source
Openness
Participatory culture
Sharism
Social peer-to-peer processes
Peer-to-peer banking
Peer-to-peer carsharing
Peer-to-peer lending
Peer-to-peer ridesharing
Research and science
Citizen science
Open science
Access
Notebook science
Research
Science data
Plan S
Data, information,and knowledge
Free content
Knowledge commons
Open communication
Open knowledge
Content
Data
Communicationand learningMedia
Collaborative writing
Democratic media
Open publishing
Participatory media
Peer review
Education
Open education
Educational resources
University
Admissions
Open-door academic policy
Journalism
Citizen media
Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism
Open-source journalism
Economy, production,and developmentProducts
Free and open-source software (FOSS)
Free/libre software
Open-source software
Open-design movement
Robotics
Open gaming
Open-source architecture
Open-source hardware
Economic principles
Gift economy
Open innovation
Open patent
Open standard
Sharing economy
Politics and governance
Open government
Open-source governance
Organizations
Creative Commons
Free Software Foundation
Open Architecture Network
Openmod Initiative
Open Knowledge Foundation
Open Rights Group
Open Source Initiative
Open Web Foundation
Pirate Party
PLOS
SPARC
Activists
Tim Berners-Lee
Alexandra Elbakyan
Lawrence Lessig
Peter Murray-Rust
Douglas Rushkoff
Richard Stallman
Peter Suber
Peter Sunde
Aaron Swartz
John Wilbanks
Projects andmovements
DIYbio
Free-culture movement
Free software movement
Open science movement
Open Source Ecology
Open-source software movement
OpenCores
OpenWetWare
Sci-Hub
Tools
Licenses
Creative Commons
GPL
Definition docs
Free Cultural Works
Free Software
Open
Open Source
Open Data Indices
Open educational resources
Open music model
Open Web movement
vteAcademic publishingJournals
Academic journal
Scientific journal
Public health
Papers
Paper
Abstract
Review article
Position paper
Literature review
Grey literature
Working paper
White paper
Technical report
Annual report
Pamphlet
Essay
Lab notes
Other publication types
Thesis
Collection of articles
Patent
Biological
Chemical
Book
Monograph
Chapter
Poster session
Proceedings
Impact and ranking
Acknowledgment index
Altmetrics
Article-level metrics
Author-level metrics
Bibliometrics
Citation impact
Citation index
Journal ranking
Eigenfactor
h-index
Impact factor
SCImago Journal Rank
Scientometrics
Reform and access
Academic journal publishing reform
Open access
Citation advantage
Serials crisis
Sci-Hub
#ICanHazPDF
Versioning
Preprint
Postprint
Version of record
Erratum
Retraction
Indexes and search engines
Google Scholar
AMiner
BASE
CORE
Semantic Scholar
Scopus
Web of Science
Paperity
OpenAlex
Related topics
Imprint
Scientific writing
Peer review
Scholarly communication
Scientific literature
Learned society
Open research
Open scientific data
ORCID
Electronic publishing
Ingelfinger rule
Least publishable unit
"Publish or perish"
Lists
Academic journals
Scientific journals
Open-access journals
Academic databases and search engines
University presses
Copyright policies
Preprint policies
Style/formatting guides
Category:Academic publishing
Category:Scientific documents | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"link_name":"social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"creative works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_work"},{"link_name":"free content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_reform_movement"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lessig2007-6"},{"link_name":"permission culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permission_culture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"free and open-source-software movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"remix culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture"},{"link_name":"hacker culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_culture"},{"link_name":"access to knowledge movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement"},{"link_name":"copyleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"Lawrence Lessig, an influential activist of the free-culture movement, in 2005The free-culture movement is a social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify the creative works of others in the form of free content[1][2] or open content[3][4][5] without compensation to, or the consent of, the work's original creators, by using the Internet and other forms of media.The movement objects to what it considers over-restrictive copyright laws. Many members of the movement argue that such laws hinder creativity.[6] They call this system \"permission culture\".[7]The free-culture movement, with its ethos of free exchange of ideas, is aligned with the free and open-source-software movement, as well as other movements and philosophies such as open access (OA), the remix culture, the hacker culture, the access to knowledge movement, the copyleft movement and the public domain movement.","title":"Free-culture movement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stewart Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand"},{"link_name":"Whole Earth Catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ronald_J._Baker-8"},{"link_name":"Information wants to be free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"access to information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R._Polk_Wagner-10"}],"sub_title":"Precursors","text":"In the late 1960s, Stewart Brand founded the Whole Earth Catalog and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing.[8] He coined the slogan \"Information wants to be free\" in 1984[9] to advocate against limiting access to information by governmental control, preventing a public domain of information.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act"},{"link_name":"President Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Students for Free Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Stephen Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer"},{"link_name":"John Paul Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens"}],"sub_title":"Background of the formation of the free-culture movement","text":"In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, which President Clinton signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like Disney, and dubbed as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Lawrence Lessig claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law.[11] He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the Students for Free Culture at Swarthmore College.In 1999, Lessig challenged the Bono Act, taking the case to the US Supreme Court. Despite his firm belief in victory, citing the Constitution's plain language about \"limited\" copyright terms, Lessig only gained two dissenting votes: from Justices Stephen Breyer and John Paul Stevens.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"},{"link_name":"remix culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lessig2007-6"},{"link_name":"World Summit on Information Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_Information_Society"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSIS_PCT_events-12"},{"link_name":"Copyleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft"},{"link_name":"free art license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_art_license"},{"link_name":"Free Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_(book)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quart-13"},{"link_name":"Open Content Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Content_Project"},{"link_name":"David A. Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Wiley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Foundation of the Creative Commons","text":"In 2001, Lessig initiated Creative Commons, an alternative \"some rights reserved\" licensing system to the default \"all rights reserved\" copyright system. Lessig focuses on a fair balance between the interest of the public to use and participate into released creative works and the need of protection for a creator's work, which still enables a \"read-write\" remix culture.[6]The term \"free culture\" was originally used since 2003 during the World Summit on Information Society[12] to present the first free license for artistic creation at large, initiated by the Copyleft attitude team in France since 2001 (named free art license). It was then developed in Lawrence Lessig's book Free Culture in 2004.[13]In August 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 Creative Commons precursor by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project and Wiley joined as director.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erik Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erik_Moller,_The_Case_for_Free_Use:_Reasons_Not_to_Use_a_Creative_Commons_-NC_License-16"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Mako Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Definition of Free Cultural Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works"},{"link_name":"Erik Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Mako Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license"},{"link_name":"CC BY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY"},{"link_name":"CC BY-SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY-SA"},{"link_name":"CC0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC0"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Open Knowledge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation"},{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"open knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_knowledge"},{"link_name":"Open Source Definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definition"},{"link_name":"Free Software Definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Definition"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"CC BY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY"},{"link_name":"CC BY-SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_BY-SA"},{"link_name":"CC0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC0"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Open Data Commons Open Database License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_Commons_Open_Database_License"}],"sub_title":"\"Definition of Free Cultural Works\"","text":"In 2005/2006 within the free-culture movement, Creative Commons was criticized by Erik Möller[16] and Benjamin Mako Hill for lacking minimum standards for freedom.[17] Following this, the \"Definition of Free Cultural Works\" was created as collaborative work of many, including Erik Möller, Lawrence Lessig, Benjamin Mako Hill and Richard Stallman.[18] In February 2008, several Creative Commons licenses were \"approved for free cultural works\", namely the CC BY and CC BY-SA (later also the CC0).[19] Creative Commons licenses with restrictions on commercial use or derivative works were not approved.In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation described their definition of \"open\", for open content and open knowledge, as synonymous to the definition of \"free\" in the \"Definition of Free Cultural Works\", noting that both are rooted in the Open Source Definition and Free Software Definition.[20] Therefore, the same three creative commons licenses are recommended for open content and free content, CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0.[21][22][23] The Open Knowledge foundation additionally defined three specialized licenses for data and databases, previously unavailable: the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL), the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY) and the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc.logo.circle.svg"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png"},{"link_name":"FreeCulture.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeCulture.org"},{"link_name":"Remix culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture"},{"link_name":"QuestionCopyright.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//questioncopyright.org"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nina Paley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Paley"},{"link_name":"Sita Sings The Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita_Sings_The_Blues"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Students for Free Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"free and open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"free music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_music"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samudrala-30"},{"link_name":"Ram Samudrala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Samudrala"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_jul181998-31"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes_jul111997-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levi_nov192008-33"},{"link_name":"The Free Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Radical_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-free_radical_2001-34"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_jun101997-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_jun121998-36"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_dec161998-37"},{"link_name":"explosion of the Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotcom_bubble"},{"link_name":"open source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_software"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"P2P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"lossy compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy_compression"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-troelsjust-38"},{"link_name":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schulman_1999a-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music_future-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-napster_compendium-41"}],"text":"Creative Commons logoThe organization commonly associated with free culture is Creative Commons (CC), founded by Lawrence Lessig. CC promotes sharing creative works and diffusing ideas to produce cultural vibrance, scientific progress and business innovation.Student organization FreeCulture.org, inspired by Lessig and founded 2003. The Building blocks are a symbol for reuse and remixing of creative works, used also as symbol of the Remix culture.QuestionCopyright.org is another organization whose stated mission is \"to highlight the economic, artistic, and social harm caused by distribution monopolies, and to demonstrate how freedom-based distribution is better for artists and audiences.\"[24]QuestionCopyright may be best known for its association with artist Nina Paley, whose multi-award-winning feature length animation Sita Sings The Blues has been held up as an extraordinarily successful[25] example of free distribution under the aegis of the \"Sita Distribution Project\".[26] The web site of the organization has a number of resources, publications, and other references related to various copyright, patent, and trademark issues.The student organization Students for Free Culture is sometimes confusingly called \"the Free Culture Movement\", but that is not its official name. The organization is a subset of the greater movement. The first chapter was founded in 1998 at Swarthmore College, and by 2008, the organization had 26 chapters.[27]The free-culture movement takes the ideals of the free and open-source software movement and extends them from the field of software to all cultural and creative works. Early in Creative Commons' life, Richard Stallman (the founder of the Free Software Foundation and the free software movement) supported the organization. He withdrew his support due to the introduction of several licenses including the developing nations (retired in 2007)[28] and sampling licenses.[29] Stallman later restored some support when Creative Commons retired those licenses.The free music movement, a subset of the free-culture movement, started out just as the Web rose in popularity with the Free Music Philosophy[30] by Ram Samudrala in early 1994. It was also based on the idea of free software by Richard Stallman and coincided with nascent open art and open information movements (referred to here as collectively as the \"free-culture movement\"). The Free Music Philosophy used a three-pronged approach to voluntarily encourage the spread of unrestricted copying, based on the fact that copies of recordings and compositions could be made and distributed with complete accuracy and ease via the Internet. The subsequent free music movement was reported on by diverse media outlets including Billboard,[31] Forbes,[32] Levi's Original Music Magazine,[33] The Free Radical,[34] Wired[35][36] and The New York Times.[37] Along with the explosion of the Web driven by open source software and Linux, the rise of P2P and lossy compression, and despite the efforts of the music industry, free music became largely a reality in the early 21st century.[38] Organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Creative Commons with free information champions like Lawrence Lessig were devising numerous licenses that offered different flavors of copyright and copyleft. The question was no longer why and how music should be free, but rather how creativity would flourish while musicians developed models to generate revenue in the Internet era.[39][40][41]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Joshua Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Pearce"},{"link_name":"open-source hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware"},{"link_name":"open-source-appropriate technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source-appropriate_technology"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Megaupload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaupload"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"free hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_hardware"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Skepticism from Richard Stallman","text":"Initially, Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman did not see the importance of free works beyond software.[42] For instance for manuals and books Stallman stated in the 1990s:As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our views.Similarly, in 1999 Stallman said that he sees \"no social imperative for free hardware designs like the imperative for free software\".[43] Other authors, such as Joshua Pearce, have argued that there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware, specifically with respect to open-source-appropriate technology for sustainable development.[44]Later, Stallman changed his position slightly and advocated for free sharing of information in 2009.[45] But, in 2011 Stallman commented on the Megaupload founder's arrest, \"I think all works meant for practical uses must be free, but that does not apply to music, since music is meant for appreciation, not for practical use.\"[46] In a follow-up Stallman differentiated three classes: works of practical use should be free, works representing points of view should be shareable but not changeable and works of art or entertainment should be copyrighted (but only for 10 years).[47] In an essay in 2012 Stallman argued that video games as software should be free but not their artwork.[48] In 2015 Stallman advocated for free hardware designs.[49]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaron Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron_Lanier"},{"link_name":"You Are Not a Gadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_Not_a_Gadget"},{"link_name":"Andrew Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keen"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"},{"link_name":"Cult of the Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Amateur"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keen2.0-50"},{"link_name":"Clay Shirky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shirky"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quart-13"},{"link_name":"street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"My Dog Sighs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Dog_Sighs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"treasure hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_hunt_(game)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Copyright proponents","text":"Vocal criticism against the free-culture movement comes from copyright proponents.Prominent technologist and musician Jaron Lanier discusses this perspective of free culture in his 2010 book You Are Not a Gadget. Lanier's concerns include the depersonalization of crowd-sourced anonymous media (such as Wikipedia) and the economic dignity of middle-class creative artists.Andrew Keen, a critic of Web 2.0, criticizes some of the free culture ideas in his book, Cult of the Amateur, describing Lessig as an \"intellectual property communist\".[50]The decline of the news media industry's market share is blamed on free culture but scholars like Clay Shirky claim that the market itself, not free culture, is what is killing the journalism industry.[13]The free art movement is distinct from the free culture movement as the artist retains full copyright for the work. The free art movement is the practice of artists leaving art in public places for the public to remove and keep. The artwork is usually tagged with a notice stating it is free art, and either with the artist's name or left anonymously. The movement was reinvigorated by British street art practitioner My Dog Sighs coining the term \"Free Art Fridays\".[51] Clues to the location of artworks are sometimes left on social media to combine treasure hunting with art.[52]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Lawrence Lessig, an influential activist of the free-culture movement, in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg/220px-Larry_lessig_etech05_050317.jpg"},{"image_text":"Creative Commons logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/150px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Student organization FreeCulture.org, inspired by Lessig and founded 2003. The Building blocks are a symbol for reuse and remixing of creative works, used also as symbol of the Remix culture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png/150px-Free_Culture_dot_org_logo.png"}] | [{"title":"2600: The Hacker Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2600:_The_Hacker_Quarterly"},{"title":"Access to knowledge movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement"},{"title":"Anti-copyright notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice"},{"title":"Commodification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification"},{"title":"Commons-based peer production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production"},{"title":"Copyleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft"},{"title":"Copyright abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_abolition"},{"title":"Criticism of copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright"},{"title":"Criticism of intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property"},{"title":"Culture vs. Copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_vs._Copyright"},{"title":"Cypherpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunk"},{"title":"Free content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content"},{"title":"Free education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"title":"Freedom of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information"},{"title":"Free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"title":"Information wants to be free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free"},{"title":"Internet freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_freedom"},{"title":"Open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"title":"Open-design movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-design_movement"},{"title":"Open educational resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources"},{"title":"Open-source architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_architecture"},{"title":"Open-source model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_model"},{"title":"Open-source movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_movement"},{"title":"Patentleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentleft"},{"title":"Pirate Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party"},{"title":"Remix culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture"},{"title":"Science 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_2.0"},{"title":"Sharing economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy"},{"title":"The Virtual Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virtual_Revolution"}] | [{"reference":"\"What does a free culture look like?\". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427060906/http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like","url_text":"\"What does a free culture look like?\""},{"url":"http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like%3F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is free culture?\". Students of Free culture. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2009-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164944/http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture","url_text":"\"What is free culture?\""},{"url":"http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larry Lessig (2007-03-01). \"Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity\". ted.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lessig","url_text":"Larry Lessig"},{"url":"https://www.ted.com/talks/larry_lessig_says_the_law_is_strangling_creativity","url_text":"\"Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Ronald J (2008-02-08), Mind over matter: why intellectual capital is the chief source of wealth, John Wiley & Sons, p. 80, ISBN 9780470198810","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O5E_k2u7enkC&q=information%20wants%20to%20be%20free&pg=PA80","url_text":"Mind over matter: why intellectual capital is the chief source of wealth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470198810","url_text":"9780470198810"}]},{"reference":"\"Edge 338\", Edge, no. 338, archived from the original on 2019-07-02, retrieved 2011-04-23","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702093121/https://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge338.html","url_text":"\"Edge 338\""},{"url":"http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge338.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, R Polk, Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control (PDF), University of Pennsylvania, archived from the original (PDF essay) on 2017-09-22, retrieved 2016-05-07","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010644/https://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/pwagner/wagner.control.pdf","url_text":"Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control"},{"url":"http://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/pwagner/wagner.control.pdf","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"Lessig, Lawrence (2004). Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin. p. 368. ISBN 9781101200841. Retrieved March 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hs1GWwnx-wC&q=free+culture","url_text":"Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101200841","url_text":"9781101200841"}]},{"reference":"David A. Wiley (30 June 2003). \"OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine\". opencontent.org. Archived from the original on 2003-08-02. Retrieved 2016-02-21. I'm closing OpenContent because I think Creative Commons is doing a better job of providing licensing options which will stand up in court.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Wiley","url_text":"David A. Wiley"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030802222546/http://opencontent.org/","url_text":"\"OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine\""},{"url":"http://opencontent.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erik Moeller (2006). \"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\" (PDF). Open Source Jahrbuch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/download/jb2006/chapter_06/osjb2006-06-02-en-moeller.pdf","url_text":"\"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin Mako Hill (June 29, 2005). \"Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement\". Mako.cc. Retrieved 2011-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill","url_text":"Benjamin Mako Hill"},{"url":"http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html","url_text":"\"Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Approved for Free Cultural Works\". 2008-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051","url_text":"\"Approved for Free Cultural Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\". Creative Commons. 2007-06-04. Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2007/06/04/retiring-standalone-devnations-and-one-sampling-license/","url_text":"\"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\""}]},{"reference":"Samudrala, Ram (1994). \"The Free Music Philosophy\". Retrieved 2008-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Samudrala","url_text":"Samudrala, Ram"},{"url":"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html#what_it_is","url_text":"\"The Free Music Philosophy\""}]},{"reference":"Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (18 July 1998). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9wkEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Brett Watson (1999-02-10). \"Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property\". Retrieved 2016-02-24. Is Software special? [...] So restricting modification is not necessarily evil when it comes to \"articles and books\"? Or does he just mean that we aren't obliged to let others misrepresent us? Alas, no mention of restricting verbatim duplication. Even Stallman's story on \"The Right to Read\" does not address the issue directly, despite being about IPR issues other than software. It extrapolates a dystopian future from our current position and acts as a warning about current trends, but offers no comment on the status quo. [...] There is a striking lack of discussion from the usual leaders with regards to the application of copyright in areas other than software. Raymond is mute, and Stallman mumbles. They both seem to view software as a special case: Raymond tacitly, and Stallman explicitly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/free-software-philosophy.html","url_text":"\"Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property\""}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Joshua M. (2012). \"The case for open source appropriate technology\". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 14 (3): 425–431. Bibcode:2012EDSus..14..425P. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9","url_text":"\"The case for open source appropriate technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EDSus..14..425P","url_text":"2012EDSus..14..425P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9","url_text":"10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9"}]},{"reference":"Stallman, Richard (2009). \"Ending the War on Sharing\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman","url_text":"Stallman, Richard"},{"url":"http://stallman.org/articles/end-war-on-sharing.html","url_text":"\"Ending the War on Sharing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate\". Mic. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2022-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mic.com/articles/30569/free-art-friday-a-global-art-movement-everyone-can-appreciate","url_text":"\"Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts @donnovan_jade, Holly (7 April 2016). \"Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City\". The Red and Black. Retrieved 2022-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redandblack.com/culture/month-long-art-scavenger-hunt-free-art-movement-comes-to-classic-city/article_1752f2b2-fc2b-11e5-b1f6-cbc8592908a3.html","url_text":"\"Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://questioncopyright.org/","external_links_name":"QuestionCopyright.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427060906/http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like","external_links_name":"\"What does a free culture look like?\""},{"Link":"http://wiki.freeculture.org/What_does_a_free_culture_look_like%3F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164944/http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture","external_links_name":"\"What is free culture?\""},{"Link":"http://wiki.freeculture.org/Free_culture","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu2rAgAAQBAJ&dq=free+culture+movement+open+content&pg=PA201","external_links_name":"The Alternative Media Handbook"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openaccesswhatyo0000craw/page/23","external_links_name":"Open Access: What You Need to Know Now"},{"Link":"https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Open_Content_-_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences/Guide","external_links_name":"Open Content - A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licences"},{"Link":"https://www.ted.com/talks/larry_lessig_says_the_law_is_strangling_creativity","external_links_name":"\"Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFDA1439F936A15752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"The Tyranny of Copyright?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090228064018/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFDA1439F936A15752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O5E_k2u7enkC&q=information%20wants%20to%20be%20free&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"Mind over matter: why intellectual capital is the chief source of wealth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702093121/https://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge338.html","external_links_name":"\"Edge 338\""},{"Link":"http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/edge338.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010644/https://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/pwagner/wagner.control.pdf","external_links_name":"Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control"},{"Link":"http://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/pwagner/wagner.control.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hs1GWwnx-wC&q=free+culture","external_links_name":"Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity"},{"Link":"http://muguet.com/www.wsis-pct.org/pct-events.html","external_links_name":"\"PCT WORKING GROUP EVENT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130729180141/http://muguet.com/www.wsis-pct.org/pct-events.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cjr.org/feature/expensive_gifts.php","external_links_name":"\"Expensive Gifts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030802222546/http://opencontent.org/","external_links_name":"\"OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine\""},{"Link":"http://opencontent.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blog.creativecommons.org/2003/06/23/creativecommonswelcomesdavidwileyaseducationaluselicenseprojectlead/","external_links_name":"Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead"},{"Link":"http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/download/jb2006/chapter_06/osjb2006-06-02-en-moeller.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\""},{"Link":"http://mako.cc/writing/toward_a_standard_of_freedom.html","external_links_name":"\"Towards a Standard of Freedom: Creative Commons and the Free Software Movement\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051","external_links_name":"\"Approved for Free Cultural Works\""},{"Link":"http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/","external_links_name":"Open Definition 2.1"},{"Link":"http://opendefinition.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"licenses"},{"Link":"https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/","external_links_name":"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition"},{"Link":"https://blog.creativecommons.org/2014/10/07/open-definition-2-0-released/","external_links_name":"Open Definition 2.0 released"},{"Link":"http://questioncopyright.org/","external_links_name":"A Clearinghouse For New Ideas About Copyright"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04IeQo4RCQ","external_links_name":"Nina Paley at HOPE 2010"},{"Link":"http://questioncopyright.org/sita_distribution","external_links_name":"The Sita Sings the Blues Distribution Project"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151022041437/http://questioncopyright.org/sita_distribution","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thenation.com/article/mr-lessig-goes-washington","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Lessig Goes to Washington\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017193456/http://www.thenation.com/article/mr-lessig-goes-washington/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2007/06/04/retiring-standalone-devnations-and-one-sampling-license/","external_links_name":"\"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060222104211/http://www.linuxp2p.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=10771","external_links_name":"interview for LinuxP2P"},{"Link":"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html#what_it_is","external_links_name":"\"The Free Music Philosophy\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9wkEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"Billboard"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/1997/07/11/habeus.html","external_links_name":"Penenberg A. Habias copyrightus. \"Forbes\", July 11 1997"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100601073457/http://www.levi.co.za/MusicMag/Category/Detail/Detail.aspx?ID=914","external_links_name":"Durbach D. \"Short fall to freedom: The free music insurgency\". Levi's Original Music Magazine, November 19, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.freeradical.co.nz/content/47/47ballin.php","external_links_name":"Ballin M. Unfair Use. \"The Free Radical\" 47, 2001"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/06/4361","external_links_name":"Oakes C. Recording industry goes to war against web sites. Wired, June 10 1997"},{"Link":"http://freerockload.ucoz.com/","external_links_name":"Stutz M. They (used to) write the songs. Wired, June 12 1998"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/12/cyber/articles/16trade.html","external_links_name":"Napoli L. Fans of MP3 forced the issue. \"The New York Times\", December 16 1998"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114528/http://www.troelsjust.dk/?page_id=149","external_links_name":"Alternate Kinds of Freedom"},{"Link":"http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v12/oldNonPaginated(DONOTUSE)/12HarvJLTech589.pdf","external_links_name":"Schulman BM. The song heard 'round the world: The copyright implications of MP3s and the future of digital music. \"Harvard Journal of Law and Technology\" 12: 3, 1999."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409021202/http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v12/oldNonPaginated(DONOTUSE)/12HarvJLTech589.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/music_future.html","external_links_name":"Samudrala R. The future of music. 1997"},{"Link":"http://www.musicdish.com/downloads/napster_compendium.pdf","external_links_name":"Story of a Revolution: Napster & the Music Industry. \"MusicDish\", 2000"},{"Link":"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/free-software-philosophy.html","external_links_name":"\"Philosophies of Free Software and Intellectual Property\""},{"Link":"http://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/1999062200505NWLF","external_links_name":"Richard Stallman -- On \"Free Hardware\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9","external_links_name":"\"The case for open source appropriate technology\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EDSus..14..425P","external_links_name":"2012EDSus..14..425P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9"},{"Link":"http://stallman.org/articles/end-war-on-sharing.html","external_links_name":"\"Ending the War on Sharing\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jan/30/google-facebook-antiphishing-megaupload","external_links_name":"Boot up: Google and Facebook work on antiphishing tool, Richard Stallman on MegaUpload arrests, and more"},{"Link":"https://stallman.org/articles/guardian-correction.html","external_links_name":"Correcting The Guardian's paraphrase"},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/nonfree-games.en.html","external_links_name":"Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2015/03/richard-stallman-how-to-make-hardware-designs-free/","external_links_name":"Hardware Designs Should Be Free. Here's How to Do It"},{"Link":"http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/714fjczq.asp","external_links_name":"Web 2.0; The second generation of the Internet has arrived. It's worse than you think."},{"Link":"https://www.mic.com/articles/30569/free-art-friday-a-global-art-movement-everyone-can-appreciate","external_links_name":"\"Free Art Friday: A Global Art Movement Everyone Can Appreciate\""},{"Link":"https://www.redandblack.com/culture/month-long-art-scavenger-hunt-free-art-movement-comes-to-classic-city/article_1752f2b2-fc2b-11e5-b1f6-cbc8592908a3.html","external_links_name":"\"Month-long art scavenger hunt, Free Art Movement, comes to Classic City\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100411063525/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1403/1321","external_links_name":"The Politics of the Libre Commons"},{"Link":"http://matteopasquinelli.com/docs/ideology-of-free-culture.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Ideology of Free Culture and the Grammar of Sabotage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064818/http://perspektive89.com/2006/10/18/free_culture_free_software_free_infrastructures_openness_and_freedom_in_every_layer_of_the_network_flo_fleissig_episo","external_links_name":"Free Culture, Free Software, Free Infrastructures! Openness and Freedom in every Layer of the Network"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying | Frequency-shift keying | ["1 Modulating and demodulating","2 Variations","2.1 Multiple frequency-shift keying","2.2 Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying","2.3 Gaussian frequency-shift keying","2.4 Minimum-shift keying","2.5 Gaussian minimum-shift keying","2.6 Audio frequency-shift keying","2.7 Multilevel frequency-shift keying","3 Applications","4 Caller ID and remote metering standards","4.1 European Telecommunications Standards Institute","4.2 Telcordia Technologies","4.3 British Telecom","4.4 Cable Communications Association","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Data communications modulation protocol
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frequency-shift keying" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Passband modulation
Analog modulation
AM
FM
PM
QAM
SM
SSB
Digital modulation
ASK
APSK
CPM
FSK
MFSK
MSK
OOK
PPM
PSK
QAM
SC-FDE
TCM
WDM
Hierarchical modulation
QAM
WDM
Spread spectrum
CSS
DSSS
FHSS
THSS
See also
Capacity-approaching codes
Demodulation
Line coding
Modem
AnM
PoM
PAM
PCM
PDM
PWM
ΔΣM
OFDM
FDM
Multiplexing
vte
An example of binary FSK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the frequency of the carrier between several discrete frequencies. The technology is used for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK, which is also commonly referred to as 2FSK or 2-FSK), in which the carrier is shifted between two discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.
Modulating and demodulating
Reference implementations of FSK modems exist and are documented in detail. The demodulation of a binary FSK signal can be done using the Goertzel algorithm very efficiently, even on low-power microcontrollers.
Variations
Multiple frequency-shift keying
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
Main article: continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
In principle FSK can be implemented by using completely independent free-running oscillators, and switching between them at the beginning of each symbol period.
In general, independent oscillators will not be at the same phase and therefore the same amplitude at the switch-over instant,
causing sudden discontinuities in the transmitted signal.
In practice, many FSK transmitters use only a single oscillator, and the process of switching to a different frequency at the beginning of each symbol period preserves the phase.
The elimination of discontinuities in the phase (and therefore elimination of sudden changes in amplitude) reduces sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels.
Gaussian frequency-shift keying
Rather than directly modulating the frequency with the digital data symbols, "instantaneously" changing the frequency at the beginning of each symbol period, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) filters the data pulses with a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother. This filter has the advantage of reducing sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels, at the cost of increasing intersymbol interference. It is used by Improved Layer 2 Protocol, DECT, Bluetooth, Cypress WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-Wave and Wavenis devices. For basic data rate Bluetooth the minimum deviation is 115 kHz.
A GFSK modulator differs from a simple frequency-shift keying modulator in that before the baseband waveform (with levels −1 and +1) goes into the FSK modulator, it passed through a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother to limit spectral width. Gaussian filtering is a standard way to reduce spectral width; it is called pulse shaping in this application.
In ordinary non-filtered FSK, at a jump from −1 to +1 or +1 to −1, the modulated waveform changes rapidly, which introduces large out-of-band spectrum. If the pulse is changed going from −1 to +1 as −1, −0.98, −0.93, ..., +0.93, +0.98, +1, and this smoother pulse is used to determine the carrier frequency, the out-of-band spectrum will be reduced.
Minimum-shift keying
Main article: Minimum-shift keying
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms that represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. The maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.25 fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal.
Gaussian minimum-shift keying
Main article: Gaussian minimum-shift keying
A variant of MSK called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
Audio frequency-shift keying
Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is represented by changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a binary zero.
AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation at baseband frequencies. In radio applications, the AFSK-modulated signal normally is being used to modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional technique, such as AM or FM) for transmission.
AFSK is not always used for high-speed data communications, since it is far less efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other modulation modes. In addition to its simplicity, however, AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled links, including most equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.
AFSK is used in the U.S.-based Emergency Alert System to notify stations of the type of emergency, locations affected, and the time of issue without actually hearing the text of the alert.
Multilevel frequency-shift keying
Phase 1 radios in the Project 25 system use 4-level frequency-shift keying (4FSK).
Applications
1200 baud AFSK signal
Listen to an example of a 1200 baud AFSK-modulated signal.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1910, Reginald Fessenden invented a two-tone method of transmitting Morse code. Dots and dashes were replaced with different tones of equal length. The intent was to minimize transmission time.
Some early Continuous Wave (CW) transmitters employed an arc converter that could not be conveniently keyed. Instead of turning the arc on and off, the key slightly changed the transmitter frequency in a technique known as the compensation-wave method. The compensation-wave was not used at the receiver. Spark transmitters used for this method consumed a lot of bandwidth and caused interference, so it was discouraged by 1921.
Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) to send and receive data at rates up to about 1200 bits per second. The Bell 103 and Bell 202 modems used this technique. Even today, North American caller ID uses 1200 baud AFSK in the form of the Bell 202 standard. Some early microcomputers used a specific form of AFSK modulation, the Kansas City standard, to store data on audio cassettes. AFSK is still widely used in amateur radio, as it allows data transmission through unmodified voiceband equipment.
AFSK is also used in the United States' Emergency Alert System to transmit warning information. It is used at higher bitrates for Weathercopy used on Weatheradio by NOAA in the U.S.
The CHU shortwave radio station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada broadcasts an exclusive digital time signal encoded using AFSK modulation.
Caller ID and remote metering standards
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is commonly used over telephone lines for caller ID (displaying callers' numbers) and remote metering applications. There are several variations of this technology.
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
In some countries of Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards 200 778-1 and -2 – replacing 300 778-1 & -2 – allow 3 physical transport layers (Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore), British Telecom (BT) and Cable Communications Association (CCA)), combined with 2 data formats Multiple Data Message Format (MDMF) & Single Data Message Format (SDMF), plus the Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) system and a no-ring mode for meter-reading and the like. It's more of a recognition that the different types exist than an attempt to define a single "standard".
Telcordia Technologies
The Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) standard is used in the United States, Canada (but see below), Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore. It sends the data after the first ring tone and uses the 1200 bits per second Bell 202 tone modulation. The data may be sent in SDMF – which includes the date, time and number – or in MDMF, which adds a NAME field.
British Telecom
British Telecom (BT) in the United Kingdom developed their own standard, which wakes up the display with a line reversal, then sends the data as CCITT v.23 modem tones in a format similar to MDMF. It is used by BT, wireless networks like the late Ionica, and some cable companies. Details are to be found in BT Supplier Information Notes (SINs) 227 Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine(link broken 28/7/21) and 242 Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine(link broken 28/7/21); another useful document is Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for BT Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine from the EXAR website.
Cable Communications Association
The Cable Communications Association (CCA) of the United Kingdom developed their own standard which sends the information after a short first ring, as either Bell 202 or V.23 tones. They developed a new standard rather than change some "street boxes" (multiplexors) which couldn't cope with the BT standard. The UK cable industry use a variety of switches: most are Nortel DMS-100; some are System X; System Y; and Nokia DX220. Note that some of these use the BT standard instead of the CCA one. The data format is similar to the BT one, but the transport layer is more like Telcordia Technologies, so North American or European equipment is more likely to detect it.
See also
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK)
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF), another encoding technique representing data by pairs of audio frequencies
Frequency-change signaling
Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK)
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Federal Standard 1037C
MIL-STD-188
Spread frequency-shift keying (S-FSK)
References
^ Kennedy, G.; Davis, B. (1992). Electronic Communication Systems (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-07-112672-4., p 509
^ FSK: Signals and Demodulation (B. Watson) http://www.xn--sten-cpa.se/share/text/tektext/digital-modulation/FSK_signals_demod.pdf Archived 2012-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
^ Teaching DSP through the Practical Case Study of an FSK Modem (TI) http://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra347/spra347.pdf
^ FSK Modulation and Demodulation With the MSP430 Microcontroller (TI) http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa037/slaa037.pdf Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ ieeexplore.ieee.org, Sweeney, D.; "An introduction to bluetooth a standard for short range wireless networking" Proceedings. 15th Annual IEEE International ASIC/SOC Conference, Rochester, NY, US, 25-28 Sept. 2002, pp. 474–475. 2002.
^ Nordic Semiconductor. nRF24LU1+ Preliminary Product Specification v1.2Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ LPRF Archived 2017-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bhagwat, Pravin (10 May 2005). "Bluetooth: 1.Applications, Technology and Performance". p. 21. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^
Essam Atalla et al.
"A Practical Step Forward Toward Software-Defined Radio Transmitters".
p. 1.
^
Steve Ford.
"ARRL's VHF Digital Handbook".
2008.
p. 6-2.
^ Morse 1925, p. 44; Morse cites British patent 2,617/11.
^ Bureau of Standards 1922, pp. 415–416
^ Little 1921, p. 125
^ Kennedy & Davis 1992, pp. 549–550
^ Peschke, Manfred; Pesche, Virgina (2016-12-24). "Kansas City Standard". swtpc.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
Bureau of Standards (1922), The Principles Underlying Radio Communication (Second ed.), U.S. Army Signal Corps, ISBN 9781440078590, Radio Communications Pamphlet No. 40. Revised to April 24, 1921.
Little, D. G. (April 1921), "Continuous Wave Radio Communication", Electric Journal, 18: 124–129
Morse, A. H. (1925), Radio: Beam and Broadcast, London: Ernest Benn Limited
External links
dFSK: Distributed Frequency Shift Keying Modulation in Dense Sensor Networks
M Nasseri, J Kim, M Alam - Proceedings of the 17th Communications & Networking, 2014, Unified metric calculation of sampling-based turbo-coded noncoherent MFSK for mobile channel
J Kim, P Raorane, M Nasseri, M Alam - Proceedings of the 46th Annual Simulation Symposium, 2013, Performance analysis of sampling-based turbo coded NCQFSK for image data transmission | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fsk.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FSK-FMCW_Principle.png"},{"link_name":"frequency modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"carrier signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_signal"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"telemetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry"},{"link_name":"radiosondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosonde"},{"link_name":"caller ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"garage door openers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_opener"},{"link_name":"VLF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency"},{"link_name":"ELF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An example of binary FSKFrequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the frequency of the carrier between several discrete frequencies.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers, and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK, which is also commonly referred to as 2FSK or 2-FSK), in which the carrier is shifted between two discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.[2]","title":"Frequency-shift keying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Goertzel algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goertzel_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Reference implementations of FSK modems exist and are documented in detail.[3] The demodulation of a binary FSK signal can be done using the Goertzel algorithm very efficiently, even on low-power microcontrollers.[4]","title":"Modulating and demodulating"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple frequency-shift keying","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideband"}],"sub_title":"Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying","text":"In principle FSK can be implemented by using completely independent free-running oscillators, and switching between them at the beginning of each symbol period.\nIn general, independent oscillators will not be at the same phase and therefore the same amplitude at the switch-over instant,\ncausing sudden discontinuities in the transmitted signal.In practice, many FSK transmitters use only a single oscillator, and the process of switching to a different frequency at the beginning of each symbol period preserves the phase.\nThe elimination of discontinuities in the phase (and therefore elimination of sudden changes in amplitude) reduces sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaussian filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_filter"},{"link_name":"sideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideband"},{"link_name":"intersymbol interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersymbol_interference"},{"link_name":"Improved Layer 2 Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Layer_2_Protocol"},{"link_name":"DECT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cypress WirelessUSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypress_WirelessUSB&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordic Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IEEE 802.15.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4"},{"link_name":"Z-Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave"},{"link_name":"Wavenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wavenis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"Gaussian filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_filter"},{"link_name":"pulse shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_shaping"},{"link_name":"carrier frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Gaussian frequency-shift keying","text":"Rather than directly modulating the frequency with the digital data symbols, \"instantaneously\" changing the frequency at the beginning of each symbol period, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) filters the data pulses with a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother. This filter has the advantage of reducing sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels, at the cost of increasing intersymbol interference. It is used by Improved Layer 2 Protocol, DECT, Bluetooth,[5] Cypress WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor,[6] Texas Instruments,[7] IEEE 802.15.4, Z-Wave and Wavenis devices. For basic data rate Bluetooth the minimum deviation is 115 kHz.A GFSK modulator differs from a simple frequency-shift keying modulator in that before the baseband waveform (with levels −1 and +1) goes into the FSK modulator, it passed through a Gaussian filter to make the transitions smoother to limit spectral width. Gaussian filtering is a standard way to reduce spectral width; it is called pulse shaping in this application.In ordinary non-filtered FSK, at a jump from −1 to +1 or +1 to −1, the modulated waveform changes rapidly, which introduces large out-of-band spectrum. If the pulse is changed going from −1 to +1 as −1, −0.98, −0.93, ..., +0.93, +0.98, +1, and this smoother pulse is used to determine the carrier frequency, the out-of-band spectrum will be reduced.[8]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_deviation"},{"link_name":"modulation index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_index"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal"}],"sub_title":"Minimum-shift keying","text":"Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms that represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. The maximum frequency deviation is δ = 0.25 fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency. As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMSK"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"mobile phone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"}],"sub_title":"Gaussian minimum-shift keying","text":"A variant of MSK called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"digital data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"RF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_signal"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AC-coupled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_coupling"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"}],"sub_title":"Audio frequency-shift keying","text":"Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is represented by changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two tones: one, the \"mark\", represents a binary one; the other, the \"space\", represents a binary zero.AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation at baseband frequencies. In radio applications, the AFSK-modulated signal normally is being used to modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional technique, such as AM or FM) for transmission.AFSK is not always used for high-speed data communications, since it is far less efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other modulation modes.[citation needed] In addition to its simplicity, however, AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled links, including most equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.AFSK is used in the U.S.-based Emergency Alert System to notify stations of the type of emergency, locations affected, and the time of issue without actually hearing the text of the alert.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Multilevel frequency-shift keying","text":"Phase 1 radios in the Project 25 system use 4-level frequency-shift keying (4FSK).[9][10]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1200 baud AFSK signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFSK_1200_baud.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Reginald Fessenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"arc converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_converter"},{"link_name":"keyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-off_keying"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Spark transmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"modems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem"},{"link_name":"Bell 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_103_modem"},{"link_name":"Bell 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_202_modem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"caller ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"Bell 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_202"},{"link_name":"microcomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer"},{"link_name":"Kansas City standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_standard"},{"link_name":"audio cassettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_cassette"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bitrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate"},{"link_name":"Weathercopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weathercopy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Weatheradio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatheradio"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"CHU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHU_(callsign)"},{"link_name":"shortwave radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"1200 baud AFSK signal\n\nListen to an example of a 1200 baud AFSK-modulated signal.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.In 1910, Reginald Fessenden invented a two-tone method of transmitting Morse code. Dots and dashes were replaced with different tones of equal length.[11] The intent was to minimize transmission time.Some early Continuous Wave (CW) transmitters employed an arc converter that could not be conveniently keyed. Instead of turning the arc on and off, the key slightly changed the transmitter frequency in a technique known as the compensation-wave method.[12] The compensation-wave was not used at the receiver. Spark transmitters used for this method consumed a lot of bandwidth and caused interference, so it was discouraged by 1921.[13]Most early telephone-line modems used audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) to send and receive data at rates up to about 1200 bits per second. The Bell 103 and Bell 202 modems used this technique.[14] Even today, North American caller ID uses 1200 baud AFSK in the form of the Bell 202 standard. Some early microcomputers used a specific form of AFSK modulation, the Kansas City standard, to store data on audio cassettes.[15] AFSK is still widely used in amateur radio, as it allows data transmission through unmodified voiceband equipment.AFSK is also used in the United States' Emergency Alert System to transmit warning information.[citation needed] It is used at higher bitrates for Weathercopy used on Weatheradio by NOAA in the U.S.The CHU shortwave radio station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada broadcasts an exclusive digital time signal encoded using AFSK modulation.[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caller ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"remote metering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_metering"}],"text":"Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is commonly used over telephone lines for caller ID (displaying callers' numbers) and remote metering applications. There are several variations of this technology.","title":"Caller ID and remote metering standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"Telcordia Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies"},{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Cable Communications Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_Communications_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Multiple Data Message Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"Single Data Message Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"Dual-tone multi-frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency"}],"sub_title":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute","text":"In some countries of Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards 200 778-1 and -2 – replacing 300 778-1 & -2 – allow 3 physical transport layers (Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore), British Telecom (BT) and Cable Communications Association (CCA)), combined with 2 data formats Multiple Data Message Format (MDMF) & Single Data Message Format (SDMF), plus the Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) system and a no-ring mode for meter-reading and the like. It's more of a recognition that the different types exist than an attempt to define a single \"standard\".","title":"Caller ID and remote metering standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telcordia Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"bits per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate"},{"link_name":"Bell 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_202"}],"sub_title":"Telcordia Technologies","text":"The Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) standard is used in the United States, Canada (but see below), Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore. It sends the data after the first ring tone and uses the 1200 bits per second Bell 202 tone modulation. The data may be sent in SDMF – which includes the date, time and number – or in MDMF, which adds a NAME field.","title":"Caller ID and remote metering standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"CCITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"Ionica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionica_(company)"},{"link_name":"Supplier Information Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplier_Information_Note&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/227v3p6.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140726125549/http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/227v3p6.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/242v2p4.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140726130003/http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/242v2p4.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.exar.com/common/content/document.ashx?id=248"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160306003503/http://www.exar.com/common/content/document.ashx?id=248"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"EXAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EXAR&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"British Telecom","text":"British Telecom (BT) in the United Kingdom developed their own standard, which wakes up the display with a line reversal, then sends the data as CCITT v.23 modem tones in a format similar to MDMF. It is used by BT, wireless networks like the late Ionica, and some cable companies. Details are to be found in BT Supplier Information Notes (SINs) 227 Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine(link broken 28/7/21) and 242 Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine(link broken 28/7/21); another useful document is Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for BT Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine from the EXAR website.","title":"Caller ID and remote metering standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cable Communications Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_Communications_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bell 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_202_modem"},{"link_name":"V.23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_V.23"},{"link_name":"Nortel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel"},{"link_name":"System X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_X_(telephony)"},{"link_name":"System Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Y"},{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"}],"sub_title":"Cable Communications Association","text":"The Cable Communications Association (CCA) of the United Kingdom developed their own standard which sends the information after a short first ring, as either Bell 202 or V.23 tones. They developed a new standard rather than change some \"street boxes\" (multiplexors) which couldn't cope with the BT standard. The UK cable industry use a variety of switches: most are Nortel DMS-100; some are System X; System Y; and Nokia DX220. Note that some of these use the BT standard instead of the CCA one. The data format is similar to the BT one, but the transport layer is more like Telcordia Technologies, so North American or European equipment is more likely to detect it.","title":"Caller ID and remote metering standards"}] | [{"image_text":"An example of binary FSK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fsk.svg/300px-Fsk.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/FSK-FMCW_Principle.png/220px-FSK-FMCW_Principle.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Amplitude-shift keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying"},{"title":"Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-phase_frequency-shift_keying"},{"title":"Dual-tone multi-frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency"},{"title":"Frequency-change signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-change_signaling"},{"title":"Multiple frequency-shift keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_frequency-shift_keying"},{"title":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"title":"Phase-shift keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying"},{"title":"Federal Standard 1037C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C"},{"title":"MIL-STD-188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-188"},{"title":"Spread frequency-shift keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_frequency-shift_keying"}] | [{"reference":"Kennedy, G.; Davis, B. (1992). Electronic Communication Systems (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-07-112672-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-112672-4","url_text":"978-0-07-112672-4"}]},{"reference":"Bhagwat, Pravin (10 May 2005). \"Bluetooth: 1.Applications, Technology and Performance\". p. 21. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mayez/ps-coe541/references/Chapter11.ppt","url_text":"\"Bluetooth: 1.Applications, Technology and Performance\""}]},{"reference":"Peschke, Manfred; Pesche, Virgina (2016-12-24). \"Kansas City Standard\". swtpc.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2023-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224113109/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/AC30/KansasCityStandard.htm","url_text":"\"Kansas City Standard\""},{"url":"http://www.swtpc.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Standards (1922), The Principles Underlying Radio Communication (Second ed.), U.S. Army Signal Corps, ISBN 9781440078590, Radio Communications Pamphlet No. 40","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST","url_text":"Bureau of Standards"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TsTZCjhSG2EC","url_text":"The Principles Underlying Radio Communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440078590","url_text":"9781440078590"}]},{"reference":"Little, D. G. (April 1921), \"Continuous Wave Radio Communication\", Electric Journal, 18: 124–129","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/electricjournal18elecuoft","url_text":"\"Continuous Wave Radio Communication\""}]},{"reference":"Morse, A. H. (1925), Radio: Beam and Broadcast, London: Ernest Benn Limited","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/radiobeamandbroa029214mbp","url_text":"Radio: Beam and Broadcast"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22","external_links_name":"\"Frequency-shift keying\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Frequency-shift+keying%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/227v3p6.pdf","external_links_name":"227"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726125549/http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/227v3p6.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/242v2p4.pdf","external_links_name":"242"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726130003/http://www.sinet.bt.com/sinet/SINs/pdf/242v2p4.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.exar.com/common/content/document.ashx?id=248","external_links_name":"Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for BT"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306003503/http://www.exar.com/common/content/document.ashx?id=248","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.xn--sten-cpa.se/share/text/tektext/digital-modulation/FSK_signals_demod.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.xn--sten-cpa.se/share/text/tektext/digital-modulation/FSK_signals_demod.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120907031840/http://www.xn--sten-cpa.se/share/text/tektext/digital-modulation/FSK_signals_demod.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra347/spra347.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/spra347/spra347.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa037/slaa037.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa037/slaa037.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406002335/http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa037/slaa037.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1158106","external_links_name":"ieeexplore.ieee.org"},{"Link":"https://www.nordicsemi.com/files/Product/data_sheet/Preliminary_Product_Specification_nRF24LU1P_v1_2.pdf","external_links_name":"nRF24LU1+ Preliminary Product Specification v1.2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110220064408/http://www.nordicsemi.com/files/Product/data_sheet/Preliminary_Product_Specification_nRF24LU1P_v1_2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:LPRF","external_links_name":"LPRF"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162432/http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:LPRF","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mayez/ps-coe541/references/Chapter11.ppt","external_links_name":"\"Bluetooth: 1.Applications, Technology and Performance\""},{"Link":"http://www.utdallas.edu/~kamran/SDR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Practical Step Forward Toward Software-Defined Radio Transmitters\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXqWt8On88C","external_links_name":"\"ARRL's VHF Digital Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224113109/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/AC30/KansasCityStandard.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kansas City Standard\""},{"Link":"http://www.swtpc.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TsTZCjhSG2EC","external_links_name":"The Principles Underlying Radio Communication"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/electricjournal18elecuoft","external_links_name":"\"Continuous Wave Radio Communication\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/radiobeamandbroa029214mbp","external_links_name":"Radio: Beam and Broadcast"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1312602","external_links_name":"dFSK: Distributed Frequency Shift Keying Modulation in Dense Sensor Networks"},{"Link":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2663508","external_links_name":"M Nasseri, J Kim, M Alam - Proceedings of the 17th Communications & Networking, 2014, Unified metric calculation of sampling-based turbo-coded noncoherent MFSK for mobile channel"},{"Link":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2499616","external_links_name":"J Kim, P Raorane, M Nasseri, M Alam - Proceedings of the 46th Annual Simulation Symposium, 2013, Performance analysis of sampling-based turbo coded NCQFSK for image data transmission"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution | Frequency (statistics) | ["1 Types","2 Depicting frequency distributions","2.1 Construction","2.2 Histograms","2.3 Bar graphs","2.4 Frequency distribution table","2.5 Joint frequency distributions","3 Interpretation","4 Applications","5 See also","6 References"] | Number of occurrences in an experiment or study
For other uses, see Frequency (disambiguation).
In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event
i
{\displaystyle i}
is the number
n
i
{\displaystyle n_{i}}
of times the observation has occurred/recorded in an experiment or study.: 12–19 These frequencies are often depicted graphically or in tabular form.
Types
The cumulative frequency is the total of the absolute frequencies of all events at or below a certain point in an ordered list of events.: 17–19
The relative frequency (or empirical probability) of an event is the absolute frequency normalized by the total number of events:
f
i
=
n
i
N
=
n
i
∑
j
n
j
.
{\displaystyle f_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{N}}={\frac {n_{i}}{\sum _{j}n_{j}}}.}
The values of
f
i
{\displaystyle f_{i}}
for all events
i
{\displaystyle i}
can be plotted to produce a frequency distribution.
In the case when
n
i
=
0
{\displaystyle n_{i}=0}
for certain
i
{\displaystyle i}
, pseudocounts can be added.
Depicting frequency distributions
Histogram of travel time (to work), US 2000 censusBar chart, with 'Country' as the categorical variable for the discrete data setHorizontal 3D bar chartPie chart of world population by countryDifferent ways of depicting frequency distributions
A frequency distribution shows a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data notably to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sales of a product within a certain period, student loan amounts of graduates, etc. Some of the graphs that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, line charts, bar charts and pie charts. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.
Construction
Decide the number of classes. Too many classes or too few classes might not reveal the basic shape of the data set, also it will be difficult to interpret such frequency distribution. The ideal number of classes may be determined or estimated by formula:
number of classes
=
C
=
1
+
3.3
log
n
{\displaystyle {\text{number of classes}}=C=1+3.3\log n}
(log base 10), or by the square-root choice formula
C
=
n
{\displaystyle C={\sqrt {n}}}
where n is the total number of observations in the data. (The latter will be much too large for large data sets such as population statistics.) However, these formulas are not a hard rule and the resulting number of classes determined by formula may not always be exactly suitable with the data being dealt with.
Calculate the range of the data (Range = Max – Min) by finding the minimum and maximum data values. Range will be used to determine the class interval or class width.
Decide the width of the classes, denoted by h and obtained by
h
=
range
number of classes
{\displaystyle h={\frac {\text{range}}{\text{number of classes}}}}
(assuming the class intervals are the same for all classes).
Generally the class interval or class width is the same for all classes. The classes all taken together must cover at least the distance from the lowest value (minimum) in the data to the highest (maximum) value. Equal class intervals are preferred in frequency distribution, while unequal class intervals (for example logarithmic intervals) may be necessary in certain situations to produce a good spread of observations between the classes and avoid a large number of empty, or almost empty classes.
Decide the individual class limits and select a suitable starting point of the first class which is arbitrary; it may be less than or equal to the minimum value. Usually it is started before the minimum value in such a way that the midpoint (the average of lower and upper class limits of the first class) is properly placed.
Take an observation and mark a vertical bar (|) for a class it belongs. A running tally is kept till the last observation.
Find the frequencies, relative frequency, cumulative frequency etc. as required.
The following are some commonly used methods of depicting frequency:
Histograms
Main article: Histogram
A histogram is a representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles or squares (in some of situations), erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area proportional to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling 1. The categories are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The categories (intervals) must be adjacent, and often are chosen to be of the same size. The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to indicate that the original variable is continuous.
Bar graphs
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column bar chart.
Frequency distribution table
A frequency distribution table is an arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.
This is an example of a univariate (=single variable) frequency table. The frequency of each response to a survey question is depicted.
Rank
Degree of agreement
Number
1
Strongly agree
22
2
Agree somewhat
30
3
Not sure
20
4
Disagree somewhat
15
5
Strongly disagree
15
A different tabulation scheme aggregates values into bins such that each bin encompasses a range of values. For example, the heights of the students in a class could be organized into the following frequency table.
Height range
Number of students
Cumulative number
less than 5.0 feet
25
25
5.0–5.5 feet
35
60
5.5–6.0 feet
20
80
6.0–6.5 feet
20
100
Joint frequency distributions
Bivariate joint frequency distributions are often presented as (two-way) contingency tables:
Two-way contingency table with marginal frequencies
Dance
Sports
TV
Total
Men
2
10
8
20
Women
16
6
8
30
Total
18
16
16
50
The total row and total column report the marginal frequencies or marginal distribution, while the body of the table reports the joint frequencies.
Interpretation
Under the frequency interpretation of probability, it is assumed that as the length of a series of trials increases without bound, the fraction of experiments in which a given event occurs will approach a fixed value, known as the limiting relative frequency.
This interpretation is often contrasted with Bayesian probability. In fact, the term 'frequentist' was first used by M. G. Kendall in 1949, to contrast with Bayesians, whom he called "non-frequentists". He observed
3....we may broadly distinguish two main attitudes. One takes probability as 'a degree of rational belief', or some similar idea...the second defines probability in terms of frequencies of occurrence of events, or by relative proportions in 'populations' or 'collectives'; (p. 101)
...
12. It might be thought that the differences between the frequentists and the non-frequentists (if I may call them such) are largely due to the differences of the domains which they purport to cover. (p. 104)
...
I assert that this is not so ... The essential distinction between the frequentists and the non-frequentists is, I think, that the former, in an effort to avoid anything savouring of matters of opinion, seek to define probability in terms of the objective properties of a population, real or hypothetical, whereas the latter do not.
Applications
Managing and operating on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean, standard deviation etc. from these tables.
Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.
A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when its mean and median are significantly different, or more generally when it is asymmetric. The kurtosis of a frequency distribution is a measure of the proportion of extreme values (outliers), which appear at either end of the histogram. If the distribution is more outlier-prone than the normal distribution it is said to be leptokurtic; if less outlier-prone it is said to be platykurtic.
Letter frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis to crack ciphers, and are used to compare the relative frequencies of letters in different languages and other languages are often used like Greek, Latin, etc.
See also
Mathematics portal
Aperiodic frequency
Count data
Cross tabulation
Cumulative distribution function
Cumulative frequency analysis
Empirical distribution function
Law of large numbers
Multiset multiplicity as frequency analog
Probability density function
Probability interpretations
Statistical regularity
Word frequency
References
^ a b Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S. (1962). Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1 (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
^ Manikandan, S (1 January 2011). "Frequency distribution". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 2 (1): 54–55. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.77120. ISSN 0976-500X. PMC 3117575. PMID 21701652.
^ Carlson, K. and Winquist, J. (2014) An Introduction to Statistics. SAGE Publications, Inc. Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics and Frequency Distributions
^ Howitt, D. and Cramer, D. (2008) Statistics in Psychology. Prentice Hall
^ Charles Stangor (2011) "Research Methods For The Behavioral Sciences". Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780840031976.
^ Stat Trek, Statistics and Probability Glossary, s.v. Joint frequency
^ von Mises, Richard (1939) Probability, Statistics, and Truth (in German) (English translation, 1981: Dover Publications; 2 Revised edition. ISBN 0486242145) (p.14)
^ The Frequency theory Chapter 5; discussed in Donald Gilles, Philosophical theories of probability (2000), Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415182751 , p. 88.
^ Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics
^ Kendall, Maurice George (1949). "On the Reconciliation of Theories of Probability". Biometrika. 36 (1/2). Biometrika Trust: 101–116. doi:10.1093/biomet/36.1-2.101. JSTOR 2332534.
vteStatistics
Outline
Index
Descriptive statisticsContinuous dataCenter
Mean
Arithmetic
Arithmetic-Geometric
Cubic
Generalized/power
Geometric
Harmonic
Heronian
Heinz
Lehmer
Median
Mode
Dispersion
Average absolute deviation
Coefficient of variation
Interquartile range
Percentile
Range
Standard deviation
Variance
Shape
Central limit theorem
Moments
Kurtosis
L-moments
Skewness
Count data
Index of dispersion
Summary tables
Contingency table
Frequency distribution
Grouped data
Dependence
Partial correlation
Pearson product-moment correlation
Rank correlation
Kendall's τ
Spearman's ρ
Scatter plot
Graphics
Bar chart
Biplot
Box plot
Control chart
Correlogram
Fan chart
Forest plot
Histogram
Pie chart
Q–Q plot
Radar chart
Run chart
Scatter plot
Stem-and-leaf display
Violin plot
Data collectionStudy design
Effect size
Missing data
Optimal design
Population
Replication
Sample size determination
Statistic
Statistical power
Survey methodology
Sampling
Cluster
Stratified
Opinion poll
Questionnaire
Standard error
Controlled experiments
Blocking
Factorial experiment
Interaction
Random assignment
Randomized controlled trial
Randomized experiment
Scientific control
Adaptive designs
Adaptive clinical trial
Stochastic approximation
Up-and-down designs
Observational studies
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Natural experiment
Quasi-experiment
Statistical inferenceStatistical theory
Population
Statistic
Probability distribution
Sampling distribution
Order statistic
Empirical distribution
Density estimation
Statistical model
Model specification
Lp space
Parameter
location
scale
shape
Parametric family
Likelihood (monotone)
Location–scale family
Exponential family
Completeness
Sufficiency
Statistical functional
Bootstrap
U
V
Optimal decision
loss function
Efficiency
Statistical distance
divergence
Asymptotics
Robustness
Frequentist inferencePoint estimation
Estimating equations
Maximum likelihood
Method of moments
M-estimator
Minimum distance
Unbiased estimators
Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
Rao–Blackwellization
Lehmann–Scheffé theorem
Median unbiased
Plug-in
Interval estimation
Confidence interval
Pivot
Likelihood interval
Prediction interval
Tolerance interval
Resampling
Bootstrap
Jackknife
Testing hypotheses
1- & 2-tails
Power
Uniformly most powerful test
Permutation test
Randomization test
Multiple comparisons
Parametric tests
Likelihood-ratio
Score/Lagrange multiplier
Wald
Specific tests
Z-test (normal)
Student's t-test
F-test
Goodness of fit
Chi-squared
G-test
Kolmogorov–Smirnov
Anderson–Darling
Lilliefors
Jarque–Bera
Normality (Shapiro–Wilk)
Likelihood-ratio test
Model selection
Cross validation
AIC
BIC
Rank statistics
Sign
Sample median
Signed rank (Wilcoxon)
Hodges–Lehmann estimator
Rank sum (Mann–Whitney)
Nonparametric anova
1-way (Kruskal–Wallis)
2-way (Friedman)
Ordered alternative (Jonckheere–Terpstra)
Van der Waerden test
Bayesian inference
Bayesian probability
prior
posterior
Credible interval
Bayes factor
Bayesian estimator
Maximum posterior estimator
CorrelationRegression analysisCorrelation
Pearson product-moment
Partial correlation
Confounding variable
Coefficient of determination
Regression analysis
Errors and residuals
Regression validation
Mixed effects models
Simultaneous equations models
Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
Linear regression
Simple linear regression
Ordinary least squares
General linear model
Bayesian regression
Non-standard predictors
Nonlinear regression
Nonparametric
Semiparametric
Isotonic
Robust
Heteroscedasticity
Homoscedasticity
Generalized linear model
Exponential families
Logistic (Bernoulli) / Binomial / Poisson regressions
Partition of variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
Analysis of covariance
Multivariate ANOVA
Degrees of freedom
Categorical / Multivariate / Time-series / Survival analysisCategorical
Cohen's kappa
Contingency table
Graphical model
Log-linear model
McNemar's test
Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics
Multivariate
Regression
Manova
Principal components
Canonical correlation
Discriminant analysis
Cluster analysis
Classification
Structural equation model
Factor analysis
Multivariate distributions
Elliptical distributions
Normal
Time-seriesGeneral
Decomposition
Trend
Stationarity
Seasonal adjustment
Exponential smoothing
Cointegration
Structural break
Granger causality
Specific tests
Dickey–Fuller
Johansen
Q-statistic (Ljung–Box)
Durbin–Watson
Breusch–Godfrey
Time domain
Autocorrelation (ACF)
partial (PACF)
Cross-correlation (XCF)
ARMA model
ARIMA model (Box–Jenkins)
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
Vector autoregression (VAR)
Frequency domain
Spectral density estimation
Fourier analysis
Least-squares spectral analysis
Wavelet
Whittle likelihood
SurvivalSurvival function
Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)
Proportional hazards models
Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
First hitting time
Hazard function
Nelson–Aalen estimator
Test
Log-rank test
ApplicationsBiostatistics
Bioinformatics
Clinical trials / studies
Epidemiology
Medical statistics
Engineering statistics
Chemometrics
Methods engineering
Probabilistic design
Process / quality control
Reliability
System identification
Social statistics
Actuarial science
Census
Crime statistics
Demography
Econometrics
Jurimetrics
National accounts
Official statistics
Population statistics
Psychometrics
Spatial statistics
Cartography
Environmental statistics
Geographic information system
Geostatistics
Kriging
Category
Mathematics portal
Commons
WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frequency (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenney-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Frequency (disambiguation).In statistics, the frequency or absolute frequency of an event \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n is the number \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}}\n \n of times the observation has occurred/recorded in an experiment or study.[1]: 12–19 These frequencies are often depicted graphically or in tabular form.","title":"Frequency (statistics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenney-1"},{"link_name":"relative frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_probability"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalizing_constant"},{"link_name":"pseudocounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocount"}],"text":"The cumulative frequency is the total of the absolute frequencies of all events at or below a certain point in an ordered list of events.[1]: 17–19The relative frequency (or empirical probability) of an event is the absolute frequency normalized by the total number of events:f\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n N\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n \n \n \n n\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}={\\frac {n_{i}}{N}}={\\frac {n_{i}}{\\sum _{j}n_{j}}}.}The values of \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{i}}\n \n for all events \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n can be plotted to produce a frequency distribution.In the case when \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}=0}\n \n for certain \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n, pseudocounts can be added.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travel_time_histogram_total_n_Stata.png"},{"link_name":"Histogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incarceration_Rates_Worldwide_ZP.svg"},{"link_name":"Bar chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_chart"},{"link_name":"categorical variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_variable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Existential_clauses2.jpg"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_population_percentage_pie_chart.png"},{"link_name":"histograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram"},{"link_name":"line charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_chart"},{"link_name":"bar charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_chart"},{"link_name":"pie charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart"}],"text":"Histogram of travel time (to work), US 2000 censusBar chart, with 'Country' as the categorical variable for the discrete data setHorizontal 3D bar chartPie chart of world population by countryDifferent ways of depicting frequency distributionsA frequency distribution shows a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data notably to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sales of a product within a certain period, student loan amounts of graduates, etc. Some of the graphs that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, line charts, bar charts and pie charts. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"square-root choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram#Square-root_choice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Decide the number of classes. Too many classes or too few classes might not reveal the basic shape of the data set, also it will be difficult to interpret such frequency distribution. The ideal number of classes may be determined or estimated by formula: \n \n \n \n \n number of classes\n \n =\n C\n =\n 1\n +\n 3.3\n log\n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{number of classes}}=C=1+3.3\\log n}\n \n (log base 10), or by the square-root choice formula \n \n \n \n C\n =\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C={\\sqrt {n}}}\n \n where n is the total number of observations in the data. (The latter will be much too large for large data sets such as population statistics.) However, these formulas are not a hard rule and the resulting number of classes determined by formula may not always be exactly suitable with the data being dealt with.\nCalculate the range of the data (Range = Max – Min) by finding the minimum and maximum data values. Range will be used to determine the class interval or class width.\nDecide the width of the classes, denoted by h and obtained by \n \n \n \n h\n =\n \n \n range\n number of classes\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle h={\\frac {\\text{range}}{\\text{number of classes}}}}\n \n (assuming the class intervals are the same for all classes).Generally the class interval or class width is the same for all classes. The classes all taken together must cover at least the distance from the lowest value (minimum) in the data to the highest (maximum) value. Equal class intervals are preferred in frequency distribution, while unequal class intervals (for example logarithmic intervals) may be necessary in certain situations to produce a good spread of observations between the classes and avoid a large number of empty, or almost empty classes.[2]Decide the individual class limits and select a suitable starting point of the first class which is arbitrary; it may be less than or equal to the minimum value. Usually it is started before the minimum value in such a way that the midpoint (the average of lower and upper class limits of the first class) is properly[clarification needed] placed.\nTake an observation and mark a vertical bar (|) for a class it belongs. A running tally is kept till the last observation.\nFind the frequencies, relative frequency, cumulative frequency etc. as required.The following are some commonly used methods of depicting frequency:[3]","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rectangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle"},{"link_name":"squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization"},{"link_name":"intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Histograms","text":"A histogram is a representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles or squares (in some of situations), erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area proportional to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling 1. The categories are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The categories (intervals) must be adjacent, and often are chosen to be of the same size.[4] The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to indicate that the original variable is continuous.[5]","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart"},{"link_name":"rectangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle"},{"link_name":"lengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length"}],"sub_title":"Bar graphs","text":"A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column bar chart.","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_distribution"},{"link_name":"sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_distribution"},{"link_name":"variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Frequency distribution table","text":"A frequency distribution table is an arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.This is an example of a univariate (=single variable) frequency table. The frequency of each response to a survey question is depicted.A different tabulation scheme aggregates values into bins such that each bin encompasses a range of values. For example, the heights of the students in a class could be organized into the following frequency table.","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contingency tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_tables"},{"link_name":"marginal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_distribution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Joint frequency distributions","text":"Bivariate joint frequency distributions are often presented as (two-way) contingency tables:The total row and total column report the marginal frequencies or marginal distribution, while the body of the table reports the joint frequencies.[6]","title":"Depicting frequency distributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequency interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_probability"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mises-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilles-8"},{"link_name":"Bayesian probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability"},{"link_name":"M. G. Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Bayesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Under the frequency interpretation of probability, it is assumed that as the length of a series of trials increases without bound, the fraction of experiments in which a given event occurs will approach a fixed value, known as the limiting relative frequency.[7][8]This interpretation is often contrasted with Bayesian probability. In fact, the term 'frequentist' was first used by M. G. Kendall in 1949, to contrast with Bayesians, whom he called \"non-frequentists\".[9][10] He observed3....we may broadly distinguish two main attitudes. One takes probability as 'a degree of rational belief', or some similar idea...the second defines probability in terms of frequencies of occurrence of events, or by relative proportions in 'populations' or 'collectives'; (p. 101)\n...\n12. It might be thought that the differences between the frequentists and the non-frequentists (if I may call them such) are largely due to the differences of the domains which they purport to cover. (p. 104)\n...\nI assert that this is not so ... The essential distinction between the frequentists and the non-frequentists is, I think, that the former, in an effort to avoid anything savouring of matters of opinion, seek to define probability in terms of the objective properties of a population, real or hypothetical, whereas the latter do not. [emphasis in original]","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing"},{"link_name":"central tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measures_of_central_tendency"},{"link_name":"averages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"statistical dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_dispersion"},{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"skewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness"},{"link_name":"asymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_distribution"},{"link_name":"kurtosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtosis"},{"link_name":"histogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"Letter frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency"},{"link_name":"frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis_(cryptanalysis)"},{"link_name":"ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher"}],"text":"Managing and operating on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean, standard deviation etc. from these tables.Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when its mean and median are significantly different, or more generally when it is asymmetric. The kurtosis of a frequency distribution is a measure of the proportion of extreme values (outliers), which appear at either end of the histogram. If the distribution is more outlier-prone than the normal distribution it is said to be leptokurtic; if less outlier-prone it is said to be platykurtic.Letter frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis to crack ciphers, and are used to compare the relative frequencies of letters in different languages and other languages are often used like Greek, Latin, etc.","title":"Applications"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Aperiodic frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperiodic_frequency"},{"title":"Count data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_data"},{"title":"Cross tabulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tabulation"},{"title":"Cumulative distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function"},{"title":"Cumulative frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_frequency_analysis"},{"title":"Empirical distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function"},{"title":"Law of large numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers"},{"title":"Multiset multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset"},{"title":"Probability density function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function"},{"title":"Probability interpretations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_interpretations"},{"title":"Statistical regularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_regularity"},{"title":"Word frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_frequency"}] | [{"reference":"Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S. (1962). Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1 (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Reinhold.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdlLAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"Van Nostrand Reinhold"}]},{"reference":"Manikandan, S (1 January 2011). \"Frequency distribution\". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 2 (1): 54–55. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.77120. ISSN 0976-500X. PMC 3117575. PMID 21701652.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117575","url_text":"\"Frequency distribution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-500X.77120","url_text":"10.4103/0976-500X.77120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0976-500X","url_text":"0976-500X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117575","url_text":"3117575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701652","url_text":"21701652"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Maurice George (1949). \"On the Reconciliation of Theories of Probability\". Biometrika. 36 (1/2). Biometrika Trust: 101–116. doi:10.1093/biomet/36.1-2.101. JSTOR 2332534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Kendall","url_text":"Kendall, Maurice George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F36.1-2.101","url_text":"10.1093/biomet/36.1-2.101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2332534","url_text":"2332534"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdlLAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Mathematics of Statistics, Part 1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117575","external_links_name":"\"Frequency distribution\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-500X.77120","external_links_name":"10.4103/0976-500X.77120"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0976-500X","external_links_name":"0976-500X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117575","external_links_name":"3117575"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701652","external_links_name":"21701652"},{"Link":"http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Joint_frequency","external_links_name":"Joint frequency"},{"Link":"http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/verduin/stathist/1stword.htm","external_links_name":"Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiomet%2F36.1-2.101","external_links_name":"10.1093/biomet/36.1-2.101"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2332534","external_links_name":"2332534"}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.